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| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-07 08:03:08 -0800 |
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| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-07 08:03:08 -0800 |
| commit | 26a4ffdc4c6dbc526f3f42c1f93ffdb89ceb6858 (patch) | |
| tree | 0731778a755a5b325fbb9417d5ead902c57ad163 /old/54652-h | |
| parent | 33276e4bac0149702b3d6f1a4719572484ab0fcb (diff) | |
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-} -.bhinmalwidth { -width:496px; -} -</style> -</head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of History of Gujarát, by James McNabb Campbell - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: History of Gujarát - Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Volume I, Part I. - -Author: James McNabb Campbell - -Release Date: May 2, 2017 [EBook #54652] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF GUJARÁT *** - - - - -Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (Prepared from -scans made by the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin. The digitized -holdings of the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin are all -interested parties worldwide free of charge for -non-commercial use available.) - - - - - - -</pre> - -<div class="front"> -<div class="div1 cover"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="figure cover-imagewidth"><img src="images/new-cover.jpg" -alt="Newly Designed Front Cover." width="480" height="720"></div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div1 titlepage"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="figure titlepage-imagewidth"><img src="images/titlepage.png" alt="Original Title Page." width="377" height="720"></div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="titlePage"> -<div class="docTitle"> -<div class="seriesTitle">GAZETTEER<br> -OF THE<br> -BOMBAY PRESIDENCY</div> -<div class="volumeTitle">VOLUME I. PART I.</div> -<div class="mainTitle">HISTORY OF GUJARÁT.</div> -</div> -<div class="docImprint"><i>UNDER GOVERNMENT ORDERS.</i><br> -BOMBAY:<br> -PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS.<br> -<span class="docDate">1896.</span></div> -</div> -<div class="div1 foreword"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first dateline">Bombay Castle, 14th February 1902.</p> -<p>In further recognition of the distinguished labours of Sir James -McNabb Campbell, <abbr title="Knight Commander, Order of the Indian Empire">K.C.I.E.</abbr>, and of -the services rendered by those who have assisted him in his work, His -Excellency the Governor in Council is pleased to order that the -following extract from Government Resolution No. 2885, dated the 11th -August 1884, be republished and printed immediately after the title -page of Volume I, Part I, of the Gazetteer, and published in every -issue:</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">“His Excellency the Governor in Council has from -time to time expressed his entire approval of the Volumes of the -Gazetteer already published, and now learns with much satisfaction that -the remaining Statistical Accounts have been completed in the same -elaborate manner. The task now brought to a close by Mr. Campbell has -been very arduous. It has been the subject of his untiring industry for -more than ten years, in the earlier part of which period, however, he -was occasionally employed on additional duties, including the -preparation of a large number of articles for the Imperial Gazetteer. -When the work was begun, it was not anticipated that so much time would -be required for its completion, because it was not contemplated that it -would be carried out on so extensive a scale. Its magnitude may be -estimated by the fact that the Statistical Accounts, exclusive of the -general chapters yet to be reprinted, embrace twenty-seven Volumes -containing on an average 500 pages each. Mr. Campbell could not have -sustained the unflagging zeal displayed by him for so long a period -without an intense interest in the subjects dealt with. The result is -well worthy of the labour expended, and is a proof of the rare fitness -of Mr. Campbell on the ground both of literary ability and of power of -steady application for the important duty assigned to him. The work is -a record of historical and statistical facts and of information -regarding the country and the people as complete perhaps as ever was -produced on behalf of any Government, and cannot fail to be of the -utmost utility in the future administration of the Presidency.</p> -<p>“2. The thanks of Government have already been conveyed to the -various contributors, and it is only necessary now to add that they -share, according to the importance of their contributions, in the -credit which attaches to the general excellence of the work.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>The whole series of Volumes is now complete, and His Excellency in -Council congratulates Sir James Campbell and all associated with him in -this successful and memorable achievement.</p> -<p class="signed">H. O. QUIN,<br> -Secretary to Government,<br> -General Department. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd25e228" href="#xd25e228" name="xd25e228">iii</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div1 preface"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The earliest record of an attempt to arrange for the -preparation of Statistical Accounts of the different districts of the -Bombay Presidency is in 1843. In 1843 Government called on the Revenue -Commissioner to obtain from all the Collectors as part of their next -Annual Report the fullest available information regarding their -districts.<a class="noteref" id="niii.1src" href="#niii.1" name="niii.1src">1</a> The information was specially to include their own -and their Assistants’ observations on the state of the cross and -other roads not under the superintendence of a separate department, on -the passes and ferries throughout the country, on the streets in the -principal towns, and on the extension and improvement of internal -communications. As from Collectors alone could any knowledge of the -state of the district be obtained, the Collectors were desired to -include in their Annual Reports observations on every point from which -a knowledge of the actual condition of the country could be gathered -with the exception of matters purely judicial which were to be supplied -by the Judicial Branch of the Administration. Government remarked that, -as Collectors and their Assistants during a large portion of the year -moved about the district in constant and intimate communication with -all classes they possessed advantages which no other public officers -enjoyed of acquiring a full knowledge of the condition of the country, -the causes of progress or retrogradation, the good measures which -require to be fostered and extended, the evil measures which call for -abandonment, the defects in existing institutions which require to be -remedied, and the nature of the remedies to be applied. Collectors -also, it was observed, have an opportunity of judging of the effect of -British rule on the condition and character of the people, on their -caste prejudices, and on their superstitious observances. They can -trace any alteration for the better or worse in dwellings<span class="corr" id="xd25e236" title="Not in source">,</span> clothing and diet, -and can observe the use of improved implements of husbandry or other -crafts, the habits of locomotion, the state of education particularly -among the higher classes whose decaying means and energy under our most -levelling system compared with that of preceding governments will -attract their attention. Finally they can learn how far existing -village institutions are effectual to <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd25e239" href="#xd25e239" name="xd25e239">iv</a>]</span>their end, -and may be made available for self-government and in the management of -local taxation for local purposes.</p> -<p>In obedience to these orders reports were received from the -Collectors of Ahmedábád Broach Kaira Thána and -Khándesh. Some of the reports, especially that of Mr. J. D. -Inverarity, contained much interesting information. These five northern -reports were practically the only result of the Circular Letter of -1843.</p> -<p>The question of preparing District Statistical Manuals was not again -raised till 1870. In October 1867 the Secretary of State desired the -Bombay Government to take steps for the compilation of a Gazetteer of -the Presidency on the model of the Gazetteer prepared during that year -for the Central Provinces. The Bombay Government requested the two -Revenue Commissioners and the Director of Public Instruction to submit -a scheme for carrying into effect the orders of the Secretary of State. -In reply the officers consulted remarked that the work to be done for -the Bombay Presidency would be of a multifarious character; that the -article on the commerce of Bombay would require special qualifications -in the writer; that again special qualifications would be required for -writing accounts of the sacred cities of Násik and -Pálitána, of the caves of Ajanta and Ellora, of the -histories of Sindh Gujarát and Ahmednagar, and of the Portuguese -connection with Western India. The Committee observed that a third form -of special knowledge would be required to write accounts of -Pársis Khojás and other castes and tribes; that in short -the undertaking would be one of much wider scope and greater difficulty -than the preparation of the Gazetteer of the Central Provinces. Much -thought would be required before the general plan could be laid down, -and after the plan was fixed all sorts of questions as to arrangement -and treatment of particular parts would be sure to arise. In the -Committee’s opinion local revenue officers could not as a rule -find time to devote to work of this description without neglecting -their ordinary duties; but they could correct and amplify such -information as a special officer could compile from the published and -unpublished records of Government.</p> -<p>In January 1868 the Bombay Government decided that the general -supervision and direction of the work should be placed in the hands of -a Committee consisting of the Revenue Commissioners, the Director of -Public Instruction, and the Commissioner of Customs, and that an Editor -should be appointed with a small copying establishment to act under the -directions of the Committee. The Editor was to give his entire time to -the work and was expected to <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd25e247" -href="#xd25e247" name="xd25e247">v</a>]</span>finish it in about a -year. He was to collect and arrange in alphabetical order all recorded -information regarding the towns and other places of interest in each -Collectorate, and to send printed on half margin each draft when -completed to the local officers for verification, additions, and -alterations. When the drafts were returned and corrected by the Editor, -they were to be laid before the Committee. To enable the Editor to meet -such expenses as a fair remuneration for articles contributed by -qualified persons, and also to pay for the printing of the work with -small accompanying maps, an amount not exceeding <abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 12,000 was sanctioned for the total expense of the -Gazetteer including the payment of the Editor. At the outset it was -decided to place a portion of the sum sanctioned not exceeding -<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 2000, at the disposal of the -Commissioner in Sindh to secure the preparation of articles referring -to Sindh. The Committee were requested to meet at Poona in June 1868 -and to report to Government on the best mode of preparing and editing -the Gazetteer and supervising its publication. The Collectors and -Political Officers were in the meanwhile requested to ascertain what -records in their possession were likely to be useful for the -preparation of a Gazetteer and what papers in the possession of others -and likely to be useful for the purpose were obtainable within their -charge. Collectors and Political Officers were requested to send their -replies direct to the Director of Public Instruction who would collect -them on behalf of the Committee.</p> -<p>In August 1868 the Bombay Gazetteer Committee, composed of Messrs. -A. F. Bellasis Revenue Commissioner N. D. Chairman, Mr. W. H. Havelock -Revenue Commissioner S. D. and Sir Alexander Grant, Director of Public -Instruction, submitted a report recommending the following -arrangements:</p> -<ul> -<li>(1) That Mr. W. H. Crowe, <abbr>C.S.</abbr>, then Acting Professor -in the Dakhan College, be appointed Editor of the Gazetteer with a -monthly remuneration of <abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 200 out of the -<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 12,000 sanctioned for the expense of -the Gazetteer and that he should at the same time be attached as an -Assistant to the Collector of Poona;</li> -<li>(2) That Mr. Crowe be allowed an establishment not exceeding -<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 50 a month chargeable to the grant of -<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 12,000, and such contingent charges as -may be passed by the Committee;</li> -<li>(3) That Professor Kero Luxman Chhatre be requested to assist Mr. -Crowe on various questions both local and mathematical, and that on the -completion of the work a suitable honorarium be granted to Professor -Kero;</li> -<li>(4) That agreeably to the suggestions of Major Prescott and Colonel -Francis, Mr. Light should be directed to compile for the different -districts all information in the possession of the Survey Department in -communication <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd25e281" href="#xd25e281" -name="xd25e281">vi</a>]</span>with the Editor of the Gazetteer who was -to work under the Committee’s orders;</li> -<li>(5) That the above appointments be made at present for one year -only, at the end of which from the Committee’s progress report, -it would be possible to state with approximate definiteness the further -time required for the completion of the Gazetteer.</li> -</ul> -<p>These proposals were sanctioned on the 11th September 1868. Towards -the close of 1868 Mr. (now Sir) J. B. Peile took the place of Sir A. -Grant on the Committee and Colonel Francis was added to the list of the -members. Adhering as far as possible to the arrangement followed in the -Gazetteer of the Central Provinces, which had met with the approval of -the Secretary of State, Mr. Crowe drew out the following list of -subjects which was forwarded to all Collectors Sub-Collectors and -Survey Superintendents:</p> -<ul> -<li>I.—<span class="sc">General Description.</span> -<ul> -<li>(<i>a</i>) Latitude and Longitude.</li> -<li>(<i>b</i>) Locality.</li> -<li>(<i>c</i>) Boundaries.</li> -<li>(<i>d</i>) Aspect.</li> -<li>(<i>e</i>) Water-supply.</li> -<li>(<i>f</i>) Rivers.</li> -<li>(<i>g</i>) Mountains.</li> -<li>(<i>h</i>) Area.</li> -<li>(<i>i</i>) Altitude.</li> -</ul> -</li> -<li>II.—<span class="sc">Climate, Seasons.</span> -<ul> -<li>(<i>a</i>) Rainfall.</li> -<li>(<i>b</i>) Health.</li> -<li>(<i>c</i>) Prevailing Diseases.</li> -</ul> -</li> -<li>III.—<span class="sc">Geology.</span> -<ul> -<li>(<i>a</i>) Soils.</li> -<li>(<i>b</i>) Minerals.</li> -<li>(<i>c</i>) Scientific Details.</li> -</ul> -</li> -<li>IV.—<span class="sc">History.</span></li> -<li>V.—<span class="sc">Administration.</span> -<ul> -<li>(<i>a</i>) Judicial.</li> -<li>(<i>b</i>) Revenue.</li> -<li>(<i>c</i>) Miscellaneous.</li> -</ul> -</li> -<li>VI.—<span class="sc">Revenue.</span> -<ul> -<li>(<i>a</i>) Imperial.</li> -<li>(<i>b</i>) Local.</li> -</ul> -</li> -<li>VII.—<span class="sc">Population.</span> -<ul> -<li>(<i>a</i>) Census.</li> -<li>(<i>b</i>) Description of Inhabitants.</li> -<li>(<i>c</i>) Castes.</li> -</ul> -</li> -<li>VIII.—<span class="sc">Sub-Divisions.</span> -<ul> -<li>(<i>a</i>) Names of Tálukás.</li> -<li>(<i>b</i>) Names of Towns.</li> -</ul> -</li> -<li>IX.—<span class="sc">Production.</span> -<ul> -<li>(<i>a</i>) Agriculture.</li> -<li>(<i>b</i>) Forest.</li> -<li>(<i>c</i>) Animals.</li> -<li>(<i>d</i>) Minerals.</li> -<li>(<i>e</i>) Manufactures.</li> -</ul> -</li> -<li>X.—<span class="sc">Trade and Commerce.</span></li> -<li>XI.—<span class="sc">Communications.</span> -<ul> -<li>(<i>a</i>) Roads.</li> -<li>(<i>b</i>) Railways.</li> -<li>(<i>c</i>) Telegraphs.</li> -<li>(<i>d</i>) Post.</li> -</ul> -</li> -<li>XII.—<span class="sc">Revenue System and Land -Tenures.</span></li> -<li>XVI.—<span class="sc">Education.</span> -<ul> -<li><span class="corr" id="xd25e545" title="Not in source">(<i>a</i>)</span> Schools.</li> -<li><span class="corr" id="xd25e552" title="Not in source">(<i>b</i>)</span> Instruction.</li> -</ul> -</li> -<li>XIV.—<span class="sc">Language.</span></li> -<li>XV.—<span class="sc">Architectural Remains and -Antiquities.</span></li> -<li>XVI.—<span class="sc">Principal Towns and -Villages.</span></li> -</ul> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd25e575" href="#xd25e575" name="xd25e575">vii</a>]</span></p> -<p>In 1869 the draft articles prepared by Mr. Crowe were submitted to -Mr. (now Sir) W. W. Hunter of the Bengal Civil Service who expressed -his satisfaction at the progress made. The Committee adopted certain -suggestions made by Sir W. Hunter for the arrangement of the work and -for obtaining fuller district figures from the Marine, Irrigation, -Cotton, and Survey Offices. In March 1870 a further extension of one -year was accorded. The Bombay Government directed that each Collector -should choose one of his Assistants to correspond with the Editor and -obtain for him all possible information from local records. All Heads -of Offices were also desired to exert themselves zealously in aiding -the prosecution of the work. In 1871 Mr. Crowe’s draft article on -the Dhárwár District was sent to Mr. Hunter for opinion -who in addition to detailed criticism on various points made the -following general remarks:</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">“My own conception of the work is that, in -return for a couple of days’ reading, the Account should give a -new Collector a comprehensive, and, at the same time, a distinct idea -of the district which he has been sent to administer. Mere reading can -never supersede practical experience in the district administration. -But a succinct and well conceived district account is capable of -antedating the acquisition of such personal experience by many months -and of both facilitating and systematising a Collector’s personal -enquiries. The Compiler does not seem to have caught the points on -which a Collector would naturally consult the Account. In order that -the Editor should understand these points it is necessary that he -should have had practical acquaintance with district administration and -that he should himself have experienced the difficulties which beset an -officer on his taking charge of a district or sub-division. The -individual points will differ according to the character of the -country. For example in deltaic districts the important question is the -control of rivers; in dry districts it is the subject of water-supply. -But in all cases a District Account besides dealing with the local -specialties should furnish an historical narration of its revenue and -expenditure since it passed under the British rule, of the sums which -we have taken from it in taxes, and of the amount which we have -returned to it in the protection of property and person and the other -charges of civil government.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Sir William Hunter laid much stress on the necessity of stating the -authority on the strength of which any statement is made and of the -propriety of avoiding anything like libels on persons or classes. In -1871 Sir W. Hunter was appointed Director General of Statistics to the -Government of India. In this capacity he was to be a central guiding -authority whose duty it was to see that each of the Provincial -Gazetteers contained the materials requisite for the comparative -statistics of the Empire. As some of the Bombay District Accounts were -incomplete and as it was thought advisable to embody in the District -Accounts the results of the general Census of 1872, it was decided, in -October 1871, that pending the completion of the census <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd25e584" href="#xd25e584" name="xd25e584">viii</a>]</span>the Gazetteer work should be suspended and -that when the results of the census were compiled and classified a -special officer should be appointed for a period of six months to -revise and complete the drafts. In October 1871, pending the -compilation of the census returns, Mr. Crowe was appointed Assistant -Collector at Sholápur and the Gazetteer records were left in a -room in the Poona Collector’s Office. In September 1872 the whole -of the Gazetteer records, including thirty-one articles on British -Districts and Native States, were stolen by two youths who had been -serving in the Collector’s Office as peons. These youths finding -the Gazetteer office room unoccupied stole the papers piece by piece -for the sake of the trifling amount they fetched as waste paper. Search -resulted in the recovery in an imperfect state of seven of the -thirty-one drafts. The youths were convicted and sentenced to a -year’s imprisonment in the Poona Reformatory.</p> -<p>In 1873 Mr. Francis Chapman then Chief Secretary to Government took -the preparation of the Gazetteer under his personal control. And in -June 1873 Mr. James M. Campbell, <abbr>C.S.</abbr>, was appointed -Compiler. An important change introduced by Mr. Chapman was to separate -from the preparation of the series of District Manuals certain general -subjects and to arrange for the preparation of accounts of those -general subjects by specially qualified contributors. The subjects so -set apart and allotted were:</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<thead> -<tr class="label"> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">No.</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellHeadRight cellHeadTop"><span class="sc">General Contributors, 1873.</span></td> -</tr> -<tr class="label"> -<td class="cellHeadBottom">Subject.</td> -<td class="cellHeadRight cellHeadBottom">Contributor.</td> -</tr> -</thead> -<tbody> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">1</td> -<td>Ethnology</td> -<td class="cellRight">Dr. J. Wilson.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">2</td> -<td>Meteorology</td> -<td class="cellRight">Mr. C. Chambers, <abbr title="Fellow of the Royal Society">F.R.S.</abbr></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">3</td> -<td>Geology</td> -<td class="cellRight">Mr. W. Blandford.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">4</td> -<td>Botany</td> -<td class="cellRight">Dr. W. Gray.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">5</td> -<td>Archæology</td> -<td class="cellRight">Dr. J. Burgess.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">6</td> -<td>Manufactures and Industry</td> -<td class="cellRight">Mr. G. W. Terry.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">7</td> -<td class="cellBottom">Trade and Commerce</td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">Mr. J. Gordon.</td> -</tr> -</tbody> -</table> -</div> -<p>These arrangements resulted in the preparation of the following -papers each of which on receipt was printed in pamphlet form:</p> -<p>I. <span class="sc">Ethnology</span>; II. <span class="sc">Meteorology</span>; III. <span class="sc">Geology</span>; and IV. -<span class="sc">Botany</span>.</p> -<p>Of these papers it has not been deemed advisable to reprint Dr. J. -Wilson’s Paper on Castes as it was incomplete owing to Dr. -Wilson’s death in 1875. Reprinting was also unnecessary in the -case of Mr. Blandford’s Geology and of the late Mr. -Chambers’ Meteorology, as the contents of these pamphlets have -been embodied in works <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd25e676" href="#xd25e676" name="xd25e676">ix</a>]</span>specially devoted to the -subject of those contributions. Dr. Burgess never prepared his article -on the Archæology of the Presidency, but the materials supplied -by the late Pandit <span class="corr" id="xd25e678" title="Source: Bhagvánlal">Bhagvánlál</span> Indraji -prevented the evil effect which this failure would otherwise have -caused. Dr. <span class="corr" id="xd25e681" title="Source: Bhagvánlal">Bhagvánlál</span> also ably -supplied the deficiency caused by Dr. G. Bühler’s failure to -contribute an article on the Early History of Gujarát. The -notices of the manufactures in the more important industrial centres to -some extent supply the blank caused by the absence of Mr. Terry’s -contribution. Nothing came of the late Mr. Gordon’s Account of -the Trade of the Presidency.</p> -<p>On the important subject of Botany besides Dr. W. Gray’s -original contribution, a valuable paper On Useful Trees and Plants was -prepared by Dr. J. C. Lisboa, and a detailed account of Kaira field -trees by the late Mr. G. H. D. Wilson of the Bombay Civil Service. -These three papers together form a separate Botany Volume No. XXV.</p> -<p>The general contributions on History contained in Vol. I. Parts I. -and II. are among the most valuable portions of the Gazetteer. Besides -the shorter papers by Mr. L. R. Ashburner, <abbr title="Companion, Order of the Star of India">C.S.I.</abbr>, on the -Gujarát Mutinies of 1857, by Mr. J. A. Baines, <abbr title="Companion, Order of the Star of India">C.S.I.</abbr>, on the -Maráthás in Gujarát, by Mr. W. W. Loch, -<abbr title="Indian Civil Service">I.C.S.</abbr>, on the -Musalmán and Marátha histories of Khándesh and the -Bombay Dakhan, and by the late Colonel E. W. West, <abbr title="Imperial Service Corps">I.S.C<span class="corr" id="xd25e699" title="Not in source">.</span></abbr>, on the modern history of the Southern -Marátha districts, there are the Reverend A. K. Nairne’s -History of the Konkan which is specially rich in the Portuguese period -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1500–1750), the late Colonel -J. W. Watson’s Musalmáns of Gujarát with additions -by Khán Sáheb Fazl Lutfullah Farídi of Surat, and -the important original histories of the Early Dakhan by Professor -Rámkrishna Gopál Bhandárkar, <abbr title="Companion, Order of the Indian Empire">C.I.E.</abbr>, <abbr title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</abbr>, and of the Southern Marátha -districts by Mr. J. F. Fleet, <abbr title="Indian Civil Service">I.C.S.</abbr>, <abbr title="Companion, Order of the Indian Empire">C.I.E.</abbr>, <abbr title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</abbr> With these the early history of -Gujarát from materials supplied by the late Pandit -Bhagvánlál Indraji, <abbr title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</abbr>, is perhaps not unworthy to rank. -The work of completing Dr. Bhagvánlál’s history was -one of special difficulty. No satisfactory result would have been -obtained had it not been for the valuable assistance received from Mr. -A. M. T. Jackson, <abbr title="Master of Arts">M.A.</abbr>, of the -Indian Civil Service.</p> -<p>The importance and the interest of the great subject of Population -have added several contributions to the Reverend Doctor J. -Wilson’s original pamphlet of twenty-three pages. Most of these -contributions appear in different District Statistical Accounts -especially Dr. John Pollen’s, <abbr title="Indian Civil Service">I.C.S.</abbr>, accounts in Khándesh, Mr. -Cumine’s, <abbr title="Indian Civil Service">I.C.S.</abbr> in -Bijápur, Mr. K. Raghunáthji’s in Thána and -Poona, Assistant Surgeon Shántárám <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd25e736" href="#xd25e736" name="xd25e736">x</a>]</span>Vináyak’s in Sholápur, Mr. -P. F. DeSouza’s in Kánara, and the late Ráo -Bahádur Trimalrao’s in Dhárwár. Except the -valuable articles contributed in the Statistical Account of Kachh by -Major J. W. Wray, Mr. Vináyakráo Náráyanand -Ráo Sáheb Dalpatrám Pránjivan Khakhar, in -the Account of <span class="corr" id="xd25e738" title="Source: Káthiawár">Káthiáwár</span> -by the late Colonel L. C. Barton, and in the Account of Rewa -Kántha by Ráo Bahádur Nandshankar -Tuljáshankar the early date at which the Gujarát -Statistical Accounts were published prevented the preparation of -detailed articles on population. This omission has now been supplied in -a separate volume No. IX. The chief contributions to this volume are -Ráo Bahádur Bhimbhái -Kirpárám’s Hindus, Khán Sáheb Fazl -Lutfullah Farídi’s Musalmáns, and Messrs. Kharsetji -N. Servai and Bamanji B. Patel’s Pársis.</p> -<p>Besides to these general contributors the series of Statistical -Accounts owes much of their fullness and practical usefulness to -District Officers especially to the labours of the District Compilers -who in most cases were either Collectors or Assistant Collectors. The -most important contributors of this class were for -<b>Ahmedábád</b> Mr. F. S. P. Lely, <abbr>C.S.</abbr>; -for <b>Kaira</b> Mr. G. F. Sheppard, <abbr>C.S.</abbr>; for the -<b>Panch Maháls</b> Mr. H. A. Acworth, <abbr>C.S.</abbr>; for -<b>Thána</b> Messrs. W. B. Mulock, <abbr>C.S.</abbr>, E. J. -Ebden, <abbr>C.S.</abbr>, W. W. Loch, <abbr>C.S.</abbr>, and A. Cumine, -<abbr>C.S.</abbr>; for <b>Kolába</b> Mr. E. H. Moscardi, -<abbr>C.S.</abbr>; for <b>Ratnágiri</b> Mr. G. W. Vidal, -<abbr>C.S.</abbr>; for <b>Khándesh</b> Mr. W. Ramsay, -<abbr>C.S.</abbr>, Dr. John Pollen, <abbr>C.S.</abbr>, and Mr. A. -Crawley-Boevey, <abbr>C.S.</abbr>; for <b>Násik</b> Messrs. W. -Ramsay, <abbr>C.S.</abbr>, J. A. Baines, <abbr>C.S.</abbr>, and H. R. -Cooke, <abbr>C.S.</abbr>; for <b>Ahmednagar</b> Mr. T. S. Hamilton, -<abbr>C.S.</abbr>; for <b>Poona</b> Messrs. J. G. Moore, -<abbr>C.S.</abbr>, John MacLeod Campbell, <abbr>C.S.</abbr>, G. H. -Johns, <abbr>C.S.</abbr>, and A. Keyser, <abbr>C.S.</abbr>; for -<b>Sátára</b> Mr. J. W. P. Muir-Mackenzie, -<abbr>C.S.</abbr>; for <b>Sholápur</b> Mr. C. E. G. Crawford, -<abbr>C.S.</abbr>; for <b>Belgaum</b> Mr. G. McCorkell, -<abbr>C.S.</abbr>; for <b>Dhárwár</b> Messrs. F. L. -Charles, <abbr>C.S.</abbr>, and J. F. Muir, <abbr>C.S.</abbr>; for -<b>Bijápur</b> Messrs. H. F. Silcock, <abbr>C.S.</abbr>, A. -Cumine, <abbr>C.S.</abbr>, and M. H. Scott, <abbr>C.S.</abbr>; and for -<b>Kánara</b> Mr. J. Monteath, <abbr>C.S.</abbr>, and Colonel W. -Peyton. Of the accounts of Native States, the interesting and complete -Gazetteer of <b>Baroda</b> is the work of Mr. F. A. H. Elliott, -<abbr>C.S.</abbr> The chief contributors to the other Statistical -Accounts of Native States were for <b>Kachh</b> Colonel L. C. Barton; -for <b>Káthiáwár</b> Colonel J. W. Watson and -Colonel L. C. Barton; for <b>Pálanpur</b> Colonel J. W. Watson; -for <b>Mahi Kántha</b> Colonels E. W. West and P. H. LeGeyt; for -<b>Rewa Kántha</b> Colonel L. C. Barton and Ráo -Báhádur Nandshankar Tuljáshankar; for -<b>Sávantvádi</b> Colonel J. F. Lester; for -<b>Jánjira</b> Mr. G. Larcom; for <b>Kolhápur</b> -Colonels E. W. West and W. F. F. Waller and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd25e917" href="#xd25e917" name="xd25e917">xi</a>]</span>Ráo Bahádur Yeshvant M. Kelkar. -The names of numerous other contributors both in and out of Government -service who gave help in compiling information connected with their -districts have been shewn in the body of each District Statistical -Account. Of these the learned and most ungrudging assistance received -from Dr. J. Gerson DaCunha of Bombay requires special recognition.</p> -<p>The third main source of preparation was the Compiler’s -head-quarters office. Through the interest which Mr. Francis Chapman -took in the Gazetteer the Compiler was able to secure the services as -Assistant of Ráo Báhádur Bhimbhái -Kirpárám who was Head Accountant in the Kaira Treasury -when the Statistical Account of Kaira was under preparation in 1874. -Mr. Bhimbhái’s minute knowledge of administrative detail, -his power of asking for information in the form least troublesome to -district establishments, and of checking the information received, -together with his talent for directing the work at head-quarters formed -one of the most important elements in the success of the Gazetteer -arrangements. Besides to the interest taken by Mr. Francis Chapman the -Gazetteer owed much to the advice and to the support of Sir W. W. -Hunter, who, in spite of the delay and expense which it involved, -secured the full record of the survey and other details in which the -Bombay revenue system is specially rich.</p> -<p>In addition to Ráo Bahádur Bhimbhái, the -members of the Compiler’s office whose work entitles them almost -to a place among contributors are: Ráo Sáheb -Krishnaráo Narsinh, who drafted many of the Land Revenue and -Survey Histories; the late Mr. Ganesh Bhikáji Gunjikar, -<abbr title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</abbr>, who drafted many of the -Political Histories; the late Mr. Vaikunthrám Manmathrám -Mehta, <abbr title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</abbr>, and Ráo -Bahádur Itchárám Bhagvándás, -<abbr title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</abbr>, who drafted many articles -on Description, Production, Agriculture, Capital, and Trade; Mr. K. -Raghunáthji who prepared many of the fullest caste accounts; Mr. -Ratirám Durgárám, <abbr title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</abbr>, who drafted many papers on places of -interest; and Messrs. Yeshvant Nilkanth and Mahádev G. -Nádkarni who drafted many of the sections on Population, -Agriculture, Capital, and Trade.</p> -<p>Other officers of Government who have had an important share in the -satisfactory completion of the Gazetteer are: Mr. J. Kingsmill the -former and Mr. Frámroz Rustamji the present Superintendent of -the Government Central Press and Mr. T. E. Coleman the Head Examiner, -whose unfailing watchfulness has detected many a mistake. Mr. Waite the -late Superintendent of the Photozincographic Press and Mr. T. -LeMesurier the present Superintendent have supplied a set of most -handy, clear, and accurate maps. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd25e937" href="#xd25e937" name="xd25e937">xii</a>]</span></p> -<p>A further means adopted for collecting information was the -preparation of papers on the different social, economic, and religious -subjects which had proved of interest in preparing the earliest -District Statistical Accounts. Between 1874 and 1880 forty-nine -question papers which are given as an Appendix to the General Index -Volume were from time to time printed and circulated. The answers -received to these papers added greatly to the fullness and to the local -interest of all the later Statistical Accounts.</p> -<p>The Statistical Accounts of the eighteen British districts and -eighty-two Native States of the Bombay Presidency, together with the -Materials towards a Statistical Account of the Town and Island of -Bombay extend over thirty-three Volumes and 17,800 pages. In addition -to these Statistical Accounts 475 articles were prepared in -1877–78 for the Imperial Gazetteer.</p> -<p class="signed">JAMES MACNABB CAMPBELL.</p> -<div class="table"> -<table class="xd25e946"> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop"><i>Bombay Customs House,</i></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellRight cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/rbrace2.png" alt="" width="12" height="40"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><i>29th May 1896.</i></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd25e960" href="#xd25e960" name="xd25e960">xiii</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="niii.1" -href="#niii.1src" name="niii.1">1</a></span> Secretary’s Letter -4223 to the Revenue Commissioner dated 30th December 1843. Revenue -Volume 1854 of 1843. <a class="fnarrow" href="#niii.1src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div1 frenchtitle"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first xd25e963">HISTORY OF GUJARÁT. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd25e965" href="#xd25e965" name="xd25e965">xv</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div1 contents"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">This Volume contains the Articles named below:</p> -<ul> -<li>I.—<span class="sc"><a href="#pt1">Early History of -Gujarát</a> (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 319–<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1304).</span>—From materials prepared by -the late Pandit Bhagvánlál Indraji, <abbr title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</abbr>, completed with the help of A. M. -T. Jackson, Esquire, <abbr title="Master of Arts">M.A.</abbr>, of the -Indian Civil Service.</li> -<li>II.—<span class="sc"><a href="#pt2">History of -Gujarát, Musalmán Period</a> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297–1760).</span>—Prepared by the -late Colonel J. W. Watson, Indian Staff Corps, former Political Agent -of Káthiáváḍa, with additions by Khán -Sáheb Fazlullah Lutfulláh Farídi of Surat.</li> -<li>III.—<span class="sc"><a href="#pt3">History of -Gujarát, Marátha Period</a> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819).</span>—By J. A. Baines, -Esquire, <abbr title="Companion, Order of the Star of India">C.S.I.</abbr>, Late of Her -Majesty’s Bombay Civil Service.</li> -<li>IV.—<span class="sc"><a href="#pt4">Disturbances in -Gujarát</a> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1857–1859).</span>—By L. R. -Ashburner, Esquire, <abbr title="Companion, Order of the Star of India">C.S.I.</abbr>, Late of Her -Majesty’s Bombay Civil Service.</li> -</ul> -<p><i><span class="sc">Appendices</span></i>:</p> -<ul> -<li>I.—<a href="#app3.1">The Death of Sultán -Bahádur.</a></li> -<li>II.—<a href="#app3.2">The Hill Fort of Mándu.</a></li> -<li>III.—<a href="#app3">Bhinmál or -Shrimál.</a></li> -<li>IV.—<a href="#app4">Java and Cambodia.</a></li> -<li>V.—<a href="#app5">Arab References.</a></li> -<li>VI.—<a href="#app6">Greek References.</a></li> -</ul> -<p class="signed">JAMES M. CAMPBELL.</p> -<p><i>29th May 1896.</i> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd25e1070" href="#xd25e1070" name="xd25e1070">xvii</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div id="toc" class="div1 contents"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">CONTENTS.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first tocPart"><a href="#pt1">EARLY HISTORY OF -GUJARÁT</a>.</p> -<p> <span class="tocPageNum">PAGE</span></p> -<p class="tocChapter"><b><a href="#ch1.1" id="xd25e1086" name="xd25e1086">Boundaries and Name</a></b> - <span class="tocPageNum">1–5</span></p> -<p class="tocChapter"><b><a href="#ch1.2" id="xd25e1094" name="xd25e1094">Ancient Divisions</a></b>:</p> -<p class="tocArgument">Ánartta; Suráshṭra; -Láṭa <span class="tocPageNum">6–7</span></p> -<p class="tocChapter"><b><a href="#ch1.3" id="xd25e1104" name="xd25e1104">Legends</a></b>:</p> -<p class="tocArgument">Ánartta the first <span class="corr" id="xd25e1109" title="Source: Puránic">Puráṇic</span> -king of Gujarát, and the Yádavas in Dwárika - <span class="tocPageNum">8–12</span></p> -<p class="tocChapter"><b><a href="#ch1.4" id="xd25e1117" name="xd25e1117">Mauryan and Greek Rule</a></b> (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 319–100):</p> -<p class="tocArgument">The Mauryas (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 319–197); The Greeks (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 180–100) - <span class="tocPageNum">13–19</span></p> -<p class="tocChapter"><b><a href="#ch1.5" id="xd25e1136" name="xd25e1136">The <span class="corr" id="xd25e1138" title="Source: Kshátrapas">Kshatrapas</span></a></b> (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 70–<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 398):</p> -<p class="tocArgument">The Name; Northern Kshatrapas; Western -Kshatrapas; Nahapána (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78–120); Ushavadáta (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 100–120); Nahapána’s Era; -Málava Era; Chashṭana (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 130); The Mevas or Meḍas; Jayadáman -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 140–143) - <span class="tocPageNum">20–34</span></p> -<p class="tocArgument">Rudradáman (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 143–158); Sudarśana Lake; The -Yaudheyas; Dámázaḍa or -Dámájaḍaśrí (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 158–168); Jivadáman (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 178); Rudrasiṃha I. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 181–196); Rudrasena (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 203–220); Pṛithivísena -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 222); Saṅghadáman -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 222–226); Dámasena -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 226–236); -Dámájaḍaśrí II. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 236) -<span class="tocPageNum">35–45</span></p> -<p class="tocArgument">Víradáman (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 236–238); Yaśadáman -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 239); Vijayasena (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 238–249); -Dámájaḍaśrí (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 250–255); Rudrasena II. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 256–272); Viśvasiṃha -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 272–278); -Bharttṛidáman (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 278–294); Viśvasena (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 294–300); Rudrasiṃha (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 308–311); Yaśadáman -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 320); Dámasiri (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 320); Rudrasena (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 348–376); Siṃhasena; Skanda; -Íśvaradatta (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 230–250); Kshatrapa Family Tree - <span class="tocPageNum">46–54</span></p> -<p class="tocChapter"><b><a href="#ch1.6" id="xd25e1246" name="xd25e1246">The <span class="corr" id="xd25e1248" title="Source: Traikútakas">Traikúṭakas</span></a></b> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 250–450):</p> -<p class="tocArgument">Initial Date; Their Race - <span class="tocPageNum">55–59</span></p> -<p class="tocChapter"><b><a href="#ch1.7" id="xd25e1261" name="xd25e1261">The Guptas</a></b> (<span class="sc">G.</span> -90–149; <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 410–470):</p> -<p class="tocArgument">Dynasty; The founder Gupta (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 319–322 [?]); Ghaṭotkacha -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 322–349 [?]); Chandragupta I. -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 349–369 [?]; Samudragupta -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 370–395); Chandragupta II. -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 396–415); Kumáragupta -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 416–453); Skandagupta -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 454–470) - <span class="tocPageNum">60–70</span></p> -<p class="tocArgument">Budhagupta (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 485); Bhánugupta (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 511); The Pushyamitras (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 455); White Huns (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 450–520); Mihirakula (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 512); Yaśodharman of Málwa -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 533–34) - <span class="tocPageNum">71–77</span> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd25e1321" href="#xd25e1321" name="xd25e1321">xviii</a>]</span></p> -<p class="tocChapter"><b><a href="#ch1.8" id="xd25e1324" name="xd25e1324">The Valabhis</a></b> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766):</p> -<p class="tocArgument">Vaḷeh Town (1893); Valabhi in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 630; Valabhi Copperplates; Valabhi Administration -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 500–700); Territorial -Divisions; Land Assessment; Religion; Origin of the Valabhis; History - <span class="tocPageNum">78–86</span></p> -<p class="tocArgument">First Valabhi Grant (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 526); Senápati Bhaṭárka -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–520?); the Maitrakas -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470–509); -Senápati’s Sons; Dhruvasena I. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 526–535); Guhasena (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 539–569); Dharasena II. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 569–589); Śíláditya I. -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 594–609); Kharagraha -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 610–615); Dharasena III. -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 615–620); Dhruvasena II. -(Báláditya) (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 620–640); Dharasena IV. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 640–649); Dhruvasena III. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 650–656); Kharagraha (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 656–665); Śíláditya III. -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 666–675); -Śíláditya IV. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 691); Śíláditya V. -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 722); Śíláditya -VI. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 760); -Śíláditya VII. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 766); Valabhi Family Tree; The fall of Valabhi -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 750–770); The importance of -Valabhi <span class="tocPageNum">87–96</span></p> -<p class="tocArgument">Valabhi and the Gehlots; The Válas of -Káthiáváḍa; The Válas and -Káthis; Descent from Kanaksen (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 150); Mewáḍ and the Persians; -Válas <span class="tocPageNum">97–106</span></p> -<p class="tocChapter"><b><a href="#ch1.9" id="xd25e1417" name="xd25e1417">The Chálukyas</a></b> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 634–740):</p> -<p class="tocArgument">Jayasiṃhavarmman (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 666–693); Śryáśraya -Śíláditya (heir apparent) (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 669–691); Mangalarája (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 698–731); Pulakeśi -Janáśraya (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 738); -Buddhavarmman (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 713?); -Nágavarddhana; Chálukya Tree - <span class="tocPageNum">107–112</span></p> -<p class="tocChapter"><b><a href="#ch1.10" id="xd25e1446" name="xd25e1446">The Gurjjaras</a></b> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 580–808):</p> -<p class="tocArgument">Copperplates; Gurjjara Tree; Dadda I. (c. -585–605 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>); Jayabhaṭa I. -Vítarága (c. 605–620 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>); -Dadda II. Praśántarága (c. 620–650 -<span class="sc">a.d.</span>); Jayabhaṭa II. (c. 650–675 -<span class="sc">a.d.</span>); Dadda III. Báhusaháya (c. -675–700 <span class="corr" id="xd25e1466" title="Not in source"><span class="sc">a.d.</span></span>); Jayabhaṭa -III. (c. 704–734 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>) - <span class="tocPageNum">113–118</span></p> -<p class="tocChapter"><b><a href="#ch1.11" id="xd25e1480" name="xd25e1480">The <span class="corr" id="xd25e1482" title="Source: Ráshtrakútas">Ráshṭrakúṭas</span></a></b> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 743–974):</p> -<p class="tocArgument">Origin; Name; Early Dynasty (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 450–500); The main Dynasty (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 630–972); -Ráshṭrakúṭa Family Tree (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 630–972); Copperplates; Kakka II. -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 747); Kṛishṇa and -Govinda II. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 765–795); Dhruva -I. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 795); Govinda III. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 800–808); Indra (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 808–812); Karka I. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 812–821); Dantivarmman (Heir Apparent); -Govinda (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 827–833); Dhruva I. -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 835–867); Akálavarsha -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 867); Dhruva II. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 867); Akálavarsha Kṛishṇa -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 888); Main Line restored -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 888–974); Kṛishṇa -Akálavarsha (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 888–914); -Indra Nityaṃvarsha (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 914) - <span class="tocPageNum">119–134</span></p> -<p class="tocChapter"><b><a href="#ch1.12" id="xd25e1549" name="xd25e1549">The Mihiras or Mers</a></b> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470–900):</p> -<p class="tocArgument">History; The <span class="corr" id="xd25e1557" -title="Source: Chúdásamás">Chúḍásamás</span> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 900–940); The Jethvás; -The Mers; White Húṇas; Jhálás - <span class="tocPageNum">135–147</span> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd25e1566" href="#xd25e1566" name="xd25e1566">xix</a>]</span></p> -<p class="tocPart"><a href="#pt1.2">THE KINGDOM OF <span class="corr" -id="xd25e1570" title="Source: ANAHILAVÁḌA">AṆAHILAVÁḌA</span></a> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 720–1300).</p> -<p class="tocChapter"><b><a href="#ch1.2.1" id="xd25e1578" name="xd25e1578">The <span class="corr" id="xd25e1580" title="Source: Chávadás">Chávaḍás</span></a></b> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 720–956):</p> -<p class="tocArgument">Pañchásar (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 788); Jayaśekhara (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 696); Vanarája (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 720–780?); Founding of -Aṇahilaváḍa (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 746–765); Vanarája’s -Installation; His Image; Vanarája’s Successors -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 780–961); Yogarája -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 806–841); Kshemarája -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 841–880); -Chámuṇḍa (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 880–908); Ghághaḍa -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 908–937); <span class="corr" -id="xd25e1617" title="Source: Chávaḍa">Chávaḍá</span> -Genealogy <span class="tocPageNum">149–155</span></p> -<p class="tocChapter"><b><a href="#ch1.2.2" id="xd25e1625" name="xd25e1625">The Chaulukyas or <span class="corr" id="xd25e1627" title="Source: Solankis">Solaṅkis</span></a></b> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242):</p> -<p class="tocArgument">Authorities; The name Chaulukya; -Múlarája (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–996); Chámuṇḍa -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 997–1010); Durlabha -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1010–1022); Bhíma I. -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1022–1064); -Mahmúd’s Invasion (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1024); Somanátha (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1024) -<span class="tocPageNum">156–169</span></p> -<p class="tocArgument">Karṇa (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1064–1094); Siddharája Jayasingha -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1094–1143) - <span class="tocPageNum">170–181</span></p> -<p class="tocArgument">Kumárapála (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1143–1174); Ajayapála (<span class="corr" id="xd25e1673" title="Not in source"><span class="sc">a.d.</span> </span>1174–1177); Múlarája -II. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1177–1179); Bhíma -II. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1179–1242) - <span class="tocPageNum">182–197</span></p> -<p class="tocChapter"><b><a href="#ch1.2.3" id="xd25e1689" name="xd25e1689">The Vághelás</a></b> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1219–1304):</p> -<p class="tocArgument">Arṇorája (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1170–1200); Lavaṇaprasáda -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1200–1233); Víradhavala -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1233–1238); Vísaladeva -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1243–1261); Arjuṇadeva -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1262–1274); -Sáraṅgadeva (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1275–1296); Karṇadeva (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1296–1304); Vághela Genealogy - <span class="tocPageNum">198–206</span></p> -<p class="tocPart"><a href="#pt2"><span class="corr" id="xd25e1724" -title="Source: MUSALMAN">MUSALMÁN</span> PERIOD</a> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297–1760).</p> -<p class="tocChapter"><b><a href="#pt2intro" id="xd25e1733" name="xd25e1733">Introduction</a></b>:</p> -<p class="tocArgument">Territorial Limits; Sorath; -Káthiáváḍa; Under the Kings (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573); Under the Mughals (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573–1760); Condition of Gujarát -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297–1802) - <span class="tocPageNum">207–228</span></p> -<p class="tocChapter"><b><a href="#ch2.1" id="xd25e1752" name="xd25e1752">Early Musalmán Governors</a></b> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297–1403):</p> -<p class="tocArgument"><span class="corr" id="xd25e1760" title="Source: Alá-ud-din">Alá-ud-dín</span> Khilji -Emperor (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1295–1315); Ulugh -Khán (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297–1317); -Ain-ul-Mulk Governor (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1318); Order -established (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1318); Muhammad Tughlak -Emperor (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1325–1351); -Táj-ul-Mulk Governor (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1320); -Suppression of insurrection (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1347); -Surrender of Girnár and Kachh (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1350); <span class="corr" id="xd25e1788" title="Source: Fíruz">Fírúz</span> Tughlak Emperor -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1351–1388); Zafar Khán -Governor (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1371); Farhat-ul-Mulk -Governor (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1376–1391); Muhammad -Tughlak II. Emperor (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1391–1393); Zafar Khán Governor -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1391–1403) - <span class="tocPageNum">229–233</span></p> -<p class="tocChapter"><b><a href="#ch2.2" id="xd25e1812" name="xd25e1812">Ahmedábád Kings</a></b> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573):</p> -<p class="tocArgument">Muhammad I. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1404); Muzaffar (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1407–1419); Ahmed I. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1411–1441); Ahmedábád built -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1413); Defeat of the Ídar -Chief (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1414); Spread of Islám -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1414); Expedition against -Málwa (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1417); -Chámpáner attacked (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1418); War with Málwa (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1422); Defeat of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd25e1848" href="#xd25e1848" name="xd25e1848">xx</a>]</span>the -Ídar Chief (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1425); Recovery of -Máhim (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1429) and -Báglán (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1431); Muhammad -II. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1441–1452); <span class="corr" id="xd25e1863" title="Source: Kutb-ud-din">Kutb-ud-dín</span> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1451–1459); War with Málwa -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1451) Battle of Kapadvanj -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1454); War with Nágor -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1454–1459); War with Chitor -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1455–1459) - <span class="tocPageNum">234–242</span></p> -<p class="tocArgument">Mahmúd I. Begada (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1459–1513); Defeat of a conspiracy -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1459); Improvement of the soldiery -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1459–1461); Help given to the -king of the Dakhan (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1461); Expedition -against Junágaḍh (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1467); -Capture of Girnár (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1472); -Disturbances in Chámpáner (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1472); Conquest of Kachh; Jagat destroyed; -Conspiracy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1480); War against -Chámpáner (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1482–1484); Capture of <span class="corr" -id="xd25e1915" title="Source: Pávágad">Pávágaḍ</span> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1484); The Khándesh -succession (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1508); Muzaffar II. -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1513–1526); Expedition against -Ídar (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1514); Disturbances in -Málwa (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1517); Capture of -Mándu (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1518); War with Chitor -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1519); Submission of the Rána -of Chitor (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1521); Death of Muzaffar -II. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1526) - <span class="tocPageNum">243–252</span></p> -<p class="tocArgument">Sikandar (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1526); Máhmúd II. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1526); Bahádur (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1527–1536); Portuguese intrigues -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1526); Khándesh affairs -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1528); Turks at Diu (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1526–1530); Capture of Mándu -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1530); Quarrel with -Humáyún (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1532); Fall of -Chitor (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1535); Mughal conquest of -Gujarát (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1535); The Mughals -driven out (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1536); The Portuguese at -Diu (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1536); Death of Bahádur -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1536); Muhammad II. -Ásíri (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1536–1554); His escape from control; -Choosing of evil favourites; Quarrels among the nobles; Disturbances -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1545); Death of Mahmúd -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1554); Ahmed II. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1554–1561); Ítimád -Khán Regent; Partition of the province; Dissensions; -Sultánpur and Nandurbár handed to Khándesh -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1560); Defeat and death of Sayad -Mubárak; Death of Imád-ul-Mulk Rúmi; Daman -district ceded to the Portuguese (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1550); Assassination of Ahmed II. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1560); Muzaffar III. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1561–1572), a minor; Ítimád -Khán and the Fauládis; The Mírzás -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1571); Defeat of -Ítimád Khán; Death of Changíz Khán; -Ítimád Khán and the Emperor Akbar (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1572) -<span class="tocPageNum">252–264</span></p> -<p class="tocChapter"><i><span class="sc"><a href="#ch2.3" id="xd25e2031" name="xd25e2031">Mughal Viceroys</a></span> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573–1758).</i></p> -<p class="tocChapter"><b><a href="#ch2.3.1">Emperor Akbar</a></b> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573–1605):</p> -<p class="tocArgument">Capture of Broach and Surat and advance to -Ahmedábád (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573); Mirza -Ázíz first Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573–1575); Insurrection quelled by Akbar -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573); Mírza Khán -second Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1575–1577); -Survey by Rája Todar Mal; Shaháb-ud-din third Viceroy -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1577–1583); Expedition against -Junágaḍh; Ítimád Khán Gujaráti -fourth Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1583–1584); -Ahmedábád captured by Muzaffar (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1583); Mírza Abdur Rahím -Khán (Khán Khánán) fifth Viceroy -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1583–1587); Defeat of Muzaffar -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1584); Ismáíl Kuli -Khán sixth Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1587); -Mírza Ázíz Kokaltásh seventh Viceroy -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1588–1592); Refuge sought by -Muzaffar in Káthiáváḍa; Muzaffar attacked by -the imperial army; Muzaffar’s flight to Kachh and suicide -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1591–92); Sultán -Murád Baksh eighth Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1592–1600); Mirza Ázíz -Kokaltásh ninth Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1600–1606) - <span class="tocPageNum">265–273</span> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd25e2095" href="#xd25e2095" name="xd25e2095">xxi</a>]</span></p> -<p><b><a href="#ch2.3.2">Jahángir Emperor</a></b> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1605–1627):</p> -<p class="tocArgument">Kalíj Khán tenth Viceroy -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1606); Sayad Murtaza eleventh -Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1606–1609); -Mírza Ázíz Kokaltásh twelfth Viceroy -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1609–1611); Sack of Surat by -Malik Âmbar (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1609); -Abdulláh Khán Fírúz Jang thirteenth Viceroy -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1611–1616); Mukarrab -Khán fourteenth Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1616); Elephant-hunting in the Panch -Maháls (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1616); Prince -Sháh Jehán fifteenth Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1618–1622); Rebellion of Sháh -Jehán (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1622–23); -Sháhi Bágh built at Ahmedábád; -Sultán Dáwar Baksh sixteenth Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1622–1624); Saif Khán seventeenth -Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1624–1627) - <span class="tocPageNum">273–277</span></p> -<p class="tocChapter"><b><a href="#ch2.3.3">Sháh Jehán -Emperor</a></b> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1627–1658):</p> -<p class="tocArgument">Sher Khán Túar eighteenth Viceroy -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1627–1632); Famine -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1631–1632); Islám -Khán nineteenth Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1632); Disorder (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1632); Bákar Khán twentieth Viceroy -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1632); Sipáhdár -Khán twenty-first Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1633); Saif Khán twenty-second Viceroy -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1633–1635); Ázam -Khán twenty-third Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1635–1642); The Kolis punished; The -Káthis subdued; Revolt of the Jám of Navánagar -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1640); Ísa Tarkhán -twenty-fourth Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1642–1644); Prince Muhammad -Aurangzíb twenty-fifth Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1644–1646); Sháistah Khán -twenty-sixth Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1646–1648); Prince Muhammad -Dárá Shikoh twenty-seventh Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1648–1652); Sháistah Khán -twenty-eighth Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1652–1654); Prince Murád Bakhsh -twenty-ninth Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1654–1657); Murád Baksh proclaimed -emperor (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1657) Kásam -Khán thirtieth Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1657–1659); Victory of Murád and -Aurangzíb; Murád confined by Aurangzíb -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1658) - <span class="tocPageNum">277–282</span></p> -<p class="tocChapter"><b><a href="#ch2.3.4">Aurangzib Emperor</a></b> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1658–1707):</p> -<p class="tocArgument">Sháh Nawáz Khán -Safávi thirty-first Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1659); Rebellion of Prince Dárá -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1659); Prince Dárá -defeated (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1659); Jasavantsingh -thirty-second Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1659–1662); Jasavantsingh sent against -Shiváji (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1662); Mahábat -Khán thirty-third Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1662–1668); Capture of -Navánagar-Islámnagar (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1664); Surat plundered by Shiváji -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1664); Copper coinage introduced -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1668); Khán Jehán -thirty-fourth Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1668–1671); Sidi Yákút the -Mughal Admiral (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1670); -Mahárája Jasavantsingh thirty-fifth Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1671–1674); Muhammad Amín -Khán Umdat-ul-Mulk thirty-sixth Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1674–1683); Increased power of the -Bábi family; Revolt of Ídar (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1679); Mukhtár Khán thirty-seventh -Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1683–1684); Famine -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1684); Shujáât -Khán (Kártalab Khán) thirty-eighth Viceroy -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1684–1703); Mutiny quelled by -Shujáât Khán (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1689); Revolt of Matiás and Momnás -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1691); Disturbances in <span class="corr" id="xd25e2285" title="Source: Káthiávaḍa">Káthiáváḍa</span> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1692) and Márwár; -Durgádás <span class="corr" id="xd25e2291" title="Source: Ráthod">Ráthoḍ</span> reconciled to the -Emperor (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1697); Scarcity -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1698); Prince Muhammad Aâzam -thirty-ninth Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1703–1705); Intrigue against and escape of -Durgádás <span class="corr" id="xd25e2304" title="Source: Ráthod">Ráthoḍ</span>; Surat (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1700–1703); Ibráhím -Khán fortieth Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1705); -Maráthás enter Gujarát; Battle <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd25e2313" href="#xd25e2313" name="xd25e2313">xxii</a>]</span>of Ratanpúr and defeat of the -Musalmáns (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1705); Battle of -the Bába <span class="corr" id="xd25e2319" title="Source: Piáráh">Piárah</span> Ford and second -defeat of the Musalmáns (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1705); Koli disturbances; Prince Muhammad -Bídár Bakht forty-first Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1705–1706); Durgádás -<span class="corr" id="xd25e2328" title="Source: Ráthod">Ráthoḍ</span> again in rebellion; -Ibráhím Khán forty-second Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1706) -<span class="tocPageNum">283–295</span></p> -<p class="tocChapter"><b><a href="#ch3.3.2" id="xd25e2340" name="xd25e2340">Fifty Years of Disorder</a></b> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1707–1757):</p> -<p class="tocArgument">The Marátha advance to -Ahmedábád and levy of tribute (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1707); Bahádur Sháh I. Emperor -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1707–1712); -Gházi-ud-dín forty-third Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1708–1710); Jahándár -Sháh Emperor (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1712–13); -Ásif-ud-daulah forty-fourth Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1712–13); Farrukhsiyar Emperor -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1713–1719); Shahámat -Khán forty-fifth Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1713); Dáud Khán Panni forty-sixth -Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1714–15); Religious -riots in Ahmedábád (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1714); Further riots in Ahmedábád -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1715); Mahárája -Ajítsingh forty-seventh Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1715–1716); Disagreement between the -Viceroy and Haidar Kúli Khán (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1715); Khán Daurán Nasrat Jang -Bahádur forty-eighth Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1716–1719); Famine (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1719); Muhammad Sháh Emperor (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1721–1748); Mahárája -Ajítsingh forty-ninth Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1719–1721); Piláji -Gáikwár at Songaḍ (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1719); Decay of imperial power (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1720); Nizám-ul-Mulk Prime Minister of the -Empire (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1721); Haidar Kúli -Khán fiftieth Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1721–1722); Disorder in -Ahmedábád (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1721); His -arrival in Gujarát (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1722); -Signs of independence shown by him and his recall (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1722); Nizám-ul-Mulk fifty-first Viceroy -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1722); Hámid Khán -Deputy Viceroy; <span class="corr" id="xd25e2424" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán Governor of Surat -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1722); Increase of Marátha -power (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1723) - <span class="tocPageNum">295–304</span></p> -<p class="tocArgument">Sarbuland Khán fifty-second Viceroy -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1723–1730); Shujaât -Khán appointed Deputy; Nizám-ul-Mulk and Sarbuland -Khán; Sarbuland Khán’s Deputy defeated -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1724); the Maráthás -engaged as Allies; Battle of Arás; Hámid Khán -defeated by Rustam Áli (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1723); -Hámid Khán joined by Maráthás against -Rustam Áli; Mubáriz-ul-Mulk sent against the -Maráthás (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1725); -Retreat of Hámid Khán and the Maráthás; -Ahmedábád entered by Mubáriz-ul-Mulk (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1725); Defeat of the Maráthás at -Sojitra and Kapadvanj (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1725); -Marátha expedition against Vadnagar (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1725); Tribute paid to the Maráthás -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1726); Alliance with the Peshwa -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1727); Baroda and Dabhoi obtained by -<span class="corr" id="xd25e2466" title="Source: Pilaji">Piláji</span> Gáikwár -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1727); Capture of -Chámpáner by the Maráthás (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1728); Grant of tribute to the Peshwa -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1729); Disturbance raised by Mulla -Muhammad Áli at Surat (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1729); -Petlád given in farm (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1729); -Athva fort (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1730); The Viceroy in -<span class="corr" id="xd25e2488" title="Source: Káthiáváda">Káthiáváḍa</span> -and Kachh (<span class="corr" id="xd25e2492" title="Not in source"><span class="sc">a.d.</span> </span>1730); Riots -at Ahmedábád; Mahárája Abheysingh -fifty-third Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1730–1733); The new Viceroy resisted by -Mubáriz-ul-Mulk; Battle of Adálaj; The -Mahárája defeated by Mubáriz-ul-Mulk (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1730); Retreat of Mubáriz-ul-Mulk; -Government of Abheysingh; <span class="corr" id="xd25e2503" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán, ruler of Cambay -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1730); The Peshwa and Viceroy -against Piláji Gáikwár (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1731); The withdrawal of the Peshwa; His -opponents defeated; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd25e2513" href="#xd25e2513" name="xd25e2513">xxiii</a>]</span>Abdúlláh -Beg appointed Nizám’s Deputy at Broach; The death of -Piláji Gáikwár procured by the Viceroy -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1732); Baroda taken; Famine -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1732); Affairs at Surat -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1732); Teghbeg Khán Governor -of Surat <span class="tocPageNum">305–313</span></p> -<p class="tocArgument">Ratansingh Bhandári Deputy Viceroy -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1733–1737); Return of the -Maráthás; Contest for the government of Gogha; -Disturbance at Víramgám (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1734); Baroda recovered by the -Maráthás (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1734); Change -of governor at Víramgám; Failure of Jawán Mard -Khán in an attempt on Ídar; Rivalry of Ratansingh -Bhandári and Sohráb Khán (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1735); Battle of Dholi; Defeat and death of -Sohráb Khán (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1735); -Rivalry between Ratansingh Bhandári and <span class="corr" id="xd25e2545" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1735); Marátha affairs; -Dámáji Gáikwár and Kántáji -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1735); Battle of Ánand-Mogri; -Defeat of Kántáji; The Maráthás helping -Bhávsingh to expel the Víramgám Kasbátis; -The country plundered by the Gáikwár and Peshwa; -Momín Khán fifty-fourth Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1737); Siege of Ahmedábád; -Mahárája Abheysingh fifty-fifth Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1737); The siege of Ahmedábád -continued by Momín Khán; Defence of the city by -Ratansingh Bhandári; Ahmedábád captured by -Momín Khán (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1738); -Momín Khán fifty-sixth Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1738–1743); Prosperity of -Ahmedábád (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1738); -Tribute collected by the Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1738); Sher Khán Bábi Deputy -Governor of Sorath (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1738); Tribute -collected by the Deputy Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1739); Capture of Bassein by the -Maráthás (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1739); -Tribute expedition (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1740); The -Viceroy at Cambay (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1741); -Víramgám surrendered and Pátdi received by -Bhávsingh; Siege of Broach by the Maráthás -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1741); Battle of Dholka; Defeat of -the Maráthás (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1741); -Contests between the Musalmáns and Maráthás; -Disturbance at Ahmedábád (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1742); Collection of tribute in -Káthiáváḍa by the Viceroy; Death of -Momín Khán (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1743) - <span class="tocPageNum">314–326</span></p> -<p class="tocArgument">Fidá-ud-dín acting as Viceroy -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1743); The Maráthás -defeated by Muftakhir Khán; Dámáji -Gáikwár’s return to Gujarát; Abdúl -Ázíz Khán of Junnar Viceroy (by a forged order); -Mutiny of the troops; Petlád captured by the -Maráthás; Muftakhir Khán fifty-seventh Viceroy -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1743–1744); Jawán Mard -Khán appointed Deputy; The Maráthás in -Ahmedábád; Battle of Kim Kathodra; Defeat and death of -Abdúl Ázíz Khán (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1744); Fakhr-ud-daulah fifty-eighth Viceroy -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1744–1748); Jawán Mard -Khán Bábi Deputy Viceroy; Khanderáv -Gáikwár called to Sátára; Defeat and -capture of the Viceroy by Jawán Mard Khán Bábi; -Rangoji disgraced by Khanderáv Gáikwár; Rangoji -and Jawán Mard Khán opposed by Punáji Vithal and -Fakhr-ud-daulah; Siege of Kapadvanj by Fakhr-ud-daulah (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1746); The siege raised at the approach of -Holkar; Momín Khán II. governor of Cambay (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1748); Increased strength of -Fakhr-ud-daulah’s party; Dissensions among the -Maráthás; Surat affairs (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1748); Escape of Mulla Fakhr-ud-din to Bombay; -Cession of Surat revenue to the Gáikwár (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1747); Famine (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1747); Marátha dissensions; Fall of Borsad - <span class="tocPageNum">326–332</span> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd25e2638" href="#xd25e2638" name="xd25e2638">xxiv</a>]</span></p> -<p class="tocArgument">Mahárája Vakhatsingh fifty-ninth -Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1748); Ahmed Sháh -Emperor (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1748–1754); Spread of -disorder; Surat affairs (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1750); Sayad -Achchan unpopular; Safdar Muhammad brought back by the Dutch; Retreat -of Sayad Achchan; Jawán Mard Khán and the Peshwa -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1750); The Peshwa and -Gáikwár (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1751); Broach -independent (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1752); Pándurang -Pandit repulsed at Ahmedábád (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1752); Marátha invasion; Return of -Jawán Mard Khán; Gallant defence of -Ahmedábád; Surrender of Jawán Mard Khán; -Ahmedábád taken by the Maráthás -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1753); Collection of tribute; Mughal -coinage discontinued; Failure of an attempt on Cambay (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1753); The Kolis; Cambay attacked by the -Maráthás (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1754); -Alamgír II. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1754–1759); -Contest with Momín Khán renewed (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1754); Gogha taken by Momín Khán -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1755); Ahmedábád -recovered by Momín Khán (17th October 1756); Jawán -Mard Khán allying himself with the Maráthás; -Ahmedábád invested by the Maráthás -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1756); Momín Khán -helped by Ráo of Ídar (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1757); Successful sally under Shambhurám; -Negotiations for peace; Marátha arrangements in -Ahmedábád; New coins; Momín Khán at Cambay; -Expedition from Kachh against Sindh (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1758); Tribute levied by the -Maráthás; Surat affairs (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1758); The command of Surat taken by the English -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1759); Momín -Khán’s visit to Poona (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1759); Sadáshiv Rámchandra -Peshwa’s Viceroy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760); The -Maráthás in Káthiáváḍa -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1759); Ápa Ganesh Viceroy -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1761); Battle of Pánipat -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1761) - <span class="tocPageNum">332–345</span></p> -<p><b>Appendix I.</b>—<a href="#app3.1" id="xd25e2721" name="xd25e2721">Death of Sultán Bahádur</a> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1526–1536) - <span class="tocPageNum">347–351</span></p> -<p><b>Appendix II.</b>—<a href="#app3.2" id="xd25e2734" name="xd25e2734">The Hill Fort of Mándu</a>; Description; History; -The Málwa Sultáns (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1400–1570); The Mughals (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1570–1720); The Maráthás -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1720–1820); Notices -(<span class="corr" id="xd25e2746" title="Not in source"><span class="sc">a.d.</span> </span>1820–1895) - <span class="tocPageNum">352–384.</span></p> -<p class="tocPart"><a href="#pt3">MARÁTHA PERIOD</a> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819).</p> -<p class="tocArgument">History; Śiváji’s first inroad -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1664); Śiváji’s -second attack (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1670); Sáler -taken (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1672); The Narbada crossed -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1675); Raids by -Dábháde (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1699–1713); Dábháde -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1716); Dábháde -Senápati; the Peshwa’s negotiations (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1717); Dámáji Gáikwár -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1720); Marátha tribute -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1723); Kántáji Kadam; -Marátha dissensions (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1725); -The Peshwa (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1726); Cession of tribute -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1728); Coalition against the Peshwa -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1730); Defeat of the allies -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1731); Assassination of -Piláji Gáikwár (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1732); Baroda secured by the -Gáikwár (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1734); The -Marátha Deputy Governor (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1736); Ahmedábád riots -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1738–1741); Siege of Broach -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1741); Rangoji prisoner at Borsad -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1742); Quarrels regarding the -Viceroyalty between Dámáji and Rághoji Bhonsle -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1743–44); Rangoji <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd25e2831" href="#xd25e2831" name="xd25e2831">xv</a>]</span>confined in Borsad (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1745); the Gáikwár in Surat -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1747) - <span class="tocPageNum">385–395</span></p> -<p class="tocArgument">Haribá attacked by Rangoji; Death of -Umábái (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1748); -Dámáji deputy in Gujarát; Dámáji -against Peshwa; Dámáji Gáikwár arrested -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1751); The Peshwa and Surat; Release -of Dámáji (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1752); -Capture of Ahmedábád (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1753); Raghunáthráv at Cambay; The -Peshwa’s deputy at Ahmedábád; -Ahmedábád captured by the Nawáb of Cambay; -Dámáji and Khanderáv Gáikwár at -Ahmedábád; Surrender of the Nawáb; -Sayájiráv in Ahmedábád; Peshwa’s -agent Sadáshiv at Surat; The Marátha demand of tribute -from the Nawáb of Cambay; The Nawáb at Poona; -Lunáváḍa plundered by Khanderáv; Expedition -against Bálásinor; The estates of Jawán Mard -Khán retaken by Dámáji; The Peshwa and the English -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1761); One of the Jádhav -family Senápati; Ghorpade family again Senápati; -Intrigues of Rághoba (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1768); -Death of Dámáji Gáikwár (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1768); Disputed succession; Rághobá -Peshwa (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1774); Rághoba in -Gujarát (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1775); -Rághobá defeated; His arrival at Surat; Treaty of Surat -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1775); Colonel Keating in -Gujarát; Rághoba accompanied by Colonel Keating; -Rághoba in Cambay (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1775); -Govindráv Gáikwár’s army; Advance of the -combined forces; Defeat of Fatesingh (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1775); Retreat of the ministerial general; -Colonel Keating at Dabhoi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1775); -Rághoba and the Gáikwárs; Withdrawal of the -British contingent; Negotiations at Poona; Rághoba at Surat -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1776); Negotiations at Poona -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1777); Fresh alliance with -Rághoba (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1778) - <span class="tocPageNum">396–407</span></p> -<p class="tocArgument">The convention of Bhadgaon (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1779); Negotiation with the -Gáikwár; Escape of Rághoba from Sindia -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1779); League against the English -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1780); Treaty with Fatesingh -Gáikwár; Ahmedábád taken by General Goddard -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1780); Operations against Sindia and -Holkar; Treaty of Sálbái (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1782); Death of Fatesingh (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1789); Govindráv detained at Poona -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1793); Office of Regent at Baroda -taken by Govindráv; Ába Shelukar Deputy Governor of -Gujarát (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1796); Disputes -between Ába and Govindráv Gáikwár; -Gujarát farmed to the Gáikwár (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1799); Ánandráv -Gáikwár (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1800); British -aid to Govindráv’s party; The British and the -Gáikwár (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1800); The -Gáikwár’s minister Rávji; Treaty of Bassein -(31st December 1802); Arabs disbanded; Malhárráv in -revolt (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1803); Contingent -strengthened (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1803); Death of -Rávji (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1803); War with Sindia; -The revenue collecting force; Renewal of (Gujarát) farm -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1804); The British and the -Gáikwár (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1805); -Káthiáváḍa tribute; State of -Káthiáváḍa (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1807); The revenue raid system - <span class="tocPageNum">407–418</span></p> -<p class="tocArgument">The Maráthás in Sorath; -Securities; Bháts and Chárans (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1807); British intervention; Financial and -political settlements (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1807); -Peshwa’s share in Káthiáváḍa; Later -arrangements; The Mahi Kántha; Supplementary treaty -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1808); Okhámandal -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1809); Disturbances in -Káthiáváḍa (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1811); The Gáikwár’s payment -of the pecuniary loan to the British Government (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1812); Discussions with <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd25e2978" href="#xd25e2978" name="xd25e2978">xxvi</a>]</span>Poona government about the old claims on -the Gáikwár’s estate (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1813–14); Peshwa intrigue in Baroda -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1814); Okhámandal ceded to -the Gáikwár; British aid at Junágaḍh; Treaty -of Poona (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1817); Treaty with the -Gáikwár (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1817–18); Close of Marátha supremacy -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1819); General Review - <span class="tocPageNum">418–432</span></p> -<p class="tocPart"><a href="#pt4">GUJARÁT DISTURBANCES</a> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1857–1859).</p> -<p class="tocArgument">The Red Salt Scare (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1857); The passing of the Pariah dog; Gold -hoarding; Seditious native press; Maulvi Saráj-ud-din; Apparent -weakness of British rule; Administrative defects; The Courts disliked; -The Inám Commission; The army disloyal; Báiza Bái -of Gwálior; Pársi riot in Broach (June 1857); Mutiny at -Mhow (July 1857); Mutiny at Ahmedábád (July 1857); Mr. -Ashburner’s force; General Roberts; Rising at Amjera and in the -Panch Maháls (July 1857); Mutinies at Abu and Erinpur -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1857); Disturbance at -Ahmedábád (14th September 1857); Rádhanpur -disloyal; Arab outbreak at Sunth; Disturbance in -Lunáváḍa; Conspiracy at Dísa; Conspiracy at -Baroda; Want of combination; Marátha conspiracy; Gathering at -Partábpur and at Lodra; Partial disarming; Náikda revolt -(October 1858); Tátia Topi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1858); Tátia Topi’s defeat at Chhota -Udepur (December 1858); Náikda disturbance (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1858); Wágher outbreak (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1859); Expedition against Bet (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1859); Bet Fort taken; Dwárka fort taken; -Rising in Nagar Párkar -<span class="tocPageNum">433–448</span></p> -<p class="tocPart">APPENDICES.</p> -<p><b><a href="#app3" id="xd25e3034" name="xd25e3034">Bhinmál or -Shrimál</a></b>—Description, People, Objects of Interest, -History, Inscriptions <span class="tocPageNum">449–488</span></p> -<p><b><a href="#app4" id="xd25e3042" name="xd25e3042">Java and -Cambodia</a></b> <span class="tocPageNum">489–504</span></p> -<p><b><a href="#app5" id="xd25e3050" name="xd25e3050">Arab -References</a></b> <span class="tocPageNum">505–531</span></p> -<p><b><a href="#app5">Greek References</a></b> - <span class="tocPageNum">532–547</span></p> -<p><b><a href="#ix" id="xd25e3067" name="xd25e3067">Index</a></b> - <span class="tocPageNum">549–594</span> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd25e3073" href="#xd25e3073" name="xd25e3073">xviii</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div1 contents"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="figure mapearlygujaratwidth"><a href="images/mapEarlyGujarath.png"><img src="images/mapEarlyGujarat.png" -alt="EARLY GUJARÁT b.c. 250–a.d. 1300." width="720" height="618"></a> -<p class="figureHead">EARLY <span class="corr" id="xd25e3080" title="Source: GUJARAT">GUJARÁT</span> <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 250–<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1300.</p> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td rowspan="4" class="rowspan cellLeft cellTop cellBottom xd25e3092"> -NOTE</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="rowspan cellTop cellBottom xd25e3092"><img src="images/lbrace4.png" alt="" width="16" height="65"></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellTop xd25e3092"><i>Ancient Spelling -written thus</i></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellTop xd25e3092"><img src="images/lbrace2.png" alt="" width="12" height="40"></td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop"><i>Mandali</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellRight"><i>SINDHU</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellBottom xd25e3092"><i>Modern __ do. -____ do. ____</i></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellBottom xd25e3092"><img src="images/lbrace2.png" alt="" width="12" height="40"></td> -<td class="cellRight">Umarkot</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">SINDHIA</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -<p><i>Gov.<sup>t</sup>. Photozinco Office, Poona, 1896.</i></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div1 contents"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">ERRATA.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">Page <a href="#n3.5">3 note 5</a>:</p> -<p><i>For</i> about thirty miles north-east of Ábu<br> -<i>Read</i> about fifty miles west of Ábu.</p> -<p>Page <a href="#n140.5">140 note 5</a> and page <a href="#n144.5">145</a> top line of notes:</p> -<p><i>For</i> Aldjayháni <i>read</i> Aljauhari. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb1" href="#pb1" name="pb1">1</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="body"> -<div id="pt1" class="div0 part"> -<h2 class="super">EARLY HISTORY OF GUJARÁT.</h2> -<div id="ch1.1" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd25e1086">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">CHAPTER I.</h2> -<h2 class="main">BOUNDARIES AND NAME.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter I.<br> -Boundaries.</span> The portion of the Bombay Presidency known as -Gujarát fills the north-east corner of the coast of Western -India.</p> -<p>On the west is the Arabian Sea; on the north-west is the Gulf of -Cutch. To the north lie the Little Ran and the Mevád desert; to -the north-east Ábu and other outliers of the -Árávali range. The east is guarded and limited by rough -forest land rugged in the north with side spurs of the Vindhyas, more -open towards the central natural highway from Baroda to Ratlám, -and southwards again rising and roughening into the northern offshoots -from the main range of the Sátpudás. The southern limit -is uncertain. History somewhat doubtfully places it at the -Tápti. Language carries Gujarát about a hundred miles -further to Balsár and Párdi where wild forest-covered -hills from the north end of the Sahyádri range stretch west -almost to the sea.</p> -<p>The province includes two parts, Mainland Gujarát or -Gurjjara-ráshtra and Peninsular <span class="corr" id="xd25e3190" title="Source: Gujárat">Gujarát</span><span class="corr" id="xd25e3192" title="Not in source">,</span> the <span class="corr" id="xd25e3195" title="Source: Sauráshtra">Sauráshṭra</span> of ancient, -the Káthiáváḍa of modern history. To a total -area of about 72,000 square miles Mainland Gujarát with a length -from north to south of about 280 miles and a breadth from east to west -varying from fifty to 150 miles contributes 45,000 square miles; and -Peninsular Gujarát with a greatest length from north to south of -155 miles and from east to west of 200 miles contributes about 27,000 -square miles. To a population of about 9,250,000 Mainland -Gujarát contributes 6,900,000 and the Peninsula about -2,350,000.</p> -<p>The richness of Mainland Gujarát the gift of the -Sábarmati Mahi Narbada and Tápti and the goodliness of -much of <span class="corr" id="xd25e3200" title="Source: Sauráshtra">Sauráshṭra</span> the Goodly -Land have from before the beginning of history continued to draw -strangers to Gujarát both as conquerors and as refugees.</p> -<p>By sea probably came some of the half-mythic Yádavas -(<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 1500–500); contingents of -Yavanas (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 300–<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 100) including Greeks Baktrians Parthians and -Skythians; the pursued Pársis and the pursuing Arabs -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 600–800); hordes of Sanganian -pirates (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 900–1200); -Pársi and Naváyat Musalmán refugees from Khulagu -Khán’s devastation of Persia (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1250–1300); Portuguese and rival Turks -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1500–1600); Arab and Persian -Gulf pirates (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1600–1700); -African Arab Persian and Makran soldiers of fortune (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1500–1800); Armenian Dutch and French -traders (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1600–1750); and the -British (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1750–1812). By land -from the north <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb2" href="#pb2" name="pb2">2</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter I.<br> -The Name.</span> have come the Skythians and Huns (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 200–<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 500), -the Gurjjaras (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 400–600), the -early Jádejás and Káthis (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 750–900), wave on wave of Afghan Turk -Moghal and other northern Musalmáns (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1000–1500), and the later -Jádejás and Káthis (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1300–1500): From the north-east the -prehistoric Aryans till almost modern times (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1100–1200) continued to send settlements of -Northern Bráhmans; and since the thirteenth century have come -Turk Afghan and Moghal Musalmáns: From the east have come the -Mauryans (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 300), the half-Skythian -Kshatrapas (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 100–<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 300), the Guptas (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 380), the Gurjjars (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 400–600), the Moghals (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1530), and the Maráthás -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1750): And from the south the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e3294" title="Source: Śátakarnis">Śátakarṇis</span> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 100), the Chálukyas and -<span class="corr" id="xd25e3301" title="Source: Ráshtrakuṭas">Ráshṭrakúṭas</span> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 650–950), occasional -Musalmán raiders (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1400–1600), the Portuguese (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1500), the Maráthás (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1660–1760), and the British (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1780–1820).</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Gujars.</span>The name Gujarát is -from the Prákrit Gujjara-ratta, the Sanskrit of which is -Gurjjara-ráshtra that is the country of the Gujjaras or -Gurjjaras. In Sanskrit books and inscriptions the name of the province -is written Gurjjara-maṇḍala and Gūrjjara-deśa the -land of the Gurjjaras or Gúrjjaras. The Gurjjaras are a foreign -tribe who passing into India from the north-west gradually spread as -far south as Khándesh and Bombay Gujarát. The present -Gujars of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e3323" title="Source: Panjab">Panjáb</span> and North-West Provinces preserve -more of their foreign traits than the Gujar settlers further to the -south and east. Though better-looking, the <span class="corr" id="xd25e3326" title="Source: Panjab">Panjáb</span> Gujars in -language dress and calling so closely resemble their associates the -Játs or Jats as to suggest that the two tribes entered India -about the same time. Their present distribution shows that the Gujars -spread further east and south than the Játs. The earliest Gujar -settlements seem to have been in the <span class="corr" id="xd25e3329" -title="Source: Panjab">Panjáb</span> and North-West Provinces -from the Indus to Mathurá where they still differ greatly in -dress and language from most other inhabitants. From Mathurá the -Gujars seem to have passed to East <span class="corr" id="xd25e3332" -title="Source: Rajputána">Rájputána</span> and -from there by way of Kotah and Mandasor to Málwa, where, though -their original character is considerably altered, the Gujars of -Málwa still remember that their ancestors came from the Doab -between the Ganges and the Jamna. In Málwa they spread as far -east as Bhilsa and <span class="corr" id="xd25e3335" title="Source: Saharanpur">Saháranpur</span>. From Málwa they -passed south to Khándesh and west probably by the Ratlam-Dohad -route to the province of Gujarát.</p> -<p>Like the modern Ahirs of Káthiáváḍa the -Gujars seem to have been a tribe of cattle-rearers husbandmen and -soldiers who accompanied some conqueror and subsequently were pushed or -spread forwards as occasion arose or necessity compelled. In the -absence of better authority the order and locality of their settlements -suggest that their introduction into India took place during the rule -of the Skythian or Kushán emperor Kanerkes or Kanishka -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78–106) in whose time they -seem to have settled as far east as Mathurá to which the -territory of Kanishka is known to have extended. Subsequently along -with the Guptas, who rose to power about two hundred years later -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 300), the Gujars settled in East -<span class="corr" id="xd25e3346" title="Source: Rajputána">Rájputána</span>, -Málwa, and Gujarát, provinces all of which were -apparently <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb3" href="#pb3" name="pb3">3</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter I.<br> -The Name.</span> subjugated by the Guptas. It seems probable that in -reward for their share in the Gupta conquests the leading Gujars were -allotted fiefs and territories which in the declining power of their -Gupta overlords they afterwards (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 450–550) turned into independent -kingdoms.</p> -<p>The earliest definite reference to a kingdom of North Indian Gujars -is about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 890 when the Kashmir king -Śankaravarman sent an expedition against the Gurjjara king -Alakhána and defeated him. As the price of peace Alakhána -offered the country called Takkadeśa. This Takkadeśa<a class="noteref" id="n3.1src" href="#n3.1" name="n3.1src">1</a> appears to be -the same as the Tsehkia of Hiuen Tsiang<a class="noteref" id="n3.2src" -href="#n3.2" name="n3.2src">2</a> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 630–640) who puts it between the -Biyás on the east and the Indus on the west thus including -nearly the whole <span class="corr" id="xd25e3388" title="Source: Panjab">Panjáb</span>. The tract surrendered by -Alakhána was probably the small territory to the east of the -Chináb as the main possessions of Alakhána must have lain -further west between the Chináb and the Jehlam, where lie the -town of Gujarát and the country still called Gujar-deśa the -land of the Gujars.<a class="noteref" id="n3.3src" href="#n3.3" name="n3.3src">3</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Northern Gurjjara Kingdom.</span>As early -as the sixth and seventh centuries records prove the existence of two -independent Gurjjara kingdoms in Bombay Gujarát one in the north -the other in the south of the province. The Northern kingdom is -mentioned by Hiuen Tsiang<span class="marginnote"><i>Hiuen -Tsiang’s Kiu-che-lo, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 620.</i></span> in the seventh century under the -name Kiu-che-lo. He writes: ‘Going north from the country of -Valabhi 1800 li (300 miles) we come to the kingdom of Kiu-che-lo. This -country is about 5000 li in circuit, the capital, which is called -Pi-lo-mo-lo, is 30 li or so round. The produce of the soil and the -manners of the people resemble those of <span class="corr" id="xd25e3406" title="Source: Sauráshtra">Sauráshṭra</span>. The king is -of the Kshatriya caste. He is just twenty years old.’<a class="noteref" id="n3.4src" href="#n3.4" name="n3.4src">4</a> Hiuen -Tsiang’s Kiu-che-lo is apparently Gurjjara, the capital of which -Pi-lo-mo-lo is probably Bhilmál or Bhinmál better known -as Śrimál.<a class="noteref" id="n3.5src" href="#n3.5" -name="n3.5src">5</a> Though Hiuen Tsiang calls the king a Kshatriya he -was probably a Gujar who like the later Southern Gujars claimed to be -of the Kshatriya race. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb4" href="#pb4" -name="pb4">4</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter I.<br> -The Name.</span></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Southern Gurjjara Kingdom, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 589–735.</span>The Southern Gurjjara -kingdom in Gujarát, whose capital was at Nándipuri, -perhaps the modern Nándod the capital of the Rájpipla -State, flourished from <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 589 to -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 735.<a class="noteref" id="n4.1src" -href="#n4.1" name="n4.1src">6</a> The earlier inscriptions describe the -Southern Gurjjaras as of the Gurjjara Vanśa. Later they ceased to -call themselves Gurjjaras and traced their genealogy to the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e3492" title="Source: Puránic">Puráṇic</span> king -Karṇa.</p> -<p>From the fourth to the eighth century the extensive tract of Central -Gujarát between the North and South Gurjjara kingdoms was ruled -by the Valabhis. The following reasons seem to show that the Valabhi -dynasty were originally Gujars. Though it is usual for inscriptions to -give this information none of the many Valabhi copper-plates makes any -reference to the Valabhi lineage. Nor does any inscription state to -what family Senápati Bhaṭárka the founder of the -dynasty belonged. Hiuen Tsiang describes the Valabhi king as a -Kshatriya and as marrying with the kings of Málwa and Kanauj. -The Valabhi king described by Hiuen Tsiang is a late member of the -dynasty who ruled when the kingdom had been greatly extended and when -the old obscure tribal descent may have been forgotten and a Kshatriya -lineage invented instead. Intermarriage with Málwa and Kanauj -can be easily explained. <span class="corr" id="xd25e3497" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span> have never been slow to connect -themselves by marriage with powerful rulers.</p> -<p>The establishment of these three Gujar kingdoms implies that the -Gurjjara tribe from Northern and Central India settled in large numbers -in Gujarát. Several Gujar castes survive in Gujarát. -Among them are Gujar Vániás or traders, Gujar -Sutárs or carpenters, Gujar Sonis or goldsmiths, Gujar -Kumbhárs or potters, and Gujar Saláts or masons. All of -these are Gujars who taking to different callings have formed separate -castes. The main Gujar underlayer are the Lewás and -Kaḍwás the two leading divisions of the important class of -Gujarát Kaṇbis. The word Kaṇbi is from the Sanskrit -Kuṭumbin, that is one possessing a family or a house. From -ancient times the title Kuṭumbin has been prefixed to the names -of cultivators.<a class="noteref" id="n4.2src" href="#n4.2" name="n4.2src">7</a> This practice still obtains in parts of the North-West -Provinces where the peasant proprietors are addressed as -Gṛihasthas or householders. As cattle-breeding not cultivation -was the original as it still is the characteristic calling of many -North Indian Gujars, those of the tribe who settled to cultivation came -to be specially known as Kuṭumbin or householders. Similarly -Deccan surnames show that many tribes of wandering cattle-owners -settled as householders and are now known as Kunbis.<a class="noteref" -id="n4.3src" href="#n4.3" name="n4.3src">8</a> During the last -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb5" href="#pb5" name="pb5">5</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter I.<br> -The Name.</span> twenty years the settlement as Kunbis in -Khándesh of tribes of wandering Wanjára herdsmen and -grain-carriers is an example of the change through which the -Gujarát Kanbis and the Deccan Kunbis passed in early historic -times.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Gujars.</span>Besides resembling them in -appearance and in their skill both as husbandmen and as cattle-breeders -the division of Gujarát Kanbis into Lewa and Kadwa seems to -correspond with the division of Málwa Gujars into Dáha -and <span class="corr" id="xd25e3525" title="Source: Karad">Karád</span>, with the Lewa origin of the East -Khándesh Gujars, and with the Lawi tribe of Panjáb -Gujars. The fact that the head-quarters of the Lewa Kanbis of -Gujarát is in the central section of the province known as the -Charotar and formerly under Valabhi supports the view that the founder -of Valabhi power was the chief leader of the Gujar tribe. That nearly a -fourth of the whole Hindu population of Gujarát are Lewa and -Kadwa Kanbis and that during the sixth seventh and eighth centuries -three Gujar chiefs divided among them the sway of the entire province -explain how the province of Gujarát came to take its name from -the tribe of Gujars.<a class="noteref" id="n5.1src" href="#n5.1" name="n5.1src">9</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb6" href="#pb6" name="pb6">6</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n3.1" -href="#n3.1src" name="n3.1">1</a></span> Rája Tarangini -(<abbr title="Calcutta">Calc.</abbr> Edition), V. 150, 155; -Cunningham’s Archæological Survey, II. 8. An earlier but -vaguer reference occurs about the end of the sixth century in -Báṇa’s <span class="corr" id="xd25e3372" title="Source: Sriharshacharita">Śríharshacharita</span>, p. 274, -quoted in <abbr title="Epigraphia Indica">Ep. Ind.</abbr> I. 67ff, -where Prabhákaravardhana of Thánesar the father of the -great Śri Harsha is said to have waged war with several races of -whom the <span class="corr" id="xd25e3378" title="Source: Gurjaras">Gurjjaras</span> are one. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n3.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n3.2" -href="#n3.2src" name="n3.2">2</a></span> Beal’s Buddhist Records -of the Western World, I. 165 note 1. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n3.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n3.3" -href="#n3.3src" name="n3.3">3</a></span> Cunningham’s -Archæological Survey, II. 71. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n3.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n3.4" -href="#n3.4src" name="n3.4">4</a></span> Beal’s Buddhist Records, -II. 270. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n3.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n3.5" -href="#n3.5src" name="n3.5">5</a></span> This identification was first -made by the late Col. J. W. Watson, <abbr title="Imperial Service Corps">I.S.C.</abbr> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VI. 63. Bhinmál or -Bhilmál also called Śrímál, is an old town -about <span class="corr" id="xd25e3420" title="Corrected by author from: thirty miles north-east">fifty miles -west</span> of Abu, north latitude 25° 4′ east longitude -71° 14′. General Cunningham (Ancient Geography of India, 313) -and Professor Beal (Buddhist Records, II. 270) identify Pi-lo-mo-lo -with Bálmer or Bádamera (north latitude 71° 10′ -east longitude 20° 0′) in the Jodhpur State of West -Rájputána. This identification is unsatisfactory. -Bálmer is a small town on the slope of a hill in an arid tract -with no vestige of antiquity. Hiuen Tsiang notes that the produce of -the soil and the manners of the people of Pi-lo-mo-lo resemble those of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e3423" title="Source: Suráshtra">Suráshṭra</span>. This -description is unsuited to so arid a tract as surrounds Bálmer; -it would apply well to the fertile neighbourhood of Bhilmál or -Bhinmál. Since it is closely associated with Juzr that is -Gurjjara the Al Bailáiman of the Arabs (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 750, Elliot’s History, I. 442) may be -<span class="corr" id="xd25e3430" title="Source: Bhilmal">Bhilmál</span>. A Jain writer (<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIX. 233) mentions Bhilmál -as the seat of king Bhímasena and as connected with the origin -of the Gadhia coinage. The date Bhinmál in a <abbr title="Manuscript">M.S.</abbr> of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 906 -(Ditto, page 35) suggests it was then a seat of learning under the -Gurjjaras. The prince of Śrímál is mentioned -(Rás Málá, I. 58) as accompanying Múla -Rájá <span class="corr" id="xd25e3444" title="Source: Solankhi">Solaṅkhi</span> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 942–997) in an expedition against Sorath. -Al Biruni (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1030, Sachau’s Edn., -I. 153, 267) refers to Bhillamála between Multán and -Anhilaváda. As late as <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1611 -Nicholas Ufflet, an English traveller from Agra to -Ahmadádád (Kerr’s Voyages, VIII. 301) notices -“Beelmahl as having an ancient wall 24 <i>kos</i> (36 miles) -round with many fine tanks going to ruin.” The important -sub-divisions of upper class Gujarát Hindus who take their name -from it show Śrímál to have been a great centre of -population. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n3.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n4.1" -href="#n4.1src" name="n4.1">6</a></span> Indian Antiquary, XIII. -70–81. Bühler (<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. -Ant.</abbr> VII. 62) identifies Nandipuri with a suburb of -Broach. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n4.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n4.2" -href="#n4.2src" name="n4.2">7</a></span> Bombay Gazetteer, -Násik, page 604. <abbr title="Bombay Archæological Survey Separate">Bombay Arch. Survey -Sep.</abbr> Number X. 38. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n4.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n4.3" -href="#n4.3src" name="n4.3">8</a></span> Among Deccan Kunbi surnames -are Jádhav, Chuhán, Nikumbha, Parmár, -Selár, Solké. Cf. Bombay Gazetteer, XXIV. 65 note 2, -414. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n4.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n5.1" -href="#n5.1src" name="n5.1">9</a></span> Though the identification of -the Valabhis as Gurjjaras may not be certain, in inscriptions noted -below both the <span class="corr" id="xd25e3530" title="Source: Chávadás">Chávaḍás</span> -and the <span class="corr" id="xd25e3533" title="Source: Solankis">Solaṅkis</span> are called Gurjjara kings. The -Gurjjara origin of either or of both these dynasties may be questioned. -The name Gurjjara kings may imply no more than that they ruled the -Gurjjara country. At the same time it was under the <span class="corr" -id="xd25e3536" title="Source: Chávadás">Chávaḍás</span> -that Gujarát got its name. Though to Al Biruni (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1020) Gujarát still meant part of -Rájputána, between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 750 -and 950 the name Gurjjaras’ land passed as far south as the -territory connected with Anhilváḍa and Vaḍnagara -that is probably as far as the Mahi. As a Rástrakuta copperplate -of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 888 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 810) (<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. -Ant.</abbr> XIII. 69) brings the Konkan as far north as Variáv -on the Tápti the extension of the name Gujarát to -Láṭa south of the Mahi seems to have taken place under -Musalmán rule. This southern application is still somewhat -incomplete. Even now the people of Surat both Hindus and -Musalmáns when they visit Pattan (Anhilváḍa) and -Ahmadabad speak of going to Gujarát, and the -Ahmadábád section of the Nágar Bráhmans -still call their Surat caste-brethren by the name of -Kunkaṇás that is of the Konkaṇ. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n5.1src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch1.2" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd25e1094">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">CHAPTER II.</h2> -<h2 class="main">ANCIENT DIVISIONS.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Ancient Divisions.</span> <span class="marginnote">Ánartta.</span>From ancient times the present -province of Gujarát consisted of three divisions Ánartta, -<span class="corr" id="xd25e3575" title="Source: Suráshtra">Suráshṭra</span>, and -Láṭa. Ánartta seems to have been Northern -Gujarát, as its capital was Ánandapura the modern -Vaḍanagara or Chief City, which is also called -Ánarttapura.<a class="noteref" id="n6.1src" href="#n6.1" name="n6.1src">1</a> Both these names were in use even in the times of the -Valabhi kings (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 500–770).<a class="noteref" id="n6.2src" -href="#n6.2" name="n6.2src">2</a> According to the popular story, in -each of the four cycles or <i>yugas</i> Ánandapura or -Vaḍanagara had a different name, Chamatkárapura in the -first or Satya-yuga, Ánarttapura in the second or -Tretá-yuga, Ánandapura in the third or -Dvápara-yuga, and Vriddha-nagara or Vaḍanagar in the -fourth or Káli-yuga. The first name is fabulous. The city does -not seem to have ever been known by so strange a title. Of the two -Ánarttapura and Ánandapura the former is the older name, -while the latter may be its proper name or perhaps an adaptation of the -older name to give the meaning City of Joy. The fourth Vriddha-nagara -meaning the old city is a Sanskritized form of the still current -Vadnagar, the Old or Great City. In the Girnár inscription of -Kshatrapa Rudradáman (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 150) the -mention of Ánartta and <span class="corr" id="xd25e3606" title="Source: Suráshtra">Suráshṭra</span> as separate -provinces subject to the Pahlava viceroy of <span class="corr" id="xd25e3609" title="Source: Junágadh">Junágaḍh</span> agrees with the -view that Ánartta was part of Gujarát close to -Káthiáváḍa. In some <span class="corr" id="xd25e3612" title="Source: Puránas">Puráṇas</span> -Ánartta appears as the name of the whole province including -<span class="corr" id="xd25e3615" title="Source: Suráshtra">Suráshṭra</span>, with its -capital at the well known shrine of Dwáriká. In other -passages Dwáriká and Prabhás are both mentioned as -in Suráshṭra which would seem to show that -Suráshṭra was then part of Ánartta as <span class="corr" id="xd25e3619" title="Source: Káthiáváḍá">Káthiáváḍa</span> -is now part of Gujarát.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Suráshṭra.</span>Suráshṭra the -land of the Sus, afterwards Sanskritized into Sauráshṭra -the Goodly Land, preserves its name in Sorath the southern part of -Káthiáváḍa. The name appears as -Suráshṭra in the Mahábhárata and -Páṇini’s Gaṇapáṭha, in -Rudradáman’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 150) and -Skandagupta’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 456) -Girnár inscriptions, and in several Valabhi copper-plates. Its -Prákrit form appears as Suraṭha in the Násik -inscription of Gotamiputra (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 150) and -in later Prákrit as Suraṭhṭha in the Tirthakalpa of -Jinaprabhásuri of the thirteenth or fourteenth century.<a class="noteref" id="n6.3src" href="#n6.3" name="n6.3src">3</a> Its earliest -foreign mention is perhaps Strabo’s (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 50–<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 20) -Saraostus and Pliny’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70) -Oratura.<a class="noteref" id="n6.4src" href="#n6.4" name="n6.4src">4</a> Ptolemy <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb7" href="#pb7" -name="pb7">7</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Ancient Divisions.</span> the great Egyptian geographer (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 150) and the Greek author of the Periplus -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 240) both call it -Surastrene.<a class="noteref" id="n7.1src" href="#n7.1" name="n7.1src">5</a> The Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsiang (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 600–640) mentions Valabhi then large and -famous and Suráshṭra as separate kingdoms.<a class="noteref" id="n7.2src" href="#n7.2" name="n7.2src">6</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Láṭa.</span>Láṭa -is South Gujarát from the Mahi to the Tápti. The name -Láṭa does not appear to be Sanskrit. It has not been found -in the Mahábhárata or other old Sanskrit works, or in the -cave or other inscriptions before the third century <span class="sc">a.d.</span>, probably because the <span class="corr" id="xd25e3696" title="Source: Puránas">Puráṇas</span> -include in Aparánta the whole western seaboard south of the -Narbada as far as Goa. Still the name Láṭa is old. Ptolemy -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 150) uses the form Larike<a class="noteref" id="n7.3src" href="#n7.3" name="n7.3src">7</a> apparently -from the Sanskrit Láṭaka. Vátsyáyana in his -Káma-Sutra of the third century <span class="sc">a.d.</span> -calls it Láṭa; describes it as situated to the west of -Málwa; and gives an account of several of the customs of its -people.<a class="noteref" id="n7.4src" href="#n7.4" name="n7.4src">8</a> In Sanskrit writings and inscriptions later than the -third century the name is frequently found. In the sixth century the -great astronomer Varáhamihira mentions the country of -Láṭa, and the name also appears as Láṭa in an -Ajanta and in a Mandasor inscription of the fifth century.<a class="noteref" id="n7.5src" href="#n7.5" name="n7.5src">9</a> It is common -in the later inscriptions (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 700–1200) of the Chálukya Gurjara -and Ráshṭrakúṭa kings<a class="noteref" id="n7.6src" href="#n7.6" name="n7.6src">10</a> as well as in the writings -of Arab travellers and historians between the eighth and twelfth -centuries.<a class="noteref" id="n7.7src" href="#n7.7" name="n7.7src">11</a></p> -<p>The name Láṭa appears to be derived from some local -tribe, perhaps the Lattas, who, as <i>r</i> and <i>l</i> are commonly -used for each other, may possibly be the well known -Ráshṭrakúṭas since their great king -Amoghavarsha (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–879) calls -the name of the dynasty Ratta. Laṭṭalura the original city -of the Raṭṭas of Saundatti and Belgaum may have been in -Láṭa and may have given its name to the country and to the -dynasty.<a class="noteref" id="n7.8src" href="#n7.8" name="n7.8src">12</a> In this connection it is interesting to note that the -country between Broach and Dhár in Málwa in which are the -towns of Bágh and Tánda is still called -Ráṭha. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb8" href="#pb8" -name="pb8">8</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n6.1" -href="#n6.1src" name="n6.1">1</a></span> See Nagarakhanḍa -(<span class="corr" id="xd25e3580" title="Source: Junagadh">Junágaḍh</span> Edition), 13, 32, 35, -185, 289, 332, 542. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n6.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n6.2" -href="#n6.2src" name="n6.2">2</a></span> The Alina grants (Indian -Antiquary, VII. 73, 77) dated Valabhi 330 and 337 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 649–656), are both to the same donee who in -the <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 649 grant is described as -originally of Ánarttapura and in the <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 656 grant as originally of -Ánandapura. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n6.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n6.3" -href="#n6.3src" name="n6.3">3</a></span> Girnára-Kalpa, <i>Atthi -Suraṭhṭa vesaé Ujjinto náma pavvao rammo</i>. -In the Suraṭhṭha district is a lovely mountain named -Ujjinto (Girnár). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n6.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n6.4" -href="#n6.4src" name="n6.4">4</a></span> Hamilton and Falconer’s -Strabo, II. 252–253; Pliny’s Natural History, VI. -20. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n6.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n7.1" -href="#n7.1src" name="n7.1">5</a></span> Bertius’ Ptolemy, VII. -1; McCrindle’s Periplus, 113. The Periplus details regarding -Indo-Skythia, Surastrene, and Ujjain are in agreement with the late -date (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 247) which Reinaud (Indian -Antiquary of Dec. 1879 pp. 330–338) and Burnell (<abbr>S. Ind. -Pal.</abbr> 47 note 3) assign to its author. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n7.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n7.2" -href="#n7.2src" name="n7.2">6</a></span> Hiuen Tsiang’s Valabhi -kingdom was probably the same as the modern Gohilváḍa, -which Jinaprabhásuri in his <span class="corr" id="xd25e3685" -title="Source: Śatrunjaya-kalpa">Śatruñjaya-kalpa</span> -calls the Valláka-Visaa. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n7.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n7.3" -href="#n7.3src" name="n7.3">7</a></span> Bertius’ Ptolemy, VII. -1. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n7.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n7.4" -href="#n7.4src" name="n7.4">8</a></span> Vátsyáyana -Sutra, <abbr title="Chapter">Chap.</abbr> II. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n7.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n7.5" -href="#n7.5src" name="n7.5">9</a></span> <abbr title="Archæological Survey">Arch. Sur.</abbr> of Western India, IV. -127. The Mandasor inscription (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 437–38) mentions silk weavers from -Láṭavishaya. Fleet’s <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corpus Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. 80. The -writer (Ditto, 84) describes Láṭa as green-hilled, -pleasing with choice flower-burdened trees, with temples -<i>viháras</i> and assembly halls of the gods. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n7.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n7.6" -href="#n7.6src" name="n7.6">10</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIII. 157, 158, 163, 180, 188, 196, -199, 204. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n7.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n7.7" -href="#n7.7src" name="n7.7">11</a></span> Elliot’s History, I. -378. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n7.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n7.8" -href="#n7.8src" name="n7.8">12</a></span> Compare Lassen in -<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIV. -325. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n7.8src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch1.3" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd25e1104">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">CHAPTER III.</h2> -<h2 class="main">LEGENDS.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Legends.</span> <span class="marginnote">Ánartta the First -<span class="corr" id="xd25e3775" title="Source: Puránic">Puráṇic</span> King of -Gujarát.</span>The oldest <span class="corr" id="xd25e3779" -title="Source: Puránic">Puráṇic</span> legend -regarding Gujarát appears to be that of the holy king -Ánartta son of Śaryáti and grandson of Manu. -Ánartta had a son named Revata, who from his capital at -Kuśasthali or Dwáriká governed the country called -Ánartta. Revata had a hundred sons of whom the eldest was named -Raivata or Kakudmi. Raivata had a daughter named Revati who was married -to Baladeva of Kuśasthali or Dwáriká, the elder -brother of <span class="corr" id="xd25e3782" title="Source: Krishṇa">Kṛishṇa</span>. Regarding -Revati’s marriage with Baladeva the <span class="corr" id="xd25e3785" title="Source: Puránic">Puráṇic</span> -legends tell that Raivata went with his daughter to Brahmá in -Brahma-loka to take his advice to whom he should give the girl in -marriage. When Raivata arrived Brahmá was listening to music. As -soon as the music was over Raivata asked Brahmá to find the girl -a proper bridegroom. Brahmá told Raivata that during the time he -had been waiting his kingdom had passed away, and that he had better -marry his daughter to Baladeva, born of <span class="corr" id="xd25e3788" title="Source: Vishnu">Vishṇu</span>, who was now -ruler of Dwáriká.<a class="noteref" id="n8.1src" href="#n8.1" name="n8.1src">1</a> This story suggests that Raivata son of -Ánartta lost his kingdom and fled perhaps by sea. That after -some time during which the Yádavas established themselves in the -country, Raivata, called a son of Revata but probably a descendant as -his proper name is Kakudmi, returned to his old territory and gave his -daughter in marriage to one of the reigning Yádava dynasty, the -Yádavas taking the girl as representing the dynasty that had -preceded them. The story about Brahmá and the passing of ages -seems invented to explain the long period that elapsed between the -flight and the return.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Yádavas in -Dwáriká.</span>The next <span class="corr" id="xd25e3814" -title="Source: Puránic">Puráṇic</span> legends -relate to the establishment of the Yádava kingdom at -Dwáriká. The founder and namegiver of the Yádava -dynasty was Yadu of whose family the <span class="corr" id="xd25e3817" -title="Source: Puránas">Puráṇas</span> give very -detailed information. The family seems to have split into several -branches each taking its name from some prominent member, the chief of -them being Vrishṇi, Kukkura, Bhoja, Śátvata, Andhaka, -Madhu, Śurasena, and Daśárha. Śátvata was -thirty-seventh from Yadu and in his branch were born Devaki and -Vasudeva, the parents of the great Yádava hero and god -<span class="corr" id="xd25e3820" title="Source: Krishṇa">Kṛishṇa</span>. It was in -<span class="corr" id="xd25e3823" title="Source: Krishṇa’s">Kṛishṇa’s</span> time -that the Yádavas had to leave their capital Mathurá and -come to Dwáriká. This was the result of a joint invasion -of Mathurá on one side by a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb9" -href="#pb9" name="pb9">9</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Legends.<br> -The Yádavas.</span> legendary Deccan hero Kálayavana and -on the other by Jarásandha the powerful king of Magadha or -<span class="corr" id="xd25e3839" title="Source: Behar">Behár</span>, who, to avenge the death of his -brother-in-law<a class="noteref" id="n9.1src" href="#n9.1" name="n9.1src">2</a> Kansa killed by <span class="corr" id="xd25e3849" -title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span> in fulfilment of a -prophecy, is said to have invaded the Yádava territory eighteen -times.</p> -<p>According to the story Kálayavana followed the fugitive -<span class="corr" id="xd25e3854" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span> and his companions as far -as Suráshṭra where in a mountain cave he was burnt by fire -from the eye of the sleeping sage Muchakunḍa whom he had roused -believing him to be his enemy <span class="corr" id="xd25e3857" title="Source: Krishṇa">Kṛishṇa</span>. According to the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e3860" title="Source: Harivansa">Harivanśa</span> the fugitive Yádavas -quitting Mathurá went to the Sindhu country and there -established the city of Dwáriká on a convenient site on -the sea shore making it their residence.<a class="noteref" id="n9.2src" -href="#n9.2" name="n9.2src">3</a> Local tradition says that the -Yádavas conquered this part of the country by defeating the -demons who held it.</p> -<p>The leading Yádava chief in Dwáriká was -Ugrasena, and Ugrasena’s three chief supporters were the families -of Yadu, Bhoja, and Andhaka. As the entire peninsula of -Káthiáváḍa was subject to them the -Yádavas used often to make pleasure excursions and pilgrimages -to Prabhás and Girnár. <span class="corr" id="xd25e3870" -title="Source: Krishṇa">Kṛishṇa</span> and Baladeva -though not yet rulers held high positions and took part in almost all -important matters. They were in specially close alliance with their -paternal aunt’s sons the Pándava brothers, kings of -Hastinápura or Delhi. Of the two sets of cousins <span class="corr" id="xd25e3873" title="Source: Krishṇa">Kṛishṇa</span> and Arjuna were on -terms of the closest intimacy. Of one of Arjuna’s visits to -Káthiáváḍa the Mahábhárata -gives the following details: ‘Arjuna after having visited other -holy places arrived in Aparánta (the western seaboard) whence he -went to Prabhás. Hearing of his arrival <span class="corr" id="xd25e3876" title="Source: Krishṇa">Kṛishṇa</span> -marched to Prabhás and gave Arjuna a hearty welcome. From -Prabhás they came together to the Raivataka hill which -<span class="corr" id="xd25e3879" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span> had decorated and where he -entertained his guest with music and dancing. From Girnár they -went to Dwáriká driving in a golden car. The city was -adorned in honour of Arjuna; the streets were thronged with multitudes; -and the members of the Vrishṇi, Bhoja, and Andhaka families met -to honour <span class="corr" id="xd25e3882" title="Source: Krishṇa’s">Kṛishṇa’s</span> -guest.’<a class="noteref" id="n9.3src" href="#n9.3" name="n9.3src">4</a></p> -<p>Some time after, against his elder brother Baladeva’s desire, -<span class="corr" id="xd25e3891" title="Source: Krishṇa">Kṛishṇa</span> helped Arjuna to -carry off <span class="corr" id="xd25e3894" title="Source: Krishṇa’s">Kṛishṇa’s</span> -sister Subhadrá, with whom Arjuna had fallen in love at a fair -in Girnár of which the Mahábhárata gives the -following description: ‘A gathering of the Yádavas chiefly -the Vrishṇis and Andhakas took place near Raivataka. The hill and -the country round were rich with fine rows of fruit trees and large -mansions. There was much dancing singing and music. The princes of the -Vrishṇi family were in handsome carriages glistening with gold. -Hundreds and thousands of the people of Junágaḍh with -their families attended on foot and in vehicles of various kinds. -Baladeva with his wife Revati moved about attended by many Gandharvas. -Ugrasena was there with his thousand queens and musicians. Sámba -and Pradyumna attended <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb10" href="#pb10" -name="pb10">10</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Legends.<br> -The Yádavas.</span> in holiday attire and looked like gods. Many -Yádavas and others were also present with their wives and -musicians.’</p> -<p>Some time after this gathering Subhadrá came to Girnár -to worship and Arjuna carried her off. Eventually Vasudeva and Baladeva -consented and the runaways were married with due ceremony. The large -fair still held in Mágh (February-March) in the west -Girnár valley near the modern temple of Bhavanáth is -perhaps a relic of this great Yádava fair.</p> -<p>The Yádava occupation of Dwáriká was not free -from trouble. When <span class="corr" id="xd25e3913" title="Source: Krishṇa">Kṛishṇa</span> was at -Hastinápura on the occasion of the Rájasúya -sacrifice performed by Yudhishṭhira, Śálva king of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e3916" title="Source: Mṛittikávati">Mṛittikávatí</span> -in the country of Śaubha led an army against -Dwáriká. He slew many of the Dwáriká -garrison, plundered the city and withdrew unmolested. On his return -<span class="corr" id="xd25e3919" title="Source: Krishṇa">Kṛishṇa</span> learning of -Śálva’s invasion led an army against -Śálva. The chiefs met near the sea shore and in a pitched -battle Śálva was defeated and killed.<a class="noteref" id="n10.1src" href="#n10.1" name="n10.1src">5</a> Family feuds brought -Yádava supremacy in Dwáriká to a disastrous end. -The final family struggle is said to have happened in the thirty-sixth -year after the war of the Mahábhárata, somewhere on the -south coast of Káthiáváḍa near -Prabhás or Somnáth Pátan the great place of -Bráhmanical pilgrimage. On the occasion of an eclipse, in -obedience to a proclamation issued by <span class="corr" id="xd25e3940" -title="Source: Krishṇa">Kṛishṇa</span>, the -Yádavas and their families went from Dwáriká to -Prabhás in state well furnished with dainties, animal food, and -strong drink. One day on the sea shore the leading Yádava chiefs -heated with wine began to dispute. They passed from words to blows. -<span class="corr" id="xd25e3944" title="Source: Krishṇa">Kṛishṇa</span> armed with an iron -rod<a class="noteref" id="n10.2src" href="#n10.2" name="n10.2src">6</a> -struck every one he met, not even sparing his own sons. Many of the -chiefs were killed. Baladeva fled to die in the forests and -<span class="corr" id="xd25e3972" title="Source: Krishṇa">Kṛishṇa</span> was slain by a -hunter who mistook him for a deer. When he saw trouble was brewing -<span class="corr" id="xd25e3975" title="Source: Krishṇa">Kṛishṇa</span> had sent for Arjuna. -Arjuna arrived to find Dwáriká desolate. Soon after -Arjuna’s arrival Vasudeva died and Arjuna performed the funeral -ceremonies of Vasudeva Baladeva and <span class="corr" id="xd25e3978" -title="Source: Krishṇa">Kṛishṇa</span> whose bodies -he succeeded in recovering. When the funeral rites were completed -Arjuna started for Indraprastha in Upper India with the few that were -left of the Yádava families, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb11" -href="#pb11" name="pb11">11</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Legends.<br> -The Yádavas.</span> chiefly women. On the way in his passage -through the Panchanada<a class="noteref" id="n11.1src" href="#n11.1" -name="n11.1src">7</a> or <span class="corr" id="xd25e4003" title="Source: Panjab">Panjáb</span> a body of Ábhíras -attacked Arjuna with sticks and took several of <span class="corr" id="xd25e4006" title="Source: Krishṇa’s">Kṛishṇa’s</span> -wives and the widows of the Andhaka Yádava chiefs. After Arjuna -left it the deserted Dwáriká was swallowed by the -sea.<a class="noteref" id="n11.2src" href="#n11.2" name="n11.2src">8</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb13" href="#pb13" name="pb13">13</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n8.1" -href="#n8.1src" name="n8.1">1</a></span> The <span class="corr" id="xd25e3794" title="Source: Vishnu">Vishṇu</span> Purána -(Anśa iv. <abbr title="Chapter">Chap.</abbr> i. Verse 19 to -<abbr title="Chapter">Chap.</abbr> ii. Verse 2) gives the longest -account of the legend. The Bhágavata Purána (Skanda ix. -<abbr title="Chapter">Chap.</abbr> iii. Verse 16–36) gives almost -the same account. The Matsya Purána (<abbr title="Chapter">Chap.</abbr> xii. Verse 22–24) dismisses the story in -two verses. See also Harivanśa, X. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n8.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n9.1" -href="#n9.1src" name="n9.1">2</a></span> Compare <abbr title="Mahábhárata"><span class="corr" id="xd25e3845" title="Source: Máhábh.">Mahábh.</span></abbr> II. 13, -594ff. Jarásandha’s sisters Asti and Prápti were -married to Kansa. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n9.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n9.2" -href="#n9.2src" name="n9.2">3</a></span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e3864" title="Source: Hari-vansa">Harivanśa</span>, -XXXV.–CXII. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n9.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n9.3" -href="#n9.3src" name="n9.3">4</a></span> Mahábhárata -Ádiparva, chaps. 218–221. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n9.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n10.1" -href="#n10.1src" name="n10.1">5</a></span> Mahábhárata -Vanaparva, <abbr title="Chapter">Chap.</abbr> xiv.–xxii. Skanda -x. <span class="corr" id="xd25e3927" title="Source: Mṛittikávati">Mṛittikávatí</span> -the capital of Śálva cannot be identified. The name of the -country sounds like Śvabhra in Rudradáman’s -Girnár inscription, which is apparently part of Charotar or -South Ahmadabad. A trace of the old word perhaps remains in the river -Sábhramati the modern Sábarmati. The fact that -Śálva passed from <span class="corr" id="xd25e3930" title="Source: Mṛittikávati">Mṛittikávatí</span> -along the sea shore would seem to show that part of the seaboard south -of the Mahi was included in Śálva’s territory. Dr. -Bühler (<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VII. 263) -described Pandit <span class="corr" id="xd25e3936" title="Source: Bhagvanlál’s">Bhagvánlál’s</span> -reading of Śvabhra as a bold conjecture. A further examination of -the original convinced the Pandit that Śvabhra was the right -reading. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n10.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n10.2" -href="#n10.2src" name="n10.2">6</a></span> The following is the legend -of <span class="corr" id="xd25e3949" title="Source: Krishṇa’s">Kṛishṇa’s</span> iron -flail. Certain Yádava youths hoping to raise a laugh at the -expense of Viśvámitra and other sages who had come to -Dwáriká presented to them Sámba <span class="corr" -id="xd25e3952" title="Source: Krishṇa’s">Kṛishṇa’s</span> son -dressed as a woman big with child. The lads asked the sages to foretell -to what the woman would give birth. The sages replied: ‘The woman -will give birth to an iron rod which will destroy the Yádava -race.’ Obedient to the sage’s prophecy Sámba -produced an iron rod. To avoid the ill effects of the prophecy king -Ugrasena had the rod ground to powder and cast the powder into the sea. -The powder grew into the grass called <i>eraka</i> <span lang="la">Typha elephantina</span>. It was this grass which <span class="corr" id="xd25e3961" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span> plucked in his rage and -which in his hands turned into an iron flail. This <i>eraka</i> grass -grows freely near the mouth of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e3968" -title="Source: Hiranya">Hiraṇya</span> river of -Prabhás. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n10.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n11.1" -href="#n11.1src" name="n11.1">7</a></span> This suggests that as in -early times the Great Ran was hard to cross the way from -Káthiáváḍa to Indraprastha or Delhi was by -Kachch and Sindh and from Sindh by Multán and the Lower -Panjáb. According to the Bhágavata Purána -<span class="corr" id="xd25e3996" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span> took the same route when -he first came from Indraprastha to Dwáriká. On the other -hand these details may support the view that the head-quarters of the -historic <span class="corr" id="xd25e3999" title="Source: Krishṇa">Kṛishṇa</span> were in the -Panjáb. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n11.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n11.2" -href="#n11.2src" name="n11.2">8</a></span> So far as is known neither -Gujarát nor <span class="corr" id="xd25e4012" title="Source: Kathiáváḍa">Káthiáváḍa</span> -contains any record older than the Girnár rock inscription of -about <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 240: The Great Kshatrapa Rudra -Dáman’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 139) -inscription on the same rock has a reference to the Maurya Rája -Chandragupta about <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 300. No local sign -of <span class="corr" id="xd25e4024" title="Source: Krishṇa">Kṛishṇa</span> or of his -Yádavas remains.</p> -<p class="footnote cont">In the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, -XX. XXI. and XXII. Mr. Hewitt has recently attempted to trace the -history of Western India back to <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 3000 -perhaps to as early as <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 6000. The -evidence which makes so far-reaching a past probable is the discovery -of Indian indigo and muslin in Egyptian tombs of about <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 1700 (<abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> XX. 206); and -the proof that a trade in teak and in Sindhu or Indian muslins existed -between Western India and the Euphrates mouth as far back as -<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 3000 or even <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 4000 (<abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> XX. 336, 337 -and XXI. 204). According to Mr. Hewitt the evidence of the Hindu -calendar carries the historical past of India into still remoter ages. -The moon mansions and certain other details of the Hindu calendar seem -to point to the Euphrates valley as the home of Hindu lunar astronomy. -As in the Euphrates valley inscriptions of the Semitic king Sargon of -Sippara prove that in <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 3750 -moon-worship was already antiquated (<abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> XXI. 325), -and as the precession of the equinoxes points to about <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 4700 as the date of the introduction of the sun -zodiac (Sayce’s Hibbert Lectures, 398) the system of lunar -mansions and months, if it came from the Euphrates valley, must have -reached India before <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 4700. The trade -records of the black-headed perhaps Dravidian-speaking Sumris of the -Euphrates mouth prove so close relations with the peninsula of Sinai -and Egypt as to make a similar connection with Western India probable -as far back as <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 6000. (Compare -Sayce’s Hibbert Lectures, 33: <abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> XXI. 326.) Of -the races of whose presence in Gujarát and the neighbourhood Mr. -Hewitt finds traces the earliest is the same black-headed -moon-worshipping Sumri (Ditto). Next from Susiana in south-east Persia, -the possessors of a lunar-solar calendar and therefore not later than -<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 4700 (<abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> XXI. 325, -327, 330), the trading Sus or Saus, in Hindu books known as Suvarnas, -entered India by way of Baluchistán and settled at Pátala -in South Sindh. (<abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. -R. A. S.</abbr> XXI. 209.) With or soon after the Sus came from the -north the cattle-herding sun-worshipping Sakas (<abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> XXII. 332). -The Sus and Sakas passed south and together settled in <span class="corr" id="xd25e4083" title="Source: Surashtra">Suráshṭra</span> and West -Gujarát. At a date which partly from evidence connected with the -early Vedic hymns (<abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> XXII. 466) -partly from the early Babylonian use of the Sanskrit Sindhu for India -(<abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> -XXI. 309), Mr. Hewitt holds cannot be later than <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 3000 northern Áryas entered Gujarát -and mixing with the Sus and Sakas as ascetics traders and soldiers -carried the use of Sanskrit southwards. (<abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> XX. 343.) Of -other races who held sway in Gujarát the earliest, perhaps about -<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 2000 since their power was shattered -by Paraśuráma long before Mahábhárata times -(<abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> -XXI. 209–266), were the snake-worshipping perhaps Accadian -(Ditto, 265) Haihayas now represented by the Gonds and the -Haihayas’ vassals the Vaidarbhas (Ditto, 209) a connection which -is supported by trustworthy Central Indian Uraon or Gond tradition that -they once held Gujarát (Elliott’s Races, N. W. P., I. -154). Next to the Haihayas and like them earlier than the -Mahábhárata (say <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 1500–2000) Mr. Hewitt would place the -widespread un-Aryan Bhárats or Bhárgavs (<abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> XXI. -279–282, 286) the conquerors of the Haihayas (Ditto, 288). In -early Mahábhárata times (say between <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 1000 and 800, Ditto 197 and 209) the -Bhárats were overcome by the very mixed race of the Bhojas and -of <span class="corr" id="xd25e4114" title="Source: Krishṇa’s">Kṛishṇa’s</span> -followers the Vrishṇis (Ditto, 270). Perhaps about the same time -the chariot-driving Gandharvas of Cutch (Ditto, 273) joined the Sus and -Sakas, together passed east to Kosala beyond Benares, and were there -established in strength at the time of Gautama Buddha (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 530) (Ditto). To the later -Mahábhárata times, perhaps about <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 400 (Ditto, 197–271), Mr. Hewitt would -assign the entrance into Gujarát of the Ábhíras or -Ahirs whom he identifies with the northern or <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Legends.<br> -The Yádavas.</span> Skythian Abárs. Mr. Hewitt finds the -following places in Gujarát associated with those early races. -Pátála in South Sindh he (<abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> XXI. 209) -considers the head-quarters of the Sus and Sakas. Another Su capital -Prágjyotisha which is generally allotted to Bengal he would -(XXI. 206) identify with Broach. With the Vaidarbhas the vassals of the -Haihayas he associates Surparika, that is <span class="corr" id="xd25e4139" title="Source: Sopara">Sopára</span> near Bassein, -which he identifies (Ditto, 206) with the modern Surat on the Tapti. He -connects (Ditto, 266) the Baroda river Viśvámitra and -Vaidurga the hill <span class="corr" id="xd25e4142" title="Source: Pávágad">Pávágaḍ</span> with -the same tribe. He finds a trace of the Bhárats in Baroda and in -Bharati an old name of the river Mahi (Ditto, 286) and of the same race -under their name Bhárgav in Broach (Ditto, 289). The traditional -connection of the Bhojas with Dwárka is well established. -Finally Kárpásika a Mahábhárata name for -the shore of the Gulf of Cambay (Ditto, 209) may be connected with -Kárván on the Narbada about twenty miles above Broach one -of the holiest Shaiv places in India. Though objection may be taken to -certain of Mr. Hewitt’s identifications of Gujarát places, -and also to the extreme antiquity he would assign to the trade between -India and the west and to the introduction of the system of lunar -mansions, his comparison of sacred Hindu books with the calendar and -ritual of early Babylonia is of much interest. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n11.2src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch1.4" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd25e1117">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">CHAPTER IV.</h2> -<h2 class="main">MAURYAN AND GREEK RULE</h2> -<h2 class="sub">(<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 319–100.)</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter IV.<br> -<span class="sc">The Mauryas.</span> <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 319–197.</span> After the destruction of -the Yádavas a long blank occurs in the traditional history of -Gujarát. It is probable that from its seaboard position, for -trade and other purposes, many foreigners settled in -Káthiáváḍa and South Gujarát; and -that it is because of the foreign element that the Hindu -Dharmasástras consider Gujarát a Mlechchha country and -forbid visits to it except on pilgrimage.<a class="noteref" id="n13.1src" href="#n13.1" name="n13.1src">1</a> The fact also that -Aśoka (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 230) the great Mauryan -king and propagator of Buddhism chose, among the Buddhist Theras sent -to various parts of his kingdom, a Yavana Thera named Dhamma-rakhito as -evangelist for the western seaboard,<a class="noteref" id="n13.2src" -href="#n13.2" name="n13.2src">2</a> possibly indicates a preponderating -foreign element in these parts. It is further possible that these -foreign settlers may have been rulers. In spite of these possibilities -we have no traditions between the fall of the Yádavas and the -rise of the Mauryas in <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 319.</p> -<p>Gujarát history dates from the rule of the Mauryan dynasty, -the only early Indian dynasty the record of whose rule has been -preserved in the writings of the Bráhmans, the Buddhists, and -the Jains. This fulness of reference to the Mauryas admits of easy -explanation. The Mauryas were a very powerful dynasty whose territory -extended over the greater part of India. Again under Mauryan rule -Buddhism was so actively propagated that the rulers made it their state -religion, waging bloody wars, even revolutionizing many parts of the -empire to secure its spread. Further the Mauryas were beneficent rulers -and had also honourable alliances with foreign, especially with Greek -and Egyptian, kings. These causes combined to make the Mauryans a most -powerful and well remembered dynasty.</p> -<p>Inscriptions give reason to believe that the supremacy of -Chandragupta, the founder of the Mauryan dynasty (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 319), extended over Gujarát. According to -Rudradáman’s inscription (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 150) on the great edict rock at Girnár in -Káthiáváḍa, a lake called -Sudarśana<a class="noteref" id="n13.3src" href="#n13.3" name="n13.3src">3</a> near the edict rock was originally made by Pushyagupta -of the Vaiśya caste, who is described as a brother-in-law of the -Mauryan king Chandragupta.<a class="noteref" id="n13.4src" href="#n13.4" name="n13.4src">4</a> The language of this inscription leaves -no doubt that Chandragupta’s sway extended over <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb14" href="#pb14" name="pb14">14</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter IV.<br> -<span class="sc">The Mauryas.</span> <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 319–197.</span> Girnár as -Pushyagupta is simply called a Vaiśya and a brother-in-law of king -Chandragupta and has no royal attribute, particulars which tend to show -that he was a local governor subordinate to king Chandragupta. The same -inscription<a class="noteref" id="n14.1src" href="#n14.1" name="n14.1src">5</a> states that in the time of Aśoka (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 250) his officer Yavanarája -Tusháspa adorned the same Sudarśana lake with conduits. -This would seem to prove the continuance of Mauryan rule in -Girnár for three generations from Chandragupta to Aśoka. -Tusháspa is called Yavanarája. The use of the term -<i>rája</i> would seem to show that, unlike Chandragupta’s -Vaiśya governor Pushyagupta, <span class="corr" id="xd25e4254" -title="Source: Tusáshpa">Tusháspa</span> was a dignitary -of high rank and noble family. That he is called Yavanarája does -not prove Tusháspa was a Greek, though for Greeks alone Yavana -is the proper term. The name Tusháspa rather suggests a Persian -origin from its close likeness in formation to Kersháshp, a name -still current among Bombay Pársis. Evidence from other sources -proves that Aśoka held complete sway over Málwa, -Gujarát, and the Konkan coast. All the rock edicts of Aśoka -hitherto traced have been found on the confines of his great empire. On -the north-west at Kapurdigiri and at Shabazgarhi in the -Baktro-Páli character; in the north-north-west at Kálsi, -in the east at Dhauli and Jangada; in the west at Girnár and -Sopára, and in the south in Maisur all in Maurya characters. The -Girnár and Sopára edicts leave no doubt that the -Gujarát, Káthiáváḍa, and North Konkan -seaboard was in Aśoka’s possession. The fact that an inland -ruler holds the coast implies his supremacy over the intervening -country. Further it is known that Aśoka was viceroy of -Málwa in the time of his father and that after his -father’s death he was sovereign of Málwa. The easy route -from Mandasor (better known as Daśapur) to Dohad has always -secured a close connection between Málwa and Gujarát. -South Gujarát lies at the mercy of any invader entering by Dohad -and the conquest of Káthiáváḍa on one side -and of Upper Gujarát on the other might follow in detail. As we -know that Káthiáváḍa and South -Gujarát as far as Sopára were held by Aśoka it is -not improbable that Upper Gujarát also owned his sway. The -Maurya capital of Gujarát seems to have been Girinagara or -<span class="corr" id="xd25e4257" title="Source: Junágadh">Junágaḍh</span> in Central -Káthiáváḍa, whose strong hill fort -dominating the rich province of Sorath and whose lofty hills a centre -of worship and a defence and retreat from invaders, combined to secure -for <span class="corr" id="xd25e4260" title="Source: Junágadh">Junágaḍh</span> its continuance -as capital under the Kshatrapas (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 100–380) and their successors the Guptas -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 380–460). The southern capital -of the Mauryas seems to have been Sopára near Bassein in a rich -country with a good and safe harbour for small vessels, probably in -those times the chief centre of the Konkan and South Gujarát -trade.</p> -<p>Buddhist and Jain records agree that Aśoka was succeeded, not -by his son Kunála who was blind, but by his grandsons -Daśaratha and Samprati. The Barábar hill near Gayá -has caves made by Aśoka and bearing his inscriptions; and close to -Barábar is the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb15" href="#pb15" -name="pb15">15</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter IV.<br> -<span class="sc">The Mauryas.</span> <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 319–197.</span> Nágárjuna -hill with caves made by Daśaratha also bearing his inscriptions. -In one of these inscriptions the remark occurs that one of the -Barábar caves was made by Daśaratha ‘installed -immediately after.’ As the caves in the neighbouring hill must -have been well known to have been made by Aśoka this -‘after’ may mean after Aśoka, or the -‘after’ may refer solely to the sequence between -Daśaratha’s installation and his excavation of the cave. In -any case it is probable that Daśaratha was Aśoka’s -successor. Jaina records pass over Daśaratha and say that -Aśoka was succeeded by his grandson Samprati the son of -Kunála. In the matter of the propagation of the Jain faith, Jain -records speak as highly of Samprati as Buddhist records speak of -Aśoka.<a class="noteref" id="n15.1src" href="#n15.1" name="n15.1src">6</a> Almost all old Jain temples or monuments, whose -builders are unknown, are ascribed to Samprati who is said to have -built thousands of temples as Aśoka is said to have raised -thousands of <i>stupas</i>. In his <span class="corr" id="xd25e4296" -title="Source: Pátaliputra-kalpa">Páṭaliputra-kalpa</span> -Jinaprabhasuri the well known Jaina Áchárya and writer -gives a number of legendary and other stories of <span class="corr" id="xd25e4299" title="Source: Pátaliputra">Páṭaliputra</span>. Comparing -Samprati with Aśoka in respect of the propagation of the faith in -non-Áryan countries the Áchárya writes: ‘In -<span class="corr" id="xd25e4303" title="Source: Pátaliputra">Páṭaliputra</span> flourished -the great king Samprati son of Kunála lord of Bharata with its -three continents, the great Arhanta who established -<i>viháras</i> for Sramaṇas even in non-Áryan -countries.’<a class="noteref" id="n15.2src" href="#n15.2" name="n15.2src">7</a> It would appear from this that after Aśoka the -Mauryan empire may have been divided into two, Daśaratha ruling -Eastern India, and Samprati, whom Jaina records specially mention as -king of Ujjain, ruling Western India, where the Jain sect is specially -strong. Though we have no specific information on the point, it is -probable, especially as he held Málwa, that during the reign of -Samprati Gujarát remained under Mauryan sway. With Samprati -Mauryan rule in Gujarát seems to end. In later times -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 500) traces of Mauryan chiefs appear -in Málwa and in the North Konkan. The available details will be -given in another chapter.</p> -<p>After Samprati, whose reign ended about <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 197, a blank of seventeen years occurs in -Gujarát history. The next available information shows traces of -Baktrian-Greek sway over parts of Gujarát. In his description of -Surastrene or <span class="corr" id="xd25e4323" title="Source: Surashtra">Suráshṭra</span> the author of the -Periplus (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 240) says: ‘In this -part there are preserved even to this day memorials of the expedition -of Alexander, old temples, foundations of camps, and large -wells.’<a class="noteref" id="n15.3src" href="#n15.3" name="n15.3src">8</a> As Alexander did not <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb16" href="#pb16" name="pb16">16</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter IV.<br> -<span class="sc">The Greeks. <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 180–100.</span></span> come so far south as -Káthiáváḍa and as after Alexander’s -departure the Mauryas held Káthiáváḍa till -about <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 197, it may be suggested that -the temples camps and wells referred to by the author of the Periplus -were not memorials of the expedition of Alexander but remains of later -Baktrian-Greek supremacy.</p> -<p>Demetrius, whom Justin calls the king of the Indians, is believed to -have reigned from <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 190 to <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 165.<a class="noteref" id="n16.1src" href="#n16.1" name="n16.1src">9</a> On the authority of Apollodorus of -Artamita Strabo (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 50–<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 20) -names two Baktrian-Greek rulers who seem to have advanced far into -inland India. He says: ‘The Greeks who occasioned the revolt of -Baktria (from Syria <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 256) were so -powerful by the fertility and advantages of the country that they -became masters of Ariana and India …. Their chiefs, -particularly Menander, conquered more nations than Alexander. Those -conquests were achieved partly by Menander and partly by Demetrius son -of Euthydemus king of the Baktrians. They got possession not only of -Pattalene but of the kingdoms of Saraostus and Sigerdis, which -constitute the remainder of the coast.’<a class="noteref" id="n16.2src" href="#n16.2" name="n16.2src">10</a> Pattalene is generally -believed to be the old city of Pátál in Sindh (the modern -Haidarábád), while the subsequent mention of Saraostus -and Sigerdis as kingdoms which constitute the remainder of the coast, -leaves almost no doubt that Saraostus is <span class="corr" id="xd25e4399" title="Source: Suráshtra">Suráshṭra</span> and Sigerdis -is Ságaradvípa or Cutch. The joint mention of Menander -(<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 126) and Demetrius (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 190) may mean that Demetrius advanced into inland -India to a certain point and that Menander passed further and took -Sindh, Cutch, and Káthiáváḍa. The discovery -in Cutch and Káthiáváḍa of coins of Baktrian -kings supports the statements of Justin and Strabo. Dr. <span class="corr" id="xd25e4408" title="Source: Bhagvanlál’s">Bhagvánlál’s</span> -collecting of coins in Káthiáváḍa and -Gujarát during nearly twenty-five years brought to light among -Baktrian-Greek coins an obolus of Eucratides (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 180–155), a few drachmæ of Menander -(<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 126–110), many drachmæ -and copper coins of Apollodotus (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 110–100), but none of Demetrius. Eucratides -was a contemporary of Demetrius. Still, as Eucratides became king of -Baktria after Demetrius, his conquests, according to Strabo of a -thousand cities to the east of the Indus, must be later than those of -Demetrius.</p> -<p>As his coins are found in Káthiáváḍa -Eucratides may either have advanced into -Káthiáváḍa or the province may have come -under his sway as lord of the neighbouring country of Sindh. Whether or -not Eucratides conquered the province, he is the earliest -Baktrian-Greek king whose coins have been found in -Káthiáváḍa and Gujarát. The fact that -the coins of Eucratides have been found in different parts of -Káthiáváḍa and at different times seems to -show that they were the currency of the province and were not merely -imported either for trade or for ornament. It is to be noticed that -these coins are all of the smallest value of the numerous coins issued -by Eucratides. This may be explained by the fact that these small -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb17" href="#pb17" name="pb17">17</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter IV.<br> -<span class="sc">The Greeks. <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 180–100.</span></span> coins were -introduced by Eucratides into Káthiáváḍa to -be in keeping with the existing local coinage. The local silver coins -in use before the time of Eucratides are very small, weighing five to -seven grains, and bear the Buddhist symbols of the Svastika, the -Trident, and the Wheel. Another variety has been found weighing about -four grains with a misshapen elephant on the obverse and something like -a circle on the reverse.<a class="noteref" id="n17.1src" href="#n17.1" -name="n17.1src">11</a> It was probably to replace this poor currency -that Eucratides introduced his smallest obolus of less weight but -better workmanship.</p> -<p>The end of the reign of Eucratides is not fixed with certainty: it -is believed to be about <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 155.<a class="noteref" id="n17.2src" href="#n17.2" name="n17.2src">12</a> For the -two Baktrian-Greek kings Menander and Apollodotus who ruled in -Káthiáváḍa after Eucratides, better sources -of information are available. As already noticed Strabo (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 20) mentions that Menander’s conquests -(<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 120) included Cutch and <span class="corr" id="xd25e4460" title="Source: Suráshtra">Suráshṭra</span>.<a class="noteref" id="n17.3src" href="#n17.3" name="n17.3src">13</a> And the -author of the Periplus (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 240) writes: -‘Up to the present day old drachmæ bearing the Greek -inscriptions of Apollodotus and Menander are current in Barugaza -(Broach).’<a class="noteref" id="n17.4src" href="#n17.4" name="n17.4src">14</a> Menander’s silver drachmæ have been found -in Káthiáváḍa and Southern -Gujarát.<a class="noteref" id="n17.5src" href="#n17.5" name="n17.5src">15</a> Though their number is small Menander’s coins -are comparatively less scarce than those of the earliest <span class="corr" id="xd25e4479" title="Source: Kshatrapás">Kshatrapas</span> Nahapána and -Chashṭana (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 100–140). The -distribution of Menander’s coins suggests he was the first -Baktrian-Greek king who resided in these parts and that the monuments -of Alexander’s times, camps temples and wells, mentioned by the -author of the Periplus<a class="noteref" id="n17.6src" href="#n17.6" -name="n17.6src">16</a> were camps of Menander in <span class="corr" id="xd25e4489" title="Source: Suráshtra">Suráshṭra</span>. Wilson and -Rochette have supposed Apollodotus to be the son and successor of -Menander,<a class="noteref" id="n17.7src" href="#n17.7" name="n17.7src">17</a> while General Cunningham believes Apollodotus to be -the predecessor of Menander.<a class="noteref" id="n17.8src" href="#n17.8" name="n17.8src">18</a> Inferences from the coins of these two -kings found in Gujarát and Káthiáváḍa -support the view that Apollodotus was the successor of Menander. The -coins of Apollodotus are found in much larger numbers than those of -Menander and the workmanship of Apollodotus’ coins appears to be -of a gradually declining style. In the later coins the legend is at -times undecipherable. It appears from this that for some time after -Apollodotus until Nahapána’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 100) coins came into use, the chief local -currency was debased coins struck after the type of the coins of -Apollodotus. Their use as the type of coinage generally happens to the -coins of the last king of a dynasty. The statement by the author of the -Periplus that in his time (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 240) the -old drachmæ of Apollodotus and Menander were <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb18" href="#pb18" name="pb18">18</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter IV.<br> -<span class="sc">The Greeks. <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 180–100.</span></span> current in Barugaza, -seems to show that these drachmæ continued to circulate in -Gujarát along with the coins of the Western Kshatrapas. The -mention of Apollodotus before Menander by the author of the Periplus -may either be accidental, or it may be due to the fact that when the -author wrote fewer coins of Menander than of Apollodotus were in -circulation.</p> -<p>The silver coins both of Menander and Apollodotus found in -Gujarát and Káthiáváḍa are of only -one variety, round drachmæ. The reason that of their numerous -large coins, tetradrachmæ didrachmæ and others, -drachmæ alone have been found in Gujarát is probably the -reason suggested for the introduction of the obolus of Eucratides, -namely that the existing local currency was so poor that coins of small -value could alone circulate. Still the fact that drachmæ came -into use implies some improvement in the currency, chiefly in size. The -drachmæ of both the kings are alike. The obverse of -Menander’s coins has in the middle a helmeted bust of the king -and round it the Greek legend <span class="trans" title="BASILEŌS SŌTĒROS MENANDROY"><span class="Greek" lang="grc">ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ -ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ -ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ</span></span> -Of the king the Saviour Menander. On the reverse is the figure of -Athene Promachos surrounded by the Baktro-Páli legend -Mahárájasa Trádátasa Menandrasa that is Of -the Great king the Saviour Menander, and a monogram.<a class="noteref" -id="n18.1src" href="#n18.1" name="n18.1src">19</a> The drachmæ of -Apollodotus have on the obverse a bust with bare filleted head -surrounded by the legend <span class="trans" title="BASILEŌS SŌTĒROS APOLLODOTOY"><span class="Greek" lang="grc">ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ -ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ -ΑΠΟΛΛΟΔΟΤΟΥ</span></span> -Of the king the Saviour Apollodotus. Except in the legend the reverse -with two varieties of monogram<a class="noteref" id="n18.2src" href="#n18.2" name="n18.2src">20</a> is the same as the reverse of the -drachmæ of Menander. The legend in Baktro-Páli character -is Mahárájasa Rájátirájasa -Apaladatasa that is Of the Great king the over-king of kings Apaladata. -During his twenty-five years of coin-collecting Dr. -Bhagvánlál failed to secure a single copper coin of -Menander either in Gujarát or in -Káthiáváḍa. Of the copper coins of -Apollodotus a deposit was found in <span class="corr" id="xd25e4544" -title="Source: Junágadh">Junágaḍh</span>, many of -them well preserved.<a class="noteref" id="n18.3src" href="#n18.3" -name="n18.3src">21</a> These coins are of two varieties, one square the -other round and large. Of the square coin the obverse has a standing -Apollo with an arrow in the right hand and on the top and the two sides -the Greek legend <span class="trans" title="BASILEŌS SŌTĒROS KAI PhILOPATOROS APOLLODOTOY"><span class="Greek" -lang="grc">ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ -ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΚΑΙ -ΦΙΛΟΠΑΤΟΡΟΣ -ΑΠΟΛΛΟΔΟΤΟΥ</span></span> -that is Of the King Saviour and Fatherlover Apollodotus. On the reverse -is the tripod of Apollo with a monogram<a class="noteref" id="n18.4src" -href="#n18.4" name="n18.4src">22</a> and the letter <i>drí</i> -in Baktro-Páli on the left and the legend in Baktro-Páli -characters Mahárájasa Trádátasa -Apaladatasa. The round coin has also, on the obverse, a standing Apollo -with an arrow in the right hand; behind is the same monogram as in the -square coin and all round runs the Greek legend <span class="trans" -title="BASILEŌS SŌTĒROS APOLLODOTOY"><span class="Greek" -lang="grc">ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ -ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ -ΑΠΟΛΛΟΔΟΤΟΥ</span></span>. -On the reverse is the tripod of Apollo with on its right and left the -letters <i>di</i> and <i>u</i> in Baktro-Páli and all round the -Baktro-Páli legend Mahárájasa -Trádátasa Apaladatasa. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb19" href="#pb19" name="pb19">19</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter IV.<br> -<span class="sc">The Greeks. <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 180–100.</span></span> The reason why so -few copper coins of Apollodotus have been found in Gujarát -perhaps is that these copper coins were current only in the time of -Apollodotus and did not, like his silver drachmæ, continue as the -currency of the country with the same or an imitated die. The date of -the reign of Apollodotus is not fixed. General Cunningham believes it -to be <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 165–150,<a class="noteref" id="n19.1src" href="#n19.1" name="n19.1src">23</a> Wilson and -Gardner take it to be <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 110–100.<a class="noteref" id="n19.2src" -href="#n19.2" name="n19.2src">24</a> Though no Indian materials enable -us to arrive at any final conclusion regarding this date the fact that -Apollodotus’ coins continued to be issued long after his time -shows that Apollodotus was the last Baktrian-Greek ruler of -Gujarát and Káthiáváḍa. After -Apollodotus we find no trace of Baktrian-Greek rule, and no other -certain information until the establishment of the Kshatrapas about -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 100. The only fact that breaks this -blank in Gujarát history is the discovery of copper coins of a -king whose name is not known, but who calls himself Basileus Basileon -Soter Megas that is King of Kings the Great Saviour. These coins are -found in Káthiáváḍa and Cutch as well as in -Rájputána the North-West Provinces and the Kábul -valley, a distribution which points to a widespread Indian rule. The -suggestion may be offered that this king is one of the leaders of the -Yaudheyas whose constitution is said to have been tribal, that is the -tribe was ruled by a number of small chiefs who would not be likely to -give their names on their coins.<a class="noteref" id="n19.3src" href="#n19.3" name="n19.3src">25</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb20" -href="#pb20" name="pb20">20</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n13.1" -href="#n13.1src" name="n13.1">1</a></span> Mahábhárata -Anuśásanaparvan 2158–9 mentions Láṭas -among Kshatriya tribes who have become outcastes from seeing no -Bráhmans. Again, <abbr title="Chapter">Chap.</abbr> VII. 72. ib. -couples (<abbr>J. Bl. As. Soc.</abbr> VI. (1) 387) thievish -Báhikas and robber <span class="corr" id="xd25e4181" title="Source: Suráshtras">Suráshṭras</span>. Compare -<span class="corr" id="xd25e4184" title="Source: Vishnu">Vishṇu</span> Purána, II. 37, where the -Yavanas are placed to the west of Bháratavarsha and also -<abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> -(<abbr title="New Series">N. S.</abbr>) IV. 468; and Brockhaus’ -Prabodha Chandrodaya, 87. The <i>śloka</i> referred to in the text -runs: He who goes to Anga, Vanga, Kalinga, Sauráshṭra, or -Magadha unless it be for a pilgrimage deserves to go through a fresh -purification. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n13.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n13.2" -href="#n13.2src" name="n13.2">2</a></span> Turnour’s -Maháwanso, 71. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n13.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n13.3" -href="#n13.3src" name="n13.3">3</a></span> Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic -Society Journal, 1891, page 47. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n13.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n13.4" -href="#n13.4src" name="n13.4">4</a></span> It is interesting to note -that Chandragupta married a Vaiśya lady. Similarly while at -Sánchi on his way to Ujjain Aśoka married Deví, the -daughter of a Setthi, Turnour’s <span class="corr" id="xd25e4222" -title="Source: Mahávanso">Maháwanso</span>, 76; -Cunningham’s Bhilsa Topes, 95. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n13.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n14.1" -href="#n14.1src" name="n14.1">5</a></span> Probably from some mistake -of the graver’s the text of the inscription <span lang="sa">अशोकस्य ते -यवनराजेन</span> yields -no meaning. Some word for governor or officer is apparently -meant. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n14.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n15.1" -href="#n15.1src" name="n15.1">6</a></span> Hemachandra’s -Parisishta Parva. Merutunga’s <span class="corr" id="xd25e4289" -title="Source: Vicháraśreni">Vicháraśreṇi</span>. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n15.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n15.2" -href="#n15.2src" name="n15.2">7</a></span> The text is ‘<i lang="sa-latn">Kunálasûnustrikhandabharatádhipah -Paramárhanto Anáryadeśeshvapi -Pravarttitaśramaṇa-vihárah Samprati -Mahárája Sohábhavat</i>’ meaning ‘He -was the great king Samprati son of Kunála, sovereign of India of -three continents, the great saint who had started monasteries for Jain -priests even in non-Aryan countries.’ <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n15.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n15.3" -href="#n15.3src" name="n15.3">8</a></span> McCrindle’s Periplus, -115. The author of the Periplus calls the capital of Surastrene -Minnagara. Pandit <span class="corr" id="xd25e4331" title="Source: Bhagvanlál">Bhagvánlál</span> believed -Minnagara to be a miswriting of Girinagara the form used for -Girnár both in Rudradáman’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 150) rock inscription at Girnár -(Fleet’s <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corpus Ins. -Ind.</abbr> III. 57) and by Varáha-Mihira (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 570) (Bṛihat-Saṃhitá, XIV. -11). The mention of a Minagara in Ptolemy inland from Sorath and -Monoglossum or Mangrul suggests that either <span class="corr" id="xd25e4343" title="Source: Girnar">Girnár</span> or <span class="corr" id="xd25e4347" title="Source: Junagaḍh">Junágaḍh</span> was also known as -Minnagara either after the Mins or after Men that is Menander. At the -same time it is possible that Ptolemy’s Agrinagara though much -out of place may be Girinagara and that Ptolemy’s Minagara in the -direction of Ujjain may be Mandasor. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n15.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n16.1" -href="#n16.1src" name="n16.1">9</a></span> Justin’s date is -probably about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 250. His work is a -summary of the History of Trogus Pompeius about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1. Watson’s Justin, 277; Wilson’s -Ariana Antiqua, 231. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n16.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n16.2" -href="#n16.2src" name="n16.2">10</a></span> Hamilton and -Falconer’s Strabo, II. 252–253. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n16.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n17.1" -href="#n17.1src" name="n17.1">11</a></span> These small local coins -which were found in Hálár Gondal were presented to the -Bombay Asiatic Society by the Political Agent of -Káthiáwár and are in the Society’s cabinet. -Dr. <span class="corr" id="xd25e4439" title="Source: Bhagvanlál">Bhagvánlál</span> found the -two elephant coins in Junágaḍh. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n17.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n17.2" -href="#n17.2src" name="n17.2">12</a></span> Wilson’s Ariana -Antiqua, 266. Gardner’s British Museum Catalogue, 26, brings -Eucratides to after <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 162. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n17.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n17.3" -href="#n17.3src" name="n17.3">13</a></span> See above page <a href="#pb15" class="pageref">15</a>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n17.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n17.4" -href="#n17.4src" name="n17.4">14</a></span> McCrindle’s Periplus, -121. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n17.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n17.5" -href="#n17.5src" name="n17.5">15</a></span> The Bombay Asiatic Society -possesses some specimens of these coins of bad workmanship found near -Broach with the legend incorrect, probably struck by some local -governor of Menander. Two were also found in -Junágaḍh. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n17.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n17.6" -href="#n17.6src" name="n17.6">16</a></span> McCrindle’s Periplus, -115. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n17.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n17.7" -href="#n17.7src" name="n17.7">17</a></span> Numismatic Chronicle (New -Series), X. 80; Wilson’s Ariana Antiqua, 288. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n17.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n17.8" -href="#n17.8src" name="n17.8">18</a></span> Numismatic Chronicle (New -Series), X, 80. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n17.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n18.1" -href="#n18.1src" name="n18.1">19</a></span> Wilson’s Ariana -Antiqua, Plate XXII. Number 41. Gardner’s British Museum -Catalogue, Plate XI. Number 8. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n18.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n18.2" -href="#n18.2src" name="n18.2">20</a></span> Wilson’s Ariana -Antiqua, Plate XXII. Number 66, shows one variety of this -monogram. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n18.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n18.3" -href="#n18.3src" name="n18.3">21</a></span> These coins are said to -have been found in 1882 by a cultivator in an earthen pot. Two of them -were taken for Pandit Bhagvánlál and one for Mr. -Vajeshankar Gaurishankar Naib Diván of Bhávnagar. The -rest disappeared. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n18.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n18.4" -href="#n18.4src" name="n18.4">22</a></span> Ariana Antiqua, Plate XXII. -Number 47. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n18.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n19.1" -href="#n19.1src" name="n19.1">23</a></span> Numismatic Chronicle (New -Series), X. 86. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n19.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n19.2" -href="#n19.2src" name="n19.2">24</a></span> Ariana Antiqua, 288; -Gardner and Poole’s Catalogue of Indian Coins, -xxxiii. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n19.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n19.3" -href="#n19.3src" name="n19.3">25</a></span> Wilson (Ariana Antiqua, -332–334) identifies the coins marked Basileus Basileon Soter -Megas with a king or dynasty of Indian extraction who reigned between -Azes and Kadphises (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 50–25), -chiefly in the Panjáb. Gardner (British Museum Catalogue, 47) -says: The Nameless king is probably cotemporary with Abdagases -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 30–50): he may have been a -member of the Kadphises dynasty. Cunningham (Ancient Geography, 245) -places the coins of the tribal Yaudheyas in the first century -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> The remark of Prinsep (<abbr title="Journal">Jour.</abbr> Bengal <abbr title="Society">Soc.</abbr> VI. 2, -973) that in the Behat group of Buddhist coins some with -Baktro-Páli legends have the name Yaudheya in the margin seems -to support the suggestion in the text. But the marked difference -between the Stag coins of the Yaudheyas (Thomas’ Prinsep, I. -Plate V.) and the Nameless king’s coins (Gardner, Plate XIV. -1–6) tells strongly against the proposed identification. Of the -Yaudheyas details are given below. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n19.3src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch1.5" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd25e1136">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">CHAPTER V.</h2> -<h2 class="main">THE KSHATRAPAS</h2> -<h2 class="sub">(<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 70–<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 398.)</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">The Kshatrapas. <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 70–<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 398.</span></span> With the Kshatrapas -(<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 70) begins a period of clearer -light, and, at the same time, of increased importance, since, for more -than three centuries, the Kshatrapas held sway over the greater part of -Western India. Till recently this dynasty was known to orientalists as -the Sáh dynasty a mistaken reading of the terminal of their -names which in some rulers is Siṃha Lion and in others, as in -Rudra Sena (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 203–220) son of -Rudra Siṃha, Sena Army.<a class="noteref" id="n20.1src" href="#n20.1" name="n20.1src">1</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Two Dynasties.</span>The sway of the rulers -who affix the title Kshatrapa to their names extended over two large -parts of India, one in the north including the territory from the -Kábul valley to the confluence of the Ganges and the -Jamná; the other in the west stretching from Ajmir in the north -to the North Konkan in the south and from Málwa in the east to -the Arabian <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb21" href="#pb21" name="pb21">21</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">The Kshatrapas. <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 70–<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 398.</span></span> Sea in the west. The former -may be called the Northern the latter the Western Kshatrapas.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Name.</span>Besides as Kshatrapa, in -the Prákrit legends of coins and in inscriptions the title of -these dynasties appears under three forms Chhatrapa,<a class="noteref" -id="n21.1src" href="#n21.1" name="n21.1src">2</a> Chhatrava,<a class="noteref" id="n21.2src" href="#n21.2" name="n21.2src">3</a> and -Khatapa.<a class="noteref" id="n21.3src" href="#n21.3" name="n21.3src">4</a> All these forms have the same meaning namely Lord or -Protector of the warrior-race, the Sanskrit Kshatra-pa.<a class="noteref" id="n21.4src" href="#n21.4" name="n21.4src">5</a> It is to be -noted that the title Kshatrapa appears nowhere as a title of any king -or royal officer within the whole range of Sanskrit literature, or -indeed on any inscription, coin, or other record of any Indian dynasty -except the Northern and the Western Kshatrapas. According to Prinsep -Kshatrapa is a Sanskritized form of Satrapa, a term familiar to the -Grecian history of ancient Persia and used for the prefect of a -province under the Persian system of government. As Prinsep further -observes Satrapa had probably the same meaning in Ariana that Kshatrapa -had in Sanskrit, the ruler feeder or patron of the <i>kshatra</i> or -warrior class, the chief of a warlike tribe or clan.<a class="noteref" -id="n21.5src" href="#n21.5" name="n21.5src">6</a> Prinsep further notes -the Persian kings were often in need of such chiefs and as they -entrusted the chiefs with the government of parts of their dominions -the word came to mean a governor. So during the anarchy which prevailed -on the Skythian overthrow of Greek rule in Baktria<a class="noteref" -id="n21.6src" href="#n21.6" name="n21.6src">7</a> (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 160) several chiefs of Malaya, Pallava, -Ábhíra, Meda, and other predatory tribes came from -Baktria to Upper India, and each established for himself a principality -or kingdom. Subsequently these chiefs appear to have assumed -independent sovereignty. Still though they often call themselves -<i>rájás</i> or kings with the title Kshatrapa or -Mahákshatrapa, if any Baktrian king advanced towards their -territories, they were probably ready to acknowledge him as Overlord. -Another reason for believing these Kshatrapa chiefs to have been -foreigners is that, while the names of the founders of Kshatrapa -sovereignty are foreign, their inscriptions and coins show that soon -after the establishment of their rule they became converts to one or -other form of the Hindu religion and assumed Indian names.<a class="noteref" id="n21.7src" href="#n21.7" name="n21.7src">8</a> -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb22" href="#pb22" name="pb22">22</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Northern Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 70–<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78.</span></span> <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Northern Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 70–<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78.</span></span>According to inscriptions and -coins Northern Kshatrapa rule begins with king Maues about <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 70 and ends with the accession of the -Kushán king Kanishka about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78. -Maues probably belonged to the Śaka tribe of Skythians. If the -Maues of the coins may be identified with the Moga of the Taxila plate -the date of king Patika in the Taxila plate shows that for about -seventy-five years after the death of Maues the date of his accession -continued to be the initial year of the dynasty. From their -<span class="corr" id="xd25e4910" title="Source: connexion">connection</span> with the Śakas, arriving in -India during the reign of the Śaka Maues and for nearly three -quarters of a century accepting the Śaka overlordship, the -Kshatrapas, though as noted above their followers were chiefly Malayas, -Pallavas, Ábhíras, and Medas, appear to have themselves -come to be called Śakas and the mention of Śaka kings in -<span class="corr" id="xd25e4913" title="Source: Puránik">Puráṇic</span> and other records -seems to refer to them. After lasting for about 150 years the rule of -the Northern Kshatrapas seems to have merged in the empire of the great -Kushán Kanishka (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78).</p> -<p>Though recently found inscriptions and coins show that the -Kshatrapas ruled over important parts of India including even a share -of the western seaboard, nothing is known regarding them from either -Indian or foreign literary sources. What little information can be -gleaned is from their own inscriptions and coins. Of the Northern -Kshatrapas this information is imperfect and disconnected. It shows -that they had probably three or four ruling branches, one in the -Kábul valley, a second at Taxila near Attak on the North-West -<span class="corr" id="xd25e4922" title="Source: Panjab">Panjáb</span> frontier, a third at Behát -near Saháranpur or Delhi, and a fourth at Mathurá. The -last two were perhaps subdivisions of one kingdom; but probably those -at Kábul and at Taxila were distinct dynasties. An inscription -found <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb23" href="#pb23" name="pb23">23</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Northern Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 70–<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78.</span></span> in Mathurá shows a -connection either by marriage or by neighbourhood between the -Behát and Mathurá branches. This is a Baktro-Páli -inscription recording the gift of a stúpa by Nandasiriká -daughter of Kshatrapa Rájavula and mother of Kharaosti -Yuvarája. Kharaosti is the dynastic name of the prince, his -personal name appears later in the inscription as Talama -(Ptolemy ?). From his dynastic name, whose crude form Kharaosta or -Kharaottha may be the origin of the Prakrit Chhaharáta and the -Sanskritised Kshaharáta, this Talama appears to be a descendant -of the Kshatrapa Kharaosti whose coins found at Taxila call him -Artaputa that is the son of Arta apparently the Parthian Ortus.</p> -<p>The same Baktro-Páli Mathurá inscription also mentions -with special respect a Kshatrapa named Patika,<a class="noteref" id="n23.1src" href="#n23.1" name="n23.1src">9</a> who, with the title of -Kusulaka or Kozolon, ruled the Kábul valley with his capital -first at Nagaraka and later at Taxila.</p> -<p>The same inscription further mentions that the stúpa was -given while the Kshatrapa Sudása son of the Mahákshatrapa -Rájavula was ruling at Mathurá. The inference from the -difference in the titles of the father and the son seems to be that -Sudása was ruling in Mathurá as governor under his father -who perhaps ruled in the neighbourhood of Delhi where many of his coins -have been found. While the coins of Sudása have the legend in -Nágarí only, Rájavula’s coins are of two -varieties, one with the legend in <span class="corr" id="xd25e4952" -title="Source: Báktro-Páli">Baktro-Páli</span> and -the other with the legend in Nágarí, a fact tending to -show that the father’s territories stretched to the far -north.</p> -<p>Though Kharaosti is mentioned as a Yuvarája or prince -heir-apparent in the time of his maternal uncle Sudása, the -inscription shows he had four children. It is curious that while the -inscription mentions Nandasiriká as the mother of Kharaosti -Yuvarája, nothing is said about her husband. Perhaps he was dead -or something had happened to make Nandasiriká live at her -father’s home.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span></span>Another -inscription of Sudása found by General Cunningham at -Mathurá is in old Nágarí character. Except that -they have the distinctive and long continued Kshatrapa peculiarity of -joining <i>ya</i> with other letters the characters of this inscription -are of the same period as those of the inscriptions of the great -Indo-Skythian or Kushán king Kanishka. This would seem to show -that the conquest of Mathurá by Kanishka took place soon after -the time of Kshatrapa Sudása. It therefore appears probable that -Nahapána, the first Kshatrapa ruler of Gujarát and -Káthiáváḍa, the letters of whose -inscriptions are of exactly the same Kshatrapa type as those of -Sudása, was a scion of the Kharaosti family, who, in this -overthrow of kingdoms, went westwards conquering either on his own -account or as a general sent by Kanishka. -Nahapána’s<a class="noteref" id="n23.2src" href="#n23.2" -name="n23.2src">10</a> advance seems to have lain through East -<span class="corr" id="xd25e4978" title="Source: Rajputána">Rájputána</span> by -Mandasor<a class="noteref" id="n23.3src" href="#n23.3" name="n23.3src">11</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb24" href="#pb24" -name="pb24">24</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span></span> in West Málwa -along the easy route to Dohad as far as South Gujarát. From -South Gujarát his power spread in two directions, by sea to -Káthiáváḍa and from near Balsár by -the Dáng passes to Násik and the Deccan, over almost the -whole of which, judging from coins and inscriptions, he supplanted as -overlord the great Ándhra kings of the Deccan. No evidence is -available to show either that East Málwa with its capital at -Ujjain or that North Gujarát formed part of his dominions. All -the information we have regarding Nahapána is from his own -silver coins and from the inscriptions of his son-in-law -Ushavadáta at Násik and Kárle and of his minister -<span class="corr" id="xd25e4999" title="Source: Ayama">Ayáma</span> (Sk. Áryaman) at Junnar. -Nahapána’s coins are comparatively rare. The only -published specimen is one obtained by Mr. Justice Newton.<a class="noteref" id="n24.1src" href="#n24.1" name="n24.1src">12</a> Four -others were also obtained by Dr. Bhagvánlál from -Káthiáváḍa and Násik.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kshatrapa I. Nahapána, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78–120.</span>The coins of Nahapána -are the earliest specimens of Kshatrapa coins. Though the type seems to -have been adopted from the Baktrian-Greek, the design is original and -is not an imitation of any previous coinage. The type seems adopted in -idea from the drachma of Apollodotus (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 110–100). On the obverse is a bust with a -Greek legend round it and on the reverse a thunderbolt and an arrow -probably as on the reverse of the coins of Apollodotus<a class="noteref" id="n24.2src" href="#n24.2" name="n24.2src">13</a> -representing the distinctive weapons of Athene Promachos and of Apollo. -In addition to the <span class="corr" id="xd25e5018" title="Source: Báktro-Páli">Baktro-Páli</span> legend on -the Apollodotus drachma, the reverse of Nahapána’s coin -has the same legend in Nágarí, since Nágarí -was the character of the country for which the coin was struck. The -dress of the bust is in the style of the over-dress of -Nahapána’s time. The bust, facing the right, wears a flat -grooved cap and has the hair combed in ringlets falling half down the -ear. The neck shows the collar of the coat. The workmanship of the -coins is good. The die seems to have been renewed from time to time as -the face altered with age. Of Dr. Bhagvánlál’s four -coins one belongs to Nahapána’s youth, another to his old -age, and the remaining two to his intervening years. In all four -specimens the Greek legend is imperfect and unreadable. The letters of -the Greek legend are of the later period that is like the letters on -the coins of the great Skythian king Kadphises I. (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 26). One of the coins shows in the legend the six -letters <span class="sc">L L O D O-S</span>. These may be the remains -of the name Apollodotus (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 110–100). Still it is beyond doubt that the -letters are later Greek than those on the coins of Apollodotus. Until -the legend is found clear on some fresher specimen, it is not possible -to say anything further. In three of the coins the <span class="corr" -id="xd25e5031" title="Source: Báktro-Páli">Baktro-Páli</span> legend on -the reverse runs:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">रञो -छ्हरातस -नहपानस.</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Raño Chhaharátasa -Nahapánasa.</p> -<p>Of king Chhaharáta Nahapána.</p> -</div> -<p>The fourth has simply</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">रञो -छ्हरातस</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Raño Chhaharátasa.</p> -<p>Of king Chhaharáta.</p> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb25" href="#pb25" name="pb25">25</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span></span> The old -Nágarí legend is the same in all:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">रञो -क्षहरातस -नहपानस</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Raño Kshaharátasa -Nahapánasa.</p> -<p>Of king Kshaharáta Nahapána.</p> -</div> -<p>The Chhaharáta of the former and the Kshaharáta of the -latter are the same, the difference in the initial letter being merely -dialectical. As mentioned above Kshaharáta is the family name of -Nahapána’s dynasty. It is worthy of note that though -Nahapána is not styled Kshatrapa in any of his coins the -inscriptions of Ushavadáta at Násik repeatedly style him -the Kshaharáta Kshatrapa Nahapána.<a class="noteref" id="n25.1src" href="#n25.1" name="n25.1src">14</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Ushavadáta, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 100–120.</span>Ushavadáta was the -son-in-law of Nahapána being married to his daughter -Dakhamitá or Dakshamitrá. Ushavadáta bears no -royal title. He simply calls himself son of Díníka and -son-in-law of Nahapána, which shows that he owed his power and -rank to his father-in-law, a position regarded as derogatory in India, -where no scion of any royal dynasty would accept or take pride in -greatness or influence obtained from a father-in-law.<a class="noteref" -id="n25.2src" href="#n25.2" name="n25.2src">15</a> Násik -Inscription XIV. shows that Ushavadáta was a Śaka. His -name, as was first suggested by Dr. Bhau Dáji, is Prákrit -for Rishabhadatta. From the many charitable and publicly useful works -mentioned in various Násik and Kárle inscriptions, as -made by him in places which apparently formed part of -Nahapána’s dominions, Ushavadáta appears to have -been a high officer under Nahapána. As Nahapána seems to -have had no son Ushavadáta’s position as son-in-law would -be one of special power and influence. Ushavadáta’s -charitable acts and works of public utility are detailed in -Násik Inscriptions X. XII. and XIV. The charitable acts are the -gift of three hundred thousand cows; of gold and of river-side steps at -the Bárnása or Banás river near Ábu in -North Gujarát; of sixteen villages to gods and Bráhmans; -the feeding of hundreds of thousands of Bráhmans every year; the -giving in marriage of eight wives to Bráhmans at Prabhás -in South Káthiáváḍa; the bestowing of -thirty-two thousand cocoanut trees in Nanamgola or Nárgol -village on the Thána seaboard on the Charaka priesthoods of -Pinḍitakávaḍa, Govardhana near Násik, -Suvarṇamukha, and Rámatírtha in Sorpáraga or -Sopára on the Thána coast; the giving of three hundred -thousand cows and a village at Pushkara or Pokhar near Ajmir in East -<span class="corr" id="xd25e5101" title="Source: Rajputána">Rájputána</span>; making gifts -to Bráhmans at Chechiṇa or Chichan near Kelva-Máhim -on the Thána coast; and the gift of trees and 70,000 -<i>kárshápaṇas</i> or 2000 <i>suvarṇas</i> to -gods and Bráhmans at Dáhánu in Thána. The -public works executed by Ushavadáta include rest-houses and -alms-houses at Bharu Kachha or Broach, at Daśapura or Mandasor in -North Málwa, and gardens and wells at Govardhana and -Sopára; free ferries across the Ibá or Ambiká, the -Páráda or Pár, the Damaná or Damanganga, -the Tápi or Tápti, the Karabená or Káveri, -and the Dáhánuká or Dáhánu river. -Waiting-places and steps were also built on both banks of each of these -rivers. These charitable and public works of Ushavadáta savour -much of the Bráhmanic religion. The only <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb26" href="#pb26" name="pb26">26</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span><br> -Ushavdáta, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 100–120.</span> Buddhist charities are the -gift of a cave at Násik; of 3000 -<i>kárshápanas</i> and eight thousand cocoanut trees for -feeding and clothing monks living in the cave; and of a village near -Kárle in Poona for the support of the monks of the main -Kárle cave. Ushavadáta himself thus seems to have been a -follower of the Bráhmanical faith. The Buddhist charities were -probably made to meet the wishes of his wife whose father’s -religion the Buddhist wheel and the Bodhi tree on his copper coins -prove to have been Buddhism. The large territory over which these -charitable and public works of Ushavadáta spread gives an idea -of the extent of Nahapána’s rule. The gift of a village as -far north as Pokhara near Ajmir would have been proof of dominion in -those parts were it not for the fact that in the same inscription -Ushavadáta mentions his success in assisting some local -Kshatriyas. It is doubtful if the northern limits of -Nahapána’s dominions extended as far as Pokhar. The -village may have been given during a brief conquest, since according to -Hindu ideas no village given to Bráhmans can be resumed. The -eastern boundary would seem to have been part of Málwa and the -plain lands of Khándesh Násik and Poona; the southern -boundary was somewhere about Bombay; and the western -Káthiáváḍa and the Arabian sea.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Nahapána’s -Era.</span>Nahapána’s exact date is hard to fix. -Ushavadáta’s Násik cave Inscriptions X. and XII. -give the years 41 and 42; and an inscription of Nahapána’s -minister Ayáma at Junnar gives the year 46. The era is not -mentioned. They are simply dated <i>vase</i> Sk. <i>varshe</i> that is -in the year. Ushavadáta’s Násik Inscription XII. -records in the year 42 the gift of charities and the construction of -public works which must have taken years to complete. If at that time -Ushavadáta’s age was 40 to 45, Nahapána who, as -Inscription X. shows, was living at that time, must have been some -twenty years older than his son-in-law or say about 65. The Junnar -inscription of his minister Ayáma which bears date 46 proves -that Nahapána lived several years after the making of -Ushavadáta’s cave. The bust on one of his coins also shows -that Nahapána attained a ripe old age.</p> -<p>Nahapána cannot have lived long after the year 46. His death -may be fixed about the year 50 of the era to which the three years 41, -42, and 46 belong. He was probably about 75 years old when he died. -Deducting 50 from 75 we get about 25 as Nahapána’s age at -the beginning of the era to which the years 41, 42, and 46 belong, a -suitable age for an able prince with good resources and good advisers -to have established a kingdom. It is therefore probable that the era -marks Nahapána’s conquest of Gujarát. As said -above, Nahapána was probably considered to belong to the -Śaka tribe, and his son-in-law clearly calls himself a Śaka. -It may therefore be supposed that the era started by Nahapána on -his conquest of Gujarát was at first simply called Varsha; that -it afterwards came to be called Śakavarsha or -Śakasaṃvatsara; and that finally, after various changes, to -suit false current ideas, about the eleventh or twelfth century the -people of the Deccan styled it Śáliváhana Saka -mixing it with current traditions regarding the great <span class="corr" id="xd25e5145" title="Source: Śátavahana">Śátaváhana</span> -or Śaliváhana king of Paithan. If, as mentioned above, -Nahapána’s conquest of Gujarát and the -establishment of his era be taken to come close after the conquest of -Mathurá by <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb27" href="#pb27" -name="pb27">27</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span><br> -Nahapána’s Era.</span> Kanishka, the Gujarát -conquest and the era must come very shortly after the beginning of -Kanishka’s reign, since Kanishka conquered Mathurá early -in his reign. As his Mathurá inscriptions<a class="noteref" id="n27.1src" href="#n27.1" name="n27.1src">16</a> give 5 as -Kanishka’s earliest date, he must have conquered Mathurá -in the year 3 or 4 of his reign. Nahapána’s expedition to -and conquest of Gujarát was probably contemporary with or very -closely subsequent to Kanishka’s conquest of Mathurá. So -two important eras seem to begin about four years apart, the one with -Kanishka’s reign in Upper India, the other with -Nahapána’s reign in Western India. The difference being so -small and both being eras of foreign conquerors, a Kushán and a -Śaka respectively, the two eras seem to have been subsequently -confounded. Thus, according to Dr. Burnell, the Javanese Śaka era -is <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 74, that is Kanishka’s era -was introduced into Java, probably because Java has from early times -been connected with the eastern parts of India where Kanishka’s -era was current. On the other hand the astrological works called -Karaṇa use the era beginning with <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78 which we have taken to be the Western era -started by Nahapána. The use of the Śaka era in -Karaṇa works dates from the time of the great Indian astronomer -Varáha Mihira (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 587). As -Varáha Mihira lived and wrote his great work in Avanti or -Málwa he naturally made use of the Śaka era of -Nahapána, which was current in Málwa. Subsequent -astronomers adopted the era used by the master Varáha Mihira. -Under their influence Nahapána’s <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78 era passed into use over the whole of Northern -and Central India eclipsing Kanishka’s <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 74 era. On these grounds it may be accepted that -the dates in the Násik inscriptions of Ushavadáta and in -Ayáma’s inscription at Junnar are in the era founded by -Nahapána on his conquest of Gujarát and the West Deccan. -This era was adopted by the Western Kshatrapa successors of -Nahapána and continued on their coins for nearly three -centuries.<a class="noteref" id="n27.2src" href="#n27.2" name="n27.2src">17</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb28" href="#pb28" -name="pb28">28</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span><br> -The Málava Era, <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 56.</span> -<span class="marginnote">The Málava Era, <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 56.</span>The question arises why should not the -dates on the Western Kshatrapa coins belong to the era which under the -incorrect title of the Vikrama era is now current in Gujarát and -Málwa. Several recently found Málwa inscriptions almost -prove that what is called the Vikrama era beginning with <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 56 was not started by any Vikrama, but marks the -institution of the tribal constitution of the Málavas.<a class="noteref" id="n28.1src" href="#n28.1" name="n28.1src">18</a> Later the -era came to be called either the era of the Málava -lords<a class="noteref" id="n28.2src" href="#n28.2" name="n28.2src">19</a> or Málava Kála that is the era of the -Málavas. About the ninth century just as the Śaka era -became connected with the Śaliváhana of Paithan, this old -Málava era became connected with the name of -Vikramáditya, the great legendary king of Ujain.</p> -<p>It might be supposed that the Málavas who gave its name to -the Málava era were the kings of the country now called -Málwa. But it is to be noted that no reference to the present -Málwa under the name of Málavadeśa occurs in any -Sanskrit work or record earlier than the second century after Christ. -The original Sanskrit name of the country was Avanti. It came to be -called Málava from the time the Málava tribe conquered it -and settled in it, just as Káthiáváḍa and -Meváḍa came to be called after their Káthi and Meva -or Meda conquerors. The Málavas, also called -Málayas,<a class="noteref" id="n28.3src" href="#n28.3" name="n28.3src">20</a> seem like the Medas to be a foreign tribe, which, -passing through Upper India conquered and settled in Central India -during the first century before Christ. The mention in the -Mudrárákshasa<a class="noteref" id="n28.4src" href="#n28.4" name="n28.4src">21</a> of a Málaya king among five -Upper Indian kings shows that in the time of the Mauryas (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 300) a Málaya kingdom existed in Upper -India which after the decline of Maurya supremacy spread to Central -India. By Nahapána’s time the Málavas seem to have -moved eastwards towards Jaipur, as Ushavadáta defeated them in -the neighbourhood of the Pushkar lake: but the fact that the country -round Ujain was still known to Rudradáman as Avanti, shows that -the Málavas had not yet (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 150) -entered the district now known as Málava. This settlement and -the change of name from Avanti to Málava probably took place in -the weakness of the Kshatrapas towards the end of the third century -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> When they established their sway in -Central India these Málavas or Málayas like the ancient -<span class="corr" id="xd25e5305" title="Source: Yauddheyas">Yaudheyas</span> (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 100) and the Káthis till recent times -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1818) seem to have had a democratic -constitution.<a class="noteref" id="n28.5src" href="#n28.5" name="n28.5src">22</a> Their political system seems to have proved unsuited -to the conditions of a settled community. To put an end to dissensions -the Málava tribe appears to have framed what the Mandasor -inscription terms a <i>sthiti</i> or constitution in honour of which -they began a new era.<a class="noteref" id="n28.6src" href="#n28.6" -name="n28.6src">23</a> It may be asked, Why may not Nahapána -have been the head of the Málavas who under the new constitution -became the first Málava sovereign and his reign-dates be those -of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb29" href="#pb29" name="pb29">29</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span><br> -The Málava Era, <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 56.</span> the -new Málava era? Against this we know from a Násik -inscription of Ushavadáta<a class="noteref" id="n29.1src" href="#n29.1" name="n29.1src">24</a> that Nahapána was not a -Málava himself but an opponent of the Málavas as he sent -Ushavadáta to help a tribe of Kshatriyas called Uttamabhadras -whom the Málavas had attacked. Further a chronological -examination of the early ruling dynasties of Gujarát does not -favour the identification of the Kshatrapa era with the Málava -era. The available information regarding the three dynasties the -Kshatrapas the Guptas and the Valabhis, is universally admitted to -prove that they followed one another in chronological succession. The -latest known Kshatrapa date is 310. Even after this we find the name of -a later Kshatrapa king whose date is unknown but may be estimated at -about 320. If we take this Kshatrapa 320 to be in the Vikrama Samvat, -its equivalent is <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 264. In consequence -of several new discoveries the epoch of the Gupta era has been finally -settled to be <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 319. It is further -settled that the first Gupta conqueror of Málwa and -Gujarát was Chandragupta II.<a class="noteref" id="n29.2src" -href="#n29.2" name="n29.2src">25</a> the date of his conquest of -Málwa being Gupta 80 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 399). -Counting the Kshatrapa dates in the Samvat era this gives a blank of -(399 - 264 = ) 135 years between the latest Kshatrapa date and the date -of Chandragupta’s conquest of Gujarát to fill which we -have absolutely no historical information. On the other hand in support -of the view that the Kshatrapa era is the Śaka era the -Káthiáváḍa coins of the Gupta king -Kumáragupta son of Chandragupta dated 100 Gupta closely resemble -the coins of the latest Kshatrapa kings, the workmanship proving that -the two styles of coin are close in point of time. Thus taking the -Kshatrapa era to be the Śaka era the latest Kshatrapa date is 320 -+ 78 = <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 398, which is just the date -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 399) of Chandragupta’s -conquest of Málwa and Gujarát. For these reasons, and in -the absence of reasons to the contrary, it seems proper to take the -dates in Ushavadáta’s and Ayáma’s -inscriptions as in the era which began with Nahapána’s -conquest of Gujarát, namely the Śaka era whose initial date -is <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kshatrapa II. Chashṭana, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 130.</span>After Nahapána’s the -earliest coins found in Gujarát are those of Chashṭana. -Chashṭana’s coins are an adaptation of -Nahapána’s coins. At the same time Chashṭana’s -bust differs from the bust in Nahapána’s coins. He wears a -mustache, the cap is not grooved but plain, and the hair which reaches -the neck is longer than Nahapána’s hair. In one of -Chashṭana’s coins found by Mr. Justice Newton, the hair -seems dressed in ringlets as in the coins of the Parthian king Phraates -II. (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 136–128).<a class="noteref" id="n29.3src" href="#n29.3" name="n29.3src">26</a> On the -reverse instead of the thunderbolt and arrow as in -Nahapána’s coins, Chashṭana’s coins have -symbols of the sun and moon in style much like the sun and moon symbols -on the Parthian coins of Phraates II., the moon being a crescent and -the sun represented by eleven rays shooting from a central beam. To the -two on the reverse a third symbol seems to have been added consisting -of two arches resting on a straight line, with a third arch over and -between <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb30" href="#pb30" name="pb30">30</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span><br> -Chashṭana’s Coins, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 130.</span> the two arches, and over the third -arch an inverted semicircle. Below these symbols stretches a waving or -serpentine line.<a class="noteref" id="n30.1src" href="#n30.1" name="n30.1src">27</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Chashṭana’s Coins, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 130.</span>The same symbol appears on the obverse -of several very old medium-sized square copper coins found in Upper -India. These coins Dr. Bhagvánlál took to be coins of -Aśoka. They have no legend on either side, and have a standing -elephant on the obverse and a rampant lion on the reverse. As these are -the symbols of Aśoka, the elephant being found in his rock -inscriptions and the lion in his pillar inscriptions, Dr. -Bhagvánlál held them to be coins of Aśoka. The arch -symbol appears in these coins over the elephant on the obverse and near -the lion on the reverse but in neither case with the underlying zigzag -line.<a class="noteref" id="n30.2src" href="#n30.2" name="n30.2src">28</a> So also a contemporary coin bearing in the Aśoka -character the clear legend <span lang="sa">वटस्वक</span> Vaṭasvaka -shows the same symbol, with in addition a robed male figure of good -design standing near the symbol saluting it with folded hands. The -position of the figure (Ariana Antiqua, Plate XV. Fig. 30) proves that -the symbol was an object of worship. In Chashṭana’s coins -we find this symbol between the sun and the moon, a position which -suggests that the symbol represents the mythical mountain Meru, the -three semicircular superimposed arches representing the peaks of the -mountain and the crescent a <i>Siddha-śilâ</i> or -Siddhas’ seat, which Jaina works describe as crescent-shaped and -situated over Meru. The collective idea of this symbol in the middle -and the sun and moon on either side recalls the following; -śloka:</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line"><span lang="sa">यावद्वीचीतरङ्गान्वहति -सुरनदी -जान्हवी -पूर्णतोया -।</span></p> -<p class="line"><span lang="sa">यावच्चाकाशमार्गे -तपति दिनकरो -भास्करो -लोकपालः</span></p> -<p class="line"><span lang="sa">यावद्वज्रेन्दुनीलस्फटिकमणिशिला -वर्तते -मेरुश्रृंङ्गे -।</span></p> -<p class="line"><span lang="sa">तावत्त्वं -पूत्रपौत्रैः -स्वजनपरिवृतो -जीव शम्मोः -प्रसादत ॥</span></p> -</div> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">Mayest thou by the favour of Śambhu live -surrounded by sons grandsons and relations so long as the heavenly -Ganges full of water flows with its waves, so long as the brilliant sun -the protector of the universe shines in the sky, and so long as the -slab of diamond moonstone lapis lazuli and sapphire remains on the top -of Meru.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Dr. Bird’s Kanheri copperplate has a verse with a similar -meaning regarding the continuance of the glory of the relic shrine of -one Pushya, so long as Meru remains and rivers and the sea -flow.<a class="noteref" id="n30.3src" href="#n30.3" name="n30.3src">29</a> The meaning of showing Meru and the sun and moon is -thus clear. The underlying serpentine line apparently stands for the -Jáhnaví river or it may perhaps be a representation of -the sea.<a class="noteref" id="n30.4src" href="#n30.4" name="n30.4src">30</a> The object of representing <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb31" href="#pb31" name="pb31">31</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span><br> -Chashṭana’s Coins, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 130.</span> these symbols on coins may be that -the coins may last as long as the sun, the moon, mount Meru, and the -Ganges or ocean. Against this view it may be urged that the coins of -the Buddhist kings of Kuninda (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 100), -largely found near Saháranpur in the North-West Provinces, show -the arch symbol with the Buddhist trident over it, the Bodhi tree with -the railing by its side, and the serpentine line under both the tree -and the symbol, the apparent meaning being that the symbol is a -Buddhist shrine with the Bodhi tree and the river Niranjana of Buddha -Gaya near it. The same symbol appears as a Buddhist shrine in Andhra -coins<a class="noteref" id="n31.1src" href="#n31.1" name="n31.1src">31</a> which make it larger with four rows of arches, a tree -by its side, and instead of the zigzag base line a railing. This seems -a different representation perhaps of the shrine of Mahábodhi at -Buddha Gaya. These details seem to show that popular notions regarding -the meaning of this symbol varied at different times.<a class="noteref" -id="n31.2src" href="#n31.2" name="n31.2src">32</a></p> -<p>Such of the coins of Chashṭana as have on the reverse only the -sun and the moon bear on the obverse in <span class="corr" id="xd25e5490" title="Source: Báktro-Páli">Baktro-Páli</span> -characters a legend of which the four letters <span lang="sa">रञो जिमो</span> -Raño jimo alone be made out. An illegible Greek legend continues -the <span class="corr" id="xd25e5496" title="Source: Báktro-Páli">Baktro-Páli</span> legend. -The legend on the reverse is in old Nágarí character:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञो -क्षत्रपस -य्समोतिकपुत्र -[सच] ष्टनस.</span><a class="noteref" id="n31.3src" href="#n31.3" name="n31.3src">33</a></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rájño Kshatrapasa Ysamotikaputra(sa -Cha)shṭanasa.</p> -<p>Of the king Kshatrapa Chashṭana son of Ysamotika.</p> -</div> -<p>The variety of Chashṭana’s coins which has the arch -symbol on the reverse, bears on the obverse only the Greek legend -almost illegible and on the reverse the <span class="corr" id="xd25e5527" title="Source: Báktro-Páli">Baktro-Páli</span> legend -<span lang="sa">चटनस</span> Chaṭanasa -meaning. Of Chashṭana and in continuation the -Nágarí legend:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञोमहाक्षत्रपस -य्समोदिकपुत्रस -चष्टनस</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Ysamotikaputrasa Chashṭanasa.</p> -<p>Of the king the great Kshatrapa Chashṭana son of -Ysamotika.</p> -</div> -<p><span class="marginnote">Chashṭana’s Father.</span>The -name Zamotika is certainly not Indian but foreign apparently a -corruption of some such form as Psamotika or Xamotika. Further the fact -that Zamotika is not called Kshatrapa or by any other title, would seem -to show that he was an untitled man whose son somehow came to authority -and obtained victory over these parts where (as his earlier coins with -the sun and the moon show) he was at first called a Kshatrapa and -afterwards (as his later coins with the third symbol show) a -Mahákshatrapa or great Kshatrapa. We know nothing of any -connection between Nahapána and Chashṭana. Still it is -clear that Chashṭana obtained a great part of the territory over -which <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb32" href="#pb32" name="pb32">32</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span></span> <span class="marginnote">Chashṭana, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 130.</span>Nahapána previously held sway. -Though Chashṭana’s coins and even the coins of his son and -grandson bear no date, we have reason to believe they used a nameless -era, of which the year 72 is given in the <span class="corr" id="xd25e5566" title="Source: Junágad">Junágaḍh</span> -inscription of Chashṭana’s grandson -Rudradáman.<a class="noteref" id="n32.1src" href="#n32.1" name="n32.1src">34</a> Though we have no means of ascertaining how many -years Rudradáman had reigned before this 72 it seems probable -that the beginning of the reign was at least several years earlier. -Taking the previous period at seven years <span class="corr" id="xd25e5578" title="Source: Rudráman’s">Rudradáman’s</span> -succession may be tentatively fixed at 65. Allowing twenty-five years -for his father Jayadáman and his grandfather Chashṭana (as -they were father and son and the son it is supposed reigned for some -years with his father<a class="noteref" id="n32.2src" href="#n32.2" -name="n32.2src">35</a>) Chashṭana’s conquest of -Gujarát comes to about the year 40 which makes <span class="corr" id="xd25e5585" title="Source: Chasṭana">Chashṭana</span> contemporary with the -latter part of Nahapána’s life. Now the Tiastanes whom -Ptolemy mentions as having Ozene for his capital<a class="noteref" id="n32.3src" href="#n32.3" name="n32.3src">36</a> is on all hands -admitted to be Chashṭana and from what Ptolemy says it appears -certain that his capital was Ujjain. Two of Chashṭana’s -coins occur as far north as Ajmir. As the Chashṭana coins in Dr. -Gerson DaCunha’s collection were found in -Káthiáváḍa he must have ruled a large -stretch of country. The fact that in his earlier coins Chashṭana -is simply called a Kshatrapa and in his latter coins a -Mahákshatrapa leads to the inference that his power was -originally small. Chashṭana was probably not subordinate to -Nahapána but a contemporary of Nahapána originally when a -simple Kshatrapa governing perhaps North Gujarát and -Málwa. Nor was Chashṭana a member of -Nahapána’s family as he is nowhere called -Kshaharáta which is the name of Nahapána’s family. -During the lifetime of Nahapána Chashṭana’s power -would seem to have been established first over Ajmir and <span class="corr" id="xd25e5591" title="Source: Mewád">Mewáḍ</span>. Perhaps -Chashṭana may have been the chief of the Uttamabhadra Kshatriyas, -whom, in the year 42, Ushavadáta went to assist when they were -besieged by the Málayas or Málavas<a class="noteref" id="n32.4src" href="#n32.4" name="n32.4src">37</a>; and it is possible -that the Málavas being thus driven away Chashṭana may have -consolidated his power, taken possession of Málwa, and -established his capital at Ujjain.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Deccan Recovered by the Andhras, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 138.</span>On Nahapána’s -death his territory, which in the absence of a son had probably passed -to his son-in-law Ushavadáta, seems to have been wrested from -him by his Ándhra neighbours, as one of the attributes of -Gautamíputra <span class="corr" id="xd25e5607" title="Source: Śátakarni">Śátakarṇi</span> is -exterminator of the dynasty of Khakharáta (or -Kshaharáta). That North Konkan, South Gujarát, and -Káthiáváḍa were taken and incorporated with -Ándhra territory appears from Gautamíputra’s -Násik inscription (No. 26) where Suráshṭra and -Aparánta are mentioned as parts of his dominions. These -Ándhra <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb33" href="#pb33" name="pb33">33</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span></span> conquests seem to -have been shortlived. Chashṭana appears to have eventually taken -Káthiáváḍa and as much of South -Gujarát as belonged to Nahapána probably as far south as -the Narbada. Meváḍ, Málwa, North and South -Gujarát and Káthiáváḍa would then be -subject to him and justify the title Mahákshatrapa on his later -coins.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Mevas or Meḍas.</span>The bulk of -Chashṭana’s army seems to have consisted of the Mevas or -Meḍas from whose early conquests and settlements in Central -<span class="corr" id="xd25e5628" title="Source: Rajputána">Rájputána</span> the province -seems to have received its present name Meváḍa. If this -supposition be correct an inference may be drawn regarding the origin -of Chashṭana. The Mathurá inscription of -Nandasiriká, daughter of Kshatrapa Rájavula and mother of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e5631" title="Source: Kháraosti">Kharaosti</span> Yuvarája, mentions -with respect a Mahákshatrapa Kuzulko Patika who is called in the -inscription Mevaki that is of the Meva tribe. The inscription shows a -relation between the Kharaostis (to which tribe we have taken -Kshaharáta Nahapána to belong) and Mevaki Patika perhaps -in the nature of subordinate and overlord. It proves at least that the -Kharaostis held Patika in great honour and respect.</p> -<p>The Taxila plate shows that Patika was governor of Taxila during his -father’s lifetime. After his father’s death when he became -Mahákshatrapa, Patika’s capital was Nagaraka in the -Jallálábád or Kábul valley. The conquest of -those parts by the great Kushán or Indo-Skythian king Kanishka -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78) seems to have driven -Patika’s immediate successors southwards to Sindh where they may -have established a kingdom. The Skythian kingdom mentioned by the -author of the Periplus as stretching in his time as far south as the -mouths of the Indus may be a relic of this kingdom. Some time after -their establishment in Sindh Patika’s successors may have sent -Chashṭana, either a younger member of the reigning house or a -military officer, with an army of Mevas through Umarkot and the Great -Ran to Central <span class="corr" id="xd25e5639" title="Source: Rajputána">Rájputána</span>, an -expedition which ended in the settlement of the Mevas and the change of -the country’s name to Meváḍa. Probably it was on -account of their previous ancestral connection that Nahapána -sent Ushavadáta to help Chashṭana in Meváḍa -when besieged by his Málava neighbours. That Ushavadáta -went to bathe and make gifts<a class="noteref" id="n33.1src" href="#n33.1" name="n33.1src">38</a> at Pushkara proves that the scene of -the Uttamabhadras’ siege by the Málayas was in -Meváḍa not far from Pushkara.</p> -<p>Chashṭana is followed by an unbroken chain of successors all -of the dynasty of which Chashṭana was the founder. As the coins -of Chashṭana’s successors bear dates and as each coin gives -the name of the king and of his father they supply a complete -chronological list of the Kshatrapa dynasty.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kshatrapa III. Jayadáman, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 140–143.</span>Of -Chashṭana’s son and successor Jayadáman the coins -are rare. Of three specimens found in -Káthiáváḍa two are of silver and one of -copper. Both the silver coins were found in <span class="corr" id="xd25e5658" title="Source: Junágadh">Junágaḍh</span><a class="noteref" id="n33.2src" href="#n33.2" name="n33.2src">39</a> but they -are doubtful specimens as the legend is not complete. Like -Chashṭana’s <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb34" href="#pb34" name="pb34">34</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span><br> -Kshatrapa III. Jayadáman, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 140–143.</span> coins they have a bust on -the obverse and round the bust an incomplete and undecipherable Greek -legend. The reverse has the sun and the moon and between them the -arched symbol with the zigzag under-line. All round the symbols on the -margin within a dotted line is the legend in <span class="corr" id="xd25e5682" title="Source: Báktro-Páli">Baktro-Páli</span> and -<span class="corr" id="xd25e5685" title="Source: Devanágari">Devanágarí</span>. Only three -letters <span lang="sa">रञो छ ञ</span> of -the <span class="corr" id="xd25e5692" title="Source: Báktro-Páli">Baktro-Páli</span> legend -can be made out. Of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e5695" title="Source: Nágari">Nágarí</span> legend seven -letters <span lang="sa">राज्ञो -क्षत्रपस</span> -<span class="corr" id="xd25e5701" title="Source: ञ"><span lang="sa">ज</span></span> Rájno Kshatrapasa Ja can be made out. -The remaining four letters Dr. Bhagvánlál read -<span lang="sa">यदामस</span> -Yadámasa.<a class="noteref" id="n34.1src" href="#n34.1" name="n34.1src">40</a> The copper coin which is very small and square has on -the obverse in a circle a standing humped bull looking to the right and -fronting an erect trident with an axe. In style the bull is much like -the bull on the square hemidrachmæ of Apollodotus (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 110–100). Round the bull within a dotted -circle is the legend in Greek. It is unfortunate the legend is -incomplete as the remaining letters which are in the Skythian-Greek -style are clearer than the letters on any Kshatrapa coin hitherto -found. The letters that are preserved are <span class="sc">S T R X -Y</span>. The reverse has the usual moon and sun and between them the -arched symbol without the zigzag under-line. All round within a dotted -circle is the Nágarí legend:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञो -क्षत्र</span> <span class="corr" -id="xd25e5735" title="Not in source">[</span><span lang="sa">पस] -जयदामस.</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rájno Kshatra(pasa) Jayadámasa.</p> -<p>Of the king Kshatrapa Jayadáman.</p> -</div> -<p>Though the name is not given in any of these coins, the fact that -Chashṭana was Jayadáman’s father has been determined -from the genealogy in the Gunda inscription of Rudrasiṃha I. the -seventh Kshatrapa,<a class="noteref" id="n34.2src" href="#n34.2" name="n34.2src">41</a> in the Jasdhan inscription of Rudrasena I. the eighth -Kshatrapa,<a class="noteref" id="n34.3src" href="#n34.3" name="n34.3src">42</a> and in the <span class="corr" id="xd25e5761" title="Source: Junágadh">Junágaḍh</span> cave -inscription<a class="noteref" id="n34.4src" href="#n34.4" name="n34.4src">43</a> of Rudradáman’s son Rudrasiṃha. -All these inscriptions and the coins of his son Rudradáman call -Jayadáman Kshatrapa not Mahákshatrapa. This would seem to -show either that he was a Kshatrapa or governor of -Káthiáváḍa under his father or that his -father’s territory and his rank as Mahákshatrapa suffered -some reduction.<a class="noteref" id="n34.5src" href="#n34.5" name="n34.5src">44</a> The extreme rarity of his coins suggests that -Jayadáman’s reign was very short. It is worthy of note -that while Zamotika and Chashṭana are foreign names, the names of -Jayadáman and all his successors with one exception<a class="noteref" id="n34.6src" href="#n34.6" name="n34.6src">45</a> are purely -Indian.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kshatrapa IV. Rudradáman, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 143–158.</span>Jayadáman -was succeeded by his son Rudradáman who was probably the -greatest of the Western Kshatrapas. His beautiful silver coins, in -style much like those of Chashṭana, are frequently found in -Káthiáváḍa. On the obverse is his bust in -the same style of dress as Chashṭana’s and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb35" href="#pb35" name="pb35">35</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span><br> -Kshatrapa IV. Rudradáman, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 143–158.</span> round the bust is the Greek -legend incomplete and undecipherable. The reverse has the usual sun and -moon and the arched symbol with the zigzag under-line. The old -Nágarí legend fills the whole outer circle. None of -Rudradáman’s coins shows a trace of the <span class="corr" -id="xd25e5812" title="Source: Báktro-Páli">Baktro-Páli</span> legend. -The Nágarí legend reads:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञो -क्षत्रपस -जयदामपुत्रस -राज्ञो -महक्षत्रपस -रुद्रदामस.</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rájno Kshatrapasa Jayadámaputrasa<br> -Rájno Mahákshatrapasa Rudradámasa.</p> -<p>Of the king the great Kshatrapa Rudradáman son of the king -the Kshatrapa Jayadáman.</p> -</div> -<p>None of Rudradáman’s copper coins have been found. -Except Jayadáman none of the Kshatrapas seem to have stamped -their names on any but silver coins.<a class="noteref" id="n35.1src" -href="#n35.1" name="n35.1src">46</a></p> -<p>An inscription on the Girnár rock gives us more information -regarding Rudradáman than is available for any of the other -Kshatrapas. The inscription records the construction of a new dam on -the Sudarśana lake close to the inscription rock in place of a dam -built in the time of the Maurya king Chandragupta (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 300) and added to in the time of his grandson the -great <span class="corr" id="xd25e5837" title="Source: Áśoka">Aśoka</span> (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 240) which had suddenly burst in a storm. The new -dam is recorded to have been made under the orders of Suvishákha -son of Kulaipa a Pahlava by tribe, who was ‘appointed by the king -to protect the whole of Ánarta and -Suráshṭra.’ Pahlava seems to be the name of the -ancient Persians and Parthians<a class="noteref" id="n35.2src" href="#n35.2" name="n35.2src">47</a> and the name Suvishákha as Dr. -Bhau Dáji suggests may be a Sanskritised form of -Syávaxa.<a class="noteref" id="n35.3src" href="#n35.3" name="n35.3src">48</a> One of the Kárle inscriptions gives a similar -name Sovasaka apparently a corrupt Indian form of the original Persian -from which the Sanskritised Suvishákha must have been formed. -Sovasaka it will be noted is mentioned in the Kárle inscription -as an inhabitant of Abulámá, apparently the old trade -mart of Obollah at the head of the Persian Gulf. This trade connection -between the Persian Gulf and the Western Indian seaboard must have led -to the settlement from very early times of the Pahlavas who gradually -became converted to Buddhism, and, like the <span class="corr" id="xd25e5852" title="Source: Parsis">Pársis</span> their modern -enterprising representatives, seem to have advanced in trade and -political influence. Subsequently the Pahlavas attained such influence -that about the fifth century a dynasty of Pallava kings reigned in the -Dekhan, Hindu in religion and name, even tracing their origin to the -great ancient sage Bháradvája.<a class="noteref" id="n35.4src" href="#n35.4" name="n35.4src">49</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Sudarśana Lake, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 150.</span>The statement in -Rudradáman’s Sudarśana lake inscription, that -Ánarta and Suráshṭra were under his Pahlava -governor, seems to show <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb36" href="#pb36" name="pb36">36</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span><br> -Kshatrapa IV. Rudradáman, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 143–158.</span> that -Rudradáman’s capital was not in Gujarát or -Káthiáváḍa. Probably like his grandfather -Chashṭana Rudradáman held his capital at Ujjain. The -poetic eulogies of Rudradáman appear to contain a certain share -of fact. One of the epithets ‘he who himself has earned the title -Mahákshatrapa’ indicates that Rudradáman had -regained the title of Mahákshatrapa which belonged to his -grandfather Chashṭana but not to his father Jayadáman. -Another portion of the inscription claims for him the overlordship of -Ákarávanti,<a class="noteref" id="n36.1src" href="#n36.1" -name="n36.1src">50</a> Anúpa,<a class="noteref" id="n36.2src" -href="#n36.2" name="n36.2src">51</a> Ánarta, -Suráshṭra, Śvabhra,<a class="noteref" id="n36.3src" -href="#n36.3" name="n36.3src">52</a> Maru,<a class="noteref" id="n36.4src" href="#n36.4" name="n36.4src">53</a> Kachchha,<a class="noteref" id="n36.5src" href="#n36.5" name="n36.5src">54</a> -Sindhu-Sauvíra,<a class="noteref" id="n36.6src" href="#n36.6" -name="n36.6src">55</a> Kukura,<a class="noteref" id="n36.7src" href="#n36.7" name="n36.7src">56</a> Aparánta,<a class="noteref" id="n36.8src" href="#n36.8" name="n36.8src">57</a> and -Nisháda;<a class="noteref" id="n36.9src" href="#n36.9" name="n36.9src">58</a> that is roughly the country from Bhilsa in the east -to Sindh in the west and from about Ábu in the north to the -North Konkan in the south including the peninsulas of Cutch and -Káthiáváḍa. The inscription also mentions -two wars waged by Rudradáman, one with the Yaudheyas the other -with Śátakarṇi lord of Dakshinápatha. Of the -Yaudheyas the inscription says that they had become arrogant and -untractable in consequence of their having proclaimed their assumption -of the title of Heroes among all Kshatriyas. Rudradáman is -described as having exterminated them. These Yaudheyas were known as a -warlike race from the earliest times and are mentioned as warriors by -<span class="corr" id="xd25e5944" title="Source: Pánini">Páṇini</span>.<a class="noteref" -id="n36.10src" href="#n36.10" name="n36.10src">59</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Yaudheyas.</span>Like the -Málavas these Yaudheyas appear to have had a democratic -constitution. Several round copper coins of the Yaudheyas of about the -third century <span class="sc">a.d.</span> have been found in various -parts of the North-West Provinces from Mathurá to -Saháranpur. These coins <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb37" -href="#pb37" name="pb37">37</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span><br> -The <span class="corr" id="xd25e5971" title="Source: Yáudheyas">Yaudheyas</span>.</span> which are adapted -from the type of Kanishka’s coins<a class="noteref" id="n37.1src" -href="#n37.1" name="n37.1src">60</a> have on the obverse a standing -robed male figure extending the protecting right hand of mercy. On the -reverse is the figure of a standing Kártikasvámi and -round the figure the legend in Gupta characters of about the third -century:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span class="corr" id="xd25e5981" title="Source: योधैय"><span lang="sa">यौधेय</span></span> <span lang="sa">गणस्य</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn"><span class="corr" id="xd25e5993" title="Source: Yáudheya">Yaudheya</span> Gaṇasya.</p> -<p>Of the Yaudheya tribe.<a class="noteref" id="n37.2src" href="#n37.2" -name="n37.2src">61</a></p> -</div> -<p>That the Girnár inscription describes Rudradáman as -the exterminator of ‘the Yaudheyas’ and not of any king of -the Yaudheyas confirms the view that their constitution was tribal or -democratic.<a class="noteref" id="n37.3src" href="#n37.3" name="n37.3src">62</a></p> -<p>The style of the Yaudheya coins being an adaptation of the Kanishka -type and their being found from Mathurá to Saháranpur -where Kanishka ruled is a proof that the Yaudheyas wrested from the -successors of Kanishka the greater part of the North-West Provinces. -This is not to be understood to be the Yaudheyas’ first conquest -in India. They are known to be a very old tribe who after a temporary -suppression by Kanishka must have again risen to power with the decline -of Kushán rule under Kanishka’s successors Huvishka -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 100–123) or Vasudeva -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 123–150 ?) the latter of -whom was a contemporary of Rudradáman.<a class="noteref" id="n37.4src" href="#n37.4" name="n37.4src">63</a> It is probably to this -increase of Yaudheya power that Rudradáman’s inscription -refers as making them arrogant and intractable. Their forcible -extermination is not to be understood literally but in the Indian -hyperbolic fashion.</p> -<p>The remark regarding the conquest of <span class="corr" id="xd25e6049" title="Source: Śátakarni">Śátakarṇi</span> lord -of Dakshinápatha is as follows: ‘He who has obtained glory -because he did not destroy <span class="corr" id="xd25e6052" title="Source: Śátakarni">Śátakarṇi</span>, the -lord of the Dekhan, on account of there being no distance in -relationship, though he twice really conquered him.’<a class="noteref" id="n37.5src" href="#n37.5" name="n37.5src">64</a> As -<span class="corr" id="xd25e6060" title="Source: Śátakarni">Śátakarṇi</span> is a -dynastic name applied to several of the Ándhra kings, the -question arises Which of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e6063" title="Source: Śátakarnis">Śátakarṇis</span> -did <span class="corr" id="xd25e6067" title="Source: Rudrádaman">Rudradáman</span> twice defeat? Of -the two Western India kings mentioned by Ptolemy one Tiastanes with his -capital at Ozene or Ujjain<a class="noteref" id="n37.6src" href="#n37.6" name="n37.6src">65</a> has been identified with -Chashṭana; the other Siri Ptolemaios or Polemaios, with his royal -seat at Baithana or Paithan,<a class="noteref" id="n37.7src" href="#n37.7" name="n37.7src">66</a> has been identified with the -Pulumáyi Vásishṭhíputra of the Násik -cave inscriptions. These statements of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb38" href="#pb38" name="pb38">38</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span><br> -Kshatrapa IV. Rudradáman, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 143–158.</span> Ptolemy seem to imply that -Chashṭana and Pulumáyi were contemporary kings reigning at -Ujjain and Paithan. The evidence of their coins also shows that if not -contemporaries Chashṭana and Pulumáyi were not separated -by any long interval. We know from the Násik inscriptions and -the <span class="corr" id="xd25e6095" title="Source: Puránas">Puráṇas</span> that -Pulumáyi was the successor of Gautamíputra <span class="corr" id="xd25e6099" title="Source: Śátakarni">Śátakarṇi</span> and -as Gautamíputra <span class="corr" id="xd25e6102" title="Source: Śátakarni">Śátakarṇi</span> is -mentioned as the exterminator of the Kshaharáta race (and the -period of this extermination has already been shown to be almost -immediately after Nahapána’s death), there is no objection -to the view that Chashṭana, who was the next Kshatrapa after -Nahapána, and Pulumáyi, who was the successor of -Gautamíputra, were contemporaries. We have no positive evidence -to determine who was the immediate successor of Pulumáyi, but -the only king whose inscriptions are found in any number after -Pulumáyi is Gautamíputra Yajña Śrí -<span class="corr" id="xd25e6105" title="Source: Śátakarni">Śátakarṇi</span>. His -Kanheri inscription recording gifts made in his reign and his coin -found among the relics of the Sopára stúpa built also in -his reign prove that he held the North Konkan. The Sopára coin -gives the name of the father of Yajñaśrí. -Unfortunately the coin is much worn. Still the remains of the letters -constituting the name are sufficient to show they must be read -<span lang="sa">चतुरपन</span> -Chaturapana.<a class="noteref" id="n38.1src" href="#n38.1" name="n38.1src">67</a> A king named Chaturapana is mentioned in one of the -Nánághát inscriptions where like Pulumáyi -he is called Vásishṭhíputra and where the year 13 -of his reign is referred to.<a class="noteref" id="n38.2src" href="#n38.2" name="n38.2src">68</a> The letters of this inscription are -almost coeval with those in Pulumáyi’s inscriptions. The -facts that he was called Vásishṭhíputra and that he -reigned at least thirteen years make it probable that Chaturapana was -the brother and successor of Pulumáyi. -Yajñaśrí would thus be the nephew and second in -succession to Pulumáyi and the contemporary of Rudradáman -the grandson of Chashṭana, whom we have taken to be a -contemporary of Pulumáyi. A further proof of this is afforded by -Yajñaśrí’s silver coin found in the -Sopára stúpa. All other Ándhra coins hitherto -found are adapted from contemporary coins of Ujjain and the Central -Provinces, the latter probably of the Śungas. But -Gautamíputra Yajñaśrí <span class="corr" id="xd25e6128" title="Source: Śátakarni’s">Śátakarṇi’s</span> -Sopára coin is the first silver coin struck on the type of -Kshatrapa coins; it is in fact a clear adaptation of the type of the -coins of Rudradáman himself which proves that the two kings were -contemporaries and rivals. An idea of the ‘not distant -relationship’ between Rudradáman and -Yajñaśrí <span class="corr" id="xd25e6131" title="Source: Śátakarni">Śátakarṇi</span> -mentioned in <span class="corr" id="xd25e6134" title="Source: Rudrádaman’s">Rudradáman’s</span> -Girnár inscription, may be formed from a Kanheri inscription -recording a gift by a minister named Satoraka which mentions that the -queen of Vásishṭhíputra <span class="corr" id="xd25e6137" title="Source: Śátakarni">Śátakarṇi</span> was -born in the Kárdamaka dynasty and was connected apparently on -the maternal side with a Mahákshatrapa whose name is lost. If -the proper name of the lost Vásishṭhíputra be -Chaturapana, his son Yajñaśrí <span class="corr" id="xd25e6140" title="Source: Śátakarni">Śátakarṇi</span> -would, through his mother being a Mahákshatrapa’s -granddaughter, be a relative of Rudradáman.</p> -<p>Rudradáman’s other epithets seem to belong to the usual -stock of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb39" href="#pb39" name="pb39">39</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span><br> -Kshatrapa IV. Rudradáman, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 143–158.</span> Indian court epithets. He -is said ‘to have gained great fame by studying to the end, by -remembering understanding and applying the great sciences such as -grammar, polity, music, and logic’. Another epithet describes him -as having ‘obtained numerous garlands at the Svayamvaras of -kings’ daughters,’ apparently meaning that he was chosen as -husband by princesses at several <i>svayamvaras</i> or choice-marriages -a practice which seems to have been still in vogue in -Rudradáman’s time. As a test of the civilized character of -his rule it may be noted that he is described as ‘he who took, -and kept to the end of his life, the vow to stop killing men except in -battle.’ Another epithet tells us that the embankment was built -and the lake reconstructed by ‘expending a great amount of money -from his own treasury, without oppressing the people of the town and of -the province by (exacting) taxes, forced labour, acts of affection -(benevolences) and the like.’</p> -<p>As the Kshatrapa year 60 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 138) has -been taken to be the date of close of Chashṭana’s reign, -and as five years may be allowed for the short reign<a class="noteref" -id="n39.1src" href="#n39.1" name="n39.1src">69</a> of Jayadáman, -the beginning of the reign of Rudradáman may be supposed to have -been about the year 65 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 143). This -Girnár inscription gives 72 as the year in which -Rudradáman was then reigning and it is fair to suppose that he -reigned probably up to 80. The conclusion is that Rudradáman -ruled from <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 143 to 158.<a class="noteref" id="n39.2src" href="#n39.2" name="n39.2src">70</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kshatrapa V. Dámázaḍa -or <span class="corr" id="xd25e6202" title="Source: Dámájaḍaśri">Dámájaḍaśrí</span>, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 158–168.</span>Rudradáman was -succeeded by his son Dámázaḍa or -Dámájaḍaśrí regarding whom all the -information available is obtained from six coins obtained by Dr. -Bhagvánlál.<a class="noteref" id="n39.3src" href="#n39.3" -name="n39.3src">71</a> The workmanship of all six coins is good, after -the type of Rudradáman’s coins. On the obverse is a bust -in the same style as Rudradáman’s and round the bust is an -illegible Greek legend. Like Rudradáman’s coins these have -no dates, a proof of their antiquity, as all later Kshatrapa coins have -dates in Nágarí numerals. The reverse has the usual sun -and moon and between them the arched symbol with the zigzag under-line. -Around them in three specimens is the following legend in old -Nágarí:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -रुद्रदामपुत्रस</span><a class="noteref" -id="n39.4src" href="#n39.4" name="n39.4src">72</a> <span lang="sa">राज्ञः -क्षत्रपस -दामाय्सडस</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Rudradámaputrasa Rájñaḥ Kshatrapasa -Dámáysaḍasa.</p> -<p>Of the king the Kshatrapa Dámázaḍa<a class="noteref" id="n39.5src" href="#n39.5" name="n39.5src">73</a> son of the -king the Kshatrapa Rudradáman.<a id="xd25e6254" name="xd25e6254"></a></p> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb40" href="#pb40" name="pb40">40</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span><br> -Kshatrapa V. Dámázaḍa or -Dámájaḍaśrí, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 158–168.</span> The legend on the other -three is:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -रुद्रदाम्नः -पुत्रस -राज्ञः -क्षत्रपस -दामाजडश्रियः</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Rudradámnaḥputrasa Rájñaḥ Kshatrapasa -Dámájaḍaśriyaḥ.</p> -<p>Of the king the Kshatrapa -Dámájaḍaśrí son of the king the great -Kshatrapa Rudradáma.</p> -</div> -<p>Dámázaḍa and -Dámájaḍaśrí seem to be two forms of the -same name, Dámázaḍa with <span lang="sa">य्स</span> for <span class="trans" title="Z"><span class="Greek" lang="grc">Ζ</span></span> being the name -first struck, and Dámájaḍaśrí, with the -ordinary <span lang="sa">ज</span> for <span class="trans" title="Z"><span class="Greek" lang="grc">Ζ</span></span>, and with -<span class="corr" id="xd25e6310" title="Source: Srí">Śrí</span> added to adorn the name and -make it more euphonic, being the later form. It will be noted that, -except by his son Jivadáman, Dámázaḍa or -Dámájaḍaśrí is not called a -Mahákshatrapa but simply a Kshatrapa. His coins are very rare. -The six mentioned are the only specimens known and are all from one -find. He may therefore be supposed to have reigned as heir-apparent -during the life-time of Rudradáman, or it is possible that he -may have suffered loss of territory and power. His reign seems to have -been short and may have terminated about 90 that is <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 168 or a little later.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kshatrapa VI. Jivadáman, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 178.</span>Dámázaḍa -or Dámájaḍaśrí was succeeded by his son -Jivadáman. All available information regarding Jivadáman -is from four rare coins obtained by Pandit <span class="corr" id="xd25e6324" title="Source: Bhagvánlal">Bhagvánlál</span>, which for -purposes of description, he has named A, B, C, and D.<a class="noteref" -id="n40.1src" href="#n40.1" name="n40.1src">74</a> Coin A bears date -100 in Nágarí numerals, the earliest date found on -Kshatrapa coins. On the obverse is a bust in the usual Kshatrapa style -with a plump young face of good workmanship. Round the bust is first -the date 100 in Nágarí numerals and after the date the -Greek legend in letters which though clear cannot be made out. In these -and in all later Kshatrapa coins merely the form of the Greek legend -remains; the letters are imitations of Greek by men who could not read -the original. On the reverse is the usual arched symbol between the sun -and the moon, the sun being twelve-rayed as in the older Kshatrapa -coins. Within the dotted circle in the margin is the following legend -in old Nágarí:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -दामाश्रियः -पुत्रस -राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -जीवदाम्नः</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Dámaśriyaḥputrasa Rájño -Mahákshatrapasa Jivadámnaḥ.</p> -<p>Of the king the Kshatrapa Jivadáman son of the king the great -Kshatrapa Dámaśrí.</p> -</div> -<p>Coin B has the bust on the obverse with a face apparently older than -the face in A. Unfortunately the die has slipped and the date has not -been struck. Most of the Greek legend is very clear but as in coin A -the result is meaningless<span class="corr" id="xd25e6351" title="Not in source">.</span> The letters are <span class="sc">K I U I U Z K -N S Y L</span> perhaps meant for Kuzulka. On the reverse are the usual -three symbols, except <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb41" href="#pb41" -name="pb41">41</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span><br> -Kshatrapa VI. Jivadáman, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 178.</span> that the sun has seven instead of -twelve rays. The legend is:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -दामजडस -पुत्रस -राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -जीवदमस</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Dámajaḍasaputrasa Rájño -Mahákshatrapasa Jivadámasa.</p> -<p>Of the king the great Kshatrapa Jivadáman son of the king the -great Kshatrapa Dámajaḍa.</p> -</div> -<p>Coin C though struck from a different die is closely like B both on -the obverse and the reverse. Neither the Greek legend nor the date is -clear, though enough remains of the lower parts of the numerals to -suggest the date 118. Coin D is in obverse closely like C. The date 118 -is clear. On the reverse the legend and the symbols have been twice -struck. The same legend occurs twice, the second striking having -obliterated the last letters of the legend which contained the name of -the king whose coin it is:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -दामजडस -पुत्रस</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Dámajaḍasaputrasa.</p> -<p>Of the son of the king the great Kshatrapa -Dámájaḍa.</p> -</div> -<p>In these four specimens Dámaśrí or -Dámájaḍa is styled Mahákshatrapa, while in -his own coins he is simply called Kshatrapa. The explanation perhaps is -that the known coins of Dámaśrí or -Dámajaḍa belong to the early part of his reign when he was -subordinate to his father, and that he afterwards gained the title of -Mahákshatrapa. Some such explanation is necessary as the -distinction between the titles Kshatrapa and Mahákshatrapa is -always carefully preserved in the earlier Kshatrapa coins. Except -towards the close of the dynasty no ruler called Kshatrapa on his own -coins is ever styled Mahákshatrapa on the coins of his son -unless the father gained the more important title during his -lifetime.</p> -<p>The dates and the difference in the style of die used in coining A -and in coining B, C, and D are worth noting as the earliest coin has -the date 100 and C and D the third and fourth coins have 118. If -Jivadáman’s reign lasted eighteen years his coins would be -common instead of very rare. But we find between 102 and 118 numerous -coins of Rudrasiṃha son of Rudradáman and paternal uncle -of Jivadáman. These facts and the difference between the style -of A and the style of B, C, and D which are apparently imitated from -the coins of Rudrasiṃha and have a face much older than the face -in A, tend to show that soon after his accession Jivadáman was -deposed by his uncle Rudrasiṃha, on whose death or defeat in 118, -Jivadáman again rose to power.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kshatrapa VII. Rudrasiṃha I. -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 181–196.</span>Rudrasiṃha -the seventh Kshatrapa was the brother of -Dámajaḍaśrí. Large numbers of his coins have -been found. Of thirty obtained by Dr. -Bhagvánlál<span class="corr" id="xd25e6409" title="Not in source">,</span> twenty have the following clearly cut dates: -103, 106, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, and 118. As the -earliest year is 103 and the latest 118 it is probable that -Rudrasiṃha deposed his nephew Jivadáman shortly after -Jivadáman’s accession. Rudrasiṃha appears to have -ruled fifteen years when power again passed to his nephew -Jivadáman. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb42" href="#pb42" -name="pb42">42</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span><br> -Kshatrapa VII. Rudrasiṃha I. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 181–196.</span></p> -<p>The coins of Rudrasiṃha are of a beautiful type of good -workmanship and with clear legends. The legend in old -Nágarí character reads:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -रुद्रदामपुत्रस -राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -रुद्रसिंहस</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Rudradámaputrasa Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Rudrasiṃhasa.</p> -<p>Of the king the great Kshatrapa Rudrasiṃha son of the king the -great Kshatrapa Rudradáma.</p> -</div> -<p>Rudrasiṃha had also a copper coinage of which specimens are -recorded from Málwa but not from -Káthiáváḍa. Pandit Bhagvánlál -had one specimen from Ujjain which has a bull on the obverse with the -Greek legend round it and the date 117. The reverse seems to have held -the entire legend of which only five letters <span lang="sa">रुद्रसिंहस</span> -(Rudrasiṃhasa) remain. This coin has been spoilt in cleaning.</p> -<p>To Rudrasiṃha’s reign belongs the Gunda inscription -carved on a stone found at the bottom of an unused well in the village -of Gunda in <span class="corr" id="xd25e6450" title="Source: Halár">Hálár</span> in North -Káthiáváḍa.<a class="noteref" id="n42.1src" -href="#n42.1" name="n42.1src">75</a> It is in six well preserved lines -of old Nágarí letters of the Kshatrapa type. The writing -records the digging and building of a well for public use on the -borders of a village named Rasopadra by the commander-in-chief -Rudrabhúti an Ábhíra son of Senápati -Bápaka. The date is given both in words and in numerals as 103, -‘in the year’ of the king the Kshatrapa Svámi -Rudrasiṃha, apparently meaning in the year 103 during the reign -of Rudrasiṃha. The genealogy given in the inscription is: 1 -Chashṭana; 2 Jayadáman; 3 Rudradáman; 4 -Rudrasiṃha, the order of succession being clearly defined by the -text, which says that the fourth was the great grandson of the first, -the grandson of the second, and the son of the third. It will be noted -that Dámájaḍaśrí and <span class="corr" -id="xd25e6468" title="Source: Jívadámán">Jivadáman</span> the -fifth and sixth Kshatrapas have been passed over in this genealogy -probably because the inscription did not intend to give a complete -genealogy but only to show the descent of Rudrasiṃha in the -direct line.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kshatrapa VIII. Rudrasena, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 203–220.</span>The eighth Kshatrapa was -Rudrasena, son of Rudrasiṃha, as is clearly mentioned in the -legends on his coins. His coins like his father’s are found in -large numbers. Of forty in Dr. Bhagvánlál’s -collection twenty-seven bear the following eleven<a class="noteref" id="n42.2src" href="#n42.2" name="n42.2src">76</a> dates, 125, 130, 131, -132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 140, 142. The coins are of the usual -Kshatrapa type closely like <span class="corr" id="xd25e6481" title="Source: Rudrasimha’s">Rudrasiṃha’s</span> coins. The -Nágarí legend reads:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञो -महाक्षत्त्रपस -रुद्रसिंहस -पुत्रस -राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -रुद्रसेनस</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Rudrasiṃhasa putrasa Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Rudrasenasa.</p> -<p>Of the king the great Kshatrapa Rudrasena son of the king the great -Kshatrapa Rudrasiṃha.</p> -</div> -<p>Two copper coins square and smaller than the copper coins of -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb43" href="#pb43" name="pb43">43</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span><br> -Kshatrapa VIII. Rudrasena, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 203–220.</span> Rudrasiṃha have been -found in Ujjain<a class="noteref" id="n43.1src" href="#n43.1" name="n43.1src">77</a> though none are recorded from <span class="corr" id="xd25e6521" title="Source: Káthiáváda">Káthiáváḍa</span>. -On their obverse these copper coins have a facing bull and on the back -the usual symbols and below them the year 140, but no legend. Their -date and their Kshatrapa style show that they are coins of -Rudrasena.</p> -<p>Besides coins two inscriptions one at Muliyásar the other at -Jasdan give information regarding Rudrasena. The Muliyásar -inscription, now in the library at Dwárka ten miles south-west -of Muliyásar, records the erection of an upright slab by the -sons of one Vánijaka. This inscription bears date 122, the fifth -of the dark half of Vaishákha in the year 122 during the reign -of Rudrasiṃha.<a class="noteref" id="n43.2src" href="#n43.2" -name="n43.2src">78</a> The Jasdan inscription, on a stone about five -miles from Jasdan, belongs to the reign of this Kshatrapa. It is in six -lines of old Kshatrapa Nágarí characters shallow and dim -with occasional engraver’s mistakes, but on the whole -well-preserved. The writing records the building of a pond by several -brothers (names not given) of the Mánasasa <i>gotra</i> sons of -Pranáthaka and grandsons of Khara. The date is the 5th of the -dark half of Bhádrapada ‘in the year’ 126.<a class="noteref" id="n43.3src" href="#n43.3" name="n43.3src">79</a> The -genealogy is in the following order:</p> -<ul> -<li>Mahákshatrapa Chashṭana.</li> -<li>Kshatrapa Jayadáman.</li> -<li>Mahákshatrapa Rudradáman.</li> -<li>Mahákshatrapa Rudrasiṃha.</li> -<li>Mahákshatrapa Rudrasena.</li> -</ul> -<p>Each of them is called Svámi Lord and Bhadramukha -Luckyfaced.<a class="noteref" id="n43.4src" href="#n43.4" name="n43.4src">80</a> As Rudrasena’s reign began at least as early as -122, the second reign of Jivadáman is narrowed to four years or -even less. As the latest date is 142 Rudrasena’s reign must have -lasted about twenty years.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kshatrapa IX. Pṛithivísena -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 222.</span>After Rudrasena the next -evidence on record is a coin of his son Pṛithivísena found -near Amreli. Its workmanship is the same as that of Rudrasena’s -coins. It is dated 144 that is two years later than the last date on -Rudrasena’s coins. The legend runs:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -रुद्रसेनस -पुत्रस -राज्ञः -क्षत्रपस -पृथिवीसेनस</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Rudrasenasa putrasa Rájñaḥ Kshatrapasa -Pṛithivísenasa.</p> -<p>Of the king the Kshatrapa Pṛithivísena son of the king -the great Kshatrapa Rudrasena.</p> -</div> -<p>As this is the only known specimen of <span class="corr" id="xd25e6580" title="Source: Prithivísena’s">Pṛithivísena’s</span> -coinage; as the earliest coin of Pṛithivísena’s -uncle the tenth Kshatrapa Saṅghadáman is dated 144; and -also as Pṛithivísena is called only Kshatrapa he seems to -have reigned for a short time perhaps as Kshatrapa of <span class="corr" id="xd25e6583" title="Source: Suráshtra">Suráshṭra</span> or -<span class="corr" id="xd25e6586" title="Source: Káthiáváda">Káthiáváḍa</span> -and to have been ousted by his uncle Saṅghadáman.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kshatrapa X. Saṅghadáman, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 222–226.</span>Rudrasena was -succeeded by his brother the Mahákshatrapa -Saṅghadáman. His coins are very rare. Only two specimens -have been <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb44" href="#pb44" name="pb44">44</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span><br> -Kshatrapa X. Saṅghadáman, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 222–226.</span> obtained, of which one was -in the Pandit’s collection the other in the collection of Mr. -Vajeshankar Gavrishankar.<a class="noteref" id="n44.1src" href="#n44.1" -name="n44.1src">81</a> They are dated 145 and 144. The legend in both -reads:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -रुद्रसिंहस -पुत्रस -राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -सण्घदाम्न -[ः]</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Rudrasiṃhasa putrasa Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Saṅghadámna.</p> -<p>Of the king the great Kshatrapa Saṅghadáman son of the -king the great Kshatrapa Rudrasiṃha.</p> -</div> -<p>These two coins seem to belong to the beginning of -Saṅghadáman’s reign. As the earliest coins of his -successor Dámasena are dated 148 -Saṅghadáman’s reign seems not to have lasted over -four years.<a class="noteref" id="n44.2src" href="#n44.2" name="n44.2src">82</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb45" href="#pb45" -name="pb45">45</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span><br> -Kshatrapa XI. Dámasena, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 226–236.</span></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kshatrapa XI. Dámasena, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 226–236.</span>Saṅghadáman was -succeeded by his brother Dámasena, whose coins are fairly -common, of good workmanship, and clear lettering. Of twenty-three -specimens eleven have the following dates: 148, 150, 153, 155, 156, -157, 158. The legend runs:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -रुद्रसिंहस -पुत्रस -राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -दामसेनस.</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Rudrasiṃhasa putrasa Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Dámasenasa.</p> -<p>Of the king the great Kshatrapa Dámasena son of the king the -great Kshatrapa Rudrasiṃha.</p> -</div> -<p>Dámasena seems to have reigned ten years (148–158) as -coins of his son Víradáman are found dated 158.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kshatrapa XII. <span class="corr" id="xd25e6776" title="Source: Dámájadaśri">Dámájaḍaśrí</span> -II. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 236.</span>Dámájaḍaśrí -the twelfth Kshatrapa is styled son of Rudrasena probably the eighth -Kshatrapa. Dámájaḍaśrí’s coins -are rare.<a class="noteref" id="n45.1src" href="#n45.1" name="n45.1src">83</a> The legend runs:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -रुद्रसेनपुत्रस -रज्ञःक्षत्रपस -दामाजडश्रियः</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Rudrasenaputrasa Rajñaḥ Kshatrapas -Dámájaḍaśriyaḥ.</p> -<p>Of the king the Kshatrapa -Dámájaḍaśrí son of the king the great -Kshatrapa Rudrasena.</p> -</div> -<p>Five specimens, the only specimens on record, are dated -154.<a class="noteref" id="n45.2src" href="#n45.2" name="n45.2src">84</a> As 154 falls in the reign of Dámasena it seems -probable that Dámájaḍaśrí was either a -minor or a viceroy or perhaps a ruler claiming independence, as about -this time the authority of the main dynasty seems to have been much -disputed. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb46" href="#pb46" name="pb46">46</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span></span></p> -<p>After Dámasena we find coins of three of his sons -Víradáman Yaśadáman and Vijayasena. -Víradáman’s coins are dated 158 and 163, -Yaśadáman’s 160 and 161, and Vijayasena’s -earliest 160. Of the three brothers Víradáman who is -styled simply Kshatrapa probably held only a part of his father’s -dominions. The second brother Yaśadáman, who at first was a -simple Kshatrapa, in 161 claims to be Mahákshatrapa. The third -brother Vijayasena, who as early as 160, is styled -Mahákshatrapa, probably defeated Yaśadáman and -secured the supreme rule.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kshatrapa XIII. Víradáman, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 236–238.</span>Víradáman’s -coins are fairly common. Of twenty-six in Pandit -Bhagvánlál’s collection, nineteen were found with a -large number of his brother Vijayasena’s coins. The legend -reads:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -दामसेनस -पुत्रस -राज्ञो -क्षत्रपस -वीरदाम्नः</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Dámasenasa putrasa Rájñaḥ Kshatrapasa -Víradámnaḥ.</p> -<p>Of the king the Kshatrapa Víradáman son of the king -the great Kshatrapa Dámasena.</p> -</div> -<p>Of the twenty-six ten are clearly dated, six with 158 and four with -160.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kshatrapa XIV. Yaśadáman, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 239.</span>Yaśadáman’s coins -are rare. Pandit Bhagvánlál’s collection contained -seven.<a class="noteref" id="n46.1src" href="#n46.1" name="n46.1src">85</a> The bust on the obverse is a good imitation of the -bust on his father’s coins. Still it is of inferior workmanship, -and starts the practice which later Kshatrapas continued of copying -their predecessor’s image. On only two of the seven specimens are -the dates clear, 160 and 161. The legend on the coin dated 160 is:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -दामसेनस -पुत्रस -राज्ञः -क्षत्रपस -यशदाम्नः</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Dámasenasa putrasa Rájñaḥ Kshatrapasa -Yaśadámnaḥ.</p> -<p>Of the king the great Kshatrapa Yaśadáman son of the -king the great Kshatrapa Dámasena.</p> -</div> -<p>On the coin dated 161 the legend runs:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञो -महक्षत्रपस -दामसेनस -पुत्रस -राज्ञो -महाक्स्हत्रपस -यशदाम्नः</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Dámasenasa putrasa Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Yaśadámnaḥ.</p> -<p>Of the king the great Kshatrapa Yaśadáman son of the -king the great Kshatrapa Dámasena.</p> -</div> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kshatrapa XV. Vijayasena, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 238–249.</span>Vijayasena’s coins are -common. As many as 167 were in the Pandit’s collection. Almost -all are of good workmanship, well preserved, and clearly lettered. On -fifty-four of them the following dates can be clearly read, 160, 161, -162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 170, and 171. This would give -Vijayasena a reign of at least eleven years from 160 to 171 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 238–249). The legend -reads:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -दामसेनपुत्रस -राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -विजयसेनस</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Dámasenaputrasa Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Vijayasenasa.</p> -<p>Of the king the great Kshatrapa Vijayasena son of the king the great -Kshatrapa Dámasena.</p> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb47" href="#pb47" name="pb47">47</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span><br> -Kshatrapa XVI. Dámájaḍaśrí, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 250–255.</span></p> -<p>In two good specimens of Vijayasena’s coins with traces of the -date 166 he is styled Kshatrapa. This the Pandit could not -explain.<a class="noteref" id="n47.1src" href="#n47.1" name="n47.1src">86</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kshatrapa XVI. -Dámájaḍaśrí, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 250–255.</span>Vijayasena was succeeded by -his brother Dámájaḍaśrí III. called -Mahákshatrapa on his coins. His coins which are comparatively -uncommon are inferior in workmanship to the coins of Vijayasena. Of -seven in the Pandit’s collection three are dated 174, 175, and -176.</p> -<p>After Dámájaḍaśrí come coins of -Rudrasena II. son of Víradáman, the earliest of them -bearing date 178. As the latest coins of Vijayasena are dated 171, 173 -may be taken as the year of <span class="corr" id="xd25e6923" title="Source: Dámájaḍasrí’s">Dámájaḍaśrí’s</span> -succession. The end of his reign falls between 176 and 178, its -probable length is about five years. The legend on his coins reads:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -दामसेनपुत्रस -राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -दामाजडश्रियः</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Dámasenaputrasa Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Dádmájaḍaśriyaḥ.</p> -<p>Of the king the great Kshatrapa -Dámájaḍaśrí son of the king the great -Kshatrapa Dámasena.</p> -</div> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kshatrapa XVII. Rudrasena II. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 256–272.</span><span class="corr" id="xd25e6942" title="Source: Dámájaḍasrí">Dámájaḍaśrí</span> -III. was succeeded by Rudrasena II. son of <span class="corr" id="xd25e6945" title="Source: Dámájaḍasrí’s">Dámájaḍaśrí’s</span> -brother Víradáman the thirteenth Kshatrapa. Rudrasena -II.’s coins like Vijayasena’s are found in great abundance. -They are of inferior workmanship and inferior silver. Of eighty-four in -Dr. <span class="corr" id="xd25e6948" title="Source: Bhagavánlál’s">Bhagvánlál’s</span> -collection eleven bore the following clear dates: 178, 180, 183, 185, -186, 188, and 190. The earliest of 178 probably belongs to the -beginning of Rudrasena’s reign as the date 176 occurs on the -latest coins of his predecessor. The earliest coins of his son and -successor Viśvasiṃha are dated 198. As -Viśvasiṃha’s coins are of bad workmanship with -doubtful legend and date we may take the end of Rudrasena II.’s -reign to be somewhere between 190 and 198 or about 194. This date would -give Rudrasena a reign of about sixteen years, a length of rule -supported by the large number of his coins. The legend reads:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञो -क्षत्रपस -वीरदामपुत्रस -राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -रुद्रसेनस</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rájño Kshatrapasa -Víradámaputrasa Rájño -Mahákshatrapasa Rudrasenasa.</p> -<p>Of the king the great Kshatrapa Rudrasena son of the king the -Kshatrapa Víradáma.</p> -</div> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kshatrapa XVIII. Viśvasiṃha, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 272–278.</span>Rudrasena was -succeeded by his son Viśvasiṃha. In style and abundance -Viśvasiṃha’s coins are on a par with his -father’s. They are carelessly struck with a bad die and in most -the legend is faulty often omitting the date. Of fifty-six in the -Pandit’s collection only four bear legible dates, one with 198, -two with 200, and one with 201. The date 201 must be of the end of -Viśvasiṃha’s reign as a coin of his brother -Bharttṛidáman is dated 200. It may therefore be held that -Viśvasiṃha reigned for the six years ending 200 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 272–278). The legend -reads:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -रुद्रसेनपुत्रस -राज्ञः -क्षत्रपस -विश्वसिंहस.</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Rudrasenaputrasa Rájñaḥ Kshatrapasa -Viśvasiṃhasa.</p> -<p>Of the king the Kshatrapa Viśvasiṃha son of the king the -great Kshatrapa Rudrasena.</p> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb48" href="#pb48" name="pb48">48</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span></span></p> -<p>It is not known whether Viśvasiṃha’s loss of title -was due to his being subordinate to some overlord, or whether during -his reign the Kshatrapas suffered defeat and loss of territory. The -probable explanation seems to be that he began his reign in a -subordinate position and afterwards rose to supreme rule.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kshatrapa XIX. Bharttṛidáman, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 278–294.</span>Viśvasiṃha was -succeeded by his brother Bharttṛidáman.<a class="noteref" -id="n48.1src" href="#n48.1" name="n48.1src">87</a> His coins which are -found in large numbers are in style and workmanship inferior even to -Viśvasiṃha’s coins. Of forty-five in the -Pandit’s collection seven bear the dates 202, 207, 210, 211, and -214. As the earliest coin of his successor is dated 218, -Bharttṛidáman’s reign seems to have lasted about -fourteen years from 202 to 216 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 278–294). Most of the coin legends style -Bharttṛidáman Mahákshatrapa though in a few he is -simply styled Kshatrapa. This would seem to show that like his brother -Viśvasiṃha he began as a Kshatrapa and afterwards gained the -rank and power of Mahákshatrapa.</p> -<p>In Bharttṛidáman’s earlier coins the legend -reads:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -रुद्रसेनपुत्रस -राज्ञः -क्षत्रपस -भर्तृदाम्नः</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rajño Mahákshatrapasa Rudrasenaputrasa -Rajñaḥ Kshatrapasa Bhartṛidámnaḥ.</p> -<p>Of the king the Kshatrapa Bharttṛidáman son of the king -the great Kshatrapa Rudrasena.</p> -</div> -<p>In the later coins the legend is the same except that <span lang="sa">महाक्षत्रपस</span> -the great Kshatrapa takes the place of <span lang="sa">क्षत्रपस</span> -the Kshatrapa.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kshatrapa XX. Viśvasena, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 294–300.</span>Bharttṛidáman -was succeeded by his son Viśvasena the twentieth Kshatrapa. His -coins are fairly common, and of bad workmanship, the legend imperfect -and carelessly struck, the obverse rarely dated. Of twenty-five in Dr. -Bhagvánlál’s collection, only three bear doubtful -dates one 218 and two 222. The legend reads:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -भर्तृदामपुत्रस -राज्ञः -क्षत्रपस -विश्वसेनस,</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Bhartṛidáma putrasa Rájñaḥ Kshatrapasa -Viśvasenasa.</p> -<p>Of the king the Kshatrapa Viśvasena son of the king the -Mahákshatrapa Bharttṛidáman.</p> -</div> -<p>It would seem from the lower title of Kshatrapa which we find given -to Viśvasena and to most of the later Kshatrapas that from about -220 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 298) the Kshatrapa dominion lost -its importance.</p> -<p>A hoard of coins found in 1861 near Karád on the <span class="corr" id="xd25e7053" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span>, thirty-one miles south of -Sátára, suggests<a class="noteref" id="n48.2src" href="#n48.2" name="n48.2src">88</a> that the Kshatrapas retained the North -Konkan and held a considerable share of the West Dakhan down to the -time of Viśvasena (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 300). The -hoard includes coins of the six following rulers: Vijayasena -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 238–249), his brother -Dámájaḍaśrí III. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 251–255), Rudrasena II. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 256–272) son of Víradáman, -Viśvasiṃha (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 272–278) -son of Rudrasena, Bharttṛidáman (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 278–294) son of Rudrasena II., and -Viśvasena (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 296–300) son of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e7083" title="Source: Bharttiṛdáman">Bharttṛidáman</span>. -It may be argued that this Karád hoard is of no historical value -being the chance importation of some Gujarát pilgrim to the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e7086" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span>. The following -considerations favour the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb49" href="#pb49" name="pb49">49</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span><br> -Kshatrapa XX. Viśvasena, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 294–300.</span> view that the contents of -the hoard furnish evidence of the local rule of the kings whose coins -have been found at Karád. The date (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 238–249) of Vijayasena, the earliest king -of the hoard, agrees well with the spread of Gujarát power in -the Dakhan as it follows the overthrow both of the west (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 180–200) and of the east (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 220) <span class="corr" id="xd25e7118" title="Source: Śáṭakarnis">Śátakarṇis</span>, -while it precedes the establishment of any later west Dakhan dynasty: -(2) All the kings whose coins occur in the hoard were -Mahákshatrapas and from the details in the Periplus -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 247), the earliest, Vijayasena, must -have been a ruler of special wealth and power: (3) That the coins cease -with Viśvasena (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 296–300) -is in accord with the fact that Viśvasena was the last of the -direct line of Chashṭana, and that with or before the close of -Viśvasena’s reign the power of the Gujarát Kshatrapas -declined. The presumption that Kshatrapa power was at its height during -the reigns of the kings whose coins have been found at Karád is -strengthened by the discovery at Amrávati in the <span class="corr" id="xd25e7128" title="Source: Berars">Berárs</span> of a -hoard of coins of the Mahákshatrapa Rudrasena (II. ?) -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 256–272) son of the -Mahákshatrapa -Dámájaḍaśrí.<a class="noteref" id="n49.1src" href="#n49.1" name="n49.1src">89</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kshatrapa XXI. Rudrasiṃha, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 308–311.</span>Whether the end -of Chashṭana’s direct line was due to their conquest by -some other dynasty or to the failure of heirs is doubtful. Whatever may -have been the cause, after an interval of about seven years -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 300–308) an entirely new king -appears, Rudrasiṃha son of Jívadáman. As -Rudrasiṃha’s father Jívadáman is simply -called Svámi he may have been some high officer under the -Kshatrapa dynasty. That Rudrasiṃha is called a Kshatrapa may show -that part of the Kshatrapa dominion which had been lost during the -reign of Viśvasena was given to some distant member or scion of -the Kshatrapa dynasty of the name of Rudrasiṃha. The occurrence -of political changes is further shown by the fact that the coins of -Rudrasiṃha are of a better type than those of the preceding -Kshatrapas. Rudrasiṃha’s coins are fairly common. Of twelve -in Dr. Bhagvánlál’s collection five are clearly -dated, three 230, one 231, and one 240. This leaves a blank of seven -years between the last date of Viśvasena and the earliest date of -Rudrasiṃha. The legend reads:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">स्वामिजीवदामपुत्रस -राज्ञः -क्षत्रपस -रुद्रसिंहस</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Svámi Jívadáma putrasa -Rajñaḥ Kshatrapasa Rudrasiṃhasa.</p> -<p>Of the king the Kshatrapa Rudrasiṃha son of Svámi -Jívadáman.</p> -</div> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kshatrapa XXII. Yaśadáman, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 320.</span>Rudrasiṃha was -succeeded by his son Yaśadáman whose coins are rather rare. -Of three in Dr. Bhagvánlál’s collection two are -dated 239, apparently the first year of Yaśadáman’s -reign as his father’s latest coins are dated 240. Like his father -Yaśadáman is simply called Kshatrapa. The legend reads:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञः -क्षत्रपस -रुद्रसिंहपुत्रस -राज्ञः -क्षत्रपस -यशदाम्नः</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rájñaḥ Kshatrapasa -Rudrasiṃhaputrasa Rájñaḥ Kshatrapasa -Yaśadámnaḥ.</p> -<p>Of the king the Kshatrapa <span class="corr" id="xd25e7174" title="Source: Yasadáman">Yaśadáman</span> son of the king -the Kshatrapa Rudrasiṃha.</p> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb50" href="#pb50" name="pb50">50</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span><br> -Kshatrapa XXIII. Dámasiri, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 320.</span></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kshatrapa XXIII. <span class="corr" id="xd25e7199" title="Source: Damasiri">Dámasiri</span>, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 320.</span>The coins found next after -Yaśadáman’s are those of Dámasiri who was -probably the brother of Yaśadáman as he is mentioned as the -son of Rudrasiṃha. The date though not very clear is apparently -242. Only one coin of Dámasiri’s is recorded. In the style -of face and in the form of letters it differs from the coins of -Yaśadáman, with which except for the date and the identity -of the father’s name any close connection would seem doubtful. -The legend on the coin of Dámasiri reads:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -रुद्रसिंहस -पुत्रस -राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -दामसिरिस.</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Rudrasiṃhasaputrasa Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Dámasirisa.</p> -<p>Of the king the great Kshatrapa Dámasiri son of the king the -great Kshatrapa Rudrasiṃha.</p> -</div> -<p>It will be noted that in this coin both Rudrasiṃha and -Dámasiri are called great Kshatrapas, while in his own coin and -in the coins of his son Yaśadáman, Rudrasiṃha is -simply styled Kshatrapa. It is possible that Dámasiri may have -been more powerful than Yaśadáman and consequently taken to -himself the title of Mahákshatrapa. The application of the more -important title to a father who in life had not enjoyed the title is -not an uncommon practice among the later Kshatrapas. The rarity of -Dámasiri’s coins shows that his reign was short.</p> -<p>After Dámasiri comes a blank of about thirty years. The next -coin is dated 270. The fact that, contrary to what might have been -expected, the coins of the later Kshatrapas are less common than those -of the earlier Kshatrapas, seems to point to some great political -change during the twenty-seven years ending 270 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 321–348).</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kshatrapa XXIV. Rudrasena, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 348–376.</span>The coin dated 270 belongs -to Svámi Rudrasena son of Svámi Rudradáman both of -whom the legend styles Mahákshatrapas. The type of the coin -dated 270 is clearly adapted from the type of the coins of -Yaśadáman. Only two of Rudrasena’s coins dated 270 -are recorded. But later coins of the same Kshatrapa of a different -style are found in large numbers. Of fifty-four in the Pandit’s -collection, twelve have the following dates 288, 290, 292, 293, 294, -296, and 298. The difference in the style of the two sets of coins and -the blank between 270 and 288 leave no doubt that during those years -some political change took place. Probably Rudrasena was for a time -overthrown but again came to power in 288 and maintained his position -till 298. Besides calling both himself and his father -Mahákshatrapas Rudrasena adds to both the attribute -Svámi. As no coin of Rudrasena’s father is recorded it -seems probable the father was not an independent ruler and that the -legend on Rudrasena’s coins is a further instance of a son -ennobling his father. The legend is the same both in the earlier coins -of 270 and in the later coins ranging from 288 to 298. It reads:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -स्वामिरुद्रदामपुत्रस -राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -स्वामिरुद्रसेनस.</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Svámi Rudradámaputrasa <span class="corr" id="xd25e7237" -title="Source: Rajño">Rájño</span> -Mahákshatrapasa Svámi Rudrasenasa.</p> -<p>Of the king the great Kshatrapa Svámi Rudrasena son of the -king the great Kshatrapa Svámi Rudradáman.</p> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb51" href="#pb51" name="pb51">51</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span><br> -Kshatrapa XXV. Rudrasena, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 378–388.</span></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kshatrapa XXV. Rudrasena, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 378–388.</span>After Rudrasena come coins -of Kshatrapa Rudrasena son of Satyasena. These coins are fairly common. -Of five in the Pandit’s collection through faulty minting none -are dated. General Cunningham mentions coins of Kshatrapa Rudrasena -dated 300, 304, and 310.<a class="noteref" id="n51.1src" href="#n51.1" -name="n51.1src">90</a> This would seem to show that he was the -successor of Rudrasena son of Rudradáman and that his reign -extended to over 310. The legend on these coins runs:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -स्वामिसत्यसेनपुत्रस -राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -स्वामिरुद्रसेनस.</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Svámi Satyasenaputrasa Rájño -Mahákshatrapasa Svámi Rudrasenasa.</p> -<p>Of the king the great Kshatrapa Svámi Rudrasena son of the -king the great Kshatrapa Svámi Satyasena.</p> -</div> -<p>Of Rudrasena’s father Satyasena no coin is recorded and as -this Rudrasena immediately succeeds Rudrasena IV. son of -Rudradáman, there is little doubt that Satyasena was not an -actual ruler with the great title Mahákshatrapa, but that this -was an honorific title given to the father when his son attained to -sovereignty. General Cunningham records that a coin of this Rudrasena -IV. was found along with a coin of Chandragupta II. in a -<i>stúpa</i> at Sultánganj on the Ganges about fifteen -miles south-east of Mongir.<a class="noteref" id="n51.2src" href="#n51.2" name="n51.2src">91</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kshatrapa XXVI. Siṃhasena.</span>With -Rudrasena IV. the evidence from coins comes almost to a close. Only one -coin in Dr. Bhagvánlál’s collection is clearly -later than Rudrasena IV. In the form of the bust and the style of the -legend on the reverse this specimen closely resembles the coins of -Rudrasena IV. Unfortunately owing to imperfect stamping it bears no -date. The legend reads:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -स्वामि -रुद्रसेनस -राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -स्वस्रीयस्य -स्वामिसिंहसेनस,</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Svámi Rudrasenasa Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -svasríyasya Svámi Siṃhasenasa.</p> -<p>Of the king the great Kshatrapa Svámi Siṃhasena, -sister’s son of the king the great Kshatrapa Svámi -Rudrasena.</p> -</div> -<p>This legend would seem to show that Rudrasena IV. left no issue and -was succeeded by his nephew Siṃhasena. The extreme rarity of -Siṃhasena’s coins proves that his reign was very short.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kshatrapa XXVII. Skanda.</span>The bust and -the characters in one other coin show it to be of later date than -Siṃhasena. Unfortunately the legend is not clear. Something like -the letters <span lang="sa">राज्ञो -क्षत्रपस</span> -<span class="corr" id="xd25e7316" title="Source: Rajno">Rájño</span> Kshatrapasa may be traced in -one place and something like <span lang="sa">पुत्रस -स्कन्द</span> Putrasa Skanda in -another place. Dr. Bhagvánlál took this to be a -Gujarát Kshatrapa of unknown lineage from whom the Kshatrapa -dominion passed to the Guptas.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Íśvaradatta, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 230–250.</span>Along with the coins of the -regular Kshatrapas coins of a Kshatrapa of unknown lineage named -Íśvaradatta have been found in -Káthiáváḍa. In general style, in the bust -and the corrupt Greek legend on the obverse, and in the form of the old -Nágarí legend <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb52" href="#pb52" name="pb52">52</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span><br> -Kshatrapa XXVIII. <span class="corr" id="xd25e7343" title="Source: Íśvaradátta">Íśvaradatta</span>, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 230–250.</span> on the reverse, -Íśvaradatta’s coins closely resemble those of the -fifteenth Kshatrapa Vijayasena (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 238–249). At the same time the text of the -Nágarí legend differs from that on the reverse of the -Kshatrapa coins by omitting the name of the ruler’s father and by -showing in words Íśvaradatta’s date in the year of -his own reign. The legend is:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">राज्ञो -महाक्षत्रपस -ईश्वरदत्तस -वर्षे -प्रथमे,</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Rájño Mahákshatrapasa -Íśvaradattasa varshe prathame.</p> -<p>In the first year of the king the great Kshatrapa -Íśvaradatta.</p> -</div> -<p>Most of the recorded coins of Íśvaradatta have this -legend. In one specimen the legend is</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">वर्षे -द्वितीये.</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Varshe dvitíye.</p> -<p>In the second year.</p> -</div> -<p>It is clear from this that Íśvaradatta’s reign did -not last long. His peculiar name and his separate date leave little -doubt that he belonged to some distinct family of Kshatrapas. The -general style of his coins shows that he cannot have been a late -Kshatrapa while the fact that he is called Mahákshatrapa seems -to show he was an independent ruler. No good evidence is available for -fixing his date. As already mentioned the workmanship of his coins -brings him near to Vijayasena (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 238–249). In Násik Cave X. the -letters of Inscription XV. closely correspond with the letters of the -legends on Kshatrapa coins, and probably belong to almost the same date -as the inscription of <span class="corr" id="xd25e7382" title="Source: Rudrádaman">Rudradáman</span> on the -Girnár rock that is to about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 150. The absence of any record of the -Ándhras except the name of the king Madharíputa Sirisena -or Sakasena (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 180), makes it probable -that after Yajñaśrí Gautamíputra -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 150) Ándhra power waned along -the Konkan and South Gujarát seaboard. According to the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e7395" title="Source: Puránas">Puráṇas</span> the -Ábhíras succeeded to the dominion of the Ándhras. -It is therefore possible that the Ábhíra king -Íśvarasena of Násik Inscription XV. was one of the -Ábhíra conquerors of the Ándhras who took from -them the West Dakhan. A migration of Ábhíras from -Ptolemy’s Abiria in Upper Sindh through Sindh by sea to the -Konkan and thence to Násik is within the range of possibility. -About fifty years later king Íśvaradatta<a class="noteref" -id="n52.1src" href="#n52.1" name="n52.1src">92</a> who was perhaps of -the same family as the Ábhíra king of the Násik -inscription seems to have conquered the kingdom of Kshatrapa -Vijayasena, adding Gujarát, -Káthiáváḍa, and part of the Dakhan to his -other territory. In honour of this great conquest he may have taken the -title Mahákshatrapa and struck coins in the Gujarát -Kshatrapa style but in an era reckoned from the date of his own -conquest. Íśvaradatta’s success was shortlived. Only -two years later (that is about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 252) -the Mahákshatrapa <span class="corr" id="xd25e7407" title="Source: Dámájaḍasrí">Dámájaḍaśrí</span> -won back the lost Kshatrapa territory. The fact that -Íśvaradatta’s recorded coins belong to only two years -and that the break between the regular <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb53" href="#pb53" name="pb53">53</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -<span class="sc">Western Kshatrapas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–398.</span></span> Kshatrapas Vijayasena -and Dámájaḍaśrí did not last more than -two or three years gives support to this explanation.<a class="noteref" -id="n53.1src" href="#n53.1" name="n53.1src">93</a></p> -<p>The following table gives the genealogy of the Western Kshatrapas: -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb54" href="#pb54" name="pb54">54</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter V.<br> -The Kshatrapa Family Tree.</span></p> -<p class="xd25e963"><span class="marginnote">The Kshatrapa Family -Tree.</span>THE WESTERN KSHATRAPAS.</p> -<div class="table"> -<table class="geneaTable"> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop xd25e7505"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e7505"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e7505"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e7505"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e7505"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e7505"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e7505"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e7505"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e7505"></td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop xd25e7505"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">I.<br> -<span class="sc">Nahapána</span>,<br> -King, Kshaharáta, Kshatrapa<br> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 100–120 ?).</td> -<td colspan="6" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderTop xd25e7539"></td> -<td colspan="6" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">II.<br> -<span class="corr" id="xd25e7549" title="Source: Chashtana">Chashṭana</span>, son of Zamotika,<br> -King, Mahákshatrapa<br> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 100–130).</td> -<td colspan="6" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td class="borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="7" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">III.<br> -Jayadáman, King, Kshatrapa<br> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 130–140).</td> -<td colspan="6" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td class="borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="7" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">IV.<br> -Rudradáman,<br> -King, Mahákshatrapa<br> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 143–158 <i>circa</i>).</td> -<td colspan="6" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td class="borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="7" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td colspan="5" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft">V.<br> -<span class="corr" id="xd25e7626" title="Source: Dámázada">Dámázaḍa</span> or -<span class="corr" id="xd25e7629" title="Source: Dámájadaśrí">Dámájaḍaśrí</span>,<br> -King, Kshatrapa<br> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 168 <i>circa</i>).</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">VII.<br> -<span class="corr" id="xd25e7648" title="Source: Rudrasimha">Rudrasiṃha</span>,<br> -King, Mahákshatrapa<br> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 180–196 <i>circa</i>).</td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="5" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft">VI.<br> -<span class="corr" id="xd25e7686" title="Source: Jîvadáman">Jivadáman</span>,<br> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 178, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 196 <i>circa</i>).</td> -<td></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">VIII.<br> -Rudrasena,<br> -King, Mahákshatrapa<br> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 200–220 <i>circa</i>).</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">X.<br> -<span class="corr" id="xd25e7719" title="Source: Sanghadáman">Saṅghadáman</span>,<br> -King, Mahákshatrapa<br> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 222–226 <i>circa</i>).</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">XI.<br> -Dámasena,<br> -King, Mahákshatrapa<br> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 226–236 <i>circa</i>).</td> -<td class="cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">IX.<br> -<span class="corr" id="xd25e7770" title="Source: Prithivísena">Pṛithivísena</span>, King, -Kshatrapa<br> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 222 <i>circa</i>).</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">XII.<br> -<span class="corr" id="xd25e7784" title="Source: Dámájadaśri">Dámájaḍaśrí</span> -II. King, Kshatrapa<br> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 232 <i>circa</i>).</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="8" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td class="cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">XIII.<br> -<span class="corr" id="xd25e7821" title="Source: Viradáman">Víradáman</span>,<br> -King, Kshatrapa<br> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 236, 238 <i>circa</i>).</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">XIV.<br> -Yaśadáman II.<br> -King, Kshatrapa<br> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 238, 239 <i>circa</i>).</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">XV.<br> -Vijayasena,<br> -King, Kshatrapa and Mahákshatrapa<br> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 238–249 <i>circa</i>).</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight">XVI.<br> -<span class="corr" id="xd25e7865" title="Source: Dámájadaśri">Dámájaḍaśrí</span> -III.<br> -King, Mahákshatrapa<br> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 251–255 <i>circa</i>).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="7" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">XVII.<br> -Rudrasena II.<br> -King, Mahákshatrapa<br> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 256–272 <i>circa</i>).</td> -<td colspan="6" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="7" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td colspan="6" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">XVIII.<br> -<span class="corr" id="xd25e7921" title="Source: Viśvasimha">Viśvasiṃha</span>,<br> -King, Kshatrapa<br> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 272–278 <i>circa</i>).</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">XIX.<br> -<span class="corr" id="xd25e7937" title="Source: Bharttridáman">Bharttṛidáman</span>,<br> -King, Kshatrapa and Mahákshatrapa<br> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 278–294 <i>circa</i>).</td> -<td colspan="5" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="6" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">XX.<br> -Viśvasena,<br> -King, Kshatrapa<br> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 296–300 <i>circa</i>).</td> -<td colspan="5" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderTop xd25e7539"></td> -<td colspan="5" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">XXI.<br> -<span class="corr" id="xd25e7989" title="Source: Rudrasimha">Rudrasiṃha</span> son of Svámi -Jívadáman,<br> -King, Kshatrapa<br> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 308, 309, 318 <i>circa</i>).</td> -<td colspan="5" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="6" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td colspan="5" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">XXII.<br> -Yaśadáman II. King, Kshatrapa<br> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 318 <i>circa</i>).</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">XXIII.<br> -Dámasiri, King, Mahákshatrapa<br> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 320 <i>circa</i>).</td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderTop xd25e7539"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">XXIV.<br> -Svámi Rudrasena III.<br> -King, Mahákshatrapa son of king Mahákshatrapa, -Svámi Rudradáma,<br> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 348, 366–376 -<i>circa</i>).</td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderTop xd25e7539"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">XXV.<br> -Svámi Rudrasena IV.<br> -King, Mahákshatrapa, son of king Mahákshatrapa, -Svámi Satyasena,<br> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 378–388 <i>circa</i>).</td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderTop xd25e7539"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">XXVI.<br> -Svámi <span class="corr" id="xd25e8112" title="Source: Simhasena">Siṃhasena</span><br> -King, Mahákshatrapa, sister’s son of king <span class="corr" id="xd25e8117" title="Source: Mahakshatrapa">Mahákshatrapa</span> Svámi -Rudrasena (XXV).</td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderTop xd25e7539"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellBottom"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellBottom">XXVII.<br> -Skanda ——?</td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellRight cellBottom"></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb55" href="#pb55" name="pb55">55</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n20.1" -href="#n20.1src" name="n20.1">1</a></span> Journal Bengal Asiatic -Society (1835), 684; (1837), 351; (1838), 346; Thomas’ -Prinsep’s Indian Antiquities, I. 425–435, II. 84–93; -Thomas in Journal Royal Asiatic Society (Old Series), XII. 1–72; -Wilson’s Ariana Antiqua, 405–413; Journal <abbr title="Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society">B. B. R. A. S.</abbr> VI. 377, -VII. 392; Burgess’ Archæological Report of -Káthiáwár and Kachh, 18–72; Journal -<abbr title="Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society">B. B. R. A. S.</abbr> -XII. (Proceedings), XXIII.; Indian Antiquary, VI. 43, X. -221–227.</p> -<p class="footnote cont">The dynasty of the Kshatrapas or -Mahákshatrapas of <span class="corr" id="xd25e4677" title="Source: Sauráshtra">Sauráshṭra</span> was known to -Prinsep (<abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. -S.</abbr> Bl. VII.–1. (1837), 351) to Thomas (<abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> <abbr title="First Series">F. S.</abbr> XII. 1–78), and to Newton -(<abbr title="Journal Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society">Jl. B. B. R. -A. S.</abbr> IX. 1–19) as the Sah or Sâh kings. More -recently, from the fact that the names of some of them end in Sena or -army, the Kshatrapas have been called the Sena kings. The origin of the -title Sah is the ending <i>siha</i>, that is <i>siṃha</i> lion, -which belongs to the names of several of the kings. <i>Síha</i> -has been read either <i>sáh</i> or <i>sena</i> because of the -practice of omitting from the die vowels which would fall on or above -the top line of the legend and also of omitting the short vowel -<i>i</i> with the following <i>anusvára</i>. Sáh is -therefore a true reading of the writing on certain of the coins. That -the form Sáh on these coins is not the correct form has been -ascertained from stone inscriptions in which freedom from crowding -makes possible the complete cutting of the above-line marks. In stone -inscriptions the ending is <i>síha</i> lion. See Fleet’s -<span lang="la">Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum</span>, III. 36 note 1. -Mr. Fleet (Ditto) seems to suggest that with the proof of the -incorrectness of the reading Sáh the evidence that the -Kshatrapas were of Indo-Skythian origin ceases. This does not seem to -follow. In addition to the Parthian title Kshatrapa, their northern -coinage, and the use of the Śaka (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78) era, now accepted as the accession of the -great Kushán Kanishka, the evidence in the text shows that the -line of Káthiáváḍa Kshatrapas starts from -the foreigner Chashṭana (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 130) -whose predecessor Nahápana (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 120) and his Śaka son-in-law Ushavadatta are -noted in Násik inscriptions (Násik Gazetteer, 538 and -621) as leaders of Śakas, Palhavas, and Yavanas. Further as the -limits of Ptolemy’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 150) -Indo-Skythia (McCrindle, 136) agree very closely with the limits of the -dominions of the then ruling Mahákshatrapa Rudradáman -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 150) it follows that Ptolemy or his -informer believed Rudradáman to be an Indo-Skythian. There -therefore seems no reasonable doubt that the Kshatrapas were -foreigners. According to Cunningham (Num. Chron. VIII. 231) they were -Śakas who entered Gujarát from Sindh. The fact that the -Kushán era (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78) was not -adopted by the first two of the Western Kshatrapas, Chashṭana and -Jayadáman, supports the view that they belonged to a wave of -northerners earlier than the Kushán wave. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n20.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n21.1" -href="#n21.1src" name="n21.1">2</a></span> The Taxila plate in Journal -<abbr title="Royal Asiatic Society">R. A. S.</abbr> (New Series), IV. -487; the Baktro-Páli on Nahapána’s coins also gives -the form Chhatrapa. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n21.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n21.2" -href="#n21.2src" name="n21.2">3</a></span> Chhatrava appears in an -unpublished Kshatrapa inscription from Mathurá formerly (1888) -in Pandit Bhagvánlál’s possession. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n21.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n21.3" -href="#n21.3src" name="n21.3">4</a></span> Khatapa appears in the -inscription of Nahapána’s minister at Junnar (Bombay -Gazetteer, XVIII. Pt. III. 167) and in some coins of the Northern -Kshatrapa kings Pagamasha, Rájavula, and Sudása found -near Mathurá. Prinsep’s Indian Antiquities, II. Pl. XLIV. -Figs. 12, 20, 21. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n21.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n21.4" -href="#n21.4src" name="n21.4">5</a></span> Kshatrampâtîti -Kshatrapaḥ. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n21.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n21.5" -href="#n21.5src" name="n21.5">6</a></span> Thomas’ Prinsep, II. -63 and 64. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n21.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n21.6" -href="#n21.6src" name="n21.6">7</a></span> Malaya or Malava, Pallava, -Ábhíra, Meva or Meda, and Mihira or Mehr appear to be the -leading warlike tribes who came to India under these chiefs. These -tribes formed the Kshatras whose lords or Kshatrapas these chiefs -were. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n21.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n21.7" -href="#n21.7src" name="n21.7">8</a></span> The explanation of the word -Kshatrapa started by Prinsep and accepted by Pandit -Bhagvánlál is of doubtful accuracy. The title is well -known in Greek literature in the form <span class="trans" title="satrapēs"><span class="Greek" lang="grc">σατραπης</span></span>, -and in the form Kshatrapávan occurs twice (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 520) in connection with the governors of Baktria -and Arachosia in the great Behistan inscription of Darius -(Rawlinson’s Herodotus, I. 329; Spiegel’s <span lang="de">Altpersische Keilinschriften</span>, 24–26). The meaning of -Kshatrapávan in old Persian is not “protector of the -Kshatra race” but “protector of the kingdom,” for the -word <i>kshatram</i> occurs in the inscriptions of the -Achæmenidæ with the meaning of “kingship” or -“kingdom” (Spiegel, <span lang="de">Altpersische -Keilinschriften</span>, 215). As is well known Satrap was the official -title of the ruler of a Persian province. That the name continued in -use with the same meaning under the Greek kings of Baktria -(<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 250–100) is known from Strabo, -who says (XI. 11) “the Greeks who held Baktria divided it into -satrapies (<span class="trans" title="satrapeias"><span class="Greek" -lang="grc">σατραπειας</span></span>) -of which Aspionus and Touriva were taken from Eukratides (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 180) by the Parthians.” It is to be -presumed that the Baktro-Grecians introduced the same arrangement into -the provinces which they conquered in India. The earliest occurrence of -the title in its Indian form is on the coins of a Rajabula or Ranjabola -(Gardner, B. M. Cat. 67), who in his Greek legend makes use of the -title “King of kings,” and in his Indian legend calls -himself “The unconquered Chhatrapa.” His adoption for the -reverse of his coins of the Athene Promachos type of Menander and -Apollodotus Philopator connects Rajabula in time with those kings -(<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 126–100) and we know from an -inscription (Cunningham Arch. Rep. XX. 48) that he reigned at -Mathurá. He was probably a provincial governor who became -independent about <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 100 when the Greek -kingdom broke up. The above facts go to show that Kshatrapa was -originally a Persian title which was adopted by the Greeks and -continued in use among their successors: that it originally denoted a -provincial governor; but that, when the Greek kingdom broke up and -their provincial chiefs became independent, it continued in use as a -royal title. That after the Christian era, even in Parthia, the title -Satrapes does not necessarily imply subjection to a suzerain is proved -by the use of the phrase <span class="trans" title="satrapēs tōn satrapōn"><span class="Greek" lang="grc">σατραπης των -σατραπων</span></span> Satrap of -Satraps, with the sense of King of Kings in Gotarzes’ Behistan -inscription of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 50. See -Rawlinson’s Sixth Monarchy, 88 n. 2 and 260 n. 1.—(A. M. T. -J.)</p> -<p class="footnote cont">The Pandit’s identification of the -Malavas or Malayas with a northern or Skythian tribe is in agreement -with Alberuni (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1015), who, on the -authority of the Báj Purána (Sachau’s Text, -<abbr title="chapter">chap.</abbr> 29 page 150–155) groups as -northern tribes the Pallavas, Śakas, Mallas, and Gurjars. In spite -of this authority it seems better to identify the Mallas, Malavas, or -Malayas with Alexander the Great’s (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 325) Malloi of <span class="corr" id="xd25e4866" -title="Source: Multan">Multán</span> (compare McCrindle’s -Alexander’s Invasion of India, Note P). At the same time -(Rockhill’s Life of Buddha, 132, 133, 137) the importance of the -Mallas in Vaisáli (between Patná and Tirhút) -during the lifetime of <span class="corr" id="xd25e4869" title="Source: Sákya">Śakya</span> Muni (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 580) favours the view that several distinct -tribes have borne the same or nearly the same name. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n21.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n23.1" -href="#n23.1src" name="n23.1">9</a></span> Patika was apparently the -son of the Liako Kujulako of the Taxila plate. Dowson in <abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Jour. R. A. S.</abbr> New -Series. IV. 497 mistranslates the inscription and fails to make out the -name Patika. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n23.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n23.2" -href="#n23.2src" name="n23.2">10</a></span> Compare Specht. -<abbr title="Journal">Jour.</abbr> Asiatique. 1883. t. II. 325. -According to Chinese writers about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 20 -Yen-kao-tchin-tai or Kadphises II. conquered India (Thientchou) and -there established generals who governed in the name of the -Yuechi. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n23.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n23.3" -href="#n23.3src" name="n23.3">11</a></span> Pandit -Bhagvánlál found two of his copper coins at Mandasor in -1884. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n23.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n24.1" -href="#n24.1src" name="n24.1">12</a></span> This is a bad specimen with -the legend dim and worn. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n24.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n24.2" -href="#n24.2src" name="n24.2">13</a></span> Some coins of Apollodotus -have on the reverse Apollo with his arrow; others have Athene Promachos -with the thunderbolt. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n24.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n25.1" -href="#n25.1src" name="n25.1">14</a></span> <abbr title="Bombay Gazetteer">Bom. Gaz.</abbr> XVI. 571ff. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n25.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n25.2" -href="#n25.2src" name="n25.2">15</a></span> A well known Sanskrit -saying is <span lang="sa">श्वशुरख्यातोधमाधम</span>: -A man known through his father-in-law is the vilest of the -vile. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n25.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n27.1" -href="#n27.1src" name="n27.1">16</a></span> Cunningham’s Arch. -Sur. III. Plate 13. Inscriptions 2 and 3. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n27.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n27.2" -href="#n27.2src" name="n27.2">17</a></span> The author’s only -reason for supposing that two eras began between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70 and 80 seems to be the fact that the Javanese -Śaka era begins <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 74, while the -Indian Śaka era begins <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78. It -appears, however, from Lassen’s Ind. Alt. II. 1040 note 1, that -the Javanese Śaka era begins either in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 74 or in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78. -The author’s own authority, Dr. Burnell (<abbr>S. Ind. -Pal.</abbr> 72) while saying that the Javanese Śaka era dates from -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 74, gives <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 80 as the epoch of the Śaka era of the -neighbouring island of Bali, thus supporting Raffle’s explanation -(Java, II. 68) that the difference is due to the introduction into Java -of the Muhammadan mode of reckoning during the past 300 years. The -Javanese epoch of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 74 cannot therefore -be treated as an authority for assuming a genuine Indian era with this -initial date. The era of Kanishka was used continuously down to its -year 281 (Fergusson Hist. of Ind. Architecture, 740) and after that -date we have numerous instances of the use of the -Śakanṛipakála or Śakakála down to the -familiar Śaka of the present day. It seems much more likely that -the parent of the modern Śaka era was that of Kanishka, which -remained in use for nearly three centuries, than that of -Nahapána, who so far as we know left no son, and whose era (if -he founded one) probably expired when the Kshaharáta power was -destroyed by the <span class="corr" id="xd25e5213" title="Source: Andhrabhṛityas">Ándhrabhṛityas</span> in -the first half of the second century <span class="sc">a.d.</span> We -must therefore assume <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78 to be the -epoch of Kanishka’s era. There remains the question whether -Nahapána dates by Kanishka’s era, or uses his own regnal -years. There is nothing improbable in the latter supposition, and we -are not forced to suppose that Nahapána was a feudatory of the -Kushán kings. It has been shown above that the use of the title -Kshatrapa does not necessarily imply a relation of inferiority. On the -other hand (<i>pace</i> Oldenburg in <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> X. 213) the later Kshatrapas -certainly seem to have used Kanishka’s era: and Nahapána -and the Kushán dynasty seem to have been of the same race: for -Heraus, who was certainly a Kushán, apparently calls himself -Śaka on his coins (Gardner B. M. Cat. xlvii.)<span class="corr" -id="xd25e5229" title="Source: :">;</span> and it is highly probable -that Nahapána, like his son-in-law Ushavadáta, was a -Śaka. Further, the fact that Nahapána does not call himself -Mahárája but Rája goes to show that he was not a -paramount sovereign.—(A. M. T. J.) <a class="fnarrow" href="#n27.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n28.1" -href="#n28.1src" name="n28.1">18</a></span> <abbr title="Journal Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society">Jour. B. B. R. A. -S.</abbr> XVI. 378; <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XV. -198, 201, XIII. 126; <abbr title="Archæological Survey">Arch. -Sur.</abbr> X. 33. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n28.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n28.2" -href="#n28.2src" name="n28.2">19</a></span> Cunningham’s -<abbr title="Archæological Survey">Arch. Sur.</abbr> XIII. 162. -Cf. Kielhorn in <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIX. -20ff. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n28.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n28.3" -href="#n28.3src" name="n28.3">20</a></span> Cunningham’s Arch. -Sur. X. 33–34. Numerous Western India inscriptions prove that -<i>ya</i> and <i>va</i> are often intermixed in -Prákrit. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n28.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n28.4" -href="#n28.4src" name="n28.4">21</a></span> Vide Telang’s -Mudrárákshasa, 204. Mr. Telang gives several readings the -best of which mean either the king of the Málaya country or the -king of the Málaya tribe. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n28.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n28.5" -href="#n28.5src" name="n28.5">22</a></span> Macmurdo (1818) notices the -democratic constitution of the Káthis. Trans. Bom. Lit. Soc. I. -274. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n28.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n28.6" -href="#n28.6src" name="n28.6">23</a></span> Compare Fleet’s -Corpus Ins. Ind. III. 87, 152, 158 from the (supremacy of) the tribal -constitution of the Málavas. Prof. Kielhorn has however shown -that the words of the inscription do not necessarily mean this. -<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIX. 56. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n28.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n29.1" -href="#n29.1src" name="n29.1">24</a></span> Inscription 10 lines -3–4. <abbr title="Bombay Gazetteer">Bom. Gaz.</abbr> XVI. -572. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n29.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n29.2" -href="#n29.2src" name="n29.2">25</a></span> Details are given below -under the Guptas. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n29.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n29.3" -href="#n29.3src" name="n29.3">26</a></span> Burgess’ -Archæological Report of Káthiáwár and Cutch, -55; <span lang="la">Numismata Orientalia</span>, I. Pl. II. Fig. -8. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n29.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n30.1" -href="#n30.1src" name="n30.1">27</a></span> The meaning of this symbol -has not yet been made out. It is very old. We first find it on the -punched coins of Málwa and Gujarát (regarded as the -oldest coinage in India) without the serpentine line below, which seems -to show that this line does not form part of the original symbol and -has a distinct meaning. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n30.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n30.2" -href="#n30.2src" name="n30.2">28</a></span> Compare Wilson’s -Ariana Antiqua, Plate XV. Fig. 26–27. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n30.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n30.3" -href="#n30.3src" name="n30.3">29</a></span> Cave Temple Inscriptions, -Bombay Archæological Survey, Extra Number (1881), -58. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n30.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n30.4" -href="#n30.4src" name="n30.4">30</a></span> Ariana Antiqua, Plate XV. -Fig. 29. Some imaginary animals are shown under the serpentine -line. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n30.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n31.1" -href="#n31.1src" name="n31.1">31</a></span> <abbr title="Journal Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society">Jour. B. B. R. A. -Soc.</abbr> XIII. 303. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n31.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n31.2" -href="#n31.2src" name="n31.2">32</a></span> The variations noted in the -text seem examples of the law that the later religion reads its own new -meaning into early luck signs. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n31.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n31.3" -href="#n31.3src" name="n31.3">33</a></span> This letter <span lang="sa">य्स</span> in both is curiously formed and never -used in Sanskrit. But it is clear and can be read without any doubt as -<span lang="sa">य्स</span>. Pandit -Bhagvánlál thought that it was probably meant to stand as -a new-coined letter to represent the Greek <span class="trans" title="Z"><span class="Greek" lang="grc">Ζ</span></span> which has -nothing corresponding to it in Sanskrit. The same curiously formed -letter appears in the third syllable in the coin of the fourth -Kshatrapa king Dámajaḍaśri. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n31.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n32.1" -href="#n32.1src" name="n32.1">34</a></span> The text of the inscription -is <span lang="sa">रूद्रदाम्नो -वर्षे</span> that is in the year of -Rudradáman. That this phrase means ‘in the reign of’ -is shown by the Gunda inscription of Rudradáman’s son -Rudrasiṃha, which has <span lang="sa">रूद्रसिंहस्य -वर्षे -त्र्युत्तरशते</span> -that is in the hundred and third year of Rudrasiṃha. Clearly a -regnal year cannot be meant as no reign could last over 103 years. So -with the year 72 in Rudradáman’s inscription. The same -style of writing appears in the inscriptions at Mathurá of -Huvishka and Vasudeva which say ‘year —— of -Huvishka’ and ‘year —— of Vasudeva’ -though it is known that the era is of Kanishka. In all these cases what -is meant is ‘the dynastic or era year —— in the reign -of ——‘. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n32.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n32.2" -href="#n32.2src" name="n32.2">35</a></span> See below page -34. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n32.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n32.3" -href="#n32.3src" name="n32.3">36</a></span> McCrindle’s Ptolemy, -155. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n32.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n32.4" -href="#n32.4src" name="n32.4">37</a></span> See above page <a href="#pb29" class="pageref">29</a>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n32.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n33.1" -href="#n33.1src" name="n33.1">38</a></span> See above page <a href="#pb25" class="pageref">25</a>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n33.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n33.2" -href="#n33.2src" name="n33.2">39</a></span> Of these coins Dr. -Bhagvánlál kept one in his own collection. He sent the -other to General Cunningham. The Pandit found the copper coin in Amreli -in 1863 and gave it to Dr. Bhau Dáji. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n33.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n34.1" -href="#n34.1src" name="n34.1">40</a></span> Except that the <span lang="sa">ज</span> is much clearer the <span class="corr" id="xd25e5718" title="Source: Nágari">Nágarí</span> -legend in the silver coin obtained for General Cunningham is equally -bad, and the <span class="corr" id="xd25e5721" title="Source: Baktro-Pali">Baktro-Páli</span> legend is -wanting. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n34.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n34.2" -href="#n34.2src" name="n34.2">41</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> X. 157. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n34.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n34.3" -href="#n34.3src" name="n34.3">42</a></span> Journal <abbr title="Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society">B. B. R. A. Soc.</abbr> VIII. -234–5 and <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XII. -32ff. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n34.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n34.4" -href="#n34.4src" name="n34.4">43</a></span> Dr. Burgess’ -Archæological Report of Káthiáwár and Cutch, -140. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n34.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n34.5" -href="#n34.5src" name="n34.5">44</a></span> The explanation of the -reduction of Jayadáman’s rank is probably to be found in -the Násik Inscription (No. 26) of Gautamíputra -<span class="corr" id="xd25e5769" title="Source: Śáṭakarṇi">Śátakarṇi</span> -who claims to have conquered Suráshṭra, Kukura (in -<span class="corr" id="xd25e5772" title="Source: Rajputána">Rájputána</span>), -Anúpa, Vidarbha (<span class="corr" id="xd25e5775" title="Source: Berar">Berár</span>), <span class="corr" id="xd25e5778" -title="Source: Akara">Ákara</span>, and Avanti (Ujain). (A. M. -T. J.) <a class="fnarrow" href="#n34.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n34.6" -href="#n34.6src" name="n34.6">45</a></span> See below page -39. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n34.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n35.1" -href="#n35.1src" name="n35.1">46</a></span> Several small mixed metal -coins weighing from 3 to 10 grains with on the obverse an elephant in -some and a bull in others and on the reverse the usual arched Kshatrapa -symbol have been found in Málwa and -Káthiáváḍa. The symbols show them to be of -the lowest Kshatrapa currency. Several of them bear dates from which it -is possible as in the case of Rudrasiṃha’s and -Rudrasena’s coins to infer to what Kshatrapa they belonged. Lead -coins have also been found at Amreli in -Káthiáváḍa. They are square and have a bull -on the obverse and on the reverse the usual arched Kshatrapa symbol -with underneath it the date 184. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n35.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n35.2" -href="#n35.2src" name="n35.2">47</a></span> Compare however Weber, -Hist. of Indian Lit. 187–8. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n35.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n35.3" -href="#n35.3src" name="n35.3">48</a></span> <abbr title="Journal Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society">Jour. B. B. R. A. -S.</abbr> VII. 114. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n35.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n35.4" -href="#n35.4src" name="n35.4">49</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> II. 156; V. 50, 154 -&c. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n35.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n36.1" -href="#n36.1src" name="n36.1">50</a></span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e5887" title="Source: Akarávanti">Ákarávanti</span> that is -<span class="corr" id="xd25e5890" title="Source: Akara">Ákara</span> and Avanti are two names which are -always found together. Cf. Gotamíputra’s Násik -inscription (No. 26). Avanti is well known as being the name of the -part of Málwa which contains Ujjain. <span class="corr" id="xd25e5893" title="Source: Akara">Ákara</span> is probably the -modern province of Bhilsa whose capital was Vidiśa the modern -deserted city of Besnagar. Instead of Ákarávanti -Bṛihatsaṃhitá mentions -Ákaravenávantaka of which the third name Vená -Pandit <span class="corr" id="xd25e5896" title="Source: Bhagvánlal">Bhagvánlál</span> took to be -the country about the Sagara zilla containing the old town of -Eraṇ, near which still flows a river called Vená. The -adjectives east and west are used respectively as referring to -Ákara which is East Málwa and Avanti which is West -Málwa. Compare Indian Antiquary, VII. 259; Bombay Gazetteer, -XVI. 631. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n36.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n36.2" -href="#n36.2src" name="n36.2">51</a></span> Anúpa is a common -noun literally meaning well-watered. The absence of the term -<i>nîvṛit</i> or ‘country’ which is in general -superadded to it shows that Anúpa is here used as a proper noun, -meaning the Anúpa country. Dr. Bhagvánlál was -unable to identify Anúpa. He took it to be the name of some -well-watered tract near Gujarát. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n36.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n36.3" -href="#n36.3src" name="n36.3">52</a></span> See above page <a href="#n10.1">10 note 1</a>. The greater part of North Gujarát was -probably included in Śvabhra. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n36.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n36.4" -href="#n36.4src" name="n36.4">53</a></span> Maru is the well known name -of <span class="corr" id="xd25e5915" title="Source: Marwár">Márwár</span>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n36.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n36.5" -href="#n36.5src" name="n36.5">54</a></span> Kachchha is the flourishing -state still known by the name of Cutch. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n36.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n36.6" -href="#n36.6src" name="n36.6">55</a></span> Sindhu Sauvíra like -Ákarávanti are two names usually found together. Sindhu -is the modern Sind and Sauvíra may have been part of Upper Sind, -the capital of which is mentioned as Dáttámitrî. -Alberuni (I. 300) defines Sauvíra as including <span class="corr" id="xd25e5924" title="Source: Multan">Multán</span> and -Jahráwár. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n36.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n36.7" -href="#n36.7src" name="n36.7">56</a></span> Nothing is known about -Kukura and it cannot be identified. It was probably part of East -<span class="corr" id="xd25e5930" title="Source: Rajputána">Rájputána</span>. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n36.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n36.8" -href="#n36.8src" name="n36.8">57</a></span> Aparánta meaning the -Western End is the western seaboard from the Mahi in the north to Goa -in the south. <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VII. 259. -The portion of Aparánta actually subject to Rudradáman -must have been the country between the Mahi and the Damanganga as at -this time the North Konkan was subject to the -Ándhras. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n36.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n36.9" -href="#n36.9src" name="n36.9">58</a></span> Nisháda cannot be -identified. As the term Nisháda is generally used to mean Bhils -and other wild tribes, its mention with Aparánta suggests the -wild country that includes Bánsda, Dharampur, and north-east -Thána. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n36.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n36.10" -href="#n36.10src" name="n36.10">59</a></span> Grammar, V. iii. -117. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n36.10src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n37.1" -href="#n37.1src" name="n37.1">60</a></span> Compare Gardner and -Poole’s Catalogue, Pl. XXVI. Fig. 2 &c. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n37.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n37.2" -href="#n37.2src" name="n37.2">61</a></span> Another variety of their -brass coins was found at Behat near <span class="corr" id="xd25e6000" -title="Source: Saharánpur">Saháranpur</span>. Compare -Thomas’ Prinsep’s Indian Antiquities, I. Pl. IV. Figs. -<span class="sc">11B 12B</span> and Pl. XIX. Figs. 5, 6, 9. General -Cunningham, in his recent work on The Coins of Ancient India, 75ff, -describes three chief types, the Behat coins being the earliest and -belonging to the first century <span class="sc">b.c.</span>, the second -type which is that described above is assigned to about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 300, and the third type, with a six-headed figure -on the obverse, is placed a little later. General Cunningham’s -identification of the Yaudheyas with the Johiya <span class="corr" id="xd25e6012" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span> of the lower -Sutlej, seems certain, Rudradáman would then have -“uprooted” them when he acquired the province of -Sauvíra. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n37.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n37.3" -href="#n37.3src" name="n37.3">62</a></span> Mr. Fleet notices a later -inscription of a <i>Mahárája -Mahásenápati</i> “who has been set over” the -‘Yaudheya gaṇa or tribe’ in the fort of Byána -in Bharatpur. <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIV. 8, -<abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Insc. Ind.</abbr> -III. 251ff. The Yaudheyas are also named among the tribes which -submitted to Samudragupta. See <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Insc. Ind.</abbr> III. -8. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n37.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n37.4" -href="#n37.4src" name="n37.4">63</a></span> Huvishka’s latest -inscription bears date 45 that is <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 123 -(Cunningham’s Arch. Sur. III. Pl. XV. Number 8). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n37.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n37.5" -href="#n37.5src" name="n37.5">64</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VII. 262. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n37.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n37.6" -href="#n37.6src" name="n37.6">65</a></span> McCrindle’s Ptolemy, -152. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n37.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n37.7" -href="#n37.7src" name="n37.7">66</a></span> McCrindle’s Ptolemy, -175. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n37.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n38.1" -href="#n38.1src" name="n38.1">67</a></span> <abbr title="Journal Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society">Jour<span class="corr" -id="xd25e6114" title="Not in source">.</span> B. B. R. A. Soc.</abbr> -XV. 306. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n38.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n38.2" -href="#n38.2src" name="n38.2">68</a></span> <abbr title="Journal Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society">Jour. B. B. R. A. -Soc.</abbr> XV. 313, 314. See also <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. -Ant.</abbr> XII 272, where Bühler suggests that the queen was a -daughter of Rudradáman, and traces the syllables Rudradá -… in the Kanheri inscription. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n38.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n39.1" -href="#n39.1src" name="n39.1">69</a></span> See above page <a href="#pb34" class="pageref">34.</a> <a class="fnarrow" href="#n39.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n39.2" -href="#n39.2src" name="n39.2">70</a></span> It seems doubtful whether -the Pandit’s estimate of fifteen years might not with advantage -be increased. As his father’s reign was so short -Rudradáman probably succeeded when still young. The abundance of -his coins points to a long reign and the scarcity of the coins both of -his son Dámázaḍa and of his grandson -Jívadáman imply that neither of his successors reigned -more than a few years. Jivadáman’s earliest date is -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 178 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 100). If five years are allowed to -Jivadáman’s father the end of Rudradáman’s -reign would be <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 173 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 95) that is a reign of thirty years, no -excessive term for a king who began to rule at a comparatively early -age.—(A. M. T. J.) <a class="fnarrow" href="#n39.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n39.3" -href="#n39.3src" name="n39.3">71</a></span> Two specimens of his coins -were obtained by Mr. Vajeshankar Gavrishankar Náib <span class="corr" id="xd25e6211" title="Source: Diwán">Díwán</span> of Bhávnagar, -from Káthiáváḍa, one of which he presented -to the Pandit and lent the other for the purpose of description. The -legend in both was legible but doubtful. A recent find in -Káthiáváḍa supplied four new specimens, two -of them very good. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n39.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n39.4" -href="#n39.4src" name="n39.4">72</a></span> Apparently a mistake for -<span lang="sa">रुद्रदाम्नः -पुत्रस.</span> <a class="fnarrow" href="#n39.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n39.5" -href="#n39.5src" name="n39.5">73</a></span> As in the case of Zamotika -the father of Chashṭana, the variation <span lang="sa">य्स</span> for <span lang="sa">ज</span> -proves that at first <span lang="sa">य्स</span> and -afterwards <span lang="sa">ज</span> was used to represent the -Greek <span class="trans" title="Z"><span class="Greek" lang="grc">Ζ</span></span>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n39.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n40.1" -href="#n40.1src" name="n40.1">74</a></span> The oldest of the four was -found by the Pandit for Dr. Bhau Dáji in Amreli. A fair copy of -it is given in a plate which accompanied Mr. Justice Newton’s -paper in <abbr title="Journal Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society">Jour. B. B. R. A. -S.</abbr> IX. page 1ff. Plate I. Fig. 6. Mr. Newton read the -father’s name in the legend Dámaśrí, but it is -Dámájaḍaśrí, the die having missed the -letters <span lang="sa">ज</span> and <span lang="sa">ड</span> though space is left for them. This is coin A of -the description. Of the remaining three, B was lent to the Pandit from -his collection by Mr. Vajeshankar Gavrishankar. C and D were in the -Pandit’s collection. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n40.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n42.1" -href="#n42.1src" name="n42.1">75</a></span> This inscription which has -now been placed for safe custody in the temple of -Dwárkánáth in Jámnagar, has been published -by Dr. Bühler in <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> -X. 157–158, from a transcript by Áchárya Vallabji -Haridatta. Dr. Bhagvánlál held that the date is 103 -<i>tryuttaraśate</i> not 102 <i>dvyuttaraśate</i> as read by -Dr. Bühler; that the name of the father of the donor is -Bápaka and not Báhaka; and that the name of the -<i>nakshatra</i> or constellation is Rohiní not -Śravaṇa. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n42.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n42.2" -href="#n42.2src" name="n42.2">76</a></span> Several coins have the same -date. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n42.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n43.1" -href="#n43.1src" name="n43.1">77</a></span> One is in the collection of -the <abbr title="Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society">B. B. R. A. -Society</abbr>, the other belonged to the Pandit. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n43.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n43.2" -href="#n43.2src" name="n43.2">78</a></span> An unpublished inscription -found in 1865 by Mr. Bhagvánlál -Sampatrám. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n43.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n43.3" -href="#n43.3src" name="n43.3">79</a></span> The top of the third -numeral is broken. It may be 7 but is more likely to be -6. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n43.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n43.4" -href="#n43.4src" name="n43.4">80</a></span> The Jasdan inscription has -been published by Dr. Bháu Dáji, <abbr>J. B. R. A. -S.</abbr> VIII. 234ff, and by Dr. <span class="corr" id="xd25e6554" -title="Source: Hoernle">Hœrnle</span>, <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XII. 32ff. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n43.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n44.1" -href="#n44.1src" name="n44.1">81</a></span> Five have recently been -identified in the collection of Dr. Gerson daCunha. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n44.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n44.2" -href="#n44.2src" name="n44.2">82</a></span> His name, the fact that he -regained the title Mahákshatrapa, and his date about -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 225 suggest that -Saṅghadáman (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 222–226) may be the Sandanes whom the -Periplus (McCrindle, 128) describes as taking the regular mart -Kalyán near Bombay from Saraganes, that is the Dakhan -<span class="corr" id="xd25e6639" title="Source: Śátakarnis">Śátakarṇis</span>, -and, to prevent it again becoming a place of trade, forbidding all -Greek ships to visit Kalyán, and sending under a guard to Broach -any Greek ships that even by accident entered its port. The following -reasons seem conclusive against identifying Saṅghadáman -with Sandanes: (1) The abbreviation from Saṅghadáman to -Sandanes seems excessive in the case of the name of a well known ruler -who lived within thirty years of the probable time (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 247) when the writer of the Periplus visited -Gujarát and the Konkan: (2) The date of Saṅghadáman -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 222–226) is twenty to thirty -years too early for the probable collection of the Periplus details: -(3) Apart from the date of the Periplus the apparent distinction in the -writer’s mind between Sandanes’ capture of Kalyán -and his own time implies a longer lapse than suits a reign of only four -years.</p> -<p class="footnote cont">In favour of the Sandanes of the Periplus -being a dynastic not a personal name is its close correspondence both -in form and in geographical position with Ptolemy’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 150) Sadaneis, who gave their name, Ariake -Sadinôn or the Sadins’ Aria, to the North Konkan, and, -according to McCrindle (Ptolemy, 39) in the time of Ptolemy ruled the -prosperous trading communities that occupied the sea coast to about -Semulla or Chaul. The details in the present text show that some few -years before Ptolemy wrote the conquests of Rudradáman had -brought the North Konkan under the Gujarát <span class="corr" -id="xd25e6653" title="Source: Kshatrapás">Kshatrapas</span>. -Similarly shortly before the probable date of the Periplus -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 247) the fact that -Saṅghadáman and his successors Dámasena -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 226–236) and Vijayasena -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 238–249) all used the title -Mahákshatrapa makes their possession of the North Konkan -probable. The available details of the -Káthiáváḍa Kshatrapas therefore confirm the -view that the Sadans of Ptolemy and the Sandanes of the Periplus are -the Gujarát Kshatrapas. The question remains how did the Greeks -come to know the Kshatrapas by the name of Sadan or Sandan. The answer -seems to be the word Sadan or Sandan is the Sanskrit -<i>Sádhana</i> which according to Lassen (McCrindle’s -Ptolemy, 40) and Williams’ Sanskrit Dictionary may mean agent or -representative and may therefore be an accurate rendering of Kshatrapa -in the sense of Viceroy. Wilford (<abbr title="Asiatic Researches">As. -Res.</abbr> IX. 76, 198) notices that Sanskrit writers give the early -English in India the title Sádhan Engrez. This Wilford would -translate Lord but it seems rather meant for a rendering of the word -Factor. Prof. <span class="corr" id="xd25e6672" title="Source: Bhándárkar">Bhandárkar</span> -(<abbr title="Bombay Gazetteer">Bom. Gaz.</abbr> XIII. 418 note 1) -notices a tribe mentioned by the geographer Varáhamihira -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 580) as Śántikas and -associated with the Aparántakas or people of the west coast. He -shows how according to the rules of letter changes the Sanskrit -Śántika would in Prákrit be Sándino. In his -opinion it was this form Sandino which was familiar to Greek merchants -and sailors. Prof. Bhandárkar holds that when (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 100–110) the Kshatrapa Nahapána -displaced the Śátaváhanas or -Ándhrabhṛityas the Śántikas or Sandino became -independent in the North Konkan and took Kalyán. To make their -independence secure against the Kshatrapas they forbad intercourse -between their own territory and the Dakhan and sent foreign ships to -Barygaza. Against this explanation it is to be urged; (1) That -Násik and Junnar inscriptions show Nahapána supreme in -the North Konkan at least up to <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 120; -(2) That according to the Periplus the action taken by the Sandans or -Sadans was not against the Kshatrapas but against the <span class="corr" id="xd25e6688" title="Source: Śátakarnis">Śátakarṇis</span>; -(3) That the action was not taken in the time of Nahapána but at -a later time, later not only than the first Gautamíputra the -conqueror of Nahapána or his son-in-law Ushavadáta -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 138), but later than the second -Gautamíputra, who was defeated by the -Káthiáváḍa Kshatrapa Rudradáman some -time before <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 150; (4) That if the -Śántikas were solely a North Konkan tribe they would -neither wish nor be able to send foreign ships to Broach. The action -described in the Periplus of refusing to let Greek ships enter -Kalyán and of sending all such ships to Broach was the action of -a Gujarát conqueror of Kalyán determined to make foreign -trade centre in his own chief emporium Broach. The only possible lord -of Gujarát either in the second or third century who can have -adopted such a policy was the Kshatrapa of Ujjain in Málwa and -of Minnagara or <span class="corr" id="xd25e6699" title="Source: Junagaḍh">Junágaḍh</span> in -Káthiáváḍa, the same ruler, who, to -encourage foreign vessels to visit Broach had (McCrindle’s -Periplus, 118, 119) stationed native fishermen with well-manned long -boats off the south Káthiáváḍa coast to meet -ships and pilot them through the tidal and other dangers up the Narbada -to Broach. It follows that the Sandanes of the Periplus and -Ptolemy’s North Konkan Sádans are the Gujarát -Mahákshatrapas. The correctness of this identification of Sadan -with the Sanskrit Sádhan and the explanation of Sádhan as -a translation of Kshatrapa or representative receive confirmation from -the fact that the account of Kálakáchárya in the -Bharaheśwara Vṛítti (<abbr title="Journal Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society">J. B. B. R. A. S.</abbr> -IX. 141–142), late in date (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1000–1100) but with notable details of the -Śaka or Śáhi invaders, calls the Śaka king -Sádhana-Siṃha. If on this evidence it may be held that the -Kshatrapas were known as Sádhanas, it seems to follow that -Śántika the form used by Varáhamihira (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 505–587) is a conscious and intentional -Sanskritizing of Sádan whose correct form and origin had passed -out of knowledge, a result which would suggest conscious or artificial -Sanskritizing as the explanation of the forms of many <span class="corr" id="xd25e6712" title="Source: Puránic">Puráṇic</span> tribal and place -names. A further important result of this inquiry is to show that the -received date of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70 for the Periplus -cannot stand. Now that the Kanishka era <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78 is admitted to be the era used by the -Kshatrapas both in the Dakhan and in Gujarát it follows that a -writer who knows the elder and the younger <span class="corr" id="xd25e6722" title="Source: Śátakarnis">Śátakarṇis</span> -cannot be earlier than <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 150 and from -the manner in which he refers to them must almost certainly be -considerably later. This conclusion supports the date <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 247 which on other weighty grounds the French -scholar Reinaud (<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> Dec. -1879. pp. 330, 338) has assigned to the Periplus. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n44.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n45.1" -href="#n45.1src" name="n45.1">83</a></span> The Pandit’s coin was -obtained by him in 1863 from Amreli in -Káthiáváḍa. A copy of it is given by Mr. -Justice Newton who calls Saṅghadáman son of -Rudrasiṃha (<abbr title="Journal Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society">Jour. B. B. R. A. -S.</abbr> IX. Pl. I. Fig. 7). The other specimen is better -preserved. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n45.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n45.2" -href="#n45.2src" name="n45.2">84</a></span> One of these coins was lent -to the Pandit by Mr. Vajeshankar Gavrishankar. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n45.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n46.1" -href="#n46.1src" name="n46.1">85</a></span> One specimen in the -collection of Mr. Vajeshankar bears date 158. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n46.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n47.1" -href="#n47.1src" name="n47.1">86</a></span> One of them was lent by Mr. -Vajeshankar Gavrishankar. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n47.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n48.1" -href="#n48.1src" name="n48.1">87</a></span> This name has generally -been read Atridáman. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n48.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n48.2" -href="#n48.2src" name="n48.2">88</a></span> <abbr title="Journal Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society">Jour. B. B. R. A. -S.</abbr> VII. 16. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n48.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n49.1" -href="#n49.1src" name="n49.1">89</a></span> See below Chapter VI. page -57. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n49.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n51.1" -href="#n51.1src" name="n51.1">90</a></span> Cunningham’s Arch. -Sur. X. 127; XV. 29–30. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n51.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n51.2" -href="#n51.2src" name="n51.2">91</a></span> This coin of Rudrasena may -have been taken so far from Gujarát by the Gujarát monk -in whose honour the <i>stúpa</i> was built. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n51.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n52.1" -href="#n52.1src" name="n52.1">92</a></span> -Íśvaradatta’s name ends in <i>datta</i> as does also -that of Śivadatta the father of king Íśvarasena of the -Násik inscription. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n52.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n53.1" -href="#n53.1src" name="n53.1">93</a></span> Dr. -Bhagvánlál’s suggestion that Vijayasena -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 238–249) was defeated by the -Ábhír or Ahír king Íśvaradatta who -entered Gujarát from the North Konkan seems open to question. -First as regards the suggestion that Vijayasena was the Kshatrapa whose -power Íśvaradatta overthrew it is to be noticed that though -the two coinless years (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 249–251) between the last coin of -Vijayasena and the earliest coin of -Dámájaḍaśrí agree with the recorded -length of Íśvaradatta’s supremacy the absence of -coins is not in itself proof of a reverse or loss of Kshatrapa power -between the reigns of Vijayasena and <span class="corr" id="xd25e7433" -title="Source: Dámájadaśrí">Dámájaḍaśrí</span>. -It is true the Pandit considers that Íśvaradatta’s -coins closely resemble those of Vijayasena. At the same time he also -(Násik Stat. Acct. 624) thought them very similar to -Víradáman’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 236–238) coins. -Víradáman’s date so immediately precedes -Vijayasena’s that in many respects their coins must be closely -alike. It is to be noted that <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 230–235 the time of rival Kshatrapas among -whom Víradáman was one (especially the time between -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 236 and 238 during which none of the -rivals assumed the title Mahákshatrapa) was suitable to (perhaps -was the result of) a successful invasion by Íśvaradatta, -and that this same invasion may have been the cause of the transfer of -the capital, noted in the Periplus (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 247) as having taken place some years before, -from Ozene or Ujjain to Minnagara or <span class="corr" id="xd25e7449" -title="Source: Junágadh">Junágaḍh</span> -(McCrindle, 114, 122). On the other hand the fact that Vijayasena -regained the title of Mahákshatrapa and handed it to his -successor Dámájaḍaśrí III. would seem -to shew that no reverse or humiliation occurred during the coinless -years (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 249–251) between their -reigns, a supposition which is supported by the flourishing state of -the kingdom at the time of the Periplus (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 247) and also by the evidence that both the above -Kshatrapas ruled near Karád in Sátára. At the same -time if the difference <span class="corr" id="xd25e7458" title="Source: betweed">between</span> Víradáman’s and -Vijayasena’s coins is sufficient to make it unlikely that -Íśvaradatta’s can be copies of -Víradáman’s it seems possible that the year of -Íśvaradatta’s overlordship may be the year -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 244 (K. 166) in which -Vijayasena’s coins bear the title Kshatrapa, and that the -assumption of this lower title in the middle of a reign, which with -this exception throughout claims the title Mahákshatrapa, may be -due to the temporary necessity of acknowledging the supremacy of -Íśvaradatta. With reference to the Pandit’s -suggestion that Íśvaradatta was an Ábhíra the -fact noted above of a trace of Kshatrapa rule at Karád -thirty-one miles south of Sátára together with the fact -that they held Aparánta or the Konkan makes it probable that -they reached Karád by Chiplún and the Kumbhárli -pass. That the Kshatrapas entered the Dakhan by so southerly a route -instead of by some one of the more central Thána passes, seems -to imply the presence of some hostile power in Násik and -Khándesh. This after the close of the second century -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> could hardly have been the Ándhras -or <span class="corr" id="xd25e7468" title="Source: Śátákarnis">Śátakarṇis</span>. -It may therefore be presumed to have been the Ándhras’ -successors the Ábhíras. As regards the third suggestion -that Kshatrapa Gujarát was overrun from the North Konkan it is -to be noted that the evidence of connection between -Íśvarasena of the Násik inscription (Cave X. No. 15) -and Íśvaradatta of the coins is limited to a probable -nearness in time and a somewhat slight similarity in name. On the other -hand no inscription or other record points to Ábhíra -ascendancy in the North Konkan or South Gujarát. The presence of -an Ábhíra power in the North Konkan seems inconsistent -with Kshatrapa rule at Kalyán and Karád in the second -half of the third century. The position allotted to Aberia in the -Periplus (McCrindle, 113) inland from Surastrene, apparently in the -neighbourhood of Thar and Párkar; the finding of -Íśvaradatta’s coins in -Káthiáváḍa (Násik Gazetteer, XIII. -624); and (perhaps between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 230 and -240) the transfer westwards of the head-quarters of the Kshatrapa -kingdom seem all to point to the east rather than to the south, as the -side from which Íśvaradatta invaded Gujarát. At the -same time the reference during the reign of Rudrasiṃha I. -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 181) to the Ábhíra -Rudrabhúti who like his father was Senápati or -Commander-in-Chief suggests that Íśvaradatta may have been -not a foreigner but a revolted general. This supposition, his -assumption of the title Mahákshatrapa, and the finding of his -coins only in Káthiáváḍa to a certain extent -confirm. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n53.1src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch1.6" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd25e1246">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">CHAPTER VI.</h2> -<h2 class="main">THE TRAIKÚṬAKAS</h2> -<h2 class="sub">(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 250–450.)</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VI.<br> -<span class="sc">The Traikúṭakas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 250–450.</span></span> <span class="marginnote">Two Plates.</span>The materials regarding the -Traikúṭakas, though meagre, serve to show that they were a -powerful dynasty who rose to consequence about the time of the middle -Kshatrapas (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 250). All the recorded -information is in two copperplates, one the Kanheri copperplate found -by Dr. Bird in 1839,<a class="noteref" id="n55.1src" href="#n55.1" -name="n55.1src">1</a> the other a copperplate found at Párdi -near Balsár in 1885.<a class="noteref" id="n55.2src" href="#n55.2" name="n55.2src">2</a> Both plates are dated, the Kanheri plate -‘in the year two hundred and forty-five of the increasing rule of -the Traikúṭakas’; the Párdi plate in -Saṃvat 207 clearly figured. The Kanheri plate contains nothing of -historical importance; the Párdi plate gives the name of the -donor as Dahrasena or Dharasena ‘the illustrious great king of -the Traikúṭakas.’ Though it does not give any royal -name the Kanheri plate expressly mentions the date as the year 245 of -the increasing rule of the Traikúṭakas. The Párdi -plate gives the name of the king as ‘of the -Traikúṭakas’ but merely mentions the date as -Saṃ. 207. This date though not stated to be in the era of the -Traikúṭakas must be taken to be dated in the same era as -the Kanheri plate seeing that the style of the letters of both plates -is very similar.</p> -<p>The initial date must therefore have been started by the founder of -the dynasty and the Kanheri plate proves the dynasty must have lasted -at least 245 years. The Párdi plate is one of the earliest -copper-plate grants in India. Neither the genealogy nor even the usual -three generations including the father and grandfather are given, nor -like later plates does it contain a wealth of attributes. The king is -called ‘the great king of the Traikúṭakas,’ -the performer of the <i>aśvamedha</i> or horse-sacrifice, a -distinction bespeaking a powerful sovereign. It may therefore be -supposed that Dahrasena held South Gujarát to the <span class="corr" id="xd25e8186" title="Source: Narbáda">Narbadá</span> together with part of -the North Konkan and of the Ghát and Dakhan plateau.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Initial Date.</span>What then was the -initial date of the Traikúṭakas? Ten Gujarát -copper-plates of the Gurjjaras and Chalukyas are dated in an unknown -era with Saṃ. followed by the date figures as in the Párdi -plate and as in Gupta inscriptions. The earliest is the fragment from -<span class="corr" id="xd25e8193" title="Source: Sáṅkheḍá">Saṅkheḍá</span> -in the Baroda State dated Saṃ<span class="corr" id="xd25e8196" -title="Not in source">.</span> 346, which would fall in the reign of -Dadda I. of Broach.<a class="noteref" id="n55.3src" href="#n55.3" name="n55.3src">3</a> Next come the two Kaira grants of the Gurjjara king -Dadda Praśántarága dated Saṃ. 380 and -Saṃ. 385<a class="noteref" id="n55.4src" href="#n55.4" name="n55.4src">4</a>; and the <span class="corr" id="xd25e8207" title="Source: Sáṅkheḍá">Saṅkheḍá</span> -grant of Raṇagraha dated Saṃ. 391<a class="noteref" id="n55.5src" href="#n55.5" name="n55.5src">5</a>; then the Kaira grant of -the Chalukya king Vijayarája or Vijayavarman dated -Saṃvatsara 394<a class="noteref" id="n55.6src" href="#n55.6" -name="n55.6src">6</a>; then the Bagumrá grant of the Sendraka -chief Nikumbhallaśakti<a class="noteref" id="n56.1src" href="#n56.1" name="n56.1src">7</a>; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb56" -href="#pb56" name="pb56">56</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VI.<br> -<span class="sc">The Traikúṭakas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 250–450.</span><br> -Initial Date.</span> two grants from Navsári and Surat of the -Chalukya king Śíláditya Śryáśraya -dated 421 and 443<a class="noteref" id="n56.2src" href="#n56.2" name="n56.2src">8</a>; two the Navsári and Kávi grants of the -Gurjjara king Jayabhaṭa dated respectively Saṃ. 456 and -Saṃ. 486<a class="noteref" id="n56.3src" href="#n56.3" name="n56.3src">9</a>; and a grant of Pulakeśi dated Saṃvat -490.<a class="noteref" id="n56.4src" href="#n56.4" name="n56.4src">10</a></p> -<p>Of these the grant dated 421 speaks of Śíláditya -<span class="corr" id="xd25e8261" title="Source: Śryásraya">Śryáśraya</span> as -Yuvarája or heir-apparent and as the son of -Jayasiṃhavarmman. The plate further shows that -Jayasiṃhavarmman was brother of Vikramáditya and son of -Pulakeśi Vallabha ‘the conqueror of the northern king -Harshavardhana.’ The name Jayasiṃhavarmman does not occur -in any copperplate of the main line of the Western Chalukyas of the -Dakhan. That he is called Mahárája or great king and that -his son Śíláditya is called Yuvarája or -heir-apparent suggest that Jayasiṃhavarmman was the founder of -the Gujarát branch of the Western Chalukyas and that his great -Dakhan brother Vikramáditya was his overlord, a relation which -would explain the mention of Vikramáditya in the genealogy of -the copper-plate. Vikramáditya’s reign ended in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 680 (Śaka 602).<a class="noteref" id="n56.5src" href="#n56.5" name="n56.5src">11</a> Supposing -our grant to be dated in this last year of Vikramáditya, -Saṃvat 421 should correspond to Śaka 602, which gives -Śaka 181 or <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 259 as the initial -date of the era in which the plate is dated. Probably the plate was -dated earlier in the reign of Vikramáditya giving <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 250. In any case the era used cannot be the Gupta -era whose initial year is now finally settled to be <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 319.</p> -<p>The second grant of the same Śíláditya is dated -Saṃvat 443. In it, both in an eulogistic verse at the beginning -and in the text of the genealogy, Vinayáditya -Satyáśraya Vallabha is mentioned as the paramount sovereign -which proves that by Saṃvat 443 Vikramáditya had been -succeeded by Vinayáditya. The reign of Vinayáditya has -been fixed as lasting from Śaka 602 to Śaka 618 that is from -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 680 to <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 696–97.<a class="noteref" id="n56.6src" -href="#n56.6" name="n56.6src">12</a> Taking Śaka 615 or -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 693 to correspond with Saṃvat -443, the initial year of the era is <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 250.</p> -<p>The grant of Pulakeśivallabha <span class="corr" id="xd25e8299" -title="Source: Janásraya">Janáśraya</span> dated -Saṃvat 490, mentions Mangalarasaráya as the donor’s -elder brother and as the son of Jayasiṃhavarmman. And a -Balsár grant whose donor is mentioned as Mangalarája son -of Jayasiṃhavarmman, apparently the same as the -Mangalarasaráya of the plate just mentioned, is dated Śaka -653.<a class="noteref" id="n56.7src" href="#n56.7" name="n56.7src">13</a> Placing the elder brother about ten years before the -younger we get Saṃvat 480 as the date of Mangalarája, -which, corresponding with Śaka 653 or <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 730–31, gives <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 730 minus 480 that is <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 250–51 as the initial year of the era in -which Pulakeśi’s grant is dated. In the Navsári -plates, which record a gift by the Gurjjara king Jayabhaṭa in -Saṃvat 456, Dadda II. the donor of the Kaira grants which bear -date 380 and 385, is mentioned in the genealogical part at the -beginning as ‘protecting the lord of Valabhi who had been -defeated by the great lord the illustrious Harshadeva.’ Now the -great Harshadeva or Harsha Vardhana of Kanauj whose court was visited -by the Chinese pilgrim Hiuen <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb57" href="#pb57" name="pb57">57</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VI.<br> -<span class="sc">The Traikúṭakas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 250–450.</span><br> -Initial Date.</span> Tsiang between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 629 and 645, reigned according to Reinaud from -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 607 to about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 648. Taking <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 250 -as the initial year of the era of the Kaira plates, Dadda II.’s -dates 380 and 385, corresponding to <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 630 and 635, fall in the reign of -Harshavardhana.</p> -<p>These considerations seem to show that the initial date of the -Traikúṭaka era was at or about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 250 which at once suggests its identity with the -Chedi or Kalachuri era.<a class="noteref" id="n57.1src" href="#n57.1" -name="n57.1src">14</a> The next question is, Who were these -Traikúṭakas. The meaning of the title seems to be kings of -Trikúṭa. Several references seem to point to the existence -of a city named Trikúṭa on the western seaboard. In -describing Raghu’s triumphant progress the -Rámáyaṇa and the Raghuvaṃśa mention him -as having established the city of Trikúṭa in -Aparánta on the western seaboard.<a class="noteref" id="n57.2src" href="#n57.2" name="n57.2src">15</a> Trikúṭakam -or Trikúṭam, a Sanskrit name for sea salt seems a -reminiscence of the time when Trikúṭa was the emporium -from which Konkan salt was distributed over the Dakhan. The scanty -information regarding the territory ruled by the -Traikúṭakas is in agreement with the suggestion that -Junnar in North Poona was the probable site of their capital and that -in the three ranges that encircle Junnar we have the origin of the term -Trikúṭa or Three-Peaked.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Their Race or Tribe.</span>Of the race or -tribe of the Traikúṭakas nothing is known. The conjecture -may be offered that they are a branch of the Ábhíra kings -of the Puráṇas, one of whom is mentioned in Inscription -XV. of Násik Cave X. which from the style of the letters belongs -to about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 150 to 200. The easy -connection between Násik and Balsár by way of Peth -(Peint) and the nearness in time between the Násik inscription -and the initial date of the Traikúṭakas support this -conjecture. The further suggestion may be offered that the founder of -the line of Traikúṭakas was the Íśvaradatta, -who, as noted in the Kshatrapa chapter, held the overlordship of -Káthiáváḍa as Mahákshatrapa, perhaps -during the two years <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 248 and 249, a -result in close agreement with the conclusions drawn from the -examination of the above quoted Traikúṭaka and Chalukya -copperplates. As noted in the Kshatrapa chapter after two years’ -supremacy Íśvaradatta seems to have been defeated and -regular Kshatrapa rule restored about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 252 (K. 174) by -Dámájaḍaśrí son of Vijayasena. The -unbroken use of the title Mahákshatrapa, the moderate and -uniform lengths of the reigns, and the apparently unquestioned -successions suggest, what the discovery of Kshatrapa coins at -Karád near Sátára in the Dakhan and at -Amrávati in the Berárs seems to imply, that during the -second half of the third century Kshatrapa rule was widespread and -firmly established.<a class="noteref" id="n57.3src" href="#n57.3" name="n57.3src">16</a> The conjecture may be offered that Rudrasena -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 256–272) whose coins have been -found in Amrávati in the Berárs spread his power at the -expense of the Traikúṭakas driving them towards the -Central Provinces where they established themselves at Tripura and -Kálanjara.<a class="noteref" id="n57.4src" href="#n57.4" name="n57.4src">17</a> Further that under Bráhman <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb58" href="#pb58" name="pb58">58</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VI.<br> -<span class="sc">The Traikúṭakas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 250–450.</span><br> -Their Race or Tribe.</span> influence, just as the Gurjjaras called -themselves descendants of Karṇa the hero of the -Mahábhárata, and the Pallavas claimed to be of the -Bháradvája stock, the Traikúṭakas forgot -their Ábhíra origin and claimed descent from the -Haihayas. Again as the Valabhis (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 480–767) adopted the Gupta era but gave it -their own name so the rulers of Tripura seem to have continued the -original Traikúṭaka era of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 248–9 under the name of the Chedi era. The -decline of the Kshatrapas dates from about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 300 the rule of Viśvasena the twentieth -Kshatrapa son of Bharttṛidáman. The subsequent disruption -of the Kshatrapa empire was probably the work of their old neighbours -and foes the Traikúṭakas, who, under the name of Haihayas, -about the middle of the fifth century (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 455–6) rose to supremacy and established a -branch at their old city of Trikúṭa ruling the greater -part of the Bombay Dakhan and South Gujarát and probably filling -the blank between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 410 the fall of the -Kshatrapas and <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 500 the rise of the -Chálukyas.</p> -<p>About 1887 Pandit Bhagvánlál secured nine of a hoard -of 500 silver coins found at Daman in South Gujarát. All are of -one king a close imitation of the coins of the latest Kshatrapas. On -the obverse is a bust of bad workmanship and on the reverse are the -usual Kshatrapa symbols encircled with the legend:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">महाराजेन्द्रवर्मपुत्रपरमवैष्णवश्रीमहाराजरुद्रगणः</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Mahárájendravarmaputra Parama Vaishnava -Śrí Mahárája Rudragaṇa.</p> -<p>The devoted Vaishnava the illustrious king Rudragaṇa son of -the great king Indravarma.</p> -</div> -<p>At Karád, thirty-one miles south of Sátára, Mr. -Justice Newton obtained a coin of this Rudragaṇa, with the coins -of many Kshatrapas including Viśvasiṃha son of -Bharttṛidáman who ruled up to <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 300. This would favour the view that -Rudragaṇa was the successful rival who wrested the Dakhan and -North Konkan from Viśvasiṃha. The fact that during the -twenty years after Viśvasiṃha (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 300–320) none of the Kshatrapas has the -title Mahákshatrapa seems to show they ruled in -Káthiáváḍa as tributaries of this -Rudragaṇa and his descendants of the Traikúṭaka -family. The Dahrasena of the Párdi plate whose inscription date -is 207, that is <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 457, may be a -descendant of Rudragaṇa. The Traikúṭaka kingdom -would thus seem to have flourished at least till the middle of the -fifth century. Somewhat later, or at any rate after the date of the -Kanheri plate (245 = <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 495), it was -overthrown by either the Mauryas or the Guptas.<a class="noteref" id="n58.1src" href="#n58.1" name="n58.1src">18</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb60" href="#pb60" name="pb60">60</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n55.1" -href="#n55.1src" name="n55.1">1</a></span> Cave Temple Inscriptions, -<abbr>Bom. Arch. Sur. Sep.</abbr> Number XI. page 57ff. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n55.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n55.2" -href="#n55.2src" name="n55.2">2</a></span> <abbr title="Journal Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society">J. B. B. R. A. S.</abbr> -XVI. 346. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n55.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n55.3" -href="#n55.3src" name="n55.3">3</a></span> Epigraphia Indica, II. -19. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n55.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n55.4" -href="#n55.4src" name="n55.4">4</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIII. 81ff. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n55.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n55.5" -href="#n55.5src" name="n55.5">5</a></span> <abbr title="Epigraphia Indica">Ep. Ind.</abbr> II. 20. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n55.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n55.6" -href="#n55.6src" name="n55.6">6</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VII. 248ff. Dr. Bhandárkar -(Early <abbr title="History">Hist.</abbr> of the Deccan, 42 note 7) has -given reasons for believing this grant to be a forgery. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n55.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n56.1" -href="#n56.1src" name="n56.1">7</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XVIII. 265ff. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n56.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n56.2" -href="#n56.2src" name="n56.2">8</a></span> <abbr title="Journal Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society">J. B. B. R. A. S.</abbr> -XVI. 1ff.; Trans. Vienna Or. Congress, 210ff. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n56.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n56.3" -href="#n56.3src" name="n56.3">9</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIII. 70ff. and V. -109ff. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n56.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n56.4" -href="#n56.4src" name="n56.4">10</a></span> Trans. Vienna Or. Congress, -210ff. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n56.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n56.5" -href="#n56.5src" name="n56.5">11</a></span> Fleet’s -Kánarese Dynasties, 27. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n56.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n56.6" -href="#n56.6src" name="n56.6">12</a></span> Fleet’s -Kánarese Dynasties, 27. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n56.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n56.7" -href="#n56.7src" name="n56.7">13</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIV. 75 and <abbr title="Journal Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society">Jour. B. B. R. A. -S.</abbr> XVI. 1ff. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n56.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n57.1" -href="#n57.1src" name="n57.1">14</a></span> Mr. Fleet (<abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. 9) and Sir -A. Cunningham (<abbr title="Archæological Survey">Arch. -Sur.</abbr> IX. 77) agree in fixing <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 250 as the initial date of the Chedi era. Prof. -Kielhorn has worked out the available dates and finds that the first -year of the era corresponds to <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 249–50. <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. -Ant.</abbr> XVII. 215. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n57.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n57.2" -href="#n57.2src" name="n57.2">15</a></span> -Válmíki’s Rámáyaṇa, Ganpat -Krishnaji’s Edition: Raghuvaṃśa, IV. -59. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n57.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n57.3" -href="#n57.3src" name="n57.3">16</a></span> For details see above page -<a href="#pb48" class="pageref">48</a>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n57.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n57.4" -href="#n57.4src" name="n57.4">17</a></span> Tripura four miles west of -Jabalpur; Kálanjara 140 miles north of Jabalpur. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n57.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n58.1" -href="#n58.1src" name="n58.1">18</a></span> That the era used by the -Gurjjaras and Chalukyas of Gujarát was the Chedi era may be -regarded as certain since the discovery of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e8469" title="Source: Śáṅkhedá">Saṅkheḍá</span> -grant of Nirihullaka (<abbr title="Epigraphia Indica">Ep. Ind.</abbr> -II. 21), who speaks of a certain Śaṅkaraṇa as his -overlord. Palæographically this grant belongs to the sixth -century, and Dr. Bühler has suggested that -Śaṅkaraṇa is the Chedi Śaṅkaragaṇa -whose son Buddharája was defeated by Mangalíśa some -time before <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 602 (<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIX. 16). If this is accepted, the -grant shows that the Chedis or Kalachuris were in power in the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e8481" title="Source: Narbáda">Narbadá</span> valley during the sixth -century, which explains the prevalence of their era in South -Gujarát. Chedi rule in the <span class="corr" id="xd25e8485" -title="Source: Narbádá">Narbadá</span> valley must -have come to an end about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 580 when -Dadda I. established himself at Broach. It being established that the -Kalachuris once ruled in South Gujarát, there is no great -difficulty in the way of identifying the Traikúṭakas with -them. The two known Traikúṭaka grants are dated in the -third century of their era, and belong palæographically to the -fifth century <span class="sc">a.d.</span> Their era, therefore, like -that of the Kalachuris, begins in the third century <span class="sc">a.d.</span>: and it is simpler to suppose that the two eras were -the same than <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VI.<br> -<span class="sc">The Traikúṭakas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 250–450.</span></span> that two different -eras, whose initial points were only a few years apart, were in use in -the same district. Now that the Śaka and the Vikrama eras are -known to have had different names at different times, the change in the -name of the era offers no special difficulty. This identification would -carry back Kalachuri rule in South Gujarát to at least -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 456–6, the date of the -Párdi grant: and it is worth noting that Varáhamihira -(Bṛ. Saṃh. XIV. 20) places the Haihayas or Kalachuris in -the west along with the Aparántakas or Konkanis.</p> -<p class="footnote cont">Though the name Traikúṭaka means -of Trikúṭa, the authorities quoted by Dr. -Bhagvánlál do not establish the existence of a city -called Trikúṭa. They only vouch for a mountain of that -name somewhere in the Western Gháts, and there is no evidence of -any special connection with Junnar. Further, the word -Trikúṭakam seems to mean rock-salt, not sea-salt, so that -there is here no special connection with the Western coast. Wherever -Trikúṭa may have been, there seems no need to reject the -tradition that connects the rise of the Kalachuris with their capture -of Kálanjara (Cunningham’s <abbr title="Archæological Survey">Arch. Surv.</abbr> IX. 77ff), as it is -more likely that they advanced from the East down the <span class="corr" id="xd25e8520" title="Source: Narbádá">Narbadá</span> than that their -original seats were on the West Coast, as the Western Indian -inscriptions of the third and fourth centuries contain no reference -either to Traikúṭakas or to Junnar or other western city -as Trikúṭa.</p> -<p class="footnote cont">With reference to the third suggestion that -the Traikúṭakas twice overthrew the Kshatrapas, under -Íśvaradatta in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 248 and -under Rudragaṇa in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 310–320, it is to be noted that there is no -evidence to show that Íśvaradatta was either an -Ábhíra or a Traikúṭaka and that the -identification of his date with <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 248–250 seems less probable than with -either <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 244 or <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 236. (Compare above Footnote page 53). Even if -Íśvaradatta’s supremacy coincided with <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 250 the initial date of the -Traikúṭaka era, it seems improbable that a king who -reigned only two years and left no successor should have had any -connection with the establishment of an era which is not found in use -till two centuries later. As regards Rudragaṇa it may be admitted -that he belonged to the race or family who weakened Kshatrapa power -early in the fourth century <span class="sc">a.d.</span> At the same -time there seems no reason to suppose that Rudragaṇa was a -Traikúṭaka or a Kalachuri except the fact that his name, -like that of Śaṅkaragaṇa, is a compound of the word -<i>gaṇa</i> and a name of Śiva; while the irregular -posthumous use of the title Mahákshatrapa among the latest (23rd -to 26th) Kshatrapas favours the view that they remained independent -till their overthrow by the Guptas about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 410. The conclusion seems to be that the -Traikúṭaka and the Kalachuri eras are the same namely -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 248–9: that this era was -introduced into Gujarát by the Traikúṭakas who were -connected with the Haihayas; and that the introduction of the era into -Gujarát did not take place before the middle of the fifth -century <span class="sc">a.d.</span>—(A. M. T. J.) <a class="fnarrow" href="#n58.1src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch1.7" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd25e1261">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">CHAPTER VII.</h2> -<h2 class="main">THE GUPTAS</h2> -<h2 class="sub">(<abbr>G.</abbr> 90–149; <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 410–470.)</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Guptas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 410–470.</span></span> After the Kshatrapas -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 120–410) the powerful dynasty -of the Guptas established themselves in Gujarát. So far as the -dynasty is connected with Gujarát the Gupta tree is:</p> -<div class="table"> -<table class="geneaTable"> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e8594 cellLeft cellRight cellTop"> -Gupta.<br> -G.1–12(?)—<span class="sc">a.d.</span>319–322(?)<br> -Petty N. W. P. Chief.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e8594 cellLeft cellRight"> -Ghaṭotkacha.<br> -G.12–29(?)—<span class="sc">a.d.</span>332–349(?)<br> -Petty N. W. P. Chief.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e8594 cellLeft cellRight"> -Chandragupta I.<br> -G.29–49(?)—<span class="sc">a.d.</span>349–369(?)<br> -Powerful N. W. P. Chief.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e8594 cellLeft cellRight"> -Samudragupta.<br> -G.50–75(?)—<span class="sc">a.d.</span>370–395.<br> -Great N. W. P. Sovereign.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e8594 cellLeft cellRight"> -Chandragupta II.<br> -G.70–96—<span class="sc">a.d.</span>396–415.<br> -Great Monarch conquers Málwa.<br> -G.80 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>400 and Gujarát G.90 -<span class="sc">a.d.</span>410.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e8594 cellLeft cellRight"> -Kumáragupta.<br> -G.97–133—<span class="sc">a.d.</span>416–453.<br> -Rules Gujarát and Káthiáváḍa.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e8594 cellLeft cellRight cellBottom">Skandagupta.<br> -G.133–149—<span class="sc">a.d.</span>454–470.<br> -Rules Gujarát Káthiáváḍa and -Kachch.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -<p>According to the <span class="corr" id="xd25e8709" title="Source: Puránas">Puráṇas</span><a class="noteref" -id="n60.1src" href="#n60.1" name="n60.1src">1</a> the original seat of -the Guptas was between the Ganges and the Jamna. Their first capital is -not determined. English writers usually style them the Guptas of -Kanauj. And though this title is simply due to the chance that Gupta -coins were first found at Kanauj, further discoveries show that the -chief remains of Gupta records and coins are in the territory to the -east and south-east of Kanauj. Of the race of the Guptas nothing is -known. According to the ordinances of the Smṛitis or Sacred -Books,<a class="noteref" id="n60.2src" href="#n60.2" name="n60.2src">2</a> the terminal <i>gupta</i> belongs only to Vaiśyas -a class including shepherds <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb61" href="#pb61" name="pb61">61</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Guptas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 410–470.</span></span> cultivators and -traders. Of the first three kings, Gupta Ghaṭotkacha and -Chandragupta I., beyond the fact that Chandragupta I. bore the title of -Mahárájádhirája, neither descriptive titles -nor details are recorded. As the fourth king Samudragupta performed the -long-neglected horse-sacrifice he must have been Bráhmanical in -religion. And as inscriptions style Samudragupta’s three -successors, Chandragupta II. Kumáragupta and Skandagupta, Parama -Bhágavata, they must have been Smárta Vaishnavas, that is -devotees of <span class="corr" id="xd25e8740" title="Source: Vishnu">Vishṇu</span> and observers of Vedic -ceremonies.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Founder Gupta, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 319–322(?).</span>The founder of the -dynasty is styled Gupta. In inscriptions this name always appears as -Śrí-gupta which is taken to mean protected by -Śrí or Lakshmí. Against this explanation it is to be -noted that in their inscriptions all Gupta’s successors, have a -Śrí before their names. The question therefore arises; If -Śrí forms part of the name why should the name -Śrígupta have had no second Śrí prefixed in the -usual way. Further in the inscriptions the lineage appears as -Guptavaṃśa that is the lineage of the Guptas never -Śríguptavaṃśa<a class="noteref" id="n61.1src" -href="#n61.1" name="n61.1src">3</a>; and whenever dates in the era of -this dynasty are given they are conjoined with the name Gupta never -with Śrígupta.<a class="noteref" id="n61.2src" href="#n61.2" name="n61.2src">4</a> It may therefore be taken that Gupta not -Śrígupta is the correct form of the founder’s -name.<a class="noteref" id="n61.3src" href="#n61.3" name="n61.3src">5</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Ghaṭotkacha, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 322–349(?).</span>Gupta the founder seems -never to have risen to be more than a petty chief. No known inscription -gives him the title <i>Mahárájádhirája</i> -Supreme Ruler of Great Kings, which all Gupta rulers after the -founder’s grandson Chandragupta assume. Again that no coins of -the founder and many coins of his successors have been discovered makes -it probable that Gupta was not a ruler of enough importance to have a -currency of his own. According to the inscriptions Gupta was succeeded -by his son Ghaṭotkacha a petty chief like his father with the -title of Mahárája and without coins.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Chandragupta I. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 349–369(?).</span>Chandragupta I. -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 349–369 [?]), the son and -successor of Ghaṭotkacha, is styled -Mahárájádhirája either because he himself -became powerful, or, more probably, because he was the father of his -very powerful successor Samudragupta. Though he may not have gained the -dignity of “supreme ruler of great kings” by his own -successes Chandragupta I. rose to a higher position than his -predecessors. He was connected by marriage with the Lichchhavi dynasty -of Tirhút an alliance which must have been considered of -importance since his son Samudragupta puts the name of his mother -<span class="corr" id="xd25e8794" title="Source: Kumárádeví">Kumáradeví</span> -on his coins, and always styles himself daughter’s son of -Lichchhavi.<a class="noteref" id="n61.4src" href="#n61.4" name="n61.4src">6</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb62" href="#pb62" name="pb62">62</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Guptas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 410–470.</span><br> -Samudragupta, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 370–395.</span> -<span class="marginnote">Samudragupta, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 370–395.</span>Samudragupta was the first -of his family to strike coins. His numerous gold coins are, with a -certain additional Indian element, adopted from those of his -Indo-Skythian predecessors. The details of the royal figure on the -obverse are Indian in the neck ornaments, large earrings, and -headdress; they are Indo-Skythian in the tailed coat, long boots, and -straddle. The goddess on the reverse of some coins with a fillet and -cornucopia is an adaptation of an Indo-Skythian figure, while the -lotus-holding Ganges on an alligator and the standing Glory holding a -flyflapper on the reverse of other coins are purely Indian.<a class="noteref" id="n62.1src" href="#n62.1" name="n62.1src">7</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>His Coins.</i></span>A noteworthy -feature of Samudragupta’s coins is that one or other of almost -all his epithets appears on each of his coins with a figure of the king -illustrating the epithet. Coins with the epithet -<i>Sarvarájochchhettá</i> Destroyer-of-all-kings have on -the obverse a standing king stretching out a banner topped by the wheel -or disc of universal supremacy.<a class="noteref" id="n62.2src" href="#n62.2" name="n62.2src">8</a></p> -<p>Coins<a class="noteref" id="n62.3src" href="#n62.3" name="n62.3src">9</a> with the epithet <i>Apratiratha</i> Peerless have on -the obverse a standing king whose left hand rests on a bow and whose -right hand holds a loose-lying unaimed arrow and in front an Eagle or -<span class="corr" id="xd25e8929" title="Source: Garuda">Garuḍa</span> standard symbolizing the -unrivalled supremacy of the king, his arrow no longer wanted, his -standard waving unchallenged. On the obverse is the legend: -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb63" href="#pb63" name="pb63">63</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Guptas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 410–470.</span><br> -Samudragupta, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 370–395.</span></p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">अप्रतिरथराजन्यकीर्ति -(र) मम -विजयते.</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Apratiratharájanyakírti(r)mama -vijáyate.<a class="noteref" id="n63.1src" href="#n63.1" name="n63.1src">10</a></p> -<p>Triumphant is the glory of me the unrivalled sovereign.</p> -</div> -<p>Coins with the attribute <i>Kritánta paraśu</i> the -Death-like-battle-axe have on the obverse a royal figure grasping a -battle-axe.<a class="noteref" id="n63.2src" href="#n63.2" name="n63.2src">11</a> In front of the royal figure a boy, perhaps -Samudragupta’s son Chandragupta, holds a standard. Coins with the -attribute <i>Aśvamedhaparákramaḥ</i> -Able-to-hold-a-horse-sacrifice have on the obverse a horse standing -near a sacrificial post <i>yúpa</i> and on the reverse a female -figure with a flyflap.<a class="noteref" id="n63.3src" href="#n63.3" -name="n63.3src">12</a> The legend on the obverse is imperfect and hard -to read. The late Mr. Thomas restores it:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">नवजमधः -राजाधिराज -पृथिविं -जियत्य.</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Navajamadhaḥ rájádhirája -pṛithivíṃ jiyatya.</p> -<p>Horse sacrifice, after conquering the earth, the great king -(performs).</p> -</div> -<p>Coins with the legend <i>Lichchhaveyaḥ</i>, a coin -abbreviation for <i>Lichchhavidauhitra</i> Daughter’s son of -Lichchhavi (?), have on the obverse a standing king grasping a -javelin.<a class="noteref" id="n63.4src" href="#n63.4" name="n63.4src">13</a> Under the javelin hand are the letters -<i>Chandraguptaḥ</i>. Facing the king a female figure with trace -of the letters <i>Kumáradeví</i> seems to speak to him. -These figures of his mother and father are given to explain the -attribute Lichchhaveya or scion of Lichchhavi. This coin has been -supposed to belong to Chandragupta I. but the attribute -<i>Lichchhaveyaḥ</i> can apply only to Samudragupta.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>His Allahábád -Inscription.</i></span>A fuller source of information regarding -Samudragupta remains in his inscription on the Allahábád -Pillar.<a class="noteref" id="n63.5src" href="#n63.5" name="n63.5src">14</a> Nearly eight verses of the first part are lost. The -first three verses probably described his learning as what remains of -the third verse mentions his poetic accomplishments, and line 27 says -he was skilled in poetry and music, a trait further illustrated by what -are known as his Lyrist coins where he is shown playing a -lute.<a class="noteref" id="n63.6src" href="#n63.6" name="n63.6src">15</a> The fourth verse says that during his lifetime his -father chose Samudragupta to rule the earth from among others of equal -birth. His father is mentioned as pleased with him and this is followed -by the description of a victory during which several opponents are said -to have submitted. The seventh verse records the sudden destruction of -the army of Achyuta Nágasena and the punishment inflicted on a -descendant of the Kota family.</p> -<p>Lines 19 and 20 record the conquest, or submission, of the following -South Indian monarchs, Mahendra of Kosala, Vyághrarája of -Mahá Kántára,<a class="noteref" id="n63.7src" -href="#n63.7" name="n63.7src">16</a> Mundarája of -Kauráttá,<a class="noteref" id="n63.8src" href="#n63.8" -name="n63.8src">17</a> Svámidatta of Paishṭapura -Mahendra-Giri and Auṭṭura<a class="noteref" id="n63.9src" -href="#n63.9" name="n63.9src">18</a>, Damana of -Airaṇḍapallaka, Vishṇu of -Káñchí, Nílarája -Śápávamukta,<a class="noteref" id="n63.10src" href="#n63.10" name="n63.10src">19</a> Hastivarman of Veṅgí, -Ugrasena of Pálaka,<a class="noteref" id="n63.11src" href="#n63.11" name="n63.11src">20</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb64" -href="#pb64" name="pb64">64</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Guptas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 410–470.</span><br> -Samudragupta, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 370–395.</span> -Kubera of Daivaráshṭra, and Dhanaṃjaya of -Kausthalapura. Line 21 gives a further list of nine kings of -Áryávarta exterminated by Samudragupta:</p> -<table class="splitlisttable"> -<tr> -<td> -<ul> -<li>Rudradeva.</li> -<li>Matila.</li> -<li>Nágadatta.</li> -</ul> -</td> -<td> -<ul> -<li>Chandravarman.</li> -<li>Gaṇapatinága.</li> -<li>Nágasena.</li> -</ul> -</td> -<td> -<ul> -<li>Achyuta.</li> -<li>Nandin.</li> -<li>Balavarmman.</li> -</ul> -</td> -</tr> -</table> -<p>As no reference is made to the territories of these kings they may -be supposed to be well known neighbouring rulers. General -Cunningham’s coins and others obtained at Mathurá, show -that the fifth ruler Gaṇapatinága was one of the -Nága kings of Gwálior and Narwár.<a class="noteref" id="n64.1src" href="#n64.1" name="n64.1src">21</a> The -inscription next mentions that Samudragupta took into his employ the -chiefs of the forest countries. Then in lines 22 and 23 follows a list -of countries whose kings gave him tribute, who obeyed his orders, and -who came to pay homage. The list includes the names of many frontier -countries and the territories of powerful contemporary kings. The -frontier kingdoms are:<a class="noteref" id="n64.2src" href="#n64.2" -name="n64.2src">22</a></p> -<table class="splitlisttable"> -<tr> -<td> -<ul> -<li>Samataṭa.</li> -</ul> -</td> -<td> -<ul> -<li>Ḍaváka.</li> -</ul> -</td> -<td> -<ul> -<li>Kámarúpa.</li> -</ul> -</td> -<td> -<ul> -<li>Nepála.</li> -</ul> -</td> -<td> -<ul> -<li>Karttṛika.</li> -</ul> -</td> -</tr> -</table> -<p>The Indian kingdoms are:<a class="noteref" id="n64.3src" href="#n64.3" name="n64.3src">23</a></p> -<table class="splitlisttable"> -<tr> -<td> -<ul> -<li>Málava.</li> -<li>Arjunáyana.</li> -<li><span class="corr" id="xd25e9173" title="Source: Yauddheya">Yaudheya</span>.</li> -</ul> -</td> -<td> -<ul> -<li>Mádraka.</li> -<li>Ábhíra.</li> -<li>Prárjuna.</li> -</ul> -</td> -<td> -<ul> -<li>Sanakáníka.</li> -<li>Káka.</li> -<li>Kharaparika.</li> -</ul> -</td> -</tr> -</table> -<p>Mention is next made of kings who submitted, gave their daughters in -marriage, paid tribute, and requested the issue of the Garuḍa or -Eagle charter to secure them in the enjoyment of their -territory.<a class="noteref" id="n64.4src" href="#n64.4" name="n64.4src">24</a> The tribal names of these kings are:<a class="noteref" id="n64.5src" href="#n64.5" name="n64.5src">25</a></p> -<table class="splitlisttable"> -<tr> -<td> -<ul> -<li>Devaputra.</li> -<li>Sháhi.</li> -<li>Sháhánusháhi.</li> -<li>Śaka.</li> -</ul> -</td> -<td> -<ul> -<li>Muruṇḍa.</li> -<li>Saiṃhalaka.</li> -<li>Island Kings.</li> -</ul> -</td> -</tr> -</table> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb65" href="#pb65" name="pb65">65</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Guptas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 410–470.</span><br> -Samudragupta, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 370–395.</span> -The inscribed pillar is said to have been set up by the great Captain -or Dandanáyaka named Tilabhaṭṭanáyaka.</p> -<p>This important inscription shows that Samudragupta’s dominions -included Mathurá, Oudh, Gorakhpur, Allahábád, -Benares, Behár, <span class="corr" id="xd25e9262" title="Source: Tirhut">Tirhút</span>, Bengal, and part of East -Rájputána. The list of Dakhan and South Indian kingdoms -does not necessarily imply that they formed part of -Samudragupta’s territory. Samudragupta may have made a victorious -campaign to the far south and had the countries recorded in the order -of his line of march. The order suggests that he went from -Behár, by way of Gayá, to Kosala the country about the -modern Ráipur in the Central Provinces, and from Kosala, by -Ganjam and other places in the Northern Circars, as far as -Káñchí or Conjeveram forty-six miles south-west of -Madras. Málwa is shown in the second list as a powerful allied -kingdom. It does not appear to have formed part of Samudragupta’s -territory nor, unless the Śakas are the Kshatrapas, does any -mention of Gujarát occur even as an allied state.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Chandragupta II. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 396–415.</span>Samudragupta was succeeded -by his son Chandragupta II. whose mother was the queen -Dattádeví. He was the greatest and most powerful king of -the Gupta dynasty and added largely to the territory left by -Samudragupta. His second name Vikramáditya or the Sun of Prowess -appears on his coins. Like his father Chandragupta II. struck gold -coins of various types. He was the first Gupta ruler who spread his -power over Málwa and Gujarát which he apparently took -from the Kshatrapas as he was the first Gupta to strike silver coins -and as his silver coins of both varieties the eastern and the western -are modifications of the Kshatrapa type. The expedition which conquered -Málwa seems to have passed from Allahábád by -Bundelkhand to Bhilsá and thence to Málwa. An undated -inscription in the Udayagiri caves at Vidiśá (the modern -Besnagar) near Bhilsa records the making of a cave of Mahádeva -by one Śába of the Kautsa gotra and the family name of -Vírasena, a poet and native of Páṭaliputra who held -the hereditary office of minister of peace and war -<i>sandhivigrahika</i>, and who is recorded to have arrived with the -king who was intent upon conquering the whole earth.<a class="noteref" -id="n65.1src" href="#n65.1" name="n65.1src">26</a> A neighbouring cave -bears an inscription of a feudatory of Chandragupta who was chief of -Sanakáníka.<a class="noteref" id="n65.2src" href="#n65.2" -name="n65.2src">27</a> The chief’s name is lost, but the names of -his father <span class="corr" id="xd25e9285" title="Source: Vishnudása">Vishṇudása</span> and of his -grandfather Chhagalaga remain. The date is the eleventh of the bright -half of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb66" href="#pb66" name="pb66">66</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Guptas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 410–470.</span><br> -Chandragupta II, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 396–415.</span> Ásháḍha -Saṃvatsara 82 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 401). From this -Chandragupta’s conquest of Vidiśá may be dated about -Saṃvatsara 80 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 399) or a little -earlier.</p> -<p>A third inscription is on the railing of the great -Sáñchi stúpa.<a class="noteref" id="n66.1src" -href="#n66.1" name="n66.1src">28</a> It is dated the 4th day of -Bhádrapada Saṃvat 93 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 412) and records the gift of 25 -<i>dínáras</i> and something called -Íśvaravásaka (perhaps a village or a field) to the -monks of the great monastery of -Kákanádaboṭaśrí for the daily -maintenance of five <i>bhikshus</i> and the burning of a lamp in the -<i>ratnagṛiha</i> or shrine of the Buddhist <i>triratna</i>, for -the merit of the supreme king of great kings Chandragupta who bears the -popular name of Devarája or god-like.<a class="noteref" id="n66.2src" href="#n66.2" name="n66.2src">29</a> The donor a feudatory -of Chandragupta named Ámrakárdava is described as having -the object of his life gratified by the favour of the feet of the -supreme ruler of great kings the illustrious Chandragupta, and as -showing to the world the hearty loyalty of a good feudatory. -Ámrakárdava seems to have been a chief of consequence as -he is described as winning the flag of glory in numerous battles. The -name of his kingdom is also recorded. Though it cannot now be made out -the mention of his kingdom makes it probable that he was a stranger -come to pay homage to Chandragupta. The reference to Chandragupta seems -to imply he was the ruler of the land while the two other inscriptions -show that his rule lasted from about 80 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 399) to at least 93 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 412). During these years Chandragupta seems to -have spread his sway to Ujjain the capital of west Málwa, of -which he is traditionally called the ruler. From Ujjain by way of -Bágh and Tánda in the province of Ráth he seems to -have entered South Gujarát and to have passed from the Broach -coast to Káthiáváḍa. He seems to have -wrested Káthiáváḍa from its Kshatrapa rulers -as he is the first Gupta who struck silver coins and as his silver -coins are of the then current Kshatrapa type. On the obverse is the -royal bust with features copied from the Kshatrapa face and on the -reverse is the figure of a peacock, probably chosen as the bearer of -Kártikasvámi the god of war. Round the peacock is a -Sanskrit legend. This legend is of two varieties. In Central Indian -coins it runs:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">श्री -गुप्तकुलस्य -महाराजाधिराज -श्री -चंद्रगुप्तविक्रमाङ्कस्य</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Śrí Guptakulasya -Mahárájadhirája Śrí -Chandraguptavikramáṅkasya.</p> -<p>(Coin) of the king of kings the illustrious Chandragupta -Vikramáṅka, of the family of the illustrious -Gupta.<a class="noteref" id="n66.3src" href="#n66.3" name="n66.3src">30</a></p> -</div> -<p>In the very rare Káthiáváḍa coins, though -they are similar to the above in style, the legend runs:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">परमभागवत -महाराजाधिराज -श्री -चन्द्रगुप्त -विक्रमादित्य</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Paramabhágavata -Mahárájádhirája Śrí -Chandragupta Vikramáditya.</p> -<p>The great devotee of Vishṇu the supreme ruler of great kings, -the illustrious Chandragupta Vikramáditya.<a class="noteref" id="n66.4src" href="#n66.4" name="n66.4src">31</a></p> -</div> -<p>Several gold coins of Chandragupta show a young male figure behind -the king with his right hand laid on the king’s shoulder. This -youthful figure is apparently Chandragupta’s son -Kumáragupta who may have acted as Yuvarája during the -conquest of Málwa. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb67" href="#pb67" name="pb67">67</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Guptas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 410–470.</span><br> -Chandragupta II, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 396–415.</span> The rareness of -Chandragupta’s and the commonness of Kumáragupta’s -coins in Káthiáváḍa, together with the date -90 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 409) on some of <span class="corr" id="xd25e9410" title="Source: Kumarágupta’s">Kumáragupta’s</span> -coins make it probable that on their conquest his father appointed -Kumáragupta viceroy of Gujarát and -Káthiáváḍa.</p> -<p>As the first Gupta was a chief of no great power or influence it is -probable that though it is calculated from him the Gupta era was -established not by him but by his grandson the great Chandragupta -II.<a class="noteref" id="n67.1src" href="#n67.1" name="n67.1src">32</a> This view is confirmed by the absence of dates on all -existing coins of Chandragupta’s father Samudragupta. It further -seems probable that like the Málavas in <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 57 and the Kshatrapas in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78 the occasion on which Chandragupta established -the Gupta era was his conquest of Málwa. The Gupta era did not -remain long in use. After the fall of Gupta power (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470) the old Málava era of <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 57 was revived. The conjecture may be offered -that, in spite of the passing away of Gupta power, under his title of -Vikramáditya, the fame of the great Gupta conqueror Chandragupta -II. lived on in Málwa and that, drawing to itself tales of -earlier local champions, the name Vikramáditya came to be -considered the name of the founder of the Málava era.<a class="noteref" id="n67.2src" href="#n67.2" name="n67.2src">33</a></p> -<p>Working back from Gupta Saṃvat 80 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 400) the date of Chandragupta’s conquest of -Málwa we may allot 1 to 12 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 319–332) to the founder Gupta: 12 to 29 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 332–349) to Gupta’s son -Ghaṭotkacha: 29 to 49 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 349–369) to Ghaṭotkacha’s son -Chandragupta I.: and 50 to 75 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 370–395) to Chandragupta’s powerful -son Samudragupta who probably had a long reign. As the latest known -date of Chandragupta II. is 93 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 413) -and as a Bilsaḍ inscription<a class="noteref" id="n67.3src" href="#n67.3" name="n67.3src">34</a> of his successor Kumáragupta is -dated 96 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 416) the reign of -Chandragupta II. may be calculated to have lasted during the twenty -years ending 95 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 415). <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb68" href="#pb68" name="pb68">68</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Guptas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 410–470.</span><br> -Kumáragupta, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 416–453.</span> <span class="marginnote">Kumáragupta, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 416–453.</span>Chandragupta II. was -succeeded by his son Kumáragupta whose mother was the queen -Dhruva-Deví. On Kumáragupta’s coins three titles -occur: Mahendra, Mahendra-Vikrama, and Mahendráditya. As already -noticed the circulation of Kumáragupta’s coins in -Káthiáváḍa during his father’s reign -makes it probable that on their conquest his father appointed him -viceroy of Káthiáváḍa and Gujarát. -<span class="corr" id="xd25e9503" title="Source: Kumarágupta">Kumáragupta</span> appears to have -succeeded his father about 96 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 416). -An inscription at Mankuwár near Prayága shows he was -ruling as late as 129 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 449) and a -coin of his dated 130 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 450) adds at -least one year to his reign. On the other hand the inscription on the -Girnár rock shows that in 137 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 457) his son Skandagupta was king. It follows -that Kumáragupta’s reign ended between 130 and 137 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 450–457) or about 133 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 453).</p> -<p>None of Kumáragupta’s four inscriptions gives any -historical or other details regarding him.<a class="noteref" id="n68.1src" href="#n68.1" name="n68.1src">35</a> But the number and the -wide distribution of his coins make it probable that during his long -reign he maintained his father’s dominions intact.</p> -<p>Large numbers of Kumáragupta’s coins of gold silver and -copper have been found. The gold which are of various types are -inferior in workmanship to his father’s coins. The silver and -copper coins are of two varieties, eastern and western. Both varieties -have on the obverse the royal bust in the Kshatrapa style of dress. In -the western pieces the bust is a copy of the moustached Kshatrapa face -with a corrupted version of the corrupt Greek legend used by the -Kshatrapas. The only difference between the obverses of the Western -Gupta and the Kshatrapa coins is that the date is in the Gupta instead -of in the Kshatrapa era. On the reverse is an ill formed peacock facing -front as in Chandragupta II.’s coins. The legend runs:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">परम -भागवत -महाराजाधिराज -श्री -कुमार्गुप्त -महेन्द्रादित्य.</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Paramabhágavata -Maharájádhirája Śrí Kumáragupta -Mahendráditya.</p> -<p>The great Vaishnava the supreme ruler of great kings, the -illustrious Kumáragupta Mahendráditya.<a class="noteref" -id="n68.2src" href="#n68.2" name="n68.2src">36</a></p> -</div> -<p>In Kumáragupta’s eastern silver and copper coins the -bust on the obverse has no moustache nor is there any trace of the -corrupt Greek legend. The date is in front of the face in perpendicular -numerals one below the other instead of behind the head as in the -Kshatrapa and Western Kumáragupta coins. On the reverse is a -well-carved peacock facing front with tail feathers at full stretch. -Round the peacock runs the clear cut legend:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">विजितवनिरवनिपति -कुमार्गुप्तो -देवं जयति.</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Vijitávaniravanipati Kumáragupto -devaṃ jayati.</p> -</div> -<p>This legend is hard to translate. It seems to mean:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first">Kumáragupta, lord of the earth, who had -conquered the kings of the earth, conquers the Deva.</p> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb69" href="#pb69" name="pb69">69</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Guptas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 410–470.</span><br> -Kumáragupta, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 416–453.</span> Probably the Deva whose -name suggested the antithesis between the kings of the earth and the -gods was one of the Devaputra family of Indo-Skythian rulers.<a class="noteref" id="n69.1src" href="#n69.1" name="n69.1src">37</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Skandagupta, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 454–470.</span>Kumáragupta was -succeeded by his son Skandagupta. An inscription of his on a pillar at -Bhitarí near Saidpur in Gházipur bearing no date shows -that on his father’s death Skandagupta had a hard struggle to -establish his power.<a class="noteref" id="n69.2src" href="#n69.2" -name="n69.2src">38</a> The text runs: “By whom when he rose to -fix fast again the shaken fortune of his house, three months<a class="noteref" id="n69.3src" href="#n69.3" name="n69.3src">39</a> were spent -on the earth as on a bed,” an apparent reference to flight and -wanderings. A doubtful passage in the same inscription seems to show -that he was opposed by a powerful king named Pushyamitra on whose back -he is said to have set his left foot.<a class="noteref" id="n69.4src" -href="#n69.4" name="n69.4src">40</a> The inscription makes a further -reference to the troubles of the family stating that on re-establishing -the shaken fortune of his house Skandagupta felt satisfied and went to -see his weeping afflicted mother. Among the enemies with whom -Skandagupta had to contend the inscription mentions a close conflict -with the Húṇas that is the Ephthalites, Thetals, or White -Huns.<a class="noteref" id="n69.5src" href="#n69.5" name="n69.5src">41</a> Verse 3 of Skandagupta’s Girnár -inscription confirms the reference to struggles stating that on the -death of his father by his own might he humbled his enemies to the -earth and established himself. As the Girnár inscription is -dated 136 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 456) and as -Kumáragupta’s reign ended about 134, these troubles and -difficulties did not last for more than two years. The Girnár -inscription further states that on establishing his power he conquered -the earth, destroyed the arrogance of his enemies, and appointed -governors in all provinces. For Suráshṭra he selected a -governor named Parṇadatta and to Parṇadatta’s son -Chakrapálita he gave a share of the management placing him in -charge of Junágaḍh city. During the governorship of -Parṇadatta the <span class="corr" id="xd25e9648" title="Source: Sudarsána">Sudarśana</span> lake close to -Junágaḍh, which had been strongly rebuilt in the time of -the Kshatrapa Rudradáman (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 150), again gave way during the dark sixth of -Bhádrapada of the year 136 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 456). The streams Paláśiní -Sikatá, and Viláśiní<a class="noteref" id="n69.6src" href="#n69.6" name="n69.6src">42</a> burst through the dam -and flowed unchecked. Repairs were begun on the first of bright -<i>Gríshma</i> 137 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 457) and -finished in two months. The new dam is said to have been 100 cubits -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb70" href="#pb70" name="pb70">70</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Guptas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 410–470.</span><br> -Skandagupta, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 454–470.</span> -long by 68 cubits broad and 7 men or about 38 feet high. The probable -site of the lake is in the west valley of the Girnár hill near -what is called Bhavanátha’s pass.<a class="noteref" id="n70.1src" href="#n70.1" name="n70.1src">43</a> The inscription also -records the making of a temple of Vishṇu in the neighbourhood by -Chakrapálita, which was probably on the site of the modern -Dámodar’s Mandir in the Bhavanátha pass, whose -image is of granite and is probably as old as the Guptas. A new temple -was built in the fifteenth century during the rule of Mandalika the -last <span class="corr" id="xd25e9695" title="Source: Chuḍásamá">Chúḍásamá</span> -ruler of Junágaḍh. At the time of the Musalmán -conquest (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1484) as violence was -feared the images were removed and buried. Mandalika’s temple was -repaired by Amarji Diván of Junágaḍh -(1759–1784). It was proposed to make and consecrate new images. -But certain old images of Vishṇu were found in digging -foundations for the enclosure wall and were consecrated. Two of these -images were taken by Girnára Bráhmans and consecrated in -the names of Baladevji and Revatí in a neighbouring temple -specially built for them. Of the original temple the only trace is a -pilaster built into the wall to the right as one enters. The style and -carving are of the Gupta period.</p> -<p>As almost all the Gupta coins found in Cutch are Skandagupta’s -and very few are Kumáragupta’s, Skandagupta seems to have -added Cutch to the provinces of Gujarát and -Káthiáváḍa inherited from his father. In -Káthiáváḍa Skandagupta’s coins are -rare, apparently because of the abundant currency left by his father -which was so popular in Káthiáváḍa that -fresh Kumáragupta coins of a degraded type were issued as late -as Valabhi times.</p> -<p>Like his father, Skandagupta issued a gold coinage in his eastern -dominions but no trace of a gold currency appears in the west. Like -Kumáragupta’s his silver coins were of two varieties, -eastern and western. The eastern coins have on the obverse a bust as in -Kumáragupta’s coins and the date near the face. On the -reverse is a peacock similar to Kumáragupta’s and round -the peacock the legend:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">विजितावनिरवनिपति -जयति देवं -स्कन्दगुप्तो -यं</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Vijitávaniravanipati jayati devaṃ -Skandagupto’yaṃ.</p> -<p>This king Skandagupta who having conquered the earth conquers the -Deva.<a class="noteref" id="n70.2src" href="#n70.2" name="n70.2src">44</a></p> -</div> -<p>Skandagupta’s western coins are of three varieties, one the -same as the western coins of Kumáragupta, a second with a bull -instead of a peacock on the reverse, and a third with on the reverse an -altar with one upright and two side jets of water. Coins of the first -two varieties are found both in Gujarát and in -Káthiáváḍa. The third water-jet variety is -peculiar to Cutch and is an entirely new feature in the western Gupta -coinage. On the reverse of all is the legend:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">परमभागवत -महाराजाधिराज -स्कन्दगुप्त -क्रमादित्य</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Paramabhágavata -Mahárájadhirája Skandagupta Kramáditya.</p> -<p>The great Vaishnava the supreme ruler of great kings, Skandagupta -the Sun of Prowess.<a class="noteref" id="n70.3src" href="#n70.3" name="n70.3src">45</a></p> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb71" href="#pb71" name="pb71">71</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Guptas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 410–470.</span><br> -Skandagupta, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 454–470.</span> -The beginning of Skandagupta’s reign has been placed about Gupta -133 or <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 453: his latest known date on -a coin in General Cunningham’s collection is Gupta 149 or -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 469.<a class="noteref" id="n71.1src" -href="#n71.1" name="n71.1src">46</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="corr" id="xd25e9780" title="Source: Bhudagupta">Budhagupta</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 485.</span>With Skandagupta the regular Gupta -succession ceases.<a class="noteref" id="n71.2src" href="#n71.2" name="n71.2src">47</a> The next Gupta is Budhagupta who has a pillar -inscription<a class="noteref" id="n71.3src" href="#n71.3" name="n71.3src">48</a> in a temple at Eraṇ in the Saugor district -dated 165 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 485) and silver coins -dated Saṃvat 174 and 180 odd (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 494–500 odd). Of Budhagupta’s -relation or connection with Skandagupta nothing is known. That he -belonged to the Gupta dynasty appears from his name as well as from his -silver coins which are dated in the Gupta era and are the same in style -as the eastern coins of Skandagupta. On the obverse is the usual bust -as in Skandagupta’s coins with the date (174, 180 odd) near the -face. On the reverse is the usual peacock and the legend is the same as -Skandagupta’s:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><span lang="sa">देवं -जयति -विजितावनिरवनिपति -श्री -बुधगुप्तो</span></p> -<p lang="sa-latn">Devaṁ jayati vijitávaniravanipati -Śrí Budhagupto.</p> -<p>The king the illustrious Budhagupta who has conquered the earth -conquers the Deva.<a class="noteref" id="n71.4src" href="#n71.4" name="n71.4src">49</a></p> -</div> -<p>Since the coins are dated Saṃvat 174 and 180 odd (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 494 and 500 odd) and the inscription’s date -is 165 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 485) the inscription may be -taken to belong to the early part of Budhagupta’s reign the -beginning of which may be allotted to about 160–162 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 480–482). As this is more than ten years -later than the latest known date of Skandagupta (G. 149 <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 469) either a Gupta of whom no trace remains must -have intervened or the twelve blank years must have been a time of -political change and disturbance. The absence of any trace of a gold -currency suggests that Budhagupta had less power than his predecessors. -The correctness of this argument is placed beyond doubt by the pillar -inscription opposite the shrine in the Eraṇ temple where instead -of his predecessor’s title of monarch of the whole earth -Budhagupta is styled protector of the land between the Jamna -(Kálindí) and the <span class="corr" id="xd25e9835" -title="Source: Narbádá">Narbadá</span> implying -the loss of the whole territory to the east of the Jamna.<a class="noteref" id="n71.5src" href="#n71.5" name="n71.5src">50</a> In the -west the failure of Gupta power seems still more complete. Neither in -Gujarát nor in Káthiáváḍa has an -inscription or even a coin been found with a reference to Budhagupta or -to any other Gupta ruler later than Skandagupta (G. 149 <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 469). The pillar inscription noted above which is -of the year 165 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 485) and under the -rule of Budhagupta states that the pillar was a gift to the temple by -Dhanya Vishṇu and his brother Mátṛi Vishṇu who -at the time of the gift seem to have been local Bráhman -governors. A second inscription on the lower part of the neck of a huge -Boar or Varáha image in a corner shrine of the same temple -records that the image was completed on the tenth day of -Phálguna in the first year of the reign of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb72" href="#pb72" name="pb72">72</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Guptas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 410–470.</span><br> -<span class="corr" id="xd25e9861" title="Source: Bhudagupta">Budhagupta</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 485.</span> Toramáṇa the supreme -ruler of great kings and was the gift of the same Dhanya Vishṇu -whose brother Mátṛi Vishṇu is described as gone to -heaven.<a class="noteref" id="n72.1src" href="#n72.1" name="n72.1src">51</a> Since Mátṛi was alive in the Budhagupta -and was dead in the Toramáṇa inscription it follows that -Toramáṇa was later than Budhagupta. His name and his new -era show that Toramáṇa was not a Gupta. A further proof -that Toramáṇa wrested the kingdom from Budhagupta is that -except the change of era and that the bust turns to the left instead of -to the right, Toramáṇa’s silver coins are directly -adapted from Gupta coins of the eastern type. Certain coin dates seem -at variance with the view that Toramáṇa flourished after -Budhagupta. On several coins the date 52 is clear. As -Toramáṇa’s coins are copies of the coins of -Kumáragupta and Skandagupta and as most of these coins have a -numeral for one hundred the suggestion may be offered that a one -dropped out in striking Toramáṇa’s die and that this -date should read 152 not 52. Accepting this view -Toramáṇa’s date would be 152 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 472) that is immediately after the death of -Skandagupta.</p> -<p>The Gwálior inscription<a class="noteref" id="n72.2src" href="#n72.2" name="n72.2src">52</a> mentions prince Mihirakula as the son -of Toramáṇa and a second inscription from a well in -Mandasor<a class="noteref" id="n72.3src" href="#n72.3" name="n72.3src">53</a> dated Málava Saṃvat 589 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 533) mentions a king named Yaśodharman who -was ruler of Málwa when the well was built and who in a second -Mandasor inscription<a class="noteref" id="n72.4src" href="#n72.4" -name="n72.4src">54</a> is mentioned as having conquered Mihirakula. -This would separate Mihirakula from his father Toramáṇa -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 471) by more than sixty years. In -explanation of this gap it may be suggested that the [1]52 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 472) coins were struck early in -Toramáṇa’s reign in honour of his conquest of the -eastern Gupta territory. A reign of twenty years would bring -Toramáṇa to 177 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 497). -The Gwálior inscription of Mihirakula is in the fifteenth year -of his reign that is on the basis of a succession date of 177 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 497) in Gupta 192 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 512). An interval of five years would bring -Yaśodharman’s conquest of Mihirakula to 197 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 517). This would place the making of the well in -the twenty-first year of Mihirakula’s reign.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Bhánugupta, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 511.</span>After Budhagupta neither inscription -nor coin shows any trace of Gupta supremacy in Málwa. An -Eraṇ inscription<a class="noteref" id="n72.5src" href="#n72.5" -name="n72.5src">55</a> found in 1869 on a <i>liṅga</i>-shaped -stone, with the representation of a woman performing -<i>satí</i>, records the death in battle of a king -Goparájá who is mentioned as the daughter’s son of -Sarabharája and appears to have been the son of king -Mádhava. Much of the inscription is lost. What remains records -the passing to heaven of the deceased king in the very destructive -fight with the great warrior (<i>pravíra</i>) Bhánugupta -brave as Pártha. The inscription is dated the seventh of dark -Bhádrapada Gupta 191 in words as well as in numerals that is in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 511. This Bhánugupta would be -the successor of Budhagupta ruling over a petty Málwa -principality which lasted till nearly the time of the great -Harshavardhana the beginning of the seventh century (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 607–650), as a Devagupta of Málwa is -one of Rájyavardhana’s rivals in the -Śríharshacharita. While Gupta power failed in Málwa -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb73" href="#pb73" name="pb73">73</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Guptas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 410–470.</span><br> -Bhánugupta, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 511.</span> and -disappeared from Western India a fresh branch of the Guptas rose in -Magadha or Behár and under Naragupta Báláditya, -perhaps the founder of the eastern branch of the later Gupta dynasty, -attained the dignity of a gold coinage.<a class="noteref" id="n73.1src" -href="#n73.1" name="n73.1src">56</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Pushyamitras, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 455.</span>[Though the history of their last -years is known only in fragments, chiefly from inscriptions and coins, -little doubt remains regarding the power which first seriously weakened -the early Guptas. The Bhitari stone pillar of Skandagupta<a class="noteref" id="n73.2src" href="#n73.2" name="n73.2src">57</a> speaks of -his restoring the fortunes of his family and conquering the -Pushyamitras and also of his joining in close conflict with the -Húṇas.<a class="noteref" id="n73.3src" href="#n73.3" name="n73.3src">58</a> Unfortunately the Bhitari inscription is not dated. -The Junágaḍh inscription, which bears three dates covering -the period between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 455 and -458,<a class="noteref" id="n73.4src" href="#n73.4" name="n73.4src">59</a> mentions pride-broken enemies in the country of the -Mlechchhas admitting Skandagupta’s victory. That the Mlechchhas -of this passage refers to the Huns is made probable by the fact that it -does not appear that the Pushyamitras were Mlechchhas while they and -the Huns are the only enemies whom Skandagupta boasts either of -defeating or of meeting in close conflict. It may therefore be assumed -that the Huns became known to Skandagupta before <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 455. As according to the Chinese -historians<a class="noteref" id="n73.5src" href="#n73.5" name="n73.5src">60</a> the White Huns did not cross the Oxus into Baktria -before <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 452, the founding of the Hun -capital of Badeghis<a class="noteref" id="n73.6src" href="#n73.6" name="n73.6src">61</a> may be fixed between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 452 and 455. As the above quoted inscriptions -indicate that the Huns were repulsed in their first attempt to take -part in Indian politics the disturbances during the last years of -Kumáragupta’s reign were probably due to some tribe other -than the Huns. This tribe seems to have been the Pushyamitras whose -head-quarters would seem to have been in Northern India. Some other -enemy must have arisen in Málwa <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb74" href="#pb74" name="pb74">74</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Guptas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 410–470.</span><br> -The Pushyamitras, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 455.</span> since -the terms of Parṇadatta’s appointment to -Suráshṭra in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 455–6 -suggest that country had been lost to the Gupta empire and re-conquered -by Skandagupta which would naturally be the case if a rival state had -arisen in Málwa and been overthrown by that king. So far as is -known the Huns made no successful attack on the Gupta empire during the -lifetime of Skandagupta whose latest date is <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 468–9. It is not certain who succeeded -Skandagupta. His brother Pura(or Sthira-)gupta ruled in or near -Magadha. But it is not certain whether he was the successor or the -rival of Skandagupta.<a class="noteref" id="n74.1src" href="#n74.1" -name="n74.1src">62</a> That Skandagupta’s inscriptions are found -in the Patna district in the east<a class="noteref" id="n74.2src" href="#n74.2" name="n74.2src">63</a> and in -Káthiáváḍa in the west<a class="noteref" id="n74.3src" href="#n74.3" name="n74.3src">64</a> suggests that during -his life the empire was not divided nor does any one of his -inscriptions hint at a partition. The probability is that Skandagupta -was succeeded by his brother Puragupta, who again was followed by his -son Narasiṃhagupta and his grandson Kumáragupta -II.<a class="noteref" id="n74.4src" href="#n74.4" name="n74.4src">65</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">White Huns, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 450–520.</span>Among the northerners who -with or shortly after the Pushyamitras shared in the overthrow of Gupta -power two names, a father and a son, Toramáṇa and -Mihirakula are prominent. It is not certain that these kings were -Húṇas by race. Their tribe were almost certainly his -rivals’ allies whom Skandagupta’s Bhitari and -Junágaḍh inscriptions style the one Húṇas the -other Mlechchhas.<a class="noteref" id="n74.5src" href="#n74.5" name="n74.5src">66</a> On one of Toramáṇa’s coins Mr. -Fleet reads<a class="noteref" id="n74.6src" href="#n74.6" name="n74.6src">67</a> the date 52 which he interprets as a regnal date. -This though not impossible is somewhat unlikely. The date of -Mihirakula’s succession to his father is fixed somewhere about -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 515.<a class="noteref" id="n74.7src" -href="#n74.7" name="n74.7src">68</a> In the neighbourhood of -Gwálior he reigned at least fifteen years.<a class="noteref" id="n74.8src" href="#n74.8" name="n74.8src">69</a> The story of -Mihirakula’s interview with Báláditya’s -mother and his long subsequent history<a class="noteref" id="n74.9src" -href="#n74.9" name="n74.9src">70</a> indicate that when he came to the -throne he was a young man probably not more than 25. If his father -reigned fifty-two years he must have been at least 70 when he died and -not less than 45 when Mihirakula was born. As Mihirakula is known to -have had at least one younger brother,<a class="noteref" id="n74.10src" -href="#n74.10" name="n74.10src">71</a> it seems probable that -Toramáṇa came to the throne a good deal later than -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 460 the date suggested by Mr. -Fleet.<a class="noteref" id="n74.11src" href="#n74.11" name="n74.11src">72</a> The date 52 on Toramáṇa’s coins -must therefore refer to some event other than his own accession. The -suggestion may be offered that that event was the establishment of the -White Huns in Baktria and the founding of their capital -Badeghis,<a class="noteref" id="n74.12src" href="#n74.12" name="n74.12src">73</a> which, as fixed above between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 452 and 455, gives the very suitable date of -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 504 to 507 for the 52 of -Toramáṇa’s coin. If this suggestion is correct a -further identification follows. The Chinese ambassador Sungyun -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 520)<a class="noteref" id="n74.13src" href="#n74.13" name="n74.13src">74</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb75" href="#pb75" name="pb75">75</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Guptas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 410–470.</span><br> -White Huns, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 450–520.</span> -describes an interview with the king of Gandhára whose family -Sungyun notices was established in power by the Ye-tha, that is the -Ephthalites or White Huns, two generations before his time.<a class="noteref" id="n75.1src" href="#n75.1" name="n75.1src">75</a> Mihirakula -is known to have ruled in Gandhára<a class="noteref" id="n75.2src" href="#n75.2" name="n75.2src">76</a> and Sungyun’s -description of the king’s pride and activity agrees well with -other records of Mihirakula’s character. It seems therefore -reasonable to suppose that the warlike sovereign who treated Sungyun -and the name of his Imperial mistress with such scant courtesy was no -other than the meteor Mihirakula. If Sungyun is correct in stating that -Mihirakula was the third of his line the dynasty must have been -established about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 460. Beal is in -doubt whether the name Lae-lih given by Sungyun<a class="noteref" id="n75.3src" href="#n75.3" name="n75.3src">77</a> is the family name or -the name of the founder. As a recently deciphered inscription shows -Toramáṇa’s family name to have been -Jaúvla<a class="noteref" id="n75.4src" href="#n75.4" name="n75.4src">78</a> it seems to follow that Lae-lih, or whatever is the -correct transliteration of the Chinese characters, is the name of the -father of Toramáṇa. Sungyun’s reference to the -establishment of this dynasty suggests they were not White Huns but -leaders of some subject tribe.<a class="noteref" id="n75.5src" href="#n75.5" name="n75.5src">79</a> That this tribe was settled in Baktria -perhaps as far south as <span class="corr" id="xd25e10206" title="Source: Kabul">Kábul</span> before the arrival of the White -Huns seems probable. The Hindu or Persian influence notable in the -tribal name Maitraka and in the personal name Mihirakula seems unsuited -to Húṇas newly come from the northern frontiers of China -and proud of their recent successes.<a class="noteref" id="n75.6src" -href="#n75.6" name="n75.6src">80</a> Chinese records show<a class="noteref" id="n75.7src" href="#n75.7" name="n75.7src">81</a> that the -tribe who preceded the White Huns in Baktria and north-east Persia, and -who about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 350–400 destroyed the -power of Kitolo the last of the Kusháns, were the Yuan-Yuan or -Jouen-Jouen whom Sir H. Howorth identifies with the Avars.<a class="noteref" id="n75.8src" href="#n75.8" name="n75.8src">82</a> To this -tribe it seems on the whole probable that <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb76" href="#pb76" name="pb76">76</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Guptas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 410–470.</span><br> -White Huns, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 450–520.</span> -Lae-lih the father of Toramáṇa belonged.<a class="noteref" -id="n76.1src" href="#n76.1" name="n76.1src">83</a> At the same time, -though perhaps not themselves White Huns, the details regarding -Toramáṇa and Mihirakula so nearly cover the fifty years -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470–530) of Húṇa -ascendancy in North India that, as was in keeping with their position -in charge of his Indian outpost, the White Hun emperor -Khushnáwaz, while himself engaged in Central Asia and in Persia -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 460–500),<a class="noteref" -id="n76.2src" href="#n76.2" name="n76.2src">84</a> seems to have -entrusted the conquest of India to Toramáṇa and his son -Mihirakula. Of the progress of the mixed Yuan-Yuan and White Hun -invaders in India few details are available. Their ascendancy in the -north seems to have been too complete to allow of opposition, and -Húṇas were probably closely associated with the Maitraka -or Mehara conquest of Káthiáváḍa -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 480–520). The southern fringe -of the White Hun dominions, the present Saugor district of the Central -Provinces, seems to have been the chief theatre of war, a debateable -ground between the Guptas, Toramáṇa, and the Málwa -chiefs. To the east of Saugor the Guptas succeeded in maintaining their -power until at least <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 528–9.<a class="noteref" id="n76.3src" -href="#n76.3" name="n76.3src">85</a> To the west of Saugor the Guptas -held Eraṇ in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 484–5.<a class="noteref" id="n76.4src" -href="#n76.4" name="n76.4src">86</a> About twenty years later -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 505)<a class="noteref" id="n76.5src" -href="#n76.5" name="n76.5src">87</a> Eraṇ was in the hands of -Toramáṇa, and in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 510–11 Bhánugupta<a class="noteref" -id="n76.6src" href="#n76.6" name="n76.6src">88</a> fought and -apparently won a battle at Eraṇ.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Mihirakula, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 512.</span>Mihirakula’s accession to the -throne may perhaps be fixed at <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 512. -An inscription of Yaśodharman, the date of which cannot be many -years on either side of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 532–3, -claims to have enforced the submission of the famous Mihirakula whose -power had established itself on the tiaras of kings and who had -hitherto bowed his neck to no one but Śiva.<a class="noteref" id="n76.7src" href="#n76.7" name="n76.7src">89</a> In spite of this defeat -Mihirakula held <span class="corr" id="xd25e10343" title="Source: Gwalior">Gwálior</span> and the inaccessible fortress -of the Himálayas.<a class="noteref" id="n76.8src" href="#n76.8" -name="n76.8src">90</a> These dates give about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 520 as the time of Mihirakula’s greatest -power, a result which suggests that the Gollas, whom, about -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 520, the Greek merchant Cosmas -Indikopleustes heard of in the ports of Western India as the supreme -ruler of Northern India was Kulla or Mihirakula.<a class="noteref" id="n76.9src" href="#n76.9" name="n76.9src">91</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Yaśodharman of Málwa, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 533–4.</span>Regarding the -history of the third destroyers of Gupta power in Málwa, -inscriptions show that in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 437–8, under Kumáragupta, -Bandhuvarman son of <span class="corr" id="xd25e10385" title="Source: Vishnuvarman">Vishṇuvarman</span> ruled as a local -king.<a class="noteref" id="n76.10src" href="#n76.10" name="n76.10src">92</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb77" href="#pb77" -name="pb77">77</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Guptas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 410–470.</span><br> -Yaśodharman of Málwa, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 533–4.</span> Possibly Bandhuvarman -afterwards threw off his allegiance to the Guptas and thereby caused -the temporary loss of <span class="corr" id="xd25e10414" title="Source: Suráshtra">Suráshṭra</span> towards the -end of Kumáragupta’s reign. Nothing further is recorded of -the rulers of Málwa until the reign of Yaśodharman in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 533–4.<a class="noteref" id="n77.1src" href="#n77.1" name="n77.1src">93</a> It has been supposed -that one of Yaśodharman’s inscriptions mentioned a king -<span class="corr" id="xd25e10426" title="Source: Vishnuvardhana">Vishṇuvardhana</span> but there can be -little doubt that both names refer to the same person.<a class="noteref" id="n77.2src" href="#n77.2" name="n77.2src">94</a> The name -of Yaśodharman’s tribe is unknown and his crest the -<i>aulikara</i> has not been satisfactorily explained.<a class="noteref" id="n77.3src" href="#n77.3" name="n77.3src">95</a> -Mandasor<a class="noteref" id="n77.4src" href="#n77.4" name="n77.4src">96</a> in Western Málwa, where all his inscriptions -have been found, must have been a centre of Yaśodharman’s -power. Yaśodharman boasts<a class="noteref" id="n77.5src" href="#n77.5" name="n77.5src">97</a> of conquering from the Brahmaputra to -mount Mahendra and from the Himálayas to the Western Ocean. In -the sixth century only one dynasty could claim such widespread power. -That dynasty is the famous family of Ujjain to which belonged the well -known Vikramáditya of the Nine Gems. It may be conjectured not -only that Yaśodharman belonged to this family but that -Yaśodharman was the great Vikramáditya himself.<a class="noteref" id="n77.6src" href="#n77.6" name="n77.6src">98</a></p> -<p>The difficult question remains by whom was the power of Mihirakula -overthrown. Yaśodharman claims to have subdued Mihirakula, who, he -distinctly says, had never before been defeated.<a class="noteref" id="n77.7src" href="#n77.7" name="n77.7src">99</a> On the other hand, -Hiuen Tsiang ascribes Mihirakula’s overthrow to a -Báláditya of Magadha.<a class="noteref" id="n77.8src" -href="#n77.8" name="n77.8src">100</a> Coins prove that -Báláditya<a class="noteref" id="n77.9src" href="#n77.9" -name="n77.9src">101</a> was one of the titles of Narasiṃhagupta -grandson of Kumáragupta I. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 417–453) who probably ruled Magadha as his -son’s seal was found in the Gházipur district.<a class="noteref" id="n77.10src" href="#n77.10" name="n77.10src">102</a> If -Hiuen Tsiang’s story is accepted a slight chronological -difficulty arises in the way of this identification. It is clear that -Mihirakula’s first defeat was at the hands of Yaśodharman -about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 530. His defeat and capture by -Báláditya must have been later. As Skandagupta’s -reign ended about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470 a blank of -sixty years has to be filled by the two reigns of his brother and his -nephew.<a class="noteref" id="n77.11src" href="#n77.11" name="n77.11src">103</a> This, though not impossible, suggests caution in -identifying Báláditya. According to Hiuen Tsiang -Báláditya was a feudatory of Mihirakula who rebelled -against him when he began to persecute the Buddhists. Hiuen Tsiang -notices that, at the intercession of his own mother, -Báláditya spared Mihirakula’s life and allowed him -to retire to Kashmir. He further notices that Mihirakula and his -brother were rivals and his statement suggests that from Kashmir -Mihirakula defeated his brother and recovered Gandhára. The -ascendancy of the White Huns cannot have lasted long after Mihirakula. -About <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 560 the power of the White Huns -was crushed between the combined attacks of the Persians and -Turks.<a class="noteref" id="n77.12src" href="#n77.12" name="n77.12src">104</a>—(A.M.T.J.)] <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb78" href="#pb78" name="pb78">78</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n60.1" -href="#n60.1src" name="n60.1">1</a></span> Váyu -Puráṇa, Wilson’s Works, IX. 219n. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n60.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n60.2" -href="#n60.2src" name="n60.2">2</a></span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e8715" title="Source: Vishnu">Vishṇu</span> -Puráṇa, III. Chapter 10 Verse 9: Burnell’s Manu, 20. -Mr. Fleet (<abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. -Ind.</abbr> III. Ins. 11 note 1) quotes an instance of a Bráhman -named Brahmagupta. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n60.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n61.1" -href="#n61.1src" name="n61.1">3</a></span> Fleet’s <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. Ins. 53 -line 7. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n61.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n61.2" -href="#n61.2src" name="n61.2">4</a></span> Compare Skandagupta’s -Junágaḍh Inscription line 15, <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIV.; Cunningham’s -<abbr title="Archæological Survey">Arch. Sur.</abbr> X. 113; -Fleet’s <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. -Ind.</abbr> III. Ins. 59. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n61.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n61.3" -href="#n61.3src" name="n61.3">5</a></span> Compare Mr. Fleet’s -note in <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. -Ind.</abbr> III. Ins. 8. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n61.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n61.4" -href="#n61.4src" name="n61.4">6</a></span> Fleet’s <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. 135. Mr. -Fleet believes that the Lichchhavi family concerned was that of -Nepál, and that they were the real founders of the era used by -the Guptas. Dr. Bühler (Vienna Or. Journal, V. Pt. 3) holds that -Chandragupta married into the Lichchhavi family of -Páṭaliputra, and became king of that country in right of -his wife. The coins which bear the name of <span class="corr" id="xd25e8803" title="Source: Kumáradevi">Kumáradeví</span> are by Mr. -Smith (<abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. -S.</abbr> (<abbr title="New Series">N. S.</abbr>) XXI. 63) and others -assigned to Chandragupta I., reading the reverse legend -<i>Lichchhavayaḥ</i> The Lichchhavis in place of Dr. -Bhagvánlál’s <i>Lichchhaveyaḥ</i> -Daughter’s son of Lichchhavi. On the Kácha coins see below -page 62 note 2.</p> -<p class="footnote cont">The Lichchhavis claim to be sprung from the -solar dynasty. Manu (Burnell’s Manu, 308) describes them as -descended from a degraded Kshatriya. Beal (<abbr title="Royal Asiatic Society">R. A. S.</abbr> <abbr title="New Series">N. -S.</abbr> XIV. 39) would identify them with an early wave of the Yuechi -or Kusháns; Smith (<abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> XX. 55 n. 2) -and Hewitt (<abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. -S.</abbr> XX. 355–366) take them to be a Kolarian or local tribe. -The fame of the Lichchhavis of Vaísáli or Passalæ -between Patna and Tirhút goes back to the time of Gautama Buddha -(<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 480) in whose funeral rites the -Lichchhavis and their neighbours and associates the Mallas took a -prominent share (Rockhill’s Life of Buddha, 62–63, 145, -203. Compare Legge’s Fa Hien, 71–76; Beal’s Buddhist -Records, II. 67, 70, 73, 77 and 81 note). According to Buddhist -writings the first king of Thibet (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 50) who was elected by the chiefs of the South -Thibet tribes was a Lichchhavi the son of Prasenadjit of Kośala -(Rockhill’s Life of Buddha, 208). Between the seventh and ninth -centuries (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 635–854) a family of -Lichchhavis was ruling in Nepal (Fleet’s <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. 134). The -earliest historical member of the Nepál family is Jayadeva I. -whose date is supposed to be about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 330 to 355. Mr. Fleet (Ditto, 135) suggests that -Jayadeva’s reign began earlier and may be the epoch from which -the Gupta era of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 318–319 is -taken. He holds (Ditto, 136) that in all probability the so-called -Gupta era is a Lichchhavi era. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n61.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n62.1" -href="#n62.1src" name="n62.1">7</a></span> The figure of the Ganges -standing on an alligator with a stalked lotus in her left hand on the -reverse of the gold coins of Samudragupta the fourth king of the -dynasty may be taken to be the Śri or Luck of the Guptas. Compare -Smith’s Gupta Coinage, <abbr>J. Beng. A. S.</abbr> LIII. Plate I. -Fig. 10. <abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. -S.</abbr> (<abbr title="New Series">N. S.</abbr>) XXI. Pl. I. -2. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n62.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n62.2" -href="#n62.2src" name="n62.2">8</a></span> The presence of the two -letters <span lang="sa">क च</span> that is <i>ka cha</i> on -the obverse under the arm of the royal figure, has led the late Mr. -Thomas, General Cunningham, and Mr. Smith to suppose that the coins -belonged to Ghaṭotkacha, the last two letters of the name being -the same. This identification seems improbable. Ghaṭotkacha was -never powerful enough to have a currency of his own. -<i>Sarvarájochchhettá</i> the attribute on the reverse is -one of Samudragupta’s epithets, while the figure of the king on -the obverse grasping the standard with the disc, illustrating the -attribute of universal sovereignty, can refer to none other than -Samudragupta the first very powerful king of the dynasty. Perhaps the -Kacha or Kácha on these coins is a pet or child name of -Samudragupta. Mr. Rapson (Numismatic Chron. 3rd Ser. XI. 48ff) has -recently suggested that the Kácha coins belong to an elder -brother and predecessor of Samudragupta. But it seems unlikely that a -ruler who could justly claim the title Destroyer-of-all-kings should be -passed over in silence in the genealogy. Further, as is remarked above, -the title <i>Sarvarájochchhettá</i> belongs in the -inscriptions to Samudragupta alone: and the fact that in his lifetime -Samudragupta’s father chose him as successor is against his -exclusion from the throne even for a time. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n62.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n62.3" -href="#n62.3src" name="n62.3">9</a></span> Smith’s Gupta Coinage -in <abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. -S.</abbr> (<abbr title="New Series">N. S.</abbr>) XXI. Pl. I. -10. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n62.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n63.1" -href="#n63.1src" name="n63.1">10</a></span> Compare Wilson’s -Ariana Antiqua, Pl. XVIII. Fig. 8, which has the same legend with -<i>me</i> for <i>mama</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n63.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n63.2" -href="#n63.2src" name="n63.2">11</a></span> Smith <abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> (<abbr title="New Series">N. S.</abbr>) XXI. Pl. I. 11, 12. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n63.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n63.3" -href="#n63.3src" name="n63.3">12</a></span> Smith <abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> (<abbr title="New Series">N. S.</abbr>) XXI. Pl. I. 4. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n63.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n63.4" -href="#n63.4src" name="n63.4">13</a></span> Smith <abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> (<abbr title="New Series">N. S.</abbr>) XXI. Pl. I. Mr. Smith reads -<i>Lichchhavayaḥ</i> (the Lichchhavis) and assigns this type to -Chandragupta I. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n63.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n63.5" -href="#n63.5src" name="n63.5">14</a></span> Corpus Ins. Ind. III. -1. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n63.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n63.6" -href="#n63.6src" name="n63.6">15</a></span> Smith <abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> (<abbr title="New Series">N. S.</abbr>) XXI. Pl. I. 5, 6. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n63.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n63.7" -href="#n63.7src" name="n63.7">16</a></span> Apparently South Kosala, -the country about Raipur and Chhattísgarh. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n63.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n63.8" -href="#n63.8src" name="n63.8">17</a></span> Fleet reads -Maṇṭarája of Keraḷa. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n63.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n63.9" -href="#n63.9src" name="n63.9">18</a></span> Fleet divides the words -differently and translates “Mahendra of Pishṭapura, -Svámidatta of Koṭṭura on the -hill.” <a class="fnarrow" href="#n63.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n63.10" -href="#n63.10src" name="n63.10">19</a></span> Fleet reads -“Nílarája of Avamukta.” <a class="fnarrow" href="#n63.10src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n63.11" -href="#n63.11src" name="n63.11">20</a></span> Fleet reads Palakka or -Pálakka. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n63.11src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n64.1" -href="#n64.1src" name="n64.1">21</a></span> <abbr title="Archæological Survey">Arch. Surv.</abbr> II. 310; <abbr>J. B. A. -S.</abbr> 1865. 115–121. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n64.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n64.2" -href="#n64.2src" name="n64.2">22</a></span> Samataṭa is the -Ganges delta: Daváka may, as Mr. Fleet suggests, be Dacca: for -Karttṛika Mr. Fleet reads Kartṛipura, otherwise Cuttack -might be intended. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n64.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n64.3" -href="#n64.3src" name="n64.3">23</a></span> For the Málavas see -above page <a href="#pb24" class="pageref">24</a>. The -Arjunáyanas can hardly be the Kalachuris as Mr. Fleet -(<abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">C. I. I.</abbr> III. 10) -has suggested, as Varáha Mihira (<abbr title="Bṛihat Saṁhitá">Bṛ. S.</abbr> XIV. 25) places -the Arjunáyanas in the north near Trigarta, and General -Cunningham’s coin (Coins of Ancient India, 90) points to the same -region. The Yaudheyas lived on the lower Sutlej: see above page -<a href="#pb36" class="pageref">36</a>. The Mádrakas lived -north-east of the Yaudheyas between the Chenáb and the Sutlej -(Cunningham <abbr title="Ancient Geography">Anc. Geog.</abbr> 185). The -Ábhíras must be those on the south-east border of Sindh. -The Prárjunas do not appear to be identifiable. A -Sanakáníka Mahárája is mentioned -(<abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">C. I. I.</abbr> III. 3) -as dedicating an offering at Udayagiri near Bhilsá, but we have -no clue to the situation of his government. The name of his -grandfather, Chhagalaga, has a Turkí look. Káka may be -Kákúpur near Bithúr (Cunningham <abbr title="Ancient Geography">Anc. Geog.</abbr> 386). Kharaparika has not been -identified.—(A. M. T. J.) <a class="fnarrow" href="#n64.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n64.4" -href="#n64.4src" name="n64.4">24</a></span> Mr. Fleet translates -“(giving) Garuḍa-tokens, (surrendering) the enjoyment of -their own territories.” <a class="fnarrow" href="#n64.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n64.5" -href="#n64.5src" name="n64.5">25</a></span> The first three names -Devaputra, Sháhi, and Sháhánusháhi, belong -to the Kushán dynasty of Kanishka (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78). Sháhánusháhi is the -oldest, as it appears on the coins from Kanishka downwards in the form -Sháhanáno Sháho (Stein in Babylonian and Oriental -Record, I. 163). It represents the old Persian title -Sháhansháh or king of kings. Sháhi, answering to -the simple Sháh, appears to be first used alone by -Vásudeva (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 128–176). The -title of Devaputra occurs first in the inscriptions of Kanishka. In the -present inscription all three titles seem to denote divisions of the -Kushán empire in India. The title of Sháhi was continued -by the Turks (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 600?–900) and -Bráhmans (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 900–1000) of -Kábul (Alberuni, II. 10) and by the Sháhis (Elliot, I. -138) of Alor in Sindh (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 490?–631). Unless it refers to the last -remnants of the Gujarát Mahákshatrapas the word Śaka -seems to be used in a vague sense in reference to the non-Indian tribes -of the North-West frontier. The Muruṇḍas may be identified -with the Muruṇḍas of the Native dictionaries, and hence -with the people of Lampáka or Lamghán twenty miles -north-west of Jalálábád. It is notable that in the -fifth century <span class="sc">a.d.</span> Jayanátha, -Mahárája of Uchchakalpa (not identified) married a -Muruṇḍadeví (<abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. 128, 131, -136).</p> -<p class="footnote cont">The mention of the king of Siṃhala and -the Island Kings rounds off the geographical picture. Possibly after -the Chinese fashion presents from these countries may have been -magnified into tribute. Or Siṃhala may here stand, not for -Ceylon, but for one of the many Siṃhapuras known to Indian -geography. Sihor in Káthiáváḍa, an old -capital, may possibly be the place referred to. The Island Kings would -then be the chiefs of Cutch and -Káthiáváḍa.—(A. M. T. -J.) <a class="fnarrow" href="#n64.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n65.1" -href="#n65.1src" name="n65.1">26</a></span> <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. Ins. -6. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n65.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n65.2" -href="#n65.2src" name="n65.2">27</a></span> <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. Ins. -3. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n65.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n66.1" -href="#n66.1src" name="n66.1">28</a></span> <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. Ins. -5. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n66.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n66.2" -href="#n66.2src" name="n66.2">29</a></span> Mr. Fleet (<abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. Ins. 33) -prefers to take Devarája to be the name of Chandragupta’s -minister. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n66.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n66.3" -href="#n66.3src" name="n66.3">30</a></span> <abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> (<abbr title="New Series">N. S.</abbr>) XXI. 120. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n66.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n66.4" -href="#n66.4src" name="n66.4">31</a></span> <abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> (<abbr title="New Series">N. S.</abbr>) XXI. 121. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n66.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n67.1" -href="#n67.1src" name="n67.1">32</a></span> Mr. Fleet (<abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. Introd. -130ff) argues that the era was borrowed from Nepal after Chandragupta -I. married his Lichchhavi queen. Dr. Bühler thinks there is no -evidence of this, and that the era was started by the Guptas themselves -(Vienna Or. Jl. V. Pt. 3). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n67.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n67.2" -href="#n67.2src" name="n67.2">33</a></span> The further suggestion may -be offered that if as seems probable Dr. Bhagvánlál is -correct in considering Chandragupta II. to be the founder of the Gupta -era this high honour was due not to his conquest of Málwa but to -some success against the Indo-Skythians or Śakas of the -Punjáb. The little more than nominal suzerainty claimed over the -Devputras, Sháhis, and Sháhánusháhis in -Chandragupta’s father’s inscription shows that when he came -to the throne Chandragupta found the Śaka power practically -unbroken. The absence of reference to conquests is no more complete in -the case of the Panjáb than it is in the case of Gujarát -or of Káthiáváḍa which Chandragupta is known -to have added to his dominions. In -Káthiáváḍa, though not in Gujarát, -the evidence from coins is stronger than in the Panjáb. Still -the discovery of Chandragupta’s coins (<abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> XXI. 5 note -1) raises the presumption of conquests as far north and west as -<span class="corr" id="xd25e9439" title="Source: Panipat">Pánipat</span> and as Ludhiána (in the -heart of the Panjáb). Chandragupta’s name Devarája -may, as Pandit Bhagvánlál suggests, be taken from the -Śaka title Devaputra. Further, the use of the name -Vikramáditya and of the honorific Śrí is in striking -agreement with Beruni’s statement (Sachau, II. 6) that the -conqueror of the Śakas was named Vikramáditya and that to -the conqueror’s name was added the title Śrí. Mr. -Fleet (<abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. -Ind.</abbr> III. 37 note 2) holds it not improbable that either -Chandragupta I. or II. defeated the Indo-Skythians. The fact that -Chandragupta I. was not a ruler of sufficient importance to issue coins -and that even after his son Samudragupta’s victories the -Śakas remained practically independent make it almost certain that -if any subjection of the Śakas to the Guptas took place it -happened during the reign of Chandragupta II. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n67.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n67.3" -href="#n67.3src" name="n67.3">34</a></span> <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. Ins. -10. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n67.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n68.1" -href="#n68.1src" name="n68.1">35</a></span> <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. Ins. 8, 9, -10 and 11. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n68.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n68.2" -href="#n68.2src" name="n68.2">36</a></span> <abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> (<abbr title="New Series">N. S.</abbr>) XXI. 123. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n68.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n69.1" -href="#n69.1src" name="n69.1">37</a></span> <abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> (<abbr title="New Series">N. S.</abbr>) XXI. 126. That Kumáragupta’s -two successors, Skandagupta and Budhagupta, use the same phrase -<i>devaṃ jayati</i> makes the explanation in the text doubtful. -As Mr. Smith (Ditto) suggests <i>devaṃ</i> is probably a mistake -for <i>devo</i>, meaning His Majesty. The legend would then run; -Kumaraguptadeva lord of the earth … is triumphant. Dr. -Bhagvánlál would have preferred <i>devo</i> (see page 70 -note 2) but could not neglect the <i>anusrára</i>.—(A. M. -T. J.) <a class="fnarrow" href="#n69.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n69.2" -href="#n69.2src" name="n69.2">38</a></span> <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. Ins. -13. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n69.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n69.3" -href="#n69.3src" name="n69.3">39</a></span> Mr. Fleet (<abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. 53, 55) -reads “<i>nítá triyámá</i>” and -translates “a (whole) night was spent.” Dr. -Bhagvánlál read “<i>nítás -trimásáḥ</i>.” <a class="fnarrow" href="#n69.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n69.4" -href="#n69.4src" name="n69.4">40</a></span> Mr. Fleet finds that -Pushyamitra is the name of a tribe not of a king. No. VI. of Dr. -Bühler’s Jain inscriptions from Mathurá (<abbr title="Epigraphia Indica">Ep. Ind.</abbr> I. 378ff) mentions a -Pushyamitriya-kula of the Váraṇagaṇa, which is also -referred to in Bhadrabáhu’s Kalpa-sútra -(Jacobi’s Edition, 80), but is there referred to the -Cháraṇa-gaṇa, no doubt a misreading for the -Váraṇa of the inscription. Dr. Bühler points out that -Varaṇa is the old name of Bulandshahr in the North-West -Provinces, so that it is there that we must look for the power that -first weakened the Guptas.—(A. M. T. J.) <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n69.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n69.5" -href="#n69.5src" name="n69.5">41</a></span> See V. de St. -Martin’s Essay, Les Huns Blancs; Specht in Journal Asiatique -Oct.–Dec. 1883 and below page 74. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n69.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n69.6" -href="#n69.6src" name="n69.6">42</a></span> In -Rudradáman’s inscription the Paláśiní -is mentioned, and also the Suvarṇasikatás “and the -other rivers,” In Skandagupta’s inscription Mr. Fleet -translates Sikatáviláśiní as an adjective -agreeing with Paláśiní. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n69.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n70.1" -href="#n70.1src" name="n70.1">43</a></span> Remains of the dam were -discovered in 1890 by Khán Bahádúr Ardesir -Jamsetji Special Diván of Junágaḍh. The site is -somewhat nearer <span class="corr" id="xd25e9688" title="Source: Junagaḍh">Junágaḍh</span> than Dr. -Bhagvánlál supposed. Details are given in <abbr title="Journal Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society">Jour. B. B. R. A. -S.</abbr> XVIII. Number 48 page 47. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n70.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n70.2" -href="#n70.2src" name="n70.2">44</a></span> The reading <i>devo</i> is -to be preferred but the <i>anusvára</i> is clear both on these -coins and on the coins of his father. For these coins see <abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> (<abbr title="New Series">N. S.</abbr>) XXI. Pl. IV. 4. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n70.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n70.3" -href="#n70.3src" name="n70.3">45</a></span> <abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> (<abbr title="New Series">N. S.</abbr>) XXI. Pl. IV. 697. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n70.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n71.1" -href="#n71.1src" name="n71.1">46</a></span> The known dates of -Skandagupta are 136 and 137 on his Girnár inscription, 141 in -his pillar inscription at Kahaon in Gorakhpur, and 146 in his -Indor-Khera copperplate. The coin dates given by General Cunningham are -144, 145, and 149. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n71.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n71.2" -href="#n71.2src" name="n71.2">47</a></span> But see below page -73. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n71.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n71.3" -href="#n71.3src" name="n71.3">48</a></span> Dr. -Bhagvánlál examined and copied the original of this -inscription. It has since been published as Number 19 in Mr. -Fleet’s <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. -Ind.</abbr> III. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n71.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n71.4" -href="#n71.4src" name="n71.4">49</a></span> <abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S<span class="corr" id="xd25e9814" title="Not in source">.</span></abbr> (<abbr title="New Series">N. S.</abbr>) XXI. 134. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n71.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n71.5" -href="#n71.5src" name="n71.5">50</a></span> It is now known that the -main Gupta line continued to rule in Magadha. See page 73 -below. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n71.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n72.1" -href="#n72.1src" name="n72.1">51</a></span> Published by Mr. Fleet -<abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> -III. Ins. 36. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n72.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n72.2" -href="#n72.2src" name="n72.2">52</a></span> Fleet <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. Ins. -37. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n72.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n72.3" -href="#n72.3src" name="n72.3">53</a></span> Fleet <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. Ins. -35. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n72.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n72.4" -href="#n72.4src" name="n72.4">54</a></span> Fleet <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. Ins. -33. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n72.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n72.5" -href="#n72.5src" name="n72.5">55</a></span> Fleet <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. Ins. -20. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n72.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n73.1" -href="#n73.1src" name="n73.1">56</a></span> On Naragupta see below page -77, and for his coins <abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> (<abbr title="New Series">N. S.</abbr>) XXI. note Pl. III. 11. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n73.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n73.2" -href="#n73.2src" name="n73.2">57</a></span> Fleet’s <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. Ins. 13 -lines 10 and 15. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n73.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n73.3" -href="#n73.3src" name="n73.3">58</a></span> The Pushyamitras seem to -have been a long established tribe like the Yaudheyas (above page 37). -During the reign of Kanishka (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78–93) Pushyamitras were settled in the -neighbourhood of Bulandshahr and at that time had already given their -name to a Jain sect.</p> -<p class="footnote cont">The sense of the inscription is somewhat -doubtful. Mr. Fleet (<abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. -Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. page 62) translates: Whose fame, moreover, even -(his) enemies in the countries of the Mlechchhas … having their -pride broken down to the very root announce with the words -‘Verily the victory has been achieved by him.’ Prof. -Peterson understands the meaning to be that Skandagupta’s Indian -enemies were forced to retire beyond the borders of India among -friendly Mlechchhas and in a foreign land admit that the renewal of -their conflict with Skandagupta was beyond hope. The retreat of -Skandagupta’s Indian enemies to the Mlechchhas suggests the -Mlechchhas are the Húṇas that is the White Huns who were -already in power on the Indian border, whom the enemies had previously -in vain brought as allies into India to help them against Skandagupta. -This gives exactness to the expression used in Skandagupta’s -Bhitari inscription (<abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. -Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. Number 13 page 56) that he joined in close -conflict with the Húṇas … among enemies, as if in -this conflict the Húṇas were the allies of enemies rather -than the enemies themselves. For the introduction into India of foreign -allies, compare in <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 327 -(McCrindle’s Alexander in India, 412) the king of Taxila, 34 -miles north-west of Ráwalpindi, sending an embassy to Baktria to -secure Alexander as an ally against Porus of the Gujarát -country. And (Ditto, 409) a few years later (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 310) the North Indian Malayaketu allying himself -with Yavanas in his attack on <span class="corr" id="xd25e10011" title="Source: Pátaliputra">Páṭaliputra</span> or -Patna. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n73.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n73.4" -href="#n73.4src" name="n73.4">59</a></span> Fleet’s <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. Ins. 14 -line 4. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n73.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n73.5" -href="#n73.5src" name="n73.5">60</a></span> T’oungtien quoted by -Specht in Journal Asiatique for Oct.–Dec. 1883. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n73.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n73.6" -href="#n73.6src" name="n73.6">61</a></span> Badeghis is the modern -Badhyr the upper plateau between the Merv and the Herat rivers. The -probable site of the capital of the White Huns is a little north of -Herat. See Marco Polo’s Itineraries No. I.; Yule’s Marco -Polo, I. xxxii. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n73.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n74.1" -href="#n74.1src" name="n74.1">62</a></span> See the Ghazipur Seal. -Smith & Hœrnle, <abbr title="Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal">J. A. S. Ben.</abbr> LVIII. 84ff. -and Fleet <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIX. -224ff. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n74.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n74.2" -href="#n74.2src" name="n74.2">63</a></span> Bihar Ins. Fleet’s -<abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> -III. Ins. 12. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n74.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n74.3" -href="#n74.3src" name="n74.3">64</a></span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e10082" title="Source: Junagaḍh">Junágaḍh</span> Inscrip. -Fleet’s <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. -Ind.</abbr> III. Ins. 14. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n74.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n74.4" -href="#n74.4src" name="n74.4">65</a></span> See note 1 -above. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n74.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n74.5" -href="#n74.5src" name="n74.5">66</a></span> See above notes 1 and -2. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n74.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n74.6" -href="#n74.6src" name="n74.6">67</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XVIII. 225. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n74.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n74.7" -href="#n74.7src" name="n74.7">68</a></span> Fleet’s <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. Introdn. -12. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n74.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n74.8" -href="#n74.8src" name="n74.8">69</a></span> Fleet’s <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> Ins. 37 line -4. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n74.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n74.9" -href="#n74.9src" name="n74.9">70</a></span> Beal’s Buddhist -Records, I. 169–172 and Rájatarangiṅí, I. -289–326 quoted by Fleet in <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. -Ant.</abbr> XV. 247–249. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n74.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n74.10" -href="#n74.10src" name="n74.10">71</a></span> Beale’s Hiuen -Tsiang, I. 169–171. As Mr. Fleet suggests the younger brother is -possibly the Chandra referred to in <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. Ins. 32 -line 5 and Introd. 12 and 140 note 1. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n74.10src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n74.11" -href="#n74.11src" name="n74.11">72</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIII. 230 and <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. Introdn. -12. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n74.11src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n74.12" -href="#n74.12src" name="n74.12">73</a></span> Specht in Journal -Asiatique for Oct.–Dec. 1883. <span lang="fr">Histoire des -Wei</span>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n74.12src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n74.13" -href="#n74.13src" name="n74.13">74</a></span> Beal’s Buddhist -Records, I. c.–cii. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n74.13src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n75.1" -href="#n75.1src" name="n75.1">75</a></span> Beal’s Buddhist -Records, I. xcix.-c. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n75.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n75.2" -href="#n75.2src" name="n75.2">76</a></span> Beal’s Buddhist -Records, I. 171. Hiuen Tsiang’s statement (Ditto) that Mihirakula -conquered Gandhára after his capture by Báláditya -may refer to a reconquest from his brother, perhaps the Chandra -referred to in note 10 on page 74. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n75.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n75.3" -href="#n75.3src" name="n75.3">77</a></span> Beal’s Buddhist -Records (I. c.) suggests that Lae-lih is the founder’s name: in -his note 50 he seems to regard Lae-lih as the family -name. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n75.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n75.4" -href="#n75.4src" name="n75.4">78</a></span> Bühler. <abbr title="Epigraphia Indica">Ep. Ind.</abbr> I. 238. Dr. Bühler hesitates -to identify the Toramáṇa of this inscription with -Mihirakula’s father. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n75.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n75.5" -href="#n75.5src" name="n75.5">79</a></span> Beal’s Buddhist -Records, I. xcix.-c. This is the kingdom which the Ye-tha destroyed and -afterwards set up Lae-lih to be king over the country. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n75.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n75.6" -href="#n75.6src" name="n75.6">80</a></span> Maitraka is a Sanskritised -form of Mihira and this again is perhaps an adaptation of the -widespread and well-known Western Indian tribal name Mer or Med. -Compare Fleet’s <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. -326–327. It is to be remembered that the name of the emperor then -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 450–500) ruling the White Huns -was <span class="corr" id="xd25e10218" title="Source: Khushnawáz">Khushnáwaz</span>, a Persian name, -the Happy Cherisher …. The emperor’s Persian name, -Mihirakula’s reported (Darmsteter Jl. Asiatique, X. 70 n. 3) -introduction of Magi into Kashmir, and the inaptness of Mihirakula as a -personal name give weight to Mr. Fleet’s suggestion (<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XV. 245–252) that Mihirakula -is pure Persian. The true form may then be Mihiragula, that is Sun -Rose, a name which the personal beauty of the prince may have gained -him. ‘I have heard of my son’s wisdom and beauty and wish -once to see his face’ said the fate-reading mother of king -Báláditya (Beal’s Buddhist Records, I. 169) when -the captive Mihirakula was led before her his young head for very shame -shrouded in his cloak. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n75.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n75.7" -href="#n75.7src" name="n75.7">81</a></span> Specht in <abbr title="Journal">Jour.</abbr> Asiatique 1883 II. 335 and 348. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n75.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n75.8" -href="#n75.8src" name="n75.8">82</a></span> <abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> XXI. 721. -According to other accounts (<abbr title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Ency. Brit.</abbr> IX. Ed. Art. Turk. -page 658) a portion of the Jouen-Jouen remained in Eastern Asia, where, -till <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 552, they were the masters of -the Tuhkiu or Turks, who then overthrew their masters and about ten -years later (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 560) crushed the power -of the White Huns. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n75.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n76.1" -href="#n76.1src" name="n76.1">83</a></span> The name Jouen-Jouen seems -to agree with Toramáṇa’s surname Jaúvla and -with the Juvia whom Cosmas Indikopleustes (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 520–535) places to the north-east of -Persia. Priaulx’s Indian Travels, 220. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n76.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n76.2" -href="#n76.2src" name="n76.2">84</a></span> Rawlinson’s Seventh -Monarchy, 311–349. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n76.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n76.3" -href="#n76.3src" name="n76.3">85</a></span> Fleet’s <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. Ins. 25 -line 1. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n76.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n76.4" -href="#n76.4src" name="n76.4">86</a></span> Fleet’s <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. Ins. 19 -line 2. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n76.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n76.5" -href="#n76.5src" name="n76.5">87</a></span> Fleet’s <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. Ins -36. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n76.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n76.6" -href="#n76.6src" name="n76.6">88</a></span> Fleet’s <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. Ins. -20. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n76.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n76.7" -href="#n76.7src" name="n76.7">89</a></span> Fleet’s <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. Ins. -33. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n76.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n76.8" -href="#n76.8src" name="n76.8">90</a></span> Fleet’s <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. and -<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XVIII. -219. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n76.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n76.9" -href="#n76.9src" name="n76.9">91</a></span> Priaulx’s Indian -Travels, 222. Compare Yule’s Cathay, I. clxx.; Mignes’ -<abbr title="Patrologiae Cursus Completus. Series Graeca.">Patr. -Gr.</abbr> 88 page 450. For the use of Kula for Mihirakula, the second -half for the whole, compare Fleet’s <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. 8 note. As -regards the change from Kula to Gollas it is to be noted that certain -of Mihirakula’s own coins (<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. -Ant.</abbr> XV 249) have the form Gula not Kula, and that this agrees -with the suggestion (page 75 note 6) that the true form of the name is -the Persian Mihiragula Rose of the Sun. Of this Gollas, who, like -Mihirakula, was the type of conqueror round whom legends gather, Cosmas -says (Priaulx, 223): Besides a great force of cavalry Gollas could -bring into the field 2000 elephants. So large were his armies that once -when besieging an inland town defended by a water-fosse his men horses -and elephants drank the water and marched in dry-shod. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n76.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n76.10" -href="#n76.10src" name="n76.10">92</a></span> Fleet’s -<abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> -III. Ins. 18. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n76.10src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n77.1" -href="#n77.1src" name="n77.1">93</a></span> Fleet’s <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. Ins. -33–35. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n77.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n77.2" -href="#n77.2src" name="n77.2">94</a></span> Fleet’s <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. Ins. 35 -line 5. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n77.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n77.3" -href="#n77.3src" name="n77.3">95</a></span> Fleet’s <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. 151 note -4. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n77.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n77.4" -href="#n77.4src" name="n77.4">96</a></span> N. Lat. 24° 3′; -E. Long. 75° 8′. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n77.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n77.5" -href="#n77.5src" name="n77.5">97</a></span> Fleet’s <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. Ins. 33 -line 5. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n77.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n77.6" -href="#n77.6src" name="n77.6">98</a></span> This has already been -suggested by <abbr>Genl.</abbr> Cunningham, <abbr>Num. Chron.</abbr> -(3rd Ser.), VIII. 41. Dr. Hœrnle (<abbr>J. B. A. S.</abbr> LVIII. -100ff) has identified Yaśodharman with Vikramáditya’s -son Śíláditya -Pratápaśila. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n77.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n77.7" -href="#n77.7src" name="n77.7">99</a></span> Fleet’s <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. Ins. 33 -line 6. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n77.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n77.8" -href="#n77.8src" name="n77.8">100</a></span> Beal’s Buddhist -Records, I. 169. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n77.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n77.9" -href="#n77.9src" name="n77.9">101</a></span> Hœrnle in <abbr>J. -B. A. S.</abbr> LVIII. 97. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n77.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n77.10" -href="#n77.10src" name="n77.10">102</a></span> See Smith and -Hœrnle <abbr>J. B. A. S.</abbr> LVIII. 84; and Fleet <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIX. 224. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n77.10src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n77.11" -href="#n77.11src" name="n77.11">103</a></span> Hœrnle makes light -of this difficulty: J. B. A. S. LVIII. 97. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n77.11src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n77.12" -href="#n77.12src" name="n77.12">104</a></span> Rawlinson’s -Seventh Monarchy, 420, 422. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n77.12src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch1.8" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd25e1324">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">CHAPTER VIII.</h2> -<h2 class="main">THE VALABHIS</h2> -<h2 class="sub">(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.)</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VIII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Valabhis, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</span><br> -Vaḷeh Town, 1893.</span> <span class="marginnote">Vaḷeh -Town, 1893.</span>The Valabhi dynasty, which succeeded the Guptas in -Gujarát and Káthiáváḍa, take their -name from their capital in the east of -Káthiáváḍa about twenty miles west of -Bhávnagar and about twenty-five miles north of the holy Jain -hill of <span class="corr" id="xd25e10541" title="Source: Satruñjaya">Śatruñjaya</span>. The modern -name of Valabhi is Vaḷeh. It is impossible to say whether the -modern Vaḷeh is a corruption of Valahi the Prakrit form of the -Sanskrit Valabhi or whether Valabhi is Sanskritised from a local -original Vaḷeh. The form Valahi occurs in the writings of -Jinaprabhasuri a learned Jain of the thirteenth century who describes -Śatruñjaya as in the Valáhaka province. A town in -the chiefship of Vaḷeh now occupies the site of old -Valabhi,<a class="noteref" id="n78.1src" href="#n78.1" name="n78.1src">1</a> whose ruins lie buried below thick layers of black -earth and silt under the modern town and its neighbourhood. The only -remains of old buildings are the large foundation bricks of which, -except a few new houses, the whole of Vaḷeh is built. The absence -of stone supports the theory that the buildings of old Valabhi were of -brick and wood. In 1872 when the site was examined the only stone -remains were a few scattered Liṅgas and a well-polished life-size -granite Nandi or bull lying near a modern Mahádeva temple. -Diggers for old bricks have found copper pots and copperplates and -small Buddhist relic shrines with earthen pots and clay seals of the -seventh century.</p> -<p>The ruins of Valabhi show few signs of representing a large or -important city. The want of sweet water apparently unfits the site for -the capital of so large a kingdom as Valabhi. Its choice as capital was -probably due to its being a harbour on the Bhávnagar creek. -Since <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb79" href="#pb79" name="pb79">79</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VIII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Valabhis, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</span><br> -Vaḷeh Town, 1893.</span> the days of Valabhi’s prime the -silt which thickly covers the ruins has also filled and choked the -channel which once united it with the Bhávnagar creek when the -small Ghelo was probably a fair sized river.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Valabhi in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 630</span>In spite of the disappearance of every -sign of greatness Hiuen Tsiang’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 640) details show how rich and populous Valabhi -was in the early part of the seventh century. The country was about -1000 miles (6000 <i>li</i>) and the capital about five miles (30 -<i>li</i>) in circumference. The soil the climate and the manners of -the people were like those of Málava. The population was dense; -the religious establishments rich. Over a hundred merchants owned a -hundred <i>lákhs</i>. The rare and valuable products of distant -regions were stored in great quantities. In the country were several -hundred monasteries or <i>sanghárámas</i> with about 6000 -monks. Most of them studied the Little Vehicle according to the -Sammatiya school. There were several hundred temples of Devas and -sectaries of many sorts. When Tathágata or Gautama Buddha -(<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 560–480) lived he often -travelled through this country. King Aśoka (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 240) had raised monuments or <i>stúpas</i> -in all places where Buddha had rested. Among these were spots where the -three past Buddhas sat or walked or preached. At the time of Hiuen -Tsiang’s account (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 640) the king -was of the Kshatriya caste, as all Indian rulers were. He was the -nephew of Śíláditya of Málava and the -son-in-law of the son of Śíláditya the reigning king -of Kanyákubja. His name was Dhruvapaṭu -(Tu-lu-h’o-po-tu). He was of a lively and hasty disposition, -shallow in wisdom and statecraft. He had only recently attached himself -sincerely to the faith in the three precious ones. He yearly summoned a -great assembly and during seven days gave away valuable gems and choice -meats. On the monks he bestowed in charity the three garments and -medicaments, or their equivalents in value, and precious articles made -of the seven rare and costly gems. These he gave in charity and -redeemed at twice their price. He esteemed the virtuous, honoured the -good, and revered the wise. Learned priests from distant regions were -specially honoured. Not far from the city was a great monastery built -by the Arhat Áchára (’O-che-lo), where, during -their travels, the Bodhisattvas Gunamati and Sthiramati (Kien-hwni) -settled and composed renowned treatises.<a class="noteref" id="n79.1src" href="#n79.1" name="n79.1src">3</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Valabhi Copperplates.</span>The only -historical materials regarding the Valabhi dynasty are their -copperplates of which a large number have been found. That such -powerful rulers as the Valabhis should leave no records on stones and -no remains of religious or other buildings is probably because, with -one possible exception at Gopnáth,<a class="noteref" id="n79.2src" href="#n79.2" name="n79.2src">4</a> up to the ninth century -all temples and religious buildings in -Káthiáváḍa and Gujarát were of brick -and wood.<a class="noteref" id="n79.3src" href="#n79.3" name="n79.3src">5</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb80" href="#pb80" name="pb80">80</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VIII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Valabhis, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</span><br> -Valabhi Copperplates.</span> The Valabhi copperplates chiefly record -grants to <span class="corr" id="xd25e10703" title="Source: Brahmanical">Bráhmanical</span> temples and Buddhist -monasteries and sometimes to individuals. All are in one style two -plates inscribed breadthwise on the inner side, the earliest plates -being the smallest. The plates are held together by two rings passed -through two holes in their horizontal upper margin. One of the rings -bears on one side a seal with, as a badge of the religion of the -dynasty, a well-proportioned seated Nandi or bull. Under the bull is -the word Bhaṭárka the name of the founder of the dynasty. -Except such differences as may be traced to the lapse of time, the -characters are the same in all, and at the same time differ from the -character then in use in the Valabhi territory which must have been -that from which Devanágarí is derived. The Valabhi plate -character is adopted from that previously in use in South -Gujarát plates which was taken from the South Indian character. -The use of this character suggests that either Bhaṭárka or -the clerks and writers of the plates came from South -Gujarát.<a class="noteref" id="n80.1src" href="#n80.1" name="n80.1src">6</a> The language of all the grants is Sanskrit prose. Each -records the year of the grant, the name of the king making the grant, -the name of the grantee, the name of the village or field granted, the -name of the writer of the charter either the minister of peace and war -<i lang="sa-latn">sandhivigrahádhikṛita</i> or the -military head <i lang="sa-latn">baládhikṛita</i>, and -sometimes the name of the <i lang="sa-latn">dútaka</i> or -gift-causer generally some officer of influence or a prince and in one -case a princess. The grants begin by recording they were made either -‘from Valabhi’ the capital, or ‘from the royal -camp’ ‘<i lang="sa-latn">Vijayaskandhávára</i>.’ Then follows the -genealogy of the dynasty from Bhaṭárka the founder to the -grantor king. Each king has in every grant a series of attributes which -appear to have been fixed for him once for all. Except in rare -instances the grants contain nothing historical. They are filled with -verbose description and figures of speech in high flown Sanskrit. As -enjoined in law-books or <i lang="sa-latn">dharmaśástras</i> after the genealogy of the -grantor comes the name of the composer usually the minister of peace -and war and after him the boundaries of the land granted. The plates -conclude with the date of the grant, expressed in numerals following -the letter <i lang="sa-latn">saṃ</i> or the letters <i lang="sa-latn">saṃva</i> for <i lang="sa-latn">saṃvatsara</i> -that is year. After the numerals are given the lunar month and day and -the day of the week, with, at the extreme end, the sign manual <i lang="sa-latn">svahasto mama</i> followed by the name of the king in the -genitive case that is Own hand of me so and so. The name of the era in -which the date is reckoned is nowhere given.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Period Covered.</span>So far as is known -the dates extend for 240 years from 207 to 447. That the earliest known -date is so late as 207 makes it probable <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb81" href="#pb81" name="pb81">81</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VIII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Valabhis, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</span><br> -Period Covered.</span> that the Valabhis adopted an era already in use -in Káthiáváḍa. No other era seems to have -been in use in Valabhi. Three inscriptions have their years dated -expressly in the Valabhi Saṃvat. The earliest of these in -Bhadrakáli’s temple in Somnáth Pátan is of -the time of Kumárapála (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1143–1174) the <span class="corr" id="xd25e10766" title="Source: Solanki">Solaṅki</span> ruler of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e10769" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>. -It bears date Valabhi Saṃvat 850. The second and third are in the -temple of Harsata Devi at Verával. The second which was first -mentioned by Colonel Tod, is dated Hijra 662, Vikrama Saṃvat -1320, Valabhi Saṃvat 945, and Siṃha Saṃvat 151. The -third inscription, in the same temple on the face of the pedestal of an -image of Kṛishṇa represented as upholding the Govardhana -hill, bears date Valabhi <abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 927. -These facts prove that an era known as the Valabhi era, which the -inscriptions show began in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 319, was -in use for about a hundred years in the twelfth and thirteenth -centuries. This may be accepted as the era of the Valabhi plates which -extended over two centuries. Further the great authority (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1030) Alberuni gives Śaka 241 that is -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 319 as the starting point both of the -‘era of Balah’ and of what he calls the Guptakála or -the Gupta era. Beruni’s accuracy is established by a comparison -of the Mandasor inscription and the Nepál inscription of -Amśuvarman which together prove the Gupta era started from -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 319. Though its use by the powerful -Valabhi dynasty caused the era to be generally known by their name in -Gujarát in certain localities the Gupta era continued in use -under its original name as in the Morbí copperplate of -Jáikadeva which bears date 588 “of the era of the -Guptas.”<a class="noteref" id="n81.1src" href="#n81.1" name="n81.1src">7</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Valabhi Administration, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 500–700.</span>The Valabhi grants supply -information regarding the leading office bearers and the revenue police -and village administrators whose names generally occur in the following -order:</p> -<ul> -<li> -<div class="table"> -<table class="itemGroupTable"> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">(1) <i>Áyuktaka</i>,</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/rbrace2.png" alt="" width="12" height="40"></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellRight cellTop cellBottom">meaning -appointed, apparently any superior official.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">(2) <i>Viniyuktaka</i></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -</li> -<li>(3) <i>Drángika</i>, apparently an officer in charge of a -town, as <i>dranga</i> means a town.</li> -<li>(4) <i>Mahattara</i> or Senior has the derivative meaning of high -in rank. <i>Mhátára</i> the Maráthi for an old man -is the same word. In the Valabhi plates <i>mahattara</i> seems to be -generally used to mean the accredited headman of a village, recognised -as headman both by the people of the village and by the -Government.</li> -<li>(5) <i>Cháṭabhaṭa</i> that is -<i>bhaṭas</i> or sepoys for <i>chitas</i> or rogues, police -mounted and on foot, represent the modern police -<i>jamádárs haváldárs</i> and constables. -The <span class="corr" id="xd25e10854" title="Source: Kumárápála">Kumárapála</span> -Charita mentions that Cháṭabhaṭas were sent by -Siddharája to apprehend the fugitive Kumárapála. -One plate records the grant of a village ‘unenterable by -<i>cháṭabhaṭas</i>.’<a class="noteref" id="n81.2src" href="#n81.2" name="n81.2src">8</a></li> -<li>(6) <i>Dhruva</i> fixed or permanent is the hereditary officer in -charge of the records and accounts of a village, the Taláti and -Kulkarni <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb82" href="#pb82" name="pb82">82</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VIII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Valabhis, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</span><br> -Valabhi Administration, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 500–700.</span> of modern times. One of the -chief duties of the Dhruva was to see that revenue farmers did not take -more than the royal share.<a class="noteref" id="n82.1src" href="#n82.1" name="n82.1src">9</a> The name is still in use in Cutch where -village accountants are called <i>Dhru</i> and <i>Dhruva</i>. -<i>Dhru</i> is also a common surname among Nágar Bráhmans -and Modh and other Vániás in Cutch Gujarát and -Káthiáváḍa.</li> -<li>(7) <i>Adhikaraṇika</i> means the chief judicial magistrate -or judge of a place.</li> -<li>(8) <i>Daṇḍapáśika</i> literally -‘holding the fetters or noose of punishment,’ is used both -of the head police officer and of the hangman or executioner.</li> -<li>(9) <i>Chauroddharaṇika</i> the thief-catcher. Of the two -Indian ways of catching thieves, one of setting a thief to catch a -thief the other the <i>Pagi</i> or tracking system, the second answers -well in sandy Gujarát and Káthiáváḍa -where the Tracker or <i>Pagi</i> is one of the -<i>Bárábalute</i> or regular village servants.</li> -<li>(10) <i>Rájastháníya</i>, the foreign -secretary, the officer who had to do with other states and kingdoms -<i>rájasthánas</i>. Some authorities take -<i>rájastháníya</i> to mean viceroy.</li> -<li>(11) <i>Amátya</i> minister and sometimes councillor is -generally coupled with <i>kumára</i> or prince.</li> -<li>(12) <i>Anutpannádánasamudgráhaka</i> the -arrear-gatherer.</li> -<li>(13) <i>Śaulkika</i> the superintendent of tolls or -customs.</li> -<li>(14) <i>Bhogika</i> or <i>Bhogoddharaṇika</i> the collector -of the <i>Bhoga</i> that is the state share of the land produce taken -in kind, as a rule one-sixth. The term <i>bhoga</i> is still in use in -Káthiáváḍa for the share, usually one-sixth, -which landholders receive from their cultivating tenants.</li> -<li>(15) <i>Vartmapála</i> the roadwatch were often mounted and -stationed in <i>thánás</i> or small roadside -sheds.<a class="noteref" id="n82.2src" href="#n82.2" name="n82.2src">10</a></li> -<li>(16) <i>Pratisaraka</i> patrols night-guards or watchmen of fields -and villages.<a class="noteref" id="n82.3src" href="#n82.3" name="n82.3src">11</a></li> -<li>(17) <i>Vishayapati</i> division-lord probably corresponded to the -present subáh.</li> -<li>(18) <i>Ráshṭrapati</i> the head of a district.</li> -<li>(19) <i>Grámakúṭa</i> the village headman.</li> -</ul> -<p><span class="marginnote">Territorial Divisions.</span>The plates -show traces of four territorial divisions: (1) <i>Vishaya</i> the -largest corresponding to the modern administrative Division: (2) -<i>Áhára</i> or <i>Áharaṇí</i> that -is collectorate (from <i>áhára</i> a collection) -corresponding to the modern district or zillah: (3) <i>Pathaka</i>, of -the road, a sub-division, the place named and its surroundings: (4) -<i>Sthalí</i> a petty division the place without -surroundings.<a class="noteref" id="n82.4src" href="#n82.4" name="n82.4src">12</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Land Assessment.</span>The district of -Kaira and the province of Káthiáváḍa to -which the Valabhi grants chiefly refer appear to have had separate -systems <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb83" href="#pb83" name="pb83">83</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VIII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Valabhis, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</span><br> -Land Assessment.</span> of land assessment Kaira by yield -Káthiáváḍa by area. Under the -Káthiáváḍa system the measurement was by -<i>pádávarta</i> literally the space between one foot and -the other that is the modern <i>kadam</i> or pace. The pace used in -measuring land seems to have differed from the ordinary pace as most of -the Káthiáváḍa grants mention the -<i>bhúpádávarta</i> or land pace. The Kaira system -of assessment was by yield the unit being the <i>piṭaka</i> or -basketful, the grants describing fields as capable of growing so many -baskets of rice or barley (or as requiring so many baskets of seed). As -the grants always specify the Kaira basket a similar system with a -different sized basket seems to have been in use in other parts of the -country. Another detail which the plates preserve is that each field -had its name called after a guardian or from some tree or plant. Among -field names are Kotilaka, Atimaṇa-kedára, -Khaṇda-kedára, Gargara-kshetra, Bhíma-kshetra, -Khagali-kedára, Śami-kedára.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Religion.</span>The state religion of the -Valabhi kings was Śaivism. Every Valabhi copperplate hitherto -found bears on its seal the figure of a bull with under it the name of -Bhaṭárka the founder of the dynasty who was a Śaiva. -Except Dhruvasena I. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 526) who is -called <i>Paramabhágavata</i> or the great Vaishṇava and -his brother and successor Dharapaṭṭa who is styled -<i>Paramádityabhakta</i> or the great devotee of the sun, and -Guhasena, who in his grant of Saṃ. 248 calls himself -<i>Paramopásaka</i> or the great devotee of Buddha, all the -Valabhi kings are called <i>Parama-máheśvara</i> the great -Śaiva.</p> -<p>The grants to Buddhist <i>viháras</i> or monasteries of which -there are several seem special gifts to institutions founded by female -relatives of the granting kings. Most of the grants are to -Bráhmans who though performing Vaidik ceremonies probably as at -present honoured Śaivism. This Śaivism seems to have been of -the old Páśupata school of Nakulíśa or -Lakulíśa as the chief shrine of Lakulíśa was at -Kárávana the modern Kárván in the -Gáikwár’s territory fifteen miles south of Baroda -and eight miles north-east of Miyágám railway station a -most holy place till the time of the Vághelá king -Arjunadeva in the thirteenth century.<a class="noteref" id="n83.1src" -href="#n83.1" name="n83.1src">13</a> The special <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb84" href="#pb84" name="pb84">84</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VIII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Valabhis, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</span><br> -Religion.</span> holiness attached to the <span class="corr" id="xd25e11173" title="Source: Narbádá">Narbadá</span> in Śaivism -and to its pebbles as <i>liṅgas</i> is probably due to the -neighbourhood of this shrine of Kárván. The followers of -the Nakulíśa-Páśupata school were strict -devotees of Śaivism, Nakulíśa the founder being -regarded as an incarnation of Śiva. The date of the foundation of -this school is not yet determined. It appears to have been between the -second and the fifth century <span class="sc">a.d.</span> -Nakulíśa had four disciples Kuśika, Gárgya, -Kárusha, and Maitreya founders of four branches which spread -through the length and breadth of India. Though no special -representatives of this school remain, in spite of their nominal -allegiance to Śankaráchárya the -Daśanámis or Atíts are in fact Nakulíśas -in their discipline doctrines and habits—applying ashes over the -whole body, planting a <i>liṅga</i> over the grave of a buried -Atít, and possessing proprietary rights over Śaiva temples. -The Páśupatas were ever ready to fight for their school and -often helped and served in the armies of kings who became their -disciples. Till a century ago these unpaid followers recruited the -armies of India with celibates firm and strong in fighting. It was -apparently to gain these recruits that so many of the old rulers of -India became followers of the Páśupata school. To secure -their services the rulers had to pay them special respect. The leaders -of these fighting monks were regarded as pontiffs like the -Bappa-páda or Pontiff of the later Valabhi and other kings. Thus -among the later Valabhis Śíláditya IV. is called -<i>Bávapádánudhyáta</i> and all subsequent -Śíládityas -<i>Bappapádánudhyáta</i> both titles meaning -Worshipping at the feet of <span class="corr" id="xd25e11192" title="Source: Bava">Báva</span> or Bappa.</p> -<p>This Báva is the popular Prakrit form of the older Prakrit or -<i>deśí</i> Bappa meaning Father or worshipful. Bappa is -the original of the Hindustáni and Gujaráti -Bává father or elder; it is also a special term for a -head Gosávi or Atít or indeed for any recluse. The -epithet <i>Bappa-pádánudhyáta</i>, Bowing at the -feet of Bappa, occurs in the attributes of several Nepál kings, -and in the case of king Vasantasena appears the full phrase:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="first"><i lang="sa-latn">Parama-daivata-bappa-bhaṭṭáraka-mahárája-Śrí-pádánudhyáta.</i></p> -<p>Falling at the illustrious feet of the great Mahárája -Lord Bappa.</p> -</div> -<p>These Nepál kings were Śaivas as they are called -<i>parama-máheśvara</i> in the text of the inscription and -like the Valabhi seals their seals bear a bull. It follows that the -term <i>Bappa</i> was applied both by the Valabhis and the Nepál -kings to some one, who can hardly be the same individual, unless he was -their <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb85" href="#pb85" name="pb85">85</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VIII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Valabhis, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</span><br> -Religion.</span> common overlord, which the distance between the two -countries and still more the fact that his titles are the same as the -titles of the Valabhi kings make almost impossible. In these -circumstances the most probable explanation of the Bappa or Báva -of these inscriptions is that it was applied to Shaivite pontiffs or -ecclesiastical dignitaries. The attribute <i>Parama-daivata</i> The -Great Divine prefixed to Bappa in the inscription of Vasantasena -confirms this view. That such royal titles as -<i>Mahárájádhirája</i>, -<i>Paramabhaṭṭáraka</i>, and <i>Parameśvara</i> -are ascribed to Bappa is in agreement with the present use of -Mahárája for all priestly Bráhmans and recluses -and of Bhaṭṭáraka for Digambara Jain priests. Though -specially associated with Śaivas the title <i>bappa</i> is applied -also to Vaishnava dignitaries. That the term <i>bappa</i> was in -similar use among the Buddhists appears from the title of a Valabhi -<i>vihára</i> Bappapádíyavihára The -monastery of the worshipful Bappa that is Of the great teacher -Sthiramati by whom it was built.<a class="noteref" id="n85.1src" href="#n85.1" name="n85.1src">14</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Origin of the Valabhis.</span>The tribe or -race of Bhaṭárka the founder of the Valabhi dynasty is -doubtful. None of the numerous Valabhi copperplates mentions the race -of the founder. The Chalukya and Ráshṭrakúṭa -copperplates are silent regarding the Valabhi dynasty. And it is worthy -of note that the Gehlots and Gohils, who are descended from the -Valabhis, take their name not from their race but from king Guha or -Guhasena (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 559–567) the fourth -ruler and apparently the first great sovereign among the Valabhis. -These considerations make it probable that Bhaṭárka -belonged to some low or stranger tribe. Though the evidence falls short -of proof the probability seems strong that Bhaṭárka -belonged to the Gurjara tribe, and that it was the supremacy of him and -his descendants which gave rise to the name Gurjjara-rátra the -country of the Gurjjaras, a name used at first by outsiders and -afterwards adopted by the people of Gujarát. Except -Bhaṭárka and his powerful dynasty no kings occur of -sufficient importance to have given their name to the great province of -Gujarát. Against their Gurjara origin it may be urged that the -Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsiang (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 640) -calls the king of Valabhi a Kshatriya. Still Hiuen Tsiang’s -remark was made more than a century after the establishment of the -dynasty when their rise to power and influence had made it possible for -them to ennoble themselves by calling themselves Kshatriyas and tracing -their lineage to <span class="corr" id="xd25e11285" title="Source: Puranic">Puráṇic</span> heroes. That such -ennobling was not only possible but common is beyond question. Many -so-called Rájput families in Gujarát and <span class="corr" id="xd25e11288" title="Source: Káthiaváḍa">Káthiáváḍa</span> -can be traced to low or stranger tribes. The early kings of -Nándipurí or Nándod (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 450) call themselves Gurjjaras and the later -members of the same dynasty trace their lineage to the -Mahábhárata hero Karṇa. Again two of the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e11295" title="Source: Nandod">Nándod</span> Gurjjaras Dadda II. and -<span class="corr" id="xd25e11298" title="Source: Jayabhata">Jayabhaṭa</span> II. helped the Valabhis -under circumstances which suggest that the bond of sympathy -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb86" href="#pb86" name="pb86">86</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VIII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Valabhis, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</span><br> -Origin of the Valabhis.</span> may have been their common origin. The -present chiefs of Nándod derive their lineage from Karṇa -and call themselves Gohils of the same stock as the Bhávnagar -Gohils who admittedly belong to the Valabhi stock. This supports the -theory that the Gurjjaras and the Valabhis had a common origin, and -that the Gurjjaras were a branch of and tributary to the Valabhis. This -would explain how the Valabhis came to make grants in Broach at the -time when the Gurjjaras ruled there. It would further explain that the -Gurjjaras were called <i>sámantas</i> or feudatories because -they were under the overlordship of the Valabhis.<a class="noteref" id="n86.1src" href="#n86.1" name="n86.1src">15</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">History.</span>The preceding chapter shows -that except Chandragupta (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 410) -Kumáragupta (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 416) and -Skandagupta (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 456) none of the Guptas -have left any trace of supremacy in Gujarát and -Káthiáváḍa. Of what happened in -Gujarát during the forty years after Gupta 150 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 469), when the reign of Skandagupta came to an -end nothing is known or is likely to be discovered from Indian sources. -The blank of forty years to the founder Bhaṭárka -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509) or more correctly of sixty -years to Dhruvasena (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 526) the first -Valabhi king probably corresponds with the ascendancy of some foreign -dynasty or tribe. All trace of this tribe has according to custom been -blotted out of the Sanskrit and other Hindu records. At the same time -it is remarkable that the fifty years ending about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 525 correspond closely with the ascendancy in -north and north-west India of the great tribe of Ephthalites or White -Huns. As has been shown in the Gupta Chapter, by <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470 or 480, the White Huns seem to have been -powerful if not supreme in Upper India. In the beginning of the sixth -century, perhaps about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 520, Cosmas -Indikopleustes describes the north of India and the west coast as far -south as Kalliena that is Kalyán near Bombay as under the Huns -whose king was Gollas.<a class="noteref" id="n86.2src" href="#n86.2" -name="n86.2src">16</a> Not many years later (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 530) the Hun power in Central India suffered -defeat and about the same time a new dynasty arose in south-east -Káthiáváḍa.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">First Valabhi Grant, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 526.</span>The first trace of the new power, the -earliest Valabhi grant, is that of Dhruvasena in the Valabhi or Gupta -year 207 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 526). In this grant -Dhruvasena is described as the third son of the Senápati or -general Bhaṭárka. Of Senápati Bhaṭárka -neither copperplate nor inscription has been found. Certain coins which -General Cunningham <abbr title="Archæological Survey Report">Arch. Surv. Rept.</abbr> IX. Pl. V. -has ascribed to Bhaṭárka have on the obverse a bust, as on -the western coins of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb87" href="#pb87" -name="pb87">87</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VIII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Valabhis, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</span><br> -First Valabhi Grant, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 526.</span> -Kumáragupta, and on the reverse the Śaiva trident, and -round the trident the somewhat doubtful legend in Gupta characters:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p lang="sa-latn" class="first">Rájño Mahákshatri -Paramádityabhakta Śrí -Śarvva-bhaṭṭárakasa.</p> -<p>Of the king the great Kshatri, great devotee of the sun, the -illustrious Śarvva-bhaṭṭáraka.</p> -</div> -<p>This Śarvva seems to have been a <span class="corr" id="xd25e11413" title="Source: Ráshtrakúṭa">Ráshṭrakúṭa</span> -or Gurjjara king. His coins were continued so long in use and were so -often copied that in the end upright strokes took the place of letters. -That these coins did not belong to the founder of the Valabhi dynasty -appears not only from the difference of name between -Bhaṭṭáraka and Bhaṭárka but because the -coiner was a king and the founder of the Valabhis a general.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Senápati Bhaṭárka, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–520 ?</span>Of the -kingdom which Senápati Bhaṭárka overthrew the -following details are given in one of his epithets in Valabhi -copperplates: ‘Who obtained glory by dealing hundreds of blows on -the large and very mighty armies of the Maitrakas, who by <span class="marginnote">The Maitrakas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470–509.</span>force had subdued their -enemies.’ As regards these Maitrakas it is to be noted that the -name Maitraka means Solar. The sound of the compound epithet -<i>Maitraka-amitra</i> that is Maitraka-enemy used in the inscription -makes it probable that the usual form Mihira or solar was rejected in -favour of Maitraka which also means solar to secure the necessary -assonance with <i>amitra</i> or enemy. The form Mihira solar seems a -Hinduizing or meaning-making of the northern tribal name Meḍh or -Mehr, the Mehrs being a tribe which at one time seem to have held sway -over the whole of Káthiáváḍa and which are -still found in strength near the Barda hills in the south-west of -Káthiáváḍa.<a class="noteref" id="n87.1src" -href="#n87.1" name="n87.1src">17</a> The Jethvá chiefs of -Porbandar who were formerly powerful rulers are almost certainly of the -Mehr tribe. They are still called Mehr kings and the Mehrs of -Káthiáváḍa regard them as their leaders and -at the call of their Head are ready to fight for him. The chief of Mehr -traditions describes the fights of their founder Makaradhvaja with one -Mayúradhvaja. This tradition seems to embody the memory of an -historical struggle. The <i>makara</i> or fish is the tribal badge of -the Mehrs and is marked on a Morbí copperplate dated -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 904 (G. 585) and on the forged -Dhíníki grant of the Mehr king -Jáíkádeva. On the other hand Mayúradhvaja -or peacock-bannered would be the name of the Guptas beginning with -Chandragupta who ruled in Gujarát (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 396–416) and whose coins have a peacock on -the reverse. The tradition would thus be a recollection of the struggle -between the Mehrs and Guptas in which about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470 the Guptas were defeated. The Mehrs seem to -have been a northern tribe, who, the evidence of place names seems to -show, passed south through Western <span class="corr" id="xd25e11451" -title="Source: Rájputana">Rájputána</span>, Jaslo, -Ajo, Bad, and Koml leaders of this tribe giving their names to the -settlements of Jesalmir, Ajmir, Badmer, and Komalmer. The resemblance -of name and the nearness of dates suggest a connection between the -Mehrs and the great Panjáb conqueror of the Guptas Mihirakula -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 512–540 ?). If not -themselves <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb88" href="#pb88" name="pb88">88</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VIII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Valabhis, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</span><br> -The Maitrakas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470–509.</span> -Húṇas the Mehrs may have joined the conquering armies of -the Húṇas and passing south with the Húṇas -may have won a settlement in Káthiáváḍa as -the Káthis and Jhádejás settled about 300 years -later. After Senápati Bhaṭárka’s conquests in -the south of the Peninsula the Mehrs seem to have retired to the north -of Káthiáváḍa.</p> -<p>The above account of the founder of the Valabhis accepts the -received opinion that he was the Senápati or General of the -Guptas. The two chief points in support of this view are that the -Valabhis adopted both the Gupta era and the Gupta currency. Still it is -to be noted that this adoption of a previous era and currency by no -means implies any connection with the former rulers.<a class="noteref" -id="n88.1src" href="#n88.1" name="n88.1src">18</a> Both the Gurjjaras -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 580) and the Chálukyas -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 642) adopted the existing era of the -Traikúṭakas (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 248–9) while as regards currency the -practice of continuing the existing type is by no means -uncommon.<a class="noteref" id="n88.2src" href="#n88.2" name="n88.2src">19</a> In these circumstances, and seeing that certain of -the earlier Valabhi inscriptions refer to an overlord who can hardly -have been a Gupta, the identification of the king to whom the original -Senápati owed allegiance must be admitted to be doubtful.</p> -<p>All known copperplates down to those of Dharasena (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 579 the great grandson of Bhaṭárka) -give a complete genealogy from Bhaṭárka to Dharasena. -Later copperplates omit all mention of any descendants but those in the -main line.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Senápati’s -Sons.</span>Senápati Bhaṭárka had four sons, (1) -Dharasena (2) Droṇasiṃha (3) Dhruvasena and (4) -Dharapaṭṭa. Of Dharasena the first son no record has been -traced. His name first appears in the copperplates of his brother -Dhruvasena where like his father he is called Senápati. -Similarly of the second son Droṇasiṃha no record exists -except in the copperplates of his brother Dhruvasena. In these -copperplates unlike his father and elder brother Dhruvasena is called -<i>Mahárája</i> and is mentioned as ‘invested with -royal authority in person by the great lord, the lord of the wide -extent of the whole world.’ This great lord or -<i>paramasvámi</i> could not have been his father -Bhaṭárka. Probably he was the king to whom -Bhaṭárka owed allegiance. It is not clear where -Droṇasiṃha was installed king probably it was in -Káthiáváḍa from the south-east of which his -father and elder brother had driven back the Mehrs or -Maitrakas.<a class="noteref" id="n88.3src" href="#n88.3" name="n88.3src">20</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb89" href="#pb89" -name="pb89">89</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VIII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Valabhis, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</span><br> -Dhruvasena I. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 526–535.</span> -<span class="marginnote">Dhruvasena I. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 526–535.</span>The third son Dhruvasena is -the first of several Valabhis of that name. Three copperplates of his -remain: The Kukad grant dated Gupta 207 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 526),<a class="noteref" id="n89.1src" href="#n89.1" name="n89.1src">21</a> an unpublished grant found in -Junágaḍh dated Gupta 210 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 529), and the Vaḷeh grant dated Gupta 216 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 535).<a class="noteref" id="n89.2src" href="#n89.2" name="n89.2src">22</a> One of -Dhruvasena’s attributes <i lang="sa-latn">Parama-bhaṭṭáraka-pádánudhyáta</i>, -Bowing at the feet of the great lord, apparently applies to the same -paramount sovereign who installed his brother Droṇasiṃha. -The paramount lord can hardly be Dhruvasena’s father as his -father is either called <i>Bhaṭárka</i> without the -<i>parama</i> or more commonly <i>Senápati</i> that is general. -Dhruvasena’s other political attributes are -<i>Mahárája</i> Great King or -<i>Mahásúmanta</i> Great Chief, the usual titles of a -petty feudatory king. In the <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 535 -plates he has the further attributes of -<i>Mahápratíhára</i> the great doorkeeper or -chamberlain, <i lang="sa-latn">Mahádaṇḍanáyaka</i><a class="noteref" id="n89.3src" href="#n89.3" name="n89.3src">23</a> the great -magistrate, and <i lang="sa-latn">Máhákártakritika</i> (?) or great -general, titles which seem to show he still served some overlord. It is -not clear whether Dhruvasena succeeded his brother -Droṇasiṃha or was a separate contemporary ruler. The -absence of ‘falling at the feet of’ or other successional -phrase and the use of the epithet ‘serving at the feet of’ -the great lord seem to show that his power was distinct from his -brothers. In any case Dhruvasena is the first of the family who has a -clear connection with Valabhi from which the grants of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 526 and 529 are dated.</p> -<p>In these grants Dhruvasena’s father Bhaṭárka and -his elder brothers are described as ‘great -Máheśvaras’ that is followers of Śiva, while -Dhruvasena himself is called <i>Paramabhágavata</i> the great -Vaishṇava. It is worthy of note, as stated in the <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 535 grant, that his niece -Duḍḍá (or Lulá?) was a Buddhist and had -dedicated a Buddhist monastery at Valabhi. The latest known date of -Dhruvasena is <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 535 (G. 216). Whether -Dharapaṭṭa or Dharapaṭṭa’s son Guhasena -succeeded is doubtful. That Dharapaṭṭa is styled -Mahárája and that a twenty-four years’ gap occurs -between the latest grant of Dhruvasena and <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 559 the earliest grant of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb90" href="#pb90" name="pb90">90</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VIII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Valabhis, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</span><br> -Dhruvasena I. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 526–535.</span> -Guhasena favour the succession of Dharapaṭṭa. On the other -hand in the <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 559 grant all -Guhasena’s sins are said to be cleansed by falling at the feet -of, that is, by succeeding, Dhruvasena. It is possible that -Dharapaṭṭa may have ruled for some years and Dhruvasena -again risen to power.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Guhasena, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 539–569.</span>Of Guhasena (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 539?–569) three plates and a fragment of an -inscription remain. Two of the grants are from Vaḷeh dated -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 559 and 565 (G. 240 and 246)<a class="noteref" id="n90.1src" href="#n90.1" name="n90.1src">24</a>: the third -is from Bhávnagar dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 567 -(G. 248).<a class="noteref" id="n90.2src" href="#n90.2" name="n90.2src">25</a> The inscription is on an earthen pot found at -Vaḷeh and dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 566 (G. -247).<a class="noteref" id="n90.3src" href="#n90.3" name="n90.3src">26</a> In all the later Valabhi plates the genealogy begins -with Guhasena who seems to have been the first great ruler of his -dynasty. Guhasena is a Sanskrit name meaning Whose army is like that of -Kárttika-svámi: his popular name was probably Guhila. It -appears probable that the Gohil and Gehlot <span class="corr" id="xd25e11700" title="Source: Rajput">Rájput</span> chiefs of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e11703" title="Source: Káthiávaḍa">Káthiáváḍa</span> -and Rájputána, who are believed to be descendants of the -Valabhis, take their name from Guhasena or Guha, the form Gehloti or -Gehlot, <i>Guhila-utta</i>, being a corruption of Guhilaputra or -descendants of Guhila, a name which occurs in old <span class="corr" -id="xd25e11709" title="Source: Rájpút">Rájput</span> records.<a class="noteref" id="n90.4src" href="#n90.4" name="n90.4src">27</a> This lends -support to the view that Guhasena was believed to be the first king of -the dynasty. Like his predecessors he is called Mahárája -or great king. In one grant he is called the great Śaiva and in -another the great Buddhist devotee (<i>paramopásaka</i>), while -he grants villages to the Buddhist monastery of his paternal -aunt’s daughter Duḍḍá. Though a Śaivite -Guhasena, like most of his predecessors, tolerated and even encouraged -Buddhism. His minister of peace and war is named Skandabhaṭa.</p> -<p>The beginning of Guhasena’s reign is uncertain. Probably it -was not earlier than <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 539 (G. 220). -His latest known date is <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 567 (G. 248) -but he may have reigned two years longer.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Dharasena II. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 569–589.</span>About <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 569 (G. 250) Guhasena was succeeded by his son -Dharasena II. Five of his grants remain, three dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 571 (G. 252),<a class="noteref" id="n90.5src" -href="#n90.5" name="n90.5src">28</a> the fourth dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 588 (G. 269),<a class="noteref" id="n90.6src" -href="#n90.6" name="n90.6src">29</a> and the fifth dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 589 (G. 270).<a class="noteref" id="n90.7src" -href="#n90.7" name="n90.7src">30</a> In the first three grants -Dharasena is called Mahárája or great king; in the two -later grants is added the title Mahásámanta Great -Feudatory, seeming to show that in the latter part of his reign -Dharasena had to acknowledge as overlord some one whose power had -greatly increased.<a class="noteref" id="n90.8src" href="#n90.8" name="n90.8src">31</a> All his copperplates style Dharasena II. -<i>Parama-máheśvara</i> Great Śaiva. A gap of eighteen -years occurs between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 589 -Dharasena’s latest grant and <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 607 the earliest grant of his son -Śíláditya.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Śíláditya I. -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 594–609.</span>Dharasena II. -was succeeded by his son Śíláditya I. who is also -called Dharmáditya or the sun of religion.</p> -<p>The Śatruñjaya Máhátmya has a prophetic -account of one Śíláditya who will be a propagator of -religion in Vikrama Saṃvat <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb91" -href="#pb91" name="pb91">91</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VIII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Valabhis, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</span><br> -Śíláditya I. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 590–609.</span> 477 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 420). This Máhátmya is -comparatively modern and is not worthy of much trust. Vikrama -Saṃvat 477 would be <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 420 when no -Valabhi kingdom was established and no Śíláditya can -have flourished. If the date 477 has been rightly preserved, and it be -taken in the Śaka era it would correspond with Gupta 237 or -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 556, that is thirty to forty years -before Śíláditya’s reign. Although no reliance -can be placed on the date still his second name Dharmáditya -gives support to his identification with the -Śíláditya of the Máhátmya.</p> -<p>His grants like many of his predecessors style -Śíláditya a great devotee of Śiva. Still that -two of his three known grants were made to Buddhist monks shows that he -tolerated and respected Buddhism. The writer of one of the grants is -mentioned as the minister of peace and war Chandrabhaṭṭi; -the Dútaka or causer of the gift in two of the Buddhist grants -is Bhaṭṭa Ádityayaśas apparently some military -officer. The third grant, to a temple of Śiva, has for its -Dútaka the illustrious Kharagraha apparently the brother and -successor of the king.</p> -<p>Śíláditya’s reign probably began about -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 594 (G. 275). His latest grant is -dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 609 (G. 290).<a class="noteref" -id="n91.1src" href="#n91.1" name="n91.1src">32</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kharagraha, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 610–615.</span>Śíláditya -was succeeded by his brother Kharagraha, of whom no record has been -traced. Kharagraha seems to have been invested with sovereignty by his -brother Śíláditya who probably retired from the -world. Kharagraha is mentioned as a great devotee of Śiva.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Dharasena III. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 615–620.</span>Kharagraha was succeeded by -his son Dharasena III. of whom no record remains.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Dhruvasena II. (Báláditya) -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 620–640.</span>Dharasena III. -was succeeded by his younger brother Dhruvasena II. also called -Báláditya or the rising sun. A grant of his is dated -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 629 (G. 310).<a class="noteref" id="n91.2src" href="#n91.2" name="n91.2src">33</a> As observed before, -Dhruvasena is probably a Sanskritised form of the popular but -meaningless Dhruvapaṭṭa which is probably the original of -Hiuen Tsiang’s T’u-lu-h’o-po-tu, as <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 629 the date of his grant is about eleven years -before the time when (640) Hiuen Tsiang is calculated to have been in -Málwa if not actually at Valabhi. If one of Dhruvasena’s -poetic attributes is not mere hyperbole, he made conquests and spread -the power of Valabhi. On the other hand the Navsári grant of -Jayabhaṭa III. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 706–734) -the Gurjjara king of Broach states that Dadda II. of Broach -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 620–650) protected the king of -Valabhi who had been defeated by the great Śrí Harshadeva -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 607–648) of Kanauj.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Dharasena IV. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 640–649.</span>Dhruvasena II. was succeeded -by his son Dharasena IV. perhaps the most powerful and independent of -the Valabhis. A copperplate dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 649 -(G. 330) styles him <i lang="sa-latn">Parama-bhaṭṭáraka, <span class="corr" id="xd25e11884" title="Source: Máhárájádhirája">Mahárájádhirája</span>, -Parameśvara, Chakravartin</i> Great Lord, King of Kings, Great -Ruler, Universal Sovereign. Dharasena IV.’s successors continue -the title of <i>Mahárájádhirája</i> or -great ruler, but none is called <i>Chakravartin</i> or universal -sovereign a title which implies numerous conquests and widespread -power. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb92" href="#pb92" name="pb92">92</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VIII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Valabhis, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</span><br> -Dharasena IV. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 640–649.</span> -Two of Dharasena IV.’s grants remain, one dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 645 (G. 326) the other <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 649 (G. 330). A grant of his father Dhruvasena -dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 634 (G. 315) and an unpublished -copperplate in the possession of the chief of Morbí belonging to -his successor Dhruvasena III. dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 651 (G. 332) prove that Dharasena’s reign -did not last more than seventeen years. The well known Sanskrit poem -Bhaṭṭikávya seems to have been composed in the reign -of this king as at the end of his work the author says it was written -at Valabhi protected (governed) by the king the illustrious -Dharasena.<a class="noteref" id="n92.1src" href="#n92.1" name="n92.1src">34</a> The author’s application to Dharasena of the -title <i>Narendra</i> Lord of Men is a further proof of his great -power.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Dhruvasena III. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 650–656.</span>Dharasena IV. was not -succeeded by his son but by Dhruvasena the son of Derabhaṭa the -son of Dharasena IV.’s paternal grand-uncle. Derabhaṭa -appears not to have been ruler of Valabhi itself but of some district -in the south of the Valabhi territory. His epithets describe him as -like the royal sage Agastya spreading to the south, and as the lord of -the earth which has for its two breasts the Sahya and Vindhya hills. -This description may apply to part of the province south of Kaira where -the Sahyádri and Vindhya mountains may be said to unite. In the -absence of a male heir in the direct line, Derabhaṭa’s son -Dhruvasena appears to have succeeded to the throne of Valabhi. The only -known copperplate of Dhruvasena III.’s, dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 651 (G. 332), records the grant of the village of -Peḍhapadra in Vanthali, the modern Vanthali in the -Navánagar State of North Káthiáváḍa. -A copperplate of his elder brother and successor Kharagraha dated -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 656 (G. 337) shows that -Dhruvasena’s reign cannot have lasted over six years.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kharagraha, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 656–665.</span>The less than usually -complimentary and respectful reference to Dhruvasena III. in the -attributes of Kharagraha suggests that Kharagraha took the kingdom by -force from his younger brother as the rightful successor of his father. -At all events the succession of Kharagraha to Dhruvasena was not in the -usual peaceful manner. Kharagraha’s grant dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 656 (G. 337) is written by the Divirapati or -Chief Secretary and minister of peace and war Anahilla son of -Skandabhaṭa.<a class="noteref" id="n92.2src" href="#n92.2" name="n92.2src">35</a> The Dútaka or causer of the gift was the -Pramátṛi or survey officer Śríná.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Śíláditya III. -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 666–675.</span>Kharagraha was -succeeded by Śíláditya III. son of -Kharagraha’s elder brother Śíláditya II. -Śíláditya II. seems not to have ruled at Valabhi but -like Derabhaṭa to have been governor of Southern Valabhi, as he -is mentioned out of the order of succession and with the title Lord of -the Earth containing the Vindhya mountain. Three grants of -Śíláditya III. remain, two dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 666 (G. 346)<a class="noteref" id="n92.3src" -href="#n92.3" name="n92.3src">36</a> and the third dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 671 (G. 352).<a class="noteref" id="n92.4src" -href="#n92.4" name="n92.4src">37</a> He is called <i lang="sa-latn">Parama-bhaṭṭáraka</i> Great Lord, <i lang="sa-latn">Mahárájádhirája</i> Chief King -among Great Kings, and <i lang="sa-latn">Parameśvara</i> Great -Ruler. These titles continue to be applied to all <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb93" href="#pb93" name="pb93">93</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VIII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Valabhis, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</span><br> -Śíláditya IV. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 691.</span> subsequent Valabhi kings. Even the -name Śíláditya is repeated though each king must -have had some personal name.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Śíláditya IV. -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 691.</span>Śíláditya III. was -succeeded by his son Śíláditya IV. of whom one grant -dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 691 (G. 372) remains. The -officer who prepared the grant is mentioned as the general Divirapati -Śrí Haragaṇa the son of Bappa Bhogika. The -Dútaka or gift-causer is the prince Kharagraha, which may -perhaps be the personal name of the next king -Śíláditya V.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Śíláditya V. -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 722.</span>Of -Śíláditya V. the son and successor of -Śíláditya IV. two grants dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 722 (G. 403) both from Gondal remain. Both record -grants to the same person. The writer of both was general Gillaka son -of Buddhabhaṭṭa, and the gift-causer of both prince -Śíláditya.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Śíláditya VI. -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 760.</span>Of -Śíláditya VI. the son and successor of the last, one -grant dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 760 (G. 441) remains. The -grantee is an Atharvavedi Bráhman. The writer is Sasyagupta son -of Emapatha and the gift-causer is Gánjaśáti -Śrí Jajjar (or Jajjir).</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Śíláditya VII. -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 766.</span>Of -Śíláditya VII. the son and successor of the last, -who is also called Dhrúbhaṭa (Sk. Dhruvabhaṭa), one -grant dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 766 (G. 447) remains.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Valabhi Family Tree.</span>The following is -the genealogy of the Valabhi Dynasty:</p> -<p class="xd25e963">VALABHI FAMILY TREE,<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</p> -<div class="table"> -<table class="geneaTable"> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop xd25e12081"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e12081"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e12081"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e12081"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e12081"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e12081"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e12081"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e12081"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e12081"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e12081"></td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop xd25e12081"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="8" class="colspan cellLeft"><span class="corr" id="xd25e12097" title="Source: Bhatárka">Bhaṭárka</span><br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509.<br> -(Gupta 190?)<span class="corr" id="xd25e12106" title="Not in source">.</span></td> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="7" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="rowspan colspan cellLeft">Dharasena -I.</td> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="rowspan colspan"><span class="corr" -id="xd25e12131" title="Source: Dronasimha">Droṇasiṃha</span>.</td> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="rowspan colspan">Dhruvasena I.<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 526.<br> -(Gupta 207).</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan"><span class="corr" id="xd25e12149" -title="Source: Dharapatta">Dharapaṭṭa</span>.</td> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="borderRight xd25e12161"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="7" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="5" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan">Guhasena<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 559, 565, 567,<br> -(Gupta 240, 246, 248).</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="7" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="5" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan">Dharasena II.<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 571, 588, 589<br> -(Gupta 252, 269, 270).</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="7" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="6" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="5" rowspan="4" class="rowspan colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="4" class="rowspan colspan"> -Śíláditya I.<br> -or Dharmáditya I.<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 605, 609 (Gupta 286, 290).</td> -<td></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">Kharagraha I.</td> -<td class="cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td class="cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">Dharasena III.</td> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="3" class="rowspan colspan cellRight"> -Dhruvasena II.<br> -or Báláditya,<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 629 (Gupta 310).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="6" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="5" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan"><span class="corr" id="xd25e12263" -title="Source: Derabhata">Derabhaṭa</span>.</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="6" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td class="cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td class="cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="3" class="rowspan colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">Śíláditya II.</td> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="3" class="rowspan colspan">Kharagraha II.<br> -or Dharmáditya II.<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 656 (Gupta 337).</td> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="3" class="rowspan colspan">Dhruvasena III.<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 651 (Gupta 332).</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan"></td> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="3" class="rowspan colspan cellRight">Dharasena -IV.<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 645, 649,<br> -(Gupta 326, 330).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">Śíláditya III.<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 671 (Gupta 352).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td class="borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="8" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan">Śíláditya IV.<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 691, 698<br> -(Gupta 372 & 379).</td> -<td colspan="6" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td class="borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="8" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan">Śíláditya V.<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 722 (Gupta 403).</td> -<td colspan="6" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td class="borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="8" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan">Śíláditya VI.<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 760 (Gupta 441).</td> -<td colspan="6" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td class="borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="8" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellBottom">Śíláditya -VII.<br> -or <span class="corr" id="xd25e12404" title="Source: Dhrubhata">Dhrúbhaṭa</span>,<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 766 (Gupta 447).</td> -<td colspan="6" class="colspan cellRight cellBottom"></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb94" href="#pb94" name="pb94">94</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VIII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Valabhis, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</span><br> -The Fall of Valabhi, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 750–770.</span> <span class="marginnote">The Fall of Valabhi, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 750–770.</span>Of the overthrow of Valabhi -many explanations have been offered.<a class="noteref" id="n94.1src" -href="#n94.1" name="n94.1src">38</a> The only explanation in agreement -with the copperplate evidence that a Śíláditya was -ruling at Valabhi as late as <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 766 -(Val. Saṃ. 447)<a class="noteref" id="n94.2src" href="#n94.2" -name="n94.2src">40</a> is the Hindu account preserved by Alberuni -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1030)<a class="noteref" id="n94.3src" href="#n94.3" name="n94.3src">41</a> that soon after the -Sindh capital Mansúra was founded, say <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 750–770, Ranka a disaffected subject of the -era-making Valabhi, with presents of money persuaded the Arab lord of -Mansúra to send a naval expedition against the king of Valabhi. -In a night attack king Valabha was killed and his people and town were -destroyed. Alberuni adds: Men say that still in our time such traces -are left in <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb95" href="#pb95" name="pb95">95</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VIII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Valabhis, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</span><br> -The Fall of Valabhi, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 750–770.</span> that country as are found -in places wasted by an unexpected attack.<a class="noteref" id="n95.1src" href="#n95.1" name="n95.1src">42</a> For this expedition -against Valabhi Alberuni gives no date. But as Mansúra was not -founded till <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 750<a class="noteref" -id="n95.2src" href="#n95.2" name="n95.2src">43</a> and as the latest -Valabhi copperplate is <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 766 the -expedition must have taken place between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 750 and 770. In support of the Hindu tradition of -an expedition from Mansúra against Valabhi between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 750 and 770 it is to be noted that the Arab -historians of Sindh record that in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 758 (H. 140) the Khalif Mansúr sent Amru -bin Jamal with a fleet of barks to the coast of Barada.<a class="noteref" id="n95.3src" href="#n95.3" name="n95.3src">44</a> Twenty -years later <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 776 (H. 160) a second -expedition succeeded in taking the town, but, as sickness broke out, -they had to return. The question remains should the word, which in -these extracts Elliot reads Barada, be read Balaba. The lax rules of -Arab cursive writing would cause little difficulty in adopting the -reading Balaba.<a class="noteref" id="n95.4src" href="#n95.4" name="n95.4src">45</a> Further it is hard to believe that Valabhi, though to -some extent sheltered by its distance from the coast and probably a -place of less importance than its chroniclers describe, should be -unknown to the Arab raiders of the seventh and eighth centuries and -after its fall be known to Alberuni in the eleventh century. At the -same time, as during the eighth century there was, or at least as there -may have been,<a class="noteref" id="n95.5src" href="#n95.5" name="n95.5src">46</a> a town Barada on the south-west coast of -Káthiáváḍa the identification <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb96" href="#pb96" name="pb96">96</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VIII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Valabhis, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</span><br> -The Fall of Valabhi, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 750–770.</span> of the raids against Barada -with the traditional expedition against Balaba though perhaps probable -cannot be considered certain. Further the statement of the Sindh -historians<a class="noteref" id="n96.1src" href="#n96.1" name="n96.1src">47</a> that at this time the Sindh Arabs also made a naval -expedition against Kandahár seems in agreement with the -traditional account in Tod that after the destruction of Valabhi the -rulers retired to a fort near Cambay from which after a few years they -were driven.<a class="noteref" id="n96.2src" href="#n96.2" name="n96.2src">48</a> If this fort is the Kandahár of the Sindh -writers and Gandhár on the Broach coast about twenty miles south -of Cambay, identifications which are in agreement with other passages, -the Arab and <span class="corr" id="xd25e12744" title="Source: Rajput">Rájput</span> accounts would fairly -agree.<a class="noteref" id="n96.3src" href="#n96.3" name="n96.3src">49</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Importance of Valabhi.</span>The -discovery of its lost site; the natural but mistaken identification of -its rulers with the famous eighth and ninth century (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 753–972) Balharas of Málkhet in the -East Dakhan;<a class="noteref" id="n96.4src" href="#n96.4" name="n96.4src">50</a> the tracing to Valabhi of the Rána of Udepur -in Mewáḍ the head of the Sesodias or Gohils the most -exalted of Hindu families<a class="noteref" id="n96.5src" href="#n96.5" -name="n96.5src">51</a>; and in later times the wealth of Valabhi -copperplates have combined to make the Valabhis one of the best known -of Gujarát dynasties. Except the complete genealogy, covering -the 250 years from the beginning of the sixth to the middle of the -eighth century, little is known of Valabhi or its chiefs. The -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb97" href="#pb97" name="pb97">97</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VIII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Valabhis, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</span><br> -The Importance of Valabhi, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 750–770.</span> origin of the city and of -its rulers, the extent of their sway, and the cause and date of their -overthrow are all uncertain. The unfitness of the site, the want of -reservoirs or other stone remains, the uncertainty when its rulers -gained an independent position, the fact that only one of them claimed -the title <i>Chakravarti</i> or All Ruler are hardly consistent with -any far-reaching authority. Add to this the continuance of Maitraka or -Mer power in North Káthiáváḍa, the -separateness though perhaps dependence of Sauráshṭra even -in the time of Valabhi’s greatest power,<a class="noteref" id="n97.1src" href="#n97.1" name="n97.1src">52</a> the rare mention of -Valabhi in contemporary Gujarát grants,<a class="noteref" id="n97.2src" href="#n97.2" name="n97.2src">53</a> and the absence of -trustworthy reference in the accounts of the Arab raids of the seventh -or eighth centuries tend to raise a doubt whether, except perhaps -during the ten years ending 650, Valabhi was ever of more than local -importance.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Valabhi and the Gehlots.</span>In -connection with the pride of the Sesodias or Gohils of -Mewáḍ in their Valabhi origin<a class="noteref" id="n97.3src" href="#n97.3" name="n97.3src">54</a> the question who were -the Valabhis has a special interest. The text shows that Pandit -Bhagvánlál was of opinion the Valabhis were Gurjjaras. -The text also notes that the Pandit believed they reached south-east -Káthiáváḍa by sea from near Broach and that -if they did not come to Broach from Málwa at least the early -rulers obtained (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 520 and 526) -investiture from the Málwa kings. Apart from the doubtful -evidence of an early second to fifth century Bála or Valabhi -three considerations weigh against the theory that the Valabhis entered -Gujarát from Málwa in the sixth century. First their -acceptance of the Gupta era and of the Gupta currency raises the -presumption that the Valabhis were in -Káthiáváḍa during Gupta ascendancy -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 440–480): Second that the -Sesodias trace their pedigree through Valabhi to an earlier settlement -at Dhánk in south-west Káthiáváḍa and -that the Válas of Dhánk still hold the place of heads of -the Válas of Káthiáváḍa: And Third -that both Sesodias and Válas trace their origin to Kanaksen a -second century North Indian immigrant into -Káthiáváḍa combine to raise the presumption -that the Válas were in Káthiáváḍa -before the historical founding of Valabhi in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 526<a class="noteref" id="n97.4src" href="#n97.4" -name="n97.4src">55</a> and that the city took its name from its -founders the Válas or <span class="corr" id="xd25e12920" title="Source: Bálás">Bálas</span>.</p> -<p>Whether or not the ancestors of the Gohils and Válas were -settled in Káthiáváḍa before the -establishment of Valabhi about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 526 -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb98" href="#pb98" name="pb98">98</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VIII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Valabhis, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</span><br> -Valabhi and the Gehlots.</span> several considerations bear out the -correctness of the Rájput traditions and the Jain records that -the Gohils or Sesodias of Mewáḍ came from Bála or -Valabhi in Káthiáváḍa. Such a withdrawal -from the coast, the result of the terror of Arab raids, is in agreement -with the fact that from about the middle of the eighth century the -rulers of Gujarát established an inland capital at <span class="corr" id="xd25e12944" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 746).<a class="noteref" id="n98.1src" href="#n98.1" name="n98.1src">56</a> It is further in -agreement with the establishment by the Gohil refugees of a town Balli -in Mewáḍ; with the continuance as late as <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 968 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1024) -by the Sesodia chief of the Valabhi title Śíláditya -or Sail<a class="noteref" id="n98.2src" href="#n98.2" name="n98.2src">57</a>; and with the peculiar Valabhi blend of Sun and -Śiva worship still to be found in Udepur.<a class="noteref" id="n98.3src" href="#n98.3" name="n98.3src">58</a> The question remains -how far can the half-poetic accounts of the Sesodias be reconciled with -a date for the fall of Valabhi so late as <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 766. The mythical wanderings, the caveborn Guha, -and his rule at Idar can be easily spared. The name Gehlot which the -Sesodias trace to the caveborn Guha may as the Bhávnagar Gehlots -hold have its origin in Guhasena (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 559–567) perhaps the first Valabhi chief of -more than local distinction.<a class="noteref" id="n98.4src" href="#n98.4" name="n98.4src">59</a> Tod<a class="noteref" id="n98.5src" -href="#n98.5" name="n98.5src">61</a> fixes the first historical date in -the Sesodia family history at <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 720 or -728 the ousting of the Mori or Maurya of Chitor by Bappa or Sail. An -inscription near Chitor shows the Mori in power in Chitor as late as -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 714 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 770).<a class="noteref" id="n98.6src" href="#n98.6" name="n98.6src">62</a> By counting back nine generations from -<span class="corr" id="xd25e13037" title="Source: Sakti">Śakti</span> Kumára the tenth from Bappa -whose date is <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1038 Tod fixes -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 720–728 as the date when the -Gohils succeeded the Moris. But <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb99" -href="#pb99" name="pb99">99</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VIII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Valabhis, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</span><br> -Valabhi and the Gehlots.</span> the sufficient average allowance of -twenty years for each reign would bring Bappa to <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 770 or 780 a date in agreement with a fall of -Valabhi between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 760 and 770, as well -as with the statement of Abul Fazl, who, writing in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1590, says the Rána’s family had -been in Mewáḍ for about 800 years.<a class="noteref" id="n99.1src" href="#n99.1" name="n99.1src">63</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Válas of <span class="corr" id="xd25e13103" title="Source: Káthiaváḍa">Káthiáváḍa</span>.</span>The -Arab accounts of the surprise-attack and of the failure of the invaders -to make a settlement agree with the local and Rájputána -traditions that a branch of the Valabhi family continued to rule at -Vaḷeh until its conquest by Múla Rája -Solaṇkhi in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 950.<a class="noteref" id="n99.2src" href="#n99.2" name="n99.2src">64</a> Though -their bards favour the explanation of Vála from the -Gujaráti <i>valvu</i> return or the Persian -<i>válah</i><a class="noteref" id="n99.3src" href="#n99.3" name="n99.3src">65</a> noble the family claim to be of the old Valabhi -stock. They still have the tradition they were driven out by the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e13128" title="Source: Musalmans">Musalmáns</span>, they still keep up the -family name of Selait or Śíláditya.<a class="noteref" id="n99.4src" href="#n99.4" name="n99.4src">66</a></p> -<p>The local tradition regarding the settlement of the Válas in -the Balakshetra south of Valabhi is that it took place after the -capture of Valabhi by Múla Rája Solaṇkhi -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 950).<a class="noteref" id="n99.5src" href="#n99.5" name="n99.5src">67</a> If, as may perhaps be -accepted, the present Válas represent the rulers of Valabhi it -seems to follow the Válas were the overlords of Balakshetra at -least from the time of the historical prosperity of Valabhi -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 526–680). The traditions of -the Bábriás who held the east of Sorath show that when -they arrived (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1200–1250) the -Vála Rájputs were in possession and suggest that the -lands of the Válas originally stretched as far west as -Diu.<a class="noteref" id="n99.6src" href="#n99.6" name="n99.6src">68</a> That the Válas held central -Káthiáváḍa is shown by their possession of -the old capital Vanthali nine miles south-west of Junágaḍh -and by (about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 850) their transfer of -that town to the <span class="corr" id="xd25e13172" title="Source: Chuḍásamás">Chúḍásamás</span>.<a class="noteref" -id="n99.7src" href="#n99.7" name="n99.7src">69</a> Dhánk, about -twenty-five miles north-west of Junágaḍh, was apparently -held by the Válas under the Jetwas when (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 800–1200?) Ghumli or Bhumli was the capital -of south-west Káthiáváḍa. According to Jetwa -accounts the Válas were newcomers whom the Jetwas allowed to -settle at Dhánk.<a class="noteref" id="n99.8src" href="#n99.8" -name="n99.8src">70</a> But as the Jetwas are not among the earliest -settlers in Káthiáváḍa it seems more -probable that, like the <span class="corr" id="xd25e13184" title="Source: Chuḍásamás">Chúḍásamás</span> -at Vanthali, the Jetwas found the Válas in possession. The close -connection of the Válas with the earlier waves of Káthis -is admitted.<a class="noteref" id="n99.9src" href="#n99.9" name="n99.9src">71</a> Considering that the present <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb100" href="#pb100" name="pb100">100</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VIII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Valabhis, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</span><br> -The Válas of Káthiáváḍa.</span> -(1881) total of Káthiáváḍa Vála -Rájputs is about 900 against about 9000 Vála -Káthis, the Válas,<a class="noteref" id="n100.1src" href="#n100.1" name="n100.1src">72</a> since their loss of power, seem -either to have passed into unnoticeable subdivisions of other -Rájput tribes or to have fallen to the position of -Káthis.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Válas and -Káthis.</span>If from the first and not solely since the fall of -Valabhi the Válas have been associated with the Káthis it -seems best to suppose they held to the Káthis a position like -that of the Jetwas to their followers the Mers. According to -Tod<a class="noteref" id="n100.2src" href="#n100.2" name="n100.2src">73</a> both Válas and Káthis claim the title -<i>Tata Multánka Rai</i> Lords of Tata and Multán. The -accounts of the different sackings of Valabhi are too confused and the -traces of an earlier settlement too scanty and doubtful to justify any -attempt to carry back Valabhi and the Válas beyond the Maitraka -overthrow of Gupta power in Káthiáváḍa -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470–480). The boast that -Bhaṭárka, the reputed founder of the house of Valabhi -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509), had obtained glory by dealing -hundreds of blows on the large and very mighty armies of the Maitrakas -who by force had subdued their enemies, together with the fact that the -Valabhis did and the Maitrakas did not adopt the Gupta era and currency -seem to show the Válas were settled in -Káthiáváḍa at an earlier date than the Mers -and Jetwas. That is, if the identification is correct, the Válas -and Káthis were in Káthiáváḍa before -the first wave of the White Huns approached. It has been noticed above -under Skandagupta that the enemies, or some of the enemies, with whom, -in the early years of his reign <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 452–454, Skandagupta had so fierce a -struggle were still in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 456 a source -of anxiety and required the control of a specially able viceroy at -Junágaḍh. Since no trace of the Káthis appears in -Káthiáváḍa legends or traditions before the -fifth century the suggestion may be offered that under Vála or -Bála leadership the Káthis were among the enemies who on -the death of Kumáragupta (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 454) -seized the Gupta possessions in Káthiáváḍa. -Both Válas and Káthis would then be northerners driven -south from Multán and South <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb101" -href="#pb101" name="pb101">101</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VIII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Valabhis, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</span><br> -The Válas and Káthis.</span> Sindh by the movements of -tribes displaced by the advance of the Ephthalites or White Huns -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 440–450) upon the earlier -North Indian and border settlements of the Yuan-Yuan or Avars.<a class="noteref" id="n101.1src" href="#n101.1" name="n101.1src">74</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Descent from Kanaksen, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 150.</span>The Sesodia or Gohil tradition is that -the founder of the Válas was Kanaksen, who, in the second -century after Christ, from North India established his power at -Virát or Dholka in North Gujarát and at Dhánk in -Káthiáváḍa.<a class="noteref" id="n101.2src" -href="#n101.2" name="n101.2src">75</a> This tradition, which according -to Tod<a class="noteref" id="n101.3src" href="#n101.3" name="n101.3src">76</a> is supported by at least ten genealogical lists -derived from distinct sources, seems a reminiscence of some connection -between the early Válas and the Kshatrapas of -Junágaḍh with the family of the great Kushán -emperor Kanishka (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78–98). -Whether this high ancestry belongs of right to the Válas and -Gohils or whether it has been won for them by their bards nothing in -the records of Káthiáváḍa is likely to be -able to prove. Besides by the Válas Kanaksen is claimed as an -ancestor by the Chávaḍás of Okhámandal as -the founder of Kanakapurí and as reigning in <span class="corr" -id="xd25e13300" title="Source: Krishna’s">Kṛishṇa’s</span> throne in -Dwárká.<a class="noteref" id="n101.4src" href="#n101.4" -name="n101.4src">77</a>. In support of the form Kanaka for Kanishka is -the doubtful Kanaka-Śakas or Kanishka-Śakas of -Varáhamihira (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 580).<a class="noteref" id="n101.5src" href="#n101.5" name="n101.5src">78</a> The -form Kanik is also used by Alberuni<a class="noteref" id="n101.6src" -href="#n101.6" name="n101.6src">79</a> for the famous Vihára or -monastery at Pesháwar of whose founder Kanak Alberuni retails -many widespread legends. Tod<a class="noteref" id="n101.7src" href="#n101.7" name="n101.7src">80</a> says; ‘If the traditional date -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 144) of Kanaksen’s arrival in -Káthiáváḍa had been only a little earlier it -would have fitted well with Wilson’s Kanishka of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e13325" title="Source: Raja">Rája</span> -Tarangini.’ Information brought to light since Tod’s time -shows that hardly any date could fit better than <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 144 for some member of the Kushán family, -possibly a grandson of the great Kanishka, to make a settlement in -Gujarát and Káthiáváḍa. The date -agrees closely with the revolt against Vasudeva (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 123–150), the second in succession from -Kanishka, raised by the <span class="corr" id="xd25e13335" title="Source: Panjab">Panjáb</span> Yaudheyas, whom the great -Gujarát Kshatrapa Rudradáman (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 143–158), the introducer of -Kanishka’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78) era into -Gujarát, humbled. The tradition calls Kanaksen Kośalaputra -and brings him from Lohkot in North India.<a class="noteref" id="n101.8src" href="#n101.8" name="n101.8src">81</a> Kośala has been -explained as Oudh and Lohkot as Lahore, but as Kanak came from the -north not from the north-east an original Kushána-putra or Son -of the Kushán may be the true form. Similarly Lohkot cannot be -Lahore. It may be Alberuni’s Lauhavar or Lahur in the -Káshmir uplands one of the main centres of Kushán -power.<a class="noteref" id="n101.9src" href="#n101.9" name="n101.9src">82</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb102" href="#pb102" -name="pb102">102</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VIII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Valabhis, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</span><br> -Mewáḍ and the Persians.</span> <span class="marginnote">Mewáḍ and the Persians.</span>One further -point requires notice, the traditional connection between Valabhi and -the Ránás of Mewáḍ with the Sassanian kings -of Persia (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 250–650). In support -of the tradition Abul Fazl (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1590) -says the Ránás of <span class="corr" id="xd25e13379" -title="Source: Mewaḍ">Mewáḍ</span> consider -themselves descendants of the Sassanian Naushirván (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 531–579) and Tod quotes fuller details from -the Persian history Maaser-al-Umra.<a class="noteref" id="n102.1src" -href="#n102.1" name="n102.1src">83</a> No evidence seems to support a -direct connection with Naushirván.<a class="noteref" id="n102.2src" href="#n102.2" name="n102.2src">84</a> At the same time -marriage between the Valabhi chief and Maha Banu the fugitive daughter -of Yezdigerd the last Sassanian (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> <a id="xd25e13401" name="xd25e13401"></a>651) is -not impossible.<a class="noteref" id="n102.3src" href="#n102.3" name="n102.3src">85</a> And the remaining suggestion that the link may be -Naushirván’s son Naushizád who fled from his father -in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 570 receives support in the -statement of Procopius<a class="noteref" id="n102.4src" href="#n102.4" -name="n102.4src">86</a> that Naushizád found shelter at -Belapatan in Khuzistán perhaps Balapatan in Gurjaristán. -As these suggestions are unsupported by direct evidence, it seems best -to look for the source of the legend in the fire symbols in use on -Káthiáváḍa and Mewáḍ coins. -These fire symbols, though in the main Indo-Skythian, betray from about -the sixth century a more direct Sassanian influence. The use of similar -coins coupled with their common sun worship seems sufficient to explain -how the Agnikulas and other Káthiáváḍa and -Mewáḍ Rájputs came to believe in some family -connection between their chiefs and the fireworshipping kings of -Persia.<a class="noteref" id="n102.5src" href="#n102.5" name="n102.5src">87</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Válas.</span>Can the Vála -traditions of previous northern settlements be supported either by -early Hindu inscriptions or from living traces in the present -population of Northern India? The convenient and elaborate tribe and -surname lists in the Census Report of the Panjáb, and vaguer -information from <span class="corr" id="xd25e13423" title="Source: Rajputána">Rájputána</span>, show traces -of Bálas and Válas among the Musalmán as well as -among the Hindu population of Northern India.<a class="noteref" id="n102.6src" href="#n102.6" name="n102.6src">88</a> Among the tribes -mentioned in Varáha-Mihira’s sixth century (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 580)<a class="noteref" id="n102.7src" href="#n102.7" name="n102.7src">89</a> lists the Váhlikas appear -along with the dwellers on Sindhu’s banks. An inscription of a -king Chandra, probably Chandragupta and if so about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 380–400,<a class="noteref" id="n102.8src" -href="#n102.8" name="n102.8src">90</a> boasts of crossing the seven -mouths of the Indus to attack the Váhlikas. These references -suggest that the Bálas or Válas are the Válhikas -and that the Bálhikas of the Harivaṃśa (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 350–500 ?) are not as Langlois -supposed people then ruling <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb103" href="#pb103" name="pb103">103</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VIII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Valabhis, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</span><br> -Válas.</span> in Balkh but people then established in -India.<a class="noteref" id="n103.1src" href="#n103.1" name="n103.1src">91</a> Does it follow that the Válhikas of the -inscriptions and the Bálhikas of the Harivaṃśa are -the Panjáb tribe referred to in the Mahábhárata as -the Báhikas or Bálhikas, a people held to scorn as -keeping no Bráhman rites, their Bráhmans degraded, their -women abandoned?<a class="noteref" id="n103.2src" href="#n103.2" name="n103.2src">92</a> Of the two Mahábhárata forms -Báhika and Bálhika recent scholars have preferred -Bálhika with the sense of people of Balkh or Baktria.<a class="noteref" id="n103.3src" href="#n103.3" name="n103.3src">93</a> The -name Bálhika might belong to more than one of the Central Asian -invaders of Northern India during the centuries before and after -Christ, whose manner of life might be expected to strike an -Áryávarta Bráhman with horror. The date of the -settlement of these northern tribes (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 180–<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 300) -does not conflict with the comparatively modern date (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 150–250) now generally received for the -final revision of the Mahábhárata.<a class="noteref" id="n103.4src" href="#n103.4" name="n103.4src">94</a> This explanation -does not remove the difficulty caused by references to Báhikas -and Bálhikas<a class="noteref" id="n103.5src" href="#n103.5" -name="n103.5src">95</a> in Páṇini and other writers -earlier than the first of the after-Alexander Skythian invasions. At -the same time as shown in the footnote there seems reason to hold that -the change from the Bákhtri of Darius (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 510) and Alexander the Great (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 330) to the modern Balkh did not take place -before the first century after Christ. If this view is correct it -follows that <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb104" href="#pb104" name="pb104">104</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VIII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Valabhis, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</span><br> -Válas.</span> if the form Bahlika occurs in Páṇini -or other earlier writers it is a mistaken form due to some -copyist’s confusion with the later name Bahlika. As used by -Páṇini the name Báhika applied to certain -Panjáb tribes seems a general term meaning Outsider a view which -is supported by Brian Hodgson’s identification of the -Mahábhárata Báhikas with the Bahings one of the -outcaste or broken tribes of Nepál.<a class="noteref" id="n104.1src" href="#n104.1" name="n104.1src">97</a> The use of -Báhika in the Mahábhárata would then be due either -to the wish to identify new tribes with old or to the temptation to use -a word which had a suitable meaning in Sanskrit. If then there is fair -ground for holding that the correct form of the name in the -Mahábhárata is Bálhika and that Bálhika -means men of Balkh the question remains which of the different waves of -Central Asian invaders in the centuries before and after Christ are -most likely to have adopted or to have received the title of Baktrians. -Between the second century before and the third century after Christ -two sets of northerners might justly have claimed or have received the -title of Baktrians. These northerners are the Baktrian Greeks about -<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 180 and the Yuechi between -<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 20 and <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 300. Yavana is so favourite a name among Indian -writers that it may be accepted that whatever other northern tribes the -name Yavana includes no name but Yavana passed into use for the -Baktrian Greeks. Their long peaceful and civilised rule (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 130–<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 300 ?) from their capital at Balkh entitles -the Yuechi to the name Baktrians or Báhlikas. That the Yuechi -were known in India as Baktrians is proved by the writer of the -Periplus (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 247), who, when Baktria was -still under Yuechi rule, speaks of the Baktrianoi as a most warlike -race governed by their own sovereign.<a class="noteref" id="n104.2src" -href="#n104.2" name="n104.2src">98</a> It is known that in certain -cases the Yuechi tribal names were of local origin. Kushán the -name of the leading tribe is according to some authorities a -place-name.<a class="noteref" id="n104.3src" href="#n104.3" name="n104.3src">99</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb105" href="#pb105" -name="pb105">105</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VIII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Valabhis, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</span><br> -Válas.</span> And it is established that the names of more than -one of the tribes who about <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 50 joined -under the head of the Kusháns were taken from the lands where -they had settled. It is therefore in agreement both with the movements -and with the practice of the Yuechi, that, on reaching India, a portion -of them should be known as Báhlikas or Bálhikas. Though -the evidence falls short of proof there seems fair reason to suggest -that the present <span class="corr" id="xd25e13643" title="Source: Rajput">Rájput</span> and Káthi Válas or -Bálas of Gujarát and <span class="corr" id="xd25e13646" -title="Source: Rajputána">Rájputána</span>, -through a Sanskritised Váhlika, may be traced to some section of -the Yuechi, who, as they passed south from Baktria, between the first -century before and the fourth century after Christ, assumed or received -the title of men of Balkh.</p> -<p>One collateral point seems to deserve notice. St. Martin<a class="noteref" id="n105.1src" href="#n105.1" name="n105.1src">100</a> says: -‘The Greek historians do not show the least trace of the name -Báhlika.’ Accepting Báhika, with the general sense -of Outsider, as the form used by Indian writers before the Christian -era and remembering<a class="noteref" id="n105.2src" href="#n105.2" -name="n105.2src">101</a> Páṇini’s description of the -Málavas and Kshudrakas as two Báhika tribes of the -North-West the fact that Páṇini lived very shortly before -or after the time of Alexander and was specially acquainted with the -Panjáb leaves little doubt that when (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 326) Alexander conquered their country the Malloi -and Oxydrakai, that is the Málavas and Kshudrakas, were known as -Báhikas. Seeing that Alexander’s writers were specially -interested in and acquainted with the Malloi and Oxydrakai it is -strange if St. Martin is correct in stating that Greek writings show no -trace of the name Báhika. In explanation of this difficulty the -following suggestion may be offered.<a class="noteref" id="n105.3src" -href="#n105.3" name="n105.3src">102</a> As the Greeks sounded their -<i>kh</i> (<span class="trans" title="ch"><span class="Greek" lang="grc">χ</span></span>) as a spirant, the Indian Báhika would -strike them as almost the exact equivalent of their own word -<span class="trans" title="bakchikos"><span class="Greek" lang="grc">βακχικος</span></span>. -More than one of Alexander’s writers has curious references to a -Bacchic element in the Panjáb tribes. Arrian<a class="noteref" -id="n105.4src" href="#n105.4" name="n105.4src">103</a> notices that, as -Alexander’s fleet passed down the Jhelum, the people lined the -banks chanting songs taught them by Dionysus and the Bacchantes. -According to Quintus Curtius<a class="noteref" id="n105.5src" href="#n105.5" name="n105.5src">104</a> the name of Father Bacchus was -famous among the people to the south of the Malloi. These references -are vague. But Strabo is definite.<a class="noteref" id="n105.6src" -href="#n105.6" name="n105.6src">105</a> The Malloi and Oxydrakai are -reported to be the descendants of Bacchus. This passage is the more -important since Strabo’s use of the writings of Aristobulus -Alexander’s historian and of Onesikritos Alexander’s pilot -and Bráhman-interviewer gives his details a special -value.<a class="noteref" id="n105.7src" href="#n105.7" name="n105.7src">106</a> It may be said Strabo explains why the Malloi and -Oxydrakai were called Bacchic and Strabo’s explanation is not in -agreement with the proposed Báhika origin. The answer is that -Strabo’s explanation can be proved to be in part, if not -altogether, fictitious. Strabo<a class="noteref" id="n105.8src" href="#n105.8" name="n105.8src">107</a> gives two reasons why the Oxydrakai -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb106" href="#pb106" name="pb106">106</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter VIII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Valabhis, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766.</span><br> -Válas.</span> were called Bacchic. First because the vine grew -among them and second because their kings marched forth -<i>Bakkhikôs</i> that is after the Bacchic manner. It is -difficult to prove that in the time of Alexander the vine did not grow -in the Panjáb. Still the fact that the vines of Nysa near -Jalálábád and of the hill Meros are mentioned by -several writers and that no vines are referred to in the Greek accounts -of the Panjáb suggests that the vine theory is an -after-thought.<a class="noteref" id="n106.1src" href="#n106.1" name="n106.1src">108</a> Strabo’s second explanation, the Bacchic pomp -of their kings, can be more completely disproved. The evidence that -neither the Malloi nor the Oxydrakai had a king is abundant.<a class="noteref" id="n106.2src" href="#n106.2" name="n106.2src">109</a> That -the Greeks knew the Malloi and Oxydrakai were called Bakkhikoi and that -they did not know why they had received that name favours the view that -the explanation lies in the Indian name Báhika. One point -remains. Does any trace of the original Báhikas or Outsiders -survive? In Cutch Káthiáváḍa and North -Gujarát are two tribes of half settled cattle-breeders and -shepherds whose names Rahbáris as if Rahábaher and -Bharváds as if Baherváda seem like Báhika to mean -Outsider. Though in other respects both classes appear to have adopted -ordinary Hindu practices the conduct of the Bharvád women of -Káthiáváḍa during their special marriage -seasons bears a curiously close resemblance to certain of the details -in the Mahábhárata account of the Báhika women. -Colonel Barton writes:<a class="noteref" id="n106.3src" href="#n106.3" -name="n106.3src">110</a> ‘The great marriage festival of the -Káthiáváḍa Bharváds which is held -once in ten or twelve years is called the Milkdrinking, -<i>Dudhpíno</i>, from the lavish use of milk or clarified -butter. Under the exciting influence of the butter the women become -frantic singing obscene songs breaking down hedges and spoiling the -surrounding crops.’ Though the Bharváds are so long -settled in Káthiáváḍa as to be considered -aboriginals their own tradition preserves the memory of a former -settlement in Márwár.<a class="noteref" id="n106.4src" -href="#n106.4" name="n106.4src">111</a> This tradition is supported by -the fact that the shrine of the family goddess of the Cutch -Rabáris is in Jodhpur,<a class="noteref" id="n106.5src" href="#n106.5" name="n106.5src">112</a> and by the claim of the Cutch -Bharváds that their home is in the North-West -Provinces.<a class="noteref" id="n106.6src" href="#n106.6" name="n106.6src">113</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb107" href="#pb107" -name="pb107">107</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n78.1" -href="#n78.1src" name="n78.1">1</a></span> Mr. Vajeshankar -Gavrishankar, Náib Diván of Bhávnagar, has made a -collection of articles found in Valabhi. The collection includes clay -seals of four varieties and of about the seventh century with the -Buddhist formula <i>Ye Dhárma hetu Prabhavá</i>: a small -earthen tope with the same formula imprinted on its base with a seal; -beads and ring stones <i>nangs</i> of several varieties of <i>akik</i> -or carnelian and <i>sphatik</i> or coral some finished others half -finished showing that as in modern Cambay the polishing of carnelians -was a leading industry in early Valabhi. One circular figure of the -size of a half rupee carved in black stone has engraved upon it the -letters <i>ma ro</i> in characters of about the second -century.<a class="noteref" id="n78.asrc" href="#n78.a" name="n78.asrc">2</a> A royal seal found by Colonel Watson in Vaḷeh -bears on it an imperfect inscription of four lines in characters as old -as Dhruvasena I. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 526). This seal -contains the names of three generations of kings, two of which the -grandfather and grandson read Ahivarmman and <span class="corr" id="xd25e10583" title="Source: Pushyâṇa">Pushyáṇa</span> all three -being called <i>Mahárája</i> or great king. The dynastic -name is lost. The names on these moveable objects need not belong to -Valabhi history. Still that seals of the second and fifth centuries -have been discovered in Valabhi shows the place was in existence before -the founding of the historical Valabhi kingdom. A further proof of the -age of the city is the mention of it in the -Kathásarit-ságara a comparatively modern work but of very -old materials. To this evidence of age, with much hesitation, may be -added Balai Ptolemy’s name for Gopnáth point which -suggests that as early as the second century Vaḷeh or Baleh -(compare Alberuni’s era of Balah) was known by its present name. -Badly minted coins of the Gupta ruler Kumáragupta (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 417–453) are so common as to suggest that -they were the currency of Valabhi. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n78.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n78.a" -href="#n78.asrc" name="n78.a">2</a></span> The <i>ma</i> and <i>ra</i> -are of the old style and the side and upper strokes, that is the -<i>káno</i> and <i>mátra</i> of <i>ro</i> are -horizontal. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n78.asrc">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n79.1" -href="#n79.1src" name="n79.1">3</a></span> As suggested by Dr. -Bühler (<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VI. 10), -this is probably the Vihára called Śrí -Bappapádiyavihára which is described as having been -constructed by Áchárya Bhadanta Sthiramati who is -mentioned as the grantee in a copperplate of Dharasena II. bearing date -Gupta 269 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 588). The Sthiramati -mentioned with titles of religious veneration in the copperplate is -probably the same as that referred to by Hiuen Tsiang. -(Ditto). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n79.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n79.2" -href="#n79.2src" name="n79.2">4</a></span> Burgess’ -Káthiáwár and Kutch, 187. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n79.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n79.3" -href="#n79.3src" name="n79.3">5</a></span> Stories on record about two -temples one at Śatruñjaya the other at Somanátha -support this view. As regards the <span class="corr" id="xd25e10664" -title="Source: Sátruñjaya">Śatruñjaya</span> -temple the tradition is that while the minister of <span class="corr" -id="xd25e10667" title="Source: Kumarapála">Kumárapála</span> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1143–1174) of <span class="corr" id="xd25e10673" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -was on a visit to Śatruñjaya to worship and meditate in the -temple of Ádinátha, the wick of the lamp in the shrine -was removed by mice and set on fire and almost destroyed the temple -which was wholly of wood. The minister seeing the danger of wooden -buildings determined to erect a stone edifice -(<i>Kumárapála Charita</i>). The story about -Somanátha is given in an inscription of the time of -Kumárapála in the temple of Bhadrakáli which shows -that before the stone temple was built by Bhímadeva I. -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1022–1072) the structure was -of wood which was traditionally believed to be as old as the time of -Kṛishṇa. Compare the Bhadrakáli inscription at -Somanátha. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n79.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n80.1" -href="#n80.1src" name="n80.1">6</a></span> The correctness of this -inference seems open to question. The descent of the Valabhi plate -character seems traceable from its natural local source the Skandagupta -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 450) and the Rudradáman -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 150) Girnár -Inscriptions.—(A. M. T. J.) <a class="fnarrow" href="#n80.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n81.1" -href="#n81.1src" name="n81.1">7</a></span> The era has been -exhaustively discussed by Mr. Fleet in <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. -Introduction. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n81.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n81.2" -href="#n81.2src" name="n81.2">8</a></span> Nepaul Inscriptions. The -phrase <i>acháṭa-bhaṭa</i> is not uncommon. Mr. -Fleet (<abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. -Ind.</abbr> III. page 98 note 2) explains -<i>acháṭa-bhaṭa-praveśya</i> as “not to -be entered either by regular (<i>bhaṭa</i>) or by irregular -(<i>cháṭa</i>) troops.” <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n81.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n82.1" -href="#n82.1src" name="n82.1">9</a></span> Bühler in <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> V. 205. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n82.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n82.2" -href="#n82.2src" name="n82.2">10</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. <span class="corr" id="xd25e10998" title="Source: And.">Ant.</span></abbr> VII. 68. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n82.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n82.3" -href="#n82.3src" name="n82.3">11</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VII. 68. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n82.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n82.4" -href="#n82.4src" name="n82.4">12</a></span> Of the different -territorial divisions the following examples occur: Of <i>Vishaya</i> -or main division Svabhágapuravishaye and -Súryapuravishaye: of <i>Áhára</i> or collectorate -Kheṭaka-áhára the Kaira district and -Hastavapra-áhára or Hastavapráharaṇí -the Háthab district near Bhávnagar: of <i>Pathaka</i> or -sub-division Nagar-panthaka Porbandar-panthaka (Pársis still -talk of Navsári panthaka): of <i>Sthali</i> or petty division -Vaṭasthalí, Loṇápadrakasthalí, and -others. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n82.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n83.1" -href="#n83.1src" name="n83.1">13</a></span> Kárván seems -to have suffered great desecration at the hands of the -Musalmáns. All round the village chiefly under pipal trees, -images and pieces of sculpture and large <i>liṅgas</i> lie -scattered. To the north and east of the village on the banks of a large -built pond called Káśíkuṇḍa are numerous -sculptures and <i>liṅgas</i>. Partly embedded in the ground a -pillar in style of about the eleventh century has a writing over it of -latter times. The inscription contains the name of the place -Sanskritised as Káyávarohana, and mentions an ascetic -named Vírabahadraráśi who remained mute for twelve -years. Near the pillar, at the steps leading to the water, is a carved -doorway of about the tenth or eleventh century with some -well-proportioned figures. The left doorpost has at the top a figure of -Śiva, below the Śiva a figure of Súrya, below the -Súrya a male and female, and under them attendants or -<i>gaṇas</i> of Śiva. The right doorpost has at the top a -figure of Vishṇu seated on Garuḍa, below the seated -<span class="corr" id="xd25e11135" title="Source: Vishnu">Vishṇu</span> a standing Vishṇu with four -hands, and below that two sitting male and female figures, the male -with hands folded in worship the female holding a purse. These figures -probably represent a married pair who paid for this gateway. Further -below are figures of <i>gaṇas</i> of Śiva. In 1884 in -repairing the south bank of the pond a number of carved stones were -brought from the north of the town. About half a mile north-west of the -town on the bank of a dry brook, is a temple of Chámundá -Deví of about the tenth century. It contains a mutilated -life-size image of Chámundá. Facing the temple lie -mutilated figures of the seven Mátrikás and of Bhairava, -probably the remains of a separate altar facing the temple with the -<i>mátri-maṇḍala</i> or Mother-Meeting upon it. The -village has a large modern temple of Śiva called Nakleśvara, -on the site of some old temple and mostly built of old carved temple -stones. In the temple close by are a number of old images of the sun -and the boar incarnation of <span class="corr" id="xd25e11147" title="Source: Vishnu">Vishṇu</span> all of about the tenth or eleventh -century. The name Nakleśvara would seem to have been derived from -Nakuliśa the founder of the Páśupata sect and the -temple may originally have had an image of Nakuliśa himself or a -<i>liṅga</i> representing Nakulíśa. Close to the west -of the village near a small dry reservoir called the Kuṇḍa -of Rájarájeśvara lies a well-preserved black stone -seated figure of Chaṇḍa one of the most respected of -Śiva’s attendants, without whose worship all worship of -Śiva is imperfect, and to whom all that remains after making -oblations to Śiva is offered. A number of other sculptures lie on -the bank of the pond. About a mile to the south of Kárván -is a village called Lingthali the place of -<i>liṅgas</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n83.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n85.1" -href="#n85.1src" name="n85.1">14</a></span> Compare Beal Buddhist -Records, II. 268 note 76 and <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. -Ant.</abbr> VI. 9. The meaning and reference of the title <i>Bappa</i> -have been much discussed. The question is treated at length by Mr. -Fleet (<abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. -Ind.</abbr> III. 186 note 1) with the result that the title is applied -not to a religious teacher but to the father and predecessor of the -king who makes the grant. According to Mr. Fleet <i>bappa</i> would be -used in reference to a father, <i>báva</i> in reference to an -uncle. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n85.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n86.1" -href="#n86.1src" name="n86.1">15</a></span> Whether the Valabhis were -or were not Gurjjaras the following facts favour the view that they -entered Gujarát from Málwa. It has been shown (Fleet -<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XX. 376) that while the -Guptas used the so-called Northern year beginning with Chaitra, the -Valabhi year began with Kártika (see <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XX. 376). And further Kielhorn in -his examination of questions connected with the Vikrama era -(<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIX. and XX.) has -given reasons for believing that the original Vikrama year began with -Kártika and took its rise in Málwa. It seems therefore -that when they settled in Gujarát, while they adopted the Gupta -era the Valabhis still adhered to the old arrangement of the year to -which they had been accustomed in their home in Málwa. The -arrangement of the year entered into every detail of their lives, and -was therefore much more difficult to change than the starting point of -their era, which was important only for official acts.—(A. M. T. -J.) <a class="fnarrow" href="#n86.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n86.2" -href="#n86.2src" name="n86.2">16</a></span> Montfauçon’s -Edition in Priaulx’s Indian Travels, 222–223. It seems -doubtful if Cosmas meant that Gollas’ overlordship spread as far -south as Kalyán. Compare Migne’s <span lang="la">Patrologiæ Cursus</span>, lxxxviii. 466; Yule’s -Cathay, I. clxx. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n86.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n87.1" -href="#n87.1src" name="n87.1">17</a></span> The Mehrs seem to have -remained in power also in north-east -Káthiáváḍa till the thirteenth century. -Mokheráji Gohil the famous chief of Piram was the son of a -daughter of Dhan Mehr or Mair of Dhanduka, Rás Mála, I. -316. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n87.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n88.1" -href="#n88.1src" name="n88.1">18</a></span> All the silver and copper -coins found in Valabhi and in the neighbouring town of Sihor are poor -imitations of Kumáragupta’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 417–453) and of Skandagupta’s -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 454–470) coins, smaller -lighter and of bad almost rude workmanship. The only traces of an -independent currency are two copper coins of Dharasena, apparently -Dharasena IV., the most powerful of the dynasty who was called -<i>Chakravartin</i> or Emperor. The question of the Gupta-Valabhi coins -is discussed in <abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Jour. Royal As. Socy.</abbr> for -Jan. 1893 pages 133–143. Dr. Bühler (page 138) holds the -view put forward in this note of Dr. Bhagvánlál’s -namely that the coins are Valabhi copies of Gupta currency. Mr. Smith -(Ditto, 142–143) thinks they should be considered the coins of -the kings whose names they bear. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n88.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n88.2" -href="#n88.2src" name="n88.2">19</a></span> The three types of coins -still current at Ujjain, Bhilsa, and Gwálior in the territories -of His Highness Sindhia are imitations of the previous local Muhammadan -coinage. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n88.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n88.3" -href="#n88.3src" name="n88.3">20</a></span> As the date of -Droṇasiṃha’s investiture is about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 520 it is necessary to consider what kings at -this period claimed the title of supreme lord and could boast of ruling -the whole earth. The rulers of this period whom we know of are -Mihirakula, Yaśodharman Vishṇuvardhana, the descendants of -Kumáragupta’s son Puragupta, and the Gupta chiefs of -Eastern Málwa. Neither Toramáṇa nor Mihirakula -appears to have borne the paramount title of Parameśvara though -the former is called Mahárájádhirája in the -Eraṇ inscription and Avanipati or Lord of the Earth (= simply -king) on his coins: in the Gwálior inscription Mihirakula is -simply called Lord of the Earth. He was a powerful prince but he could -hardly claim to be ruler of “the whole circumference of the -earth.” He therefore cannot be the installer of -Droṇasiṃha. Taking next the Guptas of Magadha we find on -the Bhitári seal the title of -Mahárájádhirája given to each of them, but -there is considerable reason to believe that their power had long since -shrunk to Magadha and Eastern Málwa, and if Hiuen Tsiang’s -Báláditya is Narasiṃhagupta, he must have been -about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 520 a feudatory of Mihirakula, -and could not be spoken of as supreme lord, nor as ruler of the whole -earth. The Guptas of Málwa have even less claim to these titles, -as Bhánugupta was a mere Mahárája, and all that is -known of him is that he won a battle at Eraṇ in Eastern -Málwa in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 510–11. Last of -all comes <span class="corr" id="xd25e11535" title="Source: Vishnuvardhana">Vishṇuvardhana</span> or -Yaśodharman of Mandasor. In one of the Mandasor inscriptions he -has the titles of Rájádhirája and Parameśvara -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 532–33); in another he boasts -of having carried his conquests from the Lauhitya (Brahmaputra) to the -western ocean and from the Himálaya to mount Mahendra. It seems -obvious that Yaśodharman is the Paramasvámi of the Valabhi -plate, and that the reference to the western ocean relates to -Bhaṭárka’s successes against the -Maitrakas.—(A.M.T.J.) <a class="fnarrow" href="#n88.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n89.1" -href="#n89.1src" name="n89.1">21</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> V. 204. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n89.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n89.2" -href="#n89.2src" name="n89.2">22</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> IV. 104. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n89.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n89.3" -href="#n89.3src" name="n89.3">23</a></span> In a commentary on the -Kalpasútra Daṇḍanáyaka is described as -meaning <i>Tantrapâla</i> that is head of a -district. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n89.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n90.1" -href="#n90.1src" name="n90.1">24</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VII. 66; IV. 174. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n90.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n90.2" -href="#n90.2src" name="n90.2">25</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> V. 206. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n90.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n90.3" -href="#n90.3src" name="n90.3">26</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIV. 75. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n90.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n90.4" -href="#n90.4src" name="n90.4">27</a></span> -Kumárápála-Charita, Abu -Inscriptions. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n90.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n90.5" -href="#n90.5src" name="n90.5">28</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VIII. 302, VII. 68, XIII. -160. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n90.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n90.6" -href="#n90.6src" name="n90.6">29</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VI. 9. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n90.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n90.7" -href="#n90.7src" name="n90.7">30</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VII. 90. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n90.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n90.8" -href="#n90.8src" name="n90.8">31</a></span> This change of title was -probably connected with the increase of Gurjara power, which resulted -in the founding of the Gurjara kingdom of Broach about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 580. See Chapter X. below. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n90.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n91.1" -href="#n91.1src" name="n91.1">32</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XI. 306. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n91.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n91.2" -href="#n91.2src" name="n91.2">33</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VI. 13. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n91.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n92.1" -href="#n92.1src" name="n92.1">34</a></span> <i>Kávyamidam -rachitam mayá Valabhyám, Śrí -Dharasena-narendra pálitáyám.</i> <a class="fnarrow" href="#n92.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n92.2" -href="#n92.2src" name="n92.2">35</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VII. 76. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n92.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n92.3" -href="#n92.3src" name="n92.3">36</a></span> <abbr title="Journal Bengal Asiatic Society">Journ. Beng. A. S.</abbr> IV. and an -unpublished grant in the museum of the <abbr title="Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society">B. B. R. A. -Soc.</abbr> <a class="fnarrow" href="#n92.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n92.4" -href="#n92.4src" name="n92.4">37</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XI. 305. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n92.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n94.1" -href="#n94.1src" name="n94.1">38</a></span> Since his authorities -mention the destroyers of Valabhi under the vague term -<i>mlechchhas</i> or barbarians and since the era in which they date -the overthrow may be either the Vikrama <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 57, the Śaka <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78, or the Valabhi <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 319, Tod is forced to offer many suggestions. His -proposed dates are <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 244 Vik. -Saṃ. 300 (Western India, 269), <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 424 Val. Saṃ. 105 (Ditto, 51 and 214), -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 524 Val. Saṃ. 205 (Annals of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e12469" title="Source: Rájásthán">Rájasthán</span>, -I. 83 and 217–220), and <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 619 -Val. Saṃ. 300 (Western India, 352). Tod identifies the barbarian -destroyers of Valabhi either with the descendants of the second century -Parthians, or with the White Huns Getes or Káthis, or with a -mixture of these who in the beginning of the sixth century supplanted -the Parthians (<abbr title="Annals of Rájasthán">An. of -Ráj.</abbr> I. 83 and 217–220; Western India, 214, 352). -Elliot (History, I. 408) accepting Tod’s date <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 524 refers the overthrow to Skythian barbarians -from Sindh. Elphinstone, also accepting <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 524 as an approximate date, suggested (History, -3rd Edition, 212) as the destroyer the Sassanian Naushirván or -Chosroes the Great (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 531–579) -citing in support of a Sassanian inroad Malcolm’s Persia, I. 141 -and Pottinger’s Travels, 386. Forbes (Rás -Málá, I. 22) notes that the Jain accounts give the date -of the overthrow Vik. Saṃ. 375 that is <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 319 apparently in confusion with the epoch of the -Gupta era which the Valabhi kings adopted.<a class="noteref" id="n94.asrc" href="#n94.a" name="n94.asrc">39</a> Forbes says (Ditto, -24): If the destroyers had not been called <i>mlechchhas</i> I might -have supposed them to be the Dakhan Chálukyas. Genl. Cunningham -(<abbr title="Ancient Geography">Anc. Geog.</abbr> 318) holds that the -date of the destruction was <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 658 and -the destroyer the Ráshṭrakúṭa Rája -Govind who restored the ancient family of <span class="corr" id="xd25e12529" title="Source: Sáuráshṭra">Sauráshṭra</span>. -Thomas (Prinsep’s Useful Tables, 158) fixes the destruction of -Valabhi at <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 745 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 802). In the Káthiáwár -Gazetteer Col. Watson in one passage (page 671) says the destroyers may -have been the early Muhammadans who retired as quickly as they came. In -another passage (page 274), accepting Mr. Burgess’ (<abbr title="Archæological Survey Report">Arch. Sur. Rep.</abbr> IV. 75) -Gupta era of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 195 and an overthrow -date of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 642, and citing a -Wadhwán couplet telling how Ebhal Valabhi withstood the -Iranians, Col. Watson suggests the destroyers may have been Iranians. -If the Pársis came in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 642 they -must have come not as raiders but as refugees. If they could they would -not have destroyed Valabhi. If the Pársis destroyed Valabhi -where next did they flee to. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n94.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n94.a" -href="#n94.asrc" name="n94.a">39</a></span> Similarly <abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 205 the date given by some of Col. Tod’s -authorities (<abbr title="Annals of Rájasthán">An. of -Ráj.</abbr> I. 82 and 217–220) represents <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 524 the practical establishment of the Valabhi -dynasty. The mistake of ascribing an era to the overthrow not to the -founding of a state occurs (compare Sachau’s Alberuni, II. 6) in -the case both of the Vikrama era <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 57 -and of the Śáliváhana era <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78. In both these cases the error was -intentional. It was devised with the aim of hiding the supremacy of -foreigners in early Hindu history. So also, according to -Alberuni’s information (Sachau, II. 7) the Guptakála -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 319 marks the ceasing not the -beginning of the wicked and powerful Guptas. This device is not -confined to India. His Mede informant told Herodotus (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 450 Rawlinson’s Herodotus, I. 407) that -<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 708 was the founding of the Median -monarchy. The date really marked the overthrow of the Medes by the -Assyrian Sargon. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n94.asrc">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n94.2" -href="#n94.2src" name="n94.2">40</a></span> Tod (<abbr title="Annals of Rájasthán">An. of Ráj.</abbr> I. 231) -notices what is perhaps a reminiscence of this date (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 766). It is the story that Bappa, who according -to Mewáḍ tradition is the founder of Gehlot power at -Chitor, abandoned his country for Irán in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 764 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 820). -It seems probable that this Bappa or Saila is not the founder of Gehlot -power at Chitor, but, according to the Valabhi use of Bappa, is the -founder’s father and that this retreat to Irán refers to -his being carried captive to Mansúra on the fall either of -Valabhi or of Gandhár. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n94.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n94.3" -href="#n94.3src" name="n94.3">41</a></span> Reinaud’s Fragments, -143 note 1; <span lang="fr">Mémoire Sur l’Inde</span>, -105; Sachau’s Alberuni, I. 193. The treachery of the magician -Ranka is the same cause as that assigned by Forbes (Rás -Málá, I. 12–18) from Jain sources. The local legend -(Ditto, 18) points the inevitable Tower of Siloam moral, a moral which -(compare Rás Málá, I. 18) is probably at the root -of the antique tale of Lot and the Cities of the Plain, that men whose -city was so completely destroyed must have been sinners beyond others. -Dr. Nicholson (<abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. -A. S.</abbr> Ser. I. Vol. XIII. page 153) in 1851 thought the site of -Valabhi bore many traces of destruction by water. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n94.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n95.1" -href="#n95.1src" name="n95.1">42</a></span> Lassen (Ind. Alt. III. 533) -puts aside Alberuni’s Arab expedition from Mansúra as -without historical support and inadmissible. Lassen held that Valabhi -flourished long after its alleged destruction from Mansúra. -Lassen’s statement (see Ind. Alt. III. 533) is based on the -mistaken idea that as the Valabhis were the Balharas the -Balharas’ capital Mánkir must be Valabhi. So far as is -known, except Alberuni himself (see below) none of the Arab geographers -of the ninth<span class="corr" id="xd25e12607" title="Not in source">,</span> tenth or eleventh centuries mentions Valabhi. -It is true that according to Lassen (Ind. Alt. 536) Masudi <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 915, Istakhri <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 951, and Ibn Háukal <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 976 all attest the existence of Valabhi up to -their own time. This remark is due either to the mistake regarding -Malkhet or to the identification of Bálwi or Balzi in Sindh -(Elliot’s History, I. 27–34) with Valabhi. The only known -Musalmán reference to Valabhi later than <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 750 is Alberuni’s statement (Sachau, II. 7) -that the Valabhi of the era is 30 <i>yojanas</i> or 200 miles south of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e12626" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>. -That after its overthrow Valabhi remained, as it still continues, a -local town has been shown in the text. Such an after-life is in no way -inconsistent with its destruction as a leading capital in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 767. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n95.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n95.2" -href="#n95.2src" name="n95.2">43</a></span> According to Alberuni -(Sachau, I. 21) Al Mansúra, which was close to -Bráhmanábád about 47 miles north-east of -Haidarábád (Elliot’s Musalmán Historians, I. -372–374) was built by the great Muhammad Kásim about -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 713. Apparently Alberuni wrote -Muhammad Kásim by mistake for his grandson Amru Muhammad -(Elliot, I. 372 note 1 and 442–3), who built the city a little -before <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 750. Reinaud (Fragments, 210) -makes Amru the son of Muhammad Kásim. Masudi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 915) gives the same date (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 750), but (Elliot, I. 24) makes the builder the -Ummayide governor Mansúr bin Jamhur. Idrísi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1137 Elliot, I. 78) says Mansúra was built -and named in honour of the Khalif Abu Jáfar-al-Mansur. If so its -building would be later than <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 754. On -such a point Idrísi’s authority carries little -weight. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n95.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n95.3" -href="#n95.3src" name="n95.3">44</a></span> Elliot, I. -244. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n95.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n95.4" -href="#n95.4src" name="n95.4">45</a></span> That the word read Barada -by Elliot is in the lax pointless <i>shikasta</i> writing is shown by -the different proposed readings (Elliot, I. 444 note 1) Nárand, -Barand, and Barid. So far as the original goes Balaba is probably as -likely a rendering as Barada. Reinaud (Fragments, 212) says he cannot -restore the name. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n95.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n95.5" -href="#n95.5src" name="n95.5">46</a></span> Though, except as applied -to the Porbandar range of hills, the name Barada is almost unknown, and -though Ghumli not Barada was the early (eighth-twelfth century) capital -of Porbandar some place named Barada seems to have existed on the -Porbandar coast. As early as the second century <span class="sc">a.d.</span>, Ptolemy (McCrindle, 37) has a town Barda-xema on the -coast west of the village <i>Kome</i> (probably the road or <i>kom</i>) -of <span class="corr" id="xd25e12695" title="Source: Sauráshtra">Sauráshṭra</span>; and St. -Martin (<span lang="fr">Geographie Grecque et Latine de -l’Inde</span>, 203) identifies Pliny’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 77) Varetatæ next the Odomberæ or -people of Kachh with the Varadas according to Hemachandra (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1150) a class of foreigners or <i>mlechchhas</i>. -A somewhat tempting identification of Barada is with Beruni’s -Bárwi (Sachau, I. 208) or Baraoua (Reinaud’s Fragments, -121) 84 miles (14 <i>parasangs</i>) west of Somanátha. But an -examination of Beruni’s text shows that Bárwi is not the -name of a place but of a product of Kachh the <i>bára</i> or -bezoar stone. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n95.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n96.1" -href="#n96.1src" name="n96.1">47</a></span> Elliot, I. -445. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n96.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n96.2" -href="#n96.2src" name="n96.2">48</a></span> Compare Tod (Annals, I. 83 -and 217). Gajni or Gayni another capital whence the last prince -Śíláditya was expelled by Parthian invaders in the -sixth century. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n96.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n96.3" -href="#n96.3src" name="n96.3">49</a></span> Compare Reinaud (Fragments, -212 note 4) who identifies it with the <span class="corr" id="xd25e12750" title="Source: Ain-i-Akbarí">Áin-i-Akbari</span> -Kandahár that is Gandhár in Broach. The identification is -doubtful. Tod (Annals, I. 217) names the fort Gajni or Gayni and there -was a fort Gajni close to Cambay. Elliot (I. 445) would identify the -Arab Kandahár with Khandadár in north-west -Káthiáváḍa.</p> -<p class="footnote cont">Even after <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 770 Valabhi seems to have been attacked by the -Arabs. Dr. Bhagvánlál notices that two Jain dates for the -destruction of the city 826 and 886 are in the Vira era and that this -means not the Mahávira era of <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 526 but the Vikram era of <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 57. The corresponding dates are therefore -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 769 and 829. Evidence in support of -the <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 769 and 770 defeat is given in -the text. On behalf of Dr. Bhagvánlál’s second date -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 829 it is remarkable that in or about -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 830 (Elliot, I. 447) Músa the -Arab governor of Sindh captured Bála the ruler of As Sharqi. As -there seems no reason to identify this As Sharqi with the Sindh lake of -As Sharqi mentioned in a raid in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 750 -(Elliot, I. 441: <abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. -R. A. S.</abbr> (1893) page 76) the phrase would mean Bála king -of the east. The Arab record of the defeat of Bála would thus be -in close agreement with the Jain date for the latest foreign attack on -Valabhi. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n96.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n96.4" -href="#n96.4src" name="n96.4">50</a></span> The identification of the -Balharas of the Arab writers with the Chálukyas (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 500–753) and -Ráshṭrakúṭas (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 753–972) of Málkhet in the East -Dakhan has been accepted. The vagueness of the early (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 850–900) Arab geographers still more the -inaccuracy of Idrísi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1137) in -placing the Balharas capital in Gujarát (Elliot, I. 87) -suggested a connection between Balhara and Valabhi. The suitableness of -this identification was increased by the use among Rájput -writers of the title Balakarai for the Valabhi chief (Tod <abbr title="Annals of Rájasthán">An. of Ráj.</abbr> I. 83) -and the absence among either the Chálukyas (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 500–753) or the -Ráshṭrakúṭas (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 753–972) of Málkhet of any title -resembling Balhara. Prof. Bhandárkar’s (Deccan History, -56–57) discovery that several of the early Chálukyas and -Ráshṭrakúṭas had the personal name Vallabha -Beloved settled the question and established the accuracy of all -Masudi’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 915) statements -(Elliot, I. 19–21) regarding the Balhara who ruled the Kamkar, -that is Kamrakara or Karnáṭak (Sachau’s Beruni, I. -202; II. 318) and had their Kánarese (Kiriya) capital at Mankir -(Málkhet) 640 miles from the coast. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n96.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n96.5" -href="#n96.5src" name="n96.5">51</a></span> After their withdrawal from -Valabhi to Mewáḍ the Válas took the name of Gehlot -(see below page 98), then of Aharya from a temporary capital near -Udepur (Tod’s <abbr title="Annals of Rájasthán">An. -of Ráj.</abbr> I. 215), next of Sesodia in the west of -Mewáḍ (Tod’s <abbr title="Annals of Rájasthán">An. of Raj.</abbr> I. 216; Western -India, 57). Since 1568 the Rána’s head-quarters have been -at Udepur. Ráj. Gaz. III. 18. After the establishment of their -power in Chitor (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 780), a branch of -the Gehlot or Gohil family withdrew to Kheir in south-west -Márwár. These driven south by the <span class="corr" id="xd25e12830" title="Source: Ráthods">Ráthoḍs</span> -in the end of the twelfth century are the Gohils of Piram, -Bhávnagar, and Rájpipla in -Káthiáváḍa and Gujarát. Tod’s -Annals of Ráj. I. 114, 228. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n96.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n97.1" -href="#n97.1src" name="n97.1">52</a></span> The somewhat doubtful -Jáikadeva plates (above page 87 and -Káthiáváḍa Gazetteer, 275) seem to show the -continuance of Maitraka power in North -Káthiáváḍa. This is supported by the -expedition of the Arab chief of <span class="corr" id="xd25e12859" -title="Source: Sándhán">Sandhán</span> in Kachch -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 840) against the Medhs of Hind which -ended in the capture of Mália in North -Káthiáváḍa. Elliot, I. 450. Hiuen Tsiang -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 630) (Beal’s Buddhist Records, -II. 69) describes Sauráshṭra as a separate state but at -the same time notes its dependence on Valabhi. Its rulers seem to have -been Mehrs. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 713 (Elliot, I. 123) -Muhammad Kasim made peace with the men of Surasht, Medhs, seafarers, -and pirates. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n97.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n97.2" -href="#n97.2src" name="n97.2">53</a></span> The only contemporary -rulers in whose grants a reference to Valabhi has been traced are the -Gurjjaras of Broach (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 580–808) -one of whom, Dadda II. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 633), is said -(<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIII. 79) to have -gained renown by protecting the lord of Valabhi who had been defeated -by the illustrious Śrí Harshadeva (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 608–649), and another Jayabhaṭa in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 706 (<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> V. 115) claims to have quieted with -the sword the impetuosity of the lord of Valabhi. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n97.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n97.3" -href="#n97.3src" name="n97.3">54</a></span> Tod <abbr title="Annals of Rájasthán">An. of Raj.</abbr> I. 217: Western -India, 269. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n97.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n97.4" -href="#n97.4src" name="n97.4">55</a></span> Tod <abbr title="Annals of Rájasthán">An. of Raj.</abbr> I. 112 and -Western India, 148: Rás Málá, I. 21. It is not -clear whether these passages prove that the Sesodias or only the -Válas claim an early settlement at Dhánk. In any case -(see below page 101) both clans trace their origin to -Kanaksen. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n97.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n98.1" -href="#n98.1src" name="n98.1">56</a></span> Tod’s Western India, -51. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n98.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n98.2" -href="#n98.2src" name="n98.2">57</a></span> Tod’s <abbr title="Annals of Rájasthán">An. of Raj.</abbr> I. -230. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n98.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n98.3" -href="#n98.3src" name="n98.3">58</a></span> The cherished title of the -later Valabhis, Śíláditya Sun of Virtue, confirms -the special sun worship at Valabhi, which the mention of -Dharapaṭṭa (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 550) as a -devotee of the supreme sun supports, and which the legends of -Valabhi’s sun-horse and sun-fountain keep fresh (Rás -Málá, I. 14–18). So the great one-stone -liṅgas, the most notable trace of Valabhi city (<abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> Ser. I. Vol. -XIII. 149 and XVII. 271), bear out the Valabhi copperplate claim that -its rulers were great worshippers of Śiva. Similarly the -Rána of Udepur, while enjoying the title of Sun of the Hindus, -prospering under the sun banner, and specially worshipping the sun -(Tod’s Annals, I. 565) is at the same time the Minister of -Śiva the One Liṅg <i>Eklingakadiwán</i> (Ditto 222, -Ráj. Gaz. III. 53). The blend is natural. The fierce noon-tide -sun is Mahákála the Destroyer. Like Śiva the Sun is -lord of the Moon. And marshalled by Somanátha the great Soul -Home the souls of the dead pass heavenwards along the rays of the -setting sun. [Compare Sachau’s Alberuni, II. 168.] It is the -common sun element in Śaivism and in Vaishnavism that gives their -holiness to the sunset shrines of Somanátha and Dwárka. -For (Ditto, 169) the setting sun is the door whence men march forth -into the world of existence Westwards, heavenwards. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n98.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n98.4" -href="#n98.4src" name="n98.4">59</a></span> This explanation is hardly -satisfactory. The name Gehlot seems to be Guhila-putra from -Gobhila-putra an ancient Bráhman gotra, one of the not uncommon -cases of Rájputs with a Bráhman gotra. The Rájput -use of a Bráhman gotra is generally considered a technical -affiliation, a mark of respect for some Bráhman teacher. It -seems doubtful whether the practice is not a reminiscence of an -ancestral Bráhman strain. This view finds confirmation in the -Aitpur inscription (Tod’s Annals, I. 802) which states that -Guhadit the founder of the Gohil tribe was of Bráhman race -<i>Vipra kula</i><span class="corr" id="xd25e12989" title="Not in source">.</span> Compare the legend (Rás -Málá, I. 13) that makes the first -Śíláditya of Valabhi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 590–609) the son of a Bráhman -woman<span class="corr" id="xd25e12995" title="Not in source">.</span> -Compare (Elliot, I<span class="corr" id="xd25e12998" title="Not in source">.</span> 411) the Bráhman Chách -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 630–670) marrying the widow of -the Sháhi king of Alor in Sindh who is written of as a -Rájput though like the later (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 850–1060) Shahiyas of <span class="corr" -id="xd25e13008" title="Source: Kabul">Kábul</span> (Alberuni, -Sachau II. 13) the dynasty may possibly have been -Bráhmans.<a class="noteref" id="n98.asrc" href="#n98.a" name="n98.asrc">60</a> The following passage from Hodgson’s Essays (J. -A. Soc. Bl. II. 218) throws light on the subject: Among the Khás -or <span class="corr" id="xd25e13017" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span> of Nepál the sons of -Bráhmans by Khás women take their fathers’ gotras. -Compare Ibbetson’s Panjáb Census 1881 page -236. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n98.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n98.a" -href="#n98.asrc" name="n98.a">60</a></span> In support of a -Bráhman origin is Prinsep’s conjecture (J. A. S. Bl. -LXXIV. [Feb. 1838] page 93) that Divaij the name of the first recorded -king may be Dvija or Twice-born. But Divaij for Deváditya, like -Silaij for Śíláditya, seems simpler and the care -with which the writer speaks of Chach as the Bráhman almost -implies that his predecessors were not Bráhmans. According to -Elliot (II. 426) the Páls of Kábul were <span class="corr" id="xd25e13013" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span>, -perhaps Bhattias. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n98.asrc">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n98.5" -href="#n98.5src" name="n98.5">61</a></span> Tod’s Annals, I. -229–231. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n98.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n98.6" -href="#n98.6src" name="n98.6">62</a></span> Annals, I. -229. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n98.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n99.1" -href="#n99.1src" name="n99.1">63</a></span> Gladwin’s -<span class="corr" id="xd25e13074" title="Source: Ain-i-Akbarí">Áin-i-Akbari</span>, II. 81; -Tod’s Annals, I. 235 and note *. Tod’s dates are confused. -The Aitpur inscription (Ditto, page 230) gives Śakti -Kumára’s date <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 968 -(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1024) while the authorities which -Tod accepts (Ditto, 231) give <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1068 -(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1125). That the Moris were not -driven out of Chitor as early as <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 728 -is proved by the Navsárí inscription which mentions the -Arabs defeating the Mauryas as late as <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 738–9 (Saṃ. 490). See above page -<a href="#pb56" class="pageref">56</a>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n99.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n99.2" -href="#n99.2src" name="n99.2">64</a></span> Tod Western India 268 says -Siddha Rája (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1094–1143): -Múla Rája (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 942–997) seems correct. See Rás -Málá, I. 65. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n99.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n99.3" -href="#n99.3src" name="n99.3">65</a></span> -Káthiáwár Gazetteer, 672. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n99.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n99.4" -href="#n99.4src" name="n99.4">66</a></span> The chronicles of Bhadrod, -fifty-one miles south-west of Bhávnagar, have (Káth. Gaz. -380) a Selait Vála as late as <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1554. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n99.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n99.5" -href="#n99.5src" name="n99.5">67</a></span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e13143" title="Source: Káthiawár">Káthiáwár</span> -Gazetteer, 672. Another account places the movement south after the -arrival of the Gohils <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1250. According -to local traditions the Válas did not pass to Bhadrod near -Mahuva till <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1554 (Káth. Gaz. -380) and from Bhadrod (Káth. Gaz. 660) retired to -Dholarva. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n99.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n99.6" -href="#n99.6src" name="n99.6">68</a></span> Káth. Gaz. 111 and -132. According to the <span class="corr" id="xd25e13161" title="Source: Ain-i-Akbarí">Áin-i-Akbari</span> (Gladwin, II. -60) the inhabitants of the ports of Mahua and Tulája were of the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e13164" title="Source: Vala">Vála</span> tribe. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n99.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n99.7" -href="#n99.7src" name="n99.7">69</a></span> Káth. Gaz. -680. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n99.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n99.8" -href="#n99.8src" name="n99.8">70</a></span> Káth. Gaz. -414. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n99.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n99.9" -href="#n99.9src" name="n99.9">71</a></span> The Vála connection -with the Káthis complicates their history. Col. Watson -(Káth. Gaz. 130) seems to favour the view that the Válas -were the earliest wave of Káthis who came into -Káthiáváḍa from Málwa apparently with -the Guptas (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 450) (Ditto, 671). Col. -Watson seems to have been led to this conclusion in consequence of the -existence of the petty state of Kátti in west Khándesh. -But the people of the Kátti state in west Khándesh are -Bhils or Kolis. Neither the people nor the position of the country -seems to show connection with the Káthis of -Káthiáváḍa. Col. Watson (Káth. Gaz. -130) inclines to hold that the Válas are an example of the -rising of a lower class to be Rájputs. That both Válas -and Káthis are northerners admitted into Hinduism may be -accepted. Still it seems probable that on arrival in -Káthiáváḍa the Válas were the leaders -of the Káthis and that it is mainly since the fall of Valabhi -that a large branch of the Válas have sunk to be Káthis. -The Káthi traditions admit the superiority of the Válas. -According to Tod (Western India, 270: Annals, I. 112–113) the -Káthis claim to be a branch or descendants of the Válas. -In Káthiáváḍa the Válas, the highest -division of Káthis (Rás Málá, I. 296; -Káth. Gaz. 122, 123, 131, 139), admit that their founder was a -Vála Rájput who lost caste by marrying a Káthi -woman. Another tradition (Rás Málá, I. 296; -Káth. Gaz. 122 note 1) records that the Káthis flying -from Sindh took refuge with the Válas and became their -followers. Col. Watson (Káth. Gaz. 130) considers the practice -in Porbandar and <span class="corr" id="xd25e13195" title="Source: Navanagar">Navánagar</span> of styling any lady of the -Dhánk Vála family who marries into their house -Káthiáníbái the Káthi lady proves -that the Válas are Káthis. But as this name must be used -with respect it may be a trace that the Válas claim to be lords -of the Káthis as the Jetwas claim to be lords of the Mers. That -the position of the Válas and Káthis as Rájputs is -doubtful in Káthiáváḍa and is assured -(Tod’s Annals, I. 111) in Rájputána is strange. The -explanation may perhaps be that aloofness from Muhammadans is the -practical test of honour among <span class="corr" id="xd25e13198" -title="Source: Rájputana">Rájputána</span> Hindus, -and that in the troubled times between the thirteenth and the -seventeenth centuries, like the Jhálás, the Válas -and Káthis may have refused Moghal alliances, and so won the -approval of the Ránás of -Mewáḍ. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n99.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n100.1" -href="#n100.1src" name="n100.1">72</a></span> Káth. Gaz. -110–129. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n100.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n100.2" -href="#n100.2src" name="n100.2">73</a></span> Western India, 207; -Annals, I. 112–113. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n100.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n101.1" -href="#n101.1src" name="n101.1">74</a></span> It is worthy of note that -Bálas and Káthiás are returned from neighbouring -Panjáb districts. Bálas from Dehra Ismail Khán -(Panjáb Census Report 1891 Part III. 310), Káthiá -Rájputs from Montgomery (Ditto, 318), and Káthiá -Játs from Jhang and Dera Ismail Khán (Ditto, 143). -Compare Ibbetson’s (1881) Panjáb Census, I. 259, where the -Káthias are identified with the Kathaioi who fought Alexander -the Great (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 325) and also with the -Káthis of <span class="corr" id="xd25e13271" title="Source: Kathiáváḍa">Káthiáváḍa</span>. -According to this report (page 240) the Válas are said to have -come from <span class="corr" id="xd25e13274" title="Source: Malwa">Málwa</span> and are returned in East -<span class="corr" id="xd25e13277" title="Source: Pánjab">Panjáb</span>. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n101.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n101.2" -href="#n101.2src" name="n101.2">75</a></span> Tod’s Annals, I. 83 -and 215; Elliot, II. 410; <abbr title=" Journal Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society">Jour. B. Br. A. -S.</abbr> XXIII. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n101.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n101.3" -href="#n101.3src" name="n101.3">76</a></span> Annals, I. -215. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n101.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n101.4" -href="#n101.4src" name="n101.4">77</a></span> Kath. Gaz. -589. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n101.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n101.5" -href="#n101.5src" name="n101.5">78</a></span> -Bṛihat-Saṃhitá, XIV. 21. The usual explanation -(compare Fleet <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XXII. -180) Gold-Śakas seems meaningless. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n101.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n101.6" -href="#n101.6src" name="n101.6">79</a></span> Sachau, II. 11. Among the -legends are the much-applied tales of the foot-stamped cloth and the -self-sacrificing minister. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n101.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n101.7" -href="#n101.7src" name="n101.7">80</a></span> Western India, -213. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n101.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n101.8" -href="#n101.8src" name="n101.8">81</a></span> Tod’s Annals, I. -83, 215; Western India, 270–352. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n101.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n101.9" -href="#n101.9src" name="n101.9">82</a></span> Sachau, I. 208, II. 341. -For the alleged descent of the Sesodiás and Válas from -Ráma of the Sun race the explanation may be offered that the -greatness of Kanishka, whose power was spread from the Ganges to the -Oxus, in accordance with the Hindu doctrine (compare Beal’s -Buddhist Records, I. 99 & 152; Rás Málá, I. -320; Fryer’s New Account, 190) that a conqueror’s success -is the fruit of transcendent merit in a former birth, led to Kanishka -being considered an incarnation of Ráma. A connection between -Kanishka and the race of the Sun would be made easy by the intentional -confusing of the names Kshatrapa and Kshatriya and by the fact that -during part at least of his life fire and the sun were Kanishka’s -favourite deities. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n101.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n102.1" -href="#n102.1src" name="n102.1">83</a></span> Gladwin’s -<span class="corr" id="xd25e13388" title="Source: Ain-i-Akbarí">Áin-i-Akbari</span>, II. 81: -Tod’s Annals, I. 235. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n102.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n102.2" -href="#n102.2src" name="n102.2">84</a></span> The invasion of Sindh -formerly (Reinaud’s Fragments, 29) supposed to be by -Naushirván in person according to fuller accounts seems to have -been a raid by the ruler of Seistán (Elliot, I. 407). Still -Reinaud (<span lang="fr">Mémoire Sur l’Inde</span>, 127) -holds that in sign of vassalage the Sindh king added a Persian type to -his coins. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n102.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n102.3" -href="#n102.3src" name="n102.3">85</a></span> Compare Tod’s -Annals, I. 235–239 and Rawlinson’s Seventh Monarchy, -576. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n102.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n102.4" -href="#n102.4src" name="n102.4">86</a></span> Rawlinson Seventh -Monarchy, 452 note 3. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n102.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n102.5" -href="#n102.5src" name="n102.5">87</a></span> Compare Tod’s -Annals, I. 63; Thomas’ Prinsep, I. 413; Cunningham’s Arch. -Survey, VI. 201. According to their own accounts (Rás -Málá, I. 296) the <span class="corr" id="xd25e13415" -title="Source: Kathis">Káthis</span> learned sun-worship from -the Vála of Dhánk by whom the famous temple of the sun at -Thán in Káthiáváḍa was -built. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n102.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n102.6" -href="#n102.6src" name="n102.6">88</a></span> Válas -Musalmán Játs in Lahor and Gurdaspur: Váls in -Gujarát and Gujranwálá: Váls in -Mozafarnagar and Dhera Ismael Khan. Also Válahs Hindus in -Kángra. Panjáb Census of 1891, III. 162. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n102.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n102.7" -href="#n102.7src" name="n102.7">89</a></span> Bṛihaṭ -Saṃhitá, V. 80. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n102.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n102.8" -href="#n102.8src" name="n102.8">90</a></span> <abbr title="Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum">Corp. Ins. Ind.</abbr> III. -140–141. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n102.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n103.1" -href="#n103.1src" name="n103.1">91</a></span> The references are; -Langlois’ Harivaṃśa, I. 388–420, II. 178. That -in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 247 Balkh or Báktria was -free from Indian overlordship (McCrindle’s Periplus, 121), and -that no more distant tribe than the <span class="corr" id="xd25e13468" -title="Source: Gandharas">Gandháras</span> finds a place in the -Harivaṃśa lists combine to make it almost certain that, at -the time the Harivaṃśa was written, whatever their origin -may have been, the Báhlikas were settled not in Báktria -but in India. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n103.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n103.2" -href="#n103.2src" name="n103.2">92</a></span> The passage from the -Karṇa Parva or Eighth Book of the Mahábhárata is -quoted in Muir’s Sanskrit Texts, II. 482, and in greater fullness -in St. Martin’s <span lang="fr"><abbr>Geog.</abbr> Greque et -Latine de l’Inde</span>, 402–410. The Báhikas or -<span class="corr" id="xd25e13479" title="Source: Balhikas">Bálhikas</span> are classed with the Madras, -<span class="corr" id="xd25e13482" title="Source: Gándháras">Gandháras</span>, -Araṭṭas, and other Panjáb tribes. In their -Bráhman families it is said the eldest son alone is a -Bráhman. The younger brothers are without restraint Kshatriyas, -Vaiśyas, Śudras, even Barbers. A Bráhman may sink to -be a Barber and a barber may rise to be a Bráhman<span class="corr" id="xd25e13485" title="Not in source">.</span> The -Báhikas eat flesh even the flesh of the cow and drink liquor. -Their women know no restraint. They dance in public places unclad save -with garlands. In the Harivaṃśa (Langlois, I. 493 and II. -178, 388, 420) the Bahlikas occur in lists of kings and -peoples. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n103.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n103.3" -href="#n103.3src" name="n103.3">93</a></span> Kern in Muir’s -Sanskrit Texts, II. 446. St. Martin (<span lang="fr"><abbr>Geog.</abbr> -Greque et Latine de l’Inde</span>, 149) takes Báhika to be -a contraction of Báhlika. Reasons are given below for -considering the Mahábhárata form Báhika a -confusion with the earlier tribes of that name rather than a -contraction of Báhlika or Bálhika. The form Báhika -was also favoured by the writer in the Mahábhárata -because it fitted with his punning derivation from their two fiend -ancestors <i>Vahi</i> and <i>Hika</i>. St. Martin, 408. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n103.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n103.4" -href="#n103.4src" name="n103.4">94</a></span> St. Martin <span lang="fr"><abbr>Geog.</abbr> Greque et Latine de l’Inde</span>, 403, -puts the probable date at <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 380 or -about fifty years before Alexander. St. Martin held that the passage -belonged to the final revision of the poem. Since St. Martin’s -time the tendency has been to lower the date of the final revision by -at least 500 years. The fact noted by St. Martin (Ditto, page 404) that -Jartika which the Mahábhárata writer gives as another -name for Báhika is a Sanskritised form of Jat further supports -the later date. It is now generally accepted that the Jats are one of -the leading tribes who about the beginning of the Christian era passed -from Central Asia into India. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n103.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n103.5" -href="#n103.5src" name="n103.5">95</a></span> The name Valabhi, as we -learn from the Jain historians, is a Sanskritised form of Valahi, which -can be easily traced back to one of the many forms -(Bálhíka, Bálhika, Balhika, Bahlíka, -Báhlika, Váhlíka, Vahlíka, -Válhíka, Válhika, Valhika) of a tribal name which -is of common occurrence in the Epics. This name is, no doubt rightly, -traced back to the city of Balkh, and originally denoted merely the -people of Baktria. There is, however, evidence that the name also -denoted a tribe doubtless of Baktrian origin, but settled in India: the -Emperor Chandra speaks of defeating the Váhlikas after crossing -the seven mouths of the Indus: Varáha-Mihira speaks of the -Válhikas along with the people who dwell on Sindhu’s banks -(Bṛ. Saṃ. V. 80): and, most decisive of all, the -Káśiká Vṛitti on Páṇ. VIII. iv. 9 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 650) gives Bahlíka as the -name of the people of the Sauvíra country, which, as Alberuni -tells us, corresponded to the modern Multán, the very country to -which the traditions of the modern Válas point.</p> -<p class="footnote cont">If the usual derivation of the name -Bálhika be accepted,<a class="noteref" id="n103.5.asrc" href="#n103.5.a" name="n103.5.asrc">96</a> it is possible to go a step -further and fix a probable limit before which the tribe did not enter -India. The name of Balkh in the sixth century <span class="sc">b.c.</span> was, as we learn from Darius’ inscriptions, -Bákhtri, and the Greeks also knew it as Baktra: the Avesta form -is Bakhdhi, which according to the laws of sound-change established by -Prof. Darmsteter for the Arachosian language as represented by the -modern Pushtu, would become Bahli (see <span lang="fr">Chants -Populaires des Afghans</span>, Introd. page xxvii). This reduction of -the hard aspirates to spirants seems to have taken place about the -first century <span class="sc">a.d.</span>: parallel cases are the -change from Parthava to Palhava, and Mithra to Mihira. It would seem -therefore that the Bahlikas did not enter India before the first -century <span class="sc">a.d.</span>: and if we may identify their -subduer Chandra with Chandragupta I., we should have the fourth century -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> as a lower limit for dating their -invasion.</p> -<p class="footnote cont">Unfortunately, however, these limits cannot at -present be regarded as more than plausible: for the name Balhika or -Valhika appears to occur in works that can hardly be as modern as the -first century <span class="sc">a.d.</span> The -Atharvaveda-pariśishtas might be put aside, as they show strong -traces of Greek influence and are therefore of late date: and the -supposed occurrences in Páṇini belong to the commentators -and to the Gaṇapáṭha only and are of more or less -uncertain age. But the name occurs, in the form Balhika, in one hymn of -the Atharvaveda itself (Book V. 22) which there is no reason to suppose -is of late date.</p> -<p class="footnote cont">The lower limit is also uncertain as the -identification of Chandra of the inscription with the Gupta king is -purely conjectural.—(A. M. T. J.) <a class="fnarrow" href="#n103.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n103.5.a" href="#n103.5.asrc" name="n103.5.a">96</a></span> There is a -very close parallel in the modern Panjáb, where (see Census -Report of 1881) the national name Baluch has become a tribal name in -the same way as Bálhika. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n103.5.asrc">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n104.1" -href="#n104.1src" name="n104.1">97</a></span> Hodgson’s Essays on -Indian Subjects, I. 405 Note. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n104.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n104.2" -href="#n104.2src" name="n104.2">98</a></span> McCrindle’s -Periplus, 121. Compare Rawlinson’s Seventh Monarchy, 79. The -absence of Indian reference to the Yuechi supports the view that in -India the Yuechi were known by some other name. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n104.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n104.3" -href="#n104.3src" name="n104.3">99</a></span> According to Reinaud -(<span lang="fr">Mémoire Sur l’Inde</span>, 82 note 3) -probably the modern Kochanya or Kashania sixty or seventy miles west of -Samarkand. This is Hiuen Tsiang’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 620) Ki’uh-shwangi-ni-kia or -Kushánika. See Beal’s Buddhist Records, I. -34. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n104.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n105.1" -href="#n105.1src" name="n105.1">100</a></span> Etude sur la Geographie -Grecque et Latine de l’Inde, 147. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n105.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n105.2" -href="#n105.2src" name="n105.2">101</a></span> McCrindle’s -Alexander in India, 350. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n105.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n105.3" -href="#n105.3src" name="n105.3">102</a></span> The suggestion is made -by Mr. A. M. T. Jackson. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n105.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n105.4" -href="#n105.4src" name="n105.4">103</a></span> McCrindle’s -Alexander, 136. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n105.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n105.5" -href="#n105.5src" name="n105.5">104</a></span> McCrindle’s -Alexander, 252. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n105.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n105.6" -href="#n105.6src" name="n105.6">105</a></span> Compare Strabo, XV. I. -8. The Oxydrakai are the descendants of Dionysus. Again, XV. I. 24: The -Malloi and the Oxydrakai who as we have already said are fabled to be -related to Dionysus. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n105.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n105.7" -href="#n105.7src" name="n105.7">106</a></span> See McCrindle’s -Alexander, 157, 369, 378, 398. Compare St. Martin <span lang="fr"><abbr>Geog.</abbr> Grecque et Latine de l’Inde</span>, -102. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n105.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n105.8" -href="#n105.8src" name="n105.8">107</a></span> Strabo, XV. I. 8 and 24, -Hamilton’s Translation, III. 76, 95. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n105.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n106.1" -href="#n106.1src" name="n106.1">108</a></span> References to the vines -of Nysa and Meros occur in Strabo, Pliny, Quintus Curtius, -Philostratus, and Justin: McCrindle’s Alexander in India, 193 -note 1, 321, and 339. Strabo (Hamilton’s Translation, III. 86) -refers to a vine in the country of Musikanus or Upper Sindh. At the -same time (Ditto, 108) Strabo accepts <span class="corr" id="xd25e13725" title="Source: Megasthenes’">Megasthenês’</span> statement -that in India the wild vine grows only in the hills. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n106.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n106.2" -href="#n106.2src" name="n106.2">109</a></span> The Kathaioi Malloi and -Oxydrakai are (Arrian in McCrindle’s Alexander, 115, 137, 140, -149) called independent in the sense of kingless: they (Ditto, 154) -sent leading men not ambassadors: (compare also Diodorus Siculus and -Plutarch, Ditto 287, 311): the Malloi had to chose a leader (Q. -Curtius, Ditto 236). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n106.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n106.3" -href="#n106.3src" name="n106.3">110</a></span> -Káthiáwár Gazetteer, 138. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n106.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n106.4" -href="#n106.4src" name="n106.4">111</a></span> -Káthiáwár Gazetteer, 137. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n106.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n106.5" -href="#n106.5src" name="n106.5">112</a></span> Cutch Gazetteer, -80. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n106.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n106.6" -href="#n106.6src" name="n106.6">113</a></span> Cutch Gazetteer, -81. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n106.6src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch1.9" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd25e1417">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">CHAPTER IX.</h2> -<h2 class="main">THE CHÁLUKYAS</h2> -<h2 class="sub">(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 634–740.)</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter IX.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chálukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 634–740.</span></span> The Chálukyas -conquered their Gujarát provinces from the south after subduing -the Konkan Mauryas of Purí either Rájápurí -that is Janjira or Elephanta in Bombay harbour. The fifth century -Váda inscription of king Suketuvarmman proves that this Maurya -dynasty<a class="noteref" id="n107.1src" href="#n107.1" name="n107.1src">1</a> ruled in the Konkan for at least a century before -they came into collision with the Chálukyas under -Kírtivarmman.<a class="noteref" id="n107.2src" href="#n107.2" -name="n107.2src">2</a> They were finally defeated and their capital -Purí taken by Chaṇḍadaṇḍa an officer of -Pulakeśi II. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 610–640).<a class="noteref" id="n107.3src" -href="#n107.3" name="n107.3src">3</a> The Chálukyas then pressed -northwards, and an inscription at Aihole in South Bijápur -records that as early as <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 634 the -kings of Láṭa, Málava, and Gurjjara submitted to -the prowess of Pulakeśi II. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 610–640).</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Jayasiṃhavarmman, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 666–693.</span>The regular establishment of -Chálukya power in South Gujarát seems to have been the -work of Dháráśraya Jayasiṃhavarmman son of -Pulakeśi II. and younger brother of Vikramáditya -Satyáśraya (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 670–680). A grant of -Jayasiṃhavarmman’s son Śíláditya found -in Navsárí describes Jayasiṃhavarmman as receiving -the kingdom from his brother Vikramáditya. As -Jayasiṃhavarmman is called -<i>Paramabhaṭṭáraka</i> Great Lord, he probably was -practically independent. He had five sons and enjoyed a long life, -ruling apparently from Navsárí. Of the five -Gujarát Chálukya copperplates noted below, three are in -an era marked Saṃ. which is clearly different from the Śaka -era (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78) used in the grants of the -main Chálukyas. From the nature of the case the new era of the -Gujarát Chálukyas may be accepted as of Gujarát -origin. Grants remain of Jayasiṃhavarmman’s sons dated -Ś. 421, 443, and 490.<a class="noteref" id="n107.4src" href="#n107.4" name="n107.4src">4</a> This checked by -Vikramáditya’s known date (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 670–680) gives an initial between -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 249 and 259. Of the two -Gujarát eras, the Gupta-Valabhi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 319) and the Traikúṭaka -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 248–9), the Gupta-Valabhi is -clearly unsuitable. On the other hand the result is so closely in -accord with <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 248–9, the -Traikúṭaka epoch, as to place the correctness of the -identification almost beyond question.</p> -<p>Jayasiṃhavarmman must have established his power in South -Gujarát before <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 669–70 -(T. 421), as in that year his son Śryáśraya made a -grant as heir apparent. Another plate of Śryáśraya -found in Surat shows that in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 691–2 (T. 443) Jayasiṃhavarmman was -still ruling with Śryáśraya as heir apparent. In view -of these facts the establishment of Jayasiṃhavarmman’s -power in Gujarát must be taken at about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 666. The copperplates of his sons and grandson do -not say whom Jayasiṃhavarmman overthrew. Probably the defeated -rulers were Gurjjaras, as about this time a Gurjjara dynasty held the -Broach district with its capital at Nándípurí the -modern Nándod in the Rájpipla State about thirty-five -miles east of Broach. So far <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb108" href="#pb108" name="pb108">108</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter IX.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chálukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 634–740.</span><br> -Jayasiṃhavarmman <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 666–693.</span> as is known the earliest of -the Nándod Gurjjaras was Dadda who is estimated to have -flourished about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 580 (T. -331).<a class="noteref" id="n108.1src" href="#n108.1" name="n108.1src">5</a> The latest is Jayabhaṭa whose -Navsárí copperplate bears date <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 734–5 (T. 486)<a class="noteref" id="n108.2src" href="#n108.2" name="n108.2src">6</a> so that the Gurjjara -and Chálukya kingdoms flourished almost at the same time. It is -possible that the power of the earlier Gurjjara kings spread as far -south as Balsár and even up to Konkan limits. It was apparently -from them that, during the reign of his brother Vikramáditya, -Jayasiṃhavarmman took South Gujarát, driving the Gurjjaras -north of the Tápti and eventually confining them to the Broach -district, the Gurjjaras either acknowledging Chálukya -sovereignty or withstanding the Chálukyas and retaining their -small territory in the Broach district by the help of the Valabhis with -whom they were in alliance.<a class="noteref" id="n108.3src" href="#n108.3" name="n108.3src">7</a> In either case the Chálukya -power seems to have hemmed in the Broach Gurjjaras, as -Jayasiṃhavarmman had a son Buddhavarmman ruling in Kaira. A -copperplate of Buddhavarmman’s son Vijayarája found in -Kaira is granted from Vijayapura identified with Bijápur near -<span class="corr" id="xd25e13891" title="Source: Párantij">Parántij</span>, but probably some -place further south, as the grant is made to Bráhmans of -Jambusar. Five copperplates remain of this branch of the -Chálukyas, the Navsárí grant of -Śryáśraya Śíláditya Yuvarája -dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 669–70 (T. 421); the -Surat grant of the same Śíláditya dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 691–2 (T. 443); the Balsár grant of -Vinayáditya Mangalarája dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 731 (Śaka 653); the Navsárí -grant of Pulakeśi Janáśraya dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 738–9 (T. 490); the Kaira grant of -Vijayarája dated Śaṃvatsara 394; and the undated -Nirpan grant of Nágavarddhana Tribhuvanáśraya.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Śryáśraya -Śíláditya (Heir Apparent), <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 669–691.</span>The first four grants -mention Jayasiṃhavarmman as the younger brother of -Vikramáditya Satyáśraya the son of Pulakeśi -Satyáśraya the conqueror of Harshavarddhana the lord of the -North. Jayasiṃhavarmman’s eldest son was -Śryáśraya Śíláditya who made his -Navsárí grant in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 669–70 (T. 421); the village granted being -said to be in the Navasáriká Vishaya. -Śryáśraya’s other plate dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 691–2 (T. 443) grants a field in the -village of Osumbhalá in the Kármaneya Áhára -that is the district of Kámlej on the Tápti fifteen miles -north-east of Surat. In both grants Śíláditya is -called Yuvarája, which shows that his father ruled with him from -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 669 to <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 691. Both copperplates show that these kings -treated as their overlords the main dynasty of the southern -Chálukyas as respectful mention is made in the first plate of -Vikramáditya Satyáśraya and in the second of his son -Vinayáditya Satyáśraya. Apparently -Śryáśraya died before his father as the two late -grants of Balsár and Kheḍá give him no place in the -list of rulers.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Mangalarája, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 698–731.</span>Jayasiṃhavarmman was -succeeded by his second son Mangalarája. A plate of his found at -Balsár dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 731 (Śaka -653) records a grant made from Mangalapurí, probably the same as -Purí the doubtful Konkan capital of the -Śiláháras.<a class="noteref" id="n108.4src" href="#n108.4" name="n108.4src">8</a> As his elder brother was heir-apparent -in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 691–2 (T. 443), -Mangalarája must have succeeded some years later, say about -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 698–9 (T. 450). From this it -may be inferred that the copperplate of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 731 was issued towards the end of his reign. -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb109" href="#pb109" name="pb109">109</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter IX.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chálukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 634–740.</span><br> -Pulakeśi Janáśraya, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 738.</span> <span class="marginnote">Pulakeśi Janáśraya, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 738.</span>Mangalarája was succeeded by -his younger brother Pulakeśi Janáśraya. This is the -time of Khalif Hashám (<span class="sc">H.</span> 105–125, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 724–743) whose Sindh governor -Junaid is recorded to have sent expeditions against Marmád, -Mandal, Dalmaj (Kámlej?), Bárus, Uzain, Máliba, -Baharimad (Mevad?), Al Bailáimán (Bhinmál?), and -Juzr. Though several of these names seem to have been misread and -perhaps misspelt on account of the confusion in the original Arabic, -still Marmád, Mandal, Barus, Uzain, Máliba, and Juzr can -easily be identified with Márvád, Mandal near -Viramgám, Bharuch, Ujjain, Málwa, and Gurjjara. The -defeat of one of these raids is described at length in -Pulakeśi’s grant of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 738–9 (T. 490) which states that the Arab -army had afflicted the kingdoms of Sindhu, Kacchella, <span class="corr" id="xd25e13985" title="Source: Sauráshtra">Sauráshṭra</span>, -Chávoṭaka, Maurya, and Gurjjara that is Sindh, Kacch, the -Chávaḍás, the Mauryas of Chitor,<a class="noteref" -id="n109.1src" href="#n109.1" name="n109.1src">9</a> and the Gurjjaras -of Bhínmál.<a class="noteref" id="n109.2src" href="#n109.2" name="n109.2src">10</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb110" -href="#pb110" name="pb110">110</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter IX.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chálukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 634–740.</span><br> -Pulakeśi Janáśraya, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 738.</span> Pulakeśi was at this time ruling -at Navsárí. It is uncertain how much longer this -Chálukya kingdom of Navsárí continued. It was -probably overthrown about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 750 by the -Gujarát branch of the Ráshṭrakúṭas who -were in possession in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 757–8.<a class="noteref" id="n110.1src" -href="#n110.1" name="n110.1src">11</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Buddhavarmman, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 713 (?).</span>The Kaira grant dated 394 gives in -hereditary succession the names Jayasiṃha, Buddhavarmman, and -Vijayarája.<a class="noteref" id="n110.2src" href="#n110.2" -name="n110.2src">12</a> The grant is made from Vijayapura, which, as -the late Colonel West suggested, may be Bijápur near -Parántij though this is far to the north of the otherwise known -Chálukya limits. The village granted is Pariyaya in the -Káśákula division. If taken as -Traikúṭaka the date 394 corresponds to <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 642–3. This is out of the question, since -Vijayarája’s grand-uncle Vikramáditya flourished -between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 670 and 680. Professor -Bhandarkar considers the plate a forgery, but there seems no sufficient -reason for doubting its genuineness. No fault can be found with the -character. It is written in the usual style of Western Chálukya -grants, and contains the names of a number of Bráhman grantees -with minute details of the fields granted a feature most unusual in a -forged grant. In the Gupta era, which equally with the -Traikúṭaka era may be denoted by the word <i><abbr title="Saṃvat">Saṃ.</abbr></i> and which is more likely to be in -use in North Gujarát the 394 would represent the fairly probable -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 713. Jayasiṃha may have -conquered part of North Gujarát and sent his son Buddhavarmman -to rule over it.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Nágavarddhana.</span>Jayasiṃha -appears to have had a third son Nágavarddhana ruling in West -Násik which was connected with South Gujarát through -Balsár, Párdi, and Penth. The Nirpan grant of -Nágavarddhana is undated,<a class="noteref" id="n110.3src" href="#n110.3" name="n110.3src">13</a> and, though it gives a wrong -genealogy, its seal, the form of composition, the <i>biruda</i> or -title of the king, and the alphabet all so closely agree with the style -of the Gujarát Chálukya plates that it cannot be -considered a forgery.</p> -<p>Not long after <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 740 the -Chálukyas seem to have been supplanted in South Gujarát -by the Ráshṭrakúṭas.</p> -<p class="xd25e963"><span class="marginnote">Chálukya -Tree.</span>CHÁLUKYA FAMILY TREE.</p> -<div class="table"> -<table class="geneaTable"> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop xd25e12081"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e12081"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e12081"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e12081"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e12081"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e12081"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e12081"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e12081"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e12081"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e12081"></td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop xd25e12081"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="6" class="colspan">Pulakeśivallabha -Satyáśraya,<br> -Conqueror of Harshavarddhana, Lord of the North.<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 610–640.</td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="7" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="6" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft">(Main Chálukyas).</td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">(Gujarát Branch).</td> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="6" class="colspan borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="rowspan colspan cellLeft"> -Vikramáditya Satyáśraya,<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 669–680.</td> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan"><span class="corr" id="xd25e14234" -title="Source: Jayasimhavarmman">Jayasiṃhavarmman</span> -Dháráśraya,<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 669–691.</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="5" class="colspan borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="6" class="colspan borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft">Vinayáditya.</td> -<td colspan="5" class="colspan borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="7" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td class="cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">(Navsárí.)</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">(Navsárí.)</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">(Kaira.)</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">(Násik.)</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight">(Navsárí.)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td class="cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellBottom">Śíláditya -Śryáśraya Yuvarája,<br> -<span class="sc">T.</span> 421 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 669–70) and <span class="sc">T.</span> 443 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 691–2).</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellBottom">Mangalarája or -Mangalarasaráya,<br> -Śaka 653<br> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 731–2).</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellBottom">Buddhavarmman.<br> -Vijayarája<br> -<span class="sc">G.</span> 394<br> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 713).</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellBottom">Nágavarddhana.</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight cellBottom">Pulakeśi -<span class="corr" id="xd25e14351" title="Source: Janáśrya">Janáśraya</span>,<br> -<span class="sc">T.</span> 490<br> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 738–9).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb111" href="#pb111" name="pb111">111</a>]</span></p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first"><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter IX.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chálukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 634–740.</span></span> -Vijayarája’s grant of the year 394 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 642–3) is the earliest trace of -Chálukya rule in Gujarát. Dr. Bhagvánlál, -who believed in its genuineness, supposes it to be dated in the Gupta -era (<span class="sc">G.</span> 394 = <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 714) and infers from it the existence of -Chálukya rule far to the north of Broach. But the most cursory -comparison of it with the Kheḍá grants of Dadda II. (see -<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIII. 81ff) which are -dated (admittedly in the [so-called] Traikúṭaka era) 380 -and 385 respectively, shows that a large number of Dadda’s -grantees reappear in the Chálukya grant. The date of the -Chálukya plate must therefore be interpreted as a -Traikúṭaka or Chedi date.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">a.d.</span> 610–640.</span>This being so, it is clearly -impossible to suppose that Vijayarája’s grandfather -Jayasiṃha is that younger son of Pulakeśi II. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 610–640) who founded the Gujarát -branch family. It has been usually supposed that the Jayasiṃha of -our grant was a younger brother of Pulakeśi II.: but this also is -chronologically impossible: for Jayasiṃha can hardly have been -more than ten years of age in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 597–98, when his elder brother was set -aside as too young to rule. His son Buddhavarmman could hardly have -been born before <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 610, so that -Buddhavarmman’s son Vijayarája must have made his grant at -the age of twelve at latest. The true solution of the question seems to -be that given by Dr. Bhandárkar in his Early History of the -Deccan (page 42 note 7), namely that the grant is a forgery. To the -reasons advanced by him may be added the fact pointed out by Mr. Fleet -(<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VII. 251) that the -grant is a palimpsest, the engraver having originally commenced it -“Svasti Vijayavikshepán Na.” It can hardly be -doubted that <i>Na</i> is the first syllable of -Nándípurí the palace of the Gurjjara kings. Many -of the grantees were Bráhmans of Jambusar and subjects of Dadda -II. of Broach, whose grants to them are extant. It seems obvious that -Vijayarája’s grant was forged in the interest of these -persons by some one who had Gurjjara grants before him as models, but -knew very little of the forms used in the chancery of the -Chálukyas.</p> -<p>Setting aside this grant, the first genuine trace of Chálukya -rule in Gujarát is to be found in the grant of the Sendraka -chief Nikumbhallaśakti, which bears date Saṃ. 406 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 654–5) and relates to the gift -to a Bráhman of the village of Balisa (Wanesa) in the -Treyaṇṇa (Ten) district. Dr. Bühler has shown -(<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XVIII. page 265ff) -that the Sendrakas were a Kánarese family, and that -Nikumbhallaśakti must have come to Gujarát as a -Chálukya feudatory, though he names no overlord. He was -doubtless subordinate to the Chálukya governor of -Násik.</p> -<p>The next grant that requires notice is that of Nágavarddhana, -who describes himself distinctly as the son of Pulakeśi’s -brother Jayasiṃha, though Dr. Bhagvánlál believed -this Jayasiṃha to be Pulakeśi’s son. Mr. Fleet points -out other difficulties connected with this grant, but on the whole -decides in favour of its genuineness (see <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> IX. 123). The description of -Pulakeśi II. in this grant refers to his victory over -Harshavarddhana, but also describes him as having conquered the three -kingdoms of Chera, Chola, and Páṇḍya by means of his -horse of the Chitrakaṇṭha breed, and as meditating on the -feet of Śri Nágavarddhana. Now all of these epithets, -except the reference to Harshavarddhana, belong properly, not to -Pulakeśi II. but to his son Vikramáditya I. The conquest of -the confederacy of Cholas, Cheras (or Keraḷas), and -Páṇḍyas is ascribed to Vikramáditya in the -inscriptions of his son Vinayáditya (Fleet in <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> X. 134): the -Chitrakaṇṭha horse is named in Vikramáditya’s -own grants (<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VI. 75 -&c.) while his meditation upon the feet of Nágavarddhana -recurs in the T. 421 grant of Śryáśraya -Śíláditya (<abbr title="Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society">B. B. R. A. S.</abbr> XVI. 1ff). -This confusion of epithets between Pulakeśi II. and -Vikramáditya makes it difficult to doubt that -Nágavarddhana’s grant was composed either during or after -Vikramáditya’s reign, and under the influence of that -king’s grants. It may be argued that even in that case the grant -may be genuine, its inconsistencies being due merely to carelessness. -This supposition the following considerations seem <span class="corr" -id="xd25e14435" title="Source: to">too</span> negative. Pulakeśi -II. was alive at the time of Hiuen Tsiang’s visit (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 640), but is not likely to have reigned very much -longer. And, as Vikramáditya’s reign is supposed to have -begun about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 669–70, a gap -remains of nearly thirty years. That part of this period was occupied -by the war with the three kings <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb112" -href="#pb112" name="pb112">112</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter IX.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chálukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 634–740.</span></span> of the south we know -from Vikramáditya’s own grants: but the grant of -Śryáśraya Śíláditya referred to -above seems to show that Vikramáditya was the successor, not of -his father, but of Nágavarddhana upon whose feet he is described -as meditating. It follows that Nágavarddhana succeeded -Pulakeśi and preceded Vikramáditya on the imperial throne -of the Chálukyas whereas his grant could not have been composed -until the reign of Vikramáditya.</p> -<p>Although the grant is not genuine, we have no reason to doubt that -it gives a correct genealogy, and that Nágavarddhana was the son -of Pulakeśi’s brother Jayasiṃha and therefore the -first cousin of Vikramáditya. The grant is in the regular -Chálukya style, and the writer, living near the Northern -Chálukya capital, Násik, had better models than the -composer of Vijayarája’s grant. Both grants may have been -composed about the time when the Chálukya power succumbed to the -attacks of the Ráshṭrakúṭas (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 743).—(A. M. T. J.)</p> -</blockquote> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb113" href="#pb113" name="pb113">113</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n107.1" -href="#n107.1src" name="n107.1">1</a></span> <abbr title="Bombay Gazetteer">Bom. Gaz.</abbr> XIV. 372. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n107.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n107.2" -href="#n107.2src" name="n107.2">2</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VIII. 243. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n107.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n107.3" -href="#n107.3src" name="n107.3">3</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VIII. 244. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n107.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n107.4" -href="#n107.4src" name="n107.4">4</a></span> <abbr title="Journal Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society">J. B. B. R. A. S.</abbr> -XVI. 1ff.: Proceedings VIIth Oriental Congress, 210ff. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n107.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n108.1" -href="#n108.1src" name="n108.1">5</a></span> See <a href="#ch1.10"><abbr title="Chapter">Chap.</abbr> X.</a> -below. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n108.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n108.2" -href="#n108.2src" name="n108.2">6</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIII. 73. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n108.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n108.3" -href="#n108.3src" name="n108.3">7</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIII. 70. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n108.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n108.4" -href="#n108.4src" name="n108.4">8</a></span> <abbr title="Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society">B. B. R. A. S.</abbr> XVI. -5. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n108.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n109.1" -href="#n109.1src" name="n109.1">9</a></span> For the Moris or Mauryas, -described as a branch of Pramáras, who held Chitor during the -eighth century compare Tod. <abbr>Jr. R. A. S.</abbr> 211; -Wilson’s Works, XII. 132. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n109.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n109.2" -href="#n109.2src" name="n109.2">10</a></span> The text of the -copperplate runs:</p> -<div class="q"> -<div class="nestedtext"> -<div class="nestedbody"> -<div class="lgouter footnote"> -<p class="line"><span lang="sa">शरझसीरमुद्ररोद्धारिणि -तरलतरतारतरवारिदा</span></p> -<p class="line">[24] <span lang="sa">रितोदितसैन्धवकच्छेल्लर्सोराष्ट्र -चावोटक -मौर्यगुर्जरादिरा -[ज्ये] -निःशोषदाक्षिणात्यक्षितिपतिजि</span></p> -<p class="line">[25] <span lang="sa">गीषया -दक्षिणापथप्रवेश -……… -प्रथममेवनवसारिकाविषयप्रसाधनायागते -त्वरित</span></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<p class="footnote cont"><span class="sc">Plate II.</span></p> -<div class="q"> -<div class="nestedtext"> -<div class="nestedbody"> -<div class="lgouter footnote"> -<p class="line">[1] <span lang="sa">तुरगखरमुखरखुरोत्खातधरिणिधूलिधूसरितदिगन्तरे -कुन्तप्रान्तनितान्तविमर्द्यमानरभसाभिधावितो</span></p> -<p class="line">[2] <span lang="sa">द्भटस्थूलोदरविवरविनिर्ग्गतांत्रप्रथुतररुधिरधारांजितकवचभीषणवपुषि -स्वामिमहा</span></p> -<p class="line">[3] <span lang="sa">सन्मानदानग्रहणᳲक्रयीकृतस्वशिरोभिरभिमुखमापतितैप्रदंयदशनाग्रदष्टोष्टपुटकैरने</span></p> -<p class="line">[4] <span lang="sa">कसमराजिरविवरवरिकटितटहयविधटनविशालितधनरुधिरपटलपाटलितपटुक्रपाणपठ्ठैरपि -महा</span></p> -<p class="line">[5] <span lang="sa">योवैरलब्वपरभागैः -विपक्षक्षपणाक्षेपक्षिप्रक्षिप्रतीक्ष्णक्षुरप्रप्रहारविलूनवैरिशिरᳲकमलगलनालैरा</span></p> -<p class="line">[6] <span lang="sa">हवरसरभसरोमांचकंचुकाच्छादिततनूभिरनेकैरपि -नरेन्द्रव्रंदव्रदारकैरजितपुर्वैः -व्यपगतमस्माक</span></p> -<p class="line">[7] <span lang="sa">म्रणमनेन -स्वामिनः -स्वशिरः -प्रदानेनाद्यतावदेकजन्मीयमित्येवमिषोपजातपरितोषानन्तरप्रहतपटुप</span></p> -<p class="line">[8] <span lang="sa">टहरवप्रवृत्तकबन्वबद्धरासमण्डलीके -समरशिरासे -विजितेताजिकानिके -शोय्यानुरागिणा -श्रीवदत्रमनरें</span></p> -<p class="line">[9] <span lang="sa">द्रेण -प्रसादीकृतापरनामचतुष्टयस्तद्ध्यथा -दक्षिणापथसाधारणचलुक्विकुलालंकारपृथ्वीवदत्रमानिवर्त्तकनिव</span></p> -<p class="line">[10] <span lang="sa">र्त्तयित्रवनिजनाश्रयश्रीपुलकेशिराजस्सर्वानेवात्मीयान्‌</span></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<p> <a class="fnarrow" href="#n109.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n110.1" -href="#n110.1src" name="n110.1">11</a></span> Journal <abbr title="Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society">B. B. R. A. S.</abbr> XVI. -105. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n110.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n110.2" -href="#n110.2src" name="n110.2">12</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VII. 241. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n110.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n110.3" -href="#n110.3src" name="n110.3">13</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> IX. 123. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n110.3src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch1.10" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd25e1446">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">CHAPTER X.</h2> -<h2 class="main">THE GURJJARAS</h2> -<h2 class="sub">(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 580–808.)</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter X.<br> -<span class="sc">The Gurjjaras, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 580–808.</span></span> During Valabhi and -Chálukya ascendancy a small Gurjjara kingdom flourished in and -about Broach. As has been noticed in the Valabhi chapter the Gurjjaras -were a foreign tribe who came to Gujarát from Northern India. -All the available information regarding the Broach Gurjjaras comes from -nine copperplates,<a class="noteref" id="n113.1src" href="#n113.1" -name="n113.1src">1</a> three of them forged, all obtained from South -Gujarát. These plates limit the regular Gurjjara territory to -the Broach district between the Mahí and the Narbadá, -though at times their power extended north to Kheḍá and -south to the Tápti. Like the grants of the contemporary -Gujarát Chálukyas all the genuine copperplates are dated -in the Traikúṭaka era which begins in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 249–50.<a class="noteref" id="n113.2src" -href="#n113.2" name="n113.2src">2</a> The Gurjjara capital seems to -have been Nándípurí or Nándor,<a class="noteref" id="n113.3src" href="#n113.3" name="n113.3src">3</a> the -modern Nándod the capital of Rájpipla in Rewa -Kántha about thirty-four miles east of Broach. Two of their -grants issue <i>Nándípurítaḥ</i><a class="noteref" id="n113.4src" href="#n113.4" name="n113.4src">4</a> that is -‘from Nándípurí’ like the -<i>Valabhítaḥ</i> or ‘from Valabhi’ of the -Valabhi copperplates, a phrase which in both cases seems to show the -place named was the capital since in other Gurjjara grants the word -<i>vásaka</i> or camp occurs.<a class="noteref" id="n113.5src" -href="#n113.5" name="n113.5src">5</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Copperplates.</span>Though the Gurjjaras -held a considerable territory in South Gujarát their plates seem -to show they were not independent rulers. The general titles are either -<i lang="sa-latn"><span class="corr" id="xd25e14563" title="Source: Samadhigata-panchamaháśabda">Samadhigata-panchamaháśabada</span></i> -‘He who has attained the five great titles,’ or -<i>Sámanta</i> Feudatory. In one instance Jayabhaṭa III. -who was probably a powerful ruler is called -<i>Sámantádhipati</i><a class="noteref" id="n113.6src" -href="#n113.6" name="n113.6src">6</a> Lord of Feudatories. It is hard -to say to what suzerain these Broach Gurjjaras acknowledged fealty. -Latterly they seem to have accepted the Chálukyas on the south -as their overlords. But during the greater part of their existence they -may have been feudatories of the Valabhi dynasty, who, as <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb114" href="#pb114" name="pb114">114</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter X.<br> -<span class="sc">The Gurjjaras, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 580–808.</span><br> -Copperplates.</span> mentioned above were probably Gurjjaras who passed -from Málwa to South Gujarát and thence by sea to Valabhi -leaving a branch in South Gujarát.</p> -<p>The facts that in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 649 (Valabhi -330) a Valabhi king had a ‘camp of victory’ at Broach where -Raṇagraha’s plate<a class="noteref" id="n114.1src" href="#n114.1" name="n114.1src">7</a> shows the Gurjjaras were then ruling -and that the Gurjjara king Dadda II. gave shelter to a Valabhi king -establish a close connection between Valabhi and the Nándod -Gurjjaras.</p> -<p>Their copperplates and seals closely resemble the plates and seals -of the Gujarát Chálukyas. The characters of all but the -forged grants are like those of Gujarát Chálukya grants -and belong to the Gujarát variety of the Southern India style. -At the same time it is to be noted that the royal signature at the end -of the plates is of the northern type, proving that the Gurjjaras were -originally northerners. The language of most of the grants is Sanskrit -prose as in Valabhi plates in a style curiously like the style of the -contemporary author Báṇa in his great works the -Kádambarí and Harshacharita. From this it may be inferred -that Báṇa’s style was not peculiar to himself but -was the style in general use in India at that time.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Gurjjara Tree.</span>The following is the -Gurjjara family tree:</p> -<div class="table"> -<table class="geneaTable xd25e14609"> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e8594 cellLeft cellRight cellTop"> -Dadda I. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 580.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellLeft borderRight xd25e14619"></td> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e8594 cellLeft cellRight"> -Jayabhaṭa I. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 605.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellLeft borderRight xd25e14619"></td> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e8594 cellLeft cellRight">Dadda II. -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 633.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellLeft borderRight xd25e14619"></td> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e8594 cellLeft cellRight"> -Jayabhaṭa II. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 655.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellLeft borderRight xd25e14619"></td> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e8594 cellLeft cellRight">Dadda III. -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 680.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellLeft borderRight xd25e14619"></td> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e8594 cellLeft cellRight cellBottom">Jayabhaṭa III. -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 706–734.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -<p>A recently published grant<a class="noteref" id="n114.2src" href="#n114.2" name="n114.2src">8</a> made by Nirihullaka, the chieftain of -a jungle tribe in the lower valley of the Narbadá, shows that -towards the end of the sixth century <span class="sc">a.d.</span> that -region was occupied by wild tribes who acknowledged the supremacy of -the Chedi or Kalachuri kings: a fact which accounts for the use of the -Chedi or Traikúṭaka era in South Gujarát. -Nirihullaka names with respect a king Śaṅkaraṇa, whom -Dr. Bühler would identify with Śaṅkaragaṇa the -father of the Kalachuri Buddhavarmman who was defeated by -Mangalíśa the Chálukya about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 600.<a class="noteref" id="n114.3src" href="#n114.3" name="n114.3src">9</a> Śaṅkaragaṇa himself -must have flourished about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 580, and -the Gurjjara conquest must be subsequent to this date. Another new -grant,<a class="noteref" id="n114.4src" href="#n114.4" name="n114.4src">10</a> which is only a fragment and contains no -king’s name, but which on the ground of date (<abbr title="Saṃvat">Saṃ.</abbr> 346 = <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 594–5) and style may be safely attributed -to the Gurjjara dynasty, shows that the Gurjjaras were established in -the country within a few years of Śaṅkaragaṇa’s -probable date.</p> -<p>A still nearer approximation to the date of the Gurjjara conquest is -suggested by the change in the titles of Dharasena I. of Valabhi, who -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb115" href="#pb115" name="pb115">115</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter X.<br> -<span class="sc">The Gurjjaras, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 580–808.</span></span> in his grants of -Saṃvat 252<a class="noteref" id="n115.1src" href="#n115.1" name="n115.1src">11</a> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 571) calls -himself Mahárája, while in his grants of 269 and -270<a class="noteref" id="n115.2src" href="#n115.2" name="n115.2src">12</a> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 588 and 589), he -adds the title of Mahásámanta, which points to subjection -by some foreign power between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 571 and -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 588. It seems highly probable that -this power was that of the Gurjjaras of Bhínmál; and that -their successes therefore took place between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 580 and 588 or about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 585.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Dadda I. <span class="sc">C.</span> -585–605 <span class="sc">a.d.</span></span>The above mentioned -anonymous grant of the year 346 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 594–95) is ascribed with great probability -to Dadda I. who is known from the two Kheḍá grants of his -grandson Dadda II. (<span class="sc">C.</span> 620–650 -<span class="sc">a.d.</span>)<a class="noteref" id="n115.3src" href="#n115.3" name="n115.3src">13</a> to have “uprooted the -Nága” who must be the same as the jungle tribes ruled by -Nirihullaka and are now represented by the Náikdás of the -Panch Maháls and the Talabdas or Locals of Broach. The northern -limit of Dadda’s kingdom seems to have been the Vindhya, as the -grant of 380 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 628–29) says that -the lands lying around the feet of the Vindhya were for his pleasure. -At the same time it appears that part at least of Northern -Gujarát was ruled by the Mahásámanta Dharasena of -Valabhi, who in Val. 270 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 589–90) granted a village in the -<i>áhára</i> of Kheṭaka -(Kheḍá).<a class="noteref" id="n115.4src" href="#n115.4" -name="n115.4src">14</a> Dadda is always spoken of as the -<i>Sámanta</i>, which shows that while he lived his territory -remained a part of the Gurjjara kingdom of Bhínmál. -Subsequently North Gujarát fell into the hands of the -Málava kings, to whom it belonged in Hiuen Tsiang’s time -(<span class="sc">C.</span> 640 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>).<a class="noteref" id="n115.5src" href="#n115.5" -name="n115.5src">15</a> Dadda I. is mentioned in the two -Kheḍá grants of his grandson as a worshipper of the sun: -the fragmentary grant of 346 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 594–95) which is attributed to him gives no -historical details.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Jayabhaṭa I. Vítarága, -<span class="sc">C.</span> 605–620 <span class="sc">a.d.</span></span>Dadda I. was succeeded by his son -Jayabhaṭa I. who is mentioned in the Kheḍá grants as -a victorious and virtuous ruler, and appears from his title of -Vítarága the Passionless to have been a religious -prince.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Dadda II. Praśántarága, -<span class="sc">C.</span> 620–650 <span class="sc">a.d.</span></span>Jayabhaṭa I. was succeeded by his son -Dadda II. who bore the title of Praśántarága the -Passion-calmed. Dadda was the donor of the two Kheḍá -grants of 380 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 628–29) and 385 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 633–34), and a part of a grant -made by his brother Raṇagraha in the year 391 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 639–40) has lately been published.<a class="noteref" id="n115.6src" href="#n115.6" name="n115.6src">16</a> Three -forged grants purporting to have been issued by him are dated -respectively Śaka 400 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 478), -Śaka 415 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 493), and Śaka -417 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 495).<a class="noteref" id="n115.7src" href="#n115.7" name="n115.7src">17</a> Both of the -Kheḍá grants relate to the gift of the village of -Siríshapadraka (Sisodra) in the Akrúreśvara -(Ankleśvar) vishaya to certain Bráhmans of Jambusar and -Broach. In Raṇagraha’s grant the name of the village is -lost.</p> -<p>Dadda II.’s own grants describe him as having attained the -five great titles, and praise him in general terms: and both he and his -brother Raṇagraha sign their grants as devout worshippers of the -sun. Dadda II. heads the genealogy in the later grant of 456 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 704–5),<a class="noteref" id="n115.8src" href="#n115.8" name="n115.8src">18</a> which states that he -protected “the lord of Valabhi who had been defeated by the great -lord the illustrious Harshadeva.” The event referred to must have -been some expedition of the great Harshavardhana of Kanauj <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb116" href="#pb116" name="pb116">116</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter X.<br> -<span class="sc">The Gurjjaras, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 580–808.</span><br> -Dadda II. <span class="corr" id="xd25e14880" title="Source: Praśantarága">Praśántarága</span>, -<span class="sc">C.</span> 620–650 <span class="sc">a.d.</span></span> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 607–648), perhaps the campaign in which -Harsha was defeated on the Narbadá by Pulakeśi II. (which -took place before <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 634). The -protection given to the Valabhi king is perhaps referred to in the -Kheḍá grants in the mention of “strangers and -suppliants and people in distress.” If this is the case the -defeat of Valabhi took place before <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 628–29, the date of the earlier of the -Kheḍá grants. On the other hand, the phrase quoted is by -no means decisive, and the fact that in Hiuen Tsiang’s time -Dhruvasena of Valabhi was son-in-law of Harsha’s son, makes it -unlikely that Harsha should have been at war with him. It follows that -the expedition referred to may have taken place in the reign of -Dharasena IV. who may have been the son of Dhruvasena by another wife -than Harsha’s granddaughter.</p> -<p>To Dadda II.’s reign belongs Hiuen Tsiang’s notice of -the kingdom of Broach (<span class="sc">C.</span> 640 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>).<a class="noteref" id="n116.1src" href="#n116.1" -name="n116.1src">19</a> He says “all their profit is from the -sea” and describes the country as salt and barren, which is still -true of large tracts in the west and twelve hundred years ago was -probably the condition of a much larger area than at present. Hiuen -Tsiang does not say that Broach was subject to any other kingdom, but -it is clear from the fact that Dadda bore the five great titles that he -was a mere feudatory. At this period the valuable port of Broach, from -which all their profit was made, was a prize fought for by all the -neighbouring powers. With the surrounding country of Láṭa, -Broach submitted to Pulakeśi II. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 610–640):<a class="noteref" id="n116.2src" -href="#n116.2" name="n116.2src">20</a> it may afterwards have fallen to -the Málava kings, to whom in Hiuen Tsiang’s time -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 640) both Kheḍá -(K’ie-ch’a) and Ánandapura (Vadnagar) belonged; -later it was subject to Valabhi, as Dharasena IV. made a grant at -Broach in <abbr title="Vikram Saṃvat">V.S.</abbr> 330 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 649–50).<a class="noteref" id="n116.3src" href="#n116.3" name="n116.3src">21</a></p> -<p>Knowledge of the later Gurjjaras is derived exclusively from two -grants of Jayabhaṭa III. dated respectively 456 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 704–5) and 486 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 734–5).<a class="noteref" id="n116.4src" -href="#n116.4" name="n116.4src">22</a> The later of these two grants is -imperfect, only the last plate having been preserved. The earlier grant -of 456 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 704–5) shows that -during the half century following the reign of Dadda II. the dynasty -had ceased to call themselves Gurjjaras, and had adopted a <span class="corr" id="xd25e14950" title="Source: Puránic">Puráṇic</span> pedigree traced -from king Karṇa, a hero of the Bhárata war. It also shows -that from Dadda III. onward the family were Śaivas instead of -sun-worshippers.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Jayabhaṭa II. <span class="sc">C.</span> 650–675 <span class="sc">a.d.</span></span>The -successor of Dadda II. was his son Jayabhaṭa II. who is described -as a warlike prince, but of whom no historical details are -recorded.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Dadda III. Báhusaháya, -<span class="sc">C.</span> 675–700.</span>Jayabhaṭa’s -son, Dadda III. Báhusaháya, is described as waging wars -with the great kings of the east and of the west (probably -Málava and Valabhi). He was the first Śaiva of the family, -studied Manu’s works, and strictly enforced “the duties of -the <i>varṇas</i> or castes and of the <i>áśramas</i> -or Bráhman stages.” It was probably to him that the -Gurjjaras owed their <span class="corr" id="xd25e14975" title="Source: Puránic">Puráṇic</span> pedigree and their -recognition as true Kshatriyas. Like his predecessors<span class="corr" -id="xd25e14978" title="Not in source">,</span> Dadda III. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb117" href="#pb117" name="pb117">117</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter X.<br> -<span class="sc">The Gurjjaras, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 580–808.</span><br> -Dadda III. Báhusaháya, <span class="sc">C.</span> -675–700.</span> was not an independent ruler. He could claim only -the five great titles, though no hint is given who was his suzerain. -His immediate superior may have been Jayasiṃha the -Chálukya, who received the province of Láṭa from -his brother Vikramáditya (c. 669–680 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>)<a class="noteref" id="n117.1src" href="#n117.1" name="n117.1src">23</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Jayabhaṭa III. c. 704–734 -<span class="sc">a.d.</span></span>The son and successor of Dadda III. -was Jayabhaṭa III. whose two grants of 456 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 704–5) and 486 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 734–5)<a class="noteref" id="n117.2src" -href="#n117.2" name="n117.2src">24</a> must belong respectively to the -beginning and the end of his reign. He attained the five great titles, -and was therefore a feudatory, probably of the Chálukyas: but -his title of Mahásámantádhipati implies that he -was a chief of importance. He is praised in vague terms, but the only -historical event mentioned in his grants is a defeat of a lord of -Valabhi, noted in the grant of 486 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 734–5). The Valabhi king referred to must -be either Śíláditya IV. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 691) or Śíláditya V. -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 722). During the reign of -Jayabhaṭa III. took place the great Arab invasion which was -repulsed by Pulakeśi Janáśraya at -Navsárí.<a class="noteref" id="n117.3src" href="#n117.3" -name="n117.3src">25</a> Like the kingdoms named in the grant of -Pulakeśi, Broach must have suffered from this raid. It is not -specially mentioned probably because it formed part of -Pulakeśi’s territory.</p> -<p>After <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 734–5 no further -mention occurs of the Gurjjaras of Broach. Whether the dynasty was -destroyed by the Arabs or by the Gujarát -Ráshṭrakúṭas (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 750) is not known. Later references to Gurjjaras -in Ráshṭrakúṭa times refer to the Gurjjaras -of Bhínmál not to the Gurjjaras of Broach, who, about the -time of Dadda III. (<span class="sc">C.</span> 675–700 -<span class="sc">a.d.</span>), ceased to call themselves Gurjjaras.</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">A few words must be said regarding the three grants -from Iláo, Umetá, and Bagumrá (<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIII. 116, VII. 61, and XVII. 183) -as their genuineness has been assumed by Dr. Bühler in his recent -paper on the Mahábhárata, in spite of Mr. Fleet’s -proof (<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XVIII. 19) that -their dates do not work out correctly.</p> -<p>Dr. Bhagvánlál’s (<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIII. 70) chief grounds for holding -that the Umetá and Iláo grants (the Bagumrá grant -was unknown to him) were forgeries were:</p> -<ul> -<li>(1) Their close resemblance in palæography to one another and -to the forged grant of Dharasena II. of Valabhi dated Śaka -400;</li> -<li>(2) That though they purport to belong to the fifth century they -bear the same writer’s name as the Kheḍá grants of -the seventh century.</li> -</ul> -<p>Further Mr. Fleet (<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> -XIII. 116) pointed out:</p> -<ul> -<li>(3) That the description of Dadda I. in the Iláo and -Umetá grants agrees almost literally with that of Dadda II. in -the Kheḍá grants, and that where it differs the -Kheḍá grants have the better readings.</li> -</ul> -<p>To these arguments Dr. Bühler has replied (<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XVII. 183):</p> -<ul> -<li>(1) That though there is a resemblance between these grants and -that of Dharasena II., still it does not prove more than that the -forger of Dharasena’s grant had one of the other grants before -him;</li> -<li>(2) That, as the father’s name of the writer is not given in -the Kheḍá grants, it cannot be assumed that he was the -same person as the writer of the Iláo and Umetá grants; -and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb118" href="#pb118" name="pb118">118</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter X.<br> -<span class="sc">The Gurjjaras, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 580–808.</span></span></li> -<li>(3) That genuine grants sometimes show that a description written -for one king is afterwards applied to another, and that good or bad -readings are no test of the age of a grant.</li> -</ul> -<p>It may be admitted that Dr. Bühler has made it probable that -the suspected grants and the grant of Dharasena were not all written by -the same hand, and also that the coincidence in the writer’s name -is not of much importance in itself. But the palæographical -resemblance between Dharasena’s grant on the one hand and the -doubtful Gurjjara grants on the other is so close that they must have -been written at about the same time. As to the third point, the verbal -agreement between the doubtful grants on the one hand and the -Kheḍá grants on the other implies the existence of a -continuous tradition in the record office of the dynasty from the end -of the fifth till near the middle of the seventh century. But the -Saṅkheḍá grant of Nirihullaka (<abbr title="Epigraphia Indica">Ep. Ind.</abbr> II. 21) shows that towards the end -of the sixth century the lower Narbadá valley was occupied by -jungle tribes who acknowledged the supremacy of the Kalachuris. Is it -reasonable to suppose that after the first Gurjjara line was thus -displaced, the restorers of the dynasty should have had any memory of -the forms in which the first line drew up their grants? At any rate, if -they had, they would also have retained their original seal, which, as -the analogy of the Valabhi plates teaches us, would bear the -founder’s name. But we find that the seal of the -Kheḍá plates bears the name “Sámanta -Dadda,” who can be no other than the “Sámanta -Dadda” who ruled from <span class="sc">C.</span> 585–605 -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> It follows that the Gurjjaras of the -seventh century themselves traced back their history in Broach no -further than <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 585. Again, it has been -pointed out in the text that a passage in the description of Dadda II. -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 620–650) in the -Kheḍá grants seems to refer to his protection of the -Valabhi king, so that the description must have been written for -<i>him</i> and not for the fifth century Dadda as Dr. -Bühler’s theory requires.</p> -<p>These points coupled with Mr. Fleet’s proof (<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XVIII. 91) that the Śaka dates -do not work out correctly, may perhaps be enough to show that none of -these three grants can be relied upon as genuine.—(A. M. T. -J.)</p> -</blockquote> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb119" href="#pb119" name="pb119">119</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n113.1" -href="#n113.1src" name="n113.1">1</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> V. 109ff; <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VII. 61ff.; <abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Jour. R. A. S.</abbr> -(<abbr title="New Series">N. S.</abbr>), I. 274ff.; <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIII. 81–91; <abbr title="Journal Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society">Jour. B. B. R. A. -Soc.</abbr> X. 19ff.; <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> -XIII. 115–119. <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> -XVII. and <abbr title="Epigraphia Indica">Ep. Ind.</abbr> II. -19ff. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n113.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n113.2" -href="#n113.2src" name="n113.2">2</a></span> See above page <a href="#pb107" class="pageref">107</a>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n113.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n113.3" -href="#n113.3src" name="n113.3">3</a></span> That Nándor or -Nándod was an old and important city is proved by the fact that -Bráhmans and Vániás called Nándorás -that is of Nándor are found throughout Gujarát, -Mángrol and Chorvád on the South <span class="corr" id="xd25e14532" title="Source: Káthiávaḍa">Káthiáváḍa</span> -coast have settlements of Velári betelvine cultivators who call -themselves Nandora Vániás and apparently brought the -betelvine from Nándod. Dr. Bühler, however, identifies the -Nándípurí of the grants with an old fort of the -same name about two miles north of the east gate of Broach. See -<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VII. 62. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n113.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n113.4" -href="#n113.4src" name="n113.4">4</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIII. 81, 88. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n113.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n113.5" -href="#n113.5src" name="n113.5">5</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIII. 70. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n113.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n113.6" -href="#n113.6src" name="n113.6">6</a></span> The fact that the -Umetá and Iláo plates give their grantor Dadda II. the -title of <i>Mahárájádhirája</i> Supreme -Lord of Great Kings, is one of the grounds for believing them -forgeries. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n113.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n114.1" -href="#n114.1src" name="n114.1">7</a></span> <abbr title="Epigraphia Indica">Ep. Ind.</abbr> II. 20. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n114.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n114.2" -href="#n114.2src" name="n114.2">8</a></span> <abbr title="Epigraphia Indica">Ep. Ind.</abbr> II. 21. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n114.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n114.3" -href="#n114.3src" name="n114.3">9</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VII. 162. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n114.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n114.4" -href="#n114.4src" name="n114.4">10</a></span> <abbr title="Epigraphia Indica">Ep. Ind.</abbr> II. 19. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n114.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n115.1" -href="#n115.1src" name="n115.1">11</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VII. 68, VIII. 302, XIII. 160, and -XV. 187. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n115.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n115.2" -href="#n115.2src" name="n115.2">12</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VI. 9, VII. 70. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n115.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n115.3" -href="#n115.3src" name="n115.3">13</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIII. 81–88. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n115.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n115.4" -href="#n115.4src" name="n115.4">14</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VII. 70. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n115.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n115.5" -href="#n115.5src" name="n115.5">15</a></span> Beal’s Buddhist -Records, II. 266, 268. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n115.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n115.6" -href="#n115.6src" name="n115.6">16</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIII. 81–88, <abbr title="Epigraphia Indica">Ep. Ind.</abbr> II. 19. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n115.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n115.7" -href="#n115.7src" name="n115.7">17</a></span> On these forged grants -see below page 117. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n115.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n115.8" -href="#n115.8src" name="n115.8">18</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIII. 70. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n115.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n116.1" -href="#n116.1src" name="n116.1">19</a></span> Beal’s Buddhist -Records, II. 259. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n116.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n116.2" -href="#n116.2src" name="n116.2">20</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VIII. 237. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n116.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n116.3" -href="#n116.3src" name="n116.3">21</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XV. 335. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n116.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n116.4" -href="#n116.4src" name="n116.4">22</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> V. 109, XIII. 70. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n116.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n117.1" -href="#n117.1src" name="n117.1">23</a></span> <abbr title="Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society Journal">B. B. R. A. S. Jl.</abbr> -XVI. 1ff. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n117.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n117.2" -href="#n117.2src" name="n117.2">24</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> V. 109, XIII. 70. The earlier grant -was made from Káyávatára (Kárwán): -the later one is mutilated. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n117.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n117.3" -href="#n117.3src" name="n117.3">25</a></span> Before <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 738–9. See <a href="#ch1.9"><abbr title="Chapter">Chap.</abbr> IX.</a> above. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n117.3src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch1.11" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd25e1480">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">CHAPTER XI.</h2> -<h2 class="main">THE RÁSHṬRAKÚṬAS</h2> -<h2 class="sub">(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 743–974.)</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter XI.<br> -<span class="sc">The Ráshṭrakúṭas, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 743–974.</span></span> The -Ráshṭrakúṭa connection with Gujarát -lasted from Śaka 665 to 894 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 743–974) that is for 231 years. The -connection includes three periods: A first of sixty-five years from -Śaka 665 to 730 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 743–808) -when the Gujarát ruler was dependent on the main Dakhan -Ráshṭrakúṭa: a second of eighty years between -Śaka 730 and 810 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 808–888) -when the Gujarát family was on the whole independent: and a -third of eighty-six years Śaka 810 to 896 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 888–974) when the Dakhan -Ráshṭrakúṭas again exercised direct sway over -Gujarát.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Their Origin.</span>Information regarding -the origin of the Ráshṭrakúṭas is imperfect. -That the Gujarát Ráshṭrakúṭas came -from the Dakhan in Śaka 665 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 743) is known. It is not known who the Dakhan -Ráshṭrakúṭas originally were or where or when -they rose to prominence. Ráthoḍ the dynastic name of -certain Kanauj and Márwár <span class="corr" id="xd25e15190" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span> represents a -later form of the word Ráshṭrakúṭa. Again -certain of the later inscriptions call the -Ráshṭrakúṭas Raṭṭas a word which, -so far as form goes, is hardly a correct Prakrit contraction of -Ráshṭrakúṭa. The Sanskritisation of tribal -names is not exact. If the name Raṭṭa was strange it might -be pronounced Ratta, Ratha, or Raddi. This last form almost coincides -with the modern Kánarese caste name Reddi, which, so far as -information goes, would place the -Ráshṭrakúṭas among the tribes of pre-Sanskrit -southern origin.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Their Name.</span>If Raṭṭa is -the name of the dynasty <i>kúṭa</i> or -<i>kúḍa</i> may be an attribute meaning prominent. The -combination Ráshṭrakúṭa would then mean the -chiefs or leaders as opposed to the rank and file of the -Raṭṭas. The bardic accounts of the origin of the -Ráthoḍs of Kanauj and <span class="corr" id="xd25e15203" -title="Source: Marwár">Márwár</span> vary greatly. -According to a Jain account the Ráthoḍs, whose name is -fancifully derived from the <i>raht</i> or spine of Indra, are -connected with the Yavans through an ancestor Yavanaśva prince of -Párlipur. The Ráthoḍ genealogies trace their origin -to Kuśa son of Ráma of the Solar Race. The bards of the -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb120" href="#pb120" name="pb120">120</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter XI.<br> -<span class="sc">The Ráshṭrakúṭas, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 743–974.</span><br> -Their Name.</span> Solar Race hold them to be descendants of -Hiraṇya Kaśipu by a demon or <i>daitya</i> mother. Like the -other great Rájput families the Ráthoḍs’ -accounts contain no date earlier than the fifth century <span class="sc">a.d.</span> when (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470, -<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 526) Náin Pál is -said to have conquered <span class="corr" id="xd25e15238" title="Source: Kánauj">Kanauj</span> slaying its monarch -Ajipál.<a class="noteref" id="n120.1src" href="#n120.1" name="n120.1src">1</a> The Dakhan Ráshṭrakúṭas -(whose earliest known date is also about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 450) call themselves of the Lunar Race and of the -Yadu dynasty. Such contradictions leave only one of two origins to the -tribe. They were either foreigners or southerners Bráhmanised -and included under the all-embracing term Rájput.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Early Dynasty, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 450–500.</span>Of the rise of the -Ráshṭrakúṭas no trace remains. The earliest -known Ráshṭrakúṭa copperplate is of a king -Abhimanyu. This plate is not dated. Still its letters, its style of -writing, and its lion seal, older than the Garuḍa mark which the -Ráshṭrakúṭas assumed along with the claim of -Yádava descent, leave no doubt that this is the earliest of -known Ráshṭrakúṭa plates. Its probable date -is about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 450. The plate traces the -descent of Abhimanyu through two generations from -Mánáṅka. The details are:</p> -<div class="table"> -<table class="geneaTable"> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e8594 cellLeft cellRight cellTop"> -Mánáṅka<span class="corr" id="xd25e15267" title="Source: ,">.</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e8594 cellLeft cellRight"> -Devarája.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e8594 cellLeft cellRight"> -Bhavishya.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e8594 cellLeft cellRight cellBottom">Abhimanyu.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -<p>The grant is dated from Mánapura, perhaps -Mánáṅka’s city, probably an older form of -Mányakheṭa the modern Málkhed the capital of the -later Ráshṭrakúṭas about sixty miles -south-east of Sholápur. These details give fair ground for -holding the Mánáṅkas to be a family of -Ráshṭrakúṭa rulers earlier than that which -appears in the usual genealogy of the later -Ráshṭrakúṭa dynasty (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 500–972).</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Main Dynasty, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 630–972.</span>The earliest information -regarding the later Ráshṭrakúṭas is from a -comparatively modern, and therefore not quite trustworthy, -Chálukya copperplate of the eleventh century found by Mr. -Wathen. This plate states that Jayasiṃha I. the earliest -Chálukya defeated the Ráshṭrakúṭa -Indra son of Kṛishṇa the lord of 800 elephants. The date of -this battle would be about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 500. If -historic the reference implies that the -Ráshṭrakúṭas were then a well established -dynasty. In most of their own plates the genealogy of the -Ráshṭrakúṭas begins with Govinda about -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 680. But that Govinda was not the -founder of the family is shown by Dantidurga’s Elura -Daśávatára inscription (about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 750) which gives two earlier names Dantivarmman -and Indra. The founding of Ráshṭrakúṭa power -is therefore of doubtful date. Of the date of its overthrow there is no -question. The overthrow came from the hand of the Western -Chálukya Tailappa in Śaka 894 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 972) during the reign of the last -Ráshṭrakúṭa Kakka III. or Kakkala. -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb121" href="#pb121" name="pb121">121</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Ráshṭrakúṭa -Family Tree, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 630–972.</span>The -following is the Ráshṭrakúṭa family tree:</p> -<div class="table"> -<table class="geneaTable"> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop xd25e15342"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e15342"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e15342"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e15342"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e15342"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e15342"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e15342"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e15342"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e15342"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e15342"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e15342"></td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop xd25e15342"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">1 Dantivarmman</td> -<td colspan="9" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e15366"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e15368">(about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 630).</td> -<td colspan="8" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">2 Indra I.</td> -<td colspan="9" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e15366"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e15368">(about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 655).</td> -<td colspan="8" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">3 Govinda I.</td> -<td colspan="9" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e15366"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e15368">(about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 680).</td> -<td colspan="8" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">4 Kakka I.<br> -or Karka I.</td> -<td colspan="9" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e15366"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e15368">(about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 705).</td> -<td colspan="8" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td colspan="7" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="rowspan colspan cellLeft">5 Indra -II.<br> -(about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 730).</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">Dhruva.</td> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="rowspan colspan">7 <span class="corr" id="xd25e15450" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span><br> -(about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 765).</td> -<td colspan="6" rowspan="2" class="rowspan colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">Govinda.</td> -<td class="borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="7" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="rowspan colspan cellLeft">6 -Dantidurga, Dantivarmman<br> -(Śaka 675, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 753).</td> -<td class="borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="7" rowspan="2" class="rowspan colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">Kakka II.<br> -Śaka 669 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 747).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="5" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="7" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td colspan="5" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">8 Govinda II.<br> -(about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 780).</td> -<td></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan">9 Dhruva, -Dhárávarsha,<br> -Nirupama, Dhora,<br> -(about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 795).</td> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="7" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="5" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="6" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="4" class="rowspan colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="4" rowspan="4" class="rowspan colspan">10 Govinda III. -Prabhútavarsha Vallabhanarendra, <span class="corr" id="xd25e15552" title="Source: Jagattunga">Jagattuṅga</span> -<span class="corr" id="xd25e15561" title="Source: Prithivívallabha">Pṛithivívallabha</span>,<br> -(Śaka 725, 728, 729,<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 803, 806, 807).</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellRight">I. Indra (founder of -Gujarát Branch).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td class="cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="3" class="rowspan colspan"></td> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="3" class="rowspan colspan">II. Karka<br> -(Śaka 734, 738, 743,<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 812, 816, 821).</td> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="3" class="rowspan colspan cellRight">III. -Govinda Prabhútavarsha,<br> -(Śaka 749,<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 827).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e15607"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="4" class="rowspan colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="4" rowspan="4" class="rowspan colspan">11 Amoghavarsha -Śarvva, Durlabha Śrívallabha; Lakshmívallabha, -Vallabha <span class="corr" id="xd25e15616" title="Source: Skanda">Skaṇḍa</span>,<br> -(Śaka 773, 799, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851, 877).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan"></td> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="rowspan colspan">Dantivarmman -(?)</td> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="3" class="rowspan colspan">IV. Dhruva I. -Dhárávarsha, Nirupama,<br> -(Śaka 757, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 835).</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e15607"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="3" class="rowspan colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="4" rowspan="3" class="rowspan colspan">12 -Akálavarsha <span class="corr" id="xd25e15666" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span> II. Kannara<br> -(about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 880–911).</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan"></td> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="3" class="rowspan colspan">VII. <span class="corr" id="xd25e15683" title="Source: Akálavarsha-Krishna">Akálavarsha-Kṛishṇa</span><br> -(Śaka 810, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 888).</td> -<td class="borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">V. Akálavarsha -Śubhatunga,<br> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 867).</td> -<td class="cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e15716"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan"></td> -<td class="borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan">Jagattu<i>n</i>ga<br> -(did not reign.)</td> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan"></td> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="rowspan colspan">VI. Dhruva II.<br> -(Śaka 789, 793,<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 867, 871).</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="5" class="colspan"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="6" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" rowspan="3" class="rowspan colspan cellLeft">13 Indra -III. <span class="corr" id="xd25e15761" title="Source: Prithivívallabha">Pṛithivívallabha</span> -<span class="corr" id="xd25e15764" title="Source: Rattakandarpa">Raṭṭakandarpa</span>, -Kirttináráyana <span class="corr" id="xd25e15773" title="Source: Nityamvarsha">Nityaṃvarsha</span> (Śaka 836, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 914).</td> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">16 Baddiga</td> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan borderRight xd25e15607"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan"></td> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="3" class="rowspan colspan cellBottom">17 -<span class="corr" id="xd25e15812" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span><br> -(Ś. 867, 878<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 945, 956).</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">19 Kottiga.</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">Nirupama.</td> -<td class="cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan"></td> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellBottom">14 -Amoghavarsha</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellBottom">15 Govindarája -Sáhasánka Suvarnavarsha.</td> -<td class="cellBottom"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellBottom"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellBottom">Kakkala or -Karkarája<br> -(Śaka 894, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 972).</td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom"></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -<p><span class="marginnote">Copperplates.</span>The earliest -Gujarát Ráshṭrakúṭa grant, -Kakka’s of Śaka 669 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 747), -comes from Ántroli-Chároli in Surat. It is written on two -plates in the Valabhi style of composition and form of letters, and, as -in Valabhi grants, the date is at the end. Unlike Valabhi grants the -era is the Śaka era. The grant gives the following genealogy -somewhat different from that of other known -Ráshṭrakúṭa grants:</p> -<div class="table"> -<table class="geneaTable"> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e8594 cellLeft cellRight cellTop"> -Kakka.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e8594 cellLeft cellRight"> -Dhruva.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e8594 cellLeft cellRight"> -Govinda.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e8594 cellLeft cellRight cellBottom">Kakka II.<br> -(Śaka 669, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 747).</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb122" href="#pb122" name="pb122">122</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter XI.<br> -<span class="sc">The Ráshṭrakúṭas, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 743–974.</span><br> -Kakka II. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 747.</span> <span class="marginnote">Kakka II. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 747.</span>The -plate notices that Kakka the grantor was the son of Govinda by his wife -the daughter of the illustrious Nágavarmman. Kakka is further -described by the feudatory title ‘<i lang="sa-latn">Samadhigatapanchmaháśabdaḥ</i>’ -Holder of the five great names. At the same time he is also called -<i lang="sa-latn">Paramabhaṭṭáraka-Mahárája</i> -Great Lord Great King, attributes which seem to imply a claim to -independent power. The grant is dated the bright seventh of -Áśvayuja, Śaka 669 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 747). The date is almost contemporary with the -year of Dantidurga in the Sámangad plate (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 753). As Dantidurga was a very powerful monarch -we may identify the first Kakka of this plate with Kakka I. the -grandfather of Dantidurga and thus trace from Dhruva Kakka’s son -a branch of feudatory Ráshṭrakúṭas ruling in -Málwa or Gujarát, whose leaders were Dhruva, his son -Govinda, and Govinda’s son Kakka II. Further Dantidurga’s -grant shows that he conquered Central Gujarát between the -Mahí and the Narbadá<a class="noteref" id="n122.1src" -href="#n122.1" name="n122.1src">2</a> while his Elura -Daśávatára inscription (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 750) shows that he held Láṭa and -Málava<span class="corr" id="xd25e15947" title="Not in source">.</span><a class="noteref" id="n122.2src" href="#n122.2" name="n122.2src">3</a> <span class="corr" id="xd25e15955" -title="Source: Dántidurga’s">Dantidurga’s</span> -conquest of Central Gujarát seems to have been signalised by -grants of land made by his mother in every village of the Mátri -division which is apparently the Mátar táluka of the -Kaira district.<a class="noteref" id="n122.3src" href="#n122.3" name="n122.3src">4</a> It is possible that Dantidurga gave conquered -Gujarát to his paternal cousin’s son and contemporary -Kakka, the grantor of the Ántroli plate (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 747), as the representative of a family ruling -somewhere under the overlordship of the main Dakhan -Ráshṭrakúṭas. Karka’s Baroda -grant<a class="noteref" id="n122.4src" href="#n122.4" name="n122.4src">5</a> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 812) supports this -theory. Dantidurga died childless and was succeeded by his uncle -Kṛishṇa. Of this Kṛishṇa the Baroda grant says -that he assumed the government for the good of the family after having -rooted out a member of the family who had taken to mischief-making. It -seems probable that Kakka II. the grantor of the Ántroli plate -is the mischief-maker and that his mischief was, on the death of -Dantidurga, the attempt to secure the succession to himself. -Kṛishṇa frustrated Kakka’s attempt and rooted him out -so effectively that no trace of Kakka’s family again appears.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kṛishṇa and Govinda II. -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 765–795.</span>From this it -follows that, so far as is known, the -Ráshṭrakúṭa conquest of Gujarát begins -with Dantidurga’s conquest of Láṭa, that is South -Gujarát between the Mahí and the Narbadá, from the -Gurjjara king Jayabhaṭa whose latest known date is <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 736 or seventeen years before the known date of -Dantidurga. The Gurjjaras probably retired to the Rájpipla hills -and further east on the confines of Málwa where they may have -held a lingering sway.<a class="noteref" id="n122.5src" href="#n122.5" -name="n122.5src">6</a> No Gujarát event of importance is -recorded during the reign of Kṛishṇa (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 765) or of his son Govinda II. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 780) who about <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb123" href="#pb123" name="pb123">123</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter XI.<br> -<span class="sc">The Ráshṭrakúṭas, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 743–974.</span><br> -Kṛishṇa and Govinda II. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 765–795.</span> <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 795 was superseded by his powerful younger -brother Dhruva.<a class="noteref" id="n123.1src" href="#n123.1" name="n123.1src">7</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Dhruva I. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 795.</span>Dhruva was a mighty monarch whose -conquests spread from South India as far north as -Allahábád. During Dhruva’s lifetime his son Govinda -probably ruled at Mayúrakhandi or Morkhanda in the Násik -district and held the Ghát country and the Gujarát coast -from Balsár northwards. Though according to a Kapadvanj grant -Govinda had several brothers the Rádhanpur (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 808) and Van-Dindori (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 808) grants of his son Govinda III. state that -his father, seeing Govinda’s supernatural -Kṛishṇa-like powers, offered him the sovereignty of the -whole world. Govinda declined, saying, The Kaṇṭhiká -or coast tract already given to me is enough. Seeing that -Mayúrakhandi or Morkhanda in Násik was Govinda’s -capital, this <span class="corr" id="xd25e16041" title="Source: Kanṭhiká">Kaṇṭhiká</span> -appears to be the coast from Balsár northwards.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Govinda III. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 800–808.</span>According to Gujarát -Govinda’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 827–833) -Káví grant (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 827), -finding his power threatened by Stambha and other kings, Dhruva made -the great Govinda independent during his own lifetime. This suggests -that while Dhruva continued to hold the main <span class="corr" id="xd25e16057" title="Source: Rashṭrakúṭa">Ráshṭrakúṭa</span> -sovereignty in the Dakhan, he probably invested Govinda with the -sovereignty of Gujarát. This fact the Káví grant -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 827) being a Gujarát grant -would rightly mention while it would not find a place in the -Rádhanpur (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 808) and -Van-Dindori (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 808) grants of the main -Ráshṭrakúṭas. Of the kings who opposed -Govinda the chief was Stambha who may have some connection with Cambay, -as, during the time of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e16070" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -kings, Cambay came to be called Stambha-tírtha instead of by its -old name of Gambhútá. According to the grants the allied -chiefs were no match for Govinda. The Gurjjara fled through fear, not -returning even in dreams, and the Málava king submitted. Who the -Gurjjara was it is hard to say. He may have belonged to some Gurjjara -dynasty that rose to importance after Dantidurga’s conquest or -the name may mean a ruler of the Gurjjara country. In either case some -North Gujarát ruler is meant whose conquest opened the route -from Broach to Málwa. From Málwa Govinda marched to the -Vindhyas where the king apparently of East Málwa named -Márá Śarva submitted to Govinda paying tribute. From -the Vindhyas Govinda returned to Gujarát passing the rains at -Śríbhavana,<a class="noteref" id="n123.2src" href="#n123.2" -name="n123.2src">8</a> apparently Sarbhon in the Ámod -táluka of Broach, a favourite locality which he had ruled during -his father’s lifetime. After the rains Govinda went south as far -as the Tungabhadra. On starting for the south Govinda handed -Gujarát to his brother Indra with whom begins the Gujarát -branch of the Ráshṭrakúṭas. Several plates -distinctly mention that Indra was given the kingdom of the lord of -Láṭa by (his brother) Govinda. Other Gujarát -grants, apparently with intent to show that Indra won Gujarát -and did not receive it in gift, after mentioning Śarvva -Amoghavarsha as the successor of Govinda (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 818), state that the king (apparently of -Gujarát) was Śarvva’s uncle Indra. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb124" href="#pb124" name="pb124">124</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter XI.<br> -<span class="sc">The Ráshṭrakúṭas, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 743–974.</span><br> -Indra, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 808–812.</span> -<span class="marginnote">Indra, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 808–812.</span>As Govinda III. handed -Gujarát to his brother Indra about Śaka 730 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 808) and as the grant of Indra’s son Karka -is dated Śaka 734 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 812) -Indra’s reign must have been short. Indra is styled the ruler of -the entire kingdom of <span class="corr" id="xd25e16112" title="Source: Láteśvara">Láṭeśvara</span>,<a class="noteref" -id="n124.1src" href="#n124.1" name="n124.1src">9</a> the protector of -the <i>mandala</i> of Láṭa given to him by his lord. An -important verse in an unpublished Baroda grant states that Indra chased -the lord of Gurjjara who had prepared to fight, and that he honourably -protected the multitude of Dakhan (Dakshiṇápatha) -feudatories (<i>mahásámantas</i>) whose glory was -shattered by Śrívallabha (that is Śarvva or -Amoghavarsha)<a class="noteref" id="n124.2src" href="#n124.2" name="n124.2src">10</a> then heir-apparent of Govinda. That is, in -attempting to establish himself in independent power, Indra aided -certain of the Ráshṭrakúṭa feudatories in an -effort to shake off the overlordship of Amoghavarsha.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Karka I. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 812–821.</span>Indra was succeeded by his -son Karka I. who is also called Suvarṇavarsha and -Pátálamalla. Karka reversed his father’s policy and -loyally accepted the overlordship of the main -Ráshṭrakúṭas. Three grants of Karka’s -remain, the Baroda grant dated Śaka 734 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 812), and two unpublished grants from -Navsárí and Surat dated respectively Śaka 738 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 816) and Śaka 743 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 821). Among Doctor -Bhagvánlál’s collection of inscriptions bequeathed -to the British Museum the Baroda grant says that Karka’s -<i>svámi</i> or lord, apparently Govinda III., made use of -Karka’s arm to protect the king of Málava against invasion -by the king of Gurjjara who had become puffed up by conquering the -lords of <span class="corr" id="xd25e16161" title="Source: Gauda">Gauḍa</span> and Vanga that is modern Bengal. -This powerful Gurjjara king who conquered countries so distant as -Bengal has not been identified. He must have been ruling north of the -Mahí and threatened an invasion of Málwa by way of Dohad. -He may have been either a Valabhi king or one of the Bhinmál -Gurjjaras, who, during the decline of the Valabhis, and with the help -of their allies the Chávaḍás of <span class="corr" -id="xd25e16165" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -whose leader at this time was Yog Rája (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 806–841), may have extended their dominion -as far south as the Mahí. As the Baroda plate (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 812) makes no mention of Amoghavarsha-Śarvva -while the Navsárí plate (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 816) mentions him as the next king after Govinda -III. it follows that Govinda III. died and Amoghavarsha succeeded -between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 812 and 816 (Ś. 734 and -738). This supports Mr. Fleet’s conclusion, on the authority of -Amoghavarsha’s Sirur inscription, that he came to the throne in -Śaka 736 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 814). At first -Amoghavarsha was unable to make head against the opposition of some of -his relations and feudatories, supported, as noted above, by -Karka’s father Indra. He seems to have owed his <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb125" href="#pb125" name="pb125">125</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter XI.<br> -<span class="sc">The Ráshṭrakúṭas, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 743–974.</span><br> -Karka I. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 812–821.</span> -subsequent success to his cousin Karka whom an unpublished Surat grant -and two later grants (Ś. 757 and Ś. 789, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 835 and 867) describe as establishing -Amoghavarsha in his own place after conquering by the strength of his -arm arrogant tributary Ráshṭrakúṭas who -becoming firmly allied to each other had occupied provinces according -to their own will.</p> -<p>Karka’s Baroda plates (Ś. 734, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 812) record the grant of Baroda itself called -Vaḍapadraka in the text. Baroda is easily identified by the -mention of the surrounding villages of Jambuváviká the -modern Jámbuváda on the east, of Ankottaka the modern -Ákotá on the west, and of Vaggháchchha perhaps the -modern Vághodia on the north. The writer of the grant is -mentioned as the great minister of peace and war Nemáditya son -of Durgabhaṭṭa, and the Dútaka or grantor is said to -be Rájaputra that is prince Dantivarmman apparently a son of -Karka. The grantee is a Bráhman originally of Valabhi.</p> -<p>Karka’s Navsárí grant (Ś. 738, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 816) is made from Kheḍá and records -the gift of the village of Samípadraka in the country lying -between the Mahí and the Narbadá. The grantee is a South -Indian Bráhman from Bádámi in Bijápur, a -man of learning popularly known as Paṇḍita -Vallabharája because he was proficient in the fourteen -Vidyás. The Dútaka of this grant is a South Indian -<i>bhaṭa</i> or military officer named the illustrious -Droṇamma.</p> -<p>Karka’s Surat grant (Ś. 743, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 821) is made from the royal camp on the bank of -the Vankiká apparently the Vánki creek near -Balsár. It records the grant of a field in -Ambápátaka village near Nágasárika -(Navsárí) to a Jain temple at Nágariká, -(Navsárí). The writer of the grant is the minister of war -and peace Náráyana son of Durgabhaṭṭa. As -this is the first grant by a Gujarát -Ráshṭrakúṭa of lands south of the -Tápti it may be inferred that in return for his support -Amoghavarsha added to Karka’s territory the portion of the North -Konkan which now forms Gujarát south of the Tápti.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Dantivarmman, Heir -Apparent.</span>According to Karka’s Baroda plate (Ś. 734, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 812) Karka had a son named -Dantivarmman who is mentioned as the princely Dútaka of the -plate. The fact of being a Dútaka implies that Dantivarmman was -then of age. That Dantivarmman was a son of Karka is supported by -Akálavarsha’s Bagumrá plate (Ś. 810, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 888), where, though the plate is -badly composed and the grammar is faulty, certain useful details are -given regarding Dantivarmman who is clearly mentioned as the son of -Karka. Karka had another son named Dhruva, who, according to three -copperplates, succeeded to the throne. But as Dantivarmman’s -son’s grant is dated Śaka 810 or seventy-six years later -than the Baroda plate some error seems to have crept into the genealogy -of the plate. Neither Dantivarmman nor Dhruva seems to have succeeded -their father as according to Govinda’s Káví grant -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 827) their uncle Govinda succeeded -his brother Karka. The explanation may be that Dantivarmman died during -his father’s lifetime, and that some years later, after a great -yearning for a son,<a class="noteref" id="n125.1src" href="#n125.1" -name="n125.1src">11</a> probably in Karka’s old age, a second -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb126" href="#pb126" name="pb126">126</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter XI.<br> -<span class="sc">The Ráshṭrakúṭas, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 743–974.</span><br> -Dantivarmman, Heir Apparent.</span> son Dhruva was born, during whose -minority, after Karka’s death, Govinda appears to have -temporarily occupied the throne.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Govinda, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 827–833.</span>This Govinda, the brother -and successor of Karka, was also called Prabhútavarsha. One -plate of Govinda’s Káví grant is dated Śaka -749 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 827). It gives no details -regarding Govinda. The grant is made from Broach and records the gift -of a village<a class="noteref" id="n126.1src" href="#n126.1" name="n126.1src">12</a> to a temple of the Sun called Jayáditya in -Kotipur near Kápiká that is Káví thirty -miles north of Broach. The writer of the grant is Yogeśvara son of -Avalokita and the Dútaka or grantor was one Bhaṭṭa -Kumuda. As it contains no reference to Govinda’s succession the -plate favours the view that Govinda remained in power only during the -minority of his nephew Dhruva.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Dhruva I. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 835–867.</span>This Dhruva, who is also -called Nirupama and Dhárávarsha, is mentioned as ruler in -a Baroda grant dated Śaka 757 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 835).<a class="noteref" id="n126.2src" href="#n126.2" name="n126.2src">13</a> He therefore probably came to the -throne either on attaining his majority in the lifetime of his uncle -and predecessor Govinda or after Govinda’s death. Dhruva’s -Baroda grant (Ś. 757, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 835) is -made from a place called Sarvvamangalá near Kheḍá -and records the gift of a village to a Bráhman named -Yoga<a class="noteref" id="n126.3src" href="#n126.3" name="n126.3src">14</a> of Badarasidhi apparently Borsad. The writer of the -grant is mentioned as the minister of peace and war, -Náráyaṇa son of Durgabhaṭṭa, and the -Dútaka or grantor is the illustrious Devarája. Dhruva -seems to have abandoned his father’s position of loyal feudatory -to the main Ráshṭrakúṭas. According to a -copperplate dated Śaka 832 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 910) -Vallabha that is Amoghavarsha, also called the illustrious great -Skanda, sent an army and besieged and burned the -Kaṇṭhiká that is the coast tract between Bombay and -Cambay. In the course of this campaign, according to Dhruva II.’s -Bagumrá grant (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 789, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 867),<a class="noteref" id="n126.4src" href="#n126.4" name="n126.4src">15</a> Dhruva died on the -field of battle covered with wounds while routing the army of Vallabha -or Amoghavarsha. This statement is supported by a Kanheri cave -inscription which shows that Amoghavarsha was still alive in Śaka -799 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 877).</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Akálavarsha, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 867.</span>Dhruva was succeeded by his son -Akálavarsha also called Śubhatuṅga. A verse in Dhruva -II.’s Bagumrá grant (Ś 789, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 867) says that Akálavarsha established -himself in the territory of his father, which, after Dhruva’s -death in battle, had been overrun by the army of Vallabha and had been -distracted by evil-minded followers and dependants.<a class="noteref" -id="n126.5src" href="#n126.5" name="n126.5src">16</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Dhruva II. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 867.</span>Akálavarsha was succeeded by -his son Dhruva II. also called Dhárávarsha and Nirupama. -Of Dhruva II. two copperplates remain the published Bagumrá -grant dated Śaka 789<a class="noteref" id="n126.6src" href="#n126.6" name="n126.6src">17</a> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 867) and an <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb127" -href="#pb127" name="pb127">127</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter XI.<br> -<span class="sc">The Ráshṭrakúṭas, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 743–974.</span><br> -Dhruva II. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 867.</span> unpublished -Baroda grant dated Śaka 793 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 871).<a class="noteref" id="n127.1src" href="#n127.1" name="n127.1src">18</a> Both plates record that Dhruva -crushed certain intrigues among his relatives or <i>bandhuvarga</i>, -and established himself firmly on the throne. Regarding the troubles at -the beginning of his reign the Bagumrá plate states that on one -side Vallabha the head of the Dakhan -Ráshṭrakúṭas was still against him; on -another side Dhruva had to face an army of Gurjjaras instigated by a -member of his own family<a class="noteref" id="n127.2src" href="#n127.2" name="n127.2src">19</a>; thirdly he was opposed by certain of -his relatives or <i>bándhaváḥ</i>; and lastly he -had to contend against the intrigues of a younger brother or -<i>anuja</i>. It further appears from Dhruva II.’s Bagumrá -plate that he checked an inroad by a Mihira king with a powerful army. -This Mihira king was probably a chief of the -Káthiáváḍa Mehrs who on the downfall of the -Valabhis spread their power across Gujarát. In all these -troubles the Bagumrá grant notes that Dhruva was aided by a -younger brother named Govindarája. This Govindarája is -mentioned as appointed by Dhruva the Dútaka of the grant.</p> -<p>Dhruva II.’s Bagumrá (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 867) grant was made at Bhṛigu-Kachchha or -Broach after bathing in the Narbadá. It records the gift to a -Bráhman of the village of Páráhanaka, probably the -village of Palsána<a class="noteref" id="n127.3src" href="#n127.3" name="n127.3src">20</a> twelve miles south-east of -Bagumrá in the Balesar subdivision of the -Gáikwár’s territory of Surat and -Navsárí. Dhruva’s Baroda grant (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 871) was also made at Broach. It is a grant to -the god Kapáleśvara Mahádeva of the villages -Konvalli and Nakkabhajja both mentioned as close to the south bank of -the Mahí. The facts that the Bagumrá grant (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 867) transfers a village so far south as Balesar -near Navsárí and that four years later the Baroda grant -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 871) mentions that Dhruva’s -territory lay between Broach and the Mahí seem to prove that -between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 867 and 871 the portion of -Dhruva’s kingdom south of Broach passed back into the hands of -the main <span class="corr" id="xd25e16423" title="Source: Rashṭrakúṭas">Ráshṭrakúṭas</span>.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Akálavarsha-Kṛishṇa, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 888.</span>The next and last known -Gujarát <span class="corr" id="xd25e16433" title="Source: Ráshtrakúṭa">Ráshṭrakúṭa</span> -king is Akálavarsha-Kṛishṇa son of Dantivarmman. A -grant of this king has been found in Bagumrá dated Śaka 810 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 888).<a class="noteref" id="n127.4src" href="#n127.4" name="n127.4src">21</a> The composition of -the grant is so bad and the genealogical verses after Karka are so -confused that it seems unsafe to accept any of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb128" href="#pb128" name="pb128">128</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter XI.<br> -<span class="sc">The Ráshṭrakúṭas, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 743–974.</span><br> -Akálavarsha-Kṛishṇa, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 888.</span> its details except its date which is -clearly Śaka 810 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 888). It seems -also improbable that the son of Dantivarmman who flourished in -Śaka 734 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 812) could be reigning -in Śaka 810 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 888) seventy-six -years later. Still the sixty-three years’ reign of the -contemporary Mányakheṭa -Ráshṭrakúṭa Amoghavarsha (Ś. -736–799, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 814–877) shows -that this is not impossible.</p> -<p>The grant which is made from Anklesvar near Broach records the gift -to two Bráhmans of the village of Kaviṭhasádhi the -modern Kosád four miles north-east of Surat, described as -situated in the Variávi (the modern Variáv two miles -north of Surat) sub-division of 116 villages in the province of Konkan. -The grant is said to have been written by the peace and war minister -the illustrious Jajjaka son of Kaluka, the Dútaka being the head -officer (<i lang="sa-latn">mahattamasarvádhikári</i>) the -Bráhman Ollaiyaka.<a class="noteref" id="n128.1src" href="#n128.1" name="n128.1src">22</a> This grant seems to imply the -recovery by the local dynasty of some portion of the disputed area to -the south of the Tápti. This recovery must have been a passing -success. After Śaka 810 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 888) -nothing is known of the Gujarát -Ráshṭrakúṭas. <span class="marginnote">Main -Line Restored, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 888–974.</span>And the re-establishment of -the power of the Ráshṭrakúṭas of -Mányakheṭa of the main line in south Gujarát in -Śaka 836 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 914) is proved by two -copperplates found in Navsárí which record the grant of -villages near Navsárí, in what the text calls the -Láṭa country, by king Indra Nityaṃvarsha son of -Jagattuṅga and grandson of Kṛishṇa -Akálavarsha.<a class="noteref" id="n128.2src" href="#n128.2" -name="n128.2src">23</a></p> -<p>That Amoghavarsha’s long reign lasted till Śaka 799 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 877) is clear from the Kanheri cave -inscription already referred to. His reign can hardly have lasted much -longer; about Śaka 800 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 878) may -be taken to be its end.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kṛishṇa Akálavarsha, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 888–914.</span>Amoghavarsha was -succeeded by his son Kṛishṇa also called -Akálavarsha, both his names being the same as those of the -Gujarát Ráshṭrakúṭa king of the same -time (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 888).<a class="noteref" id="n128.3src" href="#n128.3" name="n128.3src">24</a> It has been noted -above that, in consequence of the attempt of Karka’s son Dhruva -I. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 835–867) to establish his -independence, Amoghavarsha’s relations with the Gujarát -Ráshṭrakúṭas became extremely hostile and -probably continued hostile till his death (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 877). That Amoghavarsha’s son -Kṛishṇa kept up the hostilities is shown by Indra’s -two Navsárí plates of Śaka 836 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 914) which mention his grandfather -Kṛishṇa fighting with the roaring Gurjjara.<a class="noteref" id="n128.4src" href="#n128.4" name="n128.4src">25</a> -Regarding this fight the late Ráshṭrakúṭa -Kardá plate (Ś. 891, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 973) -further says that Kṛishṇa’s enemies frightened by his -exploits abandoned Kheṭaka, that is Kheḍá, with its -Maṇḍala and its forepart that is the surrounding country. -Probably this roaring Gurjjara or king of Gujarát, was a -northern ally called in by some Ráshṭrakúṭa -of the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb129" href="#pb129" name="pb129">129</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter XI.<br> -<span class="sc">The Ráshṭrakúṭas, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 743–974.</span><br> -Kṛishṇa Akálavarsha, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 888–914.</span> Gujarát branch, -perhaps by Kṛishṇa’s namesake the donor of the -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 888 Bagumrá grant. The Dakhan -Kṛishṇa seems to have triumphed over his Gujarát -namesake as henceforward South Gujarát or Láṭa was -permanently included in the territory of the Dakhan -Ráshṭrakúṭas.<a class="noteref" id="n129.1src" href="#n129.1" name="n129.1src">26</a></p> -<p>At this time (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 910) a grant from -Kapadvanj dated Ś. 832 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 910) and -published in <abbr title="Epigraphia Indica">Ep. Ind.</abbr> I. 52ff. -states that a <i>mahásámanta</i> or noble of -Kṛishṇa Akálavarsha’s named -Prachaṇḍa, with his <i>daṇḍanáyaka</i> -Chandragupta, was in charge of a sub-division of 750 villages in the -Kheḍá district at Harshapura apparently Harsol near -Parántij. The grant gives the name of -Prachaṇḍa’s family as Bráhma-vaka (?) and -states that the family gained its fortune or Lakshmí by the -prowess of the feet of Akálavarsha, showing that the members of -the family drew their authority from Akálavarsha. The grant -mentions four of Prachaṇḍa’s ancestors, all of whom -have non-Gujarát Kánarese-looking names. Though not -independent rulers Prachaṇḍa’s ancestors seem to have -been high Ráshṭrakúṭa officers. The first is -called Śuddha-kkumbaḍi, the second his son Degaḍi, the -third Degaḍi’s son Rájahaṃsa, the fourth -Rájahaṃsa’s son Dhavalappa the father of -Prachaṇḍa and Akkuka. The plate describes -Rájahaṃsa as bringing back to his house its flying fortune -as if he had regained lost authority. The plate describes Dhavalappa as -killing the enemy in a moment and then giving to his lord the -Maṇḍala or kingdom which the combined enemy, desirous of -glory, had taken. This apparently refers to Akálavarsha’s -enemies abandoning Kheṭaka with its Maṇḍala as -mentioned in the late Ráshṭrakúṭa -Kardá plate (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 973). Dhavalappa -is probably Akálavarsha’s general who fought and defeated -the roaring Gurjjara, a success which may have led to Dhavalappa being -placed in military charge of Gujarát.<a class="noteref" id="n129.2src" href="#n129.2" name="n129.2src">27</a> The Kapadvanj -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 910) grant describes -Dhavalappa’s son Prachaṇḍa with the feudatory title -‘Who has obtained the five great words.’ Dr. -Bhagvánlál believed Prachaṇḍa to be a mere -epithet of Akkuka, and took Chandragupta to be another name of the same -person, but the published text gives the facts as above stated. The -grantee is a Bráhman and the grant is of the village of -Vyághrása, perhaps Vágrá in -Broach.<a class="noteref" id="n129.3src" href="#n129.3" name="n129.3src">28</a> The plate describes Akkuka as gaining glory fighting -in the battle field. A rather unintelligible verse follows implying -that at this time the Sella-Vidyádharas, apparently the North -Konkan Śiláháras (who traced their lineage from the -Vidyádharas) also helped Akálavarsha against his -enemies,<a class="noteref" id="n129.4src" href="#n129.4" name="n129.4src">29</a> probably by driving them from South Gujarát. -The Śiláhára king at this time would be Jhanjha -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 916). <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb130" href="#pb130" name="pb130">130</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter XI.<br> -<span class="sc">The Ráshṭrakúṭas, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 743–974.</span><br> -Indra Nityaṃvarsha, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 914.</span> -<span class="marginnote">Indra Nityaṃvarsha, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 914.</span>Kṛishṇa or -Akálavarsha had a son named Jagattuṅga who does not appear -to have come to the throne. Other plates show that he went to Chedi the -modern Bundelkhand and remained there during his father’s -lifetime. By Lakshmí the daughter of the king of Chedi, -Jagattuṅga had a son named Indra also called Nityaṃvarsha -Raṭṭakandarpa. In both of Indra’s -Navsárí copperplates (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 914) Indra is mentioned as -<i>Pádánudhyáta</i>, Falling at the feet of, that -is successor of, not his father but his grandfather -Akálavarsha.<a class="noteref" id="n130.1src" href="#n130.1" -name="n130.1src">30</a> One historical attribute of Indra in both the -plates is that “he uprooted in a moment the Mehr,”<a class="noteref" id="n130.2src" href="#n130.2" name="n130.2src">31</a> -apparently referring to some contemporary Mehr king of North -Káthiáváḍa. Both the Navsárí -plates of Śaka 836 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 914) note -that the grants were made under peculiar conditions. The plates say -that the donor Indra Nityaṃvarsha, with his capital at -Mányakheta, had come to a place named Kuruṇḍaka for -the <i>paṭṭabandha</i> or investiture festival. It is -curious that though Mányakheṭa is mentioned as the capital -the king is described as having come to Kuruṇḍaka for the -investiture. Kuruṇḍaka was apparently not a large town as -the plates mention that it was given in grant.<a class="noteref" id="n130.3src" href="#n130.3" name="n130.3src">32</a> At his investiture -Indra made great gifts. He weighed himself against gold or silver, and -before leaving the scales he gave away Kuruṇḍaka and other -places, twenty and a half lákhs of dramma coins, and 400 -villages previously granted but taken back by intervening kings. These -details have an air of exaggeration. At the same time gifts of coins by -<i>lákhs</i> are not improbable by so mighty a king as Indra and -as to the villages the bulk of them had already been alienated. The -fact of lavish grants is supported by the finding of these two plates -of the same date recording grants of two different villages made on the -same occasion, the language being the same, and also by a verse in the -late Ráshṭrakúṭa Kardá plate (Ś. -894, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 972) where Indra is described as -making numerous grants on copperplates and building many temples of -Śiva.<a class="noteref" id="n130.4src" href="#n130.4" name="n130.4src">33</a> The date of Indra’s grants (Ś. 836, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 914) is the date of his investiture -and accession. This is probable as the latest known date of his -grandfather Kṛishṇa is Śaka 833<a class="noteref" id="n130.5src" href="#n130.5" name="n130.5src">34</a> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 911) and we know that Indra’s father -Jagattuṅga did not reign.<a class="noteref" id="n130.6src" href="#n130.6" name="n130.6src">35</a> Umvará and Tenna, the villages -granted in the two investiture plates, are described as situated near -Kammaṇijja the modern Kámlej in the Láṭa -province. They are probably the modern villages of Umra near -Sáyan four miles west of Kámlej, and of Tenna immediately -to the west of Bárdoli, which last is mentioned under the form -Váraḍapallikâ as the eastern boundary village. -Dhruva II.’s <span class="corr" id="xd25e16703" title="Source: Bagumra">Bagumrá</span> plate (<abbr>Ś.</abbr> -789, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 867) mentions Tenna as granted -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb131" href="#pb131" name="pb131">131</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter XI.<br> -<span class="sc">The Ráshṭrakúṭas, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 743–974.</span><br> -Indra Nityaṃvarsha, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 914.</span> -by Dhruva I. to a Bráhman named Dhoddi the father of the Nennapa -who is the grantee of Dhruva II.’s <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 867 Bagumrá grant, whose son -Siddhabhaṭṭa is the grantee of Indra’s <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 914 grant.<a class="noteref" id="n131.1src" href="#n131.1" name="n131.1src">36</a> The re-granting of so many villages -points to the re-establishment of the main -Ráshṭrakúṭa power and the disappearance of -the Gujarát branch of the -Ráshṭrakúṭas.<a class="noteref" id="n131.2src" href="#n131.2" name="n131.2src">37</a></p> -<p>Though no materials remain for fixing how long after <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 914 Gujarát belonged to the -Mányakheṭa Ráshṭrakúṭas, they -probably continued to hold it till their destruction in Śaka 894 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 972) by the Western Chálukya -king Tailappa. This is the more likely as inscriptions show that till -then the neighbours of Gujarát, the North Konkan -Śiláháras, acknowledged -Ráshṭrakúṭa supremacy.</p> -<p>It is therefore probable that Gujarát passed to the -conquering Tailappa as part of the -Ráshṭrakúṭa kingdom. Further, as noted below -in Part II. Chapter II., it seems reasonable to suppose that about -Śaka 900 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 978) Tailappa -entrusted Gujarát to his general Bárappa or -Dvárappa, who fought with the <span class="corr" id="xd25e16784" -title="Source: Solanki">Solaṅki</span> Múlarája of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e16787" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–997).</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">[The text does not carry the question of the origin of -the Ráshṭrakúṭas beyond the point that, about -the middle of the fifth century <span class="sc">a.d.</span>, two -tribes bearing the closely associated names Ráthoḍ and -Raṭṭa, the leaders of both of which are known in Sanskrit -as Ráshṭrakúṭas, appeared the first in Upper -India the second in the Bombay Karṇáṭak, and that -the traditions of both tribes seem to show they were either southerners -or foreigners Bráhmanised and included under the all-embracing -term <span class="corr" id="xd25e16799" title="Source: Rajput">Rájput</span>. The Sanskrit form -Ráshṭrakúṭa may mean either leaders of the -Ráshṭra tribe or heads of the territorial division named -<i>ráshtra</i>. The closely related forms -Ráshṭrapati and Grámakúṭa occur (above -page 82) in Valabhi inscriptions. And Mr. Fleet (Kánarese -Dynasties, 32) notices that Ráshṭrakúṭa is -used in the inscriptions of many dynasties as a title equivalent to -Ráshṭrapati. Such a title might readily become a family -name like that of the Sáhi Játs of the Panjáb or -the Maráthi surnames Patel, Nadkarni, and Desái. It may -be noted that one of the Márwár traditions (<span class="corr" id="xd25e16805" title="Source: Rajputána">Rájputána</span> Gazetteer, -III. 246) connects the word Ráthoḍ with -Ráshṭra country making the original form -Ráshṭravara or World-blessing and referring to an early -tribal guardian Ráshṭraśyena or the World-Falcon. It -is therefore possible that the origin of both forms of the name, of -Ráthoḍ as well as of -Ráshṭrakúṭa, is the title ruler of a -district. At the same time in the case of the southern -Ráshṭrakúṭas the balance of evidence is in -support of a tribal origin of the name. The Raṭṭas of -Saundatti in Belgaum, apparently with justice, claim descent from the -former Ráshṭrakúṭa rulers (Belgaum Gazetteer, -355). Further that the Ráshṭrakúṭas -considered themselves to belong to the Raṭṭa tribe is shown -by Indra Nityaṃvarsha (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 914) -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb132" href="#pb132" name="pb132">132</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter XI.<br> -<span class="sc">The Ráshṭrakúṭas, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 743–974.</span></span> calling -himself Raṭṭakandarpa the Love of the Raṭṭas. -The result is thus in agreement with the view accepted in the text that -Ráshṭrakúṭa means leaders of the -Raṭṭa tribe, the form Ráshṭra being perhaps -chosen because the leaders held the position of -Ráshṭrakúṭas or District Headmen. According -to Dr. Bhandárkar (Deccan History, 9) the tribal name -Raṭṭa or Ráshṭra enters into the still more -famous Dakhan tribal name Maharátha or Mahrátta. So far -as present information goes both the Raṭṭas and the Great -Raṭṭas are to be traced to the Rástikas mentioned in -number five of <span class="corr" id="xd25e16826" title="Source: Asoka’s">Aśoka’s</span> (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 245) Girnár edicts among the -Aparántas or westerners along with the Peteṇikas or people -of Paithan about forty miles north-east of Ahmadnagar (Kolhápur -Gazetteer, 82). Whether the Rástika of the edicts is like -Peteṇika a purely local name and if so why a portion of the north -Dakhan should be specially known as the country or Ráshṭra -are points that must remain open.<a class="noteref" id="n132.1src" -href="#n132.1" name="n132.1src">38</a></p> -<p>The explanation that Kúṭa the second half of -Ráshṭrakúṭa, means chief, has been accepted -in the text. This is probably correct. At the same time the rival -theory deserves notice that the name -Ráshṭrakúṭa is formed from two tribal names -Kúṭa representing the early widespread tribe allied to the -Gonds known as Koṭṭas and Koḍs in the Central -Provinces North Konkan and Delhi (Thána Gazetteer, XII. Part II. -414). In support of this view it may be noticed that Abhimanyu’s -fifth century Ráshṭrakúṭa inscription (J. Bo. -Br. R. As. XVI. 92) refers to the Koṭṭas though as enemies -not allies of the Ráshṭrakúṭas. At the same -time certain details in Abhimanyu’s grant favour an early -Ráshṭrakúṭa settlement in the Central -Provinces, the probable head-quarters of the Koṭṭas. The -grant is dated from Mánapura and is made to Dakshiṇa -Śiva of Peṭhapaṅgaraka which may be the Great -Śiva shrine in the Mahádev hills in -Hoshangábád, as this shrine is under the management of a -petty chief of a place called Pagára, and as Mánpur in -the Vindhya hills is not far off. Against the tribal origin of the word -Kúṭa is to be set the fact that the northern -Raṭṭas are also called -Ráshṭrakúṭas though any connection between -them and the Koṭṭa tribe seems unlikely.</p> -<p>The question remains were the southern Raṭṭas or -Ráshṭrakúṭas connected with the northern -Ráthoḍs or Ráshṭrakúṭas. If so -what was the nature of the connection and to what date does it belong. -The fact that, while the later southern -Ráshṭrakúṭas <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb133" href="#pb133" name="pb133">133</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter XI.<br> -<span class="sc">The Ráshṭrakúṭas, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 743–974.</span></span> call -themselves Yádavas of the Lunar race, the northerners claim -descent either from Kuśa the son of Ráma or from -Hiraṇyakaśipu would seem to prove no connection did not -Abhimanyu’s fifth century grant show that in his time the -southern Ráshṭrakúṭas had not begun to claim -Yádava descent. That the Márwár -Ráthoḍs trace their name to the <i>ráht</i> or -spine of Indra (Tod’s Annals, II. 2), and in a closely similar -fashion the Ráth or Rattu Játs of the Sutlej -(Ibbetson’s 1881 Census, page 236) explain their name as -stronghanded, and the Raṭṭas of Bijápur -(Bijápur Stat. Account, 145) trace their name to the -Kánarese <i>raṭṭa</i> right arm, may imply no closer -connection than the common attempt to find a meaning for the name -Raṭṭa in a suitable word of similar sound. A legend -preserved in the Rájputána Gazetteer (III. 246), but not -noted by Tod, tells how Sevji, after (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1139) the Musalmáns drove his father -Jaichand out of Kanauj (Tod’s Annals, I. 88) took Khergad from -the Gehlots and went to the Karṇáṭak. where the -Ráthoḍs had ruled before they came to Kanauj. From the -Karṇáṭak Sevji brought the image of the -Ráhtoḍ Ráshṭraśyena which is now in the -temple of Nágána in Meváḍ. The account -quoted in the text from Tod (Annals, I. 88) that the -Ráthoḍs who rose to power in Márwár in the -thirteenth century belonged to a royal family who had held Kanauj since -the fifth century has not stood the test of recent inquiry. It is now -known that about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470 Kanauj was in -the hands of the Guptás. That about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 600, according to the contemporary -Śríharshacharita it was ruled by the Maukhari -Grahavarmán who was put to death by a Málwa chief and was -succeeded by Harsha. About <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 750, -according to the Rájátaraṅginí, Kanauj was -held by Yaśovarmán, and, in the next century, as -inscriptions prove by the family of Bhoja. It was not till about -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1050 that Kanauj was occupied by the -Gáhadavála or Gáharwála family from whom -the Ráthoḍs of Márwár claim -descent.<a class="noteref" id="n133.1src" href="#n133.1" name="n133.1src">39</a> If the legendary connection of the -Márwár Ráthoḍs with Kanauj must be dismissed -can the Márwár Ráthoḍs be a branch of the -southern Ráshṭrakúṭas who like the -Maráthás some 800 years later spread conquering -northwards? Such a northern settlement of the southern -Ráshṭrakúṭas might be a consequence of the -victories of the great Ráshṭrakúṭa Dhruva who -according to received opinions about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 790 conquered as far north as -Allahábád. It is beyond question that southerners or -Karṇáṭas were settled in North India between the -seventh and the eleventh centuries. Still the latest information makes -it improbable that Dhruva’s conquests extended further north than -Gujarát. Nor has any special connection been traced between the -southern Ráshṭrakúṭas and the middle-age -settlements of southerners or Karṇáṭas in North -India.<a class="noteref" id="n133.2src" href="#n133.2" name="n133.2src">40</a> Must therefore the North Indian tribe of -Ráthoḍs be admitted to have its origin <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb134" href="#pb134" name="pb134">134</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter XI.<br> -<span class="sc">The Ráshṭrakúṭas, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 743–974.</span></span> as late -as the twelfth century, and further is the North Indian name -Ráthoḍ not tribal but derived from the title head of a -district. Several considerations make both of these solutions unlikely -if not impossible. First there is the remarkably widespread existence -of the name Ráhtor, Ratha, or Ratti, and endless variations of -these names, in almost all parts of the Panjáb, among all castes -from the Bráhman to the Baluch, among all religions -Musalmán, Sikh, Jain, and Bráhmanic.<a class="noteref" -id="n134.1src" href="#n134.1" name="n134.1src">41</a> No doubt the -practice of a waning tribe adopting the name of a waxing tribe has -always been common. No doubt also the fame of the name during the last -600 years must have tempted other classes to style themselves -Ráthoḍ. Still it is to be noted: first that (Ibbetson, -page 240) the Ráthoḍs of the Panjáb though -widespread are not numerous: and second that the list of -sub-caste-names has this merit that with a few exceptions the holders -of the sub-name are not known by it but by some general or craft name. -The evidence of these sub-caste or tribal names seems therefore to -support the view that some very large section of the Panjáb -population represent an important tribe or nation of whom the least -mixed remnant are perhaps the Ráthis or lower class -Rájputs of Kángra and Chamba (Ibbetson, pages 219 and -251) and from some connection with whom the Márwár -Ráthoḍs of the thirteenth century may have taken their -name. Among other traces of northern Ráshṭras in the -middle ages may be mentioned the twelfth and thirteenth century -Ráshṭrakúṭas of Badaun in the North-West -Provinces (Kielhorn in Epigraphia Indica, I. 61 and 63) and -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1150) in the -Kumárapála-Charitra (Tod’s Western India, 182) the -mention of Ráshṭra-deśa near the Sawálak -hills. Among earlier and more doubtful references are the Aratrioi whom -probably correctly (since at that time <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 247 one main Roman trade route to Central Asia -passed up the Indus) the author of the Periplus (McCrindle, 120) places -between Abhiria or lower Sindh and Arachosia or south-east -Afghanistán that is in north Sindh or south Panjáb. -Another earlier and still more doubtful reference is Pliny’s -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 77) Oraturæ (<abbr>Hist. -Nat.</abbr> VI. 23) whom Vivien de St. Martin (<span lang="fr"><abbr>Geog.</abbr> Greque et Latine de l’Inde</span>, 203) -identifies with the Ráthoḍs. The fact that while claiming -descent from Ráma the Márwár Ráthoḍs -(Tod’s Annals, II. 2 and 5) preserved the legend that their -founder was Yavanaśwa from the northern city of Paralipur supports -the view that the tribe to which they belonged was of non-Indian or -Central Asian origin, and that this is the tribe of whom traces remain -in the Ráthi Rájputs of the Kángra hill country -and less purely in the widely spread Ráts, Rattas, and -Rátis of the Panjáb plains. The examples among -Panjáb caste names Rora for Arora (Ibbetson’s 1881 Census, -page 297), Her for Ahir (Ditto, 230–275), and Heri for Aheri -(Ditto, 310) suggest that the Panjáb Ráthors or -Raṭṭas may be the ancient Araṭṭas whom the -Mahábhárata (<abbr title="Chapter">Chap.</abbr> VII. -Verse 44. <abbr>J. Bl. Soc.</abbr> VI. <abbr title="Part">Pt.</abbr> I. -387 and Vivien de St. Martin <span lang="fr"><abbr>Geog.</abbr> Greque -et Latine de l’Inde</span>, 149) ranks with Prasthalas, Madras, -and Gandháras, Panjáb and frontier tribes, whose -identification with the Báhikas (Karṇaparvan, 2063ff.) -raises the probability of a common Central Asian origin. Remembering -that the evidence (Kshatrapa Chapter, pages 22 and 33) favours the view -that the Kshatrapa family who ruled the Panjáb between -<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 70 and <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78 were of the same tribe as Nahápana, and -also that Sháhi is so favourite a prefix in Samudra -Gupta’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 380) list of -Kushán tribes, the suggestion may be offered that -Kshaharáta is the earlier form of Sháharaṭṭa -and is the tribe of foreigners afterwards known in the Panjáb as -Araṭṭas and of which traces survive in the present -widespread tribal names Ráta, Ratta, Ratha, and -Ráthor.]</p> -</blockquote> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb135" href="#pb135" name="pb135">135</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n120.1" -href="#n120.1src" name="n120.1">1</a></span> Tod’s Annals of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e15244" title="Source: Rájásthán">Rájasthán</span>, -I. 88; II. 2. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n120.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n122.1" -href="#n122.1src" name="n122.1">2</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XI. 112. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n122.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n122.2" -href="#n122.2src" name="n122.2">3</a></span> Bombay <abbr title="Archæological Survey">Arch. Sur.</abbr> Separate Number, 10, -94. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n122.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n122.3" -href="#n122.3src" name="n122.3">4</a></span> This verse which -immediately follows the mention of Govinda’s conquests on the -banks of the Mahí and the Narbadá punningly explains the -name of the Mátar táluka as meaning the Mother’s -táluka. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n122.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n122.4" -href="#n122.4src" name="n122.4">5</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XII. 156. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n122.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n122.5" -href="#n122.5src" name="n122.5">6</a></span> The Khándesh Reve -and Dore Gujars of Chopdá and Raver in the east, and also over -most of the west, may be a remnant of these Gujars of Broach who at -this time (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 740), and perhaps again -about sixty years later, may have been forced up the Narbadá and -Tápti into South Málwa and West Khándesh. This is -doubtful as their migration is said to have taken place in the eleventh -century and may have been due to pressure from the north the effect of -Mahmúd Ghaznavi’s invasions (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1000–1025). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n122.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n123.1" -href="#n123.1src" name="n123.1">7</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VI. 65; <abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Jour. R. A. Soc.</abbr> V. -350. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n123.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n123.2" -href="#n123.2src" name="n123.2">8</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VI. 65. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n123.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n124.1" -href="#n124.1src" name="n124.1">9</a></span> The kingdom is not called -Láṭa in the copperplate but -Láṭesvara-maṇḍala. An unpublished Baroda grant -has <span lang="sa">शास्ता -प्रतापप्रथितः -पृथिव्यां -सर्वस्य -लाटेश्वरमण्डलस्य</span> -The ruler famous by glory, of the whole kingdom of the king of -Láṭa. Other published grants record Govinda’s gift -of Gujarát to Indra as <span lang="sa">तद्दत्तलटेश्वरमण्डलस्य</span> -Of him (Indra) to whom the kingdom of the lord of Láṭa had -been given by him (Govinda). <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. -Ant.</abbr> XII. 162.] <a class="fnarrow" href="#n124.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n124.2" -href="#n124.2src" name="n124.2">10</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XII. 160; unpublished Baroda grant. -Śrívallabha appears to mean Amoghavarsha who is also called -Lakshmívallabha in an inscription at Sirur in -Dhárwár (<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> -XII. 215). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n124.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n125.1" -href="#n125.1src" name="n125.1">11</a></span> Several copperplates give -Karka the epithet <i>Putríyatastasya</i> -Son-yearning. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n125.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n126.1" -href="#n126.1src" name="n126.1">12</a></span> All village and boundary -details have been identified by Dr. Bühler. <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> V. 148. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n126.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n126.2" -href="#n126.2src" name="n126.2">13</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIV. 199. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n126.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n126.3" -href="#n126.3src" name="n126.3">14</a></span> This donee is said to -have been given the name of Jyotishika by the illustrious -Govindarája apparently the uncle and predecessor of the granting -king. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n126.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n126.4" -href="#n126.4src" name="n126.4">15</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XII. 179. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n126.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n126.5" -href="#n126.5src" name="n126.5">16</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XII. 184. The verse may be -translated ‘By whom before long was occupied the province handed -down from his father which had been overrun by the forces of Vallabha -and distracted by numbers of evil-minded -followers.’ <a class="fnarrow" href="#n126.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n126.6" -href="#n126.6src" name="n126.6">17</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XII. 179. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n126.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n127.1" -href="#n127.1src" name="n127.1">18</a></span> This plate was in Dr. -Bhagvánlál’s possession. It is among the plates -bequeathed to the British Museum. Dr. Bhandárkar (<abbr title="Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society Journal">B. B. R. A. S. Jl.</abbr> -XVIII. 255) mentions another unpublished grant of Ś. 789 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 867) made by Dhruva’s brother -Dantivarmman. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n127.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n127.2" -href="#n127.2src" name="n127.2">19</a></span> These may be either the -Gurjjaras between Málwa and Gujarát, or the -Bhínmál Gurjjaras north of the Mahí. It is also -possible that they may be Chávaḍás as in this -passage the term Gurjjara does not refer to the tribe but to the -country. [There seems little reason to doubt the reference is to the -Gurjjaras of Bhínmál or Śrímál, -probably acting through their underlords the -Chávaḍás of <span class="corr" id="xd25e16386" -title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -whose king in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 865 was the warlike -Kshem Rája (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 841–866). -Census and other recent information establish almost with certainty -that the Chávaḍás or Chávoṭakas are of -the Gurjjara race.] <a class="fnarrow" href="#n127.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n127.3" -href="#n127.3src" name="n127.3">20</a></span> The identification is not -satisfactory. Except the Bráhman settlement of Mottaka, -apparently the well known Motála Bráhman settlement of -Motá, which is mentioned as situated on the west though it is on -the north-east, none of the boundary villages can be identified in the -neighbourhood of Palsána. In spite of this the name -Palsána and its close vicinity to Bagumrá where the grant -was found make this identification probable. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n127.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n127.4" -href="#n127.4src" name="n127.4">21</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIII. 65. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n127.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n128.1" -href="#n128.1src" name="n128.1">22</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XIII. 65–69. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n128.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n128.2" -href="#n128.2src" name="n128.2">23</a></span> These were among Dr. -Bhagvánlál’s copperplates, and seem to be the same -as the two grants published by Dr. Bhandárkar in <abbr title="Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society Journal">B. B. R. A. S. Jl.</abbr> -XVIII. 253. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n128.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n128.3" -href="#n128.3src" name="n128.3">24</a></span> See above page <a href="#pb127" class="pageref">127</a>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n128.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n128.4" -href="#n128.4src" name="n128.4">25</a></span> The text is: <span lang="sa">उद्यद्दीधितिरत्नजालजटिलंव्याकृष्टमीदग्धनुः -। -कुद्धेनोपरि -वैरिवीरशिरसामेवं -विमुक्ताः -शराः । -धारासारिणी -सेन्द्रचापवलये -यस्येत्थ -मब्दागमे -गर्ज्जरव्रूर्ज्जरसंगरव्यतिकरं -जीर्णोजनः -शंसति.</span> <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n128.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n129.1" -href="#n129.1src" name="n129.1">26</a></span> It will be noted that in -Śaka 836 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 914) -Kṛishṇa’s grandson Indra re-grants 400 resumed -villages many of which were perhaps resumed at this time by -Kṛishṇa. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n129.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n129.2" -href="#n129.2src" name="n129.2">27</a></span> It follows that none of -Dhavalappa’s three ancestors had any connection with -Gujarát. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n129.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n129.3" -href="#n129.3src" name="n129.3">28</a></span> Dr. Hultsch (<abbr title="Epigraphia Indica">Ep. Ind.</abbr> I. 52) identifies -Vyághrása with Vaghás, north-east of Kapadvanj. -Dr. Bhagvánlál’s account of the grant was based on -an impression sent to him by the Mámlatdár of -Kapadvanj. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n129.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n129.4" -href="#n129.4src" name="n129.4">29</a></span> The text is: <span lang="sa">सेल्ल -विद्याधरेणापि -सेलु [हेलो] -ल्लालित -तपानि -पाणिना -निहत्या -शत्रून्‌ -समधे [रे] -यशसाकुलमलंकृतं.</span> -Dr. Hultsch takes the Sella-Vidyádhara here named to be another -brother of Prachaṇḍa and Akkuka. The verse is -corrupt. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n129.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n130.1" -href="#n130.1src" name="n130.1">30</a></span> The -Khárepátan grant makes this clear by passing over -Indra’s father Jagattuṅga in the genealogy and entering -Indra as the grandson and successor of Akálavarsha. <abbr title="Journal Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society">Jour. B. B. R. A. -Soc.</abbr> 1. 217. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n130.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n130.2" -href="#n130.2src" name="n130.2">31</a></span> The text has -<i>Helonmúlitameruṇá</i> to chime with the poetical -allusion and figure about Indra. By Meru no doubt Mera or Mehr is -meant. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n130.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n130.3" -href="#n130.3src" name="n130.3">32</a></span> Kuruṇḍaka may -be the village of Kurund in the Thána zilla seven miles -north-east of Bhiwndi. It was a village given away in grant and cannot -therefore be any large town. [Kurundvád at the holy meeting of -the <span class="corr" id="xd25e16670" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span> and <span class="corr" id="xd25e16673" title="Source: Pañchganga">Pañchgangá</span> in the -Southern Marátha Country close to Narsoba’s Vádi -seems a more likely place for an investiture.] <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n130.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n130.4" -href="#n130.4src" name="n130.4">33</a></span> <abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. R. A. S.</abbr> III. -94. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n130.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n130.5" -href="#n130.5src" name="n130.5">34</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XI. 109. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n130.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n130.6" -href="#n130.6src" name="n130.6">35</a></span> See above. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n130.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n131.1" -href="#n131.1src" name="n131.1">36</a></span> Though the name of the -<i>gotra Lakshamaṇasa</i> and -<i>Láksháyaṇasa</i> differs slightly in the two -grants, the identity of the name Nennapa the son of Dhoddi and the -father of Siddhabhaṭṭa the <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 914 grantee, suggests that the original grant of -the village of Tenna by Dhruva I. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 795) had been cancelled in the interval and in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 914 was renewed by king Indra -Nityaṃvarsha. [Dr. Bhandárkar reads the name in -Indra’s Navsárí grant (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 914) as Vennapa.] <a class="fnarrow" href="#n131.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n131.2" -href="#n131.2src" name="n131.2">37</a></span> That in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 915 the Dakhan -Ráshṭrakúṭas held Gujarát as far north -as Cambay is supported by the Arab traveller Al Masúdi who -(Prairies d’Or, I. 253–254) speaks of Cambay, when he -visited it, as a flourishing town ruled by Bania the deputy of the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e16766" title="Source: Balhará">Balhára</span> lord of Mánkir. -The country along the gulf of Cambay was a succession of gardens -villages fields and woods with date-palm and other groves alive with -peacocks and parrots. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n131.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n132.1" -href="#n132.1src" name="n132.1">38</a></span> It seems doubtful whether -the Kánarese <span class="corr" id="xd25e16834" title="Source: Rattas">Raṭṭas</span> the Belgaum <span class="corr" id="xd25e16843" title="Source: Radis">Raḍis</span> and the -Telugu Reddis could have been Rástikas or locals in the north -Dakhan. The widespread Reddis trace their origin (Balfour’s -Encyclopædia of India, III. 350) to Rájamandri about -thirty miles from the mouth of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e16852" -title="Source: Godávari">Godávari</span>. A tradition of -a northern origin remains among some of the Reddis. The Tinnivelly -Reddis (Madras J. Lit. and Science, 1887–88, page 136 note 96) -call themselves Audh Reddis and assert that Oudh is the native country -of their tribe. The late Sir George Campbell (<abbr>J. R. As. -Soc.</abbr> XXXV. Part II. 129) has recorded the notable fact that the -fine handsome Reddis of the north of the Kánara country are like -the Játs. With this personal resemblance may be compared the -Reddis’ curious form of polyandry (Balfour’s -Encyclopædia, III. 330) in accordance with which the wife of the -child-husband bears children to the adult males of the family, a -practice which received theories (compare Mr. Kirkpatrick in -<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Indian Ant.</abbr> VII. 86 and Dr. Muir -in Ditto VI. 315) would associate with the northern or Skythian -conquerors of Upper India during the early centuries of the Christian -era. In support of a northern <span class="corr" id="xd25e16868" title="Source: Ráta">Ráṭa</span> element later than -<span class="corr" id="xd25e16877" title="Source: Asoka’s">Aśoka’s</span> Rástikas the -following points may be noted. That the Kshaharáta or -Khaharáta tribe to which the great northern conqueror -Nahápana (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 180) belonged should -disappear from the Dakhan seems unlikely. <span class="corr" id="xd25e16883" title="Source: Karahátaka">Karaháṭaka</span> the -Mahábhárata name (<abbr title="Asiatic Researches">As. -Res.</abbr> XV. 47, quoted in Wilson’s Works VI. 178) for -Karád on the <span class="corr" id="xd25e16895" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span> suggests that -Nahapána’s conquest included Sátára and that -the name of the holy place on the <span class="corr" id="xd25e16908" -title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span> was altered to give -it a resemblance to the name of the conqueror’s tribe. That, -perhaps after their overthrow by <span class="corr" id="xd25e16920" -title="Source: Gautamiputra-Śátakarni">Gautamíputra-Śátakarṇi</span> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 140), the Khaharátas may have -established a local centre at <span class="corr" id="xd25e16932" title="Source: Kurandwád">Kurandwáḍ</span> at the meeting -of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e16940" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span> and the <span class="corr" -id="xd25e16952" title="Source: Panchgangá">Pañchgangá</span> may be the -explanation why in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 914, centuries -after <span class="corr" id="xd25e16959" title="Source: Mányakheta">Mányakheṭa</span> or -Málkhet had become their capital, the <span class="corr" id="xd25e16968" title="Source: Ráshtrakúta">Ráshṭrakúṭa</span> -Indra should proceed for investiture to <span class="corr" id="xd25e16980" title="Source: Kurundaka">Kuruṇḍaka</span>, -which, though this is doubtful, may be <span class="corr" id="xd25e16989" title="Source: Kurandwád">Kurandwáḍ</span>. The parallel -case of the Khaharátas’ associates the Palhavas, who -passed across the southern Dakhan and by intermarriage have in the -Pállas assumed the characteristics of a southern tribe, give a -probability to the existence of a northern Khaharáta or -Ráta element in the southern <span class="corr" id="xd25e16997" -title="Source: Ráshtrakútas">Ráshṭrakúṭa</span> -and <span class="corr" id="xd25e17010" title="Source: Rattas">Raṭṭas</span> which the facts at present -available would not otherwise justify. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n132.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n133.1" -href="#n133.1src" name="n133.1">39</a></span> The eleventh century -Kanauj Gáhaḍaválas are now represented by the -Bundelas who about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1200 overthrew the -Chándols in Bundelkhand. These Gáharwáls or -Bundelas trace their origin to Benares or Kási and may, as -Hœrnle suggests, have been related to the Pálas of that -city who several times intermarried with the Dakhan -Ráshṭrakúṭas. The Gáharwáls -seem to have nothing to do with the district of Garhwál -(Gadwál) in the Himálayas.—(A. M. T. -J.) <a class="fnarrow" href="#n133.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n133.2" -href="#n133.2src" name="n133.2">40</a></span> The Vatsarája -defeated by Dhruva who has hitherto been identified with the Vatsa king -of Kosambi is more likely to prove to be a Bachrája of the -Gurjjaras of Bhínmál or Śrímál in -north Gujarát. Among references to southern settlements in North -India between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 600 and 1000 may be -noted the tradition (Wilson’s Indian Caste, II. 143) of a -Dravidian strain in the Kashmir Bráhmans and in the eleventh -century also in Kashmir (Rajátaranginí, VI. 337) the -presence of a Śátaváhana dynasty bearing the same -name as the early Śátaváhanas of Paithan near -Ahmadnagar. Other instances which might seem more directly associated -with the southern Ráshṭrakúṭas (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 500–970) are the six -Kárṇáṭaka rulers of Nepál beginning -with <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 889 (<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VII. 91) and the natives of -Karṇáṭadeśa in Máhmúd -Ghaznavi’s army (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1000–1025) who (Sachau’s Alberuni, I. -173; II. 157) used the Karṇáṭa alphabet. The -presence of Karṇáṭa rulers in Nepál in the -ninth and tenth centuries remains a puzzle. But the use of the term -Karṇáṭa for Chálukyas of Kalyán in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1000 (<abbr title="Epigraphia Indica">Ep. Ind.</abbr> I. 230) suggests that the -Nepál chiefs were Chálukyas rather than -Ráshṭrakúṭas: while Máhmúd -Ghaznavi’s Karṇáṭas may naturally be traced to -the mercenary remains of Bárappa’s army of Kalyán -Chálukyas whose general Bárappa was slain (Rás -Málá, I. 51) and his followers dispersed in north -Gujarát by Múla Rája <span class="corr" id="xd25e17093" title="Source: Solaṇki">Solaṅki</span> at the -close of the tenth century. The only recorded connection of the -southern Ráshṭrakúṭas with Northern India -during the middle ages (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 750–1150) are their intermarriages with the -Pálas of Benares (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 850–1000) mentioned above (Page 132 Note -1), and, between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 850 and 950, with -the Kalachuris of Tripura near Jabalpur (Cunningham’s Arch. -Survey Report for 1891, IX. 80). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n133.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n134.1" -href="#n134.1src" name="n134.1">41</a></span> The details compiled from -the excellent index and tables in the Panjáb Census yield the -following leading groups: 37 sub-castes named Ráthor, -Rátor, and other close variants; 53 Rath and <span class="corr" -id="xd25e17126" title="Source: R this">Rathis</span> and 2 Rahtas; 50 -Ratas, Ratis, or other close variants. Compare Ráhti the name of -the people of Mount Abu (<span class="corr" id="xd25e17129" title="Source: Rajputána">Rájputána</span> Gazetteer, -III. 139) and the Raht tract in the north-west of Alvar (Ditto, -167). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n134.1src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch1.12" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd25e1549">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">CHAPTER XII.</h2> -<h2 class="main">THE MIHIRAS OR MERS.</h2> -<h2 class="sub"><span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470–900.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter XII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Mers, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470–900.</span></span> That the Guptas held -sway in Káthiáváḍa till the time of -Skandagupta (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 454–470) is proved -by the fact that his Sorath Viceroy is mentioned in Skandagupta’s -inscription on the Girnár rock. After Skandagupta under the next -known Gupta king Budhagupta (Gupta 165–180, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 484–499) no trace remains of Gupta -sovereignty in Sorath. It is known that Budhagupta was a weak king and -that the Gupta kingdom had already entered on its decline and lost its -outlying provinces. Who held Suráshṭra and Gujarát -during the period of Gupta decline until the arrival and settlement of -Bhaṭkárka in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 514 (Gupta -195) is not determined. Still there is reason to believe that during or -shortly after the time of Budhagupta some other race or dynasty -overthrew the Gupta Viceroy of these provinces and took them from the -Guptas. These powerful conquerors seem to be the tribe of Maitrakas -mentioned in Valabhi copperplates as people who had settled in -Káthiáváḍa and established a -<i>maṇḍala</i> or kingdom. Though these Maitrakas are -mentioned in no other records from Suráshṭra there seems -reason to identify the Maitrakas with the Mihiras the well-known tribe -of Mhers or Mers. In Sanskrit both <i>mitra</i> and <i>mihira</i> are -names of the sun, and it would be quite in agreement with the practise -of Sanskrit writers to use derivatives of the one for those of the -other. These Mhers or Mers are still found in -Káthiáváḍa settled round the Barda hills -while the Porbandar chiefs who are known as Jethvás are -recognized as the head of the tribe. The name Jethvá is not a -tribal but a family name, being taken from the proper or personal name -of the ancestor of the modern chiefs. As the Porbandar chiefs are -called the kings of the Mhers they probably belong to the same tribe, -though, being chiefs, they try, like other ruling families, to rank -higher than their tribe tracing their origin from -Hanúmán. Though the Jethvás appear to have been -long ashamed to acknowledge themselves to belong to the Mher tribe the -founders of minor Mher kingdoms called themselves Mher -kings<span class="corr" id="xd25e17221" title="Not in source">.</span> -The Porbandar chiefs have a tradition tracing their dynasty to -Makaradhvaja son of Hanúmán, and there are some -<span class="corr" id="xd25e17224" title="Source: Puránik">Puráṇic</span> legends attached -to the tradition. The historical kernel of the tradition appears to be -that the Mhers or Jethvás had a <i>makara</i> or fish as their -flag or symbol. One of the mythical stories of Makaradhvaja is that he -fought with Mayúradhvaja. Whatever coating of fable may have -overlaid the story, it contains a grain of history. Mayúradhvaja -stands for the Guptas whose chief symbol was a peacock -<i>mayúra</i>, and with them Makaradhvaja that is the people -with the fish-symbol that is <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb136" href="#pb136" name="pb136">136</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter XII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Mers, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470–900.</span></span> the Mhers had a -fight. This fight is probably the historical contest in which the Mhers -fought with and overthrew the Gupta Viceroy of -Káthiáváḍa.</p> -<p>The Káthiáváḍa Mhers are a peculiar tribe -whose language dress and appearance mark them as foreign settlers from -Upper India. Like the Málavas, Játs, <span class="corr" -id="xd25e17250" title="Source: Gurjaras">Gurjjaras</span>, and -Pahlavas, the Mhers seem to have passed through the Punjáb Sindh -and North Gujarát into Káthiáváḍa -leaving settlements at Ajmír, Bádner, Jesalmír, -Kokalmír, and Mherváḍa. How and when the Mhers made -these settlements and entered Káthiáváḍa is -not known. It may be surmised that they came with Toramáṇa -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470–512) who overthrew the -Guptas, and advanced far to the south and west in the train of some -general of Toramáṇa’s who may perhaps have entered -Suráshṭra. This is probable as the date of -Toramáṇa who overthrew Budhagupta is almost the same as -that of the Maitrakas mentioned as the opponents and enemies of -Bhaṭárka. In the time of Bhaṭárka -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–520?) the Mhers were -firmly established in the peninsula, otherwise they would not be -mentioned in the Valabhi grants as enemies of Bhaṭárka, a -tribe or <i>maṇḍala</i> wielding incomparable power. As -stated above in Chapter VIII. some time after the Mher settlement and -consolidation of power, Bhaṭárka seems to have come as -general of the fallen Guptas through Málwa and Broach by sea to -East Káthiáváḍa. He established himself at -Valabhi and then gradually dislodged the Mhers from Sorath until they -retired slightly to the north settling eventually at Morbi, which the -Jethvás still recognize as the earliest seat of their ancestors. -At Morbi they appear to have ruled contemporarily with the Valabhis. In -support of this it is to be noted that no known Valabhi plate records -any grant of lands or villages in Hálár, -Machhukántha, or Okhámandal in North -Káthiáváḍa. As the northmost place mentioned -in Valabhi plates is Venuthali known as Wania’s Vanthali in -Hálár it may be inferred that not the Valabhis but the -Mhers ruled the north coast of Káthiáváḍa, -probably as feudatories or subordinates of the Valabhis. On the -overthrow of Valabhi about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 770 the -Mhers appear to have seized the kingdom and ruled the whole of -Káthiáváḍa dividing it into separate -chiefships grouped under the two main divisions of Bardái and -Gohelvádia. About <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 860 the -Mhers made incursions into Central Gujarát. A copperplate dated -Śaka 789 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 847) of the -Gujarát Ráshṭrakúṭa king Dhruva -describes him as attacked by a powerful Mihira king whom he -defeated.<a class="noteref" id="n136.1src" href="#n136.1" name="n136.1src">1</a> At the height of their power the Mhers seem to have -established their capital at the fort of Bhumli or Ghumli in the -Bardá hills in the centre of -Káthiáváḍa. The traditions about Ghumli rest -mainly on modern Jethvá legends of no historical interest. The -only known epigraphical record is a copperplate of a king named -Jâchikadeva found in the Morbi district.<a class="noteref" id="n136.2src" href="#n136.2" name="n136.2src">2</a> Unfortunately only -the second plate remains. Still the fish mark on the plate, the -locality where it was found, and its date <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb137" href="#pb137" name="pb137">137</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter XII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Mers, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470–900.</span></span> leave little doubt -that the plate belongs to the Makaradhvaja or Jethvá kings. The -date of the grant is 585 Gupta era the 5th Phálguna Sudi that is -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 904, about 130 years after the -destruction of Valabhi, a date with which the form of the letters -agrees.</p> -<p>A similar copperplate in which the king’s name appears in the -slightly different form Jáikadeva has been found at Dhiniki in -the same neighbourhood as the first and like it bearing the fish -mark.<a class="noteref" id="n137.1src" href="#n137.1" name="n137.1src">3</a> This copperplate describes the king as ruling at -Bhúmiliká or Bhúmli in Sorath and gives him the -high titles of <span lang="sa-latn">Parama-bhaṭṭáraka-Mahárájádhirája-Parameśvara</span>, -that is Great Lord Great King of Kings Great King, titles which imply -wide extent and independence of rule. This grant purports to be made on -the occasion of a solar eclipse on Sunday Vikrama Saṃvat 794 -<span class="corr" id="xd25e17310" title="Source: Jyeshṭḥa">Jyeshṭha</span> constellation, the -no-moon of the second half of Kárttika. This would be -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 738 or 166 years before the -Jáchika of the Morbí plate. Against this it is to be -noted that the letters of this plate, instead of appearing as old as -eighth century letters, look later than the letters of the tenth -century Morbí plate. As neither the day of the week, the -constellation, nor the eclipse work out correctly Dr. -Bhagvánlál believed the plate to be a forgery of the -eleventh century, executed by some one who had seen a fish-marked -copperplate of Jáchika dated in the <i>Śaka</i> era. It -should however be noted that the names of ministers and officers which -the plate contains give it an air of genuineness. Whether the plate is -or is not genuine, it is probably true that <span class="corr" id="xd25e17320" title="Source: Jáikadev">Jáikadeva</span> -was a great independent sovereign ruling at Bhúmli. Though the -names of the other kings of the dynasty, the duration of the -Bhúmli kingdom, and the details of its history are unknown it -may be noted that the dynasty is still represented by the Porbandar -chiefs. Though at present Bhúmli is deserted several ruined -temples of about the eleventh century stand on its site. It is true no -old inscriptions have been found; it is not less true that no careful -search has been made about Bhúmli.</p> -<p>Early in the tenth century a wave of invasion from Sindh seems to -have spread over Kacch and Káthiáváḍa. Among -the invading tribes were the Jádejás of Kacch and the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e17325" title="Source: Chuḍásamás">Chúḍásamás</span> -of Sorath, who like the Bhattis of Jesalmír call themselves of -the Yaduvaṃśa stock. Doctor Bhagvánlál held -that the <span class="corr" id="xd25e17328" title="Source: Chúḍasamás">Chúḍásamás</span> -were originally of the Ábhíra tribe, as their traditions -attest <span class="corr" id="xd25e17331" title="Source: connexion">connection</span> with the Ábhíras -and as the description of Graharipu one of their kings by Hemachandra -in his Dvyáśraya points to his being of some local tribe -and not of any ancient Rájput lineage. Further in their bardic -traditions as well as in popular stories the -Chúḍásamás are still commonly called -Áhera-ránás. The position of Aberia in Ptolemy -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 150) seems to show that in the -second century the Ahirs were settled between Sindh and the -Panjáb. Similarly it may be suggested that Jádejá -is a corruption of Jaudhejá which <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb138" href="#pb138" name="pb138">138</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter XII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Mers, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470–900.</span></span> in turn comes from -Yaudheya (the change of <i>y</i> to <i>j</i> being very common) who in -Kshatrapa Inscriptions appear as close neighbours of the Ahirs. After -the fall of the Valabhis (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 775) the -Yaudheyas seem to have established themselves in Kacch and the Ahirs -settled and made conquests in Káthiáváḍa. On -the decline of local rule brought about by these incursions and by the -establishment of an Ahir or Chúḍásamá -kingdom at Junágaḍh, the Jethvás seem to have -abandoned Bhúmli which is close to Junágaḍh and -gone to Srínagar or Káṇtelun near Porbandar which -is considered to have been the seat of Jethvá power before -Porbandar.</p> -<p>A copperplate found at Haddálá on the road from Dholka -to Dhandhuka dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 917 (Śaka -839) shows that there reigned at Vadhwán a king named -Dharaṇívaráha of the Chápa dynasty,<a class="noteref" id="n138.1src" href="#n138.1" name="n138.1src">4</a> who -granted a village to one Mahesvaráchárya, an apostle of -the Ámardáka Śákhá of <span class="corr" id="xd25e17381" title="Source: Saivism">Śaivism</span>. -Dharaṇívaráha and his ancestors are described as -feudatory kings, ruling by the grace of the feet of the great king of -kings the great lord the illustrious Mahípáladeva. This -Mahípála would seem to be some great king of -Káthiáváḍa reigning in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 917 over the greater part of the province. Dr. -Bhagvánlál had two coins of this king of about that time, -one a copper coin the other a silver coin. The coins were found near -Junágaḍh. The copper coin, about ten grains in weight, has -one side obliterated but the other side shows clearly the words -Ráná Śrí Mahípála Deva. The -silver coin, about fourteen grains in weight, has on the obverse a -well-executed elephant and on the reverse the legend Ráná -Śrí Mahípála Deva. From the locality where -the name Mahípála appears both in coins and inscriptions, -and from the fact that the more reliable -Chúḍásamá lists contain similar names, it -may be assumed as probable that Mahípála was a powerful -Chúḍásamá ruler of -Káthiáváḍa in the early part of the tenth -century.</p> -<p>After the fall of Valabhi no other reliable record remains of any -dynasty ruling over the greater part of Gujarát. The most -trustworthy and historical information is in connection with the -Chávaḍás of Aṇahilapura. Even for the -Chávaḍás nothing is available but scant references -recorded by Jain authors in their histories of the Solaṅkis and -Vághelás.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The <span class="corr" id="xd25e17392" -title="Source: Chúdásamás">Chúḍásamás</span>, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 900–940.</span>[The modern -traditions of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e17399" title="Source: Chúdásamá">Chúḍásamá</span> -clan trace their origin to the Yádava race and more immediately -to the Samma tribe of Nagar Thatha in Sindh.<a class="noteref" id="n138.2src" href="#n138.2" name="n138.2src">5</a> The name of the -family is said to have been derived from -Chúḍáchandra the first ruler of Vanthalí -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb139" href="#pb139" name="pb139">139</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter XII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Mers, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470–900.</span><br> -The <span class="corr" id="xd25e17419" title="Source: Chúdásamás">Chúḍásamás</span>, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 900–940.</span> -(Káthiáwár Gazetteer, 489). Traces of a different -tradition are to be found in the Tuhfat-ul-Kirám (Elliot, I. -337) which gives a list of <span class="corr" id="xd25e17427" title="Source: Chúḍásammá’s">Chúḍásamá’s</span> -ancestors from Nuh (Noah), including not only <span class="corr" id="xd25e17431" title="Source: Krishṇa">Kṛishṇa</span> -the Yádava but also Ráma of the solar line. In this -pedigree the Musalmán element is later than the others: but the -attempt to combine the solar and lunar lines is a sure sign that the -Samma clan was not of Hindu origin, and that it came under Hindu -influence fairly late though before Sindh became a Musalmán -province. This being admitted it follows that the Sammas were one of -the numerous tribes that entered India during the existence of the -Turkish empire in Transoxiana (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 560–c. 750). In this connection it is -noteworthy that some of the Jáms bore such Turkish names as -Tamáchi, Tughlik, and Sanjár.</p> -<p>The migration of the Sammas to Kacch is ascribed by the -Taríkh-i-Tahiri (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1621) to the -tyranny of the Súmra chiefs. The Sammas found Kacch in the -possession of the Cháwaras, who treated them kindly, and whom -they requited by seizing the fort of Gúntrí by a -stratagem similar to that which brought about the fall of -Girnár.</p> -<p>The date of the Chúḍásamá settlement at -Vanthalí is usually fixed on traditional evidence, at about -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 875, but there is reason to think -that this date is rather too early. In the first place it is worthy of -notice that Chúḍáchandra, the traditional eponym of -the family, is in the Tuhfat-ul-Kirám made a son of Jádam -(Yádava) and only a great-grandson of <span class="corr" id="xd25e17448" title="Source: Krishṇa">Kṛishṇa</span> -himself, a fact which suggests that, if not entirely mythical, he was -at all events a very distant ancestor of Múlarája’s -opponent Grahári, and was not an actual ruler of -Vanthalí. As regards Grahári’s father -Viśvavaráha and his grandfather Múlarája, -there is no reason to doubt that they were real persons, although it is -very questionable whether the Chúḍásamás -were settled in Káthiáváḍa in their time. In -the first place, the Morbí grant of Jáikadeva shows that -the Jethvás had not been driven southwards before <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 907. Secondly -Dharaṇívaráha’s Vadhván grant proves -that the Chápa family of Bhínmál were still -supreme in Káthiáváḍa in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 914: whereas the Taríkh-i-Tahiri’s -account of the Chúḍásamá conquest of Kacch -implies that the Cháwaras, who must be identified with the -Chápas of Bhínmál, were losing their power when -the Chúḍásamás captured -Gúntrí, an event which must have preceded the settlement -at Vanthalí in Káthiáváḍa. Beyond the -fact that Múlarája Solaṅki transferred the capital -to <span class="corr" id="xd25e17457" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 942, we know nothing of the events -which led to the break-up of the Bhínmál empire. But it -is reasonable to suppose that between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 920 and 940 the Chápas gradually lost -ground and the Chúḍásamás were able first to -conquer Sindh and then to settle in -Káthiáváḍa.—A. M. T. J.]</p> -<p>[Káthiáváḍa contains three peculiar and -associated classes of Hindus, the Mers, the Jethvás, and the -Jhálás. The Mers and the Jethvás stand to each -other in the relation of vassal and lord. The Jhálás are -connected with the Jethvás by origin history and alliance. The -bond <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb140" href="#pb140" name="pb140">140</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter XII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Mers, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470–900.</span><br> -The Jethvás.</span> of union between the three classes is not -only that they seem to be of foreign that is of non-Hindu origin, but -whether or not they belong to the same swarm of northern invaders, that -they all apparently entered Káthiáváḍa -either by land or sea through Sindh and Kacch. So far as record or -tradition remains the Mers and <span class="marginnote">The -Jethvás.</span>Jethvás reached -Káthiáváḍa in the latter half of the fifth -century after Christ, and the Jhálás, and perhaps a -second detachment of Mers and Jethvás, some three hundred years -later.<a class="noteref" id="n140.1src" href="#n140.1" name="n140.1src">6</a> The three tribes differ widely in numbers and in -distribution. The ruling Jethvás are a small group found solely -in south-west Káthiáváḍa.<a class="noteref" -id="n140.2src" href="#n140.2" name="n140.2src">7</a> The -Jhálás, who are also known as Makvánas, are a much -larger clan. They not only fill north-east -Káthiáváḍa, but from -Káthiáváḍa, about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1500, spread to <span class="corr" id="xd25e17526" title="Source: Rajputána">Rájputána</span> and have -there established a second -Jháláváḍa,<a class="noteref" id="n140.3src" -href="#n140.3" name="n140.3src">8</a> where, in reward for their -devotion to the Sesodia Rája of Mewáḍ in his -struggles with the Emperor Akbar (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1580–1600), the chief was given a daughter -of the Udepur family and raised to a high position among -Rájputs.<a class="noteref" id="n140.4src" href="#n140.4" name="n140.4src">9</a> The Mers are a numerous and widespread race. They -seem to be the sixth to tenth century Medhs, Meds, Mands, or Mins of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e17541" title="Source: Baluchistan">Baluchistán</span>, South-Sindh, Kacch, -and Káthiáváḍa.<a class="noteref" id="n140.5src" href="#n140.5" name="n140.5src">10</a> Further they seem to -be the Mers of Meváḍa or Medapatha in <span class="corr" -id="xd25e17573" title="Source: Rajputána">Rájputána</span><a class="noteref" id="n140.6src" href="#n140.6" name="n140.6src">11</a> and of -Mairváḍa in Málava,<a class="noteref" id="n140.7src" href="#n140.7" name="n140.7src">12</a> and also to be the -Musalmán Meos and Minas of Northern India.<a class="noteref" id="n140.8src" href="#n140.8" name="n140.8src">13</a> In Gujarát -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb141" href="#pb141" name="pb141">141</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter XII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Mers, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470–900.</span><br> -The Mers.</span> their strength is much greater than the 30,000 or -40,000 returned as <span class="marginnote">The Mers.</span>Mers. One -branch of the tribe is hidden under the name Koli; another has -disappeared below the covering of Islám.<a class="noteref" id="n141.1src" href="#n141.1" name="n141.1src">14</a></p> -<p>Formerly except the vague contention that the Medhás, -Jhetvás, and Jhála-Makvánás were -northerners of somewhat recent arrival little evidence was available -either to fix the date of their appearance in -Káthiáváḍa or to determine to which of the -many swarms of non-Hindu Northerners they belonged.<a class="noteref" -id="n141.2src" href="#n141.2" name="n141.2src">15</a> This point Dr. -Bhagvánlál’s remarks in the text go far to clear. -The chief step is the identification of the Mers with the Maitrakas, -the ruling power in Káthiáváḍa between the -decline of the Guptas about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470 and -the establishment of Valabhi rule about sixty years later. And further -that they fought at the same time against the same Hindu rulers and -that both are described as foreigners and northerners favours the -identification of the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb142" href="#pb142" name="pb142">142</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter XII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Mers, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470–900.</span><br> -White Húṇas.</span> <span class="marginnote">White -<span class="corr" id="xd25e17672" title="Source: Huṇas">Húṇas</span>.</span> power of the -Maitrakas with the North Indian empire of the Epthalites, Yethas, or -White Húṇas.<a class="noteref" id="n142.1src" href="#n142.1" name="n142.1src">16</a></p> -<p>Though the sameness in name between the Mihiras and Mihirakula -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 508–530), the great Indian -champion of the White Húṇas, may not imply sameness of -tribe it points to a common sun-worship.<a class="noteref" id="n142.2src" href="#n142.2" name="n142.2src">17</a></p> -<p>That the Multán sun-worship was introduced under Sassanian -influence is supported by the fact (Wilson’s Ariana Antiqua, 357) -that the figure of the sun on the fifth century Hindu sun coins is in -the dress of a Persian king<span class="corr" id="xd25e17739" title="Source: :">;</span> that the priests who performed the Multán -sun-worship were called Magas; and by the details of the dress and -ritual in the account of the introduction of sun-worship given in the -Bhavishya Purána.<a class="noteref" id="n142.3src" href="#n142.3" name="n142.3src">18</a> That the Meyds or Mands had some -share in its introduction is supported by the fact that the -Purána names the third or Sudra class of the sun-worshippers -Mandagas.<a class="noteref" id="n142.4src" href="#n142.4" name="n142.4src">19</a> That the Meyds were associated with the Magas is -shown by the mention of the Magas as Mihiragas.<a class="noteref" id="n142.5src" href="#n142.5" name="n142.5src">20</a> The third class whom -the Bhavishya Purána associates with the introduction of -sun-worship are the Mânas who <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb143" href="#pb143" name="pb143">143</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter XII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Mers, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470–900.</span><br> -White Húṇas.</span> are given a place between the Magas -and the Mands. The association of the Mânas with the Mihiras or -Maitrakas suggests that Mâna is Mauna a <span class="corr" id="xd25e17801" title="Source: Puránik">Puráṇic</span> -name for the White Húṇas.<a class="noteref" id="n143.1src" -href="#n143.1" name="n143.1src">21</a> That the Multán sun idol -of the sixth and seventh centuries was a Húṇa idol and -Multán the capital of a Húṇa dynasty seems in -agreement with the paramount position of the Rais of Alor or Rori in -the sixth century. Though their defeat by Yesodharmman of <span class="corr" id="xd25e17807" title="Source: Málwá">Málwa</span> about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 540 at the battle of Karur, sixty miles east of -Multán, may have ended Húṇa supremacy in north and -north-west India it does not follow that authority at once forsook the -Húṇas. Their widespread and unchallenged dominion in North -India, the absence of record of any reverse later than the Karur -defeat, the hopelessness of any attempt to pass out of India in the -face of the combined Turk and Sassanian forces make it probable that -the Húṇas and their associated tribes, adopting Hinduism -and abandoning their claim to supremacy, settled in west and north-west -India. This view finds support in the leading place which the -Húṇas and Hára-Húṇas, the Maitrakas or -Mers, and the Gurjjaras hold in the centuries that follow the overthrow -of the White Húṇa empire. According to one rendering of -Cosmas<a class="noteref" id="n143.2src" href="#n143.2" name="n143.2src">22</a> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 525) the chief of -Orrhotha or Sorath in common with several other coast rulers owed -allegiance to Gollas, apparently, as is suggested at page 75 of the -text, to Gulla or Mihirgulla the Indian Emperor of the White -Húṇas. These details support the view that the Maitrakas, -Mihiras, or Mers who in Cosmas’ time were in power in -Káthiáváḍa, and to whose ascendancy during -the seventh and eighth centuries both the Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsiang -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 612–640) and the Arab -historians of Sindh bear witness, were a portion of the great White -Húṇa invasion (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 480–530).<a class="noteref" id="n143.3src" -href="#n143.3" name="n143.3src">23</a> In the many recorded swarmings -south from <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb144" href="#pb144" name="pb144">144</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter XII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Mers, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470–900.</span><br> -White Húṇas.</span> Central Asia into Persia and India no -feature is commoner than the leading of the conquered by certain -families of the conquering tribe. Chinese authorities place it beyond -doubt that when, towards the middle of the fifth century <span class="sc">a.d.</span>, the White Húṇas crossed the Oxus they -found in power a cognate tribe of northerners whose date of settlement -on the Indian frontier was less than a century old. This preceding -swarm was the Yuán-Yuán, Var-Var, or Avár, who, -about the close of the fourth century (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 380), had driven from Balkh southwards into the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e17876" title="Source: Kabul">Kábul</span> valley Kitolo the last ruler of the -long established Yuetchi (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> -50–<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 380).<a class="noteref" id="n144.1src" href="#n144.1" name="n144.1src">24</a> It is known that in -retreating before the Yuán-Yuán a division of the -Baktrian Yuetchi, under the leadership of Kitolo’s son, under the -name of the Kidáras or Little Yuetchi, established their power -in Gandhára and Pesháwar.<a class="noteref" id="n144.2src" href="#n144.2" name="n144.2src">25</a> This Kidára -invasion must have driven a certain share of the people of the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e17892" title="Source: Kabul">Kábul</span> valley to the east of the Indus. -The invasion of the White Húṇas a century later, who were -welcomed as allies by some of the Panjáb chiefs,<a class="noteref" id="n144.3src" href="#n144.3" name="n144.3src">26</a> would -cause fresh movements among the frontier tribes. The welcome given to -the Húṇas, and the show and dash which marked their -century of ascendancy in India and Persia, make it probable that as -leaders they conducted south as far as -Káthiáváḍa and Málava large bodies of -the earlier northern settlers. To which of the waves of earlier -northerners the Medhs belonged is doubtful.<a class="noteref" id="n144.4src" href="#n144.4" name="n144.4src">27</a> The view held by -Pandit Bhagvánlál that one branch of the Medhs entered -India in the first century before Christ among the tribes of which the -great Yuechi were the chief is on the whole in agreement with General -Cunningham’s argument that Medus Hydaspes, Virgil’s phrase -for the Jhelum, proves that the Medhs were then (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 40) already settled on its banks.<a class="noteref" id="n144.5src" href="#n144.5" name="n144.5src">28</a> -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb145" href="#pb145" name="pb145">145</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter XII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Mers, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470–900.</span><br> -White Húṇas.</span> Dr. Bhagvánlál’s -view that the Jethvás are Medhs ennobled by long overlordship is -somewhat doubtfully shared by Colonel Watson<a class="noteref" id="n145.1src" href="#n145.1" name="n145.1src">29</a> and is not -inconsistent with Tod’s opinions.<a class="noteref" id="n145.2src" href="#n145.2" name="n145.2src">30</a> Still though the -Hindu ruler-worship, which, as in the case of the Marátha -<span class="corr" id="xd25e17984" title="Source: Siváji">Śiváji</span>, explains the raising -to the twice-born of leaders of successful early and foreign tribes -makes it possible that the Jethvás were originally Mers, it -seems on the whole probable that the Jethvás’ claim to an -origin distinct from the Mers is well founded. The evidence recorded by -Colonel Tod and the name Jethva led the late Dr. John Wilson to trace -the Jethvás to the Játs or Jits.<a class="noteref" id="n145.3src" href="#n145.3" name="n145.3src">31</a> According to the -bards the name of the Káthiáváḍa tribe -Jethva is derived from Jetha No. 85 or No. 95 of the Porbandar list, -who was probably so called because he was born under the <span class="corr" id="xd25e17990" title="Source: Jyeshṭḥa">Jyeshṭha</span> -constellation.<a class="noteref" id="n145.4src" href="#n145.4" name="n145.4src">32</a> The common practice of explaining a tribal name by -inventing some name-giving chief deprives this derivation of most of -its probability.<a class="noteref" id="n145.5src" href="#n145.5" name="n145.5src">33</a> In the present case it may further be noticed that -the name Jethi is borne by two of the chiefs earlier than the Jetha -referred to.<a class="noteref" id="n145.6src" href="#n145.6" name="n145.6src">34</a> In the absence of any satisfactory explanation the -name Jethva suggests an origin in Yetha the shortened Chinese form of -Ye-ta-i-li-to or Ephthalite the name of the ruling class of the White -Húṇas.<a class="noteref" id="n145.7src" href="#n145.7" -name="n145.7src">35</a> It is true that so good an authority as -Specht<a class="noteref" id="n145.8src" href="#n145.8" name="n145.8src">36</a> holds that the shortened form Yetha is peculiar to -the Chinese and was never in use. But the form Tetal or Haital, adopted -by <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb146" href="#pb146" name="pb146">146</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter XII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Mers, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470–900.</span><br> -White Húṇas.</span> Armenian Musalmán and Byzantine -historians,<a class="noteref" id="n146.1src" href="#n146.1" name="n146.1src">37</a> makes probable an Indian Yethál or -Jethál if not a Yetha or Jetha. Nor does there seem any reason -why Yetha the Chinese form of the word should not be more likely to be -adopted in India than the western and otherwise less correct form Tetal -or Haithal. In any case the irregular change from a correct -Yethál to an incorrect Yetha cannot be considered of much -importance, if, as seems likely, the change was made in order to give -the word an Indian meaning.<a class="noteref" id="n146.2src" href="#n146.2" name="n146.2src">38</a> The <i>v</i> in Jethva would come to -be added when the origin from a chief named Jetha was accepted.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Jhálás.</span>Another name -for the White Húṇas, or for a section of the White -Húṇa swarm, is preserved by Cosmas<a class="noteref" id="n146.3src" href="#n146.3" name="n146.3src">39</a> in the form Juvia. -This form, if it is not a misreading for Ounia or Húṇa, -suggests Jáuvla the recently identified name of the tribe -ennobled in India by the great <span class="corr" id="xd25e18070" -title="Source: Toramaṇa">Toramáṇa</span> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 450–500) and his son -Mihirakula (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 500–540), and of -which a trace seems to remain in the Jáwla and Jháwla -divisions of Panjáb Gujjars.<a class="noteref" id="n146.4src" -href="#n146.4" name="n146.4src">40</a> This Jáuvla, under such a -fire baptism as would admit the holders of the name among Hindus, might -be turned into Jvála flaming and Jvála be shortened to -Jhála. That Jhála was formerly punningly connected with -flame is shewn by a line from the bard Chand, ‘The lord of the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e18083" title="Source: Ranas">Ránás</span> the powerful Jhála -like a flaming fire.’<a class="noteref" id="n146.5src" href="#n146.5" name="n146.5src">41</a> That the -Káthiáváḍa bards were either puzzled by the -name Jhála or were unwilling to admit its foreign origin is -shewn by the story preserved in the Rás -Málá,<a class="noteref" id="n146.6src" href="#n146.6" -name="n146.6src">42</a> that the tribe got the name because the -children of Hirpál Makvána, about to be crushed by an -elephant, were snatched away <i>jhála</i> by their witch-mother. -It has been noticed in the text that the break in Gujarát -History between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 480 and 520, agreeing -with the term of Húṇa supremacy in North India, seems to -imply a similar supremacy in Gujarát. The facts that up to the -twelfth century Húṇas held a leading place in -Gujarát chronicles,<a class="noteref" id="n146.7src" href="#n146.7" name="n146.7src">43</a> and that while in <span class="corr" -id="xd25e18105" title="Source: Rajputána">Rájputána</span> and other -parts of Northern India the traces of Huns are fairly widespread in -Gujarát they have almost if not altogether disappeared, support -the view that the Húṇa strain in -Káthiáváḍa is hid under the names Mera, -Jethva, and Jhála.<a class="noteref" id="n146.8src" href="#n146.8" name="n146.8src">44</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb149" -href="#pb149" name="pb149">149</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n136.1" -href="#n136.1src" name="n136.1">1</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XII. 179. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n136.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n136.2" -href="#n136.2src" name="n136.2">2</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> II. 257. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n136.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n137.1" -href="#n137.1src" name="n137.1">3</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XII. 151. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n137.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n138.1" -href="#n138.1src" name="n138.1">4</a></span> The inscription calls -Chápa the founder of the dynasty. The name is old. A king -Vyághrarája of the Chápa Vaṃśa, is -mentioned by the astronomer Brahmagupta as reigning in Śaka 550 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 628) when he wrote his book called -Brahma-Gupta Siddhánta. The entry runs “In the reign of -Śrí Vyághramukha of the Śrí Chápa -dynasty, five hundred and fifty years after the Śaka king having -elapsed.” <abbr title="Journal Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society">Jour. B. B. R. A. -Soc.</abbr> VIII. 27. For <span class="corr" id="xd25e17374" title="Source: Dharaṇívara’s">Dharaṇívaráha’s</span> -grant see <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XII. -190ff. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n138.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n138.2" -href="#n138.2src" name="n138.2">5</a></span> Elliot’s History, I. -266. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n138.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n140.1" -href="#n140.1src" name="n140.1">6</a></span> According to the -Káthiáwár Gazetteer pages 110 and 278, the first -wave reached about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 650 and the second -about 250 years later. Dr. Bhagvánlál’s -identification of the Mers with the Maitrakas would take back their -arrival in Káthiáváḍa from about -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 650 to about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 450. The Mers were again formidable in -Gujarát in the late ninth and early tenth centuries. In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 867 (see above Pages <a href="#pb127" -class="pageref">127</a> and <a href="#pb130" class="pageref">130</a>) -the Ráshṭrakúṭa Dhruva II, checked an inroad -of a Mihira king with a powerful army. Again in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 914 the Ráshṭrakúṭa -Indra in a moment uprooted the Mehr (Ditto). <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n140.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n140.2" -href="#n140.2src" name="n140.2">7</a></span> The <span class="corr" id="xd25e17515" title="Source: Ain-i-Akbarí">Áin-i-Akbari</span> (Gladwin, II. -69) notices that the sixth division of Sauráshṭra, which -was almost impervious by reason of mountains rivers and woods, was -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1580) inhabited by the tribe -Cheetore that is Jetwa. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n140.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n140.3" -href="#n140.3src" name="n140.3">8</a></span> Of the -Jhálás or Chalahs the <span class="corr" id="xd25e17531" -title="Source: Ain-i-Akbárí">Áin-i-Akbari</span> -(Gladwin, II. 64) has: Chaláwareh (in north-east -Káthiáváḍa) formerly independent and -inhabited by the tribe of Chálah. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n140.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n140.4" -href="#n140.4src" name="n140.4">9</a></span> Tod’s Annals of -Rájasthán, II. 113. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n140.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n140.5" -href="#n140.5src" name="n140.5">10</a></span> Elliot and Dowson, I. 114 -and 519–531. It is noted in the text that to the Arab invaders of -the eighth and ninth centuries the Medhs of Hind were the chief people -of Káthiáváḍa both in Soráth in the -south and in Mália in the north. They were as famous by sea as -by land. According to Beláduri (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 950) (Reinaud’s <span lang="fr">Mémoire Sur l’Inde</span>, 234–235) the Meyds -of Sauráshṭra and Kacch were sailors who lived on the sea -and sent fleets to a distance. Ibn <span class="corr" id="xd25e17552" -title="Source: Khurdadba">Khurdádba</span> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 912) and <span class="corr" id="xd25e17558" -title="Source: Idrisí">Idrísi</span> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1130), probably from the excellent <span class="corr" id="xd25e17565" title="Corrected by author from: Aldjayháni">Aljauhari</span> -(Reinaud’s Abulfeda, lxiii. and Elliot, I. 79), have the form -Mand. Elliot, I. 14. The form Mand survives in a musical mode popular -in <span class="corr" id="xd25e17568" title="Source: Rajputána">Rájputána</span>, which is -also called Rajewári. The Mand is like the Central Asian -Mus-ta-zad (K. S. Fazullah Lutfallah.) <a class="fnarrow" href="#n140.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n140.6" -href="#n140.6src" name="n140.6">11</a></span> Indian Antiquary, VI. -191. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n140.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n140.7" -href="#n140.7src" name="n140.7">12</a></span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e17579" title="Source: Rajputána">Rájputána</span> Gazetteer, I. -11. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n140.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n140.8" -href="#n140.8src" name="n140.8">13</a></span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e17584" title="Source: Rajputána">Rájputána</span> Gazetteer, I. -66; North-West Province Gazetteer, III. 265; Ibbetson’s -Panjáb Census page 261. Some of these identifications are -doubtful. Dr. <span class="corr" id="xd25e17587" title="Source: Bhangvánlál">Bhagvánlál</span> in -the text (21 Note 6 and 33) distinguishes between the Mevas or Medas -whom he identifies as northern immigrants of about the first century -<span class="sc">b.c.</span> and the Mers. This view is in agreement -with the remark in the <span class="corr" id="xd25e17593" title="Source: Rajputána">Rájputána</span> Gazetteer, I. -66, that the Mers have been suspected to be a relic of the -Indo-Skythian Meds. Again Tod (Annals of Rajasthán, I. 9) -derives Meváḍa from <i>madhya</i> (Sk.) middle, and the -Mer of Merwáḍa from <i>meru</i> a hill. In support of -Tod’s view it is to be noted that the forts Balmer Jesalmer -Komalmer and Ajmer, which Pandit Bhagvánlál would derive -from the personal names of Mer leaders, are all either hill forts or -rocks (Annals, I. 11, and Note †). It is, on the other hand, to -be noted that no hill forts out of this particular tract of country are -called Mers, and that the similar names Koli and Malava, which with -equal probability as Medh might be derived from Koh and Mala hill, seem -to be tribal not geographical names. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n140.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n141.1" -href="#n141.1src" name="n141.1">14</a></span> The tales cited in the -Rás Málá (I. 103) prove that most of the Kolis -between Gujarát and Káthiáváḍa are -Mairs. That till the middle of the tenth century the south-east of -Káthiáváḍa was held by Medhs (Káth. -Gazetteer, 672) supports the view that the Kolis, whom about -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1190 (Tod’s Western India, I. -265) the Gohils drove out of the island of Piram, were Medhs, and this -is in agreement with <span class="corr" id="xd25e17628" title="Source: Idrisí">Idrísi</span> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1130 Elliot, I. 83) who calls both Piram and the -Medhs by the name Mand. Similarly some of the Koli clans of Kacch -(Gazetteer, 70) seem to be descended from the Medhs. And according to -Mr. Dalpatram Khakkar three subdivisions of Brahmo-Kshatris, of which -the best known are the Mansura Mers and the Pipalia Mers, maintain the -surname Mair or Mer. (Cutch Gazetteer, 52 note 2.) Mera or Mehra is a -common surname among Sindhi Baluchis. Many of the best Musalmán -captains and pilots from Káthiáváḍa, Kacch, -and the Makrán coast still have Mer as a surname. Mehr is also a -favourite name among both Khojáhs and Memans, the two special -classes of Káthiáváḍa converts to -Islám. The Khojáhs explain the name as meaning Meher Ali -the friend of Ali; the Memans also explain Mer as Meher or friend. But -as among Memans Mer is a common name for women as well as for men the -word can hardly mean friend. The phrase Merbaí or Lady Mer -applied to Meman mothers seems to have its origin in the Rájput -practice of calling the wife by the name of her caste or tribe as -Káthiáníbaí, Meraníbaí. In -the case both of the Khojáhs and the Memans the name Mer seems -to be the old tribal name continued because it yielded itself to the -uses of Islám. Mehr, Mihr, and Mahar are also used as titles of -respect. The Khánt Kolis of Girnár, apparently a mixture -of the Maitrakas of the text and of a local hill tribe, still -(Káthiáwár Gazetteer, 142) honour their leaders -with the name Mer explaining the title by the Gujaráti mer the -main bead in a rosary. Similarly in <span class="corr" id="xd25e17634" -title="Source: Málwá">Málwa</span> a Gurjjara -title is Mihr (Rájputána Gazetteer, I. 80) and in the -Panjáb Máhar (Gazetteer of <span class="corr" id="xd25e17637" title="Source: Panjab">Panjáb</span>, -Gujrát, 50–51). And in Kacch the headman among the -Bharwáds, who according to some accounts are Gurjjarás, -is called Mir (Cutch Gazetteer, 81). Similarly among the Rabáris -of Kacch the name of the holy she-camel is Máta Meri. (Ditto, -80.) All these terms of respect are probably connected with Mihira, -Sun. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n141.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n141.2" -href="#n141.2src" name="n141.2">15</a></span> Compare Tod (Western -India, 420): Though enrolled among the thirty-six royal races we may -assert the Jethvás have become Hindus only from locality and -circumstance. Of the Jhálás Tod says (Rajasthán, -I. 113): As the Jhálás are neither Solar Lunar nor -Agnikula they must be strangers. Again (Western India, 414): The -Jhálá Makvánás are a branch of -Húṇas. Of the name Makvána -(Káthiáwár Gazetteer, 111; Rás -Málá, I. 297) two explanations may be offered, either -that the word comes from Mák the dewy tracts in Central Kacch -(Cutch Gazetteer, 75 note 2) where (Káthiáwár -Gazetteer, 420) the Jhálás stopped when the Mers and -Jethvás passed south, or that Makvána represents Mauna a -<span class="corr" id="xd25e17645" title="Source: Puranic">Puráṇic</span> name for the -Húṇas (Wilson’s Works, IV. 207). Tod’s and -Wilford’s (Asiatic Researches, IX. 287) suggestion that -Makvána is Maháhuna is perhaps not phonetically possible. -At the same time that the <span class="corr" id="xd25e17648" title="Source: Mákvánas">Makvánás</span> are a -comparatively recent tribe of northerners is supported by the -ascendancy in the fourteenth century in the Himálayas of -Makvánis (Hodgson’s Essays, I. 397; Government of India -Selections XLVII. 54 and 119) who used the Indo-Skythian title -Sáh (Ditto). With the Nepal Makvánis may be compared the -Makpons or army-men the caste of the chief of Baltistán or -Little Tibet. Vigne’s Kashmir, II. 258, 439. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n141.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n142.1" -href="#n142.1src" name="n142.1">16</a></span> The evidence in support -of the statement that the Maitrakas and Húṇas fought at -the same time against the same Hindu rulers is given in the text. One -of the most important passages is in the grant of Dhruvasena III. -(<abbr title="Epigraphia Indica">Epig. Ind.</abbr> I. 89 [<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 653–4]) the reference to <span class="corr" -id="xd25e17684" title="Source: Bhatárka">Bhaṭárka</span> the founder of -Valabhi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–520) meeting in -battle the matchless armies of the Maitrakas. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n142.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n142.2" -href="#n142.2src" name="n142.2">17</a></span> Mr. Fleet (Epigraphia -Indica, III. 327 and note 12) would identify Mihirakula’s tribe -with the Maitrakas. More recent evidence shows that his and his father -<span class="corr" id="xd25e17698" title="Source: Toromaṇa’s">Toramáṇa’s</span> -tribe was the Jáuvlas. That the White Húṇas or -other associated tribes were sun-worshippers appears from a reference -in one of Mihirakula’s inscriptions (<span lang="la">Corpus -Inscriptionum Indicarum</span>, III. 161) to the building of a -specially fine temple of the sun; and from the fact that in -Kashmír Mihirakula founded a city Mihirapura and a temple to -Mihireshwar. (Darmsteter in Journal Asiatique, X. 70: Fleet in Indian -Antiquary, XV. 242–252.) Mihirakula’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 508–530) sun-worship may have been the -continuance of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e17707" title="Source: Kushan">Kushán</span> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 50–150) worship of Mithro or Helios -(Wilson’s Ariana Antiqua, 357). At the same time the fact that -Mihirakula uses the more modern form Mihir makes it probable (Compare -Rawlinson’s Seventh Monarchy, 284) that Mihirakula’s -sun-worship was more directly the result of the spread of sun-worship -in Central Asia under the fiercely propagandist Sassanians Varahan V. -or Behram Gor (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 420–440), and -his successors Izdigerd II. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 440–457), and Perozes (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 457–483). The extent to which Zoroastrian -influence pervaded the White Húṇas is shown by the Persian -name not only of Mihirakula but of Kushnawaz (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470–490) the great emperor of the White -Húṇas the overthrower of Perozes. That this Indian -sun-worship, which, at latest, from the seventh to the tenth century -made Multán so famous was not of local origin is shown by the -absence of reference to sun-worship in Multán in the accounts of -Alexander the Great. Its foreign origin is further shown by the fact -that in the time of Beruni (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1020 -Sachau’s Edition, I. 119) the priests were called Maghas and the -image of the sun was clad in a northern dress falling to the ankles. It -is remarkable as illustrating the Hindu readiness to adopt priests of -conquering tribes into the ranks of Bráhmans that the surname -Magha survives (Cutch Gazetteer, 52 note 2) among Shrimáli -Bráhmans. These Maghas are said to have married Bhoja or -<span class="corr" id="xd25e17729" title="Source: Rajput">Rájput</span> girls and to have become the -Bráhman Bhojaks of Dwárka. Even the Mands who had -Śaka wives, whose descendants were named Mandagas, obtained a -share in the temple ceremonies. Reinaud’s <span lang="fr">Mémoire Sur l’Inde</span>, 393. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n142.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n142.3" -href="#n142.3src" name="n142.3">18</a></span> Wilson’s -<span class="corr" id="xd25e17744" title="Source: Vishnu">Vishṇu</span> Purána Preface <span class="sc">XXXIX.</span> in Reinaud’s <span lang="fr">Mémoire -Sur l’Inde</span>, 391. Details are given in Wilson’s -Works, X. 381–385. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n142.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n142.4" -href="#n142.4src" name="n142.4">19</a></span> Reinaud’s -<span lang="fr">Mémoire Sur l’Inde</span>, 393; -Wilson’s Works, X. 382. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n142.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n142.5" -href="#n142.5src" name="n142.5">20</a></span> The name Mehiraga is -explained in the Bhavishya Purána as derived from their -ancestress a daughter of the sage Rigu or Rijvahva of the race named -Mihira (Reinaud’s <span lang="fr">Mémoire Sur -l’Inde</span>, 393; Wilson’s Works, X. 382). The name -Mihiraga suggests that the spread of sun-worship in the Panjáb -and Sindh, of which the sun-worship in Multán Sindh -Káthiáváḍa and Mewáḍ and the -fire-worshipping <span class="corr" id="xd25e17765" title="Source: Rajput">Rájput</span> and Sindh coins of the fifth and -sixth centuries are evidence, was helped by the spread of Sassanian -influence into Baluchistán Kacch-Gandevi and other parts of -western Sindh, through Sakastene the modern western Seistan near the -lake Helmund. This Sakastene or land of the Śakas received its -name from the settlement in it of one of the earlier waves of the -Yuechi in the second or first century before Christ. The name explains -the statement in the Bhavishya Purána that sun-worship was -introduced by Magas into Multán from Sakadvipa the land of the -Śakas. In this connection it is interesting to note that -Darmsteter (Zend Avesta, xxxiv.) holds that the Zend Avesta was -probably completed during the reign of Sháhpur II. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 309–379): that (lxxxix.) Zend was a -language of eastern Persia an earlier form of Pashtu; and that -(lxxxiv.) western Seistan and the Helmund river was the holy land of -the Avesta the birth-place of Zoroaster and the scene of king -Vishtasp’s triumphs. A memory of the spread of this western or -Sassanian influence remains in the reference in the -Mujmalu-T-Tawárikh in Elliot, I. 107–109, to the fire -temples established in Kandabil (Gandevi) and Buddha (Mansura) by Mahra -a general of Bahman that is of Varahran V. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 420–440). It seems probable that Mahra is -Mehr the family name or the title (Rawlinson’s Sassanian -Monarchy, 224 note 4 and 312) of the great Mihran family of Persian -nobles. The general in question may be the Mehr-Narses the minister of -Varahran’s son and successor Izdigerd II. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 440–457), who enforced Zoroastrianism in -Armenia (Rawlinson, Ditto 305–308). Mehr’s success may be -the origin of the Indian stories of Varahran’s visit to -<span class="corr" id="xd25e17780" title="Source: Málwá">Málwa</span>. It may further be -the explanation of the traces of fire temples and towers of silence -noted by Pottinger (1810) in Baluchistán (Travels, -126–127) about sixty miles west of Khelat. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n142.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n143.1" -href="#n143.1src" name="n143.1">21</a></span> Wilson’s Works, IX. -207. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n143.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n143.2" -href="#n143.2src" name="n143.2">22</a></span> Compare Priaulx’s -Embassies, 222. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n143.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n143.3" -href="#n143.3src" name="n143.3">23</a></span> The White -Húṇas overran Bakhtria and the country of the Yuechi -between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 450 and 460. About a hundred -years later they were crushed between the advancing Turks and the -Sassanian Chosroes I. or Naushirván (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 537–590). Rawlinson’s Sassanian -Monarchy, 420; Specht in Journal Asiatique (1883) Tom II. -349–350. The Húṇas supremacy in North India did not -last beyond <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 530 or 540. The overthrow -of their supremacy perhaps dates from <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 540 the battle of Karur about sixty miles east of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e17843" title="Source: Múltán">Multán</span>, their conqueror -being Yasodharmman of <span class="corr" id="xd25e17846" title="Source: Málwá">Málwa</span> the second of the -three great Vikramádityas of <span class="corr" id="xd25e17849" -title="Source: Málwá">Málwa</span>. Of the -Húṇas’ position among Hindu castes Colonel Tod says: -The Húṇas are one of the Skyths who have got a place among -the thirty-six races of India. They probably came along with the -Káthi, Bála, and Makvána of -Sauráshṭra. Tod’s Annals of Rajasthán, I. -110. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n143.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n144.1" -href="#n144.1src" name="n144.1">24</a></span> Specht in Journal -Asiatique (1883), II. 348. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n144.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n144.2" -href="#n144.2src" name="n144.2">25</a></span> Specht in Journal -Asiatique (1883), II. 349. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n144.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n144.3" -href="#n144.3src" name="n144.3">26</a></span> Compare above Chapter -VII. page 73 note 3. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n144.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n144.4" -href="#n144.4src" name="n144.4">27</a></span> Dr. -Bhagvánlál (Text, 33) traces one set of Medhs to the -Mevas the tribe of Ysamotika the father of the Kshatrapa <span class="corr" id="xd25e17900" title="Source: Chashtaṇa">Chashṭana</span> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 130). He holds these Mevas entered India (21) -with the Malayas, Palhavas, and <span class="corr" id="xd25e17906" -title="Source: Abhiras">Ábhíras</span> about <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 150(?) At the same time he seems to have -considered those early Mevas different from the fifth and sixth century -Mihiras and from the seventh and eighth century Medhs. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n144.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n144.5" -href="#n144.5src" name="n144.5">28</a></span> <abbr title="Archæological">Arch.</abbr> Report for 1863–64, II. 52. In -support of this Cunningham cites Ptolemy’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 150) Euthymedia that is Sagala, sixty miles -north-west of Lahor, and the Media of Peutinger’s Tables -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 400). This Euthymedia is a -corruption of the original Euthydemia the name given to Sagala by -Demetrios (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 190) the great -Græco-Baktrian in honour of his father Euthydemos (Compare Text -page 16 and McCrindle’s Ptolemy, 124). Of the cause of this -change of name, which may be only a clerical error, two different -explanations have been offered. Tod (An. of Rajn. I. 233) would make -the new form Yuthi-media the Middle Yuchi. Cunningham (<abbr title="Archæological Survey Report">Arch. Surv. Rep.</abbr> II. 53) -would attribute it to the southward migration towards Sindh about -<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 50 of the Kushán-pressed horde -which under Moas or Mogha came from Little Tibet and entered the -Panjáb either by way of Kashmír or down the Swát -valley. According to General Cunningham (Ditto, 53) the followers of -this Moas were Mandrueni called after the Mandrus river south of the -Oxus. The two forms Medh and Mand are due to the cerebral which -explains the Minnagaras of Ptolemy and the Periplus; Masudi’s -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 915) Mind and Ibn <span class="corr" -id="xd25e17939" title="Source: Khurdadbha’s">Khurdádbha’s</span> (died -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 912) and <span class="corr" id="xd25e17947" title="Source: Idrisí’s">Idrísi’s</span> (perhaps -from <span class="corr" id="xd25e17950" title="Corrected by author from: Aldjayháni">Aljauhari</span>) Mand -(Elliot, I. 14 and 79, Reinaud’s Abulfeda, lxiii.); the present -associated Mers and Mins in <span class="corr" id="xd25e17954" title="Source: Rajputána">Rájputána</span> (Ditto, 53); -and perhaps the Musalmán Meos and Minas of the Panjáb -(Ibbetson’s Census, 261). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n144.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n145.1" -href="#n145.1src" name="n145.1">29</a></span> The Jethvás are -closely allied to the Medhs (Káth. Gaz. 138); they entered -Káthiáváḍa along with the Medhs (Ditto, -278). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n145.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n145.2" -href="#n145.2src" name="n145.2">30</a></span> The passages are somewhat -contradictory. Tod (Western India, 413) says: Jethvás marry with -Káthis, Ahirs, and Mers. In the Káthiáwár -Gazetteer (page 110) Colonel Barton seems to admit the -Jethvás’ claim to be of distinct origin from the Mers. In -another passage he says (page 138): The Mers claim to be -Jethvás: this the Jethvás deny. So also Colonel Watson in -one passage (page 621) seems to favour a distinct origin while in -another (page 279) he says: It seems probable the Jethvás are -merely the ruling family Rájkula of the Mers and that they are -all of one tribe. Two points seem clear. The Jethvás are -admitted to rank among Káthiáváḍa -<span class="corr" id="xd25e17980" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span> and they formerly married with -the Mers. The further question whether the Jethvás were -originally of a distinct and higher tribe remains -undetermined. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n145.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n145.3" -href="#n145.3src" name="n145.3">31</a></span> Bombay Administration -Report for 1873. Colonel Tod made the same suggestion: Western India, -256. Compare Pottinger’s (Travels in Baluchistán, 81) -identification of the Jeths of Kacch-Gandevi north of Khelat with -Játs or Jits. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n145.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n145.4" -href="#n145.4src" name="n145.4">32</a></span> Tod’s Western -India, 413. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n145.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n145.5" -href="#n145.5src" name="n145.5">33</a></span> Compare Bühler in -Epigraphia Indica, I. 294. Like the Chálukyas and other tribes -the Jethvás trace the name Jethva to a name-giving chief. Of the -Jethvás Tod says (Annals of Rajasthán, I. 114): The -Jethvás have all the appearance of Skythian descent. As they -make no pretension to belong to any of the old Indian races they may be -a branch of Skythians. In his Western India (page 412), though confused -by his identification of Śánkha-dwára with Sakotra -instead of with Bet-Dwárka (compare Káth. Gaz. 619), Tod -still holds to a northern origin of the Jethvás. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n145.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n145.6" -href="#n145.6src" name="n145.6">34</a></span> Nos. 6 and 82 of Colonel -Watson’s List, Káthiáwár Gazetteer, 621. The -Pandit’s evidence in the text ascribes to the somewhat doubtful -Jáikadeva a date of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 738 -(Vikram 794); to Jáchikadeva a date of about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 904 (Gupta 585); and to the <span class="corr" -id="xd25e18008" title="Source: Gúmli">Ghúmli</span> ruins -a probable eleventh century. Tod (Western India, 417) traces the -Jethvás further back putting the founding of Ghúmli or -Bhúmli at about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 692 (Ś. -749) the date of a settlement between the Tuars of Delhi and the -Jethvás (Ditto, 411). Col. Watson (Káth. Gaz. 278) gives -either <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 650 or <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 900. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n145.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n145.7" -href="#n145.7src" name="n145.7">35</a></span> The form Yetha is used by -the Chinese pilgrim Sung-yun <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 519. -Beal’s Buddhist Records, I. xc. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n145.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n145.8" -href="#n145.8src" name="n145.8">36</a></span> Journal Asiatique (1883), -II. 319. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n145.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n146.1" -href="#n146.1src" name="n146.1">37</a></span> Journal Asiatique (1883), -II. 314. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n146.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n146.2" -href="#n146.2src" name="n146.2">38</a></span> Compare for the -chief’s name Jetha, Colonel Watson Káth. Gaz. 622 in the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e18053" title="Source: Jyeshṭḥa">Jyeshṭha</span> -Nakshatra. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n146.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n146.3" -href="#n146.3src" name="n146.3">39</a></span> Priaulx’s -Embassies, 220; Migne’s <span lang="la">Patrologiæ -Cursus</span> Vol. 88 page 98. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n146.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n146.4" -href="#n146.4src" name="n146.4">40</a></span> Census of 1891. III. 116. -A reference to the Jhauvlas is given above page 75 note 4. General -Cunningham (Ninth Oriental Congress, I. 228–244) traces the tribe -of Jhauvla ruling in Sindh, Zabulistan or Ghazni, and Makran from the -sixth to the eighth and ninth centuries. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n146.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n146.5" -href="#n146.5src" name="n146.5">41</a></span> Tod’s Western -India, 194 Note ‡. Tod adds: Chand abounds in such <span lang="fr">jeu-de-mot</span> on the names of tribes. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n146.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n146.6" -href="#n146.6src" name="n146.6">42</a></span> Rás -Málá, I. 302: Káthiáwár Gazetteer, -111. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n146.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n146.7" -href="#n146.7src" name="n146.7">43</a></span> Tod’s Annals of -Rajasthán, I. 111. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n146.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n146.8" -href="#n146.8src" name="n146.8">44</a></span> Among references to -Húṇas may be noted: In the Váyu Purána -(Sachau’s Alberuni, I. 300) in the west between <span class="corr" id="xd25e18110" title="Source: Karnaprávarna">Karṇaprávarna</span> and -Darva; in the <span class="corr" id="xd25e18113" title="Source: Vishnu">Vishṇu</span> Purána <span class="corr" -id="xd25e18116" title="Source: Húṇás">Húṇas</span> between -the Saindhavas and the Sálvás (Wilson’s Works, VII. -133 and 134 Note †); in the eighth century Ungutsi lord of the -Húṇas who helped Chitor (Tod’s Annals, II. 457); in -the Khichi bard Mogji, traditions of many powerful Húṇa -kings in India (Tod’s Annals, I. 111 Note †) among them -the Húṇa chief of Barolli (Ditto, II. 705); and -Rája Húṇa of the Pramára race who was lord -of the Pathár or plateau of Central India (Ditto, II. 457). -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter XII.<br> -<span class="sc">The Mers, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470–900.</span></span> In the Middle Ages -the Húṇas were considered Kshatriyas and Kshatriyas -married Húṇa wives (Wilson’s Works, VII. 134 Note -†). Of existing traces in the Panjáb may be noted Hon and -Hona Rájputs and Gujjars, Hona Jats, Hon Labánas, Hon -Lohárs, Honi Mális, Hon Mochis, Húṇa -Barbers, and Haun Rabáris (Panjáb Census. 1891. III. -pages 116, 139, 227, 233, 246, 265, 276, 305, 315). The only traces -Colonel Tod succeeded in finding in Gujarát were a few -Húṇa huts at a village opposite Umetha on the gulf of -Cambay, a second small colony near Somanátha, and a few houses -at Trisauli five miles from Baroda. (Western India, 247, 323.) Since -1825 these traces have disappeared. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n146.8src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="pt1.2" class="div0 part"> -<h2 class="label"><i>PART II.</i></h2> -<h2 class="main">THE KINGDOM OF <span class="corr" id="xd25e18142" -title="Source: AṆAHILAVAḌA">AṆAHILAVÁḌA</span>.</h2> -<h2 class="sub"><span class="sc">a.d.</span> 720–1300.</h2> -<div id="ch1.2.1" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd25e1578">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">CHAPTER I.</h2> -<h2 class="main">THE <span class="corr" id="xd25e18154" title="Source: CHÁVADÁS">CHÁVAḌÁS</span></h2> -<h2 class="sub">(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 720–956.)</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter I.<br> -<span class="sc">The <span class="corr" id="xd25e18170" title="Source: Chávadás">Chávaḍás</span>, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 720–956.</span></span> The -history embodied in the preceding chapters is more or less fragmentary, -pieced together from coins, stone and copperplate inscriptions, local -traditions, and other similar sources. A history based on such -materials alone must of necessity be imperfect, leaving blanks which it -may be hoped fresh details will gradually fill.</p> -<p>The rise of the Aṇahilaváḍa kingdom (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 720) marks a new period of Gujarát history -regarding which materials are available from formal historical -writings.<a class="noteref" id="n149.1src" href="#n149.1" name="n149.1src">1</a> Though this section of Gujarát history begins -with the establishment of Aṇahilaváḍa by the -Chávaḍás (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 720–956) the details for the earlier -portions are very imperfect being written during the time of the -Chálukya or Solaṅki (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 957–1242) successors of the -Chávaḍás. The chief sources of information -regarding the earlier period of Chávaḍá rule are -the opening chapters of the Prabandhachintámaṇi, -Vicháraśreṇi, Sukṛitasankírtana, and -Ratnamálá.<a class="noteref" id="n149.2src" href="#n149.2" name="n149.2src">2</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Pañchásar, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 788.</span>Before the establishment of -Aṇahilaváḍa a small Chávaḍá -chiefship centred at Pañchásar, now a fair-sized village -in Vadhiár between Gujarát and Kacch.<a class="noteref" -id="n149.3src" href="#n149.3" name="n149.3src">3</a> The existence of a -Chávaḍá chiefship at Pañchásar is -proved by the Navsárí grant dated Saṃvat 490 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 788–89) of the Gujarát -Chálukya king Pulikeśí Janáśraya. This -grant in recording the triumphant progress of an army of Tájikas -or Arabs <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb150" href="#pb150" name="pb150">150</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter I.<br> -<span class="sc">The <span class="corr" id="xd25e18226" title="Source: Chávadás">Chávaḍás</span>, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 720–956.</span><br> -Pañchásar, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 788.</span> -from Sindh to Navsárí and mentioning the kingdoms -“afflicted” by the Arabs, names the Chávoṭakas -next after the kings of Kacch and Sauráshṭra. These -Chávoṭakas can be no other than the -Chávaḍás of Pañchásar on the borders -of Kacch. The Chávaḍás of Pañchásar -do not appear to have been important rulers. At the most they seem to -have held Vadhiár and part of the north coast of -Káthiáváḍa. Whatever be the origin of the -name Chávaḍá, which was afterwards Sanskritised -into the highsounding Chápoṭkaṭa or Strongbow, it -does not seem to be the name of any great dynasty. The name very -closely resembles the Gujaráti Chor (Prakrit Chauṭá -or Choraṭá) meaning thieves or robbers; and -Jávadá, which is a further corruption of -Chávaḍá, is the word now in use in those parts for -a thief or robber. Except the mention of the Chávoṭakas in -the Navsárí copperplate we do not find the -Chávaḍás noticed in any known cotemporary -Gujarát copperplates. For this reason it seems fair to regard -them as unimportant rulers over a territory extending from -Pañchásar to Aṇahilaváḍa.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Jayaśekhara, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 696.</span>The author of the -Ratnamálá (<span class="sc">C.</span> 1230 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>) says that in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 696 -(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 752) Jayaśekhara the -Chávaḍá king of Pañchásar was -attacked by the Chaulukya king Bhuvaḍa of -Kalyánakaṭaka in Kanyákubja or Kanoj and slain by -Bhuvaḍa in battle. Before his death Jayaśekhara, finding his -affairs hopeless, sent his pregnant wife Rupasundarí to the -forest in charge of her brother Surapála, one of his chief -warriors. After Jayaśekhara’s death Rupasundarí gave -birth to a son named Vanarája who became the illustrious founder -of Aṇahilaváḍa. It is hard to say how much truth -underlies this tradition. In the seventh century not Chaulukya but -Pála kings flourished in Kanoj. No place of importance called -Kalyánakaṭaka is recorded in the Kanoj territory. And -though there was a southern Chálukya kingdom with its capital at -Kalyán, its establishment at Kalyán was about the middle -of the eleventh not in the seventh century. Further the known Dakhan -Chálukya lists contain no king named Bhuvaḍa, unless he be -the great Chálukya king Vijayáditya (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 696–733) also called Bhuvanásraya, -who warred in the north and was there imprisoned but made his escape. -The inference is that the author of the Ratnamálá, -knowing the Solaṅkis originally belonged to a city called -Kalyán, and knowing that a Chálukya king named -Bhuvaḍa had defeated the Chávaḍás may have -called Bhuvaḍa king of Kalyánkaṭaka and identified -Kalyánkaṭaka with a country so well known to <span class="corr" id="xd25e18262" title="Source: Puránik">Puráṇic</span> fame as -Kanyákubja. This view is supported by the absence in the -Prabandhachintámaṇi and other old records of any mention -of an invasion from Kanoj. It is possible that in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 696 some king Bhuvaḍa of the Gujarát -<span class="corr" id="xd25e18268" title="Source: Chálukyás">Chálukyas</span>, of whom at -this time branches were ruling as far north as Kaira,<a class="noteref" -id="n150.1src" href="#n150.1" name="n150.1src">4</a> invaded the -Chávaḍás under Jayaśekhara. Since traces of a -Chávoṭaka kingdom remain, at least as late as <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 720, it seems probable that the destruction of -Pañchásar was caused not by Bhuvaḍa in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 696, but in the Arab raid mentioned above whose -date falls about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 720.<a class="noteref" id="n150.2src" href="#n150.2" name="n150.2src">5</a> About -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 720 may therefore be taken as the -date <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb151" href="#pb151" name="pb151">151</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter I.<br> -<span class="sc">The <span class="corr" id="xd25e18305" title="Source: Chávadás">Chávaḍás</span>, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 720–956.</span><br> -Jayaśekhara, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 696.</span> of the -birth of Vanarája. Merutuṇga the author of the -Prabandhachintámaṇi tells how Rupasundarí was -living in the forest swinging her son in a hammock, when a Jain priest -named Śílaguṇasúri noticing as he passed royal -marks on the boy bought him from his mother. The story adds that a nun -named Víramatí brought up the boy whom the -<i>sádhu</i> called Vanarája or the forest king. When -eight years old, the priest employed Vanarája to protect his -place of worship from rats. The boy’s skill in shooting rats -convinced the priest he was not fit to be a <i>sádhu</i> but was -worthy of a kingdom. He therefore returned the boy to his mother. These -details seem invented by the Jains in their own honour. No mention of -any such story occurs in the Ratnamálá.<a class="noteref" -id="n151.1src" href="#n151.1" name="n151.1src">6</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Vanarája, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 720–780 (?).</span>In the forests where -Vanarája passed his youth lived his maternal uncle -Surapála, one of Jayaśekhara’s generals, who, after -his sovereign’s defeat and death, had become an outlaw. -Vanarája grew up under Surapála’s charge. The -Prabandhachintámaṇi records the following story of the -origin of Vanarája’s wealth. A Kanyákubja king -married Maháṇaká the daughter of a Gujarát -king. To receive the proceeds of the marriage cess which the -Gujarát king had levied from his subjects, a deputation or -<i>panchkúla</i> came from Kanyákubja to Gujarát. -The deputation made Vanarája their leader or <i>sellabhrit</i> -to realize the proceeds of the cess. In six months Vanarája -collected 24 <i>lákhs</i> of <i>Páruttha -drammas</i><a class="noteref" id="n151.2src" href="#n151.2" name="n151.2src">7</a> and 4000 horse, which the deputation took and started -for Kanyákubja. Vanarája waylaid and killed them, secured -the money and horses, and remained in hiding for a year. With the -wealth thus acquired Vanarája enrolled an army and established -his power assuming the title of king. <span class="marginnote">Founding -of Aṇahilaváḍa, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 746–765.</span>He fixed the site of a -capital which afterwards rose to be the great city of -Aṇahilapura. The story of the choice of the site is the usual -story of a hunted hare turning on the hounds showing the place to be -the special nurse of strength and courage. Vanarája is said to -have asked a Bharváḍ or Shepherd named Aṇahila son -of Śákhadá to show him the best site. Aṇahila -agreed on condition that the city should be called by his name. -Aṇahila accordingly showed Vanarája the place where a hare -had attacked and chased a dog. Though much in this tradition is -fabulous the city may have been called after some local chief since it -was popularly known as Aṇahilaváḍa (Sk. -Aṇahilaváta) that is the place of Aṇahila. In the -Prabandhachintámaṇi Merutuṇga gives <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 746 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 802) as -the date of the installation of Vanarája, while in his -<span class="corr" id="xd25e18365" title="Source: Vicháraśreni">Vicháraśreṇi</span> -the same author gives <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 765 -(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 821 Vaisakha Śukla 2) as the -date of the foundation of the city. The discrepancy may be explained by -taking <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 746 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 802) to refer to the date of -Vanarája’s getting money enough to fix the site of his -capital, and <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 765 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 821) to refer to the date of his installation -in the completed Aṇahilaváḍa. Local tradition -connects the date <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 746 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 802) with an image of Ganpati which is said to -be as old as the establishment of the city and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb152" href="#pb152" name="pb152">152</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter I.<br> -<span class="sc">The <span class="corr" id="xd25e18403" title="Source: Chávadás">Chávaḍás</span>, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 720–956.</span><br> -Founding of Aṇahilaváḍa, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 746–765.</span> to bear the date 802. But -as the letters of the inscription on the image can be made out by -ordinary readers they cannot have been inscribed at nearly so early a -date as 802. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 765 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 821), the year given in the <span class="corr" -id="xd25e18422" title="Source: Vicháraśreni">Vicháraśreṇi</span>, -seems the more probable date for the installation as the -Prabandhachintámaṇi says that Vanarája got himself -installed at Aṇahilapura when he was about fifty.<a class="noteref" id="n152.1src" href="#n152.1" name="n152.1src">8</a> This -accords with the date fixed on other grounds. Placing -Vanarája’s birth at about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 720 would make him 44 in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 765 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 821) -the date at which according to the Vicháraśreṇi he -was formally installed as sovereign of Aṇahilaváḍa. -Merutuṇga in both his works gives the length of -Vanarája’s life at 109 and of his reign at sixty years. -The figure 60 seems to mark the length of his life and not of his -reign. So long a reign as sixty years is barely possible for a -sovereign who succeeded late in life, and the 109 years of his life can -hardly be correct. Taking Vanarája’s age at 45 when he was -installed in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 765 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 821) and allowing fifteen years more to -complete the sixty years <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 780 -(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 836) would be the closing year of -his reign.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Vanarája’s -Installation.</span>The Prabandhachintámaṇi narrates how -generously Vanarája rewarded those who had helped him in his -adversity. His installation was performed by a woman named -Śrí Deví of Kákara village whom in fulfilment -of an early promise Vanarája had taken to be his -sister.<a class="noteref" id="n152.2src" href="#n152.2" name="n152.2src">9</a> The story regarding the promise is that once when -Vanarája had gone with his uncle on a thieving expedition to -Kákara village and had broken into the house of a merchant he by -mistake dipped his hand into a pot of curds. As to touch curds is the -same as to dine at a house as a guest, Vanarája left the house -without taking anything from it.<a class="noteref" id="n152.3src" href="#n152.3" name="n152.3src">10</a> Hearing what had happened the -merchant’s sister invited Vanarája as a brother to dinner -and gave him clothes. In return Vanarája promised if he ever -regained his father’s kingdom he should receive his installation -as king at her hands.<a class="noteref" id="n152.4src" href="#n152.4" -name="n152.4src">11</a> Vanarája chose as minister a Bania named -Jámba. The story is that while Vanarája was looting with -two others he came across a merchant Jámba who had five arrows. -Seeing only three enemies, Jámba broke and threw away two of the -arrows, shouting ‘One for each of you.’ Vanarája -admiring his coolness persuaded Jámba to join his band and found -him so useful that he promised to make him minister. From the absence -of any reference to him in these and similar tales it is probable that -his uncle Surapála died before the installing of -Vanarája. Vanarája is said to have built at -Aṇahilváḍa a Jain temple of -Pañchásará Párasnáth so called -because the image was brought from the old settlement of -Pañchásar. Mention of this temple continues during the -Solaṅki and Vághelá times.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">His Image.</span>Vanarája is said to -have placed a bowing image of himself facing the image of -Párasnáth. The figure of Vanarája is still shown -at Sidhpur <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb153" href="#pb153" name="pb153">153</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter I.<br> -<span class="sc">The <span class="corr" id="xd25e18480" title="Source: Chávadás">Chávaḍás</span>, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 720–956.</span><br> -Image of Vanarája.</span> and a woodcut of it is given by the -late Mr. Forbes in his Rás Málá. It is clearly the -figure of a king with the umbrella of state and a nimbus round the head -and in the ears the long ornaments called <i>kundalas</i> noticed by -Arab travellers as characteristic of the Balhara or <span class="corr" -id="xd25e18493" title="Source: Ráshtrakúṭa">Ráshṭrakúṭa</span> -kings who were cotemporary with Vanarája.<a class="noteref" id="n153.1src" href="#n153.1" name="n153.1src">12</a> The king wears a -long beard, a short waistcloth or <i>dhoti</i>, a waistband or -<i>kammarband</i>, and a shoulder garment or <i>uparna</i> whose ends -hang down the back. Besides the earrings he is adorned with bracelets -armlets and anklets and a large ornament hangs across the chest from -the left shoulder to the right hip. The right hand is held near the -chest in the act of granting protection: and the left hand holds -something which cannot be made out. By his side is the umbrella-bearer -and five other attendants. The statue closely resembles the lifesize -figure of a king of the Solaṅki period lying in the yard of a -temple at Máliá about twenty-four miles north of -Somanátha Patan. At Somanátha Patan are similar but less -rich cotemporary figures of local officers of the Solaṅkis. -Another similar figure of which only the torso remains is the statue of -Anrája the father of Vastupála in a niche in -Vastupála’s temple at Girnár. The details of this -figure belong to the Solaṅki period.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Vanarája’s Successors, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 780–961.</span>The lists of -Vanarája’s successors vary so greatly in the names, in the -order of succession, and in the lengths of reigns, that little trust -can be placed in them. The first three agree in giving a duration of -196 years to the <span class="corr" id="xd25e18516" title="Source: Chávaḍa">Chávaḍá</span> -dynasty after the accession of Vanarája. The accession of the -Solaṅki founder Múlarája is given in the -Vicháraśreṇi at Saṃvat 1017 and in the -Prabandhachintámaṇi at Saṃvat 998 corresponding with -the original difference of nineteen years (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 802 and 821) in the founding of the city. This -shows that though the total duration of the dynasty was traditionally -known to be 196 years the order of succession was not known and guesses -were made as to the duration of the different reigns. Certain dates -fixed by inscriptions or otherwise known to some compilers and not -known to others caused many discrepancies in the various accounts.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Yogarája, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 806–841.</span>According to the -calculations given above Vanarája’s reign lasted to about -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 780. Authorities agree that -Vanarája was succeeded by his son Yogarája. The length of -Yogarája’s reign is given as thirty-five years by the -Prabandhachintámaṇi and the Ratnamálá, and -as twenty-nine by the Vicháraśreṇi. That is according -to the Prabandhachintámaṇi and Ratnamálá his -reign closes in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 841 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 897) and according to the -Vicháraśreṇi in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 836 -(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 891). On the whole the -Prabandhachintámaṇi date <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 841 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 897) -seems the more probable. The author of the -Vicháraśreṇi may have mistaken the 7 of the -manuscripts for a 1, the two figures in the manuscripts of that date -being closely alike. If <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 780 is taken -as the close of Vanarája’s reign and <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 806 as the beginning of Yogarája’s -reign an interval of twenty-six years is left. This blank, which -perhaps accounts for the improbably long reign and life assigned to -Vanarája, may have been filled by the forgotten reign of a -childless elder brother of Yogarája. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb154" href="#pb154" name="pb154">154</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter I.<br> -<span class="sc">The <span class="corr" id="xd25e18575" title="Source: Chávadás">Chávaḍás</span>, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 720–956.</span><br> -Yogarája, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 806–814.</span> Of Yogarája the -Prabandhachintámaṇi tells the following tale. -Kshemarája one of Yogarája’s three sons reported -that several ships were storm-stayed at Prabhása or -Somanátha. The ships had 10,000 horses, many elephants, and -millions of money and treasure. Kshemarája prayed that he might -seize the treasure. Yogarája forbad him. In spite of their -father’s orders the sons seized the treasure and brought it to -the king. Yogarája said nothing. And when the people asked him -why he was silent he answered: To say I approve would be a sin; to say -I do not approve would annoy you. Hitherto on account of an -ancestor’s misdeeds we have been laughed at as a nation of -thieves. Our name was improving and we were rising to the rank of true -kings. This act of my sons has renewed the old stain. Yogarája -would not be comforted and mounted the funeral pyre.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kshemarája, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 841–880.</span>According to the -Prabandhachintámaṇi in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 841 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 898) -Yogarája was succeeded by his son Kshemarája. The -Vicháraśreṇi says that Yogarája was succeeded -by Ratnáditya who reigned three years, and he by -Vairisiṃha who reigned eleven years. Then came Kshemarája -who is mentioned as the son of Yogarája and as coming to the -throne in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 849 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 905). The relationship of Yogarája to -Ratnáditya and Vairisiṃha is not given. Probably both were -sons of Yogarája as the Prabandhachintámaṇi -mentions that Yogarája had three sons. The duration of -Kshemarája’s reign is given as thirty-nine years. It is -probable that the reigns of the three brothers lasted altogether for -thirty-nine years, fourteen years for the two elder brothers and -twenty-five years for Kshemarája the period mentioned by the -Prabandhachintámaṇi. Accepting this chronology -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 880 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 936) will be the date of the close of -Kshemarája’s reign.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Chámuṇḍa, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 880–908.</span>According to the -Vicháraśreṇi and the Sukṛitasankírtana -Kshemarája was succeeded by his son Chámuṇḍa. -Instead of Chámuṇḍa the -Prabandhachintámaṇi mentions Bhúyada perhaps -another name of Chámuṇḍa, as in the -Prabandhachintámaṇi the name Chámuṇḍa -does not occur. The Prabandhachintámaṇi notes that -Bhúyada reigned twenty-nine years and built in -Aṇahilaváḍa Patan the temple of Bhúyadeshvar. -The <span class="corr" id="xd25e18621" title="Source: Vicháraśreni">Vicháraśreṇi</span> -gives twenty-seven years as the length of -Chámuṇḍa’s reign an insignificant difference -of two years. This gives <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 908 -(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 964) as the close of -Chámuṇḍa’s reign according to the -Vicháraśreṇi.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Ghaghaḍa, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 908–937.</span>After Bhúyada the -Prabandhachintámaṇi places Vairisiṃha and -Ratnáditya assigning twenty-five and fifteen years as the reigns -of each. The <span class="corr" id="xd25e18637" title="Source: Vicháraśreni">Vicháraśreṇi</span> -mentions as the successor of Chámuṇḍa his son -Ghaghaḍa who is called Ráhaḍa in the -Sukṛitasankírtana. Instead of Ghaghaḍa the -Prabandhachintámaṇi gives Sámantasiṃha or -Lion Chieftain perhaps a title of Ghághaḍa’s. The -Vicháraśreṇi gives Ghaghaḍa a reign of -twenty-seven years and mentions as his successor an unnamed son who -reigned nineteen years. The Sukṛitasankírtana gives the -name of this son as Bhúbhaṭa. According to these -calculations the close of Ghághaḍa’s reign would be -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 936 (Saṃvat 965 + 27 = 992). -Adding nineteen years for Bhúbhaṭa’s reign brings -the date of the end of the dynasty to <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 956 (Saṃvat <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb155" href="#pb155" name="pb155">155</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter I.<br> -<span class="sc">The <span class="corr" id="xd25e18655" title="Source: Chávadás">Chávaḍás</span>, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 720–956.</span><br> -Ghaghaḍa, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 908–937.</span> -993 + 19 = 1012) that is five years earlier than <abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1017 the date given by the -Vicháraśreṇi. Until some evidence to the contrary is -shown Merutuṇga’s date <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 821 + -196 = 1017) may be taken as correct.</p> -<p>According to the above the Chávaḍá genealogy -stands as follows:</p> -<div class="table"> -<table class="geneaTable"> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop xd25e18688"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e18688"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e18688"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e18688"></td> -<td class="cellTop xd25e18688"></td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop xd25e18688"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan">Vanarája, born <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 720; succeeded <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 765; died <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 780.</td> -<td class="cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan">Interval of twenty-six years.</td> -<td class="cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan">Yogarája, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 806–841.</td> -<td class="cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="3" class="colspan cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan borderRight borderTop xd25e7618"></td> -<td class="cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft">Ratnáditya,<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 842.</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan">Vairisiṃha,<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 845.</td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight">Kshemarája,<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 856.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="5" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td class="cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight">Chámuṇḍa -or Bhúyada (?),<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 881.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="5" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td class="cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight">Ghághaḍa or -Ráhaḍa,<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 908.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="5" class="colspan cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td class="cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellBottom"></td> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellRight cellBottom">Name Unknown,<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 937–961.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -<p>[The period of Chávaḍá rule at -Aṇahilaváḍa is likely to remain obscure until the -discovery of cotemporary inscriptions throws more light upon it than -can be gathered from the confused and contradictory legends collected -by the Solaṅki historians, none of whom are older than the -twelfth century. For the present a few points only can be regarded as -established:</p> -<p>(i) The Chávaḍás, Chávoṭakas, or -Chápotkaṭas, are connected with the Chápas of -Bhínmál and of Vadhván and are therefore of -Gurjjara race. (Compare <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> -XVII. 192.)</p> -<p>(ii) They probably were never more than feudatories of the -Bhínmál kings.</p> -<p>(iii) Though the legend places the fall of Pañchásar -in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 696 and the foundation of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e18830" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 746, the grant of Pulakeśi -Janáśraya shows that a Chávaḍá -(Chávoṭaka) kingdom existed in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 728.</p> -<p>As regards the chronology of the dynasty, the explanation of the -long life of 110 years ascribed to Vanarája may be that a -grandson of the same name succeeded the founder of the family. The name -of Chámuṇḍa has, as Dr. Bühler long ago pointed -out, crept in through some error from the Solaṅki list. But when -the same author in two different works gives such contradictory lists -and dates as Merutuṇga does in his -Prabandhachintámaṇi and his <span class="corr" id="xd25e18841" title="Source: Vicharaśreni">Vicháraśreṇi</span>, it -is clearly useless to attempt to extract a consistent story from the -chroniclers.—A. M. T. J.] <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb156" -href="#pb156" name="pb156">156</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n149.1" -href="#n149.1src" name="n149.1">1</a></span> The following manuscript -histories have been used in preparing Part II. Hemachandra’s -Dvyáśrayakávya, Merutuṇga’s <span class="corr" id="xd25e18185" title="Source: Prabhandhachintámaṇi">Prabandhachintámaṇi</span>, -Merutuṇga’s Vicháraśreṇi, -Jinaprabhasúri’s Tírthakalpa, -Jinamandanopádhyáya’s -Kumárapálaprabandha, -Kṛishṇa-ṛishi’s -Kumárapálacharita, -Kṛishṇabhaṭṭa’s Ratnamálá, -Someśvara’s Kírtikaumudí, -Arisiṇha’s Sukṛitasankírtana, -Rájaśekhara’s Chaturvinśatiprabandha, -Vastupálacharita, and published and unpublished inscriptions -from Gujarát and -Káthiáváḍa. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n149.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n149.2" -href="#n149.2src" name="n149.2">2</a></span> The <span class="corr" id="xd25e18197" title="Source: Prabhandhachintámaṇi">Prabandhachintámaṇi</span> -is a short historical compilation; the Vicháraśreṇi, -though a mere list of kings, is more reliable; the -Ratnamálá is a poetic history with good descriptions and -many fables taken from the Prabandhachintámaṇi; the -Sukṛitasankírtana is a short work largely borrowed from -the <span class="corr" id="xd25e18200" title="Source: Vicháraśreni">Vicháraśreṇi</span>. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n149.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n149.3" -href="#n149.3src" name="n149.3">3</a></span> This is apparently -Vṛiddhi Áhára or the Vṛiddhi Collectorate, -probably called after some village or town of that name. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n149.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n150.1" -href="#n150.1src" name="n150.1">4</a></span> See above page <a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n150.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n150.2" -href="#n150.2src" name="n150.2">5</a></span> See above page <a href="#pb109" class="pageref">109</a>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n150.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n151.1" -href="#n151.1src" name="n151.1">6</a></span> In the Satyapurakalpa of -his Tírthákalpa, Jinaprabhasúri tells an almost -identical story of another king. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n151.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n151.2" -href="#n151.2src" name="n151.2">7</a></span> This name often recurs in -Jain works. These would seem to be Kshatrapa coins as Gadhaiya coins -are simply called <i>drammas</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n151.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n152.1" -href="#n152.1src" name="n152.1">8</a></span> The text is <span class="corr" id="xd25e18427" title="Source: ‘">“</span>Pañcháśatavarshadesyaḥ.” <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n152.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n152.2" -href="#n152.2src" name="n152.2">9</a></span> Probably Kákrej -famous for its bullocks. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n152.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n152.3" -href="#n152.3src" name="n152.3">10</a></span> Stories of thieves -refraining from plundering houses where they have accidentally laid -their hands on salt or millet are common. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n152.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n152.4" -href="#n152.4src" name="n152.4">11</a></span> The making of the -installation mark on the forehead is the privilege of the king’s -sister who gives a blessing and receives a present of -villages. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n152.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n153.1" -href="#n153.1src" name="n153.1">12</a></span> Elliot and Dowson, I. -11. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n153.1src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch1.2.2" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd25e1625">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">CHAPTER II.</h2> -<h2 class="main">THE CHAULUKYAS OR SOLAṄKIS</h2> -<h2 class="sub">(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242)</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Authorities.</span> <span class="marginnote">Authorities.</span>The -next rulers are the Chaulukyas or Solaṅkis (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 964–1242) whose conversion to Jainism has -secured them careful record by Jain chroniclers. The earliest writer on -the Solaṅkis, the learned Jain priest Hemachandra (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1089–1173), in his work called the -Dvyáśraya, has given a fairly full and correct account of -the dynasty up to Siddharája (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1143). The work is said to have been begun by -Hemachandra about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1160, and to have -been finished and revised by another Jain monk named -Abhayatilakagaṇi in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1255.<a class="noteref" id="n156.1src" href="#n156.1" name="n156.1src">1</a> The last chapter which is in Prakrit -deals solely with king Kumárapála. This work is a grammar -rather than a chronicle, still, though it has little reference to -dates, it is a good collection of tales and descriptions. For -chronology the best guide is the Vicháraśreṇi which -its author has taken pains to make the chief authority in dates. The -Vicháraśreṇi was written by Merutuṇga about -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1314, some time after he wrote the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e18898" title="Source: Prabandhachintamaṇi">Prabandhachintámaṇi</span>.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Name Chaulukya.</span>According to the -Vicháraśreṇi after the Chávaḍás, -in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961 (Vaishakh Suddha 1017), began -the reign of Múlarája the son of a daughter of the last -Chávaḍá ruler. The name Chaulukya is a Sanskritised -form, through an earlier form Chálukya, of the old names -Chalkya, Chalikya, Chirîkya, Chálukya of the great Dakhan -dynasty (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 552–973), made to -harmonise with the <span class="corr" id="xd25e18911" title="Source: Puránik-looking">Puráṇic-looking</span> -story that the founder of the dynasty sprang from the palm or -<i>chuluka</i> of Brahma. The form Chaulukya seems to have been -confined to authors and writers. It was used by the great Dakhan poet -Bilhaṇa (c. 1050 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>) and by the -Aṇahilaváḍa chroniclers. In Gujarát the -popular form of the word seems to have been Solaki or Solaṅki (a -dialectic variant of Chalukya), a name till lately used by -Gujarát bards. The sameness of name seems to show the Dakhan and -Gujarát dynasties to be branches of one stock. No materials are -available to trace the original seat of the family or to show when and -whence they came to Gujarát. The balance of probability is, as -Dr. Bühler holds, that Múlarája’s ancestors -came from the north.<a class="noteref" id="n156.2src" href="#n156.2" -name="n156.2src">2</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Múlarája, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–996.</span>The -Sukṛitasankírtana says that the last -Chávaḍá king Bhúbhaṭa was succeeded by -his sister’s son Múlarája. Of the family or country -of Múlarája’s father no details are given. The -<span class="corr" id="xd25e18933" title="Source: Prabandhachintamaṇi">Prabandhachintámaṇi</span> -calls Múlarája the sister’s son of -Sámantasiṃha and gives the following details. In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 930 of the family of Bhuiyaḍa -(who destroyed Jayaśekhara) were three brothers Ráji, Bija, -and Daṇḍaka, who stopped at Aṇahilaváḍa -on their way back from a pilgrimage to Somanátha in the guise of -Kárpaṭika or Kápdi beggars. The three brothers -attended a cavalry <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb157" href="#pb157" -name="pb157">157</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Múlarája, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–996.</span> parade held by king -Sámantasiṃha. An objection taken by Ráji to some of -the cavalry movements pleased Sámantasiṃha, who, taking -him to be the scion of some noble family, gave him his sister -Líládeví in marriage. -Líládeví died pregnant and the child, which was -taken alive from its dead mother’s womb was called -Múlarája, because the operation was performed when the -Múla constellation was in power. Múlarája grew -into an able and popular prince and helped to extend the kingdom of his -maternal uncle. In a fit of intoxication Sámantasiṃha -ordered Múlarája to be placed on the throne. He -afterwards cancelled the grant. But Múlarája contended -that a king once installed could not be degraded. He collected troops -defeated and slew his uncle and succeeded to the throne in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 942 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 998). -The main facts of this tale, that Múlarája’s father -was one Ráji of the Chálukya family, that his mother was -a Chávaḍá. princess, and that he came to the -Chávaḍá throne by killing his maternal uncle, -appear to be true. That Múlarája’s father’s -name was Ráji is proved by Dr. Bühler’s copperplate -of Múlarája.<a class="noteref" id="n157.1src" href="#n157.1" name="n157.1src">3</a> Merutuṅga’s details that -Ráji came in disguise to Aṇahilaváḍa, took -the fancy of Sámantasiṃha, and received his sister in -marriage seem fictions in the style common in the bardic praises of -Rájput princes. Dr. Bühler’s copperplate further -disproves the story as it calls Múlarája the son of the -illustrious Ráji, the great king of kings -<i>Mahárájádhirája</i>, a title which would -not be given to a wandering prince. Ráji appears to have been of -almost equal rank with the Chávaḍás. The -Ratnamálá calls Ráji fifth in descent from -Bhuvaḍa, his four predecessors being Karṇáditya, -Chándráditya, Somáditya, and Bhuvanáditya. -But the Ratnamálá list is on the face of it wrong, as it -gives five instead of seven or eight kings to fill the space of over -200 years between Jayaśekhara and Múlarája.</p> -<p>Most Jain chroniclers begin the history of -Aṇahilaváḍa with Múlarája who with the -Jains is the glory of the dynasty. After taking the small -Chávaḍá kingdom Múlarája spread his -power in all directions, overrunning -Káthiáváḍa and Kacch on the west, and -fighting Bárappa of Láṭa or South Gujarát on -the south, and Vigraharája king of Ajmir on the north. The Ajmir -kings were called Sapádalaksha. Why they were so called is not -known. This much is certain that Sapádalaksha is the Sanskrit -form of the modern Sewálik. It would seem that the -Choháns, whom the Gujarát Jain chroniclers call -Sapádalakshíya, must have come to Gujarát from the -Sewálik hills. After leaving the Sewálik hills the -capital was at Ajmir, which is usually said to have been first -fortified by the Chohán king Ajayapála (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1174–1177).<a class="noteref" id="n157.2src" href="#n157.2" name="n157.2src">4</a> This story seems -invented by the Choháns. The name Ajmir appears to be derived -from the Mehrs who were in power in these parts between the fifth and -the eighth centuries. The Hammíramahákávya begins -the Chohán genealogy with Vásudeva (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 780) and states that Vásudeva’s -fourth successor <span class="corr" id="xd25e18984" title="Source: Ájayapála">Ajayapála</span> established -the hill fort of Ajmir. About this time (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 840) the Choháns seem to have made -settlements in the Ajmir country and to have harassed Gujarát. -Vigraharája the tenth in succession <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb158" href="#pb158" name="pb158">158</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -<span class="corr" id="xd25e19004" title="Source: Mularája">Múlarája</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–996.</span> from Vásudeva is -described as killing Múlarája and weakening the Gurjjara -country.<a class="noteref" id="n158.1src" href="#n158.1" name="n158.1src">5</a> The author of the Prabandhachintámaṇi -gives the following details. The Sapádalaksha or Ajmir king -entered Gujarát to attack Múlarája and at the same -time from the south <span class="corr" id="xd25e19021" title="Source: Mularája’s">Múlarája’s</span> -territory was invaded by Bárappa a general of king Tailapa of -Telingána.<a class="noteref" id="n158.2src" href="#n158.2" name="n158.2src">6</a> Unable to face both enemies Múlarája at -his minister’s advice retired to Kanthádurga apparently -Kanthkot in Cutch.<a class="noteref" id="n158.3src" href="#n158.3" -name="n158.3src">7</a> He remained there till the Navarátra or -Nine-Night festival at the close of the rains when he expected the -Sapádalaksha king would have to return to Ajmir to worship the -goddess Śákambharí when Bárappa would be left -alone. At the close of the rains the Sapádalaksha king fixed his -camp near a place called Śákambharí and bringing the -goddess Śákambharí there held the Nine-Night -festival. This device disappointed Múlarája. He sent for -his <i>sámantas</i> or nobles and gave them presents. He told -them his plans and called on them to support him in attacking the -Sapádalaksha king. Múlarája then mounted a female -elephant with no attendant but the driver and in the evening came -suddenly to the Ajmir camp. He dismounted and holding a drawn sword in -his hand said to the doorkeeper ‘What is your king doing. Go and -tell your lord that Múlarája waits at his door.’ -While the attendant was on his way to give the message, -Múlarája pushed him on one side and himself went into the -presence. The doorkeeper called ‘Here comes -Múlarája.’ Before he could be stopped -Múlarája forced his way in and took his seat on the -throne. The Ajmir king in consternation asked ‘Are you -Múlarája?’ Múlarája answered ‘I -would regard him as a brave king who would meet me face to face in -battle. While I was thinking no such brave enemy exists, you have -arrived. I ask no better fortune than to fight with you. But as soon as -you are come, like a bee falling in at dinner time, Bárappa the -general of king Tailapa of Telingana has arrived to attack me. While I -am punishing him you should keep quiet and not give me a side -blow.’ The Ajmir king said, ‘Though you are a king, you -have come here alone like a foot soldier, not caring for your safety. I -will be your ally for life.’ Múlarája replied -‘Say not so.’ He refused the Rája’s invitation -to dine, and leaving sword in hand mounted his elephant and with his -nobles attacked the camp of Bárappa. Bárappa was killed -and eighteen of his elephants and 10,000 of his horses fell into -Múlarája’s hands. While returning with the spoil -Múlarája received news that the Sapádalaksha king -had fled. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb159" href="#pb159" name="pb159">159</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Múlarája, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–996.</span> This story of the author of -the Prabandhachintámaṇi differs from that given by the -author of the Hammírakávya who describes -Múlarája as defeated and slain. The truth seems to be -that the Ajmír king defeated Múlarája and on -Múlarája’s submission did not press his advantage. -In these circumstances Múlarája’s victory over -Bárappa seems improbable. The Dvyáśraya devotes -seventy-five verses (27–101) of its sixth chapter to the contest -between Bárappa and Múlarája. The details may be -thus summarised. Once when Múlarája received presents -from various Indian kings Dvárappa<a class="noteref" id="n159.1src" href="#n159.1" name="n159.1src">8</a> king of -Láṭadeśa sent an ill-omened elephant. The marks being -examined by royal officers and by prince Chámuṇḍa, -they decided the elephant would bring destruction on the king who kept -him. The elephant was sent back in disgrace and Múlarája -and his son started with an army to attack Láṭadeśa -and avenge the insult. In his march Múlarája first came -to the Śvabhravatí or Sábarmatí which formed -the boundary of his kingdom, frightening the people. From the -Sábarmatí he advanced to the ancient Purí<a class="noteref" id="n159.2src" href="#n159.2" name="n159.2src">9</a> where -also the people became confused. The Láṭa king prepared -for fight, and was slain by <span class="corr" id="xd25e19075" title="Source: Chámunḍa">Chámuṇḍa</span> in -single combat. Múlarája advanced to Broach where -Bárappa who was assisted by the island kings opposed him. -Chámuṇḍa overcame them and slew Bárappa. -After this success Múlarája and -Chámuṇḍa returned to Aṇahilapura.<a class="noteref" id="n159.3src" href="#n159.3" name="n159.3src">10</a></p> -<p>The Dvyáśraya styles Bárappa king of -Láṭadeśa; the Prabandhachintámaṇi calls -him a general of Tailapa king of Telingána; the -Sukṛitasankírtana a general of the Kanyákubja king; -and the Kírtikaumudí<a class="noteref" id="n159.4src" -href="#n159.4" name="n159.4src">11</a> a general of the Lord of -Láṭa.</p> -<p>Other evidence proves that at the time of Múlarája a -Chaulukya king named Bárappa did reign in -Láṭadeśa. The Surat grant of Kírtirája -grandson of Bárappa is dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1018 (Śaka 940). This, taking twenty years -to a king, brings Bárappa’s date to <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 978 (Śaka 900), a year which falls in the -reign of Múlarája (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–996; Ś. 1027–1053). The -statement in the Prabandhachintámaṇi that Bárappa -was a general of Tailapa seems correct. The southern form of the name -Bárappa supports the statement. And as Tailapa overthrew the -Ráshṭrakúṭas in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 972 (Śaka 894) he might well place a general -in military charge of Láṭa, and allow him practical -independence. This would explain why the Dvyáśraya calls -Bárappa king of Láṭadeśa and why the -Kírtikaumudí calls him general of the Lord of -Láṭa.</p> -<p>One of Múlarája’s earliest wars was with -Graharipu the Ábhíra or <span class="corr" id="xd25e19105" title="Source: Chuḍásamá">Chúḍásamá</span> -ruler of Sorath.<a class="noteref" id="n159.5src" href="#n159.5" name="n159.5src">12</a> According to Múlarája’s bards, -the cause <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb160" href="#pb160" name="pb160">160</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Múlarája, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–996.</span> of war was -Graharipu’s oppression of pilgrims to Prabhása. -Graharipu’s capital was Vámanasthalí, the modern -Vanthalí nine miles west of Junágaḍh, and the fort -of Durgapalli which Graharipu is said to have established must be -Junágaḍh itself which was not then a capital. Graharipu is -described as a cow-eating Mlechha and a grievous tyrant. He is said to -have had much influence over Lákhá son of king Phula of -Kacch and to have been helped by Turks and other Mlechhas. When -Múlarája reached the Jambumáli river, he was met -by Graharipu and his army. With Graharipu was Lákhá of -Kacch, the king of Sindh probably a Sumrá, Mewás Bhilas, -and the sons of Graharipu’s wife Nílí who had been -summoned from near the Bhadar river by a message in the Yavana -language.<a class="noteref" id="n160.1src" href="#n160.1" name="n160.1src">13</a> With Múlarája were the kings of -Śiláprastha,<a class="noteref" id="n160.2src" href="#n160.2" name="n160.2src">14</a> of Márwár, of -Kásí, of Arbuda or Abu, and of Śrímála -or Bhínmál. Múlarája had also his own -younger brother Gangámah, his friend king Revatímitra, -and Bhils. It is specially mentioned that in this expedition -Múlarája received no help from the sons of his paternal -uncles Bíja and Dandaka. The fight ended in Graharipu being made -prisoner by Múlarája, and in Lákhá being -slain with a spear. After the victory Múlarája went to -Prabhása, worshipped the <i>liṅga</i>, and returned to -<span class="corr" id="xd25e19146" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -with his army and 108 elephants.</p> -<p>According to the author of the Prabandhachintámaṇi -Lákhá met his death in a different contest with -Múlarája. Lákhá who is described as the son -of Phuladá, and Kámalatá daughter of -Kírttirája a Parmár king, is said to have been -invincible because he was under the protection of king Yaśovarman -of Málwa. He defeated Múlarája’s army eleven -times. In a twelfth encounter Múlarája besieged -Lákhá in Kapilakot, slew him in single combat, and trod -on his flowing beard. Enraged at this insult to her dead son -Lákhá’s mother called down on -Múlarája’s descendants the curse of the spider -poison that is of leprosy.<a class="noteref" id="n160.3src" href="#n160.3" name="n160.3src">15</a></p> -<p>Mr. Forbes, apparently from bardic sources, states that on his -wife’s death Ráji the father of Múlarája -went to the temple of <span class="corr" id="xd25e19157" title="Source: Vishnu">Vishṇu</span> at Dwárká. On his -return he visited the court of Lákhá Phuláni and -espoused Lákhá’s sister Ráyáji by -whom he had a son named Rákháich. This marriage proved -the ruin of Ráji. In a dispute about precedence -Lákhá slew Ráji and many of his Rájput -followers, his wife Ráyáji becoming a Satí. -Bíja the uncle of Múlarája urged his nephew to -avenge his father’s death and Múlarája was further -incited against Lákhá because Lákhá -harboured Rákháich the younger son of Ráji at his -court as a rival to Múlarája.</p> -<p>According to the Dvyáśraya, either from the rising power -of his son or from repentance for his own rough acts, after -Chámuṇḍa’s victory over Bárappa -Múlarája installed him as ruler and devoted himself to -religion and charity. According to the Prabandhachintámaṇi -Múlarája built in Aṇahilaváḍa a Jain -temple named Múlavasatiká. But as the Nandi <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb161" href="#pb161" name="pb161">161</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Múlarája, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–996.</span> symbol on his copperplate -shows that Múlarája was a devoted Śaivite, it is -possible that this temple was built by some Jain guild or community and -named after the reigning chief.<a class="noteref" id="n161.1src" href="#n161.1" name="n161.1src">16</a> Múlarája built a -Mahádeva temple called Múlasvámi in -Aṇahilaváḍa, and, in honour of Somanátha, he -built the temple of <span class="corr" id="xd25e19184" title="Source: Múleśvara">Muleśvara</span> at -Maṇḍali-nagara where he went at the bidding of the -god.<a class="noteref" id="n161.2src" href="#n161.2" name="n161.2src">17</a> He also built at Aṇahilaváḍa a -temple of Mahádeva called Tripurushaprásáda on a -site to which the tradition attaches that seeing Múlarája -daily visiting the temple of Múlanáthadeva at -Maṇḍali, <span class="corr" id="xd25e19193" title="Source: Somanatha">Somanátha</span> Mahádeva being -greatly pleased promised to bring the ocean to -Aṇahilaváḍa. Somanátha came, and the ocean -accompanying the god certain ponds became brackish. In honour of these -salt pools Múlarája built the -Tripurushaprásáda. Looking for some one to place in -charge of this temple, Múlarája heard of an ascetic named -Kaṇthadi at Siddhapura on the banks of the Sarasvatí who -used to fast every other day and on the intervening day lived on five -morsels of food. Múlarája offered this sage the charge of -the temple. The sage declined saying ‘Authority is the surest -path to hell.’ Eventually Vayajalladeva a disciple of the sage -undertook the management on certain conditions. Múlarája -passed most of his days at the holy shrine of Siddhapura, the modern -Sidhpur on the Sarasvatí about fifteen miles north-east of -Aṇahilaváḍa. At Sidhpur Múlarája made -many grants to Bráhmans. Several branches of Gujarát -Bráhmans, Audíchyas Śrígauḍas and -Kanojias, trace their origin in Gujarát to an invitation from -Múlarája to Siddhapura and the local <span class="corr" -id="xd25e19197" title="Source: Puránas">Puráṇas</span> and -Máhátmyas confirm the story. As the term Audíchya -means Northerner Múlarája may have invited -Bráhmans from some such holy place as Kurukshetra which the -Audíchyas claim as their home. From Kanyákubja in the -Madhyadeśa between the Ganges and the Yamuná another -equally holy place the Kanojías may have been invited. The -Śrí Gauḍas appear to have come from Bengal and -Tirhut. Gauḍa and Tirhut Bráhmans are noted -Tántriks and Mantrasástris a branch of learning for which -both the people and the rulers of Gujarát have a great fondness. -Grants of villages were made to these Bráhmans. Sidhpur was -given to the Audíchyas, Siṃhapura or Sihor in -Káthiáváḍa to some other colony, and -Stambhatírtha or Cambay to the Śrí Gauḍas. At -Siddhapura Múlarája built the famous temple called the -Rudramahálaya or the great shrine of Rudra. According to -tradition Múlarája did not complete the -Rudramahálaya and Siddharája finished it. In spite of -this tradition it does not appear that Múlarája died -leaving the great temple unfinished as a copperplate of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 987 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1043) -records that <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb162" href="#pb162" name="pb162">162</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Múlarája, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–996.</span> Múlarája made -the grant after worshipping the god of the Rudramahálaya on the -occasion of a solar eclipse on the fifteenth of the dark half of -Mágha. It would seem therefore that Múlarája built -one large Rudramahálaya which Siddharája may have -repaired or enlarged. Múlarája is said while still in -health to have mounted the funeral pile, an act which some writers -trace to remorse and others to unknown political reasons. The -Vicháraśreṇi gives the length of -Múlarája’s reign at thirty-five years <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–996 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1017–1052); the -Prabandhachintámaṇi begins the reign at <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 942 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 998) -and ends it at <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 997 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1053) that is a length of fifty-five -years.<a class="noteref" id="n162.1src" href="#n162.1" name="n162.1src">18</a> Of the two, thirty-five years seems the more -probable, as, if the traditional accounts are correct, -Múlarája can scarcely have been a young man when he -overthrew his uncle’s power.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Chámuṇḍa, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 997–1010.</span>Of <span class="corr" id="xd25e19254" title="Source: Mularája’s">Múlarája’s</span> -son and successor Chámuṇḍa no historical information -is available. The author of the Prabandhachintámaṇi -assigns him a reign of thirteen years. The author of the -Dvyáśraya says that he had three sons Vallabha Rája, -Durlabha Rája, and Nága Rája. According to one -account Chámuṇḍa installed Vallabha in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1010 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1066) -and went on pilgrimage to Benares. On his passage through Málwa -Muñja the Málwa king carried off -Chámuṇḍa’s umbrella and other marks of -royalty.<a class="noteref" id="n162.2src" href="#n162.2" name="n162.2src">19</a> Chámuṇḍa went on to Benares in -the guise of a hermit. On his return he prayed his son to avenge the -insult offered by the king of Málwa. Vallabha started with an -army but died of small-pox. The author of the -Prabandhachintámaṇi gives Chámuṇḍa a -reign of six months, while the author of the -Vicháraśreṇi entirely drops his name and gives a -reign of fourteen years to Vallabha made up of the thirteen years of -Chámuṇḍa and the six months of Vallabha. This seems -to be a mistake. It would seem more correct, as is done in several -copperplate lists, to omit Vallabha, since he must have reigned jointly -with his father and his name is not wanted for purposes of succession. -The Vicháraśreṇi and the -Prabandhachintámaṇi agree in ending Vallabha’s reign -in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1010 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1066). The author of the Dvyáśraya -states that Chámuṇḍa greatly lamenting the death of -Vallabha installed Vallabha’s younger brother Durlabha, and -himself retired to die at Śuklatírtha on the -Narbadá.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Durlabha, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1010–1022.</span>Durlabha whom the -Sukṛitasankírtana also calls Jagatjhampaka or World -Guardian came to the throne in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1010 -(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1066). The -Prabandhachintámaṇi gives the length of his reign at -eleven years and six months while the Vicháraśreṇi -makes it twelve years closing it in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1022 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1078). -The author of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e19320" title="Source: Dyváśraya">Dvyáśraya</span> says that -along with his brother Nága Rája, Durlabha attended the -Svayaṃvara or bridegroom-choosing of Durlabha Deví the -sister of Mahendra the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb163" href="#pb163" name="pb163">163</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Durlabha, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1010–1022.</span> -Rája of Nadol in Márwár. The kings of Aṅga, -Kásí, Avantí, Chedí, Kuru, -Húṇa, Mathurá, Vindhya, and Andhra were also -present.<a class="noteref" id="n163.1src" href="#n163.1" name="n163.1src">20</a> The princess chose Durlabha and Mahendra gave his -younger sister Lakshmí to Durlabha’s brother Nága -Rája. The princess’ choice of Durlabha drew on him the -enmity of certain of the other kings all of whom he defeated. The -brothers then returned to Aṇahilaváḍa where Durlabha -built a lake called Durlabhasarovara. The author of the -Prabandhachintámaṇi says that Durlabha gave up the kingdom -to his son (?) Bhíma.<a class="noteref" id="n163.2src" href="#n163.2" name="n163.2src">21</a> He also states that Durlabha went on -pilgrimage and was insulted on the way by Muñja king of -Málwa. This seems the same tale which the Dvyáśraya -tells of Chámuṇḍa. Since Muñja cannot have -been a cotemporary of Durlabha the Dvyáśraya’s -account seems correct.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Bhíma I. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1022–1064.</span>Durlabha was succeeded by -his nephew Bhíma the son of Durlabha’s younger brother -Nága Rája. The author of the Dvyáśraya says -that Durlabha wishing to retire from the world offered the kingdom to -his nephew Bhíma; that Bhíma declined in favour of his -father Nága Rája; that Nága Rája refused; -that Durlabha and Nága Rája persuaded Bhíma to -take the government; and that after installing Bhíma the two -brothers died together. Such a voluntary double death sounds unlikely -unless the result was due to the machinations of Bhíma. The -Prabandhachintámaṇi gives Bhíma a reign of -fifty-two years from <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1022 to 1074 -(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1078–1130), while the -Vicháraśreṇi reduces his reign to forty-two years -placing its close in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1064 -(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1120). Forty-two years would seem -to be correct as another copy of the Prabandhachintámaṇi -has 42.</p> -<p>Two copperplates of Bhíma are available one dated -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1030 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1086) eight or nine years after he came to the -throne, the other from Kacch in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1037 -(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1093).</p> -<p>Bhíma seems to have been more powerful than either of his -predecessors. According to the Dvyáśraya his two chief -enemies were the kings of Sindh and of Chedí or Bundelkhand. He -led a victorious expedition against Hammuka the king of Sindh, who had -conquered the king of Sivasána and another against Karṇa -king of Chedí who paid tribute and submitted. The -Prabandhachintámaṇi has a verse, apparently an old verse -interpolated, which says that on the Málwa king Bhoja’s -death, while sacking Dhárápuri, Karṇa took -Bhíma as his coadjutor, and that afterwards Bhíma’s -general Dámara took Karṇa captive and won from him a gold -<i>maṇḍapiká</i> or canopy and images of Ganeśa -and Nílakaṇṭheśvara Mahádeva. -Bhíma is said to have presented the canopy to -Somanátha.</p> -<p>When Bhíma was engaged against the king of Sindh, Kulachandra -the general of the Málwa king Bhoja with all the Málwa -feudatories, invaded Aṇahilaváḍa, sacked the city, -and sowed shell-money at the gate where the time-marking gong was -sounded. So great was the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb164" href="#pb164" name="pb164">164</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Bhíma I. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1022–1064.</span> loss that the -‘sacking of Kulachandra’ has passed into a proverb. -Kulachandra also took from Aṇahilaváḍa an -acknowledgment of victory or <i>jayapatra</i>. On his return Bhoja -received Kulachandra with honour but blamed him for not sowing salt -instead of shell-money.<a class="noteref" id="n164.1src" href="#n164.1" -name="n164.1src">22</a> He said the shell-money is an omen that the -wealth of Málwa will flow to Gujarát. An unpublished -inscription of Bhoja’s successor Udayáditya in a temple at -Udepur near Bhilsá confirms the above stating that Bhíma -was conquered by Bhoja’s officers.<a class="noteref" id="n164.2src" href="#n164.2" name="n164.2src">23</a></p> -<p>The Solaṅki kings of Aṇahilapura being Śaivites -held the god Somanátha of Prabhása in great veneration. -The very ancient and holy shrine of Prabhása has long been a -place of special pilgrimage. As early as the Yádavas of -Dwárká,<a class="noteref" id="n164.3src" href="#n164.3" -name="n164.3src">24</a> pilgrimages to Prabhása are recorded but -the Mahábhárata makes no mention either of -Somanátha or of any other Śaivite shrine. The shrine of -Somanátha was probably not established before the time of the -Valabhis (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 480–767). As the -Valabhi kings were most open-handed in religious gifts, it was probably -through their grants that the Somanátha temple rose to -importance. The Solaṅkis were not behind the Valabhis in devotion -to Somanátha. To save pilgrims from oppression -Múlarája fought Graharipu the Ábhíra king -of Sorath.<a class="noteref" id="n164.4src" href="#n164.4" name="n164.4src">25</a> Múlarája afterwards went to -Prabhása and also built temples in Gujarát in honour of -the god Somanátha. As Múlarája’s successors -Chámuṇḍa and Durlabha continued firm devotees of -Somanátha during their reigns (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 997–1022) the wealth of the temple must -have greatly increased.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Mahmúd’s Invasion, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1024.</span>No Gujarát Hindu -writer refers to the destruction of the great temple soon after -Bhíma’s accession.<a class="noteref" id="n164.5src" href="#n164.5" name="n164.5src">26</a> But the Musalmán historians -place beyond doubt that in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1024 the -famous tenth raid of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb165" href="#pb165" -name="pb165">165</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Somanátha, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1024.</span> -<span class="marginnote">Somanátha, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1024.</span>Mahmúd of Ghazni, ended in the -destruction and plunder of Somanátha.<a class="noteref" id="n165.1src" href="#n165.1" name="n165.1src">27</a></p> -<p>Of the destruction of Somanátha the earliest Musalmán -account, of Ibn Asír (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1160–1229), supplies the following details: -In the year <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1024 (H. 414) -Mahmúd captured several forts and cities in Hind and he also -took the idol called Somanátha. This idol was the greatest of -all the idols of Hind. At every eclipse<a class="noteref" id="n165.2src" href="#n165.2" name="n165.2src">28</a> the Hindus went on -pilgrimage to the temple, and there congregated to the number of a -hundred thousand persons. According to their doctrine of transmigration -the Hindus believe that after separation from the body the souls of men -meet at Somanátha; and that the ebb and flow of the tide is the -worship paid to the best of its power by the sea to the idol.<a class="noteref" id="n165.3src" href="#n165.3" name="n165.3src">29</a> All -that is most precious in India was brought to Somanátha. The -temple attendants received the most valuable presents, and the temple -was endowed with more than 10,000 villages.<a class="noteref" id="n165.4src" href="#n165.4" name="n165.4src">30</a> In the temple were -amassed jewels of the most exquisite quality and of incalculable value. -The people of India have a great river called Ganga to which they pay -the highest honour and into which they cast the bones of their great -men, in the belief that the deceased will thus secure an entrance to -heaven. Though between this river and Somanátha is a distance of -about 1200 miles (200 <i>parasangs</i>) water was daily brought from it -to wash the idol.<a class="noteref" id="n165.5src" href="#n165.5" name="n165.5src">31</a> Every day a thousand Bráhmans performed the -worship and introduced visitors.<a class="noteref" id="n165.6src" href="#n165.6" name="n165.6src">32</a> The shaving of the heads and beards -of pilgrims employed three hundred barbers.<a class="noteref" id="n165.7src" href="#n165.7" name="n165.7src">33</a> Three hundred and -fifty persons sang and danced at the gate of the temple,<a class="noteref" id="n165.8src" href="#n165.8" name="n165.8src">34</a> every -one receiving a settled daily allowance. When Mahmúd was gaining -victories and demolishing idols in North India, the Hindus said -Somanátha is displeased with these idols. If Somanátha -had been satisfied with them no one could have destroyed or injured -them. When Mahmúd heard this he resolved on making a campaign to -destroy Somanátha, believing that when the Hindus saw their -prayers and imprecations to be false and futile they would embrace the -Faith.</p> -<p>So he prayed to the Almighty for aid, and with 30,000 horse besides -volunteers left Ghazni on the 10th Sha’bán (H. 414, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1024). <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb166" href="#pb166" name="pb166">166</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Somanátha, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1024.</span> He -took the road to Multán and reached it in the middle of -Ramzán. The road from Multán to India lay through a -barren desert without inhabitants or food. Mahmúd collected -provisions for the passage and loading 30,000 camels with water and -corn started for Aṇahilaváḍa. After he had crossed -the desert he perceived on one side a fort full of people in which -place there were wells.<a class="noteref" id="n166.1src" href="#n166.1" -name="n166.1src">35</a> The leaders came to conciliate him, but he -invested the place, and God gave him victory over it, for the hearts of -the people failed them through fear. He brought the place under the -sway of Islám, killed the inhabitants, and broke in pieces their -images. His men carrying water with them marched for -Aṇahilaváḍa, where they arrived at the beginning of -Zílkáda.</p> -<p>The Chief of Aṇahilaváḍa, called Bhím, -fled hastily, and abandoning his city went to a certain fort for safety -and to prepare for war. Mahmúd pushed on for Somanátha. -On his march he came to several forts in which were many images serving -as chamberlains or heralds of Somanátha. These Mahmúd -called Shaitán or devils. He killed the people, destroyed the -fortifications, broke the idols in pieces, and through a waterless -desert marched to Somanátha. In the desert land he met 20,000 -fighting men whose chiefs would not submit. He sent troops against -them, defeated them, put them to flight, and plundered their -possessions. From the desert he marched to Dabalwárah,<a class="noteref" id="n166.2src" href="#n166.2" name="n166.2src">36</a> two -days’ journey from Somanátha. The people of -Dabalwárah stayed in the city believing that the word of -Somanátha would drive back the invaders. Mahmúd took the -place, slew the men, plundered their property, and marched to -Somanátha.</p> -<p>Reaching Somanátha on a Thursday in the middle of -Zílkáda Mahmúd beheld a strong fortress built on -the sea-shore, so that its walls were washed by the waves.<a class="noteref" id="n166.3src" href="#n166.3" name="n166.3src">37</a> From -the walls the people jeered at the Musalmáns. Our deity, they -said, will cut off the last man of you and destroy you all. On the -morrow which was Friday the assailants advanced to the assault. When -the Hindus saw how the Muhammadans fought they abandoned their posts -and left the walls. The Musalmáns planted their ladders and -scaled the walls. From the top they raised their war-cry, and showed -the might of Islám. Still their loss was so heavy that the issue -seemed doubtful. A body of Hindus hurried to Somanátha, cast -themselves on the ground before him, and besought him to grant them -victory. Night came on and the fight was stayed.</p> -<p>Early next morning Mahmúd renewed the battle. His men made -greater havoc among the Hindus till they drove them from the town to -the house of their idol Somanátha. At the gate of the temple the -slaughter was dreadful. Band after band of the defenders entered the -temple and standing before Somanátha with their hands clasped -round their necks wept and passionately entreated him. Then they issued -forth to fight and fought till they were slain. The few left alive took -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb167" href="#pb167" name="pb167">167</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Somanátha, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1024.</span> to the -sea in boats but the Musalmáns overtook them and some were -killed and some were drowned.</p> -<p>The temple of Somanátha rested on fifty-six pillars of -teakwood covered with lead.<a class="noteref" id="n167.1src" href="#n167.1" name="n167.1src">38</a> The idol was in a dark chamber. The -height of the idol was five cubits and its girth three cubits. This was -what appeared to the eye; two cubits were hidden in the basement. It -had no appearance of being sculptured. Mahmúd seized it, part of -it he burnt, and part he carried with him to Ghazni, where he made it a -step at the entrance of the Great Mosque.<a class="noteref" id="n167.2src" href="#n167.2" name="n167.2src">39</a> The dark shrine was -lighted by exquisitely jewelled chandeliers. Near the idol was a chain -of gold 200 <i>mans</i> in weight. To the chain bells were fastened. -And when each watch of the night was over the chain was shaken and the -ringing of the bells roused a fresh party of Bráhmans to carry -on the worship. In the treasury which was near the shrine were many -idols of gold and silver. Among the treasures were veils set with -jewels, every jewel of immense value. What was found in the temple was -worth more than two millions of <i>dinárs</i>. Over fifty -thousand Hindus were slain.<a class="noteref" id="n167.3src" href="#n167.3" name="n167.3src">40</a></p> -<p>After the capture of Somanátha, Mahmúd received -intelligence that Bhím the chief of -Aṇahilaváḍa had gone to the fort of -Khandahat,<a class="noteref" id="n167.4src" href="#n167.4" name="n167.4src">41</a> about 240 miles (40 <i>parasangs</i>) from -Somanátha between that place and the desert. Mahmúd -marched to Khandahat. When he came before it he questioned some men who -were hunting as to the tide. He learned that the ford was practicable, -but that if the wind blew a little the crossing was dangerous. -Mahmúd prayed to the Almighty and entered the water. He and his -forces passed safely and drove out the enemy. From Khandahat he -returned intending to proceed against Mansúra in central Sindh, -whose ruler was an apostate Muhammadan. At the news of -Mahmúd’s approach the chief fled into the date forests. -Mahmúd followed, and surrounding him and his adherents, many of -them were slain, many drowned, and few escaped. Mahmúd then went -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb168" href="#pb168" name="pb168">168</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Somanátha, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1024.</span> to -Bhátiá, and after reducing the inhabitants to obedience, -returned to Ghazni where he arrived on the 10th Safar 417 H. -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1026).</p> -<p>The Rauzatu-s-safá of Mirkhand supplements these details with -the following account of Mahmúd’s arrangements for holding -Gujarát: ‘It is related that when <span class="corr" id="xd25e19645" title="Source: Sultan">Sultán</span> Mahmúd -had achieved the conquest of Somanátha he wished to fix his -residence there for some years because the country was very extensive -and possessed many advantages among them several mines which produced -pure gold. Indian rubies were brought from Sarandíp, one of the -dependencies of the kingdom of Gujarát. His ministers -represented to Mahmúd that to forsake Khurásán -which had been won from his enemies after so many battles and to make -Somanátha the seat of government was very improper. At last the -king made up his mind to return and ordered some one to be appointed to -hold and carry on the administration of the country. The ministers -observed that as it was impossible for a stranger to maintain -possession he should assign the country to one of the native chiefs. -The Sultán accordingly held a council to settle the nomination, -in concurrence with such of the inhabitants as were well disposed -towards him. Some of them represented to him that amongst the ancient -royal families no house was so noble as that of the -Dábshilíms of whom only one member survived, and he had -assumed the habit of a Bráhman, and was devoted to philosophical -pursuits and austerity.’<a class="noteref" id="n168.1src" href="#n168.1" name="n168.1src">42</a></p> -<p>That Mahmúd should have found it necessary to appoint some -local chief to keep order in Gujarát is probable. It is also -probable that he would choose some one hostile to the defeated king. It -has been suggested above that Bhíma’s uncle Durlabha did -not retire but was ousted by his nephew and that the story of Vallabha -and Durlabha dying together pointed to some usurpation on the part of -Bhíma. The phrase the Dábshilíms seems to refer -either to Durlabhasena or his son. Whoever was chosen must have lost -his power soon after Mahmúd’s departure.<a class="noteref" -id="n168.2src" href="#n168.2" name="n168.2src">43</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb169" href="#pb169" name="pb169">169</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Bhíma I. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1022–1064.</span> <span class="marginnote">Bhíma I. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1022–1064.</span>An inscription at -Somanátha shows that soon after Mahmúd was gone -Bhímadeva began to build a temple of stone in place of the -former temple of brick and wood.</p> -<p>A few years later Bhíma was on bad terms with Dhandhuka the -Paramára chief of Ábu, and sent his general Vimala to -subdue him. Dhandhuka submitted and made over to Vimala the beautiful -Chitrakûṭa peak of Ábu, where, in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1032 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1088), -Vimala built the celebrated Jain temples known as Vimalavasahi still -one of the glories of Ábu.<a class="noteref" id="n169.1src" -href="#n169.1" name="n169.1src">44</a></p> -<p>Bhíma had three wives Udayámatí who built a -step-well at Aṇahilaváḍa, Bukuládeví, -and another. These ladies were the mothers of Karṇa, -Kshemarája, and Múlarája. Of the three sons -Múlarája, though his mother’s name is unknown, was -the eldest and the heir-apparent. Of the kindly Múlarája -the author of the Prabandhachintámaṇi tells the following -tale: In a year of scarcity the Kuṭumbikas or cultivators of -Vishopaka and Daṇḍáhi found themselves unable to pay -the king his share of the land-produce. Bhímarája sent a -minister to inquire and the minister brought before the king all the -well-to-do people of the defaulting villages. One day prince -Múlarája saw these men talking to one another in alarm. -Taking pity on them he pleased the king by his skilful riding. The king -asked him to name a boon and the prince begged that the demand on the -villagers might be remitted. The boon was granted, the ryots went home -in glee, but within three days Múlarája was dead. Next -season yielded a bumper harvest, and the people came to present the -king with his share for that year as well as with the remitted share -for the previous year. Bhímdev declined to receive the arrears. -A jury appointed by the king settled that the royal share of the -produce for both years should be placed in the king’s hands for -the erection of a temple called the new Tripurushaprásáda -for the spiritual welfare of prince Múlarája.<a class="noteref" id="n169.2src" href="#n169.2" name="n169.2src">45</a> -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb170" href="#pb170" name="pb170">170</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Bhíma I. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1022–1064.</span> Bhíma reigned -forty-two years. Both the Prabandhachintámaṇi and the -Vicháraśreṇi mention Karṇa as his successor. -According to the Dvyáśraya Bhíma, wishing to retire -to a religious life, offered the succession to Kshemarája. But -Kshemarája also was averse from the labour of ruling and it was -settled that Karṇa should succeed.</p> -<p>Bhíma died soon after and Kshemarája retired to a holy -place on the Sarasvatí named Mundakeśvara not far from -Aṇahilaváḍa. Karṇa is said to have granted -Dahithalí a neighbouring village to <span class="corr" id="xd25e19763" title="Source: Devaprásáda">Devaprasáda</span> the son -of Kshemarája that he might attend on his father in his -religious seclusion. But as the Kumárapálacharita -mentions Kshemarája being settled at Dahithalí as a ruler -not as an ascetic it seems probable that Dahithalí was granted -to Kshemarája for maintenance as villages are still granted to -the <i>bháyás</i> or brethren of the ruler.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Karṇa, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1064–1094.</span>Karṇa who came to -the throne in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1064 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1120) had a more peaceful reign than his -predecessors. He was able to build charitable public works among them a -temple called Karṇa-meru at Aṇahilaváḍa. His -only war was an expedition against Áshá Bhil, chief of -six lákhs<a class="noteref" id="n170.1src" href="#n170.1" name="n170.1src">46</a> of Bhils residing at Áshápallí -the modern village of Asával near -Ahmadábád.<a class="noteref" id="n170.2src" href="#n170.2" name="n170.2src">47</a> Áshá was defeated and -slain. In consequence of an omen from a local goddess named -Kochharva,<a class="noteref" id="n170.3src" href="#n170.3" name="n170.3src">48</a> Karṇa built her a temple in Asával and -also built temples to Jayantí Deví and -Karṇeśvara Mahádeva. He made a lake called -Karṇaságara and founded a city called -Karṇávatí which he made his capital.</p> -<p>Karṇa had three ministers <span class="corr" id="xd25e19796" -title="Source: Munjála">Muñjála</span>, -Sántu, and Udaya. Udaya was a Śrímálí -Vániá of Márwár, who had settled in -Aṇahilaváḍa and who was originally called -Udá. Sántu built a Jain temple called Sántu-vasahi -and Udá built at Karṇávatí a large temple -called Udaya-varáha, containing seventy-two images of -Tirthankars, twenty-four past twenty-four present and twenty-four to -come. By different wives Udá had five sons, Áhaḍa -or Asthaḍa, Cháhaḍa, Báhaḍa, -Ámbada, and Sollá, of whom the last three were half -brothers of the first two.<a class="noteref" id="n170.4src" href="#n170.4" name="n170.4src">49</a> Except Sollá, who continued a -merchant and became very wealthy, all the sons entered the service of -the state and rose to high stations during the reign of -Kumárapála.</p> -<p>In late life Karṇa married Miyáṇalladeví -daughter of Jayakeśi son of Śubhakeśi king of the -Karṇáṭaka. According to the Dvyáśraya a -wandering painter showed Karṇa the portrait of a princess whom he -described as daughter of Jayakeśi the Kadamba king<a class="noteref" id="n170.5src" href="#n170.5" name="n170.5src">50</a> of -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb171" href="#pb171" name="pb171">171</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Karṇa, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1064–1094.</span> -Chandrapura<a class="noteref" id="n171.1src" href="#n171.1" name="n171.1src">51</a> in the Dakhan, and who he said had taken a vow to -marry Karṇa. In token of her wish to marry Karṇa the -painter said the princess had sent Karṇa an elephant. Karṇa -went to see the present and found on the elephant a beautiful princess -who had come so far in the hope of winning him for a husband. According -to the <span class="corr" id="xd25e19837" title="Source: Prabandhachintamaṇi">Prabandhachintámaṇi</span> -Karṇa found the princess ugly and refused to marry her. On this -the princess with eight attendants determined to burn themselves on a -funeral pyre and Udayámatí Karṇa’s mother -also declared that if he did not relent she too would be a sacrifice. -Under this compulsion Karṇa married the princess but refused to -treat her as a wife. The minister <span class="corr" id="xd25e19840" -title="Source: Muñjala">Muñjála</span>, learning -from a <i>kañchukí</i> or palace-servant that the king -loved a certain courtezan, contrived that Miyánalladeví -should take the woman’s place, a device still practised by -ministers of native states. Karṇa fell into the snare and the -queen became pregnant by him, having secured from the hand of her -husband his signet ring as a token which could not be disclaimed. Thus -in Karṇa’s old age Miyánalladeví became the -mother of the illustrious Siddharája Jayasiṃha, who, -according to a local tradition quoted by Mr. Forbes, first saw the -light at Pálanpur.<a class="noteref" id="n171.2src" href="#n171.2" name="n171.2src">52</a> When three years old the precocious -Siddharája climbed and sat upon the throne. This ominous event -being brought to the king’s notice he consulted his astrologers -who advised that from that day Siddharája should be installed as -heir-apparent.</p> -<p>The Gujarát chronicles do not record how or when Karṇa -died. It appears from a manuscript that he was reigning in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1089 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> -1145).<a class="noteref" id="n171.3src" href="#n171.3" name="n171.3src">53</a> The Hammíramahákávya says -‘The illustrious Karṇadeva was killed in battle by king -Duśśala of Śákambharí,’ and the two -appear to have been cotemporaries.<a class="noteref" id="n171.4src" -href="#n171.4" name="n171.4src">54</a> The author of the -Dvyáśraya says that Karṇa died fixing his thoughts on -<span class="corr" id="xd25e19864" title="Source: Vishnu">Vishṇu</span>, recommending to Siddharája -his cousin Devaprasáda son of Kshemarája. According to -the <span class="corr" id="xd25e19868" title="Source: Prabandhachintamaṇi">Prabandhachintámaṇi</span> -<span class="corr" id="xd25e19871" title="Source: Vicháraśreṇí">Vicháraśreṇi</span> -and Sukṛitasankírtana Karṇa died in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1094 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> -1150).</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Siddharája Jayasingha, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1094–1143.</span>As, at the time of his -father’s death, Siddharája was a minor<a class="noteref" -id="n171.5src" href="#n171.5" name="n171.5src">55</a> the reins of -government must have passed into the hands of his mother -Miyánalladeví. That the succession should have been -attended with struggle and intrigue is not strange. According to the -Dvyáśraya Devaprasáda, the son of Kshemarája -burned himself on the funeral pile shortly after the death of -Karṇa, an action which was probably the result of some intrigue -regarding the succession. Another intrigue <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb172" href="#pb172" name="pb172">172</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Siddharája Jayasingha, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1094–1143.</span> ended in the death of -Madanapála brother of Karṇa’s mother queen -Udayámatí, at the hands of the minister -Śántu, who along with Muñjála and Udá, -helped the queen-mother Miyánalladeví during the regency. -Muñjála and Sántu continued in office under -Siddharája. Another minister built a famous Jain temple named -Mahárájabhuvana in Sidhpur at the time when -Siddharája built the Rudramálá. An inscription -from a temple near Bhadresar in Kacch dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1139 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1195 -Ásháḍha Vad 10, Sunday), in recording grants to -Audíchya Bráhmans to carry on the worship in an old -temple of Udaleśvara and in a new temple of -Kumárapáleśvara built by Kumárapála -son of the great prince Ásapála,<a class="noteref" id="n172.1src" href="#n172.1" name="n172.1src">56</a> notes that -Dádáka was then minister of Siddharája. Among his -generals the best known was a chief named Jagaddeva (Jag Dev), commonly -believed to be a Paramára, many of whose feats of daring are -recorded in bardic and popular romances.<a class="noteref" id="n172.2src" href="#n172.2" name="n172.2src">57</a> Though Jag Dev is -generally called a Paramára nothing of his family is on record. -The author of the Prabandhachintámaṇi describes Jagaddeva -as a thrice valiant warrior held in great respect by Siddharája. -After Siddharája’s death Jagaddeva went to serve king -Permádi to whose mother’s family he was related.<a class="noteref" id="n172.3src" href="#n172.3" name="n172.3src">58</a> -Permádi gave him a chiefship and sent him to attack -Málava.</p> -<p>When Siddharája attained manhood his mother prepared to go in -great state on pilgrimage to Somanátha. She went with rich -offerings as far as Báhuloḍa apparently the large modern -village of Bholáda on the -Gujarát-Káthiáváḍa frontier about -twenty-two miles south-west of Dholká. At this frontier town the -Aṇahilaváḍa kings levied a tax on all pilgrims to -Somanátha. Many of the pilgrims unable to pay the tax had to -return home in tears. Miyánalladeví was so saddened by -the woes of the pilgrims that she stopped her pilgrimage and returned -home. Siddharája met her on the way and asked her why she had -turned back. Miyánalladeví said, I will neither eat nor -go to Somanátha until you order the remission of the pilgrim -tax. Siddharája called the Bholáda treasurer and found -that the levy yielded 72 lákhs a year.<a class="noteref" id="n172.4src" href="#n172.4" name="n172.4src">59</a> In spite of the -serious sacrifice Siddharája broke the board authorizing the -levy of the tax and pouring water from his hand into his mother’s -declared that the merit of the remission was hers. The queen went to -Somanátha and worshipped the god with gold presenting an -elephant and other gifts and handing over her own weight in money.</p> -<p>According to the Prabandhachintámaṇi while -Miyánalladeví and Siddharája were on pilgrimage -Yaśovarman king of Málwa continually harassed the -Gurjjara-Maṇḍala. Śántu who was in charge of -the kingdom asked Yaśovarman on what consideration he would -retire. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb173" href="#pb173" name="pb173">173</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Siddharája Jayasingha, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1094–1143.</span> Yaśovarman said he -would retire if Siddharája gave up to him the merit of the -pilgrimage to Someśvara. Sántu washed his feet and taking -water in his hand surrendered to Yaśovarman the merit of -Siddharája, on which, according to his promise, Yaśovarman -retired. On his return Siddharája asked Sántu what he -meant by transferring his sovereign’s merit to a rival. -Sántu said, ‘If you think my giving Yaśovarman your -merit has any importance I restore it to you.’<a class="noteref" -id="n173.1src" href="#n173.1" name="n173.1src">60</a> This curious -story seems to be a Jain fiction probably invented with the object of -casting ridicule on the Bráhmanical doctrine of merit. -Yaśovarman was not a cotemporary of Siddharája. The -Málwa king referred to is probably Yaśovarman’s -predecessor Naravarman, of whom an inscription dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1134 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1190) -is recorded.<a class="noteref" id="n173.2src" href="#n173.2" name="n173.2src">61</a></p> -<p>Under the name Sadharo Jesingh, Siddharája’s memory is -fresh in Gujarát as its most powerful, most religious, and most -charitable ruler. Almost every old work of architectural or antiquarian -interest in Gujarát is ascribed to Siddharája. In -inscriptions he is styled The great king of kings, The great lord, The -great Bhaṭṭáraka, The lord of Avantí, The -hero of the three worlds, The conqueror of Barbaraka, The universal -ruler Siddha, The illustrious Jayasiṃhadeva. Of these the -commonest attributes are Siddhachakravartín the Emperor of Magic -and Siddharája the Lord of Magic, titles which seem to claim for -the king divine or supernatural powers.<a class="noteref" id="n173.3src" href="#n173.3" name="n173.3src">62</a> In connection with -his assumption of these titles the Kumárapálaprabandha, -the Dvyáśraya, and the Prabandhachintámaṇi -tell curious tales. According to the Dvyáśraya, the king -wandering by night had subdued the Bhútas, -Sákinís, and other spirits. He had also learnt many -<i>mantras</i> or charms. From what he saw at night he would call -people in the day time and say ‘You have such a cause of -uneasiness’ or ‘You have such a comfort.’ Seeing that -he knew their secrets the people thought that the king knew the hearts -of all men and must be the <i>avatára</i> of some god. A second -story tells how Siddharája helped a Nága prince and -princess whom he met by night on the Sarasvatí.<a class="noteref" id="n173.4src" href="#n173.4" name="n173.4src">63</a> -According to a third story told in the -Kumárapálaprabandha two Yoginís or nymphs came -from the Himálayas and asked the king by what mystic powers he -justified the use of the title Siddharája. The king agreed to -perform some wonders in open court in the presence of the nymphs. With -the help of a former minister, Haripála, the king had a dagger -prepared whose blade was of sugar and its handle of iron set with -jewels. When the king appeared in court to perform the promised wonders -a deputation of ambassadors from king Permádi of <span class="corr" id="xd25e19997" title="Source: Kalyánakataka">Kalyánakaṭaka</span><a class="noteref" -id="n173.5src" href="#n173.5" name="n173.5src">64</a> was <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb174" href="#pb174" name="pb174">174</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Siddharája Jayasingha, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1094–1143.</span> announced. The deputation -entered and presented the prepared dagger as a gift from their lord. -The king kept the prepared dagger and in its stead sent all round the -court a real dagger which was greatly admired. After the real dagger -had been seen and returned the king said: I will use this dagger to -show my mystic powers, and in its place taking the false dagger ate its -sugar blade. When the blade was eaten the minister stopped the king and -said Let the Yoginís eat the handle. The king agreed and as the -Yoginís failed to eat the handle which was iron the superiority -of the king’s magic was proved.</p> -<p>A fourth story in the Dvyáśraya tells that when the king -was planning an invasion of Málwa a Yoginí came from -Ujjain to Patan and said ‘O Rája, if you desire great -fame, come to Ujjain and humbly entreat Kálika and other -Yoginís and make friends with Yaśovarman the Rája of -Ujjain.’ The king contemptuously dismissed her, saying, ‘If -you do not fly hence like a female crow, I will cut off your nose and -ears with this sword.’</p> -<p>So also the king’s acts of prowess and courage were believed -to be due to magical aid. According to the common belief -Siddharája did his great acts of heroism by the help of a demon -named Bábaro, whom he is said to have subdued by riding on a -corpse in a burying ground. The story in the -Prabandhachintámaṇi is similar to that told of the father -of Harshavardhana who subdued a demon with the help of a Yogí. -It is notable that the story had passed into its present form within a -hundred years of Siddharája’s death. Someśvara in his -Kírtikaumudí says, ‘This moon of kings fettered the -prince of goblins Barbaraka in a burial-place, and became known among -the crowd of kings as Siddharája.’ Older records show that -the origin of the story, at least of the demon’s name, is -historical being traceable to one of Siddharája’s -copperplate attributes Barbaraka-jishṇu that is conqueror of -Barbaraka. The Dvyáśrayakosha represents this Barbara as a -leader of Rákshasas or Mlechhas, who troubled the -Bráhmans at Śrísthala-Siddhapura. Jayasiṃha -conquered him and spared his life at the instance of his wife -Piṅgaliká. Afterwards Barbara gave valuable presents to -Jayasiṃha and ‘served him as other <span class="corr" id="xd25e20033" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span>.’<a class="noteref" id="n174.1src" href="#n174.1" name="n174.1src">65</a> Barbaraka -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb175" href="#pb175" name="pb175">175</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Siddharája Jayasingha, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1094–1143.</span> seems to be the name of a -tribe of non-Áryans whose modern representatives are the -Bábariás settled in South -Káthiáváḍa in the province still known as -Bábariáváḍa.</p> -<p>A Dohad inscription of the time of Siddharája dated -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1140 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1196) says of his frontier wars: ‘He -threw into prison the lords of Suráshṭra and Málwa; -he destroyed Sindhurája and other kings; he made the kings of -the north bear his commands.’ The Suráshṭra king -referred to is probably a ruler of the Áhír or -<span class="corr" id="xd25e20146" title="Source: Chudásamá">Chúḍásamá</span> -tribe <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb176" href="#pb176" name="pb176">176</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Siddharája Jayasingha, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1094–1143.</span> whose head-quarters were -at Junágaḍh. According to the -Prabandhachintámaṇi Siddharája went in person to -subdue Noghan or Navaghani the Áhír ruler of -Suráshṭra; he came to Vardhamánapura that is -Vadhván and from Vadhván attacked and slew Noghan. -Jinaprabhasúri the author of the Tírthakalpa says of -Girnár that Jayasiṃha killed the king named Khengár -and made one Sajjana his viceroy in Suráshṭra. So many -traditions remain regarding wars with Khengár that it seems -probable that Siddharája led separate expeditions against more -than one king of that name. According to tradition the origin of the -war with Khengár was a woman named -Ráṇakadeví whom Khengára had married. -Ránakadeví was the daughter of a potter of -Majevádi village about nine miles north of -Junágaḍh, so famous for her beauty that Siddharája -determined to marry her. Meanwhile she had accepted an offer from -Khengár whose subject she was and had married him. -Siddharája enraged at her marriage advanced against -Khengár, took him prisoner, and annexed Sorath. That -Khengár’s kingdom was annexed and Sajjana, mentioned by -Jinaprabhasúri, was appointed Viceroy is proved by a -Girnár inscription dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1120 -(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1176).</p> -<p>An era called the Siṃha Saṃvatsara connected with the -name of Jayasiṃha and beginning with <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1113–1114 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1169–70), occurs in several inscriptions -found about Prabhása and South -Káthiáváḍa. This era was probably started in -that year in honour of this conquest of Khengár and -Sorath.<a class="noteref" id="n176.1src" href="#n176.1" name="n176.1src">66</a> The earliest known mention of the Siṃha -Saṃvatsara era occurs in a step-well at Mángrol called the -Sodhali Váv. The inscription is of the time of -Kumárapála and mentions Sahajiga the father of -Múlaka the grantor as a member of the bodyguard of the -Chálukyas. The inscription states that Sahajiga had several sons -able to protect Sauráshṭra, one of whom was -Somarája who built the temple of Sahajigeśvara, in the -enclosure of the Somanátha temple at Prabhása; another -was Múlaka the <i>náyaka</i> of <span class="corr" id="xd25e20195" title="Source: Surashṭra">Suráshṭra</span>, who is -recorded to have made grants for the worship of the god by establishing -cesses in Mangalapura or Mángrol and other places. The -inscription is dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1146 (Monday the -13th of the dark half of Aśvín Vikrama <abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1202 and Siṃha <abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 32). This inscription supports the view that -the Siṃha era was established by Jayasiṃha, since if the -era belonged to some other local chief, no Chálukya viceroy -would adopt it. The Siṃha era appears to have been kept up in -Gujarát so long as Aṇahilapura rule lasted. The well known -Verával inscription of the time of Arjuṇadeva is dated -Hijri 662, Vikrama <abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1320, Valabhi -<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 945, Siṃha <abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 151, Sunday the 13th of <span class="corr" id="xd25e20218" title="Source: Asháḍha">Ásháḍha</span> Vadi. -This inscription shows that the Siṃha era was in use for a -century and a half during the sovereignty of <span class="corr" id="xd25e20221" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -in Suráshṭra.</p> -<p>Regarding Sajjana Siddharája’s first viceroy in -Suráshṭra, the Prabandhachintámaṇi says that -finding him worthy the king appointed Sajjana the -<i>daṇḍádhipati</i> of -Suráshṭradeśa. Without consulting his master Sajjana -spent three years’ revenue in building a stone temple of -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb177" href="#pb177" name="pb177">177</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Siddharája Jayasingha, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1094–1143.</span> Neminátha on -Girnár instead of a wooden temple which he removed. In the -fourth year the king sent four officers to bring Sajjana to -Aṇahilaváḍa. The king called on Sajjana to pay the -revenues of the past three years. In reply Sajjana asked whether the -king would prefer the revenue in cash or the merit which had accrued -from spending the revenue in building the temple. Preferring the merit -the king sanctioned the spending of the revenues on the Tírtha -and Sajjana was reappointed governor of Sorath.<a class="noteref" id="n177.1src" href="#n177.1" name="n177.1src">67</a> This stone temple of -Sajjana would seem to be the present temple of Neminátha, though -many alterations have been made in consequence of Muhammadan sacrilege -and a modern enclosure has been added. The inscription of Sajjana which -is dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1120 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1176) is on the inside to the right in passing -to the small south gate. It contains little but the mention of the -Sádhu who was Sajjana’s constant adviser. On his return -from a second pilgrimage to Somanátha Siddharája who was -encamped near Raivataka that is Girnár expressed a wish to see -Sajjana’s temple. But the Bráhmans envious of the Jains -persuaded the king that as Girnár was shaped like a -<i>liṅg</i> it would be sacrilege to climb it. Siddharája -respected this objection and worshipped at the foot of the mountain. -From Girnár he went to Śatruñjaya. Here too -Bráhmans with drawn swords tried to prevent the king ascending -the hill. Siddharája went in disguise at night, worshipped the -Jain god Ádíśvara with Ganges water, and granted the -god twelve neighbouring villages. On the hill he saw so luxuriant a -growth of the <i>sállaki</i> a plant dear to elephants, that he -proposed to make the hill a breeding place for elephants a second -Vindhya. He was reminded what damage wild elephants would cause to the -holy place and for this reason abandoned his plan.</p> -<p>Siddharája’s second and greater war was with -Málwa. The cotemporary kings of Málwa were the -Paramára ruler Naravarman who flourished from <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1104 to 1133 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1160–1189) and his son and successor -Yaśovarman who ruled up to <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1143 -(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1199) the year of -Siddharája’s death As the names of both these kings occur -in different accounts of this war, and, as the war is said to have -lasted twelve years, it seems that fighting began in the time of -Naravarman and that Siddharája’s final victory was gained -in the time of Yaśovarman in Siddharája’s old age -about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1134 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1190). This view is supported by the local -story that his expedition against Yaśovarman was undertaken while -Siddharája was building the Sahasraliṅga lake and other -religious works. It is not known how the war arose but the statement of -the Prabandhachintámaṇi that Siddharája vowed to -make a scabbard of Yaśovarman’s skin seems to show that -Siddharája received grave provocation. Siddharája is said -to have left the building of the Sahasraliṅga lake to the masons -and architects and himself to have <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb178" -href="#pb178" name="pb178">178</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Siddharája Jayasingha, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1094–1143.</span> started for Málwa. -The war dragged on and there seemed little hope of victory when news -reached Siddharája that the three south gates of -Dhárá could be forced. With the help of an elephant an -entrance was effected. Yaśovarman was captured and bound with six -ropes, and, with his captured enemy as his banner of victory, -Siddharája returned to Aṇahilapura. He remembered his vow, -but being prevented from carrying it out, he took a little of -Yaśovarman’s skin and adding other skin to it made a -scabbard. The captured king was thenceforward kept in a cage. It was -this complete conquest and annexation of Málwa that made -Siddharája assume the style of Avantínátha -‘Lord of Avantí,’ which is mentioned as his -<i>biruḍa</i> or title in most of the Chaulukya -copperplates.<a class="noteref" id="n178.1src" href="#n178.1" name="n178.1src">68</a> Málwa henceforward remained subject to -Aṇahilaváḍa. On the return from Málwa an army -of Bhíls who tried to block the way were attacked by the -minister Sántu and put to flight.</p> -<p>Siddharája’s next recorded war is with king -Madanavarman the Chandela king of Mahobaka the modern Mahobá in -Bundelkhand. Madanavarman, of whom General Cunningham has found -numerous inscriptions dating from <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1130 to 1164 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1186–1220),<a class="noteref" id="n178.2src" href="#n178.2" name="n178.2src">69</a> was one of the most -famous kings of the Chandela dynasty. An inscription of one of his -successors in Kálanjar fort records that Madanavarman ‘in -an instant defeated the king of Gurjjara, as Kṛishṇa in -former times defeated Kaṃsa,<a class="noteref" id="n178.3src" -href="#n178.3" name="n178.3src">70</a> a statement which agrees with -the Gujarát accounts of the war between him and Jayasiṃha. -In this conflict the Gujarát accounts do not seem to show that -Siddharája gained any great victory; he seems to have been -contented with a money present. The Kírtikaumudí states -that the king of Mahobaka honoured Siddharája as his guest and -paid a fine and tribute by way of hospitality. The account in the -Kumárapálacharita suggests that Siddharája was -compelled to come to terms and make peace. According to the -Kírtikaumudí, and this seems likely, Siddharája -went from Dhárá to <span class="corr" id="xd25e20328" -title="Source: Kálañjara">Kálanjara</span>. The -account in the Prabandhachintámaṇi is very confused. -According to the Kumárapálacharita, on -Siddharája’s way back from Dhárá at his camp -near Patan a bard came to the court and said to the king that his court -was as wonderful as the court of Madanavarman. The bard said that -Madanavarman was the king of the city of Mahobaka and most clever, -wise, liberal, and pleasure-loving. The king sent a courtier to test -the truth of the bard’s statement. The courtier returned after -six months declaring that the bard’s account was in no way -exaggerated. Hearing this Siddharája at once started against -Mahobaka and encamping within sixteen miles of the city sent his -minister to summon Madanavarman to surrender. Madanavarman who was -enjoying himself took little notice of the minister. This king, he -said, is the same who had to fight twelve years with -Dhárá; if, as is probable, since he is a -<i>kabádi</i> or wild king, he wants money, pay him what he -wants. The money <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb179" href="#pb179" -name="pb179">179</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Siddharája Jayasingha, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1094–1143.</span> was paid. But -Siddharája was so struck with Madanavarman’s indifference -that he would not leave until he had seen him. Madanavarman agreed to -receive him. Siddharája went with a large bodyguard to the royal -garden which contained a palace and enclosed pleasure-house and was -guarded by troops. Only four of Siddharája’s guards were -allowed to enter. With these four men Siddharája went in, was -shown the palace garden and pleasure-houses by Madanavarman, was -treated with great hospitality, and on his return to Patan was given a -guard of 120 men.</p> -<p>The Dvyáśraya says that after his conquest of Ujjain -Siddharája seized and imprisoned the king of a neighbouring -country named Sim. We have no other information on this point.</p> -<p>The Dohad inscription dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1140 -mentions the destruction of Sindhurája that is the king of Sindh -and other kings. The Kírtikaumudí also mentions the -binding of the lord of Sindhu. Nothing is known regarding the Sindh -war. The Kírtikaumudí mentions that after a war with -Arṇorája king of Sámbhar Siddharája gave his -daughter to Arṇorája. This seems to be a mistake as the -war and alliance with Arṇorája belong to -Kumárapála’s reign.</p> -<p>Siddharája, who like his ancestors was a Śaiva, showed -his zeal for the faith by constructing the two grandest works in -Gujarát the Rudramahálaya at <span class="corr" id="xd25e20363" title="Source: Siddhpur">Sidhpur</span> and the -Sahasraliṅga lake at Patan. The Jain chroniclers always try to -show that Siddharája was favourably inclined to Jainism. But -several of his acts go against this claim and some even show a dislike -of the Jains. It is true that the Jain sage Hemáchárya -lived with the king, but the king honoured him as a scholar rather than -as a Jain. On the occasion of the pilgrimage to Somanátha the -king offered Hemáchárya a palanquin, and, as he would not -accept the offer but kept on walking, the king blamed him calling him a -learned fool with no worldly wisdom. Again on one occasion while -returning from Málwa Siddharája encamped at a place -called Śrínagara, where the people had decorated their -temples with banners in honour of the king. Finding a banner floating -over a Jain temple the king asked in anger who had placed it there, as -he had forbidden the use of banners on Jain shrines and temples in -Gujarát. On being told that it was a very old shrine dating from -the time of Bharata, the king ordered that at the end of a year the -banner might be replaced. This shows the reverse of a leaning to -Jainism. Similarly, according to the Prabandhachintámaṇi, -Hemáchárya never dared to speak to the king in favour of -Jainism but used to say that all religions were good. This statement is -supported by the fact that the opening verses of all works written by -Hemáchárya in the time of Siddharája contain no -special praise of Jain deities.</p> -<p>So great is Siddharája’s fame as a builder that almost -every old work in Gujarát is ascribed to him. Tradition gives -him the credit of the Dabhoi fort which is of the time of the -Vághelá king Víradhavala, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1220–1260. The -Prabandhachintámaṇi gives this old verse regarding -Siddharája’s public works: ‘No one makes a great -temple (Rudramahálaya), a great pilgrimage (to -Somanátha), a great Ásthána (darbár hall), -or a great lake (Sahasraliṅga) <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb180" href="#pb180" name="pb180">180</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Siddharája Jayasingha, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1094–1143.</span> such as Siddharája -made.’<a class="noteref" id="n180.1src" href="#n180.1" name="n180.1src">71</a> Of these the Rudramahálaya, though very -little is left, from its size and the beauty of its carving, must have -been a magnificent work the grandest specimen of the architecture of -the Solaṅki period. The remains of the Sahasraliṅga lake at -Aṇahilapura show that it must have been a work of surprising size -and richness well deserving its title of <i>mahásaraḥ</i> -or great lake. Numerous other public works are ascribed to -Siddharája.<a class="noteref" id="n180.2src" href="#n180.2" -name="n180.2src">72</a></p> -<p>At this period it seems that the kings of Gujarát -Sámbhar and other districts, seeing the great reputation which -his literary tastes had gained for Bhoja of Dhárá used -all to keep Pandits. Certain carvings on the pillars of a mosque at the -south-west of the modern town of Dhárá show that the -building almost as it stands was the Sanskrit school founded by Bhoja. -The carvings in question are beautifully cut Sanskrit grammar tables. -Other inscriptions in praise of Naravarman show that Bhoja’s -successors continued to maintain the institution. In the floor of the -mosque are many large shining slabs of black marble, the largest as -much as seven feet long, all of them covered with inscriptions so badly -mutilated that nothing can be made out of them except that they were -Sanskrit and Prakrit verses in honour of some prince. On a rough -estimate the slabs contain as many as 4000 verses.<a class="noteref" -id="n180.3src" href="#n180.3" name="n180.3src">73</a> According to the -old saying any one who drank of the Sarasvatí well in -Dhárá became a scholar. Sarasvatí’s well -still exists near the mosque. Its water is good and it is still known -as Akkal-kui or the Well of Talent. As in Dhárá so in -Ajmir the Aṛháí-dinká Jhopḍá -mosque is an old Sanskrit school, recent excavations having brought to -light slabs with entire dramas carved on them. So also the -Gujarát kings had their Pandits and their halls of learning. -Śrípála, Siddharája’s poet-laureate, -wrote a poetical eulogium or <i>praśasti</i> on the -Sahasraliṅga lake. According to the -Prabandhachintámaṇi Siddharája gathered numerous -Pandits to examine the eulogium. As has already been noticed -Siddharája’s constant companion was the great scholar and -Jain <i>áchárya</i> Hemachandra also called -Hemáchárya, who, under the king’s patronage, wrote -a treatise on grammar called Siddhahema, and also the well-known -Dvyáśrayakosha which was intended to teach both grammar and -the history of the Solaṅkis. Hemachandra came into even greater -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb181" href="#pb181" name="pb181">181</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Siddharája Jayasingha, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1094–1143.</span> prominence in the time of -Kumárapála, when he wrote several further works and -became closely connected with the state religion. Several stories -remain of Siddharája assembling poets, and holding literary and -poetic discussions.</p> -<p>Record is preserved of a <i>sabhá</i> or assembly called by -the king to hear discussions between a Śvetámbara Jaina -<i><span class="corr" id="xd25e20460" title="Source: ácharya">áchárya</span></i> named -<span class="corr" id="xd25e20463" title="Source: Bhattáraka">Bhaṭṭáraka</span> -Devasúri and a Digambara Jaina <i>áchárya</i> -named Kumudachandra who had come from the <span class="corr" id="xd25e20469" title="Source: Karnáṭak">Karṇáṭak</span>. -Devasúri who was living and preaching in the Jain temple of -Arishṭanemi at <span class="corr" id="xd25e20473" title="Source: Karṇavatí">Karṇávatí</span>,<a class="noteref" -id="n181.1src" href="#n181.1" name="n181.1src">74</a> that is the -modern Ahmadábád, was there visited by Kumudachandra. -Devasúri treated his visitor with little respect telling him to -go to Patan and he would follow and hold a religious discussion or -<i>váda</i>. Kumudachandra being a Digambara or skyclad Jaina -went naked to Patan and Siddharája honoured him because he came -from his mother’s country. Siddharája asked Hemachandra to -hold a discussion with Kumudachandra and Hemachandra recommended that -Devasúri should be invited as a worthy disputant. At a -discussion held before a meeting called by the king Kumudachandra was -vanquished, probably because the first principle of his Digambara faith -that no woman can attain <i>nirváṇa</i>, was insulting to -the queen-mother, and the second that no clothes-wearing Jain can gain -<i>mukti</i> or absorption, was an insult to the Jain ministers. The -assembly, like Bráhmanical <i>sabhás</i> at the present -day, appears to have declined into noise and Siddharája had to -interfere and keep order. Devasúri was complimented by the king -and taken by one Áhada with great honour to his newly built -Jaina temple.<a class="noteref" id="n181.2src" href="#n181.2" name="n181.2src">75</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kumárapála, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1143–1174.</span>In spite of prayers to -Somanátha, of incantations, and of gifts to Bráhmans, -Siddharája Jayasiṃha had no son. The throne passed into -the line of Tribhuvanapála the great-grandson of -Bhímadeva I. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1074–62) -who was ruling as a feudatory of <span class="corr" id="xd25e20555" -title="Source: Siddháraja">Siddharája</span> at his -ancestral appanage of Dahithalí. Tribhuvanapála’s -pedigree is Bhímadeva I.; his son Kshemarája by -Bakuládeví a concubine; his son Haripála; his son -Tribhuvanapála. By his queen Kásmíradeví -Tribhuvanapála had three sons Mahípála, -Kírttipála, and Kumárapála, and two -daughters Premaladeví and Devaladeví. Premaladeví -was married to one of Siddharája’s nobles a cavalry -general named Kánhada or Kṛishṇadeva: -Devaladeví was married to Arṇorája<a class="noteref" id="n181.3src" href="#n181.3" name="n181.3src">76</a> or -Anarája <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb182" href="#pb182" name="pb182">182</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Kumárapála, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1143–1174.</span> king of -Śákambhari or Sámbhar, the Ánalladeva of the -Hammíramahákávya. Kumárapála himself -was married by his father to one Bhupáladeví. According -to the Dvyáśraya, Tribhuvanapála was on good terms -with Siddharája serving him and going with him to war. The -Kumárapálacharita also states that -Kumárapála used to attend the court of -Siddharája<span class="corr" id="xd25e20590" title="Not in source">.</span> But from the time he came to feel that he -would have no son and that the bastard Kumárapála would -succeed him Siddharája became embittered against -Kumárapála. According to the Jain chronicles -Siddharája was told by the god Somanátha, by the sage -Hemachandra, by the goddess Ambiká of Kodinár,<a class="noteref" id="n182.1src" href="#n182.1" name="n182.1src">77</a> and by -astrologers that he would have no son and that Kumárapála -would be his successor. According to the -Kumárapálacharita so bitter did his hate grow that -Siddharája planned the death of Tribhuvanapála and his -family including Kumárapála. Tribhuvanapála was -murdered but Kumárapála escaped. Grieved at this proof of -the king’s hatred Kumárapála consulted his -brother-in-law Kṛishṇadeva who advised him to leave his -family at Dahithalí and go into exile promising to keep him -informed of what went on at Aṇahilapura. Kumárapála -left in the disguise of a <i>jaṭádhári</i> or -recluse and escaped the assassins whom the king had ordered to slay -him. After some time Kumárapála returned and in spite of -his disguise was recognized by the guards. They informed the king who -invited all the ascetics in the city to a dinner. -Kumárapála came but noticing that the king recognized him -in spite of his disguise, he fled. The king sent a trusted officer with -a small force in pursuit. Kumárapála persuaded some -husbandmen, the chief of whom was Bhímasiṃha, to hide him -in a heap of thorns. The pursuers failing to find him returned. At -night Kumárapála was let out bleeding from the thorns, -and promised the husbandmen that the day would come when their help -would be rewarded. He then shaved his topknot or -<i>jaṭá</i> and while travelling met with a lady named -Devaśrí of Udambara village who pitying him took him into -her chariot and gave him food. Kumárapála promised to -regard her as a sister. He then came to Dahithalí where the -royal troops had already arrived. Siddharája sent an army which -invested the village leaving Kumárapála without means of -escape. He went to a potter named Sajjana or Aliṅga who hid him -in the flues of his brick-kiln throwing hay over him. The troops -searched the village, failed to find Kumárapála, and -retired. The potter then helped Kumárapála from his -hiding place and fed him. A former friend named Bosari joined -Kumárapála and they went away together -Kumárapála commending his family to the care of Sajjana. -On the first day they had no food. Next day Bosari went to beg and they -together ate the food given to Bosari in a monastery or -<i>maṭh</i> where they slept. In time they came to Cambay where -they called upon Hemáchárya and asked him their future. -Hemáchárya knew and recognized Kumárapála. -Kumárapála asked when fate would bless him. Before -Hemáchárya <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb183" href="#pb183" name="pb183">183</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Kumárapála, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1143–1174.</span> could reply Udayana, one -of the king’s ministers, came. Hemáchárya said to -Udayana, ‘This is Kumárapála who shall shortly be -your king.’ Hemáchárya also gave -Kumárapála a writing stating that he would succeed to the -throne. Kumárapála acknowledged his obligations to -Hemáchárya and promised to follow his advice. Udayana -took him to his house and gave him food and clothes. Siddharája -came to know of this and sent his soldiers who began to search. -Kumárapála returned to Hemáchárya who hid -him in a cellar covering its door with manuscripts and palm leaves. The -soldiers came but failed to search under the manuscripts and returned. -Kumárapála acknowledged his obligations to -Hemáchárya and said he owed him two great debts one for -telling him the day on which he would come to the throne; the other for -saving his life. Kumárapála left Cambay at midnight, the -minister Udayana supplying him with provisions. From Cambay he went to -Vaṭapadrapura probably Baroda, where feeling hungry he entered -the shop of a Vánia named Katuka and asked for parched gram. The -Vánia gave the gram and seeing that Kumárapála had -no money accepted his promise of future payment. From Baroda he came to -Bhrigukachh or Broach where he saw a soothsayer and asked him his -future. The soothsayer, seeing the bird <i>kali-deví</i> perched -on the temple flagstaff, said ‘You will shortly be king.’ -Kumárapála shaved his matted hair and went from Broach to -Ujjain where he met his family. But as here too the royal troops -followed him he fled to Kolhápura where he came across a -Yogí who foretold his succession to a throne and gave him two -spells or <i>manṭras</i>. From Kolhápura -Kumárapála went to Káñchí or -Conjeveram and from there to the city of -Kálambapattana.<a class="noteref" id="n183.1src" href="#n183.1" -name="n183.1src">78</a> The king of Kálambapattana -Pratápasiṃha received him like an elder brother and -brought him into his city, built a temple of Śivananda -Kumárapáleśvara in his honour, and even issued a -coin called a Kumárapála. From Kálambapattana -Kumárapála went to Chitrakúṭa or Chitor and -from there to Ujjain whence he took his family to Siddhapura going on -alone to Aṇahilapura to see his brother-in-law -Kṛishṇadeva. According to the <span class="corr" id="xd25e20640" title="Source: Vicháraśreṇí">Vicháraśreṇi</span> -Siddharája died soon after in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1143 on the 3rd of Kárttika Śuddha -Saṃvat 1199.</p> -<p>In the dissensions that followed the king’s death -Kumárapála’s interests were well served by his -brother-in-law Kṛishṇadeva. Eventually the names of three -candidates, Kumárapála and two others, were laid before -the state nobles sitting in council to determine who should be king. Of -the three candidates the two others were found wanting, and -Kumárapála was chosen and installed according to the -Vicháraśreṇi on the 4th of -Márgaśírsha Suddha and according to the -Kumárapálaprabandha on the 4th of -Márgaśírsha Vadhya. At the time of his succession, -according to the Prabandhachintámaṇi and the -Kumárapálaprabandha, Kumárapála was about -fifty years of age. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb184" href="#pb184" -name="pb184">184</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Kumárapála, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1143–1174.</span> On his accession -Kumárapála installed his wife <span class="corr" id="xd25e20668" title="Source: Bhopaladeví">Bhupáladeví</span> his -anointed queen or <i>pattaráni</i>; appointed Udayana who had -befriended him at Cambay minister; Báhaḍa or -Vágbhaṭa son of Udayana<a class="noteref" id="n184.1src" -href="#n184.1" name="n184.1src">79</a> chief councillor or -<i>mahámátya</i>; and Aliṅga second councillor or -<i>mahápradhána</i>. Áhada or <span class="corr" -id="xd25e20690" title="Source: Arabhaṭṭa">Árabhaṭṭa</span>, -apparently another son of Udayana, did not acknowledge -Kumárapála and went over to Arṇorája -Ánáka or Ano king of Sapádalaksha or the -Sámbhar territory who is probably the same as the <span class="corr" id="xd25e20693" title="Source: Analladeva">Ánalladeva</span> of the -Hammíramahákávya.<a class="noteref" id="n184.2src" -href="#n184.2" name="n184.2src">80</a></p> -<p>The potter Sajjana was rewarded with a grant of seven hundred -villages near Chitrakúṭa or Chitoḍa fort in -Rájputána, and the author of the -Prabandhachintámaṇi notices that in his time the -descendants of the potter ashamed of their origin called themselves -descendants of Sagara. Bhímasiṃha who hid -Kumárapála in the thorns was appointed head of the -bodyguard; Devaśrí made the sister’s mark on the -royal forehead at the time of Kumárapála’s -installation and was granted the village of Devayo;<a class="noteref" -id="n184.3src" href="#n184.3" name="n184.3src">81</a> and Katuka the -Vániá of Baroda, who had given Kumárapála -parched gram was granted the village of Vaṭapadra or Baroda. -Bosari Kumárapála’s chief companion was given -Láṭamaṇdala, which seems to mean that he was -appointed viceroy of Láṭa or South Gujarát.</p> -<p>Kanhada or Kṛishṇadeva Kumárapála’s -brother-in-law and adviser overvaluing his great services became -arrogant and disobedient insulting the king in open court. As -remonstrance was of no avail the king had Kṛishṇadeva -waylaid and beaten by a band of athletes and taken almost dying to his -wife the king’s sister. From this time all the state officers -were careful to show ready obedience.</p> -<p>The old ministry saw that under so capable and well served a ruler -their power was gone. They accordingly planned to slay the king and -place their own nominee on the throne. The king heard of the plot: -secured the assassins: and employed them in murdering the conspirators. -According to the Prabandhachintámaṇi, Áhada or -Árabhaṭṭa who had gone over to the Sámbhar -king and was in charge of the Sámbhar infantry, bribed the local -nobles as a preliminary to a war which he had planned against -Kumárapála. He so far succeeded as to bring Ána or -Ánáka the Sámbhar king with the whole of his army -to the borders of Gujarát to fight Kumárapála. -Kumárapála went to meet Ánáka. But, in -consequence of intrigues, in the battle that followed the -Gujarát army did not obey orders. Kumárapála -advanced in front on an elephant, and Báhaḍa trying to -climb on Kumárapála’s elephant was thrown to the -ground and slain. Ánáka was also pierced with arrows and -the Sámbhar army was defeated and plundered of its -horses.<a class="noteref" id="n184.4src" href="#n184.4" name="n184.4src">82</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb185" href="#pb185" -name="pb185">185</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Kumárapála, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1143–1174.</span> The -Dvyáśraya, probably by the aid of the author’s -imagination, gives a fuller account of this war. One fact of importance -recorded in the Dvyáśraya is that Ánáka -though defeated was not slain, and, to bring hostilities to an end, -gave his daughter Jalhaṇá to Kumárapála in -marriage.<a class="noteref" id="n185.1src" href="#n185.1" name="n185.1src">83</a> The Kumárapálacharita calls the -Sámbhar king Arṇorája and says that it was -Kumárapála who invaded the Sámbhar territory. -According to this account Kumárapála went to -Chandrávatí near Ábu and taking its -Paramára king Vikramasiṃha with him marched to -Śákambhari or Sámbhar and fought <span class="corr" -id="xd25e20740" title="Source: Árṇorája">Arṇorája</span> who -was defeated but not killed. Kumárapála threatened to cut -out Arṇorája’s tongue but let him go on condition -that his people wore a headdress with a tongue on each side. -Arṇorája is said to have been confined in a cage for three -days and then reinstalled as Kumárapála’s -feudatory. Vikramasiṃha of Chandrávatí, who in the -battle had sided with Arṇorája, was punished by being -disgraced before the assembled seventy-two feudatories at -Aṇahilaváḍa and was sent to prison, his throne being -given to his nephew Yaśodhavala. After his victory over -Arṇorája Kumárapála fought, defeated, and, -according to the Kírtikaumudí, beheaded Ballála -king of Málwa who had invaded Gujarát. The result of this -contest seems to have been to reduce Málwa to its former -position of dependence on the Aṇahilaváḍa kings. -More than one inscription of Kumárapála’s found in -the temple of Udayáditya as far north as Udayapura near Bhilsa -shows that he conquered the whole of Málwa, as the inscriptions -are recorded by one who calls himself Kumárapála’s -general or <i>daṇḍanáyaka</i>.<a class="noteref" id="n185.2src" href="#n185.2" name="n185.2src">84</a></p> -<p>Another of Kumárapála’s recorded victories is -over Mallikárjuna said to be king of the Konkan who we know from -published lists of the North Konkan Śiláháras -flourished about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1160. The author of -the Prabandhachintámaṇi says this war arose from a bard of -king Mallikárjuna speaking of him before king -Kumárapála as <i>Rájapitámaha</i> or -grandfather of kings.<a class="noteref" id="n185.3src" href="#n185.3" -name="n185.3src">85</a> Kumárapála annoyed at so arrogant -a title looked around. Ámbaḍá,<a class="noteref" -id="n185.4src" href="#n185.4" name="n185.4src">86</a> one of the sons -of Udayana, divining the king’s meaning, raised his folded hands -to his forehead and expressed his readiness to fight -Mallikárjuna. The king sent him with an army which marched to -the Konkan without halting. At the crossing of the -Kaláviní it was met and defeated by Mallikárjuna. -Ámbaḍá returned in disgrace and shrouding -himself<span class="corr" id="xd25e20777" title="Not in source">,</span> his umbrella and his tents in crape retreated -to Aṇahilaváḍa. The king finding Ámbada -though humiliated ready to make a second venture gave him a larger and -better appointed force. With this army Ámbaḍá again -started for the Konkan, crossed the Kaláviní, attacked -Mallikárjuna, and in a hand-to-hand fight <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb186" href="#pb186" name="pb186">186</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Kumárapála, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1143–1174.</span> climbed his elephant and -cut off his head. This head cased in gold with other trophies of the -war he presented to the king on his triumphant return to <span class="corr" id="xd25e20800" title="Source: Aṇahilápura">Aṇahilapura</span>. The king -was greatly pleased and gave Ámbaḍá the title of -<i>Rájapitámaha</i>. Of this Mallikárjuna two -stone inscriptions have been found one at Chiplún dated -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1156 (Śaka 1078) the other at -Bassein dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1160 (Śaka 1082). -If the story that Mallikárjuna was slain is true the war must -have taken place during the two years between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1160 and 1162 (Śaka 1082, 1084) which latter -is the earliest known date of Mallikárjuna’s successor -Aparáditya.</p> -<p>The Kumárapálacharita also records a war between -Kumárapála and Samara king of Suráshṭra or -south Káthiáváḍa, the Gujarát army -being commanded by Kumárapála’s minister Udayana. -The Prabandhachintámaṇi gives Sausara as the name of the -Suráshṭra king<a class="noteref" id="n186.1src" href="#n186.1" name="n186.1src">87</a>: possibly he was some Gohilvád -Mehr chief. Udayana came with the army to Vadhwán, and letting -it advance went to Pálitána. While he was worshipping at -Pálitána, a mouse carried away the burning wick of the -lamp. Reflecting on the risk of fire in a wooden temple Udayana -determined to rebuild the temple of stone. In the fight with Sausara -the Gujarát army was defeated and Udayana was mortally -wounded.<a class="noteref" id="n186.2src" href="#n186.2" name="n186.2src">88</a> Before Udayana died he told his sons that he had -meant to repair the temple of Ádíśvara on -Śatruñjaya and the Śakuniká Vihára at -Broach and also to build steps up the west face of Girnár. His -sons Báhaḍa and Ámbaḍá promised to -repair the two shrines. Subsequently both shrines were restored, -Kumárapála and Hemáchárya and the council -of Aṇahilapura attending at the installation of -Suvṛittinátha in the Śakuniká Vihára. -The Girnár steps were also cut, according to more than one -inscription in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1166 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1222).<a class="noteref" id="n186.3src" href="#n186.3" name="n186.3src">89</a> This war and Udayana’s death -must have occurred about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1149 -(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1205) as the temple of -Ádnátha was finished in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1156–57 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1211). Báhaḍa also established -near <span class="corr" id="xd25e20877" title="Source: Satruñjaya">Śatruñjaya</span> a town called -Báhaḍapura and adorned it with a temple called -Tribhuvanapálavasati.<a class="noteref" id="n186.4src" href="#n186.4" name="n186.4src">90</a> After the fight with Sausara -Kumárapála was threatened with another war by -Karṇa<a class="noteref" id="n186.5src" href="#n186.5" name="n186.5src">91</a> king of Dáhala or Chedi. Spies informed the -king of the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb187" href="#pb187" name="pb187">187</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Kumárapála, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1143–1174.</span> impending invasion as he -was starting on a pilgrimage to Somanátha. Next day he was -relieved from anxiety by the news that while sleeping on an elephant at -night king Karṇa’s necklace became entangled in the branch -of a banyan tree, and the elephant suddenly running away, the king was -strangled.</p> -<p>The Prabandhachintámaṇi records an expedition against -Sámbhar which was entrusted to Cháhaḍa a younger -brother of Báhaḍa. Though Cháhaḍa was known -to be extravagant, the king liked him, and after giving him advice -placed him in command. On reaching Sámbhar Cháhaḍa -invested the fort of Bábránagar but did not molest the -people as on that day 700 brides had to be married.<a class="noteref" -id="n187.1src" href="#n187.1" name="n187.1src">92</a> Next day the fort -was entered, the city was plundered, and the supremacy of -Kumárapála was proclaimed. This Bábránagar -has not been identified. There appears to be some confusion and the -place may not be in Sámbhar but in <span class="corr" id="xd25e20921" title="Source: Bábariáváda">Bábariáváḍa</span> -in Káthiáváḍa. Cháhaḍa returned -triumphant to Patan. The king expressed himself pleased but blamed -Cháhaḍa for his lavish expenditure and conferred on him -the title of <i>Rája-gharatta</i> the King-grinder.</p> -<p>Though the Gujarát chronicles give no further details an -inscription in the name of Kumárapála in a temple at -Udepur near Bhilsa dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1166 records -that on Monday, <i>Akshaya tritiyá</i> the 3rd of -Vaiśákh Sud (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1222), -Thakkara Cháhaḍa granted half the village of -Sangaváḍa in the Rangáriká district or -<i>bhukti</i>. Just below this inscription is a second also bearing the -name of Kumárapála. The year is lost. But the occasion is -said to be an eclipse on Thursday the 15th of Paush Sudi when a gift -was made to the god of Udayapura by Yaśodhavala the viceroy of -Kumárapála.<a class="noteref" id="n187.2src" href="#n187.2" name="n187.2src">93</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb188" -href="#pb188" name="pb188">188</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Kumárapála, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1143–1174.</span> Similar inscriptions of -Kumárapála’s time and giving his name occur near -the ruined town of Kerádu or Kiráṭa-Kúpa -near Bálmer in Western Rájputána. The inscriptions -show that Kumárapála had another <i>Amátya</i> or -minister there, and that the kings of the country round Kerádu -had been subject to Gujarát since the time of Siddharája -Jayasiṃha. Finally the inscription of Kumárapála -found by Colonel Tod in a temple of Brahma on the pinnacle of -Chitoḍa fort<a class="noteref" id="n188.1src" href="#n188.1" -name="n188.1src">94</a> shows that his conquests extended as far as -Mewáḍa.</p> -<p>According to the Kumárapálachintámaṇi -Kumárapála married one Padmávatí of -Padmapura. The chronicler describes the city as to the west of the -Indus. Perhaps the lady belonged to Padmapura<span class="corr" id="xd25e21045" title="Not in source">,</span> a large town in -Kashmír. Considering his greatness as a king and conqueror the -historical record of Kumárapála is meagre and incomplete. -Materials may still come to light which will show his power to have -been surprisingly widespread.</p> -<p>Mr. Forbes<a class="noteref" id="n188.2src" href="#n188.2" name="n188.2src">95</a> records the following Bráhmanical tradition -of a Mewáḍa queen of Kumárapála, which has -probably been intentionally omitted by the Jain chroniclers.</p> -<p>Kumárapála, says the Bráhman tradition, had -wedded a Sisodaní Ráni, a daughter of the house of -Mewáḍa. At the time that the sword went for her the -Sisodaní heard that the Rája had made a vow that his -wives should receive initiation into the Jain religion at -Hemáchárya’s convent before entering the palace. -The Ráni refused to start for Patan until she was satisfied she -would not be called on to visit the Áchárya’s -convent. Jayadeva Kumárapála’s household bard -became surety and the queen consented to go to Aṇahilapura. -Several days after her arrival Hemáchárya said to the -Rája ‘The Sisodaní Ráni has never come to -visit me.’ Kumárapála told her she must go. The -Ráni refused and fell ill, and the bard’s wives went to -see her. Hearing her story they disguised her as one of themselves and -brought her privately home to their house. At night the bard dug a hole -in the wall of the city, and taking the Ráni through the hole -started with her for Mewáḍa. When Kumárapála -became aware of the Ráni’s flight he set off in pursuit -with two thousand horse. He came up with the fugitives about fifteen -miles from the fort of Idar. The bard said to the Ráni, -‘If you can enter Idar you are safe. I have two hundred horse -with me. As long as a man of us remains no one shall lay <span class="corr" id="xd25e21055" title="Source: -"></span>hands on you.’ So -saying he turned upon his pursuers. But the Ráni’s courage -failed and she slew herself in the carriage. As the fight went on and -the pursuers forced their way to the carriage, the maids cried -‘Why struggle more, the Ráni is dead.’ -Kumárapála and his men returned home.<a class="noteref" -id="n188.3src" href="#n188.3" name="n188.3src">96</a></p> -<p>The Paramára chiefs of Chandrávatí near -Ábu were also feudatories of Kumárapála. It has -been noted that to punish him for siding with Arṇorája of -Sámbhar Kumárapála placed Vikrama Siṃha the -Chandrávatí chief in confinement and set Vikrama’s -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb189" href="#pb189" name="pb189">189</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Kumárapála, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1143–1174.</span> nephew Yaśodhavala -on his throne. That Kumárapála conquered the chiefs of -Sámbhar and Málwa is beyond question. Among his names is -the proud title Avantí-nátha Lord of Málwa.</p> -<p>The Kumárapálaprabandha gives the following limits of -Kumárapála’s sway. The Turushkas or Turks on the -north; the heavenly Ganges on the east; the Vindhya mountains on the -south; the Sindhu river on the west.<a class="noteref" id="n189.1src" -href="#n189.1" name="n189.1src">97</a> Though in tradition -Kumárapála’s name does not stand so high as a -builder as the name of Siddharája Jayasiṃha he carried out -several important works. The chief of these was the restoring and -rebuilding of the great shrine of Someśvara or Somanátha -Patan. According to the Prabandhachintámaṇi when -Kumárapála asked Devasúri the teacher of -Hemáchárya how best to keep his name remembered -Devasúri replied: Build a new temple of Somanátha fit to -last an age or <i>yuga</i>, instead of the wooden one which is ruined -by the ocean billows. Kumárapála approved and appointed a -building committee or <i>pañchakula</i> headed by a -Bráhman named Gaṇḍa Bháva Bṛihaspati -the state officer at Somanátha. At the instance of -Hemáchárya the king on hearing the foundations were laid -vowed until the temple was finished he would keep apart from women and -would take neither flesh nor wine. In proof of his vow he poured a -handful of water over Nílakaṇṭha Mahádeva, -probably his own royal god. After two years the temple was completed -and the flag hoisted. Hemáchárya advised the king not to -break his vow until he had visited the new temple and paid his -obeisance to the god. The king agreed and went to Somanátha, -Hemáchárya preceding him on foot and promising to come to -Somanátha after visiting <span class="corr" id="xd25e21106" -title="Source: Satruñjaya">Śatruñjaya</span> and -Girnár. On reaching Somanátha the king was received by -Gaṇḍa-Bṛihaspati his head local officer and by the -building committee, and was taken in state through the town. At the -steps of the temple the king bowed his head to the ground. Under the -directions of Gaṇḍa-Bṛihaspati he worshipped the god, -made gifts of elephants and other costly articles including his own -weight in coin, and returned to Aṇahilapura.</p> -<p>It is interesting to know that the present battered sea-shore temple -of Somanátha, whose <i>garbhágára</i> or shrine -has been turned into a mosque and whose spire has been shattered, is -the temple of whose building and consecration the above details are -preserved. This is shown by the style of the architecture and sculpture -which is in complete agreement with the other buildings of the time of -Kumárapála.<a class="noteref" id="n189.2src" href="#n189.2" name="n189.2src">98</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb190" -href="#pb190" name="pb190">190</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Kumárapála, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1143–1174.</span> -Kumárapála’s temple seems to have suffered in every -subsequent Muhammadan invasion, in Alaf Khan’s in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1300, in Mozaffar’s in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1390, in Mahmúd Begada’s about -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1490, and in Muzaffar II.’s -about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1530. Time after time no sooner -had the invader passed than the work of repair began afresh. One of the -most notable restorations was by Khengár IV. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1279–1333) a <span class="corr" id="xd25e21156" title="Source: Chudásamá">Chúḍásamá</span> -king of Junágaḍh who is mentioned in two Girnár -inscriptions as the repairer of Somanátha after its desecration -by <span class="corr" id="xd25e21159" title="Source: Ala-ud-din">Alá-ud-dín</span> Khilji. The latest -sacrilege, including the turning of the temple into a mosque, was in -the time of the Ahmadábád king Muzaffar Sháh II. -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1511–1535). Since then no -attempt has been made to win back the god into his old home.</p> -<p>In the side wall near the door of the little shrine of -Bhadrakáli in Patan a broken stone inscription gives interesting -details of the temple of Somanátha. Except that the right hand -corners of some of the lines are broken, the inscription is clear and -well preserved. It is dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1169 -(Valabhi 850). It records that the temple of the god Someśa was -first of gold built by Soma; next it was of silver built by -Rávana; afterwards of wood built by <span class="corr" id="xd25e21170" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span>; and -last of stone built by Bhímadeva. The next restoration was -through Gaṇḍa-Bṛihaspati under -Kumárapála. Of Gaṇḍa-Bṛihaspati it -gives these details. He was a Kanyákubja or Kanoj Bráhman -of the Páśupata school, a teacher of the Málwa -kings, and a friend of Siddharája Jayasiṃha. He repaired -several other temples and founded several other religious buildings in -Somanátha. He also repaired the temple of -Kedáreśvara in Kumaon on learning that the Khaśa king -of that country had allowed it to fall into disrepair. After the time -of Kumárapála the descendants of -Gaṇḍa-Bṛihaspati remained in religious authority in -Somanátha.</p> -<p>Kumárapála made many Jain benefactions.<a class="noteref" id="n190.1src" href="#n190.1" name="n190.1src">99</a> He -repaired the temple of Ságala-Vasahiká at -Stambha-tírtha or Cambay where Hemáchárya received -his initiation or <i>díkshá</i>. In honour of the lady -who gave him barley flour and curds he built a temple called the -Karambaka-Vihára in Patan. He also built in Patan a temple -called the Mouse or Mushaka-Vihára to free himself from the -impurity caused by killing a mouse while digging for treasure. At -Dhandhuka Hemáchárya’s birthplace a temple called -the Jholiká-Vihára or cradle temple was built. Besides -these Kumárapála is credited with building 1444 -temples.</p> -<p>Though Kumárapála was not a learned man, his ministers -were men of learning, and he continued the practice of keeping at his -court scholars especially Sanskrit poets. Two of his leading Pandits -were Rámachandra and Udayachandra both of them Jains. -Rámachandra is often mentioned in Gujaráti literature and -appears to have been a great scholar. He was the author of a book -called the Hundred Accounts or Prabandhaśata. After -Udayana’s death Kumárapála’s chief minister -was Kapardi a man of learning skilled in Sanskrit poetry. And all -through his reign his principal adviser <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb191" href="#pb191" name="pb191">191</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Kumárapála, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1143–1174.</span> was Hemachandra or -Hemáchárya probably the most learned man of his time. -Though Hemáchárya lived during the reigns both of -Siddharája and of Kumárapála, only under -Kumárapála did he enjoy political power as the -king’s companion and religious adviser. What record remains of -the early Solaṅkis is chiefly due to Hemachandra.</p> -<p>The Jain life of Hemáchárya abounds in wonders. Apart -from the magic and mystic elements the chief details are: -Cháchiga a Modh Vánia of Dhandhuka<a class="noteref" id="n191.1src" href="#n191.1" name="n191.1src">100</a> in the district of -Ardháshṭama had by his wife Páhiní<a class="noteref" id="n191.2src" href="#n191.2" name="n191.2src">101</a> of the -Chámuṇḍa <i><span class="corr" id="xd25e21212" -title="Source: gòtra">gotra</span></i>, a boy named -Chángodeva who was born <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1089 -(Kartik fullmoon Saṃvat 1145). A Jain priest named Devachandra -Áchárya (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1078–1170; <abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1134–1226) came from Patan to Dhandhuka -and when in Dhandhuka went to pay his obeisance at the Modh -Vasahiká. While Devachandra was seated Chángodeva came -playing with other boys and went and sat beside the -<i>áchárya</i>. Struck with the boy’s audacity and -good looks the <i>áchárya</i> went with the council of -the village to Cháchiga’s house. Cháchiga was -absent but his wife being a Jain received the -<i>áchárya</i> with respect. When she heard that her son -was wanted by the council, without waiting to consult her husband, she -handed the boy to the <i>áchárya</i> who carried him off -to Karṇávatí and kept him there with the sons of -the minister Udayana. Cháchiga, disconsolate at the loss of his -son, went in quest of him vowing to eat nothing till the boy was found. -He came to Karṇávatí and in an angry mood called on -the <i>áchárya</i> to restore him his son. Udayana was -asked to interfere and at last persuaded Cháchiga to let the boy -stay with Devachandra.</p> -<p>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1097, when Chángodeva -was eight years old Cháchiga celebrated his son’s -consecration or <i>díkshá</i> and gave him the name of -Somachandra. As the boy became extremely learned Devachandra changed -his name to Hemachandra the Moon of gold. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1110 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1166) -at the age of 21, his mastery of all the Śástras and -Siddhántas was rewarded by the dignity of Súri or sage. -Siddharája was struck with his conversation and honoured him as -a man of learning. Hemachandra’s knowledge<span class="corr" id="xd25e21254" title="Not in source">,</span> wisdom and tact enabled him -to adhere openly to his Jain rules and beliefs though -Siddharája’s dislike of Jain practices was so great as at -times to amount to insult. After one of their quarrels -Hemáchárya kept away from the king for two or three days. -Then the king seeing his humility and his devotion to his faith -repented and apologised. The two went together to Somanátha -Patan and there Hemáchárya paid his obeisance to the -<i>liṅga</i> in a way that did not offend his own faith. During -Siddharája’s reign Hemáchárya wrote his well -known grammar with aphorisms or <i>sútras</i> and commentary or -<i>vṛitti</i> called Siddha-Hemachandra, a title compounded of -the king’s name and his own. As the Bráhmans found fault -with the absence of any detailed references to the king in the work -Hemachandra <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb192" href="#pb192" name="pb192">192</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Kumárapála, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1143–1174.</span> added one verse at the -end of each chapter in praise of the king. During -Siddharája’s reign he also wrote two other works, the -Haimínámamálá, “String of Names -composed by Hema(chandra)” or -Abhidhánachintámaṇi and the -Anekárthanámamálá<span class="corr" id="xd25e21286" title="Not in source">,</span> a Collection of words of -more than one meaning. He also began the -Dvyáśrayakosha<a class="noteref" id="n192.1src" href="#n192.1" name="n192.1src">102</a> or Double Dictionary being both a -grammar and a history. In spite of his value to -Kumárapála, in the beginning of -Kumárapála’s reign Hemáchárya was not -honoured as a spiritual guide and had to remain subordinate to -Bráhmans. When Kumárapála asked him what was the -most important religious work he could perform Hemáchárya -advised the restoring of the temple of Somanátha. Still -Hemáchárya so far won the king to his own faith that till -the completion of the temple he succeeded in persuading the king to -take the vow of <i>ahiṁsá</i> or non-killing which though -common to both faiths is a specially Jain observance. Seeing this mark -of his ascendancy over the king, the king’s family priest and -other Bráhmans began to envy and thwart -Hemáchárya. On the completion of the temple, when the -king was starting for Somanátha for the installation ceremony, -the Bráhmans told him that Hemáchárya did not mean -to go with him. Hemáchárya who had heard of the plot had -already accepted the invitation. He said being a recluse he must go on -foot, and that he also wanted to visit Girnár, and from -Girnár would join the king at Somanátha. His object was -to avoid travelling in a palanquin with the king or suffering a -repetition of Siddharája’s insult for not accepting a -<i>pálkí</i>. Soon after reaching Somanátha -Kumárapála asked after Hemáchárya. The -Bráhmans spread a story that he had been drowned, but -Hemáchárya was careful to appear in the temple as the -king reached it. The king saw him, called him, and took him with him to -the temple. Some Bráhmans told the king that the Jain priest -would not pay any obeisance to <span class="corr" id="xd25e21301" -title="Source: Siva">Śiva</span>, but Hemáchárya -saluted the god in the following verse in which was nothing contrary to -strict Jainism: ‘Salutation to him, whether he be Brahma, -<span class="corr" id="xd25e21304" title="Source: Vishnu">Vishṇu</span>, Hara, or Jina, from whom have -fled desires which produce the sprouts of the seed of -worldliness.’<a class="noteref" id="n192.2src" href="#n192.2" -name="n192.2src">103</a> After this joint visit to Somanátha -Hemachandra gained still more ascendancy over the king, who appreciated -his calmness of mind and his forbearance. The Bráhmans tried to -prevent the growth of his influence, but in the end Hemachandra -overcame them. He induced the king to place in the sight of his -Bráhmanical family priests an image of -Śántinátha Tírthaṅkara among his family -gods. He afterwards persuaded Kumárapála publicly to -adopt the Jain faith by going to the hermitage of Hemachandra and -giving <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb193" href="#pb193" name="pb193">193</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Kumárapála, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1143–1174.</span> numerous presents to Jain -ascetics. Finally under his influence Kumárapála put away -all Bráhmanical images from his family place of worship. Having -gone such lengths Kumárapála began to punish the -Bráhmans who insulted Hemachandra. A Bráhman named -Vámaráśi, a Pandit at the royal court, who composed -a verse insulting Hemachandra, lost his annuity and was reduced to -beggary, but on apologising to Hemachandra the annuity was restored. -Another Bráhmanical officer named Bháva Bṛihaspati, -who was stationed at Somanátha, was re-called for insulting -Hemachandra. But he too on apologising to Hemachandra was restored to -Somanátha. Under Hemachandra’s influence -Kumárapála gave up the use of flesh and wine, ceased to -take pleasure in the chase, and by beat of drum forbade throughout his -kingdom the taking of animal life. He withdrew their licenses from -hunters<span class="corr" id="xd25e21350" title="Not in source">,</span> fowlers and fishermen, and forced them to -adopt other callings. To what lengths this dread of life-taking was -carried appears from an order that only filtered water was to be given -to all animals employed in the royal army. Among the stories told of -the king’s zeal for life-saving is one of a Bania of -Sámbhar who having been caught killing a louse was brought in -chains to Aṇahilaváḍa, and had his property -confiscated and devoted to the building at -Aṇahilaváḍa of a Louse Temple or -Yúká-Vihára. According to another story a man of -Nador in Márwár was put to death by Kelhana the chief of -Nador to appease Kumárapála’s wrath at hearing that -the man’s wife had offered flesh to a field-god or -<i>kshetrapála</i>. Hemachandra also induced the king to forego -the claim of the state to the property of those who died without a -son.</p> -<p>During Kumárapála’s reign Hemachandra wrote many -well known Sanskrit and Prakrit works on literature and religion. Among -these are the Adhyátmopanishad or Yogaśástra a work -of 12,000 verses in twelve chapters called Prakáśas, the -Trisáshṭhisálákápurushacharitra or -lives of sixty-three Jain saints of the Utsarpiní and -Avasarpiní ages; the Pariśishṭaparvan, a work of 3500 -verses being the life of Jain Sthaviras who flourished after -Mahávíra; the Prákṛita -Śabdánuśásana or Prákrit grammar; the -Dvyáśraya<a class="noteref" id="n193.1src" href="#n193.1" -name="n193.1src">104</a> a Prakrit poem written with the double object -of teaching grammar and of giving the history of -Kumárapála; the Chhandonuśásana a work of -about 6000 verses on prosody; the -Liṅgánuśásana a work on genders; the -Deśínámamálá in Prakrit with a -commentary a work on local and provincial words; and the -Alaṅkárachúḍámaṇi a work on -rhetoric. Hemachandra died in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1172 -(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1229) at the age of 84. The king -greatly mourned his loss and marked his brow with Hemachandra’s -ashes. Such crowds came to share in the ashes of the pyre that the -ground was hollowed into a pit known as the Haima-Khadda or -Hema’s Pit.</p> -<p>Kumárapála lived to a great age. According to the -author of the Prabandhachintámaṇi he was fifty when he -succeeded to the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb194" href="#pb194" -name="pb194">194</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Kumárapála, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1143–1174.</span> throne, and after ruling -about thirty-one years died in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1174 -(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1230). He is said to have died of -<i>lúta</i> a form of leprosy. Another story given by the -Kumárapálaprabandha is that Kumárapála was -imprisoned by his nephew and successor Ajayapála. The -Kumárapálaprabandha gives the exact length of -Kumárapála’s reign at 30 years 8 months and 27 -days. If the beginning of Kumárapála’s reign is -placed at the 4th Magsar Sud Saṃvat 1299, the date of the close, -taking the year to begin in Kártika, would be Bhádrapada -Śuddha Saṃvat 1229. If with Gujarát almanacs the year -is taken to begin in Ásháḍha, the date of the close -of the reign would be Bhádrapada of Saṃvat 1230. It is -doubtful whether either Saṃvat 1229 or 1230 is the correct year, -as an inscription dated Saṃvat 1229 Vaishákha Śuddha -3rd at Udayapura near Bhilsá describes Ajayapála -Kumárapála’s successor as reigning at -Aṇahilapura. This would place Kumárapála’s -death before the month of <span class="corr" id="xd25e21398" title="Source: Vaishakha">Vaishákha</span> 1229 that is in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1173.<a class="noteref" id="n194.1src" href="#n194.1" name="n194.1src">105</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Ajayapála, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1174–1177.</span>As -Kumárapála had no son he was succeeded by -Ajayapála the son of his brother -Mahípála.<a class="noteref" id="n194.2src" href="#n194.2" -name="n194.2src">106</a> According to the -Kumárapálaprabandha Kumárapála desired to -give the throne to his daughter’s son Pratápamalla, but -Ajayapála raised a revolt and got rid of -Kumárapála by poison. The Jain chroniclers say nothing of -the reign of Ajayapála because he was not a follower of their -religion. The author of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e21430" title="Source: Sukṛitasaṅkírtana">Sukṛitasankírtana</span> -notices a small silver canopy or pavilion shown in -Ajayapála’s court as a feudatory’s gift from the -king of Sapádalaksha<a class="noteref" id="n194.3src" href="#n194.3" name="n194.3src">107</a> or Sewálik. The author of the -Kírtikaumudí dismisses Ajayapála with the mere -mention of his name, and does not even state his relationship with -Kumárapála. According to the <span class="corr" id="xd25e21442" title="Source: Prabandhachintamaṇi">Prabandhachintámaṇi</span> -Ajayapála destroyed the Jain temples built by his uncle. He -showed no favour to Ámbaḍá and -Kumárapála’s other Jain ministers. Ajayapála -seems to have been of a cruel and overbearing temper. He appointed as -his minister Kapardi because he was of the Bráhmanical -faith.<a class="noteref" id="n194.4src" href="#n194.4" name="n194.4src">108</a> But considering his manners arrogant he ordered him -to be thrown into a caldron of boiling oil. On another occasion he -ordered the Jain scholar Rámachandra to sit on a red-hot sheet -of copper. One of his nobles Ámra-bhaṭa or -Ámbaḍá refused to submit to <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb195" href="#pb195" name="pb195">195</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Ajayapála, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1174–1177.</span> the king, saying that he -would pay obeisance only to Vítarája or -Tírthaṅkara as god, to Hemachandra as guide, and to -Kumárapála as king. Ajayapála ordered the matter -to be settled by a fight. Ámbaḍá brought some of -his followers to the drum-house near the gate, and in the fight that -followed Ámbaḍá was killed. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1177 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1233), -after a short reign of three years, Ajayapála was slain by a -doorkeeper named Vijjaladeva who plunged a dagger into the king’s -heart.<a class="noteref" id="n195.1src" href="#n195.1" name="n195.1src">109</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Múlarája II.<span class="corr" id="xd25e21486" title="Not in source">,</span> <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1177–1179.</span>Ajayapála was -succeeded by his son Múlarája II. also called Bála -Múlarája as he was only a boy when installed. His mother -was Náikídeví the daughter of Paramardi, -apparently the Kádamba king Permádi or Śiva Chitta -who reigned from <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1147 to 1175 -(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1203–1231).<a class="noteref" id="n195.2src" href="#n195.2" name="n195.2src">110</a> The -authors of the Kírtikaumudí<a class="noteref" id="n195.3src" href="#n195.3" name="n195.3src">111</a> and the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e21505" title="Source: Sukṛitasankírtaṇa">Sukṛitasankírtana</span> -say that even in childhood Múlarája II. dispersed the -Turushka or Muhammadan army.<a class="noteref" id="n195.4src" href="#n195.4" name="n195.4src">112</a> The Prabandhachintámaṇi -states that the king’s mother fought at the -Gádaráraghatta and that her victory was due to a sudden -fall of rain. Múlarája II. is said to have died in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1179 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1235) after a reign of two years.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Bhíma II. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1179–1242.</span>Múlarája II. -was succeeded by Bhíma II. The relationship of the two is not -clearly established. Mr. Forbes makes Bhíma the younger brother -of Ajayapála. But it appears from the Kírtikaumudí -and the Sukṛitasankírtana that Bhíma was the -younger brother of Múlarája. The -Sukṛitasankírtana after concluding the account of -Múlarája,<a class="noteref" id="n195.5src" href="#n195.5" -name="n195.5src">113</a> calls Bhíma ‘<i>asya -bandhu</i>’ ‘his brother,’ and the -Kírtikaumudí, after mentioning the death of -Múlarája, says that Bhíma his younger brother -‘<i>anujanmásya</i>’ became king.<a class="noteref" -id="n195.6src" href="#n195.6" name="n195.6src">114</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb196" href="#pb196" name="pb196">196</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Bhíma II. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1179–1242.</span> Múlarája we -know came to the throne as a child. Of Bhíma also the -Kírtikaumudí says that he came to the throne while still -in his childhood, and this agrees with the statements that he was the -younger brother of Múlarája. Bhíma probably came -to the throne <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1178 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1234). There is no doubt he was reigning in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1179 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1235), as an inscription in the deserted -village of Kerálu near Bálmer of -Aṇahilaváḍa dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1179 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1235) -states that it was written ‘in the triumphant reign of the -illustrious Bhímadeva.’<a class="noteref" id="n196.1src" -href="#n196.1" name="n196.1src">115</a> A further proof of his reigning -in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1179 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1235) and of his being a minor at that time is -given in the following passage from the -Tabakát-i-Násirí: In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1178 (Hijri 574) the Ráí of -Nahrwálá Bhímdeo, was a minor, but he had a large -army and many elephants. In the day of battle the Muhammadans were -defeated and the Sultán was compelled to retreat.<a class="noteref" id="n196.2src" href="#n196.2" name="n196.2src">116</a> -Merutuṇga says that Bhíma reigned from <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1179 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1235) -for sixty-three years that is up to <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1242 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1298), -and this is borne out by a copperplate of Bhíma which bears date -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1240 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1296<a class="noteref" id="n196.3src" href="#n196.3" name="n196.3src">117</a> Márgha Vadi 14th -Sunday<a class="noteref" id="n196.4src" href="#n196.4" name="n196.4src">118</a>).</p> -<p>Bhíma was nicknamed Bholo the Simpleton. The chroniclers of -this period mention only the Vághelás and almost pass -over Bhíma. The author of the Kírtikaumudí says -‘the kingdom of the young ruler was gradually divided among -powerful ministers and provincial chiefs’; and according to the -Sukṛitasankírtana ‘Bhíma felt great anxiety -on account of the chiefs who had forcibly eaten away portions of the -kingdom.’ It appears that during the minority, when the central -authority was weak, the kingdom was divided among nobles and -feudatories, and that Bhíma proved too weak a ruler to restore -the kingly power. Manuscripts and copperplates show that -Bhímadeva was ruling at Aṇahilaváḍa in -<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1247, 1251, 1261, 1263, and -1264,<a class="noteref" id="n196.5src" href="#n196.5" name="n196.5src">119</a> and copperplates dated <abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1283, <span class="corr" id="xd25e21664" -title="Source: 1888">1288</span>, 1295, and 1296 have also been found. -Though Bhíma in name enjoyed a long unbroken reign the verses -quoted above show that power rested not with the king but with the -nobles. It appears from an inscription that in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1224 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1280) -a Chálukya noble named Jayantasiṃha was supreme at -Aṇahilaváḍa though he mentions Bhíma and his -predecessors with honour and respect.<a class="noteref" id="n196.6src" -href="#n196.6" name="n196.6src">120</a></p> -<p>It was probably by aiding Bhíma against Jayantasiṃha -that the Vághelás rose to power. According to the -chroniclers the Vághelás succeeded in the natural course -of things. According to the Sukṛitasankírtana -Kumárapála appeared to his grandson Bhíma and -directed him to appoint as his heir-apparent Víradhavala son of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e21681" title="Source: Lavanaprasáda">Lavaṇaprasáda</span> and -grandson of Arṇorája the son of Dhavala king of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e21684" title="Source: Bhímapallí">Bhimapalli</span>. Next day in -court, in the presence of his nobles, when <span class="corr" id="xd25e21687" title="Source: Lavanaprasáda">Lavaṇaprasáda</span> and -Víradhavala entered the king said to <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb197" href="#pb197" name="pb197">197</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -<span class="sc">The Chaulukyas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242.</span><br> -Bhíma II. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1179–1242.</span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e21708" title="Source: Lavanaprasáda">Lavaṇaprasáda</span>: Your -father Arṇorája seated me on the throne: you should -therefore uphold my power: in return I will name your son -Víradhavala my heir-apparent.<a class="noteref" id="n197.1src" -href="#n197.1" name="n197.1src">121</a> The author of the -Kírtikaumudí notes that Arṇorája son of -Dhavala, opposing the revolution against Bhíma, cleared the -kingdom of enemies, but at the cost of his own life. The author then -describes <span class="corr" id="xd25e21717" title="Source: Lavanaprasáda">Lavaṇaprasáda</span> and -Víradhavala as kings. But as he gives no account of their rise -to supremacy, it seems probable that they usurped the actual power from -Bhíma though till <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1242 -(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1295) Bhíma continued to -be nominal sovereign.</p> -<p>Bhíma’s queen was Líládeví the -daughter of a Chohán chief named Samarasiṃha.<a class="noteref" id="n197.2src" href="#n197.2" name="n197.2src">122</a> -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb198" href="#pb198" name="pb198">198</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n156.1" -href="#n156.1src" name="n156.1">1</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> IV. 71–72 and VI. -180. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n156.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n156.2" -href="#n156.2src" name="n156.2">2</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VI. 180ff. The suggestion may be -offered that the Kanyákubja which is mentioned as the seat of -Múlarája’s ancestors, is Karṇakubja, an old -name of Junágaḍh. Compare Burgess’ -Káthiáwár and Kutch, 156. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n156.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n157.1" -href="#n157.1src" name="n157.1">3</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VI. 191ff. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n157.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n157.2" -href="#n157.2src" name="n157.2">4</a></span> Kirtane’s -Hammíramahákávya, I. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n157.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n158.1" -href="#n158.1src" name="n158.1">5</a></span> The Choháns of -Ajmir were also known as the rulers of Śákambharí, -the Sámbhar lake in <span class="corr" id="xd25e19014" title="Source: Rajputána">Rájputána</span> on the -borders of Jaipur and Jodhpur. The corrected edition of the Harsha -inscription published by Prof. Kielhorn in Epigraphia Indica II. 116ff. -shows that their first historical king was Gúvaka, who reigned -some time in the first half of the ninth century (c. 820 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>) The Choháns are still very numerous in the -neighbourhood of the Sewálik hills, especially in the districts -of Ambálá and Karnál. Compare Ibbetson’s -Panjáb Census for 1881. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n158.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n158.2" -href="#n158.2src" name="n158.2">6</a></span> It appears from the grant -of Śaka 972 published by Mr. Dhruva in <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XII. 196 and from the Surat grant -of Kírttirája dated Śaka 940, that this <span class="corr" id="xd25e19029" title="Source: Bárapa">Bárappa</span> was the founder of a -dynasty who ruled Láṭa or South Gujarát as -under-kings of the Dakhan Chálukyas until at least <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1050. Bárappa was, as his name shows, a -Southerner from the Kánarese country, but his descendants spell -the family name Chaulukya in the same way as the dynasty of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e19035" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n158.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n158.3" -href="#n158.3src" name="n158.3">7</a></span> Dr. Bühler -(<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> XII. 123) sees a -reference to this retirement in Múlarája’s grant of -Saṃvat 1043. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n158.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n159.1" -href="#n159.1src" name="n159.1">8</a></span> Apparently a Sanskrit form -of Bárappa. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n159.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n159.2" -href="#n159.2src" name="n159.2">9</a></span> Broach according to the -commentator. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n159.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n159.3" -href="#n159.3src" name="n159.3">10</a></span> The -Sukṛitasankírtana mentions this defeat of Bárappa -who is said to be a general of the Kanyákubja or Kanoj king. The -Prabandhachintámaṇi (Múlarájaprabandha) also -mentions the invasion and slaughter of Bárappa; but there is no -reference to it in the grant of Bárappa’s descendant -Trilochanapála (<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> -XII. 196ff.) <a class="fnarrow" href="#n159.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n159.4" -href="#n159.4src" name="n159.4">11</a></span> Canto II. Verse -3. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n159.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n159.5" -href="#n159.5src" name="n159.5">12</a></span> As Mr. Forbes rightly -observed Graharipu the Planet-seizer is a made-up title based on the -resemblance of the planet-seizer’s name Ráhu to Rá -the title of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e19110" title="Source: Chudásamás">Chúḍásamás</span> -of Junágaḍh. The personal name of the chief is not given -and the list of the Junágaḍh <span class="corr" id="xd25e19113" title="Source: Chudásamás">Chúḍásamás</span> -is too incomplete to allow of identification. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n159.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n160.1" -href="#n160.1src" name="n160.1">13</a></span> The mention of her name -and of the language in which she wrote suggest something remarkable in -the race and position of queen Nílí. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n160.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n160.2" -href="#n160.2src" name="n160.2">14</a></span> Perhaps Sithá in -Jháláváḍ. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n160.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n160.3" -href="#n160.3src" name="n160.3">15</a></span> The same account appears -in the Kumárapálacharita. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n160.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n161.1" -href="#n161.1src" name="n161.1">16</a></span> Compare the -Lakshmí-Vihára Jain temple in Jesalmir built by the Jain -Saṅgha and called after the reigning king -Lakshmaṇa. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n161.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n161.2" -href="#n161.2src" name="n161.2">17</a></span> Dr. Bühler’s -copperplate of Múlarája records a grant to this temple, -said to be of Múlanáthadeva in Maṇḍali in the -Vardhi zilla, apparently the modern Mándal near -Pañchásar in the Vadhiár province near -Jhinjhuváḍa. The grant is in Saṃvat 1043 and is -dated from Aṇahilapura though the actual gift was made at -Śrísthala or Sidhpur after bathing in the Sarasvatí -and worshipping the god of the Rudramahálaya. The grant is of -the village of Kamboika, the modern Kaṃboi near Modhera. -<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VI. 192–193. The -grant is said to have been written by a Káyastha named -Káñchaṇa and ends with the words “of the -illustrious Múlarája.” <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n161.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n162.1" -href="#n162.1src" name="n162.1">18</a></span> The difference between -1052 and 1053 is probably only a few months. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n162.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n162.2" -href="#n162.2src" name="n162.2">19</a></span> The fight with -Muñja must have taken place about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1011 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1067). -As Chámuṇḍa started just after installing Vallabha -the beginning of the reign must be before <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 997 as Tailapa who fought with Muñja died -in that year. This is proved by a manuscript dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 994 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1050) -which gives the reigning king as Muñja. That Bhoja -Muñja’s successor was ruling in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1014 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1070) -makes it probable that Muñja’s reign extended to -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1011 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1067). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n162.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n163.1" -href="#n163.1src" name="n163.1">20</a></span> This Svayaṃvara and -the list of attendant and rival kings seem imaginary. The Nadol -chiefship was not important enough to draw kings from the countries -named. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n163.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n163.2" -href="#n163.2src" name="n163.2">21</a></span> The text has son but -Bhíma was Durlabha’s nephew not his son. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n163.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n164.1" -href="#n164.1src" name="n164.1">22</a></span> By sowing cowries -Kulachandra may have meant to show the cheapness of -Aṇahilaváḍa. Bhoja’s meaning was that as -shells are money, to sow shells was to sow Málwa wealth in -Gujarát. If Kulachandra had sown salt all would have melted, and -no trace been left. [This seems a symbolic later-stage explanation. The -sense seems to be shell-sowing keeps the Aṇahilaváḍa -guardians in place since guardians can live in shells: salt-sowing -scares the guardian spirits and makes the site of the city a haunt of -demons. Bhoja saw that thanks to his general the Luck of -Aṇahilaváḍa would remain safe in the -shells.] <a class="fnarrow" href="#n164.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n164.2" -href="#n164.2src" name="n164.2">23</a></span> The -Prabandhachintámaṇi tells other stories of the relations -between Bhíma and Bhoja. Once when Gujarát was suffering -from famine Bhíma heard that Bhoja was coming with a force -against Gujarát. Alarmed at the news Bhíma asked -Dámara his minister of peace and war to prevent Bhoja coming. -Dámara went to Málwa, amused the king by witty stories, -and while a play was being acted in court degrading and joking other -kings, something was said regarding Tailapa of Telingana. On this -Damara reminded the king that the head of his grandfather Muñja -was fixed at Tailap’s door. Bhoja grew excited and started with -an army against Telingana. Hearing that Bhíma had come against -him as far as Bhímapura (?) Bhoja asked Dámara to prevent -Bhíma advancing further. Dámara stopped Bhíma by -taking him an elephant as a present from Bhoja. The <span class="corr" -id="xd25e19416" title="Source: Prabandachintámaṇi">Prabandhachintámaṇi</span> -gives numerous other stories showing that at times the relations -between Bhoja and Bhíma were friendly. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n164.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n164.3" -href="#n164.3src" name="n164.3">24</a></span> See above page <a href="#pb9" class="pageref">9</a>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n164.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n164.4" -href="#n164.4src" name="n164.4">25</a></span> See above page <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n164.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n164.5" -href="#n164.5src" name="n164.5">26</a></span> With this silence compare -the absence (Reinaud’s <span lang="fr">Mémoire Sur -l’Inde</span>, 67) of any reference either in Sanskrit or in -Buddhist books to the victories, even to the name, of Alexander the -Great. Also in modern times the ignoring of British rule in the many -inscriptions of Jain repairers of temples on Śatruñjaya -hill who belong to British territory. The only foreign reference is by -one merchant of Daman who acknowledges the protection of the Phirangi -játi Puratakála Pátasahi the king of the Firangis -of Portugal. Bühler in Epigraphia Indica, II. 36. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n164.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n165.1" -href="#n165.1src" name="n165.1">27</a></span> Elliot and Dowson, II. -468ff. Sir H. M. Elliot gives extracts for this expedition from the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e19482" title="Source: Tárikh-i-Alfí">Tárikh-i-Alfi</span>, -Tabakát-i-Akbari, <span class="corr" id="xd25e19485" title="Source: Tabakát-i-Náśiri">Tabakát-i-Násiri</span>, -and Rauzatu-s-safá. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n165.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n165.2" -href="#n165.2src" name="n165.2">28</a></span> Since the earliest times -Hindus have held eclipse days sacred. According to the <span class="corr" id="xd25e19500" title="Source: Mahabhárata">Mahábhárata</span> the -Yádavas of Dwárká came to Somanátha for an -eclipse fair. Great fairs are still held at Somanátha on the -Kártika and Chaitra (December and April) -fullmoons. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n165.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n165.3" -href="#n165.3src" name="n165.3">29</a></span> This old Indian idea is -expressed in a verse in an inscription in Somanátha Pátan -itself. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n165.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n165.4" -href="#n165.4src" name="n165.4">30</a></span> Ten thousand must be -taken vaguely. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n165.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n165.5" -href="#n165.5src" name="n165.5">31</a></span> Compare Sachau’s -Alberuni, II. 104. Every day they brought Somanátha a jug of -Ganges water and a basket of Kashmir flowers. Somanátha they -believed cured every inveterate sickness and healed every desperate and -incurable disease. The reason why Somanátha became so famous was -that it was a harbour for those who went to and fro from Sofala in -Zanzibar to China. It is still the practice to carry Ganges water to -bathe distant gods. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n165.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n165.6" -href="#n165.6src" name="n165.6">32</a></span> These must be the local -Sompura Bráhmans who still number more than five hundred souls -in Somanátha Patan. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n165.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n165.7" -href="#n165.7src" name="n165.7">33</a></span> Shaving is the first rite -performed by pilgrims. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n165.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n165.8" -href="#n165.8src" name="n165.8">34</a></span> Dancers are now chiefly -found in the temples of Southern India. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n165.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n166.1" -href="#n166.1src" name="n166.1">35</a></span> Mahmúd seems to -have crossed the desert from Multán and Baháwalpur to -Bikánír and thence to Ajmír. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n166.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n166.2" -href="#n166.2src" name="n166.2">36</a></span> Apparently Delváda -near Uná. Mahmúd’s route seems to have been from -Aṇahilaváḍa to Modhera and Mándal, thence by -the Little Ran near Pátri and Bajána, and thence by -Jháláváḍ Gohelváḍ and -Bábriaváḍ to Delvádá. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n166.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n166.3" -href="#n166.3src" name="n166.3">37</a></span> The waves still beat -against the walls of the ruined fort of -Somanátha. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n166.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n167.1" -href="#n167.1src" name="n167.1">38</a></span> This shows that the -temple was a building of brick and wood. According to Alberuni (Sachau, -II. 105) the temple was built about a hundred years before -Mahmúd’s invasion. An inscription at Patan states that -Bhímadeva I. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1022–1072) -rebuilt the Somanátha temple of stone. In Dr. -Bhagvánlál’s opinion the first dynasty in -Gujarát to make stone buildings were the Solaṅkis. Before -them buildings and temples were of wood and brick. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n167.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n167.2" -href="#n167.2src" name="n167.2">39</a></span> Of the fate of the great -Liṅga Alberuni (Sachau, II. 103) writes: Prince Mahmúd -ordered the upper part to be broken. The rest with all its coverings -and trappings of gold jewels and embroidered garments he transported to -Ghazni. Part of it together with the brass Chakravarti or <span class="corr" id="xd25e19594" title="Source: Vishnu">Vishṇu</span> of -Thánesvar has been thrown into the hippodrome of the town: part -lies before the mosque for people to rub their feet on. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n167.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n167.3" -href="#n167.3src" name="n167.3">40</a></span> The next paragraph -relating to Mahmúd’s return will be found on page 249 of -the same volume of Sir H. Elliott’s work. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n167.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n167.4" -href="#n167.4src" name="n167.4">41</a></span> Khandahat which must have -been on the coast has not been identified. The description suggests -some coast island in the gulf of Kacch. By the Girnár route -forty <i>parasangs</i> that is 240 miles would reach the Kacch coast. -Kanthkot in Vágad in east Kacch suits well in sound and is known -to have been a favourite resort of the Solaṅkis. But the ebb and -flow of the tide close to it are difficult to explain. The -identification with Kanthkot is favoured by Dr. Bühler. Colonel -Watson (Káthiáwár Gazetteer, 80) prefers -Gándhvi on the <span class="corr" id="xd25e19614" title="Source: Káthiáváda">Káthiáváḍa</span> -coast a few miles north-east of Miáni. M. Reinaud and Dr. Weil -suggest Gandhár in Broach on the left bank of the mouth of the -Dhádhar river. Sir H. Elliot (I. 445 and II. 473) prefers -Khandadár at the north-west angle of -Káthiáváḍa. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n167.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n168.1" -href="#n168.1src" name="n168.1">42</a></span> According to Ferishta -(Bombay Persian Ed. I. 57, Briggs’ Translation, I. 74) -Mahmúd stayed and meant to make his capital at -Aṇahilaváḍa not at Somanátha. That -Mahmúd did stay at Aṇahilaváḍa the -Martyr’s Mound and the Ghazni Mosque in Patan are evidence. Still -the mound was probably raised and the mosque may at least have been -begun in honour of the capture of Aṇahilaváḍa on the -journey south. Traces of a second mosque which is said to have had a -tablet recording Mahmúd of Ghazni as the builder have recently -(1878) been found at Munjpur about twenty-five miles south-east of -Rádhanpur. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n168.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n168.2" -href="#n168.2src" name="n168.2">43</a></span> Briggs’ Ferishta, -I. 75. This account of the Dábshilíms reads more like a -tradition than an historical record. It is to be noted that the authors -both of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e19655" title="Source: Ain-i-Akbarí">Áin-i-Akbari</span> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1583) and of the Mirat-i-Ahmadí -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1762) give -Chámuṇḍa as king at the time of -Mahmúd’s invasion. Their statements cannot weigh against -Ibn Asír’s account. Compare Dr. Bühler’s -remarks in <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VI. 184. Of -Mahmúd’s return to Ghazni (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1026) the <span class="corr" id="xd25e19671" -title="Source: Tabakát-i-Akbarí">Tabakát-i-Akbari</span> -says: ‘When Mahmúd resolved to return from -Somanátha he learned that Parama Dev, one of the greatest -Rájás of Hindustán, was preparing to intercept -him. The Sultán, not deeming it advisable to contend with this -chief, went towards Multán through Sindh. In this journey his -men suffered much in some places from scarcity of water in others from -want of forage. After enduring great difficulties he arrived at Ghazni -in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1029 (H. 417).’ This Parama -Dev would seem to be the Parmára king of Ábu who could -well block the Ajmir-Gujarát route. The route taken by -Mahmúd must have passed by Mansúra near -Bráhmanábád, Bhátia, and Multán. It -must have been in the crossing of the great desert that he suffered so -severely from scarcity of water and forage. Ferishta (Briggs, I. 75) -says that many of Mahmúd’s troops died raging mad from the -intolerable heat and thirst. The historian Muhammad Ufi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1200) alleges (Elliot, II. 192) that two Hindus -disguised as countrymen offered themselves as guides and led the army -three days’ march out of the right course, where they were saved -only by Mahmúd’s miraculous discovery of a pool of sweet -water. [This tale of the self-sacrificing Bráhman or priest and -the miraculous find of water has gathered round Mahmúd as the -latest of myth centres. It is Herodotus’ (Book III. -154–158) old Zopyrus tale (Rawlinson’s Seventh Monarchy, -318); it is revived in honour of the Great Kushán Kanishka, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78 (Beruni in Elliot, II. 11), of the -Sassanian Firoz <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 457–483 -(Rawlinson’s Seventh Monarchy, 318), and of a certain king of -Zábulistán or Ghazni of uncertain date (Elliot II. 170). -Similarly the puzzling Dabshilím tale seems to be peculiar -neither to Gujarát nor to Mahmúd of Ghazni. It seems a -repetition of the tale of Dabshilím the man of the royal race, -who, according to the Panchatantra or Fables of Pilpai, was chosen -successor of Porus after Alexander the Great’s Viceroy had been -driven out. [Compare Reinaud’s <span lang="fr">Mémoire Sur -l’Inde</span>, 127–128.] The -Tabakát-i-Násirí (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1227) adds (Elliot, II. 475) that the guide -devoted his life for the sake of Somanátha and this account is -adopted by Ferishta, Briggs’ Translation, I. 78. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n168.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n169.1" -href="#n169.1src" name="n169.1">44</a></span> Vasahiis Prákrit -for Vasati that is residence. The word is used to mean a group of -temples. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n169.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n169.2" -href="#n169.2src" name="n169.2">45</a></span> Several later mentions of -a <i>Tripurushaprásáda</i> show there was only one -building of that name. The statement that the great -Múlarája I. built a Tripurushaprásáda seems -a mistake, due to a confusion with prince -Múlarája. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n169.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n170.1" -href="#n170.1src" name="n170.1">46</a></span> Meaning a large number of -Bhils of whom Áshá was the head. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n170.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n170.2" -href="#n170.2src" name="n170.2">47</a></span> Forbes’ Rás -Málá (New <abbr title="Edition">Ed.</abbr>), -79. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n170.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n170.3" -href="#n170.3src" name="n170.3">48</a></span> Probably a Bhíl -goddess. The name does not sound Sanskrit. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n170.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n170.4" -href="#n170.4src" name="n170.4">49</a></span> In one passage the -Prabandhachintámaṇi calls these princes half-brothers of -Udaya. Further details show that they were half-brothers of one another -and sons of Udaya. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n170.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n170.5" -href="#n170.5src" name="n170.5">50</a></span> This Jayakeśi is -Jayakeśi I. son of Shashṭhadeva (Śuchakeśi) the -third of the Goa Kádambas. Jayakeśi’s recorded date -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1052 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 974) fits well with the time of Karṇa -(Fleet’s Kánarese Dynasties, 91). The -Prabandhachintámaṇi tells the following story of the death -of Jayakeśi. Jayakeśi had a favourite parrot whom he one day -asked to come out of his cage and dine with him. The parrot said: The -cat sitting near you will kill me. The king seeing no cat replied: If -any cat kills you I too will die. The parrot left his cage, ate with -the king, and was killed by the cat. Jayakeśi made ready his -funeral pyre, and, in spite of his minister’s prayers, taking the -dead parrot in his hand laid himself on the funeral pyre and was -burned. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n170.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n171.1" -href="#n171.1src" name="n171.1">51</a></span> Chandrapura is probably -Chandávar near Gokarn in North Kánara. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n171.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n171.2" -href="#n171.2src" name="n171.2">52</a></span> Rás -Málá (New Edition), 83. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n171.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n171.3" -href="#n171.3src" name="n171.3">53</a></span> Kielhorn’s Report -on Sanskrit Manuscripts for 1881 page 22. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n171.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n171.4" -href="#n171.4src" name="n171.4">54</a></span> Duśśala was -sixth in descent from Vigraharája the enemy of -Múlarája from whom Karṇa was fifth in -descent. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n171.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n171.5" -href="#n171.5src" name="n171.5">55</a></span> The date of his -installation is given by the author of the -Vicháraśreṇi as Vikrama <abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1150. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n171.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n172.1" -href="#n172.1src" name="n172.1">56</a></span> Ásapála and -Kumárapála appear to be local chiefs. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n172.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n172.2" -href="#n172.2src" name="n172.2">57</a></span> Compare Forbes’ -Rás Málá, I. 118–153. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n172.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n172.3" -href="#n172.3src" name="n172.3">58</a></span> Goa Kádámba -inscriptions say that <span class="corr" id="xd25e19927" title="Source: Jaggaddeva">Jagaddeva</span> was the cousin of the Goa -Kádamba king Vijayárka the nephew of -Miyánalladeví and call him by courtesy the younger -brother of Vijayárka’s son Jayakeśi II. He would seem -to have been held in esteem by Vijayárka and his son -Jayakeśi, to have then gone for some time to Siddharája, -and after leaving Siddharája to have transferred his services to -Permádi. His being called Paramára may be due to his -connection with Permádi. Fleet’s Kánarese -Dynasties, 91. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n172.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n172.4" -href="#n172.4src" name="n172.4">59</a></span> Seventy-two a favourite -number with Indian authors. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n172.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n173.1" -href="#n173.1src" name="n173.1">60</a></span> -Prabandhachintámaṇi and -Kumárapálacharita. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n173.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n173.2" -href="#n173.2src" name="n173.2">61</a></span> Dr. Kielhorn’s -Report on Sanskrit Manuscripts for 1881 page 22. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n173.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n173.3" -href="#n173.3src" name="n173.3">62</a></span> The -Kumárapálacharita says that the title was assumed on the -conquest of Barbaraka. The verse is:</p> -<div class="q"> -<div class="nestedtext"> -<div class="nestedbody"> -<div class="lgouter footnote"> -<p class="line"><span lang="sa">सिद्धो -बर्बरकश्वास्य -सिद्धराजस्ततोभवत्‌</span></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<p class="footnote cont">that is, by him the demon Barbaraka was -vanquished, therefore he became Siddharája The Lord of Magical -Power. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n173.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n173.4" -href="#n173.4src" name="n173.4">63</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> IV. 265. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n173.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n173.5" -href="#n173.5src" name="n173.5">64</a></span> This Permádi may -be the Goa Kádamba chief Permádi Śivachitta -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1147–1175), who was -heir-apparent in the time of Siddharája, or the Sinda chief -Permádi who was a cotemporary of Siddharája and -flourished in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1144. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n173.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n174.1" -href="#n174.1src" name="n174.1">65</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> IV. 2. Regarding Barbaraka Doctor -Bühler remarks in <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> -VI. 167: ‘The Varvarakas are one of the non-Aryan tribes which -are settled in great numbers in North <span class="corr" id="xd25e20043" title="Source: Gujárát">Gujarát</span>, Koli, -Bhíl, or Mer.’ Siddharája’s contests with the -Barbarakas seem to refer to what Tod (Western India, 173 and 195) -describes as the inroads of mountaineers and foresters on the plains of -Gujarát during the eleventh and twelfth centuries. To attempt to -identify Bhut Barbar or Varvar is hazardous. The name Barbar is of -great age and is spread from India to Morocco. Wilson (Works, VII. 176) -says: The analogy between Barbaras and barbarians is not in sound only. -In all Sanskrit authorities Barbaras are classed with borderers and -foreigners and nations not Hindu. According to Sir Henry Rawlinson -(Ferrier’s Caravan <span class="corr" id="xd25e20046" title="Source: Journies">Journeys</span>, 223 note) tribes of Berbers are -found all over the east. Of the age of the word Canon Rawlinson -(Herodotus, IV. 252) writes: Barbar seems to be the local name for the -early race of Accad. In India Ptolemy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 150; McCrindle’s Edn. 146) has a town -Barbarei on the Indus and the Periplus (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 247; McCrindle’s Ed. 108) has a -trade-centre Barbarikon on the middle mouth of the Indus. Among Indian -writings, in the <span class="corr" id="xd25e20056" title="Source: Ramáyana">Ramáyaṇa</span> (Hall in -Wilson’s Works, VII. 176 Note *) the Barbaras appear between the -Tukháras and the Kambojas in the north: in the -Mahábhárata (Muir’s Sanskrit Texts, I. 481–2) -in one list Var-varas are entered between Sávaras and Śakas -and in another list (Wilson’s Works, VII. 176) Barbaras come -between Kiratas and Siddhas. Finally (<abbr title="Asiatic Researches">As. Res.</abbr> XV. 47 footnote) Barbara is the -northmost of the Seven Konkanas. The names Barbarei in Ptolemy and -Barbarikon in the Periplus look like some local place-name, perhaps -Bambhara, altered to a Greek form. The Hindu tribe names, from the -sameness in sound as well as from their position on the north-west -border of India, suggest the Mongol tribe Juán-Juán or -Var-Var, known to the western nations as <span class="corr" id="xd25e20064" title="Source: Avárs">Avars</span>, who drove the -Little Yuechi out of Balkh in the second half of the fourth century, -and, for about a hundred years, ruled to the north and perhaps also to -the south of the Hindu Kush. (Specht in Journal Asiatique 1883. II. -390–410; Howorth in <abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Jour. R. A. S.</abbr> XXI. -721–810.) It seems probable that some of these Var-Vars passed -south either before or along with the White <span class="corr" id="xd25e20070" title="Source: Huṇas">Húṇas</span> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 450–550). Var, under its -Mongol plural form Avarti (Howorth, Ditto 722), closely resembles -Avartiya one of the two main divisions of the Káthis of Kacch -(Mr. Erskine’s List in J. Bom. Geo. Soc. II. 59–60 for Aug. -1838). That among the forty-seven clans included under the Avartiyas -four (Nos. 30, 35, 42, and 43) are Babariyas, suggests that the -Káthis received additions from the Var-Vars at different times -and places. Dr. Bühler (<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. -Ant.</abbr> VI. 186) thinks that the Babaro or Barbar or Var-Var who -gave trouble to Siddharája represent some early local non-Aryan -tribe. The fact that they are called Rákshasas and Mlecchas and -that they stopped the ceremonies at <span class="corr" id="xd25e20080" -title="Source: Siddhpur">Sidhpur</span> north of <span class="corr" id="xd25e20083" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -seems rather to point to a foreign invasion from the north than to a -local uprising of hill tribes. Though no Musalmán invasion of -Gujarát during the reign of Siddharája is recorded a -Jesalmir legend (Forbes’ Rás Málá, I. 175) -tells how Lanja Bijirao the Bhatti prince who married -Siddharája’s daughter was hailed by his mother-in-law as -the bulwark of <span class="corr" id="xd25e20086" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -against the power of the king who grows too strong. This king may be -Báhalim the Indian viceroy of the Ghaznavid Bahrám -Sháh (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1116–1157). -Báhalim (Elliot, II. 279; Briggs’ Ferista, I. 151) -collected an army of Arabs, Persians, Afgháns, and Khiljis, -repaired the fort of Nágor in the province of Sewálik, -and committed great devastations in the territories of the independent -Indian rulers. He threw off allegiance to Ghazni and advancing to meet -Bahrám Sháh near Multán was defeated and slain. -Except that they were northerners and that Báhalim’s is -the only known invasion from the north during Siddharája’s -reign nothing has been found connecting Barbar and Báhalim. At -the same time that the Barbar or Var-Var of the Gujarát writers -may have been non-Hindu mercenaries from the north-west frontier whom -Siddharája admitted as Hindu subjects is made not unlikely by -two incidents preserved by the Muhammadan historians. The -Tárikh-i-Soráth (Bayley’s Gujarát, 35 Note -*) tells how in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1178 from the -defeated army of Shaháb-ud-din Ghori the Turkish Afghán -and Moghal women were distributed the higher class to high caste and -the commoner to low caste Hindus. Similarly how the better class of -male captives were <span class="corr" id="xd25e20096" title="Source: ad mitted">admitted</span> among Chakával and -Wadhál <span class="corr" id="xd25e20099" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span> and the lower among -Khánts, Kolis, Bábrias, and Mers. Again about thirty -years later (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1210) when his Turk -mercenaries, who were not converted to Islám, revolted against -<span class="corr" id="xd25e20105" title="Source: Shamsu-ud-din">Shams-ud-dín</span> Altamsh they seized -Delhi and built Hindu temples (Elliot, II. 237–239). These cases -seem to make it likely that among Báhalim’s mercenaries -were some un-Islamised North Indian Var-Vars and that they were -admitted into Hinduism by Siddharája and as the story states -served him as other <span class="corr" id="xd25e20108" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span>. Some of the new-comers as -noted above seem to have merged into the Káthis. Others founded -or joined the <span class="corr" id="xd25e20112" title="Source: Babariás">Bábariás</span> who give their -name to Bábariáváḍa a small division in the -south of Káthiáváḍa. Though the tribe is now -small the 72 divisions of the Bábariás show that they -were once important. One of their leading divisions preserves the early -form Var (Káthiáwár Gazetteer, 132–133) and -supports their separate northern origin, which is forgotten in the -local stories that they are descended from <span class="corr" id="xd25e20115" title="Source: Jetvas">Jethvás</span> and Ahirs and -have a Bráhman element in their ancestry. (Tod’s Western -India, 413; Káthiáwár Gazetteer, 132–123.) -Of the Var-Vars in their old seats a somewhat doubtful trace remains in -the Barbaris a tribe of Hazáráhs near Herat (Bellew in -Imp. and As. Quar. Review Oct. 1891 page 328) and in the Panjáb -(Ibbetson’s Census, 538) Bhábras a class of Panjáb -Jains. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n174.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n176.1" -href="#n176.1src" name="n176.1">66</a></span> Abhayatilaka Gaṇi -who revised and completed the Dvyáśraya in Vikrama -<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1312 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1256) says, in his twentieth Sarga, that a new -era was started by Kumárapála. This would seem to refer -to the Siṃha era. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n176.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n177.1" -href="#n177.1src" name="n177.1">67</a></span> The -Kumárapálacharita states that Sajjana died before the -temple was finished, and that the temple was completed by his son -Paraśuráma. After the temple was finished Siddharája -is said to have come to Somanátha and asked -Paraśuráma for the revenues of Sorath. But on seeing the -temple on Girnár he was greatly pleased, and on finding that it -was called Karṇa-vihára after his father he sanctioned the -outlay on the temple. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n177.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n178.1" -href="#n178.1src" name="n178.1">68</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VI. 194ff. Dr. Bühler (Ditto) -takes Avantínátha to mean Siddharája’s -opponent the king of Málwa and not Siddharája -himself. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n178.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n178.2" -href="#n178.2src" name="n178.2">69</a></span> Archæological -Survey Report, XXI. 86. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n178.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n178.3" -href="#n178.3src" name="n178.3">70</a></span> <abbr>Jour. B. A. -Soc.</abbr> (1848), 319. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n178.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n180.1" -href="#n180.1src" name="n180.1">71</a></span> The original verse is -<span lang="sa">महालयो -महायात्रा -महास्थानं -महासरः -यत्कृतं -सिद्धराजेन -क्रियते -तन्न -केनचित्‌ -॥</span> <a class="fnarrow" href="#n180.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n180.2" -href="#n180.2src" name="n180.2">72</a></span> These, as quoted by -Ráo Sáheb Mahípatrám Rúprám -in his Sadhara Jesangh, are, the erection of charitable feeding-houses -every <i>yojana</i> or four miles, of Dabhoi fort, of a -<i>kuṇda</i> or reservoir at <span class="corr" id="xd25e20406" -title="Source: Kápadvanj">Kapadvanj</span>, of the -Málavya lake at Dholká, of small temples, of the -Rudramahálaya, of the Ráni’s step-well, of the -Sahasraliṅga lake, of reservoirs at Sihor, of the fort of -Sáelá, of the Daśasahasra or ten thousand temples, -of the Muṇa lake at Viramgám, of the <i>gadhs</i> or forts -of Dadharapur<span class="corr" id="xd25e20412" title="Not in source">,</span> Vadhwán Anantapur and Chubári, -of the Sardhár lake, of the <i>gadhs</i> of -Jhinjhuváḍa, Virpur, Bhádula, Vásingapura, -and Thán, of the palaces of Kandola and Sihi Jagapura, of the -reservoirs of Dedádrá and Kírtti-stambha and of -Jitpur-Anantpura. It is doubtful how many of these were actually -Siddharája’s works. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n180.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n180.3" -href="#n180.3src" name="n180.3">73</a></span> One of the best preserved -slabs was sent by Sir John Malcolm when Resident of Málwa to the -Museum of the <abbr title="Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society">B. B. -R. A. S.</abbr>, where it still lies. It has verses in twelfth century -Prakrit in honour of a king, but nothing historical can be made out of -it. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n180.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n181.1" -href="#n181.1src" name="n181.1">74</a></span> See above page <a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n181.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n181.2" -href="#n181.2src" name="n181.2">75</a></span> Devasúri was born -in <abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1134 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1078), took <i>díkshá</i> in -<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1152 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1096), became a Súri in <abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1174 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1118), -and died on a Thursday in the dark half of Srávaṇa -<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1226 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1170). His famous disciple Hemachandra was born -on the fullmoon of Kártika <abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> -1145 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1089), became an ascetic in -<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1150 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1094), and died in <abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1229 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1173). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n181.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n181.3" -href="#n181.3src" name="n181.3">76</a></span> The Prákrit local -name was Âno, of which the Sanskritised forms would appear to be -Arno, Arnava, Ánáka, and Ánalla as given in the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e20560" title="Source: Hammíramahákavya">Hammíramahákávya</span>. -The genealogy of these kings of Śákambhari or -Sámbhar is not settled. The Nadol copperplate dated Saṃvat -1218 gives the name of its royal grantor as Alan and of Alan’s -father as Máharaja (Tod’s <span class="corr" id="xd25e20563" title="Source: Rajásthán">Rajasthán</span>, I. 804), the -latter apparently a mistake for Anarája which is the name given -in the Dvyáśraya. Alan’s date being V. 1218, the date -of his father Ána would fit in well with the early part of -Kumárapála’s reign. The order of the two names -Álhana and Ánalla in the <span class="corr" id="xd25e20566" title="Source: Hammíramahákavya">Hammíramahákávya</span> -would seem to be mistaken and ought to be reversed. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n181.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n182.1" -href="#n182.1src" name="n182.1">77</a></span> Kodinár is a town -in Gáikwár territory in South -Káthiáváḍa. This temple of Ambiká is -noticed as a place of Jain pilgrimage by the sage Jinaprabhasúri -in his Tírthakalpa and was a well-known Jain shrine during the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e20595" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -period. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n182.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n183.1" -href="#n183.1src" name="n183.1">78</a></span> The <span class="corr" -id="xd25e20636" title="Source: Kumárapálaprabanda">Kumárapálaprabandha</span> -has Kelambapattana and Kolambapattana probably Kolam or -Quilon. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n183.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n184.1" -href="#n184.1src" name="n184.1">79</a></span> The <span class="corr" -id="xd25e20676" title="Source: Kumárapálaprabanda">Kumárapálaprabandha</span> -says that Udayana was appointed minister and <span class="corr" id="xd25e20679" title="Source: Vágbhata">Vágbhaṭa</span> general. -Sollá the youngest son of Udayana did not take part in -politics. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n184.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n184.2" -href="#n184.2src" name="n184.2">80</a></span> Kirtane’s -<span class="corr" id="xd25e20698" title="Source: Hammíramahákavya">Hammíramahákávya</span>, -13. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n184.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n184.3" -href="#n184.3src" name="n184.3">81</a></span> Dhavalakka or Dholka -according to the <span class="corr" id="xd25e20706" title="Source: Kumárapálaprabanda">Kumárapálaprabandha</span>. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n184.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n184.4" -href="#n184.4src" name="n184.4">82</a></span> According to the -Kumárapálacharita Kumárapála’s sister -who was married to Ána having heard her husband speak -slightingly of the kings of Gujarát took offence, resented the -language, and bandied words with her husband who beat her. She came to -her brother and incited him to make an expedition against her -husband. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n184.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n185.1" -href="#n185.1src" name="n185.1">83</a></span> The Dvyáśraya -does not say that Kumárapála’s sister was married -to Ána. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n185.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n185.2" -href="#n185.2src" name="n185.2">84</a></span> This was a common title -of the Siláhára kings. Compare Bombay Gazetteer, XIII. -437 note 1. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n185.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n185.3" -href="#n185.3src" name="n185.3">85</a></span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e20758" title="Source: Âmbada">Ámbaḍá</span> is his proper -name. It is found Sanskritised into Ámrabhaṭa and -Ambaka. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n185.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n185.4" -href="#n185.4src" name="n185.4">86</a></span> This is the -Káverí river which flows through Chikhli and -Balsár. The name in the text is very like Karabená the -name of the same river in the Násik cave inscriptions -(<abbr title="Bombay Gazetteer">Bom. Gaz.</abbr> XVI. 571) <span class="corr" id="xd25e20767" title="Source: Kalaviní">Kaláviní</span> and -Karabená being Sanskritised forms of the original Káveri. -Perhaps the <span class="corr" id="xd25e20770" title="Source: Kaverí">Káveri</span> is the Akabarou of the -Periplus (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 247). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n185.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n186.1" -href="#n186.1src" name="n186.1">87</a></span> Sausara or Sásar -seems the original form from which Samara was Sanskritised. -Sásar corresponds with the Mehr name -Cháchar. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n186.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n186.2" -href="#n186.2src" name="n186.2">88</a></span> The <span class="corr" -id="xd25e20823" title="Source: Kumárápálacharita">Kumárapálacharita</span> -says that Samara was defeated and his son placed on the -throne. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n186.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n186.3" -href="#n186.3src" name="n186.3">89</a></span> The translation of the -inscription runs: Steps made by the venerable Ámbaka, -Saṃvat 1222. According to the Kumárapálaprabandha -the steps were built at a cost of a lákh of <i>drammas</i> a -<i>dramma</i> being of the value of about 5 <i>annas</i>. According to -the <span class="corr" id="xd25e20844" title="Source: Prabandachintamaṇi">Prabandhachintámaṇi</span> -an earthquake occurred when the king was at Girnár on his way to -Somanátha. The old ascent of Girnár was from the north -called <i>Chhatraśilá</i> that is the umbrella or -overhanging rocks. Hemáchárya said if two persons went up -together the <i>Chhatraśilá</i> rocks would fall and crush -them. So the king ordered <span class="corr" id="xd25e20854" title="Source: Ámrabhaṭṭa">Ámrabhaṭa</span> -to build steps on the west or Junágaḍh face at a cost of -63 <i>lákhs</i> of <i>drammas</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n186.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n186.4" -href="#n186.4src" name="n186.4">90</a></span> The site of -Báhaḍapura seems to be the ruins close to the east of -Pálitána where large quantities of conch shell bangles -and pieces of brick and tile have been found. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n186.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n186.5" -href="#n186.5src" name="n186.5">91</a></span> This would appear to be -the Kalachuri king Gayá Karṇa whose inscription is dated -902 of the Chedi era that is <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1152. As -the earliest known inscription of Gayá Karṇa’s son -Narasiṃhadeva is dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1157 -(Chedi 907) the death of Gayá Karṇa falls between -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1152 and 1157 in the reign of -Kumárapála and the story of his being accidentally -strangled may be true. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n186.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n187.1" -href="#n187.1src" name="n187.1">92</a></span> So many marriages on one -day points to the people being either Kaḍva Kunbis or -Bharváḍs among whom the custom of holding all marriages on -the same day still prevails. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n187.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n187.2" -href="#n187.2src" name="n187.2">93</a></span> The text of the -inscription is:</p> -<div class="q"> -<div class="nestedtext"> -<div class="nestedbody"> -<div class="lgouter footnote"> -<p class="line">(1) <span lang="sa">… -पौषसुदीगुरौ -अद्योह -श्रीमदण-</span></p> -<p class="line">(2) <span lang="sa">हिलपाटके -[समस्त] -राजावलीबिराजितपरमभट्टारकमहा-</span></p> -<p class="line">(3) <span lang="sa">[राजाधिराजनिर्जित] -साकंभरीभूपालश्रीमदवन्तिनाथश्रीमत्कु</span></p> -<p class="line">(4) <span lang="sa">[मारपाल] … -नियुक्तमहामात्यश्रीजसोधव</span>—</p> -<p class="line">(5) <span lang="sa">ल -श्रीकरणादौ -समस्तमुद्राव्यापारान्परिपन्थयतीत्येवं</span></p> -<p class="line">(6) <span lang="sa">काले -[प्रवर्तमाने -महाराजा] -धिराजश्रीकुमारपालदेवेन -विज</span></p> -<p class="line">(7) <span lang="sa">….. -श्रीमदुदयपुरो -.. -रोचकान्वये -महाराज</span>—</p> -<p class="line">(8) <span lang="sa">पुत्र -….. -महाराजपुत्रवसन्तपाल -एवं अन</span></p> -<p class="line">(9) <span lang="sa">….. -लिखिता -यात्रा । -अद्य -सोमग्रहणपर्वणि</span></p> -<p class="line">(10) <span lang="sa">… -लयवने -समाहृततीर्थोदके -स्नात्वा -जगद्गु</span></p> -<p class="line">(11) <span lang="sa">… -सुखपुण्यजयवृद्धये -उदयपुरकारि</span></p> -<p class="line">(12) <span lang="sa">…… -कारापित -देवश्री -……..</span></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<p class="footnote cont xd25e963">Lines broken below. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n187.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n188.1" -href="#n188.1src" name="n188.1">94</a></span> Annals of -Rájasthán, I. 803. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n188.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n188.2" -href="#n188.2src" name="n188.2">95</a></span> Rás -Málá (New Edition), 154. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n188.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n188.3" -href="#n188.3src" name="n188.3">96</a></span> Rás -Málá (New Edition), 154. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n188.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n189.1" -href="#n189.1src" name="n189.1">97</a></span> The text is:</p> -<div class="q"> -<div class="nestedtext"> -<div class="nestedbody"> -<div class="lgouter footnote"> -<p class="line"><span lang="sa">यः -कौबेरीमा -तुरुष्कमैन्द्रीमा -त्रिदिवापगां</span></p> -<p class="line"><span lang="sa">याम्यामा -विन्ध्यमा -सिन्धुं -पश्चमां यो -हासाधयत्‌</span></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<p> <a class="fnarrow" href="#n189.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n189.2" -href="#n189.2src" name="n189.2">98</a></span> It is also interesting, -if there is a foundation of fact to the tale, that this is the temple -visited by the Persian poet Saádi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1200–1230) when he saw the ivory idol of -Somanátha whose arms were raised by a hidden priest pulling a -cord. According to Saádi on pretence of conversion he was -admitted behind the shrine, discovered the cord-puller, threw him into -a well, and fled. Compare Journal Royal Asiatic Society Bengal -VII.–2 pages 885–886. That Saádi ever visited -Somanátha is doubtful. No ivory human image can ever have been -the chief object of worship at Somanátha. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n189.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n190.1" -href="#n190.1src" name="n190.1">99</a></span> From the -Prabandhachintámaṇi and the -Kumárapálacharita. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n190.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n191.1" -href="#n191.1src" name="n191.1">100</a></span> The head-quarters of the -Dhandhuka sub-division sixty miles south-west of -Ahmadábád. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n191.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n191.2" -href="#n191.2src" name="n191.2">101</a></span> Another reading is -Láhiní. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n191.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n192.1" -href="#n192.1src" name="n192.1">102</a></span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e21291" title="Source: Prabandhachintamaṇi">Prabandhachintámaṇi</span>. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n192.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n192.2" -href="#n192.2src" name="n192.2">103</a></span></p> -<div class="q"> -<div class="nestedtext"> -<div class="nestedbody"> -<div class="lgouter footnote"> -<p class="line"><span lang="sa">भववीजाङ्कुरजनना -रागाद्याः -क्षयमुपागता -यस्य ।</span></p> -<p class="line"><span lang="sa">ब्रह्मा वा -विष्णुर्वा -हरो जिनो वा -नमस्तस्मै -॥</span></p> -<p class="line"><span lang="sa">यत्र -तत्र समये -यथा तथा -योसि -सोस्यभिधया -यया तया ।</span></p> -<p class="line"><span lang="sa">वीतदोषकलुषः -स -चेद्भवानेक -एव -भगवन्नमोस्तु -ते ॥</span></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<p> <a class="fnarrow" href="#n192.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n193.1" -href="#n193.1src" name="n193.1">104</a></span> <span lang="sa">संवत्‌ -१२२९ -वैशाखशुदि ३ -सोमे अद्येह -श्रीमदणहिल्लपष्ठके -समस्तरजावलीविराजितमहाराजाधिराजपरमेश्वर -अजयपालदेवकल्याणविजयराज्ये -तत्पादपद्मोपजीविनि -महामात्यश्रीसोमेश्वरे -श्रीकरणादौ.</span> <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n193.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n194.1" -href="#n194.1src" name="n194.1">105</a></span> Regarding the remarkable -story that not long before their deaths both Hemáchárya -and Kumárapála inclined towards if they did not become -converts to <span class="corr" id="xd25e21407" title="Source: Islam">Islám</span> (Tod’s Western India, 184) no -fresh information has been obtained. Another curious saying of -Tod’s (Ditto, 182) also remains doubtful. -Kumárapála expelled the tribe of Lár from his -kingdom. That this tribe of Lár can have had to do either with -<span class="corr" id="xd25e21410" title="Source: Láta">Láṭa</span> or South Gujarát -or with the caste of Lád Vánis seems unlikely. The -alternative is Pársis from Lar on the Persian Gulf whom Tod -(Annals of Rajasthán, I. 235) notices as sending an expedition -from Laristhán to Gujarát. In this connection it is -worthy of note that Lár remained the seat of a Gueber prince -till <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1600 the time of Shah Abas -(D’Herbelot <span lang="fr">Bib. Or.</span> II. 477). A -repetition of the Pársi riots (Cambay Gazetteer, VI. 215) may -have been the cause of their expulsion from -Gujarát. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n194.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n194.2" -href="#n194.2src" name="n194.2">106</a></span> See the -Dvyáśraya. A Patan inscription lying at Verával also -calls Ajayapála the brother’s son of -Kumárapála. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n194.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n194.3" -href="#n194.3src" name="n194.3">107</a></span> It is stated in a grant -of Bhíma II. dated <abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1283, -that Ajayadeva, as he is there called, made the Sapádalaksha or -Sámbhar king tributary. <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. -Ant.</abbr> VI. 199ff. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n194.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n194.4" -href="#n194.4src" name="n194.4">108</a></span> The Udayapura -inscription mentions Someśvara as the minister of Ajayapála -in Saṃvat 1229 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1173). See -above page <a href="#pb193" class="pageref">193</a>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n194.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n195.1" -href="#n195.1src" name="n195.1">109</a></span> The abuse of -Ajayapála is explained if Tod’s statement (Western India, -191) that he became a Musalmán is correct. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n195.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n195.2" -href="#n195.2src" name="n195.2">110</a></span> Fleet’s -Kánarese Dynasties, 93. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n195.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n195.3" -href="#n195.3src" name="n195.3">111</a></span> Chapter II. Verse -57. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n195.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n195.4" -href="#n195.4src" name="n195.4">112</a></span> We know much less about -this event than its importance deserves, for with the exception of a -raid made in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1197 by one of the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e21514" title="Source: Ghorí">Ghori</span> generals this victory secured -Gujarát from any serious Muhammadan attack for more than a -century. We learn from various grants made by Bhímadeva II. -(Ind. Ant VI. 195, 198, 200, 201) that Múlarája’s -regular epithet in the <i>Vaṃśávalí</i> was -“He who overcame in battle the ruler of the Garjjanakas, who are -hard to defeat”: and Dr. Bühler has pointed out (Ditto, 201) -that Garjjanaka is a Sanskritising of the name Ghaznavi. As a matter of -fact, however, the leader of the Musalmán army was Muhammad of -Ghor, and the battle took place in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1178 (H. 574). One of the two Muhammadan writers -who mentions the invasion (Muhammad ’Ufi, who wrote at Delhi -about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1211) says that Muhammad was at -first defeated, but invaded the country a second time two years later -“and punished the people for their previous misconduct.” -But this is only mentioned incidentally as part of an anecdote of -Muhammad’s equity, and there is some confusion with -Muhammad’s victory in the second battle of Náráyan -(in Jaipur territory) in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1192, as a -better, though slightly later authority, Minháj-us-Siráj, -speaks of no second expedition to Gujarát led by Muhammad -himself. Minháj-us-Siráj’s account of the defeat is -as follows (Elliott, II. 294): He (Muhammad) conducted his army by way -of Uch and Multán towards Nahrwálá. The -Ráí of Nahrwálá, Bhímdeo, was a -minor, but he had a large army and many elephants. In the day of battle -the Muhammadans were defeated and the Sultán was compelled to -retreat. This happened in the year 574 H. (1178 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>)”. Further on we read (Elliott, II. 300): -“In 593 H. (1197 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>) he -(Muhammad’s general <span class="corr" id="xd25e21536" title="Source: Kutb-ud-din">Kutb-ud-dín</span>) went towards -Nahrwálá, defeated Ráí Bhímdeo, and -took revenge on the part of the Sultán.” As no conquest of -the country is spoken of, this expedition was evidently a mere raid. -The only inaccuracy in the account is the mention of Bhíma -instead of Múlarája as the king who defeated the first -invasion.—(A. M. T. J.) <a class="fnarrow" href="#n195.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n195.5" -href="#n195.5src" name="n195.5">113</a></span> Sarga II. Verse -47. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n195.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n195.6" -href="#n195.6src" name="n195.6">114</a></span> Sarga II. Verse -60. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n195.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n196.1" -href="#n196.1src" name="n196.1">115</a></span> The -Vicháraśreṇi also gives <abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1235 as the beginning of his -reign. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n196.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n196.2" -href="#n196.2src" name="n196.2">116</a></span> Elliot’s History -of India, II. 294. This event properly belongs to the reign of -Múlarája. See above page <a href="#n195.5">195 note -5</a>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n196.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n196.3" -href="#n196.3src" name="n196.3">117</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VI. 207. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n196.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n196.4" -href="#n196.4src" name="n196.4">118</a></span> Chapter II. Verse -61. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n196.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n196.5" -href="#n196.5src" name="n196.5">119</a></span> Kielhorn’s and -Peterson’s Reports on Sanskrit Manuscripts. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n196.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n196.6" -href="#n196.6src" name="n196.6">120</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VI. 197. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n196.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n197.1" -href="#n197.1src" name="n197.1">121</a></span> The text is <span lang="sa">दत्त्वास्मै -दोष्यते -युवराज्यं -राज्यं चिरं -कुरु.</span> <a class="fnarrow" href="#n197.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n197.2" -href="#n197.2src" name="n197.2">122</a></span> The text is <span lang="sa">चाहू राण</span> that is -<span lang="sa">चाहुमाण -राणक.</span> The term Ráṇaka would -show him to be a Chohán chief. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n197.2src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch1.2.3" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd25e1689">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">CHAPTER III.</h2> -<h2 class="main">THE VÁGHELÁS</h2> -<h2 class="sub">(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1219–1304).</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -<span class="sc">The Vághelás, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1219–1304</span><br> -Arṇorája, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1170–1200.</span> <span class="marginnote">Arṇorája, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1170–1200.</span>While Bhímadeva II. -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e21777" -title="Source: 1178–1241">1179–1242</span>) struggled to -maintain his authority in the north, the country between the -Sábarmatí and the Narbadá in the south as well as -the districts of Dholká and Dhandhuká in the south-west -passed to the Vághelás a branch of the Solaṅkis -sprung from Ánáka or Arṇorája, the son of -the sister of Kumárapála’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1143–1173) mother. In return for services -to Kumárapála,<a class="noteref" id="n198.1src" href="#n198.1" name="n198.1src">1</a> Ánáka, with the rank of -a noble or Sámanta, had received the village of -Vyághrapalli or Vághelá, the Tiger’s Lair, -about ten miles south-west of Aṇahilaváḍa. It is -from this village that the dynasty takes its name of -Vághela.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Lavaṇaprasáda, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1200–1233.</span>Ánáka’s -son Lavaṇaprasáda, who is mentioned as a minister of -Bhímadeva II. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1179–1242)<a class="noteref" id="n198.2src" -href="#n198.2" name="n198.2src">2</a> held Vághelá and -probably Dhavalagadha or Dholká about thirty miles to the -south-west. The Kírtikaumudí or Moonlight of Glory, the -chief cotemporary chronicle,<a class="noteref" id="n198.3src" href="#n198.3" name="n198.3src">3</a> describes Lavaṇaprasáda -as a brave warrior, the slayer of the chief of Nadulá the modern -Nándol in Márwár. “In his well-ordered -realm, except himself the robber of the glory of hostile kings, robbers -were unknown. The ruler of Málava invading the kingdom turned -back before the strength of Lavaṇaprasáda. The southern -king also when opposed by him gave up the idea of war.” The ruler -of Málava or Málwa referred to was Sohaḍa or -Subhaṭavarman.<a class="noteref" id="n198.4src" href="#n198.4" -name="n198.4src">4</a> The southern king was the Devagiri Yádava -Singhaṇa II. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1209–1247).<a class="noteref" id="n198.5src" href="#n198.5" name="n198.5src">5</a></p> -<p>Lavaṇaprasáda married Madanarájñí -and by her had a son named Víradhavala. As heir apparent -Víradhavala, who was also called Víra -Vághelá or the Vághelá hero,<a class="noteref" id="n198.6src" href="#n198.6" name="n198.6src">6</a> rose to -such distinction as a warrior that in the end -Lavaṇaprasáda abdicated in his favour. Probably to -reconcile the people to his venturing to oppose his sovereign -Bhímadeva, Lavaṇaprasáda gave out that in a dream -the Luck of Aṇahilaváḍa <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb199" href="#pb199" name="pb199">199</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -<span class="sc">The Vághelás, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1219–1304</span><br> -Lavaṇaprasáda, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1200–1233.</span> appeared bewailing her -home with unlighted shrines, broken walls, and jackal-haunted streets, -and called on him to come to her rescue.<a class="noteref" id="n199.1src" href="#n199.1" name="n199.1src">7</a> Though he may have -gone to the length of opposing Bhímadeva by force of arms, -Lavaṇaprasáda was careful to rule in his sovereign’s -name. Even after Lavaṇaprasáda’s abdication, though -his famous minister Vastupála considered it advisable, -Víradhavala refused to take the supreme title. It was not until -the accession of Víradhavala’s son Vísaladeva that -the head of the Vághelás took any higher title than -Ráṇaka or chieftain. Lavaṇaprasáda’s -religious adviser or Guru was the poet Someśvara the author of the -Kírtikaumudí and of the Vastupálacharita or Life -of Vastupála, both being biographical accounts of -Vastupála. The leading supporters both of -Lavaṇaprasáda and of Víradhavala were their -ministers the two Jain brothers Vastupála and -Tejaḥpála the famous temple-builders on Ábu, -Śatruñjaya, and Girnár. According to one account -Tejaḥpála remained at court, while Vastupála went -as governor to Stambhatírtha or Cambay where he redressed wrongs -and amassed wealth.<a class="noteref" id="n199.2src" href="#n199.2" -name="n199.2src">8</a></p> -<p>One of the chief times of peril in -Lavaṇaprasáda’s reign was the joint attack of the -Devagiri Yádava Singhaṇa or Sinhaṇa from the south -and of four Márwár chiefs from the north. -Lavaṇaprasáda and his son Víradhavala in joint -command marched south to meet Singhaṇa at Broach. While at Broach -the Vághelás’ position was made still more critical -by the desertion of the Godhraha or Godhrá chief to Málwa -and of the Láṭa or south Gujarát chief to -Singhaṇa. Still Lavaṇaprasáda pressed on, attacked -Singhaṇa, and gave him so crushing a defeat, that, though -Lavaṇaprasáda had almost at once to turn north to meet the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e21853" title="Source: Málwá">Málwa</span> army, Singhaṇa -retired without causing further trouble.<a class="noteref" id="n199.3src" href="#n199.3" name="n199.3src">9</a> Someśvara gives -no reason for Singhaṇa’s withdrawal beyond the remark -‘Deer do not follow the lion’s path even when the lion has -left it.’ The true reason is supplied by a Manuscript called -Forms of Treaties.<a class="noteref" id="n199.4src" href="#n199.4" -name="n199.4src">10</a> The details of a treaty between Sinhaṇa -and Lavaṇaprasáda under date Saṃvat 1288 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1232) included among the Forms seem -to show that the reason why Sinhaṇa did not advance was that -Lavaṇaprasáda and his son submitted and concluded an -alliance.<a class="noteref" id="n199.5src" href="#n199.5" name="n199.5src">11</a> In this copy of the treaty Siṇhaṇadeva -is called the great king of kings or paramount sovereign -<i>Mahárájádhirája</i>, while -Lavaṇaprasáda, Sanskritised into -Lavaṇyáprasáda is called a Rána and a -tributary chief <i>Mahámandaleśvara</i>. The place where -the treaty was concluded <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb200" href="#pb200" name="pb200">200</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -<span class="sc">The Vághelás, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1219–1304</span><br> -Lavaṇaprasáda, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1200–1233.</span> is styled “the -victorious camp,” and the date is Monday the fullmoon of -Vaiśákha in the year Saṃvat 1288 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1232). The provisions are that, as before, each -of the belligerents should confine himself to his own territory; -neither of them should invade the possessions of the other; if a -powerful enemy attacked either of them, they should jointly oppose him; -if only a hostile general led the attack, troops should be sent against -him; and if from the country of either any noble fled into the -territory of the other taking with him anything of value he should not -be allowed harbourage and all valuables in the refugee’s -possession should be restored.<a class="noteref" id="n200.1src" href="#n200.1" name="n200.1src">12</a> His good fortune went with -Lavaṇaprasáda in his attack on the Márwár -chiefs whom he forced to retire. Meanwhile Śankha<a class="noteref" id="n200.2src" href="#n200.2" name="n200.2src">13</a> who is -described as the son of the ruler of Sindh but who seems to have held -territory in Broach, raised a claim to Cambay and promised -Vastupála Lavaṇaprasáda’s governor, that, if -Vastupála declared in his favour<a class="noteref" id="n200.3src" href="#n200.3" name="n200.3src">14</a>, he would be -continued in his government. Vastupála rejected -Śankha’s overtures, met him in battle outside of Cambay, and -forced him to retire. In honour of Vastupála’s victory the -people of Cambay held a great festival when Vastupála passed in -state through the city to the shrine of the goddess Ekalla Víra -outside of the town.<a class="noteref" id="n200.4src" href="#n200.4" -name="n200.4src">15</a></p> -<p>Another of the deeds preserved in the Forms is a royal copperplate -grant by Lavaṇaprasáda or -Lávaṇyaprasáda of a village, not named, for the -worship of Somanátha. Lavaṇaprasáda is described as -the illustrious Ráṇaka,<a class="noteref" id="n200.5src" -href="#n200.5" name="n200.5src">16</a> the great chief, the local lord -or <i>Mandaleśvara</i>, the son of the illustrious -Ráṇaka Ánalde born in the illustrious pedigree of -the Chaulukya dynasty. The grant is noted as executed in the reign of -Bhímadeva II.<a class="noteref" id="n200.6src" href="#n200.6" -name="n200.6src">17</a> while one Bhábhuya was his great -minister. Though Bhímadeva was ruling in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1232 (Saṃvat 1288) -Lavaṇaprasáda apparently had sufficient influence to make -grants of villages and otherwise to act as the real ruler of -Gujarát. It was apparently immediately after this grant -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1232?) that -Lavaṇaprasáda abdicated in favour of -Víradhavala.<a class="noteref" id="n200.7src" href="#n200.7" -name="n200.7src">18</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Víradhavala, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1233–1238.</span>Soon after his accession -Víradhavala, accompanied by his minister Tejaḥpála, -started on an expedition against his wife’s brothers -Sángaṇa and Chamuṇḍa the rulers of -Vámanasthalí or Vanthalí near -Junágaḍh. As in spite of their sister’s advice -Sángaṇa and Chamuṇḍa refused to pay tribute -the siege was pressed. Early in the fight the cry arose -‘Víradhavala is slain.’ But on his favourite horse -Uparavaṭa, Víradhavala put himself at the head of his -troops, slew both the brothers, and gained the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb201" href="#pb201" name="pb201">201</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -<span class="sc">The Vághelás, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1219–1304</span><br> -Víradhavala, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1233–1238.</span> hoarded treasure of -Vanthalí.<a class="noteref" id="n201.1src" href="#n201.1" name="n201.1src">19</a> In an expedition against the chief of -Bhadreśvara, probably Bhadresar in Kacch, Víradhavala was -less successful and was forced to accept the Kacch chief’s terms. -The chroniclers ascribe this reverse to three Rájput brothers -who came to Víradhavala’s court and offered their services -for 3,00,000 drammas (about £7500). “For 3,00,000 drammas I -can raise a thousand men” said Víradhavala, and the -brothers withdrew. They went to the court of the Bhadresar chief, -stated their terms, and were engaged. The night before the battle the -brothers sent to Víradhavala saying ‘Keep ready 3000 men, -for through a triple bodyguard we will force our way.’ The three -brothers kept their word. They forced their way to Víradhavala, -dismounted him, carried off his favourite steed Uparavaṭa, but -since they had been his guests they spared Víradhavala’s -life.<a class="noteref" id="n201.2src" href="#n201.2" name="n201.2src">20</a></p> -<p>Another of Víradhavala’s expeditions was to East -Gujarát. Ghughula, chief of Godraha or Godhrá, plundered -the caravans that passed through his territory to the Gujarát -ports. When threatened with punishment by Víradhavala, Ghughula -in derision sent his overlord a woman’s dress and a box of -cosmetics. The minister Tejaḥpála, who was ordered to -avenge this affront, dispatched some skirmishers ahead to raid the -Godhra cattle. Ghughula attacked the raiders and drove them back in -such panic that the main body of the army was thrown into disorder. The -day was saved by the prowess of Tejaḥpála who in single -combat unhorsed Ghughula and made him prisoner. Ghughula escaped the -disgrace of the woman’s dress and the cosmetic box with which he -was decorated by biting his tongue so that he died. The conquest of -Ghughula is said to have spread Víradhavala’s power to the -borders of Maháráshtra.<a class="noteref" id="n201.3src" -href="#n201.3" name="n201.3src">21</a> The chroniclers relate another -success of Víradhavala’s against Muizz-ud-dín -apparently the famous Muhammad Gori <span class="corr" id="xd25e21985" -title="Source: Sultan">Sultán</span> Muizz-ud-dín -Bahramsháh, the <span class="corr" id="xd25e21988" title="Source: Sultan">Sultán</span> of Delhi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1191–1205)<a class="noteref" id="n201.4src" -href="#n201.4" name="n201.4src">22</a> who led an expedition against -Gujarát. The chief of Ábu was instructed to let the -Musalmán force march south unmolested and when they were through -to close the defiles against their return. The Gujarát army met -the Musalmáns and the Ábu troops hung on their rear. The -Musalmáns fled in confusion and cartloads of heads were brought -to Víradhavala in Dholká. The chronicles give the credit -of this success to Vastupála. They also credit Vastupála -with a stratagem which induced the Sultán to think well of -Víradhavala and prevented him taking steps to wipe out the -disgrace of his defeat. Hearing that the Sultán’s mother, -or, according to another story, the Sultán’s religious -adviser, was going from Cambay to Makka Vastupála ordered his -men to attack and plunder the vessels in which the pilgrimage was to be -made. On the captain’s complaint Vastupála had the pirates -arrested and the property restored. So grateful was the owner, whether -mother or guide, that Vastupála was taken to Delhi and arranged -a friendly treaty between his master and the Sultán.<a class="noteref" id="n201.5src" href="#n201.5" name="n201.5src">23</a> -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb202" href="#pb202" name="pb202">202</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -<span class="sc">The Vághelás, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1219–1304</span><br> -Víradhavala, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1233–1238.</span> Their lavish expenditure -on objects connected with Jain worship make the brothers -Vastupála and Tejaḥpála the chief heroes of the -Jain chroniclers. They say when the Musalmán trader Sayad was -arrested at Cambay his wealth was confiscated. Víradhavala -claimed all but the dust which he left to Vastupála. Much of the -dust was gold dust and a fire turned to dust more of the Sayad’s -gold and silver treasure. In this way the bulk of the Sayad’s -wealth passed to Vastupála. This wealth Vastupála and his -brother Tejaḥpála went to bury in Hadálaka in -Káthiáváḍa. In digging they chanced to come -across a great and unknown treasure. According to the books the burden -of their wealth so preyed on the brothers that they ceased to care for -food. Finding the cause of her husband Tejaḥpála’s -anxiety Anupamá said ‘Spend your wealth on a hill top. All -can see it; no one can carry it away.’ According to the -chroniclers it was this advice, approved by their mother and by -Vastupála’s wife Lalitádeví, that led the -brothers to adorn the summits of Ábu, Girnár, and -Śatruñjaya with magnificent temples.</p> -<p>The Śatruñjaya temple which is dedicated to the -twenty-third Tírthaṅkara Neminátha is dated -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1232 (Saṃvat 1288) and has an -inscription by Someśvara, the author of the -Kírtikaumudí telling how it was built. The Girnár -temple, also dedicated to Neminátha, bears date <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1232 (Saṃvat 1288). The Ábu temple, -surpassing the others and almost every building in India in the -richness and delicacy of its carving, is dedicated to Neminátha -and dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1231 (Saṃvat 1287). -Such was the liberality of the brothers that to protect them against -the cold mountain air each of their masons had a fire near him to warm -himself and a hot dinner cooked for him at the close of the day. The -finest carvers were paid in silver equal in weight to the dust -chiselled out of their carvings.<a class="noteref" id="n202.1src" href="#n202.1" name="n202.1src">24</a></p> -<p>The author Someśvara describes how he twice came to the aid of -his friend Vastupála. On one occasion he saved Vastupála -from a prosecution for peculation. The second occasion was more -serious. Siṃha the maternal uncle of king Vísaladeva -whipped the servant of a Jain monastery. Enraged at this insult to his -religion Vastupála hired a Rájput who cut off -Siṃha’s offending hand. The crime was proved and -Vastupála was sentenced to death. But according to the Jains the -persuasions of Someśvara not only made the king set -Vastupála free, but led him to upbraid his uncle for beating the -servant of a Jain monastery. Soon after his release Vastupála -was seized with fever. Feeling the fever to be mortal he started for -<span class="corr" id="xd25e22041" title="Source: Satruñjaya">Śatruñjaya</span> but died on -the way. His brother Tejaḥpála and his son -Jayantapála burned his body on the holy hill, and over his ashes -raised a shrine with the name Svargárohanaprásáda -The shrine of the ascent into Heaven.<a class="noteref" id="n202.2src" -href="#n202.2" name="n202.2src">25</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb203" href="#pb203" name="pb203">203</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -<span class="sc">The Vághelás, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1219–1304</span><br> -Víradhavala, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1233–1238.</span> In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1238 six years after his father’s -withdrawal from power Víradhavala died. One hundred and -eighty-two servants passed with their lord through the flames, and such -was the devotion that Tejaḥpála had to use force to -prevent further sacrifices.<a class="noteref" id="n203.1src" href="#n203.1" name="n203.1src">26</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Vísaladeva, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1243–1261.</span>Of -Víradhavala’s two sons, Vírama Vísala and -Pratápamalla, Vastupála favoured the second and procured -his succession according to one account by forcing the old king to -drink poison and preventing by arms the return to <span class="corr" -id="xd25e22080" title="Source: Aṇahilavaḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -of the elder brother Vírama who retired for help to -Jábálipura (Jabalpur). Besides with his brother’s -supporters Vísala had to contend with Tribhuvanapála the -representative of the Aṇahilaváḍa Solaṅkis. -Unlike his father and his grandfather Vísala refused to -acknowledge an overlord. By <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1243 he -was established as sovereign in Aṇahilaváḍa. A later -grant <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1261 (Saṃvat 1317) from -Kaḍi in North Gujarát shows that -Aṇahilaváḍa was his capital and his title -<i>Mahárájádhirája</i> King of Kings. -According to his copperplates Vísaladeva was a great warrior, -the crusher of the lord of Málwa, a hatchet at the root of the -turbulence of Mewáḍ, a volcanic fire to dry up -Singhaṇa of Devagiri’s ocean of men.<a class="noteref" id="n203.2src" href="#n203.2" name="n203.2src">27</a> Vísaladeva is -further described as chosen as a husband by the daughter of -Karṇáṭa<a class="noteref" id="n203.3src" href="#n203.3" name="n203.3src">28</a> and as ruling with success and good -fortune in Aṇahilaváḍa with the illustrious -Nágada as his minister.<a class="noteref" id="n203.4src" href="#n203.4" name="n203.4src">29</a> The bards praise Vísaladeva -for lessening the miseries of a three years famine,<a class="noteref" -id="n203.5src" href="#n203.5" name="n203.5src">30</a> and state that he -built or repaired the fortifications of Vísalanagara in East and -of Darbhavatí or <span class="corr" id="xd25e22122" title="Source: Dábhoi">Dabhoi</span> in South Gujarát.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Arjuṇadeva, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1262–1274.</span>During -Vísaladeva’s reign Vághela power was established -throughout Gujarát. On Vísaladeva’s death in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1261 the succession passed to -Arjuṇadeva the son of Vísaladeva’s younger brother -Pratápamalla.<a class="noteref" id="n203.6src" href="#n203.6" -name="n203.6src">31</a> Arjuṇadeva proved a worthy successor and -for thirteen years (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1262–1274; -Saṃvat 1318–1331) maintained his supremacy. Two stone -inscriptions one from Verával dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1264 (Saṃvat 1320) the other from Kacch -dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1272 (Saṃvat 1328) show -that his territory included both Kacch and -Káthiáváḍa, and an inscription of his -successor Sáraṅgadeva shows that his power passed as far -east as Mount Ábu.</p> -<p>The Verával inscription of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1264 (Saṃvat 1320), which is in the temple -of the goddess Harsutá,<a class="noteref" id="n203.7src" href="#n203.7" name="n203.7src">32</a> describes Arjuṇadeva as the -king <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb204" href="#pb204" name="pb204">204</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -<span class="sc">The Vághelás, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1219–1304</span><br> -Arjuṇadeva, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1262–1274.</span> of kings, the emperor -(<i>chakravartin</i>) of the illustrious Chaulukya race, who is a thorn -in the heart of the hostile king Niḥsankamalla, the supreme lord, -the supreme ruler, who is adorned by a long line of ancestral kings, -who resides in the famous Aṇahillapáṭaka. The grant -allots certain income from houses and shops in Somanátha Patan -to a mosque built by Piroz a Muhammadan shipowner of Ormuz which is -then mentioned as being under the sway of Amír -Rukn-ud-dín.<a class="noteref" id="n204.1src" href="#n204.1" -name="n204.1src">33</a> The grant also provides for the expenses of -certain religious festivals to be celebrated by the Shiite sailors of -Somanátha Patan, and lays down that under the management of the -Musalmán community of Somanátha any surplus is to be made -over to the holy districts of Makka and Madina. The grant is written in -bad Sanskrit and contains several Arabic Persian and Gujaráti -words. Its chief interest is that it is dated in four eras, “in -662 of the Prophet Muhammad who is described as the teacher of the -sailors, who live near the holy lord of the Universe that is -Somanátha; in 1320 of the great king Vikrama; in 945 of the -famous Valabhi; and in 151 of the illustrious Siṃha.” The -date is given in these four different eras, because the Muhammadan is -the donor’s era, the Saṃvat the era of the country, the -Valabhi of the province, and the Siṃha of the locality.<a class="noteref" id="n204.2src" href="#n204.2" name="n204.2src">34</a> The -Kacch inscription is at the village of Rav about sixty miles east of -Bhúj. It is engraved on a memorial slab at the corner of the -courtyard wall of an old temple and bears date <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1272 (Saṃvat 1328). It describes -Arjuṇadeva as the great king of kings, the supreme ruler, the -supreme lord. It mentions the illustrious Máladeva as his chief -minister and records the building of a step-well in the village of -Rav.<a class="noteref" id="n204.3src" href="#n204.3" name="n204.3src">35</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Sáraṅgadeva, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1275–1296.</span>Arjuṇadeva was -succeeded by his son Sáraṅgadeva. According to the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e22218" title="Source: Vicháraśreṇí">Vicháraśreṇi</span> -Sáraṅgadeva ruled for twenty-two years from <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1274 to 1296 (Saṃvat 1331–1353). -Inscriptions of the reign of Sáraṅgadeva have been found -in Kacch and at Ábu. The Kacch inscription is on a -<i>pália</i> or memorial slab now at the village of Khokhar near -Kanthkot which was brought there from the holy village of Bhadresar -about thirty-five miles north-east of Mándvi. It bears date -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1275 (Saṃvat 1332) and -describes Sáraṅgadeva as the great king of kings, the -supreme ruler, the supreme lord ruling at -Aṇahillapáṭaka with the illustrious Máladeva -as his chief minister.<a class="noteref" id="n204.4src" href="#n204.4" -name="n204.4src">36</a> The Ábu inscription dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1294 (Saṃvat 1350) in the temple of -Vastupála regulates certain dues payable to the Jain temple and -mentions Sáraṅgadeva as sovereign of -Aṇahillapáṭaka and as having for vassal -Vísaladeva ruler of the old capital of Chandrávati about -twelve miles south of Mount Ábu.<a class="noteref" id="n204.5src" href="#n204.5" name="n204.5src">37</a> A third inscription -dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb205" href="#pb205" name="pb205">205</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -<span class="sc">The Vághelás, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1219–1304</span><br> -Sáraṅgadeva, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1275–1296.</span> 1287 (Saṃvat 1343), -originally from Somanátha, is now at Cintra in Portugal. It -records the pilgrimages and religious benefactions of one -Tripurántaka, a follower of the Nakulíśá -Páśupata sect, in the reign of Sáraṅgadeva, -whose genealogy is given. A manuscript found in Ahmadábád -is described as having been finished on Sunday the 3rd of the dark -fortnight of <span class="corr" id="xd25e22262" title="Source: Jyeshṭḥa">Jyeshṭha</span> in the -Saṃvat year 1350, in the triumphant reign of -Sáraṅgadeva the great king of kings, while his victorious -army was encamped near Áśápalli -(Ahmadábád).<a class="noteref" id="n205.1src" href="#n205.1" name="n205.1src">38</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Karṇadeva, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1296–1304.</span>Sáraṅgadeva’s -successor Karṇadeva ruled for eight years <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1296–1304 (Saṃvat 1352–1360). -Under this weak ruler, who was known as Ghelo or the Insane, -Gujarát passed into Musalmán hands. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297 Alaf Khán the brother of the Emperor -<span class="corr" id="xd25e22282" title="Source: Ala-u-dín">Alá-ud-dín</span> Khilji -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1296–1317) with Nasrat -Khán led an expedition against Gujarát. They laid waste -the country and occupied Aṇahilaváḍa. Leaving his -wives, children, elephants, and baggage Karṇadeva fled to -Ramadeva the Yádava chief of Devagiri.<a class="noteref" id="n205.2src" href="#n205.2" name="n205.2src">39</a> All his wealth fell -to his conquerors. Among the wives of Karṇadeva who were made -captive was a famous beauty named Kauládeví, who was -carried to the harem of the Sultán. In the plunder of Cambay -Nasrat Khán took a merchant’s slave Malik Káfur who -shortly after became the Emperor’s chief favourite. From Cambay -the Muhammadans passed to Káthiáváḍa and -destroyed the temple of Somanátha. In 1304 Alaf -Khán’s term of office as governor of Gujarát was -renewed. According to the Mirát-i-Ahmadí after the -renewal of his appointment, from white marble pillars taken from many -Jain temples, Alaf Khán constructed at <span class="corr" id="xd25e22298" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -the Jáma Masjid or general mosque.</p> -<p>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1306 the Cambay slave -Káfur who had already risen to be Sultán <span class="corr" id="xd25e22306" title="Source: Ala-u-dín’s">Alá-ud-dín’s</span> -chief favourite was invested with the title of Malik Naib and placed in -command of an army sent to subdue the Dakhan. Alaf Khán, the -governor of Gujarát, was ordered to help Malik Káfur in -his arrangements. At the same time Kauládeví persuaded -the Emperor to issue orders that her daughter Devaladeví should -be sent to her to Delhi. Devaladeví was then with her father the -unfortunate Karṇadeva in hiding in Báglán in -Násik. Malik Káfur sent a messenger desiring -Karṇadeva to give up his daughter. Karṇadeva refused and -Alaf Khán was ordered to lead his army to the -Báglán hills and capture the princess. While for two -months he succeeded in keeping the Muhammadan army at bay, -Karṇadeva received and accepted an offer for the hand of -Devaladeví from the Devagiri <span class="corr" id="xd25e22309" -title="Source: Yadava">Yádava</span> chief Śankaradeva. On -her way to Devagiri near Elura Devaladeví’s escort was -attacked by a party of Alaf Khán’s troops, and the lady -seized and sent to Delhi where she was married to prince Khizar -Khán. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb206" href="#pb206" name="pb206">206</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -<span class="sc">The Vághelás, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1219–1304</span><br> -Karṇadeva, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1296–1304.</span> Nothing more is known of -Karṇadeva who appears to have died a fugitive.</p> -<p>Though the main cities and all central Gujarát passed under -Musalmán rule a branch of the Vághelás continued -to hold much of the country to the west of the Sábarmatí, -while other branches maintained their independence in the rugged land -beyond Ambá Bhawání between Vírpur on the -Mahí and Posiná at the northmost verge of -Gujarát.<a class="noteref" id="n206.1src" href="#n206.1" name="n206.1src">40</a></p> -<p class="tb"></p> -<p class="xd25e963">GENEALOGY OF THE VÁGHELÁS.</p> -<div class="table"> -<table class="geneaTable"> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e8594 cellLeft cellRight cellTop"> -Dhavala,<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1160<br> -Married Kumárapála’s Aunt.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e8594 cellLeft cellRight"> -Arṇorája,<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1170<br> -Founder of Vághela.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e8594 cellLeft cellRight"> -<span class="corr" id="xd25e22376" title="Source: Lavanaprasáda">Lavaṇaprasáda</span>,<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1200<br> -Chief of Dholká.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e8594 cellLeft cellRight"> -Víradhavala,<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1233–1238<br> -Chief of Dholká.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e8594 cellLeft cellRight"> -Vísaladeva,<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1243–1261<br> -King of Aṇahilaváḍa.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e8594 cellLeft cellRight"> -Arjuṇadeva,<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1262–1274.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e8594 cellLeft cellRight"> -Sáraṅgadeva,<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1274–1295.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellLeft borderRight xd25e7564"></td> -<td class="xd25e8594 cellRight"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd25e8594 cellLeft cellRight cellBottom">Karṇadeva or -Ghelo,<br> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1296–1304.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n198.1" -href="#n198.1src" name="n198.1">1</a></span> Ánáka -survived Kumárapála and served also under -Bhímadeva II. Seeing the kingdom of his weak sovereign divided -among his ministers and chiefs Ánáka strove till his -death to re-establish the central authority of the Solaṅki -dynasty. Káthavate’s Kírtikaumudí, -xiii. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n198.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n198.2" -href="#n198.2src" name="n198.2">2</a></span> Rás -Málá (New Edition), 200. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n198.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n198.3" -href="#n198.3src" name="n198.3">3</a></span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e21800" title="Source: Kirtíkaumudí">Kírtikaumudí</span>, -Bombay Sanskrit Series Number XXV. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n198.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n198.4" -href="#n198.4src" name="n198.4">4</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VI. 188 footnote. According to -Merutuṇga a cotemporary chronicler an epigram of -Bhíma’s minister turned back -Subhaṭavarman. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n198.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n198.5" -href="#n198.5src" name="n198.5">5</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VI. 188. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n198.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n198.6" -href="#n198.6src" name="n198.6">6</a></span> According to one story -Madanarájñí left her husband’s house taking -Víradhavala with her, and went to live with Deva Rája -Pattakíla the husband of her deceased sister. On growing up -Víradhavala returned to his father’s house. Rás -Málá (New Edition), 201. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n198.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n199.1" -href="#n199.1src" name="n199.1">7</a></span> Dr. Bühler in -<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VI. 189. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n199.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n199.2" -href="#n199.2src" name="n199.2">8</a></span> According to the -Kírtikaumudí, Káthavate’s Ed. XIV. note 1, -under Vastupála low people ceased to earn money by base means; -the wicked turned pale; the righteous prospered. All honestly and -securely plied their calling. Vastupála put down piracy, and, by -building platforms, stopped the mingling of castes in milk shops. He -repaired old buildings, planted trees, sank wells, laid out parks, and -rebuilt the city. All castes and creeds he treated -alike. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n199.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n199.3" -href="#n199.3src" name="n199.3">9</a></span> Káthavate’s -Kírtikaumudí, <span class="sc">xv</span>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n199.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n199.4" -href="#n199.4src" name="n199.4">10</a></span> The use of the date -Monday the fullmoon of Vaiśakha, Saṃvat 1288 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1232) in the second part of the Forms seems to -shew that the work was written in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1232. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n199.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n199.5" -href="#n199.5src" name="n199.5">11</a></span> Though the object is to -give the form of a treaty of alliance, the author could not have used -the names <span class="corr" id="xd25e21876" title="Source: Siṇhana">Sinhaṇa</span> and -Lavaṇaprasáda unless such a treaty had been actually -concluded between them. Apparently Sinhaṇa’s invasion of -Gujarát took place but a short time before the book of treaties -was compiled. Bhandárkar’s Search for Sanskrit Manuscripts -(1882–83), 40–41. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n199.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n200.1" -href="#n200.1src" name="n200.1">12</a></span> Bhandárkar’s -Search for Sanskrit Manuscripts (1882–83), 40. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n200.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n200.2" -href="#n200.2src" name="n200.2">13</a></span> According to other -accounts Śankha, a Broach chieftain, took up the cause of a -certain Sayad or Musalmán merchant with whom Vastupála -had quarrelled. In the fight Lunapála a Gola, one of -Vastupála’s chief supporters, was slain and in his honour -Vastupála raised a shrine to the Lord Lunapála. -Rás Málá (New Edition), -201–202. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n200.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n200.3" -href="#n200.3src" name="n200.3">14</a></span> Káthavate’s -Kírtikaumudí, xv.–xvi. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n200.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n200.4" -href="#n200.4src" name="n200.4">15</a></span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e21920" title="Source: Kathavate’s">Káthavate’s</span> -Kírtikaumudí, xv.–xvi. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n200.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n200.5" -href="#n200.5src" name="n200.5">16</a></span> The modern -Gujaráti Ráṇá. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n200.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n200.6" -href="#n200.6src" name="n200.6">17</a></span> Bhímadeva’s -name is preceded by the names of his ten Chaulukya predecessors in the -usual order. The attributes of each are given as in published Chaulukya -copperplates. <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VI. -180–213. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n200.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n200.7" -href="#n200.7src" name="n200.7">18</a></span> Bhandárkar’s -Search for Sanskrit Manuscripts (1882–83), 39. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n200.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n201.1" -href="#n201.1src" name="n201.1">19</a></span> Káthavate’s -Kírtikaumudí, xxiii. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n201.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n201.2" -href="#n201.2src" name="n201.2">20</a></span> Káthavate’s -Kírtikaumudí, xxiii. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n201.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n201.3" -href="#n201.3src" name="n201.3">21</a></span> Káthavate’s -Kírtikaumudí, xxiii.–xxiv. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n201.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n201.4" -href="#n201.4src" name="n201.4">22</a></span> Elliot and Dowson, II. -209. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n201.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n201.5" -href="#n201.5src" name="n201.5">23</a></span> Káthavate’s -Kírtikaumudí, xxiv.–xxv. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n201.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n202.1" -href="#n202.1src" name="n202.1">24</a></span> Káthavate’s -Kírtikaumudí, xx.; <abbr>J. B. R. A. S.</abbr> XVIII. -Number XLVIII. 28. The Jain writers delight in describing the -magnificence of the pilgrimages which Vastupála conducted to the -holy places. The details are 4500 carts, 700 palanquins, 1800 camels, -2900 writers, 12,100 white-robed and 1100 naked or sky-clad Jains, 1450 -singers, and 3300 bards. Káthavate’s -Kírtikaumudí, xvi. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n202.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n202.2" -href="#n202.2src" name="n202.2">25</a></span> Káthavate’s -Kírtikaumudí, xviii.–xix. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n202.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n203.1" -href="#n203.1src" name="n203.1">26</a></span> Rás -Málá, 202. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n203.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n203.2" -href="#n203.2src" name="n203.2">27</a></span> <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VI. 191. The word for -Mewáḍ is Medapáta the Med or Mher -land. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n203.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n203.3" -href="#n203.3src" name="n203.3">28</a></span> The Karnáta king -would probably be <span class="corr" id="xd25e22100" title="Source: Soṃeśvara">Someśvara</span> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1252) or his son Narasiṃha III. -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1254) of the Hoysala Ballálas -of Dvárasamudra. Fleet’s Kánarese Dynasties, 64, -69. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n203.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n203.4" -href="#n203.4src" name="n203.4">29</a></span> These details are -mentioned in a grant of land in Mándal in -Ahmadábád to Bráhmans to fill a drinking fountain, -repair temples, and supply offerings. <abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> VI. 210–213. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n203.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n203.5" -href="#n203.5src" name="n203.5">30</a></span> Rás -Málá (New Ed.), 212. A Jaina Pattávali or -succession list of High-priests notices that the famine lasted for -three years from Saṃvat 1315 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1259). The text may be translated as follows: -Vikrama Saṃvat 1315, three years’ famine the king (being) -Vísaladeva. Bhandarkar’s Search for Sanskrit Manuscripts -for 1883–84, 15, 323. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n203.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n203.6" -href="#n203.6src" name="n203.6">31</a></span> See <abbr title="Epigraphia Indica">Ep. Ind.</abbr> I. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n203.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n203.7" -href="#n203.7src" name="n203.7">32</a></span> The inscription was first -noticed by Colonel Tod: Rajasthán, I. 705: Western India, -506. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n203.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n204.1" -href="#n204.1src" name="n204.1">33</a></span> This is not Sultán -Rukn-ud-dín of the slave kings, who ruled from <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1234 to <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1235. -Elliot and Dowson, II. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n204.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n204.2" -href="#n204.2src" name="n204.2">34</a></span> All four dates tally. The -middle of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1264 (Saṃvat 1320) -falls in Hijra 662. As the Valabhi era begins in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 318–319 and the Siṃha era in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1113, 945 of Valabhi and 151 of -Siṃha tally with <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1264. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n204.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n204.3" -href="#n204.3src" name="n204.3">35</a></span> Bombay Government -Selections CLII. New Series, 71. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n204.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n204.4" -href="#n204.4src" name="n204.4">36</a></span> From an unpublished copy -in the possession of Ráo Sáheb Dalpatram Pranjiwan -Khakhar, late Educational Inspector, Kacch. Only the upper six lines of -the inscription are preserved. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n204.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n204.5" -href="#n204.5src" name="n204.5">37</a></span> Asiatic Researches, XVI. -311; Rás Málá, 213. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n204.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n205.1" -href="#n205.1src" name="n205.1">38</a></span> Professor -Bhandarkar’s Report for 1883–84, -17–18. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n205.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n205.2" -href="#n205.2src" name="n205.2">39</a></span> The bardic story is that -king Karṇa had two Nágar Bráhman ministers -Mádhava and Keśava. He slew Keśava and took -Mádhava’s wife from her husband. In revenge Mádhava -went to Delhi and brought the Muhammadans. After the Muhammadan -conquest Mádhava presented <span class="corr" id="xd25e22290" -title="Source: Ala-u-dín">Alá-ud-dín</span> with -360 horses. In return Mádhava was appointed civil minister with -<span class="corr" id="xd25e22293" title="Source: Aláf">Alaf</span> Khán as military governor -commanding a lákh of horsemen, 1500 elephants, 20,000 foot -soldiers, and having with him forty-five officers entitled to use -kettledrums. Rás Málá, 214. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n205.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n206.1" -href="#n206.1src" name="n206.1">40</a></span> Rás -Málá, 222. The Jhálás were firmly fixed in -the plains between the Lesser Ran of Kacch and the Gulf of Cambay. The -Koli branches of these clans with other tribes of pure or of -adulterated aboriginal descent, spread over the Chunvál near -Viramgám and appeared in many remote and inaccessible tracts of -hill or forest. On the east, under the protection of a line of -Rájput princes, the banner of the goddess Káli floated -from the hill of <span class="corr" id="xd25e22335" title="Source: Pávágad">Pávágaḍ</span>; -while in the west the descendants of Khengár held their famous -fortress of Junágaḍh from within its walls controlling -much of the peninsula over which they had maintained undisputed sway. -Chiefs of Junágaḍh origin were scattered over the rest of -the peninsula among whom were the Gohils of Gogo and Piram, and of the -sea-washed province which from them derived its name of -Gohilvád. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n206.1src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="pt2" class="div0 part"> -<h2 class="label"><i>PART II.</i></h2> -<h2 class="main">MUSALMÁN GUJARÁT.</h2> -<h2 class="sub"><span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297–1760.</h2> -<p class="first">This history of Musalmán Gujarát is -based on translations of the Mirăt-i-Sikandari (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1611) and of the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1756) by the late Colonel J. W. -Watson. Since Colonel Watson’s death in 1889 the translations -have been revised and the account enriched by additions from the -Persian texts of Farishtah and of the two Mirăts by Mr. Fazl -Lutfulláh Farídi of Surat. A careful comparison has also -been made with other extracts in Elliot’s History of India and in -Bayley’s History of Gujarát. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb207" href="#pb207" name="pb207">207</a>]</span></p> -<div id="pt2intro" class="div1 introduction"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd25e1733">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="super">MUSALMÁN GUJARÁT.</h2> -<h2 class="sub"><span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297–1760.</h2> -<h2 class="main">INTRODUCTION.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Introduction.<br> -<span class="sc">Musalmán Gujarát, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297–1760.</span></span> Muhammadan rule in -Gujarát lasted from the conquest of the province by the Dehli -emperor <span class="corr" id="xd25e22496" title="Source: Alá-ud-din">Alá-ud-dín</span> Khilji -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1295–1315), shortly before the -close of the thirteenth century <span class="sc">a.d.</span>, to the -final defeat of the Mughal viceroy <span class="corr" id="xd25e22505" -title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán by the -Maráthás and the loss of the city of -Áhmedábád at the end of February 1758.</p> -<p>This whole term of Musalmán ascendancy, stretching over -slightly more than four and a half centuries, may conveniently be -divided into three parts. The First, the rule of the early sovereigns -of Dehli, lasting a few years more than a century, or, more strictly -from <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297 to <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403; the Second, the rule of the -Áhmedábád kings, a term of nearly a century and -three-quarters, from <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403 to -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573; the Third, the rule of the -Mughal Emperors, when, for little less than two hundred years, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573–1760, Gujarát was -administered by viceroys of the court of Dehli.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Territorial Limits.</span>In the course of -these 450 years the limits of Gujarát varied greatly. In the -fourteenth century the territory nominally under the control of the -Musalmán governors of Pátan (<span class="corr" id="xd25e22529" title="Source: Aṇahiláváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>) -extended southwards from Jhálor, about fifty miles north of -Mount Abu, to the neighbourhood of Bombay, and in breadth from the line -of the Málwa and Khándesh hills to the western shores of -peninsular Gujarát.<a class="noteref" id="n207.1src" href="#n207.1" name="n207.1src">1</a> The earlier kings of -Áhmedábád (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1450), content with establishing their -power on a firm footing, did not greatly extend the limits of their -kingdom. Afterwards, during the latter part of the fifteenth and the -beginning of the sixteenth centuries (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1450–1530), the dominions of the -Áhmedábád kings gradually spread till they -included large tracts to the east and north-east formerly in the -possession of the rulers of Khándesh and Málwa. Still -later, during the years of misrule between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1530 and <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573, -the west of Khándesh and the north of the Konkan ceased to form -part of the kingdom of Gujarát. Finally, under the arrangements -introduced by the emperor Akbar in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1583, more lands were restored to Málwa -and Khándesh. With the exception of Jhálor and Sirohi on -the north, Dungarpur and Bánsváda on the north-east, and -Alirájpur on <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb208" href="#pb208" -name="pb208">208</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Introduction.<br> -<span class="sc">Musalmán Gujarát, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297–1760.</span></span> the east, since -handed to Rájputána and Central India, the limits of -Gujarát remain almost as they were laid down by Akbar.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Sorath.</span>Though, under the -Musalmáns, peninsular Gujarát did not bear the name of -Káthiáváḍa, it was then, as at present, -considered part of the province of Gujarát. During the early -years of Musalmán rule, the peninsula, together with a small -portion of the adjoining mainland, was known as Sorath, a shortened -form of <span class="corr" id="xd25e22584" title="Source: Saurâshtra">Saurâshṭra</span>, the name -originally applied by the Hindus to a long stretch of sea-coast between -the banks of the Indus and Daman.<a class="noteref" id="n208.1src" -href="#n208.1" name="n208.1src">2</a> Towards the close of the -sixteenth century the official use of the word Sorath was confined to a -portion, though by much the largest part, of the peninsula. At the same -time, the name Sorath seems then, and for long after, to have been -commonly applied to the whole peninsula. For the author of the -Mirăt-i-Áhmedi, writing as late as the middle of the -eighteenth century (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1756: -<span class="sc">a.h.</span> 1170), speaks of Sorath as divided -into five districts or <i>zilláhs</i>, Hálár, -Káthiáváḍa, Gohilváḍa, -Bábriáváḍa, and Jetváḍa, and -notices that though Navánagar was considered a separate -district, its tribute was included in the revenue derived from -Sorath.<a class="noteref" id="n208.2src" href="#n208.2" name="n208.2src">3</a> In another passage the same writer thus defines -<span class="corr" id="xd25e22609" title="Source: Sauráshtra">Sauráshṭra</span>:</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first"><span class="corr" id="xd25e22614" title="Source: Sauráshtra">Sauráshṭra</span> or Sorath -comprehends the Sarkár of Sorath the Sarkár of -Islámnagar or Navánagar and the Sarkár of Kachh or -Bhujnagar. It also includes several <i>zillahs</i> or districts, Naiyad -which they call Jatwár, Hálár or Navánagar -and its vicinity, Káthiáváḍa, -Gohilváḍa, Bábriáváḍa, -Chorvár, Panchál, Okhágir in the neighbourhood of -Jagat otherwise called Dwárka, Prabhás Khetr or -Pátan Somnáth and its neighbourhood, Nághír -also called Sálgogha, and the Nalkántha.<a class="noteref" id="n208.3src" href="#n208.3" name="n208.3src">4</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb209" href="#pb209" name="pb209">209</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Introduction.<br> -<span class="sc">Musalmán Gujarát, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297–1760.</span></span> The present Sorath -stretches no further than the limits of <span class="corr" id="xd25e22653" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>, -Bántwa, and a few smaller holdings.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Káthiáváḍa.</span>The name -Káthiáváḍa is of recent origin. It was not -until after the establishment of Musalmán power in -Gujarát that any portion of the peninsula came to bear the name -of the tribe of Káthis. Even as late as the middle of the -eighteenth century, the name Káthiáváḍa was -applied only to one of the sub-divisions of the peninsula. In the -disorders which prevailed during the latter part of the eighteenth -century, the Káthis made themselves conspicuous. As it was from -the hardy horsemen of this tribe that the tribute-exacting -Maráthás met with the fiercest resistance, they came to -speak of the whole peninsula as the land of the Káthis. This use -was adopted by the early British officers and has since continued.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Under the kings</span>, -1403–1573.</span>Under the Áhmedábád kings, -as it still is under British rule, Gujarát was divided -politically into two main parts; one, called the <i>khálsah</i> -or crown domain administered directly by the central authority; the -other, on payment of tribute in service or in money, left under the -control of its former rulers. The amount of tribute paid by the -different chiefs depended, not on the value of their territory, but on -the terms granted to them when they agreed to become feudatories of the -kings of Áhmedábád. Under the Gujarát -Sultáns this tribute was occasionally collected by military -expeditions headed by the king in person and called -<i>mulkgíri</i> or country-seizing circuits.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">States.</span>The internal management of -the feudatory states was unaffected by their payment of tribute. -Justice was administered and the revenue collected in the same way as -under the <span class="corr" id="xd25e22676" title="Source: Anahilapur">Aṇahilapur</span> kings. The revenue -consisted, as before, of a share of the crops received in kind, -supplemented by the levy of special cesses, trade, and transit dues. -The chief’s share of the crops differed according to the -locality; it rarely exceeded one-third of the produce, it rarely fell -short of one-sixth. From some parts the chief’s share was -realised directly from the cultivator by agents called <i>mantris</i>; -from other parts the collection was through superior -landowners.<a class="noteref" id="n209.1src" href="#n209.1" name="n209.1src">5</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Districts.</span>The -Áhmedábád kings divided the portion of their -territory which was under their direct authority into districts or -<i>sarkárs</i>. These districts were administered in one of two -ways. They were either assigned to nobles in support of a contingent of -troops, or they were set apart as crown domains and managed by paid -officers. The officers placed in charge of districts set apart as -<span class="marginnote">Crown Lands.</span>crown domains were called -<i>muktiă</i>.<a class="noteref" id="n209.2src" href="#n209.2" -name="n209.2src">6</a> Their chief duties were to preserve the peace -and to collect the revenue. For the maintenance of order, a body of -soldiers from the army head-quarters at Áhmedábád -was detached for service in each of these divisions, and placed under -the command of the district governor. At the same time, in addition to -the presence of this detachment of regular troops, every district -contained certain <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb210" href="#pb210" -name="pb210">210</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Introduction.<br> -<span class="sc">Under the kings</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.</span> fortified outposts called -<i>thánás</i>, varying in number according to the -character of the country and the temper of the people. These posts were -in charge of officers called <i>thánadárs</i> subordinate -to the district governor. They were garrisoned by bodies of local -soldiery, for whose maintenance, in addition to money payments, a small -assignment of land was set apart in the neighbourhood of the post. On -the arrival of the tribute-collecting army the governors of the -districts through which it passed were expected to join the main body -with their local contingents. At other times the district governors had -little control over the feudatory chiefs in the neighbourhood of their -charge.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Fiscal.</span>For fiscal purposes each -district or <i>sarkár</i> was distributed among a certain number -of sub-divisions or <i>parganáhs</i>, each under a paid official -styled <i>ámil</i> or <i>tahsildár</i>. These -sub-divisional officers realised the state demand, nominally one-half -of the produce, by the help of the headmen of the villages under their -charge. In the sharehold and simple villages of North Gujarát -these village headmen were styled <i>patels</i> or according to -Musalmán writers <i>mukaddams</i> and in the simple villages of -the south they were known as <i>desáis</i>. They arranged for -the final distribution of the total demand in joint villages among the -shareholders, and in simple villages from the individual -cultivators.<a class="noteref" id="n210.1src" href="#n210.1" name="n210.1src">7</a> The sub-divisional officer presented a statement of -the accounts of the villages in his sub-division to the district -officer, whose record of the revenue of his whole district was in turn -forwarded to the head revenue officer at court. As a check on the -internal management of his charge, and especially to help him in the -work of collecting the revenue, with each district governor was -associated an accountant. Further that each of these officers might be -the greater check on the other, king Áhmed I. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1412–1443) enforced the rule that when the -governor was chosen from among the royal slaves the accountant should -be a free man, and that when the accountant was a slave the district -governor should be chosen from some other class. This practise was -maintained till the end of the reign of Muzaffar Sháh -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1511–1525), when, according to -the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi, the army became much increased, and the -ministers, condensing the details of revenue, farmed it on contract, so -that many parts formerly yielding one rupee now produced ten, and many -others seven eight or nine, and in no place was there a less increase -than from ten to twenty per cent. Many other changes occurred at the -same time, and the spirit of innovation creeping into the -administration the wholesome system of checking the accounts was given -up and mutiny and confusion spread over Gujarát.<a class="noteref" id="n210.2src" href="#n210.2" name="n210.2src">8</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Assigned Lands.</span>The second class of -directly governed districts were the lands assigned to nobles for the -maintenance of contingents of troops. As in other parts of India, it -would seem that at first these assignments were for specified sums -equal to the pay of the contingent. When such assignments were of long -standing, and were large enough to swallow the whole revenue of a -district, it was natural to simplify the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb211" href="#pb211" name="pb211">211</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Introduction.<br> -<span class="sc">Under the kings</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -Assigned Lands.</span> arrangement by transferring the collection of -the revenue and the whole management of the district to the military -leader of the contingent. So long as the central power was strong, -precautions were doubtless taken to prevent the holder of the grant -from unduly rackrenting his district and appropriating to himself more -than the pay of the troops, or from exercising any powers not vested in -the local governors of districts included within the crown domains. As -in other parts of India, those stipulations were probably enforced by -the appointment of certain civil officers directly from the government -to inspect the whole of the noble’s proceedings, as well in -managing his troops as in administering his lands.<a class="noteref" -id="n211.1src" href="#n211.1" name="n211.1src">9</a> The decline of the -king’s power freed the nobles from all check or control in the -management of their lands. And when, in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1536, the practice of farming was introduced into -the crown domains, it would seem to have been adopted by the military -leaders in their lands, and to have been continued till the annexation -of Gujarát by the emperor Akbar in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Under the Mughals</span>, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573–1760.</span>It was the -policy of Akbar rather to improve the existing system than to introduce -a new form of government. After to some extent contracting the limits -of Gujarát he constituted it a province or <i>sûbah</i> of -the empire, appointing to its <span class="marginnote">Administration.</span>government an officer of the highest -rank with the title of <i>sûbahdár</i> or viceroy. As was -the case under the Áhmedábád kings, the province -continued to be divided into territories managed by feudatory chiefs, -and <span class="marginnote">Crown Lands.</span>districts administered -by officers appointed either by the court of Dehli or by the local -viceroy. The head-quarters of the army remained at -Áhmedábád, and detachments were told off and -placed under the orders of the officers in charge of the directly -administered divisions. These district governors, as before, belonged -to two classes, paid officers responsible for the management of the -crown domains and military leaders in possession of lands assigned to -them in pay of their contingent of troops. The governors of the crown -domains, who were now known as <i>faujdárs</i> or commanders, -had, in addition to the command of the regular troops, the control of -the outposts maintained within the limits of their charge. Like their -predecessors they accompanied the viceroy in his yearly circuit for the -collection of tribute.</p> -<p>As a check on the military governors and to help them in collecting -the revenue, the distinct class of account officers formerly -established by king Áhmed I. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1412–1443) was again introduced. The head -of this branch of the administration was an officer, second in rank to -the viceroy alone, appointed direct from the court of Dehli with the -title of <i>diván</i>. Besides acting as collector-general of -the revenues of the province, this officer was also the head of its -civil administration. His title <i>diván</i> is generally -translated minister. And though the word minister does not express the -functions of the office, which corresponded more nearly with those of a -chief secretary, it represents with sufficient accuracy the relation in -which the holder of the office of <i>diván</i> generally stood -to the viceroy. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb212" href="#pb212" -name="pb212">212</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Introduction.<br> -<span class="sc">Under the Mughals</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573–1760.<br> -Revenue Officials.</span> <span class="marginnote">Revenue -Officials.</span>For its revenue administration each district or group -of districts had its revenue officials called <i>amíns</i> who -corresponded to the collector of modern times. There were also -<i>amíns</i> in the customs department separate from those whose -function was to control and administer the land revenue. Beneath the -<i>amín</i> came the <i>ámil</i><a class="noteref" id="n212.1src" href="#n212.1" name="n212.1src">10</a> who carried on the -actual collection of the land revenue or customs in each district or -<i>parganáh</i>, and below the <i>ámil</i> were the -<i>fáîls</i>, <i>mushrifs</i>, or -<i>kárkúns</i> that is the revenue clerks. The -<i>ámil</i> corresponded to the modern -<i>mámlatdár</i>, both terms meaning him who carries on -the <i>amal</i> or revenue management. In the leading ports the -<i>ámil</i> of the customs was called <i>mutasaddi</i> that is -civil officer.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Village Officers.</span>The -<i>ámil</i> or <i>mámlatdár</i> dealt directly -with the village officials, namely with the <i>mukaddam</i> or headman, -the <i>patwári</i> or lease manager, the -<i>kánúngo</i> or accountant, and the -<i>haváldár</i> or grain-yard guardian. The -<i>haváldár</i> superintended the separation of the -government share of the produce; apportioned to the classes subject to -forced labour their respective turns of duty; and exercised a general -police superintendence by means of subordinates called -<i>pasáitás</i> or <i>vartaniás</i>. In ports -under the <i>mutasaddi</i> was a harbour-master or -<i>sháh-bandar</i>.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Desáis.</span>Crown sub-divisions -had, in addition, the important class called <i>desáis</i>. The -<i><span class="corr" id="xd25e22963" title="Source: desái’s">desáis’</span></i> duty -appears at first to have been to collect the <i>salámi</i> or -tribute due by the smaller chiefs, landholders, and -<i>vántádárs</i> or sharers. For this, in -Akbar’s time, the <i>desái</i> received a remuneration of -2½ per cent on the sum collected. Under the first viceroy -Mírza Ázíz Kokaltásh (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573–1575) this percentage was reduced to -one-half of its former amount, and in later times this one-half was -again reduced by one-half. Though the Muhammadan historians give no -reason for so sweeping a reduction, the cause seems to have been the -inability of the <i>desáis</i> to collect the tribute without -the aid of a military force. Under the new system the -<i>desái</i> seems merely to have kept the accounts of the -tribute due, and the records both of the amount which should be levied -as tribute and of other customary rights of the crown. In later times -the <i>desáis</i> were to a great extent superseded by the -district accountants or <i>majmudárs</i>, and many -<i>desáis</i>, especially in south Gujarát, seem to have -sunk to <i>patels</i>.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Land Tax.</span>Up to the viceroyalty of -Mírza <span class="corr" id="xd25e23002" title="Source: Ísá">Ísa</span> Tarkhán -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1642–1644), the land tax -appears to have been levied from the cultivator in a fixed sum, but he -was also subject to numerous other imposts. Land grants in -<i>wazífah</i> carried with them an hereditary title and special -exemption from all levies except the land tax. The levy in kind appears -to have ceased before the close of Mughal rule. In place of a levy in -kind each village paid a fixed sum or <i>jama</i> through the district -accountant or <i>majmudár</i> who had taken the place of the -<i>desái</i>. As in many cases the <i>jama</i> really meant the -lump sum at which the crown villages were assessed and farmed to the -chiefs and <i>patels</i>, on the collapse of the empire many villages -thus farmed to chiefs and landlords were <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb213" href="#pb213" name="pb213">213</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Introduction.<br> -<span class="sc">Under the Mughals</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573–1760.<br> -Land Tax.</span> retained by them with the connivance of the -<i><span class="corr" id="xd25e23045" title="Source: mujmudárs">majmudárs</span> desáis</i> -and others.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Justice.</span>The administration of -justice seems to have been very complete. In each <i>kasbah</i> or town -<i>kázis</i>, endowed with glebe lands in addition to a -permanent salary, adjudicated disputes among Muhammadans according to -the laws of Islám. Disputes between Muhammadans and unbelievers, -or amongst unbelievers, were decided by the department called the -<i>sadárat</i>, the local judge being termed a <i>sadr</i>. The -decisions of the local <i>kázis</i> and <i>sadrs</i> were -subject to revision by the <i>kázi</i> or <i>sadr</i> of the -<i>súbah</i> who resided at Áhmedábád. And -as a last resort the Áhmedábád decisions were -subject to appeal to the <i>Kázi-ul-Kuzzát</i> and the -<i>Sadr-ûs-Sudûr</i> at the capital.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Fiscal.</span>The revenue appears to have -been classed under four main heads: 1. The -<i>Khazánah-i-Ámirah</i> or imperial treasury which -comprehended the land tax received from the crown -<i>parganáhs</i> or districts, the tribute, the five per cent -customs dues from infidels, the import dues on stuffs, and the -<i>sáyer</i> or land customs including transit dues, slave -market dues, and miscellaneous taxes. 2. The treasury of arrears into -which were paid government claims in arrear either from the -<i>ámils</i> or from the farmers of land revenue; -<i>takávi</i> advances due by the <i>raiyats</i>; and tribute -levied by the presence of a military force. 3. The treasury of -charitable endowments. Into this treasury was paid the 2½ per -cent levied as customs dues from Muhammadans.<a class="noteref" id="n213.1src" href="#n213.1" name="n213.1src">11</a> The pay of the -religious classes was defrayed from this treasury. 4. The treasury, -into which the <i>jaziah</i> or capitation tax levied from -<i>zimmís</i> or infidels who acknowledged Muhammadan rule, was -paid. The proceeds were expended in charity and public works. After the -death of the emperor Farrukhsiyar (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1713–1719), this source of revenue was -abolished. The arrangements introduced by Akbar in the end of the -sixteenth century remained in force till the death of Aurangzíb -in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1707. Then trouble and perplexity -daily increased, till in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1724–25, <span class="corr" id="xd25e23140" -title="Source: Hamid">Hamíd</span> Khán usurped the -government lands, and, seeking to get rid of the servants and -assignments, gradually obtained possession of the records of the -registry office. The keepers of the records were scattered, and yearly -revenue statements ceased to be received from the districts.<a class="noteref" id="n213.2src" href="#n213.2" name="n213.2src">12</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Assigned Lands.</span>Akbar continued the -system of assigning lands to military leaders in payment of their -contingents of troops. Immediately after the annexation in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573, almost the whole country was divided among -the great nobles.<a class="noteref" id="n213.3src" href="#n213.3" name="n213.3src">13</a> Except that the revenues of certain tracts were -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb214" href="#pb214" name="pb214">214</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Introduction.<br> -<span class="sc">Under the Mughals</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573–1760.<br> -Assigned Lands.</span> set aside for the imperial exchequer the -directly governed districts passed into the hands of military leaders -who employed their own agents to collect the revenue. During the -seventeenth century the practice of submitting a yearly record of their -revenues, and the power of the viceroy to bring them to account for -misgovernment, exercised a check on the management of the military -leaders. And during this time a yearly surplus revenue of -£600,000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 60,00,000) from the -assigned and crown lands was on an average forwarded from -Gujarát to Dehli. In the eighteenth century the decay of the -viceroy’s authority was accompanied by the gradually increased -power of the military leaders in possession of assigned districts, till -finally, as in the case of the Nawábs of Broach and Surat, they -openly claimed the position of independent rulers.<a class="noteref" -id="n214.1src" href="#n214.1" name="n214.1src">14</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Minor Offices.</span>Of both leading and -minor officials the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi supplies the following -additional details. The highest officer who was appointed under the -seal of the minister of the empire was the provincial -<i>diván</i> or minister. He had charge of the fiscal affairs of -the province and of the revenues of the <i>khálsa</i> or crown -lands, and was in some matters independent of the viceroy. Besides his -personal salary he had 150 <i>sawárs</i> for two provincial -<i>thánás</i> Arjanpur and Khambália. Under the -<i>diván</i> the chief officers were the -<i>píshkár diván</i> his first assistant, who was -appointed under imperial orders by the patent of the -<i>diván</i>, the <i>daroghah</i> or head of the office, and the -<i>sharf</i> or <i>mushrif</i> and <i>tehwildár</i> of the -<i>daftar khánáhs</i>, who presided over the accounts -with <i>munshis</i> and <i>muharrirs</i> or secretaries and writers. -The <i>kázis</i>, both town and city, with the sanction of the -emperor were appointed by the chief law officer of the empire through -the chief law officer of the province. They were lodged by the state, -paid partly in cash partly in land, and kept up a certain number of -troopers. In the <i><span class="corr" id="xd25e23246" title="Source: kází’s">kázis’</span></i> -courts <i>wakíls</i> or pleaders and <i>muftís</i> or law -officers drew 8 as. to Re. 1 a day. Newly converted Musalmáns -also drew 8 as. a day. The city censor or <i>muhtasib</i> had the -supervision of morals and of weights and measures. He was paid in cash -and land, and was expected to keep up sixty troopers. The news-writer, -who was sometimes also <i>bakhshi</i> or military paymaster, had a -large staff of news-writers called -<i>wákiâh-nigár</i> who worked in the district -courts and offices as well as in the city courts. He received his -news-reports every evening and embodied them in a letter which was sent -to court by camel post. A second staff of news-writers called -<i>sawáníhnigár</i> reported rumours. A third set -were the <i>harkárás</i> on the viceroy’s staff. -Postal <i>chaukis</i> or stations extended from -Áhmedábád to the Ajmír frontier, each with -men and horse ready to carry the imperial post which reached -Sháh Jehánábád or Dehli in seven days. A -line of posts also ran south through Broach to the Dakhan. The -<i>faujdárs</i> or military police, who were sometimes -commanders of a thousand and held estates, controlled both the city and -the district police. The <i>kotwál</i> or head of the city -night-watch was appointed by the viceroy. He had fifty troopers and a -hundred foot. In the treasury department were the <i>amín</i> or -chief, the <i>dároghah</i>, the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb215" href="#pb215" name="pb215">215</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Introduction.<br> -<span class="sc">Under the Mughals</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573–1760.<br> -Minor Offices.</span> <i>mushrif</i>, the treasurer, and five -messengers. In the medical department were a Yúnáni or -Greek school and a Hindu physician, two under-physicians on eight and -ten annas a day, and a surgeon. The yearly grant for food and medicine -amounted to <abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 2000.<a class="noteref" id="n215.1src" href="#n215.1" name="n215.1src">15</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Land Tenures.</span>Besides the class of -vernacular terms that belong to the administration of the province, -certain technical words connected with the tenure of land are of -frequent occurrence in this history. For each of these, in addition to -the English equivalent which as far as possible has been given in the -text, some explanation seems necessary. During the period to which this -history refers, the superior holders of the land of the province -belonged to two main classes, those whose claims dated from before the -Musalmán conquest and those whose interest in the land was based -on a Musalmán grant. By the Musalmán historians, -landholders of the first class, who were all Hindus, are called -<i>zamíndárs</i>, while landholders of the second class, -Musalmáns as a rule, are spoken of as -<i>jágírdárs</i>. Though the term -<i>zamíndár</i> was used to include the whole body of -superior Hindu landholders, in practice a marked distinction was drawn -between the almost independent chief, who still enjoyed his Hindu title -of <i>rája</i>, <i>rával</i>, <i>ráv</i>, or -<i>jám</i>, and the petty claimant to a share in a government -village, who in a Hindu state would have been known as a -<i>garásiá</i>.<a class="noteref" id="n215.2src" href="#n215.2" name="n215.2src">16</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Hereditary Hindu Landholders.</span>The -larger landholders, who had succeeded in avoiding complete subjection, -were, as noticed above, liable only for the payment of a certain fixed -sum, the collection of which by the central power in later times -usually required the presence of a military force. With regard to the -settlement of the claims of the smaller landholders of the superior -class, whose estates fell within the limits of the directly -administered districts, no steps seem to have been taken till the reign -of Áhmed Sháh I. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1411–1443). About the year <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1420 the peace of his kingdom was so broken by -agrarian disturbances, that Áhmed Sháh agreed, on -condition of their paying tribute and performing military service, to -re-grant to the landholders of the <i>zamíndár</i> class -as hereditary possessions a one-fourth share of their former village -lands. The portion so set apart was called <i>vánta</i> or -share, and the remainder, retained as state land, was called -<i>talpat</i>. This agreement continued till, in the year <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1545, during the reign of Mahmúd -Sháh II. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1536–1553), an -attempt was made to annex these private shares to the crown. This -measure caused much discontent and disorder. It was reversed by the -emperor Akbar who, as part of the settlement of the province in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1583, restored their one-fourth share -to the landholders, and, except that the Maráthás -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb216" href="#pb216" name="pb216">216</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Introduction.<br> -<span class="sc">Under the Mughals</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573–1760.<br> -Hereditary Hindu Landholders.</span> afterwards levied an additional -quit-rent from these lands, the arrangements then introduced have since -continued in force.<a class="noteref" id="n216.1src" href="#n216.1" -name="n216.1src">17</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Levies.</span>During the decay of -Musalmán rule in Gujarát in the first half of the -eighteenth century, shareholders of the <i>garásia</i> class in -government villages, who were always ready to increase their power by -force, levied many irregular exactions from their more peaceful -neighbours, the cultivators or inferior landholders. These levies are -known as <i>vol</i> that is a forced contribution or <i>pál</i> -that is protection. All have this peculiar characteristic that they -were paid by the cultivators of crown lands to petty marauders to -purchase immunity from their attacks. They in no case partook of the -nature of dues imposed by a settled government on its own subjects. -<i>Tora garás</i>, more correctly <i>toda garás</i>, is -another levy which had its origin in eighteenth century disorder. It -was usually a readymoney payment taken from villages which, though at -the time crown or <i>khálsa</i>, had formerly belonged to the -<i>garásia</i> who exacted the levy. Besides a readymoney -payment contributions in kind were sometimes exacted.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Service Lands.</span>The second class of -superior landholders were those whose title was based on a -Musalmán grant. Such grants were either assignments of large -tracts of land to the viceroy, district-governors, and nobles, to -support the dignity of their position and maintain a contingent of -troops, or they were allotments on a smaller scale granted in reward -for some special service. Land granted with these objects was called -<i>jágír</i>, and the holder of the land -<i>jágírdár</i>. In theory, on the death of the -original grantee, such possessions were strictly resumable; in practice -they tended to become hereditary. No regular payments were required -from holders of <i>jágírs</i>. Only under the name of -<i>peshkash</i> occasional contributions were demanded. These -occasional contributions generally consisted of such presents as a -horse, an elephant, or some other article of value. They had more of -the nature of a freewill offering than of an enforced tribute. Under -the Musalmáns contributions of this kind were the only payments -exacted from proprietors of the <i>jágírdár</i> -class. But the Maráthás, in addition to contributions, -imposed on <i>jágírdárs</i> a regular tribute, -similar to that paid by the representatives of the original class of -superior Hindu landholders.</p> -<p>Under Musalmán rule great part of Gujarát was always -in the hands of <i>jágírdárs</i>. So powerful were -they that on two occasions under the Áhmedábád -kings, in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1554 and <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1572, the leading <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb217" href="#pb217" name="pb217">217</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Introduction.<br> -<span class="sc">Condition of Gujarát</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297–1760.</span> nobles distributed among -themselves the entire area of the kingdom.<a class="noteref" id="n217.1src" href="#n217.1" name="n217.1src">18</a> Again, during the -eighteenth century, when Mughal rule was on the decline, the -<i>jágírdárs</i> by degrees won for themselves -positions of almost complete independence.<a class="noteref" id="n217.2src" href="#n217.2" name="n217.2src">19</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Condition of -Gujarát</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297–1760.</span>The changes in the extent -of territory and in the form of administration illustrate the effect of -the government on the condition of the people during the different -periods of Musalmán rule. The following summary of the leading -characteristics of each of the main divisions of the four-and-a-half -centuries of Musalmán ascendancy may serve as an introduction to -the detailed narrative of events.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Under the Early Viceroys, -1297–1403.</span>On conquering Gujarát in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297 the Musalmáns found the country in -disorder. The last kings of Aṇahilapur or Pátan, suffering -under the defects of an incomplete title, held even their crown lands -with no firmness of grasp, and had allowed the outlying territory to -slip almost entirely from their control. Several of the larger and more -distant rulers had resumed their independence. The Bhíls and -Kolis of the hills, forests, and rough river banks were in revolt. And -stranger chiefs, driven south by the Musalmán conquests in Upper -India, had robbed the central power of much territory.<a class="noteref" id="n217.3src" href="#n217.3" name="n217.3src">20</a> The -records of the early Musalmán governors (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297–1391) show suspicion on the side of -the Dehli court and disloyalty on the part of more than one viceroy, -much confusion throughout the province, and little in the way of -government beyond the exercise of military force. At the same time, in -spite of wars and rebellions, the country, in parts at least, seems to -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb218" href="#pb218" name="pb218">218</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Introduction.<br> -<span class="sc">Condition of Gujarát</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297–1760.</span> have been well -cultivated, and trade and manufactures to have been -flourishing.<a class="noteref" id="n218.1src" href="#n218.1" name="n218.1src">21</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Under the Kings, 1403–1573.</span>The -period of the rule of the Áhmedábád kings -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573) contains two -divisions, one lasting from <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403 to -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1530, on the whole a time of strong -government and of growing power and prosperity; the other the -forty-three years from <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1530 to the -conquest of the province by the emperor Akbar in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573, a time of disorder and misrule. In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403 when Gujarát separated -from Dehli the new king held but a narrow strip of plain. On the north -were the independent chiefs of Sirohi and Jhálor, from whom he -occasionally levied contributions. On the east the Rája of -Ídar, another Rájput prince, was in possession of the -western skirts of the hills and forests, and the rest of that tract was -held by the mountain tribes of Bhils and Kolis. On the west the -peninsula was in the hands of nine or ten Hindu tribes, probably -tributary, but by no means obedient.<a class="noteref" id="n218.2src" -href="#n218.2" name="n218.2src">22</a> In the midst of so unsettled and -warlike a population, all the efforts of Muzaffar I., the founder of -the dynasty, were spent in establishing his power. It was not until the -reign of his successor Áhmed I. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1412–1443) that steps were taken to settle -the different classes of the people in positions of permanent order. -About the year <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1420 two important -measures were introduced. Of these one assigned lands for the support -of the troops, and the other recognised the rights of the superior -class of Hindu landholders to a portion of the village lands they had -formerly held. The effect of these changes was to establish order -throughout the districts directly under the authority of the crown. And -though, in the territories subject to feudatory chiefs, the presence of -an armed force was still required to give effect to the king’s -claims for tribute, his increasing power and wealth made efforts at -independence more hopeless, and gradually secured the subjection of the -greater number of his vassals. During the latter part of the fifteenth -and the first quarter of the sixteenth century the power of the -Áhmedábád kings was at its height. At that time -their dominions included twenty-five divisions or -<i>sarkárs</i>. Among nine of these namely Pátan, -Áhmedábád, <span class="corr" id="xd25e23660" -title="Source: Sûnth">Sunth</span>, Godhra, -Chámpáner, Baroda, Broach, Nándod or -Rájpípla, and Surat the central plain was distributed. In -addition in the north were four divisions, Sirohi, Jhálor, -Jodhpur, and Nágor now in south-west and central -Rájputána; in the north-east two, <span class="corr" id="xd25e23664" title="Source: Dûngarpur">Dúngarpur</span> -and Bánsváda, now in the extreme <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb219" href="#pb219" name="pb219">219</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Introduction.<br> -<span class="sc">Condition of Gujarát</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297–1760.<br> -Under the Kings, 1403–1573.</span> south of -Rájputána; in the east and south-east three, -Nandurbár now in Khándesh, Mulher or Báglán -now in Násik, and Rám Nagar or Dharampur now in Surat; in -the south four, <span class="corr" id="xd25e23684" title="Source: Dandá-Rájapuri">Danda-Rájapuri</span> or -Janjira, Bombay, Bassein, and Daman now in the Konkan; in the west two, -Sorath and Navánagar now in <span class="corr" id="xd25e23687" -title="Source: Kathiáváḍa">Káthiáváḍa</span>; -and Kachh in the north-west. Besides the revenues of these districts, -tribute was received from the rulers of <span class="corr" id="xd25e23690" title="Source: Áhmednagar">Ahmednagar</span>, -Burhánpur, Berár, Golkonda, and Bijápur, and -customs dues from twenty-five ports on the western coast of India and -from twenty-six foreign marts, some of them in India and others in the -Persian Gulf and along the Arabian coast.<a class="noteref" id="n219.1src" href="#n219.1" name="n219.1src">23</a> The total revenue -from these three sources is said in prosperous times to have amounted -to a yearly sum of £11,460,000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> -11,46,00,000). Of this total amount the territorial revenue from the -twenty-five districts yielded £5,840,000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 5,84,00,000), or slightly more than one-half. Of -the remaining £5,620,000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> -5,62,00,000) about one-fifth part was derived from the Dakhan tribute -and the rest from customs-dues.<a class="noteref" id="n219.2src" href="#n219.2" name="n219.2src">24</a></p> -<p>The buildings at Áhmedábád, and the ruins of -Chámpáner and Mehmúdábád, prove how -much wealth was at the command of the sovereign and his nobles, while -the accounts of travellers seem to show that the private expenditure of -the rulers was not greater than the kingdom was well able to bear. The -Portuguese traveller Duarte Barbosa, who was in Gujarát between -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1511 and <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1514, found the capital Chámpáner a -great city, in a very fertile country of abundant provisions, with many -cows sheep and goats and plenty of fruit, so that it was full of all -things.<a class="noteref" id="n219.3src" href="#n219.3" name="n219.3src">25</a> Áhmedábád was still larger, -very rich and well <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb220" href="#pb220" -name="pb220">220</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Introduction.<br> -<span class="sc">Condition of Gujarát</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297–1760.<br> -Under the Kings, 1403–1573.</span> supplied, embellished with -good streets and squares, with houses of stone and cement. It was not -from the interior districts of the province that the -Áhmedábád kings derived the chief part of their -wealth, but from those lying along the coast, which were enriched by -manufactures and commerce.<a class="noteref" id="n220.1src" href="#n220.1" name="n220.1src">26</a> So it was that along the shores of -the gulf of Cambay and southward as far as Bombay the limit of the -Gujarát kingdom, besides many small sea-ports, Barbosa chooses -out for special mention twelve ‘towns of commerce, very rich and -of great trade.’ Among these was Diu, off the south coast of -Káthiáváḍa, yielding so large a revenue to -the king as to be ‘a marvel and amazement.’ And chief of -all Cambay, in a goodly, fertile, and pretty country full of abundant -provisions; with rich merchants and men of great prosperity; with -craftsmen and mechanics of subtle workmanship in cotton, silk, ivory, -silver, and precious stones; the people well dressed, leading luxurious -lives, much given to pleasure and amusement.<a class="noteref" id="n220.2src" href="#n220.2" name="n220.2src">27</a></p> -<p>The thirty-eight years between the defeat of king Bahádur by -the emperor Humáyún in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1535 and the annexation of Gujarát by -Akbar in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573 was a time of -confusion. Abroad, the superiority of Gujarát over the -neighbouring powers was lost, and the limits of the kingdom shrank; at -home, after the attempted confiscation (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1545) of their shares in village lands the -disaffection of the superior landowners became general, and the court, -beyond the narrow limits of the crown domains, ceased to exercise -substantial control over <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb221" href="#pb221" name="pb221">221</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Introduction.<br> -<span class="sc">Condition of Gujarát</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297–1760.</span> either its chief nobles -or the more turbulent classes. In spite of these forty years of -disorder, the province retained so much of its former prosperity, that -the boast of the local historians that in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573 Gujarát was in every respect allowed -to be the finest country in Hindustán is supported by the -details shortly afterwards (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1590) -given by Abul Fazl in the Áin-i-Akbari. The high road from -Pátan to Baroda was throughout its length of 150 miles (100 -<i>kos</i>) lined on both sides with mango trees; the fields were -bounded with hedges; and such was the abundance of mango and other -fruit trees that the whole country seemed a garden. The people were -well housed in dwellings with walls of brick and mortar and with tiled -roofs; many of them rode in carriages drawn by oxen<span class="corr" -id="xd25e23921" title="Source: :">;</span> the province was famous for -its painters, carvers, inlayers, and other craftsmen.<a class="noteref" -id="n221.1src" href="#n221.1" name="n221.1src">28</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Under the Mughals, -1573–1760.</span>Like the period of the rule of the -Áhmedábád kings, the period of Mughal rule -contains two divisions, a time of good government lasting from -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573 to <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1700, and a time of disorder from <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1700 to <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760. -Under the arrangements introduced by the emperor Akbar in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1583, the area of the province was considerably -curtailed. Of its twenty-five districts nine were restored to the -states from which the vigour of the Áhmedábád -kings had wrested them; Jálor and Jodhpur were transferred to -Rájputána; Nágor to Ajmír; Mulher and -Nandurbár to Khándesh; Bombay, Bassein, and Daman were -allowed to remain under the Portuguese; and <span class="corr" id="xd25e23947" title="Source: Danda-Rájápuri">Danda-Rájapuri</span> -(Jinjira) was made over to the Nizámsháhi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1490–1595) rulers of the Dakhan Ahmednagar. -Of the remaining sixteen, Sirohi, Dungarpur, and Bánsváda -now in Rájputána, Kachh, Sûnth in Rewa -Kántha, and Rámnagar (Dharampur) in Surat were, on the -payment of tribute, allowed to continue in the hands of their Hindu -rulers. The ten remaining districts were administered directly by -imperial officers. But as the revenues of the district of Surat had -been separately assigned to its revenue officer or <i>mutasaddi</i>, -only nine districts with 184 sub-divisions or <i>parganáhs</i> -were entered in the collections from the viceroy of Gujarát. -These nine districts were in continental Gujarát, Pátan -with seventeen sub-divisions, Áhmedábád with -thirty-three, Godhra with eleven, Chámpáner with -thirteen, Baroda with four, Broach with fourteen, and Rájpipla -(Nándod) with twelve. In the peninsula were Sorath with -sixty-two and Navánagar with seventeen sub-divisions. This -lessening of area seems to have been accompanied by even more than a -corresponding reduction in the state demand. Instead of -£5,840,050 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 5,84,00,500), the -revenue recovered in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1571, two years -before the province was annexed, under the arrangement introduced by -the emperor Akbar, the total amount, including the receipts from Surat -and the tribute of the six feudatory <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb222" href="#pb222" name="pb222">222</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Introduction.<br> -<span class="sc">Condition of Gujarát</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297–1760.<br> -Under the Mughals, 1573–1760.</span> districts, is returned at -£1,999,113 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 1,99,91,130) or -little more than one-third part of what was formerly -collected.<a class="noteref" id="n222.1src" href="#n222.1" name="n222.1src">29</a></p> -<p>According to the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi this revenue of -£1,999,113 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 1,99,91,130) -continued to be realised as late as the reign of Muhammad Sháh -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1719–1748). But within the -next twelve years (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1748–1762) -the whole revenue had fallen to £1,235,000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 1,23,50,000). Of £1,999,113 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 1,99,91,130), the total amount levied by Akbar on -the annexation of the province, £520,501 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 52,05,010), or a little more than a quarter, were -set apart for imperial use and royal expense; £55,000 -(<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 5,50,000) were assigned for the -support of the viceroy and the personal estates of the nobles, and the -remainder was settled for the pay of other officers of rank and court -officials. Nearly £30,000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> -3,00,000) were given away as rewards and pensions to religious orders -and establishments.<a class="noteref" id="n222.2src" href="#n222.2" -name="n222.2src">30</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb223" href="#pb223" name="pb223">223</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Introduction.<br> -<span class="sc">Condition of Gujarát</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297–1760.<br> -Under the Mughals, 1573–1760.</span> Besides lightening the state -demand the emperor Akbar introduced three improvements: (1) The survey -of the land; (2) The payment of the headmen or <i>mukaddams</i> of -government villages; and (3) The restoration to small superior -landholders of the share they formerly enjoyed in the lands of -government villages. The survey which was entrusted to Rája -Todar Mal, the revenue minister of the empire, was completed in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1575. The operations were confined to -a small portion of the whole area of the province. Besides the six -tributary districts which were unaffected by the measure, Godhra in the -east, the western peninsula, and a large portion of the central strip -of directly governed lands were excluded, so that of the 184 -sub-divisions only 64 were surveyed. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1575, of 7,261,849 acres (12,360,594 -<i>bighás</i>), the whole area measured, 4,920,818 acres -(8,374,498 <i>bighás</i>) or about two-thirds were found to be -fit for cultivation, and the remainder was waste. In those parts of the -directly governed districts where the land was not measured the -existing method of determining the government share of the produce -either by selecting a portion of the field while the crop was still -standing, or by dividing the grain heap at harvest time, was continued. -In surveyed districts the amount paid was determined by the area and -character of the land under cultivation. Payment was made either in -grain or in money, according to the instructions issued to the -revenue-collectors, ‘that when it would not prove oppressive the -value of the grain should be taken in ready money at the market -price.’<a class="noteref" id="n223.1src" href="#n223.1" name="n223.1src">31</a> The chief change in the revenue management was that, -instead of each year calculating the government share from the -character of the crop, an uniform demand was fixed to run for a term of -ten years.</p> -<p>Another important effect of this survey was to extend to cultivators -in simple villages the proprietary interest in the soil formerly -enjoyed only by the shareholders of joint villages. By this change the -power of the military nobles to make undue exactions from the -cultivators in their assigned lands was to some extent checked. It was, -perhaps, also an indirect effect of this more definite settlement of -the crown demand that the revenue agents of government and of the -holders of assigned lands, finding that the revenues could be realised -without their help, refused to allow to the heads of villages certain -revenue dues which, in return for their services, they had hitherto -enjoyed. Accordingly, in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1589–90, these heads of villages appealed -to government and Akbar decided that in assigned districts as well as -in the crown domains from the collections of government lands -two-and-a-half per cent should be set apart as a perquisite for men of -this class.<a class="noteref" id="n223.2src" href="#n223.2" name="n223.2src">32</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb224" href="#pb224" -name="pb224">224</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Introduction.<br> -<span class="sc">Condition of Gujarát</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297–1760.<br> -Under the Mughals, 1573–1760.</span> When the heads of villages -laid their own private grievance before government, they also brought -to its notice that the Koli and Rájput landowners, whose shares -in government villages had been resumed by the crown in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1545, had since that time continued in a state of -discontent and revolt and were then causing the ruin of the subjects -and a deficiency in the government collections. An inquiry was -instituted, and, to satisfy the claims of landowners of this class, it -was agreed that, on furnishing good security for their conduct and -receiving the government mark on their contingent of cavalry, they -should again be put in possession of a one-fourth share of the land of -government villages. While the province was managed agreeably to these -regulations, says the author of the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi, its -prosperity continued to increase.<a class="noteref" id="n224.1src" -href="#n224.1" name="n224.1src">33</a></p> -<p>Though these measures did much to check internal disorder, -Gujarát, for several years after it came under Mughal control, -continued disturbed by insurrections among the nobles, and so -imperfectly protected from the attacks of foreign enemies that between -the years <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573 and 1609 each of its -three richest cities, Áhmedábád Cambay and Surat, -was in turn taken and plundered.<a class="noteref" id="n224.2src" href="#n224.2" name="n224.2src">34</a> During the rest <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb225" href="#pb225" name="pb225">225</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Introduction.<br> -<span class="sc">Condition of Gujarát</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297–1760.<br> -Under the Mughals, 1573–1760.</span> of the seventeenth century, -though the country was from time to time disturbed by Koli and -Rájput risings, and towards the end of the century suffered much -from the raids of the Maráthás, the viceroys were, on the -whole, able to maintain their authority, repressing the outbreaks of -the disorderly classes, and enforcing the imperial claims for tribute -on the more independent feudatory chiefs. Throughout the greater part -of the seventeenth century the general state of the province seems to -have been prosperous. Its cities were the wonder of European -travellers. Surat, which only since the transfer of Gujarát to -the Mughal empire had risen to hold a place among its chief centres of -trade, was, in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1664, when taken by -Shiváji, rich enough to supply him with plunder in treasure and -precious stones worth a million sterling<a class="noteref" id="n225.1src" href="#n225.1" name="n225.1src">35</a>; and at that time -Cambay is said to have been beyond comparison greater than Surat, and -Áhmedábád much richer and more populous than -either.<a class="noteref" id="n225.2src" href="#n225.2" name="n225.2src">36</a></p> -<p>From the beginning of the eighteenth century disorder increased. -Unable to rely for support on the imperial court, the viceroys failed -to maintain order among the leading nobles, or to enforce their tribute -from the more powerful feudatories. And while the small Koli and -Rájput landholders, freed from the control of a strong central -power, were destroying the military posts, taking possession of the -state share of village lands, and levying dues from their more peaceful -neighbours, the burden of the Marátha tribute was year by year -growing heavier. During the last ten years of Musalmán rule so -entirely did the viceroy’s authority forsake him, that, according -to the author of the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi, when the great -landholders refused to pay their tribute, the viceroy had no power to -enforce payment. And so faithless had the great landowners become that -the viceroy could not pass the city gate without an escort.<a class="noteref" id="n225.3src" href="#n225.3" name="n225.3src">37</a> -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb226" href="#pb226" name="pb226">226</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Introduction.<br> -<span class="sc">Condition of Gujarát</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297–1760.<br> -Self-governed Zamíndárs.</span> The above summary -contains frequent references to three classes of -zamíndárs: (1) The <i>zamíndárs</i> of the -self-governed states; (2) The greater <i>zamíndárs</i> of -the crown districts; and (3) The lesser <i>zamíndárs</i> -of the crown districts.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Self-governed -Zamíndárs.</span>In the case of the -<i>zamíndárs</i> of self-governed states the principle -was military service and no tribute. The author of the -Mirăt-i-Áhmedi says that finally the -<i>zamíndárs</i> of the self-governed states ceased to do -service. In spite of this statement it seems probable that some of this -class served almost until the complete collapse of the empire, and that -tribute was rarely levied from them by an armed force. In the -Mirăt-i-Áhmedi account of the office of -<i>súbahdár</i> or <i>názim sûbah</i> the -following passage occurs: When occasion arose the <i>názims</i> -used to take with their armies the contingents of the -Ránás of Udepur Dúngarpur and -Bánsváda, which were always permanently posted outside -their official residences (in Áhmedábád). This -shows that these great <i>zamíndárs</i> had official -residences at the capital, where probably their contingents were posted -under <i>wakíls</i> or agents. It therefore seems probable that -their tribute too would be paid through their representatives at the -capital and that a military force was seldom sent against them. -Accordingly notices of military expeditions in the tributary -<i>sarkárs</i> are rare though they were of constant occurrence -in the crown districts.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Crown Zamíndárs.</span>The -position of the <i>zamíndárs</i> of the -<i>khálsa</i> or crown districts was very different from that of -the <i>zamíndárs</i> of self-governed territories. The -<i>khálsa zamíndárs</i> had been deprived of the -greater portion of their ancestral estates which were administered by -the viceregal revenue establishment. In some instances their capitals -had been annexed. Even if not annexed the capital was the seat of -<i>faujdár</i> who possessed the authority and encroached daily -on the rights and privileges of the chieftain. The principal chiefs in -this position were those of Rájpípla and Ídar in -Gujarát and the Jám of Navánagar in -Káthiáváḍa. Of the three, Rájpipla -had been deprived of his capital Nándod and of all the fertile -districts, and was reduced to a barren sovereignty over -rocks<span class="corr" id="xd25e24361" title="Not in source">,</span> -hills and Bhíls at Rájpípla. Ídar had -suffered similar treatment and the capital was the seat of a Muhammadan -<i>faujdár</i>. Navánagar, which had hitherto been a -tributary <i>sarkár</i>, was during the reign of -Aurangzíb made a crown district. But after -Aurangzíb’s death the Jám returned to his capital -and again resumed his tributary relations.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Smaller Zamíndárs.</span>The -lesser holders, including <i>grásiás -wántádárs</i> and others, had suffered similar -deprivation of lands and were subject to much encroachment from the -government officials. Throughout the empire widespread discontent -prevailed among subordinate holders of this description as well as -among all the <i>zamíndárs</i> of the crown districts, so -that the successes of Shiváji in the Dakhan found ardent -sympathisers even in Gujarát. When the -<i>zamíndárs</i> saw that this Hindu rebel was strong -enough to pillage Surat they began to hope that a day of deliverance -was near. The death of Aurangzíb (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1707) was the signal for these restless spirits -to bestir themselves. When the Maráthás began regular -inroads they were hailed as deliverers from the yoke <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb227" href="#pb227" name="pb227">227</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Introduction.<br> -<span class="sc">Condition of Gujarát</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297–1760.<br> -Smaller Zamíndárs.</span> of the Mughal. The -Rájpípla chief afforded them shelter and a passage -through his country. The encouragement to anarchy given by some of the -Rájput viceroys who were anxious to emancipate themselves from -the central control further enabled many chieftains -<i>girásiás</i> and others to absorb large portions of -the crown domains, and even to recover their ancient capitals. Finally -disaffected Muhammadan <i>faujdárs</i> succeeded in building up -estates out of the possessions of the crown and founding the families -which most of the present Muhammadan chieftains of Gujarát -represent.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Marátha Ascendancy, -1760–1802.</span>When the imperial power had been usurped by the -Marátha leaders, the chiefs who had just shaken off the more -powerful Mughal yoke were by no means disposed tamely to submit to -Marátha domination. Every chief resisted the levy of tribute and -<span class="corr" id="xd25e24415" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán reconquered -Áhmedábád. In this struggle the -Maráthás laboured under the disadvantage of dissensions -between the Peshwa and the Gáikwár. They were also -unaware of the actual extent of the old imperial domain and were -ignorant of the amount of tribute formerly levied. They found that the -<i>faujdárs</i>, who, in return for Marátha aid in -enabling them to absorb the crown <i>parganáhs</i>, had agreed -to pay tribute, now joined the <i>zamíndárs</i> in -resisting Marátha demands, while with few exceptions the -<i>desáis</i> and <i>majmudárs</i> either openly allied -themselves with the <i>zamíndárs</i> or were by force or -fraud deprived of their records. <span class="marginnote">Gáikwár Saved by British Alliance, -1802.</span>So serious were the obstacles to the collection of the -Marátha tribute that, had it not been for the British alliance -in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1802, there seems little doubt -that the Gáikwár would have been unable to enforce his -demands in his more distant possessions. The British alliance checked -the disintegration of the Gáikwár’s power, and the -permanent settlement of the tribute early in this century enabled that -chief to collect a large revenue at a comparatively trifling cost. Not -only were rebels like Malhárráo and Kánoji -suppressed, but powerful servants like Vithalráv Deváji, -who without doubt would have asserted their independence, were -confirmed in their allegiance and the rich possessions they had -acquired became part of the Gáikwár’s -dominions.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Power of Chiefs.</span>It must not be -supposed that while the larger chiefs were busy absorbing whole -<i>parganáhs</i> the lesser chiefs were more backward. They too -annexed villages and even Mughal posts or <i>thánáhs</i>, -while <i>wántádárs</i> or sharers absorbed the -<i>talpat</i> or state portion, and, under the name of <i>tora -garás</i>,<a class="noteref" id="n227.1src" href="#n227.1" name="n227.1src">38</a> daring spirits imposed certain rights over crown -villages once their ancient possessions, or, under the name of -<i>pál</i> or <i>vol</i>, enforced from neighbouring villages -payments to secure immunity from pillage. Even in the Baroda district -of the thirteen Mughal posts only ten now belong to the -Gáikwár, two having been conquered by -<i>girásiás</i> and one having fallen under Broach. In -<span class="corr" id="xd25e24494" title="Source: Sauráshtra">Sauráshṭra</span> except -Ránpur and Gogha and those in the Amreli district, not a single -Mughal post is in the possession either of the British Government or of -the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb228" href="#pb228" name="pb228">228</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Introduction.<br> -<span class="sc">Condition of Gujarát</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297–1760.<br> -Power of Chiefs.</span> Gáikwár. A reference to the -Mughal posts in other parts of Gujarát shows that the same -result followed the collapse of Musalmán power.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Power of Local Chiefs.</span>Since the -introduction of Musalmán rule in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297 each successive government has been -subverted by the ambition of the nobles and the disaffection of the -chiefs. It was thus that the Gujarát Sultáns rendered -themselves independent of Dehli. It was thus that the -Sultán’s territories became divided among the nobles, -whose dissensions reduced the province to Akbar’s authority. It -was thus that the chiefs and local governors, conniving at -Marátha inroads, subverted Mughal rule. Finally it was thus that -the Gáikwár lost his hold of his possessions and was -rescued from ruin solely by the power of the British. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb229" href="#pb229" name="pb229">229</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n207.1" -href="#n207.1src" name="n207.1">1</a></span> The first notice of the -exercise of sovereignty by the Musalmán rulers of Gujarát -over lands further south than the neighbourhood of Surat is in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1428, when king Áhmed I. -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1412–1443) contested with the -Dakhan sovereign the possession of Máhim (north latitude 19° -40′; east longitude 72° 47′). As no record remains of a -Musalmán conquest of the coast as far south as Danda -Rájapuri or Janjira, about fifty miles south of Bombay, it seems -probable that the North Konkan fell to the Musalmáns in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297 as part of the recognised -territories of the lords of <span class="corr" id="xd25e22543" title="Source: Anahilapura">Aṇahilapura</span> (Pátan). -Rás Málá, I. 350. One earlier reference may be -noted. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1422 among the leading men -slain in the battle of Sárangpur, about fifty miles north-east -of Ujjain in Central India, was Sávant chief of Danda -Rájapuri that is Janjíra. Mirăt-i-Sikandari (Persian -Text), 40, and Farishtah (Persian Text), II. 468. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n207.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n208.1" -href="#n208.1src" name="n208.1">2</a></span> The details of -Akbar’s settlement in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1583 show -Sorath with sixty-three subdivisions and Navánagar -(Islámnagar) with seventeen. Similarly in the -Áin-i-Akbari (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1590) Sorath -with its nine divisions includes the whole peninsula except -Jháláváḍa in the north, which was then part -of Áhmedábád. Gladwin, II. 64 and -66–71. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n208.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n208.2" -href="#n208.2src" name="n208.2">3</a></span> Bird’s History of -Gujarát, 418. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n208.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n208.3" -href="#n208.3src" name="n208.3">4</a></span> Naiyad is the present -Naiyadkántha about ten miles south-west of Rádhanpur -containing Jatvár and Várahi in the west near the Ran and -spreading east to Sami and Munjpur thirty to forty miles south-west of -Pátan. Hálár is in the north-west of the -peninsula; <span class="corr" id="xd25e22622" title="Source: Káthiaváḍa">Káthiáváḍa</span> -in the centre; Gohilváḍa in the south-east; -Bábriáváḍa south-west of <span class="corr" -id="xd25e22625" title="Source: Gohilvaḍa">Gohilváḍa</span>; Chorár -or Chorvár north-west of Virával; Panchál in the -north-east centre; Okhágir or <span class="corr" id="xd25e22628" -title="Source: Okhamandal">Okhámandal</span> in the extreme -west. Nalkántha is the hollow between -Káthiáváḍa and the mainland. Besides these -names the author of the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi gives one more -district in Sorath and others in Gujarát. The name he gives in -Sorath is Nágher or Nághír which he says is also -called Sálgogah. Sálgogah is apparently Siálbet -and its neighbourhood, as Kodinár, -Mádhúpúr, Chingaria, and Pata in south -Káthiáváḍa are still locally known as -Nagher, a tract famous for its fruitfulness. The -Mirăt-i-Áhmedi contains the following additional local -names: For Kadi thirty-five miles north-west of -Áhmedábád, Dandái; for Dholka twenty-five -miles south-west of Áhmedábád, Práth-Nagri; -for Cambay, Támbánagri; for <span class="corr" id="xd25e22631" title="Source: Víramgam">Víramgám</span> forty miles -north-west of Áhmedábád, -Jháláwár; for Múnjpur twenty-two miles -south-east of Rádhanpur and some of the country between it and -Patan, Párpas; for the tract ten miles south-east of -Rádhanpur to the neighbourhood of Pátan, Kakrez; for the -town of Rádhanpur in the Pálanpur Political -Superintendency and its neighbourhood, Vágaḍh; for the -town of Pálanpur and its neighbourhood up to Dísa and -Dántiváda, Dhándár; for -Bálásinor forty-two miles east of -Áhmedábád with a part of Kapadvanj in the Kaira -district, Masálwaḍa; for Baroda, Párkher; for the -subdivision of Jambúsar in the Broach district fifteen miles -north-west of Broach city, Kánam; for Alimohan that is -<span class="corr" id="xd25e22634" title="Source: Chota">Chhota</span> -Udepur and the rough lands east of Godhra, -Pálwára. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n208.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n209.1" -href="#n209.1src" name="n209.1">5</a></span> Rás Mála, I. -241. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n209.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n209.2" -href="#n209.2src" name="n209.2">6</a></span> Maktaă and -<i>iktáă</i>, the district administered by a -<i>muktiă</i>, come from the Arabic root <i>kataá</i>, he -cut, in allusion to the public revenue or the lands cut and apportioned -for the pay of the officers and their establishments. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n209.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n210.1" -href="#n210.1src" name="n210.1">7</a></span> Further particulars -regarding these village headmen are given below. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n210.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n210.2" -href="#n210.2src" name="n210.2">8</a></span> Bird’s History of -Gujarát, 192; Mirăt-i-Sikandari, Persian Text, -44. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n210.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n211.1" -href="#n211.1src" name="n211.1">9</a></span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e22793" title="Source: Elphistone’s">Elphinstone’s</span> History, -76. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n211.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n212.1" -href="#n212.1src" name="n212.1">10</a></span> In Márwár -and in the north and north-east this official was styled -<i>tahsíldár</i> and <span class="corr" id="xd25e22877" -title="Source: n">in</span> the Dakhan <i><span class="corr" id="xd25e22881" title="Source: kamávisdár">kamávísdár</span></i>. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n212.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n213.1" -href="#n213.1src" name="n213.1">11</a></span> <i>Zakát</i>, -literally purification or cleansing, is the name of a tax levied from -Muslims for charitable purposes or religious uses. In the -endowments-treasury the customs dues from Muslims at 2½ per cent -(the technical 1 in 40) as contrasted with the five per cent levied -from infidels (the technical 2 in 40) were entered. Hence in these -accounts <i>zakát</i> corresponds with customs dues, and is -divisible into two kinds <i>khushki zakát</i> or land customs -and <i>tari zakát</i> or sea customs. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n213.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n213.2" -href="#n213.2src" name="n213.2">12</a></span> Bird’s History of -Gujarát, 93. Though under the Mughal viceroys the state demand -was at first realized in grain, at the last the custom was to assess -each sub-division, and probably each village, at a fixed sum or -<i>jama</i>. The total amount for the sub-division was collected by an -officer called <i>majmudár</i>, literally keeper of collections, -the village headmen, <i>patels</i> or <i><span class="corr" id="xd25e23155" title="Source: mukáddams">mukaddams</span></i>, -being responsible each for his own village. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n213.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n213.3" -href="#n213.3src" name="n213.3">13</a></span> Bird’s History of -Gujarát, 325. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n213.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n214.1" -href="#n214.1src" name="n214.1">14</a></span> Bird’s History of -Gujarát, 341. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n214.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n215.1" -href="#n215.1src" name="n215.1">15</a></span> -Mirăt-i-Áhmedi Persian Text page 115. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n215.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n215.2" -href="#n215.2src" name="n215.2">16</a></span> The title -<i>rája</i> is applicable to the head of a family only. The -payment of tribute to the Mughals or Maráthás does not -affect the right to use this title. <i>Rána</i> and -<i>ráv</i> seem to be of the same dignity as <i>rája</i>. -<i>Rával</i> is of lower rank. The sons of -<i>rájás</i>, <i>ránás</i>, -<i>rávs</i>, and <i>rávals</i> are called <i>kuvars</i> -and their sons <i>thákurs</i>. The younger sons of -<i>thákurs</i> became <i>bhumiás</i> that is landowners -or <i>garásiás</i>, that is owners of <i>garás</i> -or a mouthful. <i>Jám</i> is the title of the chiefs of the -Jádeja tribe both of the elder branch in Kachh and of the -younger branch in Navánagar, or Little Kachh in -Káthiáváḍa. Rás Málá, -II. 277. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n215.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n216.1" -href="#n216.1src" name="n216.1">17</a></span> Under the -Maráthás the title <i>zamíndár</i> was -bestowed on the farmers of the land revenue, and this practice was -adopted by the earlier English writers on Gujarát. In -consequence of this change small landholders of the superior class, in -directly administered districts, came again to be called by their -original Hindu name of <i>garásia</i>. Mr. Elphinstone (History, -79 and note 13) includes under the term <i>zamíndár:</i> -(1) half-subdued chieftains, (2) independent governors of districts, -and (3) farmers of revenue. He also notices that until -Aurangzíb’s time such chiefs as enjoyed some degree of -independence were alone called <i>zamíndárs</i>. But in -Colonel Walker’s time, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1805, at -least in Gujarát (Bombay Government Selections, XXXIX. 25) the -term <i>zamíndár</i> included <i>desáis</i>, -<i>majmudárs</i> (district accountants), <i>patels</i>, and -<i>talátis</i> (village clerks). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n216.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n217.1" -href="#n217.1src" name="n217.1">18</a></span> Details of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1571 given in the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi show -that the chief nobles were bound to furnish cavalry contingents varying -from 4000 to 25,000 horse, and held lands estimated to yield yearly -revenues of £160,000 to £1,620,000. Bird’s -Gujarát, 109–127. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n217.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n217.2" -href="#n217.2src" name="n217.2">19</a></span> According to the European -travellers in India during the seventeenth century, provincial -governors, and probably to some extent all large holders of service -lands, employed various methods for adding to the profits which the -assigned lands were meant to yield them. Of these devices two seem to -have been specially common, the practice of supporting a body of horse -smaller than the number agreed for, and the practice of purveyance that -is of levying supplies without payment. Sir Thomas Roe, from -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1615 to 1618 English ambassador at -the court of the emperor Jehángír, gives the following -details of these irregular practices: ‘The Pátan (that is -Patna in Bengal) viceroy’s government was estimated at 5000 -horse, the yearly pay of each trooper being £20 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 200), of which he kept only 1500, being allowed the -surplus as dead pay. On one occasion this governor wished to present me -with 100 loaves of the finest sugar, as white as snow, each loaf -weighing fifty pounds. On my declining, he said, ‘You refuse -these loaves, thinking I am poor; but being made in my government the -sugar costs me nothing, as it comes to me gratis.’ Sir Thomas Roe -in Kerr’s Voyages, IX. 282–284. The same writer, the best -qualified of the English travellers of that time to form a correct -opinion, thus describes the administration of the Musalmán -governors of the seventeenth century: ‘They practise every kind -of tyranny against the natives under their jurisdiction, oppressing -them with continual exactions, and are exceedingly averse from any way -being opened by which the king may be informed of their infamous -proceedings. They grind the people under their government to extract -money from them, often hanging men up by the heels to make them confess -that they are rich, or to ransom themselves from faults merely imputed -with a view to fleece them.’ Sir Thomas Roe in Kerr’s -Voyages, IX. 338. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n217.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n217.3" -href="#n217.3src" name="n217.3">20</a></span> Of these settlements the -principal was that of the Ráthoḍ chief who in the -thirteenth century established himself at Ídar, now one of the -states of the Mahi Kántha. In the thirteenth century also, -Gohils from the north and Sodha Parmárs and Káthis from -Sindh entered Gujarát. Rás Mála, II. -269. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n217.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n218.1" -href="#n218.1src" name="n218.1">21</a></span> Gujarát of about -the year <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1300 is thus described: -‘The air of Gujarát is healthy, and the earth picturesque; -the vineyards bring forth blue grapes twice a year, and the strength of -the soil is such that the cotton plants spread their branches like -willow and plane trees, and yield produce for several years -successively. Besides Cambay, the most celebrated of the cities of Hind -in population and wealth, there are 70,000 towns and villages, all -populous, and the people abounding in wealth and luxuries.’ -Elliot’s History of India, III. 31, 32, and 43. Marco Polo, about -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1292, says: ‘In Gujarát -there grows much pepper and ginger and indigo. They have also a great -deal of cotton. Their cotton trees are of very great size, growing full -six paces high, and attaining to an age of twenty years.’ -Yule’s Edition, II. 328. The cotton referred to was probably the -variety known as <i>devkapás</i> <span lang="la">Gossypium -religiosum</span> or <span lang="la">peruvianum</span>, which grows -from ten to fifteen feet high, and bears for several years. Royle, -149–150. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n218.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n218.2" -href="#n218.2src" name="n218.2">22</a></span> Elphinstone’s -History, 762. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n218.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n219.1" -href="#n219.1src" name="n219.1">23</a></span> Bird’s History of -Gujarát, 110, 129, and 130. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n219.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n219.2" -href="#n219.2src" name="n219.2">24</a></span> The passage from the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e23708" title="Source: Mirăt i-Áhmedi">Mirăt-i-Áhmedi</span>, -Bird 109, is: ‘A sum of 25 <i>lákhs</i> of -<i>húns</i> and one <i>kror</i> of -<i>ibráhíms</i>, that were two parts greater, being -altogether nearly equal to 5 <i>krors</i> and 62 <i>lákhs</i> of -rupees, was collected from the Dakhan tribute and the customs of the -European and Arab ports.’ The word <i>hún</i>, from an old -Karnátak word for gold, is the Musalmán name for the coin -known among Hindus as <i>varáha</i> or the wild-boar coin, and -among the Portuguese as the <i>pagoda</i> or temple coin. Prinsep -<abbr title="Indian Antiquary">Ind. Ant.</abbr> Thomas’ Ed. II. -U. T. 18. The old specimens of this coin weigh either 60 grains the -<i>máda</i> or half pagoda, or 120 grains the <i>hún</i> -or full pagoda. Thomas, Chron. Pat. Ks. II. 224, note. The star pagoda, -in which English accounts at Madras were formerly kept, weighs -52·56 grains, and was commonly valued at 8s. or <abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 4 (Prinsep as above). At this rate in the present -sum the 25 <i>lákhs</i> of <i>húns</i> would equal one -<i>kror</i> (100 <i>lákhs</i>) of rupees. The -<i>ibráhími</i>, ‘two parts greater than the -<i>hún</i>,’ would seem to be a gold coin, perhaps a -variety of the Persian <i>ashrafi</i> (worth about 9s. English. -Marsden, N. O. 455). Taking the two parts of a <i>hún</i> as -<i>fánams</i> or sixteenths, this would give the -<i>ibráhími</i> a value of <abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 4¼, and make a total customs revenue of 425 -<i>lákhs</i> of rupees. This statement of the revenues of the -kingdom is, according to the author of the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi, -taken from such times as the power of the Gujarát kings -continued to increase. The total revenue of the twenty-five districts -(£5,840,000) is the amount recovered in the year <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1571. But the receipts under the head of Tribute -must have been compiled from accounts of earlier years. For, as will be -seen below, the neighbouring kings ceased to pay tribute after the end -of the reign of Bahádur (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1536). Similarly the customs revenues entered as -received from Daman and other places must have been taken from the -accounts of some year previous to <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1560. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n219.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n219.3" -href="#n219.3src" name="n219.3">25</a></span> The remains at -Chámpáner in the British district of the Panch -Maháls are well known. Of Mehmúdábád, the -town of that name in the district of Kaira, eighteen miles south of -Áhmedábád, a few ruins only are left. In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1590 this city is said to have -contained many grand edifices surrounded with a wall eleven miles (7 -<i>kos</i>) square with at every ¾ mile (½ <i>kos</i>) a -pleasure house, and an enclosure for deer and other game. -(Áin-i-Akbari: Gladwin, II. 64.) The Mirăt-i-Áhmedi -makes no special reference to the sovereign’s share of the -revenue. The greater part of the £5,620,000 derived from tribute -and customs would probably go to the king, besides the lands specially -set apart as crown domains, which in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1571 were returned as yielding a yearly revenue -of £900,000 (900,000,000 <i>tankás</i>). This would bring -the total income of the crown to a little more than 6½ millions -sterling. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n219.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n220.1" -href="#n220.1src" name="n220.1">26</a></span> So Sikandar Lodi emperor -of Dehli, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1488–1517, is -reported to have said: ‘The magnificence of the kings of Dehli -rests on wheat and barley; the magnificence of the kings of -Gujarát rests on coral and pearls.’ Bird, -132. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n220.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n220.2" -href="#n220.2src" name="n220.2">27</a></span> The twelve Gujarát -ports mentioned by Barbosa are: On the south coast of the peninsula, -two: Patenixi (Pátan-Somnáth, now Verával), very -rich and of great trade; Surati-Mangalor (Mangrul), a town of commerce, -and Diu. On the shores of the gulf of Cambay four: Gogari (Gogha), a -large town; Barbesy (Broach); Guandári or Gandar -(Gandhár), a very good town; and Cambay. On the western coast -five: Ravel (Ránder), a rich place; Surat, a city of very great -trade; Denvy (Gandevi), a place of great trade; Baxay (Bassein), a good -seaport in which much goods are exchanged; and Tanamayambu -(Thána-Máhim), a town of great Moorish mosques, but of -little trade. (Stanley’s Barbosa, 59–68). The only one of -these ports whose identification seems doubtful is Ravel, described by -Barbosa (page 67) as a pretty town of the Moors on a good river, twenty -leagues south of Gandhár. This agrees with the position of -Ránder on the Tápti, nearly opposite Surat, which appears -in Al Bírúni (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1030) as -Ráhanur one of the capitals of south Gujarát and is -mentioned under the name Ránir, both in the <span class="corr" -id="xd25e23858" title="Source: Áin-i-Akbári">Áin-i-Akbari</span> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1590) and in the -Mirăt-i-Áhmedi for the year <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1571, as a place of trade, ‘in ancient -times a great city.’ In his description of the wealth of Cambay, -Barbosa is supported by the other European travellers of the fifteenth -and early sixteenth centuries. According to Nicolo de Conti -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1420–1444), the town, -including its suburbs, was twelve miles in circuit abounding in -spikenard, lac, indigo, myrobalans, and silk. Athanasius Nikotin -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1468–1474) found it a -manufacturing place for every sort of goods as long gowns damasks and -blankets; and Varthema (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1503–1508) says it abounds in grain and -very good fruits, supplying Africa Arabia and India with silk and -cotton stuffs; <span class="corr" id="xd25e23877" title="Not in source">‘</span>it is impossible to describe its -excellence.’ Barbosa’s account of -Áhmedábád is borne out by the statement in the -Áin-i-Akbari (Gladwin, II. 63) that the whole number of the -suburbs (<i>purás</i>) of the city was 360, and in the -Mirăt-i-Áhmedi, that it once contained 380 suburbs each of -considerable size, containing good buildings and markets filled with -everything valuable and rare, so that each was almost a city. Bird, -311. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n220.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n221.1" -href="#n221.1src" name="n221.1">28</a></span> Gladwin’s -Áin-i-Akbari, II. 62–63. Compare Terry (Voyage, 80, 131) -in 1615: Gujarát a very goodly large and exceeding rich province -with, besides its most spacious populous and rich capital -Áhmedábád, four fair cities Cambay Baroda Broach -and Surat with great trade to the Red Sea, Achin, and other places. At -the same time (Ditto, 179–180) though the villages stood very -thick, the houses were generally very poor and base, all set close -together some with earthen walls and flat roofs, most of them cottages -miserably poor little and base set up with sticks rather than -timber. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n221.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n222.1" -href="#n222.1src" name="n222.1">29</a></span> The decrease in the -Mughal collections from Gujarát compared with the revenues of -the Áhmedábád kings may have been due to -Akbar’s moderation. It may also have been due to a decline in -prosperity. Compare Roe’s (1617) account of Toda about fifty -miles south-east of Ajmír. It was the best and most populous -country Roe had seen in India. The district was level with fertile soil -abounding in corn cotton and cattle and the villages were so numerous -and near together as hardly to exceed a <i>kos</i> from each other. The -town was the best built Roe had seen in India tiled two-storied houses -good enough for decent shopkeepers. It had been the residence of a -Rájput Rája before the conquests of Akbar Sháh and -stood at the foot of a good and strong rock about which were many -excellent works of hewn stone, well cut, with many tanks arched over -with well-turned vaults and large and deep descents to them. Near it -was a beautiful grove two miles long and a quarter of a mile broad all -planted with mangoes tamarinds and other fruit trees, divided by shady -walks and interspersed with little temples and idol altars with many -fountains wells and summer houses of carved stone curiously arched so -that a poor banished Englishman might have been content to dwell there. -This observation may serve universally for the whole country that ruin -and devastation operate everywhere. For since the property of all has -become vested in the king no person takes care of anything so that in -every place the spoil and devastations of war appear and nowhere is -anything repaired. Roe in Kerr’s Voyages, IX. -320–321. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n222.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n222.2" -href="#n222.2src" name="n222.2">30</a></span> Bird’s History of -Gujarát. Another detailed statement of the revenue of -Gujarát given in the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi, apparently for -the time when the author wrote (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760) -gives: Revenue from crown lands £2,107,518; tribute-paying -divisions or <i>sarkárs</i> £12,700; Mahí -Kántha tribute £178,741; <span class="corr" id="xd25e24027" title="Source: Watrak">Vátrak</span> Kántha -tribute £159,768; and Sábar Kántha tribute -£121,151; in all £2,579,878: adding to this £20,000 -for Kachh, £40,000 for Dungarpur, and £5000 for Sirohi, -gives a grand total of £2,644,878. According to a statement given -by Bird in a note at page 108 of his History, the revenue of -Gujarát under Jehángir (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1605–1627) averaged £1,250,000; under -Aurangzíb (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1658–1707) -£1,519,622; and under Muhammad Sháh (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1719–1748) £1,218,360. In this -passage the revenue under the emperor Akbar (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1556–1605) is given at £66,845. This -total is taken from Gladwin’s Áin-i-Akbari. But at vol. -II. page 73 of that work there would seem to be some miscalculation; -for while the total number of <i>dáms</i> -(​1⁄40​th of a rupee) is 43,68,02,301, the conversion -into rupees is <abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 10,96,123 instead of -<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 1,09,20,057½. The corresponding -returns given by Mr. Thomas (Rev. of the Mog. Emp. page 52) are under -Akbar, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1594, £1,092,412; under -Sháh Jahán, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1648, -£1,325,000; and under Aurangzíb, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1658 £2,173,220, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1663–1666 £1,339,500, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1697 £2,330,500, and <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1707 £1,519,623. The varieties in the -currency employed in different parts of the accounts cause some -confusion in calculating the Gujarát revenue. Under the -Áhmedábád kings the accounts were kept in -<i>tánkás</i> or ​1⁄100​ of rupees, -while under the Mughals <i>dáms</i> or -​1⁄45​th of a rupee took the place of -<i>tánkás</i>. The revenues from Surat Baroda Broach and -other districts south of the Máhi were returned in -<i>changízis</i>, a coin varying in value from something over -⅔rds of a rupee to slightly less than ½; the revenues from -Rádhanpur and Morvi were entered in <i>mahmúdis</i>, a -coin nearly identical in value with the <i>changízi</i>, while, -as noticed above, the tribute and customs dues are returned in a gold -currency, the tribute in <i>huns</i> of about 8s. (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 4) and the customs in -<i>ibráhímís</i> of 9s. (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 4½). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n222.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n223.1" -href="#n223.1src" name="n223.1">31</a></span> Áin-i-Akbari -(Gladwin), I. 305. The Áin-i-Akbari mentions four ways of -calculating the state share in an unsurveyed field: (1) to measure the -land with the crops standing and make an estimate; (2) to reap the -crops, collect the grain in barns, and divide it according to -agreement; (3) to divide the field as soon as the seed is sown; and (4) -to gather the grain into heaps on the field and divide it -there. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n223.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n223.2" -href="#n223.2src" name="n223.2">32</a></span> The men to whom this -2½ per cent was granted are referred to in the -Mirăt-i-Áhmedi as <i>desáis</i>. Whatever doubt may -attach to the precise meaning of the term <i>desái</i> it seems -clear that it was as village headmen that the <i>desáis</i> -petitioned for and received this grant. These <i>desáis</i> were -the heads of villages with whom, as noticed above, the government agent -for collecting the revenue dealt, and who, agreeing for the whole -village contribution, themselves carried out the details of allotment -and collection from the individual cultivators. In the sharehold -villages north of the Narbada, the headman who would be entitled to -this 2½ per cent was the representative of the body of village -shareholders. South of the Narbada, in villages originally colonised by -officers of the state, the representatives of these officers would -enjoy the 2½ per cent. In south Gujarát the -<i>desáis</i> or heads of villages also acted as district -hereditary revenue officers; but it was not as district hereditary -revenue officers, but as heads of villages, that they received from -Akbar this 2½ per cent assignment. In north Gujarát there -were <i>desáis</i> who were only district revenue officers. -These men would seem to have received no part of Akbar’s grant in -1589–90, for as late as <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1706 -the emperor Aurangzíb, having occasion to make inquiries into -the position of the <i>desáis</i>, found that hitherto they had -been supported by cesses and illegal exactions, and ordered that a stop -should be put to all such exactions, and a fixed assignment of -2½ per cent on the revenues of the villages under their charge -should be allowed them. It does not appear whether the Surat -<i>desáis</i> succeeded in obtaining Aurangzíb’s -grant of 2½ per cent as district revenue officers in addition to -Akbar’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1589) assignment of -2½ per cent as heads of villages. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n223.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n224.1" -href="#n224.1src" name="n224.1">33</a></span> Bird’s History of -Gujarát, 409. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n224.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n224.2" -href="#n224.2src" name="n224.2">34</a></span> -Áhmedábád (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1583) -by Muzaffar Sháh the last king of Gujarát; Cambay -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573) by Muhammad Husain Mirza; and -Surat (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1609) by Malik Ambar the -famous general of the king of <span class="corr" id="xd25e24222" title="Source: Áhmednagar">Amednagar</span>. In such unsettled times -it is not surprising that the European travellers of the late sixteenth -and early seventeenth centuries, between Áhmedábád -and Cambay found native merchants marching in large weekly caravans -which rested at night within a space barricaded by carts. (Kerr, IX. -127 and 201.) The English merchants, on their way from one factory to -another, were accompanied by an escort, and, in spite of their guard, -were on more than one occasion attacked by large bands of -Rájputs. (Kerr, IX. 127, 187, 201, 203.) As regards the state of -the different parts of the province, Nicholas Ufflet, who went from -Agra to Surat about 1610, describes the north, from Jhálor to -Áhmedábád, as throughout the whole way a sandy and -woody country, full of thievish beastly men, and savage beasts such as -lions and tigers; from Áhmedábád to Cambay the -road was through sands and woods much infested by thieves; from Cambay -to Broach it was a woody and dangerous journey; but from Broach to -Surat the country was goodly, fertile, and full of villages, abounding -in wild date trees. (Kerr, VIII. 303.) Passing from the mouth of the -Tápti to Surat Mr. Copland (24th Dec. 1613) was delighted to see -at the same time the goodliest spring and harvest he had ever seen. -‘Often of two adjoining fields, one was as green as a fine -meadow, and the other waving yellow like gold and ready to be cut down, -and all along the roads were many goodly villages.’ (Kerr, IX. -119.) At that time the state of north-east Gujarát was very -different. Terry, 1617 (Voyage, 404), describes the passage of nineteen -days from Mándu near Dhár to -Áhmedábád as short journeys in a wilderness where -a way had to be cut and made even and the great space required for the -Mughal’s camp rid and made plain by grubbing up trees and bushes. -And between Cambay and Áhmedábád De la Valle, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1623 (Travels, <span class="corr" id="xd25e24231" title="Source: Haklyt">Hakluyt</span> <abbr title="Edition">Ed.</abbr> I. 92), resolved to go with the káfila -since the insecurity of the ways did not allow him to go alone. Still -at that time Gujarát as a whole (see above page <a href="#n220.2">220 note 2</a>) was an exceeding rich province, a description -which twenty years later (1638) is borne out by Mandelslo (Travels, -French Edition, 56): No province in India is more fertile; none yields -more fruit or victuals. With the boast of the author of the -Mirăt-i-Áhmedi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1756) -that Gujarát was the richest province in India compare -Kháfi Khan’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1719) -remark (Elliot, VII. 530): This rich province which no other province -in India can equal. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n224.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n225.1" -href="#n225.1src" name="n225.1">35</a></span> Orme’s Historical -Fragments, 12. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n225.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n225.2" -href="#n225.2src" name="n225.2">36</a></span> The following are some of -the notices of Áhmedábád and Cambay by the -European travellers of the seventeenth century: Cambay, 1598, trade so -great that if he had not seen it he would not have believed it possible -(Cæsar Frederick); 1623, indifferent large with sufficiently -spacious suburbs and a great concourse of vessels (De la Valle, -<span class="corr" id="xd25e24273" title="Source: Haklyt">Hakluyt</span> Edition, I. 66–67); 1638, beyond -comparison larger than Surat (Mandelslo, 101–108); -1663–1671, twice as big as Surat (Baldæus in Churchill, -III. 506). Áhmedábád, 1598, a very great city and -populous (Cæsar Frederick); 1623, competently large with great -suburbs, a goodly and great city, with large fair and straight but -sadly dusty streets (De la Valle, <span class="corr" id="xd25e24276" -title="Source: Haklyt">Hakluyt</span> Edition, I. 95); 1627, large and -beautiful with many broad and comely streets, a rich and uniform -bazár, and shops redundant with gums perfumes spices silks -cottons and calicoes (Herbert’s Travels, 3rd Edition, 66); 1638, -great manufactures, satin and velvet, silk and cotton (Mandelslo, 80); -1695, the greatest city in India, nothing inferior to Venice for rich -silks and gold stuffs (Gemelli Careri in Churchill, IV. -188). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n225.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n225.3" -href="#n225.3src" name="n225.3">37</a></span> Bird, 411. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n225.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n227.1" -href="#n227.1src" name="n227.1">38</a></span> The usual explanation of -<i>toda garás</i> is the word <i>toda</i> meaning the beam-end -above each house door. The sense being that it was a levy exacted from -every house in the village. A more likely derivation is <i>toda</i> a -heap or money-bag with the sense of a ready-money levy. <i>Toda</i> -differed from <i>vol</i> in being exacted from the <i>garás</i> -or land once the property of the levier’s -ancestors. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n227.1src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch2.1" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd25e1752">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">CHAPTER I.</h2> -<h2 class="main">EARLY MUSALMÁN GOVERNORS.</h2> -<h2 class="sub"><span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297–1403.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter I.<br> -Early Musalmán Governors.<br> -<b><span class="corr" id="xd25e24543" title="Source: Ala-ud-din">Alá-ud-dín</span> Khilji Emperor, -1295–1315.</b><br> -<span class="sc">Ulugh Khán,</span> 1297–1317.</span> -<span class="marginnote"><span class="corr" id="xd25e24552" title="Source: Ala-ud-din">Alá-ud-dín</span> Khilji Emperor, -1295–1315.</span>Except the great expedition of Mahmúd -Ghaznawi against Somnáth in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1024<a class="noteref" id="n229.1src" href="#n229.1" name="n229.1src">1</a>; the defeat of Muhammad -Muiz-ud-dín or Shaháb-ud-dín Ghori by Bhím -Dev II. of <span class="corr" id="xd25e24562" title="Source: Aṇahiláváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1178<a class="noteref" id="n229.2src" href="#n229.2" name="n229.2src">2</a>; and the avenging -sack of <span class="corr" id="xd25e24583" title="Source: Aṇahiláváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -and defeat of Bhím by Kutb-ud-dín Eibak in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1194, until the reign of Alá-ud-dín -Khilji in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1295–1315, -Gujarát remained free from Muhammadan interference.<a class="noteref" id="n229.3src" href="#n229.3" name="n229.3src">3</a> -<span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Ulugh Khán,</span> -1297–1317.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297, Ulugh -Khán, general of Alá-ud-dín and Nasrat Khán -Wazír were sent against <span class="corr" id="xd25e24610" -title="Source: Aṇahiláváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>. -They took the city expelling Karan Wághela, usually called -<i>Ghelo</i> The Mad, who took refuge at Devgaḍh with -Rámdeva the Yádav sovereign of the north Dakhan.<a class="noteref" id="n229.4src" href="#n229.4" name="n229.4src">4</a> They -next seized Khambát (the modern Cambay), and, after appointing a -local governor, returned to Dehli. From this time Gujarát -remained under Muhammadan power, and Ulugh Khán, a man of great -energy, by repeated expeditions consolidated the conquest and -established Muhammadan rule. The Kánaddeva Rása says that -he plundered Somnáth, and there is no doubt that he conquered -Jhálor (the ancient Jhálindar) from the Songarha -Choháns.<a class="noteref" id="n229.5src" href="#n229.5" name="n229.5src">5</a> After Ulugh Khán had governed Gujarát -for about twenty years, at the instigation of Malik Káfur, he -was recalled and put to death by the emperor -Alá-ud-dín.<a class="noteref" id="n229.6src" href="#n229.6" name="n229.6src">6</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Ain-ul-Mulk</span> -Governor, 1318.</span>Ulugh Khán’s departure shook -Muhammadan power in Gujarát, and Kamál-ud-dín, -whom Mubárak Khilji sent to quell the disturbances, was slain in -battle. Sedition spread till Ain-ul-Mulk Multáni arrived -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb230" href="#pb230" name="pb230">230</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter I.<br> -Early Musalmán Governors.<br> -<b>Muhammad Tughlak Emperor, 1325–1351.</b><br> -<span class="sc">Ain-ul-Mulk</span> Governor, 1318.</span> with a -powerful army, defeated the rebels and <span class="marginnote">Order -Established, 1318.</span>restored order. He was succeeded by Zafar -Khán, who after completing the subjection of the country was -recalled, and his place supplied by Hisám-ud-dín -Parmár.<a class="noteref" id="n230.1src" href="#n230.1" name="n230.1src">7</a> This officer, showing treasonable intentions, was -imprisoned and succeeded by Malik Wájid-ud-dín Kuraishi, -who was afterwards ennobled by the title of Táj or Sadr-ul-Mulk. -Khusraw Khán Parmár was then appointed governor, but it -is not clear whether he ever joined his appointment. The next governor -to whom reference is made is <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Táj-ul-Mulk</span> Governor, -1320.</span>Táj-ul-Mulk, who about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1320, was, for the second time, chosen as -governor by Sultán Ghiás-ud-dín Tughlak. He was -succeeded by Malik Mukbil, who held the titles of Khán -Jahán and Náib-i-Mukhtár, and who was appointed by -<span class="marginnote">Muhammad Tughlak Emperor, -1325–1351.</span>Sultán Muhammad Tughlak, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1325–1351. Subsequently the same emperor -granted the government of Gujarát to Áhmad Ayáz, -Malik Mukbil continuing to act as his deputy. Afterwards when -Áhmad Ayáz, who received the title of Khwájah -Jahán, proceeded as governor to Gujarát, Malik Mukbil -acted as his minister. And about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1338, when Khwájah Jahán was sent -against the emperor’s nephew Karshásp and the Rája -of Kampila<a class="noteref" id="n230.2src" href="#n230.2" name="n230.2src">8</a> who had sheltered him, Malik Mukbil succeeded to the -post of governor. On one occasion between Baroda and Dabhoi Malik -Mukbil, who was escorting treasure and a caravan of merchants to Dehli, -was plundered by some bands of the Amíráni Sadah or -Captains of Hundreds freelances and freebooters, most of them New -Musalmáns or Mughal converts, and the rest Turk and -Afghán adventurers. This success emboldened these banditti and -for several years they caused loss and confusion in Gujarát. At -last, about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1346, being joined by -certain Muhammadan nobles and Hindu chieftains, they broke into open -rebellion and defeated one Ázíz, who was appointed by the -emperor to march against them. <span class="marginnote">The Emperor -Quells an Insurrection, 1347.</span>In the following year, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1347, Muhammad Tughlak, advancing in person, -defeated the rebels, and sacked the towns of Cambay and Surat. During -the same campaign he drove the Gohil chief Mokheráji out of his -stronghold on Piram Island near Gogha on the Gulf of Cambay, and then, -landing his forces, after a stubborn conflict, defeated the Gohils, -killing Mokheráji and capturing Gogha. Afterwards Muhammad -Tughlak left for <span class="corr" id="xd25e24697" title="Source: Daulátábád">Daulatábád</span> -in the Dakhan, and in his absence the chiefs and nobles under Malik -Túghán, a leader of the Amíráni Sadah, -again rebelled, and, obtaining possession of Pátan, imprisoned -Muîzz-ud-dín the viceroy. The insurgents then plundered -Cambay, and afterwards laid siege to Broach. Muhammad Tughlak at once -marched for Gujarát and relieved Broach, Malik -Túghán retreating to Cambay, whither he was followed by -Malik Yúsuf, whom the emperor sent in pursuit of him. In the -battle that ensued near Cambay, Malik Yúsuf was defeated and -slain, and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb231" href="#pb231" name="pb231">231</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter I.<br> -Early Musalmán Governors.<br> -<b>Muhammad Tughlak Emperor, 1325–1351.</b><br> -<span class="sc">Táj-ul-Mulk</span> Governor, 1320.</span> all -the prisoners, both of this engagement and those who had been -previously captured, were put to death by Malik Túghán. -Among the prisoners was Muîzz-ud-dín, the governor of -Gujarát. Muhammad Tughlak now marched to Cambay in person, -whence Malik Túghán retreated to Pátan, pursued by -the emperor, who was forced by stress of weather to halt at -Asáwal.<a class="noteref" id="n231.1src" href="#n231.1" name="n231.1src">9</a> Eventually the emperor came up with Malik -Túghán near Kadi and gained a complete victory, Malik -Túghán fleeing to Thatha in Sindh. <span class="marginnote">Subdues Girnár and Kachh, 1350.</span>To establish -order throughout Gujarát Muhammad Tughlak marched against -Girnár,<a class="noteref" id="n231.2src" href="#n231.2" name="n231.2src">10</a> reduced the fortress,<a class="noteref" id="n231.3src" href="#n231.3" name="n231.3src">11</a> and levied tribute -from the chief named Khengár. He then went to Kachh, and after -subduing that country returned to Sorath. At Gondal he contracted a -fever, and before he was entirely recovered, he advanced through Kachh -into Sindh with the view of subduing the Sumra chief of Thatha, who had -sheltered Malik Túghán. Before reaching Thatha he -succumbed to the fever, and died in the spring of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1351. Shortly before his death he appointed -Nizám-ul-Mulk to the government of Gujarát.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="corr" id="xd25e24738" title="Source: Firuz">Fírúz</span> Tughlak Emperor, -1351–1388.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1351, -Fírúz <span class="corr" id="xd25e24745" title="Source: Túghlak">Tughlak</span> succeeded Muhammad Tughlak on -the throne of Dehli. Shortly after his accession the emperor marched to -Sindh and sent a force against Malik Túghán. About -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1360 he again advanced to Sindh -against Jám Bábunia. From Sindh he proceeded to -Gujarát, where he stayed for some months. <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Zafar Khan</span> Governor, -1371.</span>Next year, on leaving for Sindh for the third time, he -bestowed the government of Gujarát on Zafar Khán in place -of Nizám-ul-Mulk. On Zafar Khán’s death, in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1373 according to Farishtah and -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1371 according to the -Mirăt-i-Áhmedi, he was succeeded by his son Daryá -Khán who appears to have governed by a deputy named -Shams-ud-dín Anwar Khán. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1376, besides presents of elephants horses and -other valuables, one Shams-ud-dín Dámghání -offered a considerable advance on the usual collections from -Gujarát. As Daryá Khán would not agree to pay this -sum he was displaced and <span class="corr" id="xd25e24766" title="Source: Shams-ud-din">Shams-ud-dín</span> -Dámghání was appointed governor. Finding himself -unable to pay the stipulated amount this officer rebelled and withheld -the revenue. Fírúz Tughlak sent an army against him, and -by the aid of the chieftains and people, whom he had greatly oppressed, -Shams-ud-dín was slain. The government of the province was then -entrusted to Farhat-ul-Mulk Rásti Khán. <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Farhat-ul-Mulk</span> Governor, -1376–1391.</span>In about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1388, -a noble named Sikandar Khán was sent to supersede -Farhat-ul-Mulk, but was defeated and slain by him. As the emperor -Fírúz <span class="corr" id="xd25e24777" title="Source: Túghlak">Tughlak</span> died shortly after no notice -was taken of Farhat-ul-Mulk’s conduct and in the short reign of -Fírúz’s successor Ghiás-ud-dín -Tughlak, no change was made in the government of Gujarát. During -the brief rule of Abu Bakr, Farhat-ul-Mulk continued <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb232" href="#pb232" name="pb232">232</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter I.<br> -Early Musalmán Governors.<br> -<b>Muhammad Tughlak II. Emperor, 1391–1393.</b></span> -undisturbed. <span class="marginnote">Muhammad Tughlak II. Emperor, -1391–1393.</span>But in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1391, -on the accession of <span class="corr" id="xd25e24800" title="Source: Násír-ud-dín">Násir-ud-dín</span> -Muhammad Tughlak II., a noble of the name of Zafar Khán was -appointed governor of Gujarát, and despatched with an army to -recall or, if necessary, expel Farhat-ul-Mulk.</p> -<p>This Zafar Khán was the son of Wajíh-ul-Mulk, of the -Tánk tribe of Rájputs who claim to be of Suryavansi -descent and together with the Gurjjaras appear from very early times to -have inhabited the plains of the Punjáb. Of -Wajíh-ul-Mulk’s rise to power at the Dehli court the -following story is told. Before he sat on the throne of Dehli, -Fírúz Tughlak, when hunting in the Punjáb, lost -his way and came to a village near Thánesar, held by chieftains -of the Tánk tribe. He was hospitably entertained by two brothers -of the chief’s family named Sáháran and -Sádhu, and became enamoured of their beautiful sister. When his -hosts learned who the stranger was, they gave him their sister in -marriage and followed his fortunes. Afterwards Fírúz -persuading them to embrace Islám, conferred on Saháran -the title of <span class="corr" id="xd25e24805" title="Source: Wajih-ul-Mulk">Wajíh-ul-Mulk</span>, and on -Sádhu the title of Shamshír Khán. Finally, in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1351, when Fírúz -Tughlak ascended the throne, he made Shamshír Khán and -Zafar Khán, the son of Wajíh-ul-Mulk, his cup-bearers, -and raised them to the rank of nobles.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Zafar Khán</span> -Governor, 1391–1403.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1391, on being appointed viceroy, Zafar -Khán marched without delay for Gujarát. In passing -Nágor<a class="noteref" id="n232.1src" href="#n232.1" name="n232.1src">12</a> he was met by a deputation from Cambay, complaining -of the tyranny of Rásti Khán. Consoling them, he -proceeded to Pátan, the seat of government, and thence marched -against Rásti Khán. <span class="marginnote">Battle of -Jitpur; Farhat-ul-Mulk Slain, 1391.</span>The armies met near the -village of Khambhoi,<a class="noteref" id="n232.2src" href="#n232.2" -name="n232.2src">13</a> a dependency of Pátan, and -Farhat-ul-Mulk Rásti Khán was slain and his army -defeated. To commemorate the victory, Zafar Khán founded a -village on the battle-field, which he named Jítpur (the city of -victory), and then, starting for Cambay, redressed the grievances of -the people.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Zafar Khán Attacks Ídar, -1393.</span>Zafar Khán’s first warlike expedition was -against the Ráv of Ídar,<a class="noteref" id="n232.3src" -href="#n232.3" name="n232.3src">14</a> who, in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1393, had refused to pay the customary tribute, -and this chief he humbled. The contemporary histories seem to show that -the previous governors had recovered tribute from all or most of the -chiefs of Gujarát except from the Ráv of <span class="corr" id="xd25e24842" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span><a class="noteref" -id="n232.4src" href="#n232.4" name="n232.4src">15</a> and the -Rája of Rájpípla,<a class="noteref" id="n232.5src" -href="#n232.5" name="n232.5src">16</a> who had retained their -independence. Zafar Khán now planned an expedition against the -celebrated Hindu shrine of Somnáth, but, hearing that -Ádil Khán of Ásír-Burhánpur had -invaded Sultánpur and Nandurbár,<a class="noteref" id="n232.6src" href="#n232.6" name="n232.6src">17</a> he moved his troops -in that direction, and Ádil Khán retired to <span class="corr" id="xd25e24854" title="Source: Ásír">Ásir</span>.<a class="noteref" id="n232.7src" href="#n232.7" name="n232.7src">18</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb233" href="#pb233" name="pb233">233</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter I.<br> -Early Musalmán Governors.<br> -<span class="sc">Zafar Khán</span> Governor, -1391–1403.</span> <span class="marginnote">Exacts Tribute from -Junágaḍh, 1394.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1394, he marched against the Ráv of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e24880" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span> and -exacted tribute. Afterwards, proceeding to Somnáth, he destroyed -the temple, built an Assembly Mosque, introduced Islám, left -Musalmán law officers, and established a <i>thána</i> or -post in the city of Pátan Somnáth or Deva Pátan. -He now heard that the Hindus of Mándu<a class="noteref" id="n233.1src" href="#n233.1" name="n233.1src">19</a> were oppressing the -Muslims, and, accordingly, marching thither, he beleaguered that -fortress for a year, but failing to take it contented himself with -accepting the excuses of the Rája. From <span class="corr" id="xd25e24895" title="Source: Mánḍu">Mándu</span> he -performed a pilgrimage to Ajmír.<a class="noteref" id="n233.2src" href="#n233.2" name="n233.2src">20</a> Here he proceeded -against the chiefs of Sámbhar and Dandwána, and then -attacking the Rájputs of Delváḍa and -Jháláváḍa,<a class="noteref" id="n233.3src" -href="#n233.3" name="n233.3src">21</a> he defeated them, and returned -to Pátan in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1396. About this -time his son Tátár Khán, leaving his baggage in -the fort of Pánipat,<a class="noteref" id="n233.4src" href="#n233.4" name="n233.4src">22</a> made an attempt on Dehli. But -Ikbál Khán took the fort of Pánipat, captured -Tátár Khán’s baggage, and forced him to -withdraw to Gujarát. <span class="marginnote">Lays Siege to -Ídar Fort, 1397.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1397, with the view of reducing Ídar, -Zafar Khán besieged the fort, laying waste the neighbouring -country. Before he had taken the fort Zafar Khán received news -of Timúr’s conquests, and concluding a peace with the -Ídar Rája, returned to Pátan.<a class="noteref" -id="n233.5src" href="#n233.5" name="n233.5src">23</a> In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1398, hearing that the Somnáth people -claimed independence, Zafar Khán led an army against them, -defeated them, and <span class="marginnote">Establishes Islám at -Somnáth, 1398.</span>established Islám on a firm footing. -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb234" href="#pb234" name="pb234">234</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n229.1" -href="#n229.1src" name="n229.1">1</a></span> Somnáth (north -latitude 20° 55′; east longitude 70° 23′), the -temple of Mahádev ‘Lord of the Moon,’ near the -southern extremity of the peninsula of -Káthiáváḍa. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n229.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n229.2" -href="#n229.2src" name="n229.2">2</a></span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e24570" title="Source: Aṇahiláváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -(north latitude 23° 48′; east longitude 72° 2′), -Nehrwála or Pátan, on the south bank of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e24573" title="Source: Saraswati">Sarasvatí</span> river, sixty-five miles -north-east of Ahmedábád, was from <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 746 to <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1298 the -capital of the Rájput dynasties of Gujarát. As a result -of Muhammad Ghori’s defeat the Tárikh-i-Sorath (Burgess, -112–113) states that the Turkish Afghán and Mughal -prisoners, according to the rule of the Kurăan (XXIV. 25) were -distributed, the wicked women to the wicked men and the good women to -the good men. Of the male prisoners the better class after having their -heads shaved were enrolled among the Chakáwal and Wádhel -tribes of Rájputs. The lower class were allotted to the Kolis, -Khánts, Bábriás, and Mers. All were allowed to -keep their wedding and funeral ceremonies and to remain aloof from -other classes. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n229.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n229.3" -href="#n229.3src" name="n229.3">3</a></span> The -Mirăt-i-Áhmedi gives an account of an expedition by one -Alifkhán a noble of Sultán Sanjar’s against -<span class="corr" id="xd25e24594" title="Source: Aṇahiláváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1257. He is said to have built the -large stone mosque without the city. Alifkhán returned -unsuccessful, but not without levying tribute. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n229.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n229.4" -href="#n229.4src" name="n229.4">4</a></span> Devgaḍh near -Daulatabad in the Dakhan, about ten miles north-west of -Aurangábád (north latitude 19° 57′; east -longitude 75° 18′). The Mirăt-i-Áhmedi has -Devgaḍh Chandah, which is in the Central -Provinces. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n229.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n229.5" -href="#n229.5src" name="n229.5">5</a></span> Jhálor (north -latitude 25° 23′; east longitude 72° 40′) in the -Rájput state of Jodhpur, seventy miles south-west by south from -the city of Jodhpur. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n229.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n229.6" -href="#n229.6src" name="n229.6">6</a></span> Bayley (Gujarát, 39 -note) shows strong ground for holding that, though Gujarát was -conquered by Ulugh Khán a brother of Alá-ud-dín, -its first governor was not Ulugh Khán but <span class="corr" id="xd25e24624" title="Source: Àlp">Álp</span> Khán a -brother-in-law of Alá-ud-dín. According to this account -Ulugh Khán died in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1299 and -Álp Khán at Malik Káfúr’s instigation -was killed in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1315. Ziá Barni -(Elliot, III. 169) supports this account. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n229.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n230.1" -href="#n230.1src" name="n230.1">7</a></span> According to Ziá -Barni (Elliot, III. 218) Hisám-ud-dín was the -mother’s brother, according to others he was the brother of Hasan -afterwards Khusraw Khán Parmár the favourite of -Mubárak Sháh. On coming to Gujarát -Hisám-ud-dín collected his Parmár kindred and -revolted, but the nobles joining against him seized him and sent him to -Dehli. To their disgust Mubárak in his infatuation for -Hisám-ud-dín’s nephew or brother, after slapping -Hisám-ud-dín on the face set him at -liberty. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n230.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n230.2" -href="#n230.2src" name="n230.2">8</a></span> In the Karnátak, -probably on the Tungabhadra near Vijayánagar. Briggs’ -Muhammadan Power in India, I. 418 and 428. Briggs speaks of two -Kampilás one on the Ganges and the other on the <span class="corr" id="xd25e24683" title="Source: Tungbhadra">Tungabhadra</span> -near Bijánagar. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n230.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n231.1" -href="#n231.1src" name="n231.1">9</a></span> Asáwal (north -latitude 23° 0′; east longitude 72° 36′), a town of -some size, afterwards, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1413, made the -capital of the Musalmán kings of Gujarát and called -Áhmedábád. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n231.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n231.2" -href="#n231.2src" name="n231.2">10</a></span> Girnár (north -latitude 21° 30′; east longitude 70° 42′), in the -Sorath sub-division of the peninsula of -Káthiáváḍa. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n231.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n231.3" -href="#n231.3src" name="n231.3">11</a></span> Both the -Mirăt-i-Áhmedi and the -Táríkh-i-Fírúz Sháhi say that the -fortress was taken. The Úparkot or citadel of -Junágaḍh, in the plain about two miles west of Mount -Girnár, is probably meant. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n231.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n232.1" -href="#n232.1src" name="n232.1">12</a></span> Nágor (north -latitude 27° 10′; east longitude 73° 50′), in the -Ráthoḍ state of Jodhpur, eighty miles north-east of -Jodhpur city. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n232.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n232.2" -href="#n232.2src" name="n232.2">13</a></span> The <span class="corr" -id="xd25e24828" title="Source: Tabakát-i-Ákbari">Tabakát-i-Akbari</span> -has Khánpur or Kánpur. The place is Khambhoi about twenty -miles west of Pátan. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n232.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n232.3" -href="#n232.3src" name="n232.3">14</a></span> Ídar is the -principal state of the Mahi Kántha. The town of Ídar is -in north latitude 23° 50′ and east longitude 73° -3′. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n232.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n232.4" -href="#n232.4src" name="n232.4">15</a></span> Junágaḍh in -the Sorath sub-division of Káthiáváḍa. This -is Briggs’ Rái of Jehrend. Junágaḍh was -formerly called Jirangaḍ, both names meaning ancient -fortress. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n232.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n232.5" -href="#n232.5src" name="n232.5">16</a></span> Rájpípla is -in the Rewa Kántha division of Gujarát. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n232.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n232.6" -href="#n232.6src" name="n232.6">17</a></span> Sultánpur and -Nandurbár now form part of the British district of -Khándesh. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n232.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n232.7" -href="#n232.7src" name="n232.7">18</a></span> Ásir, now -Ásírgaḍ (north latitude 21° 26′; east -longitude 76° 26′), beyond the north-eastern frontier of -Khándesh. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n232.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n233.1" -href="#n233.1src" name="n233.1">19</a></span> Mándu (north -latitude 22° 20′; east longitude 75° 27′), one of -the most famous forts in India, the capital of the Pathán -dynasty of Málwa, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1404–1561, stands on the crest of the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e24891" title="Source: Vindhyás">Vindhyas</span> about twenty-five miles south -of Dhár. During a considerable part of the fifteenth century -Mándu was either directly or indirectly under Gujarát. An -account of Mándu is given in the Appendix. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n233.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n233.2" -href="#n233.2src" name="n233.2">20</a></span> Ajmír (north -latitude 26° 29′; east longitude 74° 43′), the -chief town of the district of the same name to which Sámbhar and -Dandwána belong. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n233.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n233.3" -href="#n233.3src" name="n233.3">21</a></span> Delváḍa and -Jháláváḍa are somewhat difficult. The -context suggests either Jhálor in Márwár or -Jháláváḍa in the extreme south-east of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e24903" title="Source: Rajputána">Rájputána</span> south of -Kotah. The combination Delváḍa and -Jháláváḍa seems to favour -Káthiáváḍa since there is a -Delváḍa in the south of the peninsula near Diu and a -Jháláváḍa in the north-east. But the -Delváda of the text can hardly be near Diu. It apparently is -Delváda near Eklingji about twenty miles north of Udepur. The -account of Áhmed Sháh’s expedition to the same -place in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1431 (below page 239) -confirms this identification. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n233.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n233.4" -href="#n233.4src" name="n233.4">22</a></span> Pánipat (north -latitude 29° 23′; east longitude 77° 2′), -seventy-eight miles north of Dehli. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n233.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n233.5" -href="#n233.5src" name="n233.5">23</a></span> Farishtah (II. 355) calls -the Ídar chief Ranbal. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n233.5src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch2.2" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd25e1812">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">CHAPTER II.</h2> -<h2 class="main">ÁHMEDÁBÁD KINGS.</h2> -<h2 class="sub"><span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.</span> The rule of the -Áhmedábád kings extends over 170 years and -includes the names of fifteen sovereigns. The period may conveniently -be divided into two parts. The first, lasting for a little more than a -century and a quarter, when, under strong rulers, Gujarát rose -to consequence among the kingdoms of Western India; the second, from -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1536 to <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573, an evil time when the sovereigns were -minors and the wealth and supremacy of Gujarát were wasted by -the rivalry of its nobles.</p> -<p>The date on which Zafar Khán openly threw off his allegiance -to Dehli is doubtful. Farishtah says he had the Friday prayer or -<i>khutbah</i> repeated in his name after his successful campaign -against Jháláváḍa and Delváḍa -in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1396. According to the -Mirăt-i-Sikandari he maintained a nominal allegiance till -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403 when he formally invested his -son Tátár Khán with the sovereignty of -Gujarát, under the title of Násir-ud-dín Muhammad -Sháh.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Muhammad I. 1403–1404.</span>On -ascending the throne in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403, -Muhammad Sháh made Asáwal his capital, and, after -humbling the chief of Nándoḍ or Nádot in -Rájpipla, marched against Dehli by way of Pátan. On his -way to Pátan the king sickened and died. His body was brought -back to Pátan, and the expedition against Dehli came to nothing. -It seems probable that this is a courtly version of the tale; the fact -being that in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403 -Tátár Khán imprisoned his father at Asáwal, -and assumed the title of Muhammad Sháh, and that -Tátár Khán’s death was caused by poison -administered in the interest, if not at the suggestion, of his father -Zafar Khán.<a class="noteref" id="n234.1src" href="#n234.1" -name="n234.1src">1</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Zafar Khán reigns as Muzaffar, -1407–1419.</span>After the death of Muhammad Sháh, Zafar -Khán asked his own younger brother Shams Khán -Dandáni to carry on the government, but he refused. Zafar -Khán accordingly sent Shams Khán Dandáni to -Nágor in place of Jalál Khán Khokhar, and in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1407–8, at Bírpur, at -the request of the nobles and chief men of the country, himself -formally mounted the throne and assumed the title of Muzaffar -Sháh. At this time Álp Khán, son of Diláwar -Khán of Málwa, was rumoured to have poisoned his father -and ascended the throne with the title of Sultán Hushang Ghori. -On hearing this Muzaffar Sháh marched against <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb235" href="#pb235" name="pb235">235</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Muzaffar, 1407–1419.</b></span> Hushang and besieged him in -Dhár.<a class="noteref" id="n235.1src" href="#n235.1" name="n235.1src">2</a> On reducing Dhár Muzaffar handed Hushang to -the charge of his brother Shams Khán, on whom he conferred the -title of Nasrat Khán. Hushang remained a year in confinement, -and Músa Khán one of his relations usurped his authority. -On hearing this, Hushang begged to be released, and Muzaffar -Sháh not only agreed to his prayer, but sent his grandson -Áhmed Khán with an army to reinstate him. This expedition -was successful; the fortress of Mándu was taken and the usurper -Músa Khán was put to flight. Áhmed Khán -returned to Gujarát in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1409–10. Meanwhile Muzaffar advancing -towards Dehli to aid Sultán Mahmúd (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1393–1413), prevented an intended attack on -that city by Sultán Ibráhím of <span class="corr" -id="xd25e25020" title="Source: Jaunpúr">Jaunpur</span>. On his -return to Gujarát Muzaffar led, or more probably despatched, an -unsuccessful expedition against Kambhkot.<a class="noteref" id="n235.2src" href="#n235.2" name="n235.2src">3</a> In the following year -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1410–11), to quell a rising -among the Kolis near Asával, Muzaffar placed his grandson -Áhmed Khán in command of an army. Áhmed -Khán camped outside of Pátan. He convened an assembly of -learned men and asked them whether a son was not bound to exact -retribution from his father’s murderer. The assembly stated in -writing that a son was bound to exact retribution. Armed with this -decision, Áhmed suddenly entered the city, overpowered his -grandfather, and forced him to drink poison. The old Khán said: -‘Why so hasty, my boy. A little patience and power would have -come to you of itself.’ He advised Áhmed to kill the evil -counsellors of murder and to drink no wine. Remorse so embittered -Áhmed’s after-life that he was never known to laugh.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Ahmed I. 1411–1441.</span>On his -grandfather’s death, Áhmed succeeded with the title of -Násir-ud-dunya Wad-dín Abúl fateh Áhmed -Sháh. Shortly after Áhmed Sháh’s accession, -his cousin Moid-ud-dín Fírúz Khán, governor -of Baroda, allying himself with Hisám or Nizám-ul-Mulk -Bhandári and other nobles, collected an army at -Naḍiád in Kaira, and, laying claim to the crown, defeated -the king’s followers. Jívandás, one of the -insurgents, proposed to march upon Pátan, but as the others -refused a dispute arose in which Jívandás was slain, and -the rest sought and obtained Áhmed Sháh’s -forgiveness. Moid-ud-dín Fírúz Khán went to -Cambay and was there joined by Masti Khán, son of Muzaffar -Sháh, who was governor of Surat: on the king’s advance -they fled from Cambay to Broach, to which fort Áhmed Sháh -laid siege. As soon as the king arrived, Moid-ud-dín’s -army went over to the king, and Masti Khán also submitted. After -a few days Áhmed Sháh sent for and forgave -Moid-ud-dín, and returned to Asáwal victorious and -triumphant.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Builds Áhmedábád, -1413.</span>In the following year (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1413–14)<a class="noteref" id="n235.3src" -href="#n235.3" name="n235.3src">4</a> Áhmed Sháh defeated -Ása Bhíl, chief of Asáwal, and, finding the site -of that town suitable for his capital, he changed its name to -Áhmedábád, and busied himself <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb236" href="#pb236" name="pb236">236</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Ahmed I. 1411–1441.</b></span> in enlarging and fortifying the -city.<a class="noteref" id="n236.1src" href="#n236.1" name="n236.1src">5</a> During this year Moid-ud-dín -Fírúz Khán and Masti Khán again revolted, -and, joining the Ídar Rája, took shelter in that -fortress. <span class="marginnote">Defeats the Ídar Chief, -1414.</span>A force under Fateh Khán was despatched against the -rebels, and finally Fírúz Khán and the Ídar -Rája were forced to flee by way of Kherálu a town in the -district of Kadi. Moid-ud-dín now persuaded Rukn Khán -governor of Modása, fifty miles north of -Áhmedábád, to join. They united their forces with -those of Badri-ûlá, Masti Khán, and Ranmal -Rája of Ídar and encamped at Rangpura an Ídar -village about five miles from Modása and began to strengthen -Modása and dig a ditch round it. The Sultán camped before -the fort and offered favourable terms. The besieged bent on treachery -asked the Sultán to send Nizám-ul-Mulk the minister and -certain other great nobles. The Sultán agreed, and the besieged -imprisoned the envoys. After a three days’ siege Modása -fell. Badri-ûlá and Rukn Khán were slain, and -Fírúz Khán and the Rája of Ídar -fled. The imprisoned nobles were released unharmed. The Rája -seeing that all hope of success was gone, made his peace with the king -by surrendering to him the elephants<span class="corr" id="xd25e25078" -title="Not in source">,</span> horses and other baggage of -Moid-ud-dín Fírúz Khán and Masti -Khán, who now fled to Nágor, where they were sheltered by -Shams Khán Dandáni. Áhmed Sháh after -levying the stipulated tribute departed. Moid-ud-dín -Fírúz Khán was afterwards slain in the war between -Shams Khán and Rána Mokal of Chitor. <span class="marginnote">Suppresses a Revolt, 1414.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1414–15 Uthmán Áhmed and -Sheikh Malik, in command at Pátan, and <span class="corr" id="xd25e25087" title="Source: Suleimán">Sulaimán</span> -Afghán called Ázam Khán, and Ísa -Sálár rebelled, and wrote secretly to Sultán -Hushang of Málwa, inviting him to invade Gujarát, and -promising to seat him on the throne and expel Áhmed Sháh. -They were joined in their rebellion by Jhála -Satarsálji<a class="noteref" id="n236.2src" href="#n236.2" name="n236.2src">6</a> of Pátdi and other chiefs of Gujarát. -Áhmed Sháh despatched Latíf Khán and -Nizám-ul-Mulk against Sheikh Malik and his associates, while he -sent Imád-ul-Mulk <span class="corr" id="xd25e25097" title="Source: aginst">against</span> Sultán Hushang, who retired, and -Imád-ul-Mulk, after plundering Málwa, returned to -Gujarát. Latíf Khán, pressing in hot pursuit of -Satarsál and Sheikh Malik, drove them to Sorath. The king -returned with joyful heart to Áhmedábád.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Spread of Islám, 1414.</span>Though, -with their first possession of the country, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297–1318, the Muhammadans had introduced -their faith from Pátan to Broach, the rest of the province long -remained unconverted. By degrees, through the efforts of the -Áhmedábád kings, the power of Islám became -more directly felt in all parts of the province. Many districts, till -then all but independent, accepted the Musalmán faith at the -hands of Áhmed Sháh, and agreed to the payment of a -regular tribute. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1414 he led an -army against the Ráv of <span class="corr" id="xd25e25110" -title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span> -and defeated him. The Ráv retired to the hill fortress of -Girnár. Áhmed Sháh, though unable to capture the -hill, gained the fortified citadel of <span class="corr" id="xd25e25113" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>. -Finding further resistance vain, the chief tendered his submission, and -<span class="corr" id="xd25e25116" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span> was -admitted among the tributary states. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb237" href="#pb237" name="pb237">237</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Ahmed I. 1411–1441.</b></span> This example was followed by -the greater number of the Sorath chiefs, who, for the time, resigned -their independence. Sayad Ábûl Khair and Sayad -Kásim were left to collect the tribute, and Áhmed -Sháh returned to Áhmedábád. Next year he -marched against Sidhpur,<a class="noteref" id="n237.1src" href="#n237.1" name="n237.1src">7</a> and in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1415 advanced from Sidhpur to Dhár in -Málwa. <span class="marginnote">Áhmed I. Quells a Second -Revolt, 1416.</span>At this time the most powerful feudatories were the -Ráv of Junágaḍh, the Rával of -Chámpáner,<a class="noteref" id="n237.2src" href="#n237.2" name="n237.2src">8</a> the Rája of -Nándoḍ, the Ráv of Ídar, and the Rája -of Jháláváḍa. Trimbakdás of -Chámpáner, Púnja of Ídar, Siri of -Nándod, and Mandlik of Jháláváḍa, -alarmed at the activity of Áhmed Sháh and his zeal for -Islám, instigated Sultán Hushang of Málwa to -invade Gujarát. Áhmed Sháh promptly marched to -Modása,<a class="noteref" id="n237.3src" href="#n237.3" name="n237.3src">9</a> forced Sultán Hushang of Málwa to -retire, and broke up the conspiracy, reproving and pardoning the chiefs -concerned. About the same time the Sorath chiefs withheld their -tribute, but the patience and unwearied activity of the king overcame -all opposition. When at Modása Áhmed heard that, by the -treachery of the son of the governor, Násír of -Asír and Gheirát or Ghazni Khán of Málwa -had seized the fort of Thálner in Sirpur in Khándesh, -and, with the aid of the chief of Nándoḍ, were marching -against Sultánpur and Nandurbár. Áhmed sent an -expedition against Nasír of Asír under Malik -Mahmúd Barki or Turki. When the Malik reached -Nándoḍ he found that Gheirat Khán had fled to -Málwa and that Nasír had retired to Thálner. The -Malik advanced, besieged and took Thálner, capturing -Nasír whom Áhmed forgave and dignified with the title of -Khán.<a class="noteref" id="n237.4src" href="#n237.4" name="n237.4src">10</a></p> -<p>After quelling these rebellions Áhmed Sháh despatched -Nizám-ul-Mulk to punish the Rája of Mandal near -Viramgám, and <span class="marginnote">Expedition against -Málwa, 1417.</span>himself marched to Málwa against -Sultán Hushang, whom he defeated, capturing his treasure and -elephants. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1418, in accordance -with his policy of separately engaging his enemies, <span class="marginnote">Attacks Chámpáner, 1418.</span>Áhmed -Sháh marched to chastise Trimbakdas of Chámpáner, -and though unable to take the fortress he laid waste the surrounding -country. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1419 he ravaged the lands -round Sankheda<a class="noteref" id="n237.5src" href="#n237.5" name="n237.5src">11</a> and built a fort there and a mosque within the fort; -he also built a wall round the town of Mángni,<a class="noteref" -id="n237.6src" href="#n237.6" name="n237.6src">12</a> and then marched -upon Mándu. On the way ambassadors from Sultán Hushang -met him suing for peace, and Áhmed Sháh, returning -towards Chámpáner, again laid waste the surrounding -country. During the following year (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1420) he remained in Ahmedábád -bringing his own dominions into thorough subjection by establishing -fortified posts and by humbling the chiefs and destroying their -strongholds. Among other works he built the forts of Dohad<a class="noteref" id="n237.7src" href="#n237.7" name="n237.7src">13</a> on the -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb238" href="#pb238" name="pb238">238</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Ahmed I. 1411–1441.</b></span> Málwa frontier and of -Jítpur in Lúnáváḍa.<a class="noteref" -id="n238.1src" href="#n238.1" name="n238.1src">14</a> In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1421 he repaired the fort in the town of Kahreth, -otherwise called Meimún in Lúnáváḍa, -which had been built by Ulugh Khán Sanjar in the reign of -Sultán Alá-ud-dín (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1295–1315) and changed the name to -Sultánpur. <span class="marginnote">War with Málwa, -1422.</span>He next advanced against Málwa and took the fort of -Mesar. After an unsuccessful siege of Mándu he went to -Ujjain.<a class="noteref" id="n238.2src" href="#n238.2" name="n238.2src">15</a> From Ujjain he returned to Mándu, and failing -to capture Mándu, he marched against Sárangpur.<a class="noteref" id="n238.3src" href="#n238.3" name="n238.3src">16</a> -Sultán Hushang sent ambassadors and concluded a peace. In spite -of the agreement, while Áhmed Sháh was returning to -Gujarát, Sultán Hushang made a night attack on his army -and caused much havoc. Áhmed Sháh, collecting what men he -could, waited till dawn and then fell on and defeated the Málwa -troops, who were busy plundering. Sultán Hushang took shelter in -the fort of Sárangpur to which Áhmed Sháh again -laid siege. Failing to take the fort Áhmed retreated towards -Gujarát, closely followed by Sultán Hushang, who was -eager to wipe out his former defeat. On Hushang’s approach, -Áhmed Sháh, halting his troops, joined battle and -repulsing Hushang returned to Áhmedábád.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Defeats the Ídar Chief, -1425.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1425 Áhmed -Sháh led an army against Ídar, defeating the force -brought to meet him and driving their leader to the hills. Ídar -was always a troublesome neighbour to the -Áhmedábád kings and one difficult to subdue, for -when his country was threatened, the chief could retire to his hills, -where he could not easily be followed. As a permanent check on his -movements, Áhmed Sháh, in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1427, built the fort of Ahmednagar,<a class="noteref" id="n238.4src" href="#n238.4" name="n238.4src">17</a> on the -banks of the Háthmati, eighteen miles south-west of Ídar. -In the following year the Ídar chief, Ráv Púnja, -attacked a foraging party and carried off one of the royal elephants. -He was pursued into the hills and brought to bay in a narrow pathway at -the edge of a steep ravine. Púnja was driving back his pursuers -when the keeper of the Sultán’s elephant urged his animal -against the Ráv’s horse. The horse swerving lost his -foothold and rolling down the ravine destroyed himself and his -rider.<a class="noteref" id="n238.5src" href="#n238.5" name="n238.5src">18</a></p> -<p>During the two following years Áhmed Sháh abstained -from foreign conquests, devoting himself to improving his dominions and -to working out a system of paying his troops. The method he finally -adopted was payment half in money and half in land. This arrangement -attached the men to the country, and, while keeping them dependent on -the state, enabled them to be free from debt. Further to keep his -officials in check he arranged that the treasurer should be one of the -king’s slaves while the actual paymaster was a native of the -particular locality. He also appointed <i>ámils</i> that is -sub-divisional revenue officers. After Ráv Púnja’s -death Áhmed Sháh marched upon Ídar, and did not -return until Ráv Púnja’s son agreed to pay an -annual tribute of £300 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 3000). In -the following year, according to Farishtah (II. 369) in spite of the -young chiefs promise <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb239" href="#pb239" -name="pb239">239</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Ahmed I. 1411–1441.</b></span> to pay tribute, Áhmed -Sháh attacked Ídar, took the fort, and built an assembly -mosque. Fearing that their turn would come next the chief of -Jháláváḍa and Kánha apparently chief -of Dungarpur fled to Nasír Khán of Asír. -Nasír Khán gave Kánha a letter to Áhmed -Sháh Báhmani, to whose son Alá-ud-dín -Násír’s daughter was married, and having detached -part of his own troops to help Kánha they plundered and laid -waste some villages of Nandurbár and Sultánpur. -Sultán Áhmed sent his eldest son Muhammad Khán -with Mukarrabul Mulk and others to meet the <span class="corr" id="xd25e25284" title="Source: Dakhánis">Dakhanis</span> who were -repulsed with considerable loss. On this Sultán Áhmed -Báhmani, under Kadr Khán Dakhani, sent his eldest son -Alá-ud-dín and his second son Khán Jehán -against the Gujarátis. Kadr Khán marched to -Daulatábád and joining Nasír Khán and the -Gujarát rebels fought a great battle near the pass of -Mánek Púj, six miles south of Nándgaon in -Násik. The confederates were defeated with great slaughter. The -Dakhan princes fled to <span class="corr" id="xd25e25287" title="Source: Daulatábad">Daulatábád</span> and -Kánha and Nasír Khán to Kalanda near -Chálisgaum in south Khándesh.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Recovers Máhim, 1429;</span>In the -same year (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1429), on the death of -Kutub Khán the Gujarát governor of the island of -Máhim, now the north part of the island of Bombay,<a class="noteref" id="n239.1src" href="#n239.1" name="n239.1src">19</a> -Áhmed Sháh Báhmani smarting under his defeats, -ordered Hasan Izzat, otherwise called Malik-ut-Tujjár, to the -Konkan and by the Malik’s activity the North Konkan passed to the -Dakhanis. On the news of this disaster Áhmed Sháh sent -his youngest son Zafar Khán, with an army under Malik -Iftikhár Khán, to retake Máhim. A fleet, collected -from Diu Gogha and Cambay sailed to the Konkan, attacked -Thána<a class="noteref" id="n239.2src" href="#n239.2" name="n239.2src">20</a> by sea and land, captured it, and regained -possession of Máhim. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1431 -Áhmed Sháh advanced upon Chámpáner, and -Áhmed Sháh Bahmani, anxious to retrieve his defeat at -Máhim, marched an army into <span class="marginnote">and -Báglán, 1431.</span>Báglán<a class="noteref" id="n239.3src" href="#n239.3" name="n239.3src">21</a> and -laid it waste. This news brought Áhmed Sháh back to -Nandurbár. Destroying Nándod he passed to Tambol, a fort -in Báglán which Áhmed Sháh <span class="corr" id="xd25e25328" title="Source: Báḥmani">Báhmani</span> was besieging, -defeated the besiegers and relieved the fort. He then went to -Thána, repaired the fort, and returned to Gujarát by way -of Sultánpur and Nandurbár. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1432, after contracting his son Fateh Khán -in marriage with the daughter of the Rái of Máhim to the -north of Bassein Áhmed Sháh marched towards Nágor, -and exacted tribute and presents from the <span class="corr" id="xd25e25334" title="Source: Rávál">Rával</span> of -Dúngarpur.<a class="noteref" id="n239.4src" href="#n239.4" name="n239.4src">22</a> From Dúngarpur he went to Mewár, -enforcing his <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb240" href="#pb240" name="pb240">240</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Ahmed I. 1411–1441.</b></span> claims on Búndi and -Kota, two Hára Rájput states in south-east -Rájputána. He then entered the Delváda country, -levelling temples and destroying the palace of Rána Mokalsingh, -the chief of Chitor. Thence he invaded Nágor in the country of -the Ráthoḍs, who submitted to him. After this he returned -to Gujarát, and during the next few years was warring -principally in Málwa, where, according to Farishtah, his army -suffered greatly from pestilence and famine. Áhmed died in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1441 in the fifty-third year of his -life and the thirty-third of his reign and was buried in the mausoleum -in the Mánek Chauk in Áhmedábád. His -after-death title is Khûdaigán-i-Maghfûr the -Forgiven Lord in token that, according to his merciful promise, Allah -the pitiful, moved by the prayer of forty believers, had spread his -forgiveness over the crime of Áhmed’s youth, a crime -bewailed by a lifelong remorse.</p> -<p>Sultán Áhmed is still a name of power among -Gujarát Musalmáns. He is not more honoured for his -bravery, skill, and success as a war leader than for his piety and his -justice. His piety showed itself in his respect for three great -religious teachers Sheikh Rukn-ud-dín the representative of -Sheikh Moín-ud-dín the great Khwájah of -Ajmír, Sheikh Áhmed Khattu who is buried at Sarkhej five -miles west of Áhmedábád, and the Bukháran -Sheikh Burhán-ud-dín known as Kutbi Álam the -father of the more famous Sháh Álam. Of -Áhmed’s justice two instances are recorded. Sitting in the -window of his palace watching the Sábarmati in flood -Áhmed saw a large earthen jar float by. The jar was opened and -the body of a murdered man was found wrapped in a blanket. The potters -were called and one said the jar was his and had been sold to the -headman of a neighbouring village. On inquiry the headman was proved to -have murdered a grain merchant and was hanged. The second case was the -murder of a poor man by Áhmed’s son-in-law. The -Kázi found the relations of the deceased willing to accept a -blood fine and when the fine was paid released the prince. Áhmed -hearing of his son-in-law’s release said in the case of the rich -fine is no punishment and ordered his son-in-law to be hanged.<a class="noteref" id="n240.1src" href="#n240.1" name="n240.1src">23</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Muhammad II. -1441–1452.</span>Áhmed Sháh was succeeded by his -generous pleasure-loving son Muhammad Sháh, -Ghiás-ud-dunya Wad-dín, also styled Zarbaksh the Gold -Giver. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1445 Muhammad marched -against Bír Rái of Ídar, but on that chief -agreeing to give him his daughter in marriage, he confirmed him in the -possession of his state. His next expedition was against Kánha -Rái of Dúngarpur, who took refuge in the hills, but -afterwards returned, and paying tribute, was given charge of his -country. Muhammad married Bíbi Mughli, daughter of Jám -Júna of Thatha in Sindh. She bore a son, Fateh Khán, who -was afterwards Sultán Mahmúd Begada. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1450, Muhammad marched upon -Chámpáner, and took the lower fortress. -Gangádás of Chámpáner had a strong ally in -Sultán Mahmúd Khilji, the ruler of Málwa, and on -his approach Muhammad Sháh retired to Godhra,<a class="noteref" -id="n240.2src" href="#n240.2" name="n240.2src">24</a> and Mahmúd -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb241" href="#pb241" name="pb241">241</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Muhammad II. 1441–1452.</b></span> Khilji continued his march -upon Gujarát at the head of 80,000 horse. Muhammad Sháh -was preparing to fly to Diu, when the nobles, disgusted at his -cowardice, caused him to be poisoned. Muhammad Sháh’s -after-death title is Khûdáigán-i-Karím the -Gracious Lord.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kutb-ud-dín, -1451–1459.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1451 the -nobles placed Muhammad’s son Jalál Khán on the -throne with the title of Kutb-ud-dín. Meanwhile Sultán -Mahmúd of Málwa had laid siege to -Sultánpur.<a class="noteref" id="n241.1src" href="#n241.1" name="n241.1src">25</a> Malik Alá-ud-dín bin Sohráb -Kutb-ud-dín’s commander surrendered the fort, and was sent -with honour to <span class="marginnote">War with Málwa, -1451.</span>Málwa and appointed governor of Mándu. -Sultán Mahmúd, marching to Sársa-Pálri, -summoned Broach, then commanded by Sídi Marján on behalf -of Gujarát. The Sídi refused, and fearing delay, the -Málwa Sultán after plundering Baroda proceeded to -Naḍiád, whose Bráhmans astonished him by their -bravery in killing a mad elephant. Kutb-ud-dín Sháh now -advancing met Sultán Mahmúd at <span class="marginnote">Battle of Kapadvanj, 1454.</span>Kapadvanj,<a class="noteref" id="n241.2src" href="#n241.2" name="n241.2src">26</a> where, -after a doubtful fight of some hours, he defeated Sultán -Mahmúd, though during the battle that prince was able to -penetrate to Kutb-ud-dín’s camp and carry off his crown -and jewelled girdle. The Mirăt-i-Sikandari ascribes -Kutb-ud-dín’s victory in great measure to the gallantry of -certain inhabitants of Dholka<a class="noteref" id="n241.3src" href="#n241.3" name="n241.3src">27</a> called Darwáziyahs. Muzaffar -Khán, who is said to have incited the Málwa Sultán -to invade Gujarát, was captured and beheaded, and his head was -hung up at the gate of Kapadvanj. On his return from Kapadvanj -Kutb-ud-dín built the magnificent Hauzi Kutb or Kánkariya -Tank about a mile to the south of Áhmedábád. -According to the Mirăt-i-Sikandari (Persian Text, 50–57) -this war between Málwa and Gujarát was controlled by the -spiritual power of certain holy teachers. The war was brought on by the -prayers of Sheikh Kamál Málwi, whose shrine is in -Áhmedábád behind Khudáwand -Khán’s mosque near <span class="corr" id="xd25e25420" -title="Source: Sháh-i-Alam’s">Sháh-i-Álam’s</span> -tomb, who favoured Málwa. Kutb-ud-dín’s cause was -aided by the blessing of Kutbi Álam who sent his son the famous -Sháh Álam time after time to persuade Kamál to be -loyal to Gujarát. At last Kamál produced a writing said -to be from heaven giving the victory to Málwa. The young -Sháh Álam tore this charter to shreds, and, as no evil -befel him, Kamál saw that his spiritual power paled before -Sháh Álam and fell back dead. Sháh Álam -against his will accompanied Kutb-ud-dín some marches on his -advance to Kapadvanj. Before leaving the army Sháh Álam -blessed a mean camp elephant and ordered him to destroy the famous -Málwa champion elephant known as the Butcher. He also, against -his wish for he knew the future, at the Sultán’s request -bound his own sword round Kutb-ud-dín’s waist. In the -battle the commissariat elephant ripped the Butcher and some years -later Kutb-ud-dín by accident gashed his knee with the -saint’s sword and died. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb242" -href="#pb242" name="pb242">242</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Kutb-ud-dín, 1451–1459.</b></span> <span class="marginnote">War with Nágor, 1454–1459.</span>In the same -year Sultán Mahmúd Khilji attempted to conquer -Nágor then held by Fírúz Khán, a cousin of -the Áhmedábád Sultán. Kutb-ud-dín -Sháh despatched an army under the command of Sayad -Atáulláh, and, as it drew near Sámbhar,<a class="noteref" id="n242.1src" href="#n242.1" name="n242.1src">28</a> the -Málwa Sultán retired and shortly after -Fírúz Khán died. Kúmbha Rána of -Chitor<a class="noteref" id="n242.2src" href="#n242.2" name="n242.2src">29</a> now began interfering in the Nágor succession -on behalf of Shams Khán, who had been dispossessed by his -brother Mujáhid Khán, and expelled Mujáhid. But as -Shams Khán refused to dismantle the fortifications of -Nágor, the Chitor chief collected an army to capture -Nágor, while Shams Khán repaired to Kutb-ud-dín -Sháh for aid and gave that sovereign his daughter in marriage. -Upon this Kutb-ud-dín sent Rái Anupchand Mánek and -Malik Gadái with an army to Nágor to repulse the -Rána of <span class="marginnote">War with Chitor, -1455–1459.</span>Chitor. In a battle near Nágor the -Gujarát troops were defeated, and the Rána after laying -waste the neighbourhood of that city, returned to Chitor. In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1455–56, to avenge this raid, -Kutb-ud-dín Sháh marched against Chitor. On his way the -Devra Rája of Sirohi<a class="noteref" id="n242.3src" href="#n242.3" name="n242.3src">30</a> attended Kutb-ud-dín -Sháh’s camp, praying him to restore the fortress of -Ábu,<a class="noteref" id="n242.4src" href="#n242.4" name="n242.4src">31</a> part of the ancestral domain of Sirohi, which the -Rána of Chitor had wrested from his house. The king ordered one -of his generals, Malik Shaâbán, to take possession of -Ábu and restore it to the Devra chieftain, while he himself -continued to advance against <span class="corr" id="xd25e25464" title="Source: Kumbhámer">Kumbhalmer</span>. Malik -Shaâbán was entangled in the defiles near Ábu, and -defeated with great slaughter, and shortly after Kutb-ud-dín -Sháh, making a truce with Chitor, retired to his own country. On -his return the Málwa sovereign proposed that they should unite -against Chitor, conquer the Rána’s territories, and divide -them equally between them. Kutb-ud-dín agreed and in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1456–57 marched against the -Rána by way of Ábu, which fortress he captured and handed -to the Devra Rája.<a class="noteref" id="n242.5src" href="#n242.5" name="n242.5src">32</a> Next, advancing upon Kumbhalmer, he -plundered the country round, and then turned towards Chitor. On his way -to Chitor, he was met by the Rána, and a battle was fought, -after which the Rána fell back on his capital, and was there -besieged by the Gujarát army. The siege was not pressed, and, on -the Rána agreeing to pay tribute and not to harass Nágor, -Kutb-ud-dín withdrew to Gujarát, where he gave himself up -to licentious excess. Meanwhile, the Rána by ceding -Mandisor<a class="noteref" id="n242.6src" href="#n242.6" name="n242.6src">33</a> to Málwa, came to terms with the -Sultán of Mándu, and within three months attacked -Nágor. Kutb-ud-dín Sháh, though so overcome with -drink as to be unable to sit his horse, mustered his troops and started -in a palanquin. As soon as the Rána heard that the <span class="corr" id="xd25e25480" title="Source: Gujárat">Gujarát</span> army was in motion he -retired, and the king returned to Áhmedábád. In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1458, he again led an army by way of -Sirohi <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb243" href="#pb243" name="pb243">243</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Kutb-ud-dín, 1451–1459.</b></span> and <span class="corr" id="xd25e25502" title="Source: Kumbhalṃer">Kumbhalmer</span> against Chitor, and laid -waste the country. Soon after his return, according to one account by -an accidental sword wound, according to another account poisoned by his -wife, Kutb-ud-dín died in May <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1459 after a reign of seven years and seven days. -He was brave with a sternness of nature, which, under the influence of -wine, amounted to fierceness. His after-death title is -Sultán-i-Gházi the Warrior King.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Mahmúd I. (Begada), -1459–1513.</span>On the death of Kutb-ud-dín Sháh, -the nobles raised to the throne his uncle Dáúd, son of -Áhmed Sháh. But as Dáúd appointed low-born -men to high offices and committed other foolish acts, he was deposed, -and in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1459 his half-brother Fateh -Khán the son of Muhammad Sháh, son of Áhmed -Sháh by Bíbi Mughli a daughter of Jám Júna -of Thatha in Sindh, was seated on the throne at the age of little more -than thirteen with the title of Mahmúd Sháh.</p> -<p>The close connection of Fateh Khán with the saintly -Sháh Álam is a favourite topic with Gujarát -historians. According to the Mirăt-i-Sikandari (Persian Text, -66–70) of his two daughters Jám Júna intended -Bíbi Mughli the more beautiful for the Saint and Bíbi -Mirghi the less comely for the Sultán. By bribing the -Jám’s envoys the king secured the prettier sister. The -enraged Saint was consoled by his father who said: My son, to you will -come both the cow and the calf. After Muhammad II.’s death, fear -of Kutb-ud-dín’s designs against the young Fateh -Khán forced Bíbi Mughli to seek safety with her sister, -and on her sister’s death she married the Saint. -Kutb-ud-dín made several attempts to seize Fateh Khán. -But by the power of the Saint when Kutb-ud-dín attempted to -seize him, Fateh Khán in body as well as in dress became a girl. -According to one account Kutb-ud-dín met his death in an attempt -to carry off Fateh Khán. As he rode into the Saint’s -quarter Death in the form of a mad camel met the king. The king struck -at the phantom, and his sword cleaving the air gashed his knee. This -was the Saint’s sword, which against his will, for he knew it -would be the death of the king, Kutb-ud-dín forced Sháh -Álam to bind round him before the battle of Kapadvanj.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Defeats a Conspiracy, 1459.</span>The death -of his uncle, the late Sultán Dáúd, who had become -a religious devotee, relieved Fateh Khán of one source of -danger. Shortly after certain of the nobles including Seiful Mulk, -Kabír-ud-dín Sultáni surnamed Akd-ul-Mulk, -Burhán-ul-Mulk and Hisám-ul-Mulk represented to the -Sultán that the minister Shaâbán -Imád-ul-Mulk contemplated treason and wished to set his son on -the throne. Having seized and imprisoned the minister in the Bhadra -citadel and set five hundred of their trusted retainers as guards over -him, the rebels retired to their homes. At nightfall Abdulláh, -the chief of the elephant stables, going to the young Sultán -represented to him that the nobles who had imprisoned -Imád-ul-Mulk were the real traitors and had determined to place -Habíb Khán, an uncle of the Sultán’s, on the -throne. The Sultán consulting his mother and some of his -faithful friends ordered Abdulláh at daybreak to equip all his -elephants in full armour and draw them up in the square before the -Bhadra. He then seated himself on the throne and in a voice of feigned -anger ordered one of the courtiers to bring out Shaâbán -Imád-ul-Mulk, that he might wreak his vengeance <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb244" href="#pb244" name="pb244">244</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Mahmúd I. (Begada), 1459–1513.</b></span> upon him. As -these orders were not obeyed the Sultán rose, and walking up the -Bhadra called: “Bring out Shaâbán!” The guards -brought forth Imád-ul-Mulk, and the Sultán ordered his -fetters to be broken. Some of the nobles’ retainers made their -submission to the Sultán, others fled and hid themselves. In the -morning, hearing what had happened, the refractory nobles marched -against the Sultán. Many advised the Sultán to cross the -Sábarmati by the postern gate and retire from the city, and, -after collecting an army, to march against the nobles. Giving no ear to -these counsels the young Sultán ordered Abdulláh to -charge the advancing nobles with his six hundred elephants. The charge -dispersed the malcontents who fled and either hid themselves in the -city or betook themselves to the country. Some were killed, some were -trampled by the Sultán’s orders under the elephants’ -feet, and one was pardoned.<a class="noteref" id="n244.1src" href="#n244.1" name="n244.1src">34</a> His religious ardour, his love of -justice, his bravery, and his wise measures entitle Mahmúd to -the highest place among the Gujarát kings. One of the measures -which the Mirăt-i-Sikandari specially notices is his continuance -of land grants to the son of the holder, and in cases where there was -no male issue of half the grant to the daughter. His firm policy of -never ousting the landholder except for proved oppression or exaction -was productive of such prosperity that the revenue increased -two<span class="corr" id="xd25e25540" title="Not in source">,</span> -three and in some cases tenfold. The roads were safe from freebooters -and trade was secure. A rule forbidding soldiers to borrow money at -interest is favourably noticed. <span class="marginnote">Improves the -Soldiery, 1459–1461.</span>A special officer was appointed to -make advances to needy soldiers with the power to recover from their -pay in fixed instalments.<a class="noteref" id="n244.2src" href="#n244.2" name="n244.2src">35</a> Mahmúd also devoted much -attention to the culture of fruit trees.<a class="noteref" id="n244.3src" href="#n244.3" name="n244.3src">36</a> In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1461, or <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1462 -according to Farishtah, Nizám Sháh Báhmani -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1461–1463), king of the -Dakhan, whose country had been invaded by Sultán Mahmúd -Khilji of Málwa, applied for help to the Gujarát king. -<span class="marginnote">Helps the King of the Dakhan, -1461.</span>Mahmúd Sháh at once started to Nizám -Sháh’s aid, and on his way receiving another equally -pressing letter from the Dakhan sovereign, and being joined by the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e25610" title="Source: Bahmani">Báhmani</span> general Khwájáh -Jehán Gáwán, he <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb245" href="#pb245" name="pb245">245</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Mahmúd I. (Begada), 1459–1513.</b></span> pushed on -with all speed by way of Burhánpur.<a class="noteref" id="n245.1src" href="#n245.1" name="n245.1src">37</a> When Sultán -Mahmúd Khilji heard of his approach, he retired to his own -country by way of Gondwána,<a class="noteref" id="n245.2src" -href="#n245.2" name="n245.2src">38</a> from thirst and from the attacks -of the Gonds, losing 5000 to 6000 men. The king of Gujarát, -after receiving the thanks of the Dakhan sovereign, returned to his own -dominions. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1462 Sultán -Mahmúd Khilji made another incursion into the Dakhan at the head -of 90,000 horse, plundering and laying waste the country as far as -Daulatábád. Again the Dakhan sovereign applied for help -to Mahmúd Sháh, and on hearing of Mahmúd’s -advance the Málwa Sultán retired a second time to his own -dominions. Mahmúd Sháh now wrote to the Málwa -Sultán to desist from harassing the Dakhan, threatening, in case -of refusal, to march at once upon Mándu. His next expedition was -against the pirate <span class="corr" id="xd25e25639" title="Source: zamíndars">zamíndárs</span> of the hill -fort of Barûr and the bandar of Dûn or <span class="corr" -id="xd25e25642" title="Source: Dahánu">Dáhánu</span>, whose fort he -took, and after imposing an annual tribute allowed the chief to -continue to hold his hundred villages.<a class="noteref" id="n245.3src" -href="#n245.3" name="n245.3src">39</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Expedition against Junágaḍh, -1467.</span>Mahmúd Sháh next turned his thoughts to the -conquest of the mountain citadel of Girnár in central -Káthiáváḍa.<a class="noteref" id="n245.4src" -href="#n245.4" name="n245.4src">40</a> In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1467 he made an attack on the fort of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e25673" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>, -and receiving the submission of Ráv Mandlik, the local ruler, -returned to his capital. In the following year, hearing that the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e25676" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span> -chief continued to visit his idol temple in state with a golden -umbrella and other ensigns of royalty, Mahmúd despatched an army -to <span class="corr" id="xd25e25679" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>, -and the chief sent the obnoxious umbrella to the king, accompanied by -fitting presents. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1469 -Mahmúd once more sent an army to ravage Sorath, with the -intention of finally conquering both <span class="corr" id="xd25e25686" -title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span> and -Girnár. While Mahmúd was on the march the Ráv -Mandlik suddenly joined him, and asking why the Sultán was so -bent on his destruction when he had committed no fault, agreed to do -whatever Mahmúd might command. The king replied there is no -fault like infidelity, and ordered the Ráv to embrace -Islám. The chief, now thoroughly alarmed, fled by night and made -his way into Girnár. <span class="marginnote">Capture of -Girnár, 1472.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1472–73 after a siege of nearly two years, -forced by the failure of his stores, he quitted the fort and handing -the keys to the king, repeated after him the Muhammadan profession of -faith. Though the Ráv’s life was spared Sorath from this -date became a crown possession, and was governed by an officer -appointed by the king and stationed at <span class="corr" id="xd25e25695" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>. At -the close of the war Mahmúd Sháh repaired the fort -Jehánpanáh, the present outer or town wall of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e25698" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>, -and, charmed with the beauty of the neighbourhood, settled sayads and -learned men at <span class="corr" id="xd25e25702" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span> and -other towns <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb246" href="#pb246" name="pb246">246</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Mahmúd I. (Begada), 1459–1513.</b></span> in Sorath. He -induced the nobles to build houses, himself raised a palace and made -the new city his capital under the name of Mustafábad and -enforced his claims as overlord on all the neighbouring chiefs. It is -true that in the times of Áhmed Sháh these chieftains, -including even the <span class="corr" id="xd25e25721" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span> -Ráv himself, had paid tribute. But Mahmúd established -Áhmedábád rule so firmly that the duty of -collecting the tribute was entrusted to an officer permanently settled -in the country. The author of the Mirăt-i-Sikandari dilates on the -dense woods round <span class="corr" id="xd25e25724" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>, -full of mango, <i>ráen</i>, <i>jámbu</i>, -<i>gúlar</i>, <i>ámli</i>, and -<i>áonla</i><a class="noteref" id="n246.1src" href="#n246.1" -name="n246.1src">41</a> trees, and notes that this forest tract was -inhabited by a wild race of men called Khánts.<a class="noteref" -id="n246.2src" href="#n246.2" name="n246.2src">42</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Disturbances in Chámpáner, -1472.</span>During Mahmúd Sháh’s prolonged absence -from his capital, Malik Jamál-ud-dín was appointed -governor of Áhmedábád, with the title of -Muháfiz Khán that is Care-taker. At this time Jesingh, -son of Gangádás the chief of Chámpáner, -harassed the country round <span class="corr" id="xd25e25758" title="Source: Pavágad">Pávágaḍ</span>. The king -appointed Bahá-ul-Mulk, who had the title of -Imád-ul-Mulk, to the command of Sankheda; Malik Sárang -Kiwám-ul-Mulk to the command of Godhra; and Táj -Khán bin Sálár to the command of Norkha and -Dákhna on the Máhi. In consequence of these precautions -Jesingh abstained from rebellion. At this time the Ráv Mandlik -received the title of Khán Jahán, and lands were bestowed -on him, while the golden idols, which had been taken from the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e25761" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span> -temples, were broken and distributed among the soldiers.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Conquest of Kachh.</span>Mahmúd -Sháh’s next expedition was against the turbulent -inhabitants of the confines of Sindh. These were Jádejás, -though they are described as Rájputs of the Sumra and Sodha -tribes.<a class="noteref" id="n246.3src" href="#n246.3" name="n246.3src">43</a> They appear to have readily submitted, and to have -voluntarily sent men to <span class="corr" id="xd25e25774" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span> to -be instructed in Islám and to settle in Gujarát. Shortly -afterwards they again became troublesome, and the king advancing into -Kachh completely defeated them. About this time a learned man, Mulla -Mahmúd Samarkandi, on his way from the Dakhan to Central Asia, -complained to the king that he had been robbed by the pirates of Jagat -or Dwárka.<a class="noteref" id="n246.4src" href="#n246.4" name="n246.4src">44</a> On hearing of this outrage Mahmúd Sháh -marched to <span class="marginnote">Jagat Destroyed.</span>Jagat, took -the fort, and destroyed the idol temples. The pirates, in the first -instance, retired to the island of Shankhodára or Bet, but from -this, too, after a stout resistance they were driven with great -slaughter. The king built a mosque at Jagat, entrusted the government -to Farhat-ul-Mulk, and himself returned to <span class="corr" id="xd25e25786" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>. -Before this Dwárka had never been conquered. Bhím, the -Rájá of Dwárka, was sent to Muháfiz -Khán, the governor of Áhmedábád, with -orders that he was to be hewn in pieces and a piece fastened to every -gate of the city. After settling the affairs of Sorath, the king turned -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb247" href="#pb247" name="pb247">247</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Mahmúd I. (Begada), 1459–1513.</b></span> his face -towards Áhmedábád. On the way hearing that a fleet -of Malabár craft were annoying the Gujarát ports, he -marched to Gogha, equipped a fleet to oppose the pirates, and stopping -at Cambay returned to Áhmedábád.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Conspiracy, 1480.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1480, when Mahmúd Sháh was at -<span class="corr" id="xd25e25813" title="Source: Jûnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>, -Khudáwand Khán and others, who were weary of the -king’s constant warfare, incited his eldest son Áhmed to -assume royal power. But Imád-ul-Mulk, by refusing to join, upset -their plans, and on the king’s return the conspiracy was stamped -out. In the previous year (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1479) -Mahmúd Sháh sent an army to ravage -Chámpáner, which he was determined to conquer. About this -time, hearing that the neighbourhood was infested with robbers, he -founded the city of Mehmúdábád on the banks of the -Vátrak, about eighteen miles south of -Áhmedábád. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1482 there was a partial famine in -Gujarát, and the Chámpáner country being exempt -from scarcity the commandant of Morámli or <span class="corr" -id="xd25e25822" title="Source: Rasúlábad">Rasúlábád</span>, -a post in the Gáckwár’s Sáonli district on -the Chámpáner frontier, made several forays across the -border. In return the chief attacked the commandant and defeated him, -killing most of his men and capturing two elephants and several horses. -On hearing this Mahmúd Sháh set out for Baroda with a -powerful army. When Mahmúd reached Baroda the Rával of -<span class="marginnote">War against Chámpáner, -1482–1484.</span>Chámpáner, becoming alarmed, sent -ambassadors and sued for forgiveness. The king rejected his overtures, -saying: ‘Except the sword and the dagger no message shall pass -between me and you.’<a class="noteref" id="n247.1src" href="#n247.1" name="n247.1src">45</a> The Rával made preparations -for a determined resistance, and sent messengers to summon -Ghiás-ud-dín Khilji of Málwa to his aid. To -prevent this junction Mahmúd Sháh entrusted the siege to -his nobles and marched to Dohad, on which Sultán -Ghiás-ud-dín withdrew to Mándu. On his return from -Dohad the Sultán began building a Jáma Mosque at -Chámpáner to show that he would not leave the place till -he had taken the hill-fort of Pávágaḍ. After the -siege had lasted more than twenty months (April 1483–December -1484), the Musalmáns noticed that for an hour or two in the -morning most of the Rájputs were off duty bathing and dressing. -A morning assault was planned and the first gate carried. Then Malik -Ayáz Sultáni finding a practicable breach passed through -with some of his men and took the great gate. The Rával and his -Rájputs, throwing their women children and valuables into a huge -fire, rushed out in a fierce but unavailing charge.<a class="noteref" -id="n247.2src" href="#n247.2" name="n247.2src">46</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Capture of Pávágaḍ, -1484.</span>The Rával and his minister Dúngarshi fell -wounded into the conqueror’s hands, and, on refusing to embrace -Islám, were put to death. The Rával’s son, who was -entrusted to Seif-ul-Mulk, and instructed by him in the Muhammadan -religion, afterwards, in the reign of Muzaffar Sháh -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1523–1526), was ennobled by -the title of Nizám-ul-Mulk. On the capture of -Pávágaḍ in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1484, -Mahmúd Sháh built a wall round the town of -Chámpáner, and made it his capital under the name of -Muhammadábád. Under Mahmúd’s orders the -neighbourhood <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb248" href="#pb248" name="pb248">248</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Mahmúd I. (Begada), 1459–1513.</b></span> became -stocked with mangoes, pomegranates, figs, grapes, sugarcane, plantains, -oranges, custard apples, <i>khirnis</i> or <i><span class="corr" id="xd25e25866" title="Source: raens">ráens</span></i> (<span lang="la">Mimusops indica</span> or <span lang="la">hexandra</span>), -jackfruit, and cocoapalms, as well as with roses, chrysanthemums, -jasmins, <i>champás</i>, and sweet pandanus. A sandal grove near -Chámpáner is said to have had trees large enough to help -the Musalmán nobles to build their mansions. At the instance of -the Sultán a Khurásáni beautified one of the -gardens with fountains and cascades. A Gujaráti named -Hálur learning the principle improved on his master’s -design in a garden about four miles west of Chámpáner, -which in his honour still bears the name Hálol.<a class="noteref" id="n248.1src" href="#n248.1" name="n248.1src">47</a></p> -<p>In Mahmúd’s reign an instance is mentioned of the form -of compensation known as <i>valtar</i>. Some merchants bringing horses -and other goods for sale from Irák and Khurásán -were plundered in Sirohi limits. The king caused them to give in -writing the price of their horses and stuffs, and paying them from his -own treasury recovered the amount from the Rája of Sirohi.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Khándesh Succession, -1508.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1494–95 -Mahmúd went against Bahádur Khán -Gíláni, a vassal of the Bahmanis, who from Goa and -Dábhol<a class="noteref" id="n248.2src" href="#n248.2" name="n248.2src">48</a> had so harassed the Gujarát harbours that, -from the failure of the supply of betelnut, coriander seed had to be -eaten with betel leaves. The Bahmani Sultán, fearing the -consequences to himself, marched against Bahádur Khán, -and, capturing him alive, struck off his head, and sent it to the -Gujarát monarch, who returned to his own country. In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1499–1500, hearing that -Násir-ud-dín of Málwa had killed his father -Ghiás-ud-dín and seated himself on the throne, the -Sultán prepared to advance against him, but was appeased by -Násir-ud-dín’s humble attitude. The next seven -years passed without any warlike expedition. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1507, near Daman on his way to Cheul, -Mahmúd heard of the victory gained at Cheul over the Portuguese -by the Gujarát squadron under Malik Ayáz Sultáni, -in concert with the Turkish fleet.<a class="noteref" id="n248.3src" -href="#n248.3" name="n248.3src">49</a> In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1508 Mahmúd succeeded in placing his -nephew Mirán Muhammad <span class="corr" id="xd25e25921" title="Source: Adil">Ádil</span> Khán Fárúki on -the throne of Ásir-Burhánpur. From 1508 Mahmúd -remained at his capital till his death in December <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1513 at the age of sixty-seven years and three -months, after a reign of fifty-four years and one month. Mahmúd -was buried at Sarkhej,<a class="noteref" id="n248.4src" href="#n248.4" -name="n248.4src">50</a> and received <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb249" href="#pb249" name="pb249">249</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Mahmúd I. (Begada), 1459–1513.</b></span> the -after-death title of Khúdáigán-i-Halím or -the Meek Lord. Immediately before his death Sultán Mahmúd -was informed that Sháh Ismáil Safawi of Persia had sent -him a friendly embassy headed by Yádgár Beg -Kazil-básh. As the Kazil-báshes were known to be -Shíahs the Sultán, who was a staunch Sunni, prayed that -he might not be forced to see a Shíah’s face during his -last days. His prayer was heard. He died before the Persian embassy -entered the city.<a class="noteref" id="n249.1src" href="#n249.1" name="n249.1src">51</a> During the last days of Sultán Mahmúd, -Sayad Muhammad of Jaunpur, who claimed to be the Mahdi or Messiah, came -from Jaunpur and lodged in Tájkhán -Sálár’s mosque near the Jamálpur gate of -Áhmedábád. His sermons drew crowds, and were so -persuasive that he gained a large body of followers, who believed his -eloquence to be due to <i>hál</i> or inspiration. -Mahmúd’s ministers persuaded him not to see the Jaunpur -preacher. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb250" href="#pb250" name="pb250">250</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Mahmúd I. (Begada), 1459–1513.</b></span> Mahmúd -Begada’s court was adorned by several pious and high-minded -nobles. In life they vied with one another in generous acts; and after -death, according to the Persian poet Urfi, they left their traces in -the characters and carvings of stone walls and marble piles. First -among these nobles the Mirăt-i-Sikandari (Persian Text, 132, 142) -mentions Dáwar-ul-Mulk, whose god-fearing administration made -his estates so prosperous that they were coveted by princes of the -blood. As Thánadár of Amron in north -Káthiáváḍa, he spread the light of -Islám from Morvi to Bhúj, and after his death his fame as -a spirit-ruling guardian drew hosts of sick and possessed to his shrine -near Morvi. The second was Malik Ayáz, governor of Diu, who -built the strong fortress afterwards reconstructed by the Portuguese. -He also built a tower on an under-water rock, and from the tower drew a -massive iron chain across the mouth of the harbour. A substantial -bridge over the creek, that runs through the island of Diu, was -afterwards destroyed by the Portuguese. The third was Khudáwand -Khán Ālím, the founder of Ālímpura a -suburb to the south of Áhmedábád, adorned with a -mosque of sandstone and marble. He introduced the cultivation of melons -figs and sugarcane into Gujarát from Bijápur. The fourth -was Imád-ul-Mulk Āsas who founded Ísanpur, a suburb -between Sháh <span class="corr" id="xd25e26035" title="Source: Alam’s">Álam’s</span> suburb of -Islámpur and Batwa, and planted along the road groves of -<i>khirnis</i> and mangoes. The fifth was Tájkhán -Sálár, so loved of his peers that after his death none of -them would accept his title. The sixth was Malik Sárang -Kiwám-ul-Mulk, a Rájput by birth, the founder of the -suburb of Sárangpur and its mosque to the east of -Áhmedábád. The seventh and eighth were the -Khurásáni brothers Aâzam and Moâzzam, who -built a cistern, a mosque, and a tomb between -Áhmedábád and Sarkhej.</p> -<p>Besides Khalíl Khán, who succeeded him, Mahmúd -had three sons: Muhammad Kála, Ápá Khán, -and Áhmed Khán. Kála, son of Ráni -Rúp Manjhri died during his father’s lifetime as did his -mother, who was buried in Mánek Chauk in -Áhmedábád in the building known as the -Ráni’s Hazíra. The second son Ápá -Khán was caught trespassing in a noble’s -<i>harím</i>, and was ordered by the Sultán to be -poisoned. The third son was the Áhmed Khán whom -Khudáwand Khán sought to raise to the throne during -Sultán Mahmúd’s lifetime.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Muzaffar II. -1513–1526.</span>Muhammad was succeeded by Khalíl -Khán, the son of Ráni Hírábái the -daughter of a Rájput chieftain named <span class="corr" id="xd25e26050" title="Source: Nágá">Nága</span> -Rána who lived on the bank of the Mahi. On ascending the throne, -at the age of twenty-seven, Khalíl adopted the title of Muzaffar -Sháh. For some time before his father’s death, Prince -Khalíl Khán had been living at Baroda and shortly after -his accession he visited that neighbourhood, and founded a town which -he named Daulatábád. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1514 Ráv Bhím, the son of -Ráv Bhán of Ídar, <span class="marginnote">Expedition against Ídar, 1514.</span>defeated -Ain-ul-Mulk, governor of Pátan, who was coming to -Áhmedábád to pay his respects to the king. This -officer had turned aside to punish the Ráv for some disturbance -he had created, but failing in his purpose, was himself defeated. On -the approach of Muzaffar Sháh, Ídar was abandoned by the -Ráv, who made his peace with difficulty and only by agreeing to -pay a heavy tribute. Meanwhile the king marched to Godhra, and so to -Málwa by way of Dohad, whose fort he caused to be repaired, and -soon after went on to Dhár. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb251" -href="#pb251" name="pb251">251</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Muzaffar II. 1513–1526.</b></span> After a short stay in -Málwa, thinking it mean to take advantage of the distracted -condition of Mahmúd of Málwa, who was at war with his -nobles, Muzaffar returned to Muhammadábád -(Chámpáner). At this time Ráimal, nephew of the -late Ráv Bhím of Ídar, expelled the -Ráv’s son Bhármal by the aid of his father-in-law -Rána Sánga of Chitor, and succeeded to the chieftainship -of Ídar. The king was displeased at the interference of the -Rána, and directed Nizám Khán, the governor of -Ahmednagar, to expel Ráimal and reinstate Bhármal. -Nizám Khán took Ídar and gave it to -Bhármal. Ráimal betook himself to the hills where -Nizám Khán incautiously pursuing and engaging him lost -many men. When the rains were over the Sultán visited -Ídar. Shortly after, Nizám Khán, the governor of -Ahmednagar, fell sick and was called to court. He left Ídar in -charge of Zahír-ul-Mulk at the head of a hundred horse. -Ráimal made a sudden raid on Ídar and killed -Zahír-ul-Mulk and twenty-seven of his men. On hearing of this -reverse Sultán Muzaffar ordered Nizám Khán to -destroy Bíjápur.<a class="noteref" id="n251.1src" href="#n251.1" name="n251.1src">52</a> <span class="marginnote">Disturbances -in Málwa, 1517.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1517, -the nobles of Málwa besought Muzaffar’s interference, -alleging that the Hindu minister Medáni Rái was planning -to depose the Málwa Sultán, Mahmúd Khilji, and -usurp the throne. Muzaffar Sháh promised to come to their help, -and shortly after Sultán Mahmúd Khilji, escaping from the -surveillance of Medáni Rái, himself sought the aid of the -Gujarát monarch. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1518 -Muzaffar Sháh marched by Godhra into Málwa, and on his -arrival at Dhár, that town was evacuated by Medáni -Rái. The Gujarát king next besieged Mándu and -Medáni Rái summoned the Chitor Rána to his aid. -<span class="marginnote">Capture of Mándu, 1518.</span>When the -Rána had reached Sárangpur, Muzaffar Sháh -detaching a force caused the Rána to retire, while the -Gujarát soldiers exerted themselves so strenuously that they -captured Mándu, recovering the girdle which Kutb-ud-dín -had lost at the battle of Kapadvanj. This conquest virtually placed -Málwa in Muzaffar’s power, but he honourably restored the -kingdom to Sultán Mahmúd Khilji, and, withdrawing to -Gujarát, proceeded to <span class="corr" id="xd25e26091" title="Source: Muhammadábad">Muhammadábád</span>. In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1519, news was received of the defeat -and capture of Sultán Mahmúd Khilji by the Rána of -Chitor. Muzaffar Sháh sent a force to protect Mándu. But -the Rána, who distinguished himself by releasing the -Sultán of Málwa and keeping his son in his stead as a -hostage, enjoyed continued good fortune. Some time before these events -a <i>bhát</i> or bard in the presence of Nizám -Khán, the governor of Ídar, boasted that the Rána -of <span class="marginnote">War with Chitor, 1519.</span>Chitor would -never fail to help Rána Ráimal of Ídar. The angry -governor said ‘Whose dog is Rána Sánga to help -Ráimal while we are here.’ Nizám Khán called -a dog Sánga, chained him in the fort, and dared the Rána -to carry him away. His successes enabled Sánga to answer the -challenge. In consequence of dissensions at head-quarters Nizám -Khán withdrew to Ahmednagar leaving a small garrison in -Ídar. When Rána Sánga appeared before Ídar -the garrison resisted but were slain to a man. The Rána advanced -to Ahmednagar and severely defeated Nizám Khán who -withdrew to Áhmedábád, while the Rána -plundered Vishálnagar.<a class="noteref" id="n251.2src" href="#n251.2" name="n251.2src">53</a> In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1521, Malik Ayáz Sultáni, the -governor of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb252" href="#pb252" name="pb252">252</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Muzaffar II. 1513–1526.</b></span> <span class="marginnote">The Rána of Chitor Submits, 1521.</span>Sorath, was -sent with a large and carefully equipped force to revenge this inroad. -Dissensions between Malik Ayáz and the <span class="corr" id="xd25e26129" title="Source: Gujárat">Gujarát</span> -nobles prevented this expedition doing more than burn and despoil both -Dungarpur and Bánsváda. Muzaffar Sháh, greatly -displeased with the result, was preparing to march against Chitor, when -he was dissuaded by a submissive embassy from that chief, who sent his -son to Áhmedábád with valuable presents for the -king. Shortly afterwards, on the death of Malik Ayáz, Muzaffar -Sháh confirmed his elder son Malik Is-hák in his -father’s rank and possessions. Malik Is-hák remained in -Sorath which was confirmed as his <i>jágir</i>. In the following -year the Sultán went about his dominions strengthening his -frontier posts, especially the fort of Modása, which he rebuilt. -About <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1524 prince -Báhádur Khán, ostensibly dissatisfied with the -smallness of his estates but really to remove himself from the jealousy -of his brother Sikandar who being appointed heir-apparent was seeking -his life, left <span class="corr" id="xd25e26138" title="Source: Gujárat">Gujarát</span> and withdrew to -Hindustán. King Muzaffar, after formally appointing his son -<span class="corr" id="xd25e26142" title="Source: Sikándar">Sikandar</span> Khán his heir, -<span class="marginnote">Dies, 1526.</span>died at -Áhmedábád in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1526, after a reign of fourteen years and nine -months. Muzaffar was buried in the shrine of Sheikh Áhmed Khattu -at Sarkhej near his father’s grave. He was the most learned and -one of the most pious of the Áhmedábád -Sultáns. So extreme an abstainer was he that not only during his -whole life did he eschew intoxicating drugs and liquor but he never -again rode a favourite horse because the horse was cured by a draught -of wine. He was an accomplished musician, a finished horseman, a -practised swordsman, and withal so modest and humble in his dress and -temper that observing once to a favourite page how simple and yet -graceful his own turban was the boy laughed: ‘Ay, if the turbans -of Mullahs and Bohoras are graceful, then is your -Majesty’s.’ The Sultán said ‘I should have -been proud to have my turban likened to a Mullah’s, why compare -it with the headdress of a schismatic Bohora.’ Muzaffar was -careful never to pain the feelings of those around him. He suspected -Kiwám-ul-Mulk who was in charge of his drinking water but -contented himself with breathing over the water one of the verses of -the Kurâán which make poison harmless.<a class="noteref" -id="n252.1src" href="#n252.1" name="n252.1src">54</a> During his reign -cultivation increased so much in Jháláváḍa -that it became necessary to reserve certain waste land for pasture. In -1526 the rains held off so long that famine began to rage. The -Sultán exclaimed, ‘Oh Allah! If thou scourgest the country -for the sins of its king take his life and spare thy creatures.’ -The prayer was heard and the soul of the guardian Sultán passed -in a flood of gracious rain.<a class="noteref" id="n252.2src" href="#n252.2" name="n252.2src">55</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Sikandar, 1526.</span>After Sikandar -Sháh had been in power a few months he was murdered by -Imád-ul-Mulk Khush Kadam, who seated a younger brother of -Sikandar’s, named Násir Khán, on the throne with -the title of <span class="marginnote">Mahmúd II. -1526.</span>Mahmúd II. and governed on his behalf. The only -event of Sikandar’s reign was the destruction of an army sent -against his brother <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb253" href="#pb253" -name="pb253">253</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Mahmúd II. 1526.</b></span> Latíf Khán who was -helped by Rána Bhím of Munga.<a class="noteref" id="n253.1src" href="#n253.1" name="n253.1src">56</a> The nobles deserted -Imád-ul-Mulk’s cause, and prince <span class="marginnote">Bahádur, -1527–1536.</span>Báhádur Khán, returning to -Gujarát from Hindustán, was joined by many supporters -prominent among whom was Táj Khán, proprietor of -Dhandhuka. Bahádur marched at once on Chámpáner, -captured and executed Imád-ul-Mulk and poisoning Násir -Khán ascended the throne in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1527 with the title of Bahádur -Sháh. His brother Latíf Khán, aided by Rája -Bhím of the Kohistan or hill land of Pál,<a class="noteref" id="n253.2src" href="#n253.2" name="n253.2src">57</a> now -asserted his claim to the throne. He was defeated, and fell wounded -into the hands of the Gujarát army and died of his wounds and -was buried at Hálol. Rája Bhím was slain. As -Bhím’s successor Ráisingh plundered Dohad, a large -force was sent <span class="corr" id="xd25e26227" title="Source: againt">against</span> him, commanded by Táj -Khán, who laid waste Ráisingh’s country and -dismantled his forts. Soon after Bahádur Sháh visited -Cambay, and found that Malik Is-hák the governor of Sorath had, -in the interests of the Portuguese, attempted to seize Diu but had been -repulsed by the Gujarát admiral Mahmúd Áka. The -Sultán entrusted Diu to Kiwám-ul-Mulk and <span class="corr" id="xd25e26230" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span> to -Mujáhid Khán Bhíkan and returned to -Áhmedábád. In 1527 he enforced tribute from -Ídar and the neighbouring country. During one of his numerous -expeditions he went to hunt in Nándod and received the homage of -the Rája. <span class="marginnote">Portuguese Intrigues, -1526.</span>As the Portuguese were endeavouring to establish themselves -on the coast of Sorath, and, if possible, to obtain Diu, the king was -constantly at Cambay Diu and Gogha to frustrate their attempts, and he -now directed the construction of the fortress of Broach. At this time -Muhammad Khán, ruler of Asír and Burhánpur, -requested Bahádur’s aid on behalf of Imád-ul-Mulk, -ruler of Berár. Bahádur Sháh started at once and -at Nandurbár was joined by Muhammad Khán Asíri, -and thence proceeded to Burhánpur, where he was met by -Imád Sháh from Gávalgad. <span class="marginnote">Khándesh Affairs, 1528.</span>After certain -successes he made peace between Burhán Nizám Sháh -and Imád Sháh Gávali, and returned to -Gujarát. Jám Fírúz the ruler of Tatha in -Sindh now sought refuge with Bahádur Sháh from the -oppression either of the Ghoris or of the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb254" href="#pb254" name="pb254">254</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Bahádur, 1527–1536.</b></span> Mughals and was -hospitably received. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1528 -Bahádur made an expedition into the Dakhan which ended in a -battle at Daulatábád. The issue of this battle seems to -have been unfavourable as hardly any reference to the campaign remains. -Next year (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1529) at the request of -Jaâfar or Khizr Khán, son of Imád Sháh -Gávali, who was sent to Gujarát to solicit -Bahádur’s help, he again marched for the Dakhan. As he -passed through Muler Biharji the Rája of Báglán -gave him his daughter in marriage and in return received the title of -Bahr Khán. From Báglán Bahr Khán was told -off to ravage Cheul which by this time had fallen into the hands of the -Portuguese. Bahádur himself advanced to Ahmednagar, took the -fort and destroyed many of the buildings. Purandhar also was sacked of -its stores of gold.<a class="noteref" id="n254.1src" href="#n254.1" -name="n254.1src">58</a> From Ahmednagar Bahádur Sháh -passed to Burhánpur, and there his general Kaisar Khán -gained a victory over the united forces of Nizám Sháh, -Malik Beríd, and Ain-ul-Mulk. After having the public sermon -read in his name both in Ahmednagar and in Burhánpur -Bahádur returned to Gujarát and for some time refrained -from interfering in the affairs of the Dakhan.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Turks at Diu, -1526–1530.</span>Between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1526 -and 1530 certain Turks under one Mústafa came to Gujarát, -traders according to one account according to another part of a Turkish -fleet expected to act against the Portuguese. Diu was assigned them as -a place of residence and the command of the island was granted to Malik -Túghán, son of Malik Ayáz, the former governor. In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1530 the king marched to -Nágor, and gave an audience both to Prathiráj Rája -of Dúngarpur and to the ambassadors from Rána Ratansi of -Chitor. The Rána’s ambassadors complained of encroachments -on Chitor by Mahmúd of Málwa. Mahmúd promised to -appear before Bahádur to explain the alleged encroachments. -Bahádur waited. At last as Mahmúd failed to attend -Bahádur said he would go and meet Mahmúd. He invested -Mándu and received with favour certain deserters from -Mahmúd’s army. The fortress fell and Sultán -Mahmúd and his seven sons were captured. The success of the -siege was due to Bahádur’s personal prowess. <span class="marginnote">Capture of Mándu, 1530.</span>He scaled an almost -inaccessible height and sweeping down from it with a handful of men -took the fort, a feat which for daring and dash is described as -unsurpassed in the history of Musalmán Gujarát.<a class="noteref" id="n254.2src" href="#n254.2" name="n254.2src">59</a> After -passing the rainy season at Mándu Bahádur Sháh -went to Burhánpur to visit his nephew Mirán Muhammad -<span class="corr" id="xd25e26281" title="Source: Shah">Sháh</span>. At Burhánpur Bahádur -under the influence of the great priest-statesman Sháh -Táhir, was reconciled with Burhán Nizám and gave -him the royal canopy he had taken from Málwa. Bahádur -offered Sháh Táhir the post of minister. Sháh -Táhir declined saying he must make a pilgrimage to Makkah. He -retired to Ahmednagar and there converted Burhán Nizám -Sháh to the Shíâh faith.<a class="noteref" id="n254.3src" href="#n254.3" name="n254.3src">60</a> In the same year, -hearing that Mánsingji, Rája of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb255" href="#pb255" name="pb255">255</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Bahádur, 1527–1536.</b></span> Halvad,<a class="noteref" id="n255.1src" href="#n255.1" name="n255.1src">61</a> had -killed the commandant of Dasáda Bahádur despatched -Khán Khánán against him. Víramgám -and Mándal were reft from the Jhála chieftains, and ever -after formed part of the crown dominions. When Sultán -Mahmúd Khilji and his sons were being conveyed to the fortress -of Chámpáner, Ráisingh, Rája of Pál, -endeavoured to rescue them. The attempt failed, and the prisoners were -put to death by their guards. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1531, on Bahádur’s return from -Burhánpur to Dhár, hearing that Silehdi the Rájput -chief of Ráisin in east Málwa kept in captivity certain -Muhammadan women who had belonged to the harím of Sultán -Násir-ud-dín of Málwa, Bahádur marched -against him and forced him to surrender and embrace Islám. The -chief secretly sent to the Rána of Chitor for aid and delayed -handing over Ráisin. On learning this Bahádur despatched -a force to keep Chitor in check and pressed the siege. At his own -request, Silehdi was sent to persuade the garrison to surrender. But -their reproaches stung him so sharply, that, joining with them, and -after burning their women and children, they sallied forth sword in -hand and were all slain. Ráisin fell into Bahádur’s -hands, and this district together with those of <span class="corr" id="xd25e26310" title="Source: Bhílsa">Bhilsa</span> and Chanderi -were entrusted to the government of Sultán <span class="corr" -id="xd25e26314" title="Source: Alam">Álam</span> Lodhi. The king -now went to Gondwána to hunt elephants, and, after capturing -many, employed his army in reducing Gágraun and other minor -fortresses.<a class="noteref" id="n255.2src" href="#n255.2" name="n255.2src">62</a> In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1532 he -advanced against Chitor, but raised the siege on receiving an enormous -ransom. Shortly afterwards his troops took the strong fort of -Rantanbhur.<a class="noteref" id="n255.3src" href="#n255.3" name="n255.3src">63</a> About this time on receipt of news that the -Portuguese were usurping authority the Sultán repaired to Diu. -Before he arrived the Portuguese had taken to flight, leaving behind -them an enormous gun which the Sultán ordered to be dragged to -Chámpáner.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Quarrel with Humáyún, -1532.</span>Before <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1532 was over -Bahádur Sháh quarrelled with Humáyún, -emperor of Delhi. The original ground of quarrel was that -Bahádur Sháh had sheltered Sultán Muhammad -Zamán Mírza the grandson of a daughter of the emperor -Bábar (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1482–1530). -Humáyún’s anger was increased by an insolent answer -from the Gujarát king. Without considering that he had provoked -a powerful enemy, Bahádur Sháh again laid siege to -Chitor, and though he heard that Humáyún had arrived at -Gwálior, he would not desist from the siege. <span class="marginnote">Fall of Chitor, 1535.</span>In March 1535 Chitor fell into -the hands of the Gujarát king but near Mandasúr his army -was shortly afterwards routed by Humáyún. According to -one account, the failure of the Gujarát army was due to -Bahádur and his nobles being spell-bound by looking at a heap of -salt and some cloth soaked in indigo which were mysteriously left -before Bahádur’s tent by an unknown elephant. The usual -and probably true explanation is that Rúmi Khán the Turk, -head of the Gujarát artillery, betrayed Bahádur’s -interest.<a class="noteref" id="n255.4src" href="#n255.4" name="n255.4src">64</a> Still though Rúmi Khán’s -treachery may have had a share in Bahádur’s defeat it -seems probable that in valour, discipline, and tactics the -Gujarát army was <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb256" href="#pb256" name="pb256">256</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Bahádur, 1527–1536.</b></span> inferior to the Mughals. -<span class="marginnote">Mughal Conquest of Gujarát, -1535.</span>Bahádur Sháh, unaccustomed to defeat, lost -heart and fled to Mándu, which fortress was speedily taken by -Humáyún. From Mándu the king fled to -Chámpáner, and finally took refuge in Diu. -Chámpáner fell to Humáyún, and the whole of -Gujarát, except Sorath, came under his rule. At this time Sher -Sháh Súr revolted, in Bihár and Jaunpur, and -Humáyún returned to Agra to oppose him leaving his -brother Hindál Mírza in Áhmedábád, -Kásam Beg in Broach, and Yádgár Násir -Mírza in Pátan. <span class="marginnote">Are Driven Out, -1536.</span>As soon as Humáyún departed, the country rose -against the Mughals, and his old nobles requested the king to join -them. Bahádur joined them, and, defeating the Mughals at -Kaníj near Mahmúdábád, expelled them from -Gujarát. During Humáyún’s time of success -Bahádur Sháh, being forced to court the <span class="marginnote">The Portuguese at Diu, 1536.</span>Portuguese, had granted -them leave to erect a factory in Diu. Instead of a factory the -Portuguese built a fort. When he recovered his kingdom, Bahádur, -repenting of his alliance with the Portuguese, went to Sorath to -persuade an army of Portuguese, whom he had asked to come to his -assistance, to return to Goa. When the Portuguese arrived at Diu five -or six thousand strong the Sultán hoping to get rid of them by -stratagem, repaired to Diu and endeavoured to get the viceroy into his -power. The viceroy excused himself, and in return invited the king to -visit his ship. <span class="marginnote">Death of Bahádur, -1536.</span>Bahádur agreed, and on his way back was attacked and -slain, in the thirty-first year of his life and the eleventh of his -reign. According to the author of the Mirăt-i-Sikandari the reason -of Bahádur’s assassination was that a paper from him to -the kings of the Dakhan, inviting them to join him in an alliance -against the Portuguese, had fallen into the hands of the Portuguese -viceroy. Whatever may have been the provocation or the intention, the -result seems to show that while both sides had treacherous designs -neither party was able to carry out his original plan, and the end was -unpremeditated, hurried on by mutual suspicions.<a class="noteref" id="n256.1src" href="#n256.1" name="n256.1src">65</a> Up to the defeat of -Sultán Bahádur by Humáyún, the power of -Gujarát was at its height. Cadets of noble Rájput houses, -Prithiráj, the nephew of Rána Sánga of Chitor, and -Narsingh Deva the cousin of the Rája of Gwálior, were -proud to enrol themselves as the Sultán’s vassals. The -Rája of Baglána readily gave Bahádur Sháh -his daughter. Jám Fírúz of Tatha in Sindh and the -sons of Bahlúl Lodhi were suppliants at his court. Málwa -was a dependency of Gujarát and the Nizám Sháhis -of Ahmednagar and Nasírkhan of Burhánpur acknowledged him -as overlord, while the Fárúkis of Khándesh were -dependent on Bahádur’s constant help.<a class="noteref" -id="n256.2src" href="#n256.2" name="n256.2src">66</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Muhammad II. (Ásíri), -1536.</span>On the death of king Bahádur in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1536, the nobles of Gujarát invited his -sister’s son Muhammad Sháh Ásíri to succeed -him. Muhammad Sháh died shortly after his accession, and the -nobles conferred the crown on Mahmúd Khán, son of -Latíf Khán, brother of Bahádur Sháh, and he -ascended the throne in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1536, when -only eleven years of age. The government of the country was carried on -by Darya Khán and Imád-ul-Mulk, who kept the king under -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb257" href="#pb257" name="pb257">257</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Mahmúd II. 1536–1554.</b></span> strict surveillance. -Darya Khán resolved to overthrow Imád-ul-Mulk and acquire -supreme power. With this object he obtained an order from the king, -whom, on the pretence of a hunting expedition, he removed from -Áhmedábád, directing Imád-ul-Mulk to retire -to his estates in Jháláváḍa. Six months -later, taking the Sultán with him, Darya Khán led an army -into Jháláváḍa, and defeating -Imád-ul-Mulk in a battle at Pátri, fifty two miles west -of Áhmedábád, pursued him to Burhánpur, and -there defeated Imád-ul-Mulk’s ally the ruler of -Khándesh and forced Imád-ul-Mulk to fly to -Málwa.<a class="noteref" id="n257.1src" href="#n257.1" name="n257.1src">67</a> After this success Darya Khán became absorbed -in pleasure, and resigned the management of the kingdom to Álam -Khán Lodhi. The king, dissembling his dissatisfaction at the way -he was treated, pretended to take no interest in affairs of state. -Álam Khán Lodhi, seeing the carelessness of Darya -Khán, began to entertain ambitious designs, and retiring to his -estate of Dhandhúka invited the king to join him. Mahmúd -Sháh, believing him to be in earnest, contrived to escape from -surveillance and joined Álam Khán. <span class="marginnote">Escapes from Control.</span>On discovering the -king’s flight, Darya Khán raised to the throne a -descendant of Áhmed Sháh by the title of Muzaffar -Sháh, and striking coin in his name set out with an army towards -Dhandhúka. Álam Khán and the king met him at -Dhúr in Dholka, and a battle was fought in which Mahmúd -and Álam Khán were defeated. The king fled to -Ránpur, and thence to Páliád, while Álam -Khán fled to Sádra. Darya Khán occupied Dhandhuka; -but his men, dissatisfied at being placed in opposition to the king, -rapidly deserted, some joining Álam Khan and some Mahmúd -Sháh. Soon after the king joined Álam Khan and marched on -Áhmedábád, whither Darya Khán had preceded -them. The citizens closed the gates against Darya Khán, but he -forced an entry by way of the Burhánpur wicket. Hearing of the -king’s approach Darya Khán fled to Mubárak -Sháh at Burhánpur, leaving his family and treasure in the -fortress of Chámpáner.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Chooses Evil Favourites.</span>The king -entered Áhmedábád, and soon after captured -Chámpáner. Álam Khán now obtained the -recall of Imád-ul-Mulk, who received a grant of Broach and the -port of Surat. Shortly afterwards Mahmúd Sháh began to -show favour to men of low degree, especially to one Charji, a -birdcatcher, whom he ennobled by the title of Muháfiz -Khán. Charji counselled Mahmúd to put to death -Sultán Alá-ud-dín Lodhi and Shujáât -Khán, two of the principal nobles; and the king, without -consulting his ministers, caused these men to be executed. The nobles -joining together besieged Mahmúd Sháh in his palace, and -demanded that Muháfiz Khán should be surrendered to them, -but the king refused to give him up. The nobles then demanded an -audience, and this the king granted, Muháfiz Khán, though -warned of his danger, being foolishly present. On entering the royal -presence Álam Khán signalled to his followers to slay -Muháfiz, and he was killed in spite of the king’s -remonstrances. Mahmúd then attempted to kill himself, but was -prevented and placed under guard, and the chief nobles took it in turn -to watch him. Strife soon arose between Álam Khán and -Mujáhid <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb258" href="#pb258" name="pb258">258</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Mahmúd II. 1536–1554.</b></span> Khán and his -brother, and the two latter nobles contrived the king’s escape -and sacked the houses of Álam Khán and his followers. -Álam Khán escaped to Pethápur in the Mahi -Kántha. He then joined Darya Khán, whom he called from -the Dakhan, and obtained help in money from Imád-ul-Mulk of -Surat and from Álp Khán of Dholka. Imád-ul-Mulk -wrote to the Sultán asking forgiveness for the rebels. -<span class="marginnote">Quarrels among the Nobles.</span>But before -the Sultán, who was mercifully disposed, could grant them -pardon, Álam Khán and Darya Khán again committed -themselves by acts of open revolt. The Sultán displeased with -the part Imád-ul-Mulk had taken in the rising summoned him to -<span class="corr" id="xd25e26438" title="Source: Champáner">Chámpáner</span> where, with -the Sultán’s connivance, his camp was given over to -pillage. The Sultán disclaimed all knowledge of this attack and -at Imád-ul-Mulk’s request allowed him to go on pilgrimage -to Makkah. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1545 as he was -preparing to start for Makkah Imád-ul-Mulk was killed. He was -succeeded in Surat by Khudáwand Khán Rúmi, who had -held Surat under him, and who, in spite of Portuguese opposition and -intrigue, had five years before completed the building of Surat -Castle.<a class="noteref" id="n258.1src" href="#n258.1" name="n258.1src">68</a> Meanwhile Álam Khán and Darya -Khán were driven from Gujarát and forced to take shelter -with the sovereign of Dehli. The king now appointed as his own minister -Afzal Khán, the minister of the late Bahádur Sháh, -and though Afzal Khán lived in retirement, his counsel was taken -on measures of importance. Other great nobles were Sayad -Mubárak, Fateh Khán Baloch, and Abdul Karím -Khán, who received the title of Ítimád -Khán, and was so entirely in the Sultán’s -confidence that he was admitted to the harem. Mahmúd now -consulted Ásif Khán as to the propriety of conquering -Málwa. <span class="marginnote">Disturbances, -1545.</span>Ásif Khán advised him rather to deprive the -Rájput chiefs and proprietors of their <i>wántas</i> or -hereditary lands. The attempt to follow this advice stirred to -resistance the chief men of Ídar, Sirohi, Dúngarpur, -Bánsváḍa, Lúnáváḍa, -Rájpípla, Dohad, and the banks of the Mahi. The king -strengthened his line of outposts, establishing one at Sirohi and -another at Ídar, besides fresh posts in other places. At the -same time he began to persecute the Hindus, allowing them to be killed -on the slightest pretence, branding Rájputs and Kolis, forcing -them to wear a red rag on the right sleeve, forbidding them to ride in -Áhmedábád, and punishing the celebration of Holi -and Diwáli.<a class="noteref" id="n258.2src" href="#n258.2" -name="n258.2src">69</a> In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1554 -Burhán, a servant of the king’s, conceived the idea of -killing him and reigning in his stead. <span class="marginnote">Death -of Mahmúd, 1554.</span>He accordingly gave his master an -intoxicating drug, and when he was overcome with sleep stabbed him to -the heart. Then summoning the principal nobles in the king’s -name, he put to death Ásaf Khán the prime minister and -twelve others, and endeavoured to have himself accepted as -Sultán. No one aided him; even his <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb259" href="#pb259" name="pb259">259</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Mahmúd II. 1536–1554.</b></span> accomplices deserted -him. Imád-ul-Mulk <span class="corr" id="xd25e26579" title="Source: Rumi">Rúmi</span>,<a class="noteref" id="n259.1src" -href="#n259.1" name="n259.1src">70</a> Ulugh Khán, and others -joined to oppose him, and when marching against them he was cut down by -Shirwán Khán. Mahmúd’s persecutions had -raised such bitter hate among the Hindus, that they regarded -Burhán as a saviour, and after <span class="corr" id="xd25e26591" title="Source: Burhan’s">Burhán’s</span> death are said to -have made a stone image of him and worshipped it.<a class="noteref" id="n259.2src" href="#n259.2" name="n259.2src">71</a> Mahmúd moved -his capital from Áhmedábád to -Mehmudábád, eighteen miles south of -Áhmedábád where he built a palace and enclosed a -deer park. At each corner of the park he raised a palace the stone -walls and ceilings of which were ornamented with beautiful and precious -gold traceries and arabesques.<a class="noteref" id="n259.3src" href="#n259.3" name="n259.3src">72</a> His strict regard for public morals -led him to forbid Muhammadan women visiting saints’ tombs as the -practice gave rise to irregularities. He died at the age of -twenty-eight after a reign of eighteen years.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Ahmed II. 1554–1561.</span>On the -death of Burhán, the nobles elected as sovereign a descendant of -the stock of Áhmed Sháh of the name of Áhmed -Khán, and proclaimed him king by the title of Áhmed -Sháh II. At the same time they agreed that, as the king was -young, <span class="marginnote">Ítimád Khán -Regent.</span>Ítimád Khán should carry on the -government and they further divided the country among themselves, each -one undertaking to protect the frontiers and preserve the public peace. -Mubárak Sháh of Khándesh, considering this a good -opportunity, preferred a claim to the crown and marched to the -frontier. An army led by the chief Gujarát nobles and -accompanied by the young king met the invaders at the village of -Ránpur Kotriá in Broach, the Gujarát army -encamping on the north bank and the Khándesh army on the south -bank of the Narbada. Násir-ul-Mulk, one of the Gujarát -nobles, taking certain of his friends into his confidence, determined -to remain neutral till the battle was over and then to fall on the -exhausted troops and possess himself of both kingdoms. Sayad -Mubárak, a descendant of the saint Sháhi Álam, who -led the van of the Gujarát army, becoming aware of -Násir-ul-Mulk’s design opened communications with -Mubárak Sháh of Khándesh and induced him to -withdraw.<a class="noteref" id="n259.4src" href="#n259.4" name="n259.4src">73</a> Násir-ul-Mulk, who still aspired to supreme -power, gaining several nobles to his side near Baroda, surprised and -defeated the forces of Ítimád Khán and Sayad -Mubárak. The Sayad withdrew to his estate of Kapadvanj and he -was joined by Ítimád Khán, while <span class="corr" id="xd25e26614" title="Source: Násír-ul-Mulk">Násir-ul-Mulk</span>, -taking Sultán Áhmed with him to -Áhmedábád, assumed the entire government of the -country. After a short time he assembled an army and marched against -Sayad Mubárak and Ítimád Khán encamping at -Kamand, the village now called Od Kámod, ten miles north-east of -Áhmedábád at the head of 50,000 horse. -Ítimád feared to attack so <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb260" href="#pb260" name="pb260">260</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Ahmed II. 1554–1561.</b></span> strong a force. But Sayad -Mubárak, who knew of the defection of Ulugh Khán and -Imád-ul-Mulk, surprised Násir-ul-Mulk’s army at -night. During the confusion Ulugh Khán and Imád-ul-Mulk, -disgusted with the assumption of <span class="corr" id="xd25e26634" -title="Source: Násír-ul-Mulk">Násir-ul-Mulk</span>, -deserted him and bringing the young Sultán with them joined -Sayad Mubárak and Ítimád Khán. -Násir-ul-Mulk was forced to fly, and after a short time died in -the mountains of Pál.<a class="noteref" id="n260.1src" href="#n260.1" name="n260.1src">74</a> Ikhtiyár-ul-Mulk, Fateh -Khán Balúch, and Hasan Khán Dakhani now set up -another king, a descendant of Áhmed, named Sháhu. A -battle was fought near Mehmúdábád in which -Sháhu and his supporters were defeated and Hasan Khán -Dakhani was slain. Before the battle Fateh Khán Balúch -had been induced to forsake Sháhu, and Ikhtiyár-ul-Mulk, -taking Sháhu with him, fled. The nobles now divided -Gujarát into the following shares:</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Partition of the Province.</span></p> -<div class="table"> -<table class="xd25e26644"> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Áhmed Sháh for Private -Purse</td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">Áhmedábád and the -Daskrohi sub-division.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Ítimád Khán and Party</td> -<td class="cellRight">Kádi, <span class="corr" id="xd25e26655" -title="Source: Jháláváda">Jháláváḍa</span>, -Pitlád, Naḍiád, Bhil, Rádhanpur, Sami, -Múnjpur, Godhra, and Sorath.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Sayad Mubárak and Party</td> -<td class="cellRight">Pátan and Cambay, with its Chorási -or 84 villages, Dholka, Gogha, and Dhandhúka. -Chámpáner, Sarnál, Bálásinor, and -Kapadvanj.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Imád-ul-Mulk Rúmi and Party</td> -<td class="cellRight">Broach, Baroda, and Surat as far as the -Sultánpur-Nandurbár frontier.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Nobles under Ítimád -Khán</td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">Modása and surrounding -districts.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -<p>Of these shares Ítimád Khán bestowed the -country of Sorath on Tátár Khán Ghori; the -districts of Rádhanpur, Sami, and Múnjpur on Fateh -Khán <span class="corr" id="xd25e26676" title="Source: Baluch">Balúch</span>; Naḍiád on -Malik-ush-Shark, and some of the dependencies of -Jháláváḍa on Álaf Khán Habshi. -Sayad Mubárak conferred the territory of Pátan on -Músa Khán and Sher Khán <span class="corr" id="xd25e26679" title="Source: Fuládi">Fauládi</span>, -Imád-ul-Mulk Rúmi bestowed the district of Baroda on -Álaf Khán Habshi and the port of Surat on his -wife’s brother Khudáwand Khán Rúmi.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Dissensions.</span>About this time -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1552) Álam Khán -returned, and, through the influence of Sayad Mubárak, was -allowed to remain. The Sayad gave him and Ázam <span class="corr" id="xd25e26689" title="Source: Humáyun">Humáyún</span> -Chámpáner, and Ítimád Khán gave -Godhra to Álp Khán Khatri, a follower of Álam -Khán. Álam Khán and Ítimád -Khán shortly after expelled Álaf Khán Habshi from -Jháláváḍa, and he fled to -Imád-ul-Mulk Rúmi at Broach, and at his intercession -Álaf Khán received the Bhil district. Álam -Khán’s success tempted him to try and get rid of -Ítimád Khán and govern in his stead. -Ítimád Khán, discovering his intention, made him -leave the city and live in his own house in the Asáwal suburb. -Álam Khán now made overtures to Imád-ul-Mulk -Rúmi and became very friendly with him. One day Álam -Khán proposed to get rid of Ítimád Khán; -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb261" href="#pb261" name="pb261">261</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Ahmed II. 1554–1561.</b></span> but seeing that -Imád-ul-Mulk Rúmi did not take to his proposal, he next -endeavoured to ruin Sayad Mubárak. But when the Gujarát -army marched against him the Sayad made peace, and Álam -Khán’s intrigues being apparent, he was attacked and -compelled to fly. He now went to Berár and sought aid of -Mubárak Sháh, who marched an army towards the -Gujarát frontier. The Gujarát nobles, taking Áhmed -Sháh with them, advanced to oppose him, and he retired. -Álam Khán now repaired to Sher Khán Fauládi -at Pátan, and they together seized Ítimád -Khán’s district of Kadi, but, through the exertions of -Ikhtiyár-ul-Mulk, Álam Khán was slain and Sher -Khán forced to retire to Pátan. Imád-ul-Mulk -Rúmi and Ítimád Khán now carried on the -government, but dissension springing up between them, -Ítimád Khán fled to Mubárak Sháh in -Khándesh, and induced him to lead an army against -Gujarát. The nobles, fearing this combination, made peaceful -overtures and it was eventually settled that the lands of <span class="marginnote">Sultánpur and Nandurbár handed to -Khándesh, 1560.</span>Sultánpur and Nandurbár -should be given to Mubárak Sháh, and that -Ítimád Khán should be restored to his former -position. Since this date the districts of Sultánpur and -Nandurbár have been permanently severed from Gujarát and -have formed a part of Khándesh, to which province they now -belong. Áhmed Sháh, finding himself more strictly guarded -than ever, contrived to flee to Sayad Mubárak at Sayadpur, who, -though vexed at his coming, would not refuse him shelter. At this time -Háji Khán, a Dehli noble, on his way from Chitor to help -Humáyún, passed through Gujarát with a well -equipped force, and arrived at Pátan. The Gujarát nobles, -especially Ítimád Khán and Imád-ul-Mulk -Rúmi, conceiving that he came at the Sayad’s invitation, -and that the flight of the king was part of the <span class="marginnote">Defeat and Death of Sayad Mubárak.</span>plot, -determined to crush the Sayad ere Háji Khán could join -him, and on their march to Sayadpur meeting Sayad Mubárak near -<span class="corr" id="xd25e26715" title="Source: Mehmúḍábád">Mehmúdábád</span> -defeated him. The Sayad fell and was buried on the field of battle. His -estates were resumed, though eventually Dholka was restored to his son -Sayad Mírán.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Death of Imád-ul-Mulk -Rúmi.</span>The army and the two protectors returned to -Áhmedábád. Dissensions again sprang up between -them, and Imád-ul-Mulk Rúmi summoned to his aid his son -Changíz Khán from Broach, while Ítimád -Khán sent for Tátár Khán Ghori from Sorath. -Tátár Khán arrived first and Ítimád -Khán further strengthened by contingents from the -Fauládis of Pátan and Fateh Khán Balúch -from Rádhanpur ordered Imád-ul-Mulk Rúmi to return -to his estate; and he, seeing it would be useless for him to contend -against so overwhelming a force, retired to his possessions at Broach. -Shortly after, having marched against Surat at the request of the -inhabitants who were wearied of the tyranny of Khudáwand -Khán, he was decoyed by that chief to an entertainment and was -there assassinated. His son Changíz Khán marched against -Surat to take vengeance for his father’s death, and, finding the -fortress too strong for him, summoned to his aid the Portuguese, to -whom, as the price of their assistance, he <span class="marginnote">Daman District ceded to the Portuguese, -1550.</span>surrendered the districts of Daman and -Sanján.<a class="noteref" id="n261.1src" href="#n261.1" name="n261.1src">75</a> The Portuguese, bringing a strong <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb262" href="#pb262" name="pb262">262</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Ahmed II. 1554–1561.</b></span> fleet up the Tápti, cut -off the supplies, and Khudáwand Khán was forced to -surrender, and was slain by Changíz Khán in revenge for -his father’s death. Shortly afterwards Changíz Khán -quarrelled with Jhujhár Khán Habshi of Baroda because the -Habshi had installed his nephew, son of Alif Khán Habshi, -without consulting Changíz. Jhujhár and his nephew being -defeated fled to Ítimád Khán, who allotted them a -grant of land. At this time Fateh Khán Balúch, the -proprietor of Rádhanpur and Sami, was Ítimád -Khán’s chief supporter, and with his assistance -Ítimád Khán marched to besiege Changíz -Khán in Broach. Tátár Khán Ghori and other -nobles, fearing lest Ítimád Khán should become too -powerful, endeavoured to make peace. As their efforts failed, -Tátár Khán wrote to the Fauládis to attack -Fateh Khán Balúch. They did so, and Fateh Khán, -after being defeated near Rádhanpur, took refuge in the fort of -Fatehkot or Dhúlkot, which is close to the town. -Ítimád Khán raised the siege of Broach and came to -Áhmedábád, where he busied himself in checking the -intrigues of king Áhmed, who was doing all in his power to -become independent. <span class="marginnote">Assassinated, -1560.</span>Finally, in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1560–61, at the instigation of -Wajíh-ul-Mulk and Razí-ul-Mulk Ítimád -Khán caused Áhmed II. to be assassinated. The murder took -place in the house of Wajíh-ul-Mulk. The Sultán’s -body was thrown on the sands of the Sábarmati and the story -circulated that the Sultán had been killed by robbers. -Áhmed’s nominal reign had lasted about eight years.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Muzaffar III. -1561–1572.</span>Ítimád Khán then raised to -the throne a youth, whom he styled Muzaffar Sháh III., and who, -he asserted, was a posthumous <span class="marginnote">A -Minor.</span>son of Mahmúd Sháh,<a class="noteref" id="n262.1src" href="#n262.1" name="n262.1src">76</a> and then marched -towards Pátan to take his revenge on the Fauládis for -their attack on Fateh Khán Balúch. The nobles unwilling -to crush the Fauládis, fearing lest their turn might come next, -entered into secret correspondence with them, and withdrew when battle -was joined. The nobles were now independent in their respective -<i>jágirs</i>, in which according to the Tabakát-i-Akbari -they allowed no interference though still owning nominal allegiance to -the throne.<a class="noteref" id="n262.2src" href="#n262.2" name="n262.2src">77</a> Ítimád Khán, forced to return -unsuccessful to Áhmedábád, with a view of again -attacking the Fauládis, summoned Tátár -<span class="corr" id="xd25e26790" title="Source: Káhán">Khán</span> Ghori from -<span class="corr" id="xd25e26794" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>. -The nobles remained aloof, and even Tátár <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb263" href="#pb263" name="pb263">263</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Muzaffar III. 1561–1572.</b></span> Khán Ghori made -excuses, which so exasperated Ítimád Khán that he -sought to slay him. Tátár Khán escaped to Sorath, -and there openly sided with the Fauládis. Sayad -Mírán also left Áhmedábád for his -estate at Dholka, and joining Tátár Khán at -Ránpur they both went over to the Fauládis at -Pátan. <span class="marginnote">Ítimád Khán -and the Fauládis.</span>Meanwhile Ítimád -Khán, again collecting an army, marched once more towards -Pátan. He was met by the Fauládis near the village of -Jhotáná, about thirty miles south of Pátan, where -he was defeated and compelled to return to -Áhmedábád. Sayad Mírán now -intervened and made peace. Ítimád Khán still -thirsting for revenge on the Fauládis, invited Changíz -Khán, son of Imád-ul-Mulk Rúmi, to the capital, -and by courteous treatment induced him to join in another expedition -against the Fauládis. Like the other nobles Changíz -Khán was lukewarm; and as Músa Khán Fauládi -died while Ítimád Khán was marching on -Pátan, Changíz Khán assigned this as a reason for -not proceeding further, averring that it was not fit to war with people -in misfortune. Ítimád Khán perforce returned to -Áhmedábád.</p> -<p>Though Ítimád Khán had disgusted the nobles, -both by causing the assassination of Áhmed Sháh and by -his enmity with the Fauládis, as he had charge of Muzaffar -Sháh and possession of the capital, the government of the -country was in his hands. <span class="marginnote">The -Mírzás, 1571.</span>At this time the -Mírzás,<a class="noteref" id="n263.1src" href="#n263.1" -name="n263.1src">78</a> who were the sons of Sultán Hussain of -Khurásán, quarrelling with Jalál-ul-dín -Muhammad Akbar, entered Gujarát, and joined Changíz -Khán. Changíz Khán now proposed to Sher -Khán Fauládi that they should expel Ítimád -Khán and divide Gujarát between them, the capital and the -country south of the Sábarmati falling to the share of -Changíz Khán, and that to the north to Sher Khán -Fauládi. Sher Khán agreed, and Changíz Khán -joining him they marched on Áhmedábád. Sayad -Mirán induced Sher Khán to stay in Kadi. But -Changíz Khán refused to listen to him, and a <span class="marginnote">They Defeat Ítimád Khán.</span>battle -was fought between him, Ítimád Khán, and the Sayad -on the right bank of the Khári about eight miles south of -Áhmedábád. Ítimád Khán was -defeated, and fled with the king to Modása, while Changíz -Khán took possession of the capital. Sher Khán -<span class="corr" id="xd25e26833" title="Source: Fauládí">Fauládi</span> now advanced to -the Sábarmati, and, after dividing the province as had been -agreed, Sher Khán retired to Kadi. Ítimád -Khán entreated Mírán Muhammad Sháh, king of -Khándesh, to march to his aid, and Changíz Khán -invited Ítimád Khán to return. He came to -Mehmudábád, where hearing that Muhammad Sháh had -sustained a defeat and retired to his own country, he took Muzaffar -Sháh with him and returned through Modása to Dungarpur. -Changíz Khán remained in Áhmedábád, -and Sher Khán withdrew to Kadi. After this success all the chief -nobles of Gujarát, including the Habshis, joined Changíz -Khán, who was now at the zenith of his power, and began to think -of subduing Sher Khán Fauládi, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb264" href="#pb264" name="pb264">264</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter II.<br> -Áhmedábád Kings, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–1573.<br> -<b>Muzaffar III. 1561–1572.</b></span> who on his part was -anxious and fearful. At this time Bijli Khán a Habshi eunuch who -was offended with Changíz Khán, because he had resumed -the grant of Cambay, persuaded Álíf Khán and -Jhujhár Khán Habshi that Changíz Khán had -determined to kill them. The Habshi Kháns, resolving to be -beforehand, invited Changíz Khán, with whom they were -intimate, to play a game of <i>chaugán</i> or polo.<a class="noteref" id="n264.1src" href="#n264.1" name="n264.1src">79</a> -Changíz agreed and when near the Farhat-ul-Mulk mosque, between -the Bhadar and the Three Gates, Álíf Khán, after -making Jhujhár Khán a signal, attracted Changíz -Khán’s notice to the horse on which he was riding saying -it was the best of the last batch imported from the Persian Gulf. -<span class="marginnote">Death of Changíz Khán.</span>As -Changíz Khán turned to look at the horse, Jhujhár -Khán cut him down. The Habshis now plundered Changíz -Khán’s house, while the Mírzás, mounting, -went south and took possession of Broach, Baroda, and -Chámpáner. Sher Khán advanced from Kadi, and -ordered the Habshis to hand him over Áhmedábád. -While treating with him the Habshis secretly summoned -Ítimád Khán, who, returning with Muzaffar -Sháh, entered the city. It was arranged that -Ítimád Khán should take the place of -Changíz Khán, and that the division of Gujarát -between Changíz Khán and Sher Khán should be -maintained. Ítimád Khán found the Habshis so -domineering that he withdrew from public affairs. Afterwards -Álaf Khán and Jhujhár Khán, quarrelling -over the division of Changíz Khán’s property, -Álaf Khán left Áhmedábád and joined -Sher Khán, who, advancing from Kadi, laid siege to -Áhmedábád. Ítimád Khán now -sought aid from the Mírzás, and Mírza -Ibráhím Husain marched from Broach and harassed Sher -Khán’s army with his Mughal archers.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Ítimád Khán and the -Emperor Akbar, 1572.</span>At the same time Ítimád -Khán turned for help to the emperor Akbar, who, glad of any -pretext for driving the Mírzás from their place of refuge -in Gujarát, was not slow in availing himself of -Ítimád Khán’s proposal. Early in July 1572 -he started for <span class="corr" id="xd25e26872" title="Source: Áhmedábad">Áhmedábád</span>, -and with his arrival in the province, the history of Gujarát as -a separate kingdom comes to an end. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb265" href="#pb265" name="pb265">265</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n234.1" -href="#n234.1src" name="n234.1">1</a></span> Compare Farishtah, II. -355–356. After his death Muhammad was known as -Khudáigán-i-Shahíd, Our Lord the Martyr, according -to the custom of the Sultáns of Dehli, all of whom had three -names, their family name, their throne name, and their after-death name -whose letters contain the date of the monarch’s decease. Thus the -emperor Akbar’s after-death title is Ársh -Áshiáni, The Holder of the Heavenly Throne; the emperor -Jehángír’s is Jannat Makáni, The Dweller in -Heaven; the emperor Sháh Jehán’s is Firdaus -Makáni, He Whose Home is Paradise; and the emperor -Aurangzíb’s is Khuld Makáni, The Occupier of the -Eternal Residence. Similarly the after-death title of Muzaffar -Sháh, Tátár Khán’s father, is -Khûdáigán-i-Kabir, The Great Lord. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n234.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n235.1" -href="#n235.1src" name="n235.1">2</a></span> Dhár (north -latitude 22° 35′; east longitude 75° 20′), the -capital of the state of Dhár thirty-three miles west of Mhow in -Central India. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n235.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n235.2" -href="#n235.2src" name="n235.2">3</a></span> The <span class="corr" id="xd25e25025" title="Source: Tabakát-i-Akbári">Tabakát-i-Akbari</span> -has Kanthkot a dependency of Kachh. This is probably -correct. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n235.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n235.3" -href="#n235.3src" name="n235.3">4</a></span> The date is doubtful: -Farishtah (II. 630) gives <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1412, the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e25048" title="Source: Áín-i-Akbári">Áin-i-Akbari</span> -(Blochman’s Edition, I. 507) <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1411. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n235.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n236.1" -href="#n236.1src" name="n236.1">5</a></span> Four Áhmeds who had -never missed the afternoon prayer helped to build -Áhmedábád: Saint Sheikh Áhmed Khattu, -Sultán Áhmed, Sheikh Áhmed, and Mulla -Áhmed. Compare Bombay Gazetteer, IV. 249 note 5. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n236.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n236.2" -href="#n236.2src" name="n236.2">6</a></span> Called in the <span class="corr" id="xd25e25092" title="Source: Tabakát-i-Akbári">Tabakát-i-Akbari</span> -the Rája of Mandal. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n236.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n237.1" -href="#n237.1src" name="n237.1">7</a></span> Sidhpur (north latitude -23° 50′; east longitude 72° 20′), on the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e25138" title="Source: Sarasvati">Sarasvatí</span>, fifty-eight miles north of -Áhmedábád. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n237.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n237.2" -href="#n237.2src" name="n237.2">8</a></span> Chámpáner -(north latitude 22° 30′; east longitude 73° 30′) in -the British district of the Panch Maháls, from <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1483 to <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1560 -the chief city of Gujarát, now in ruins. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n237.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n237.3" -href="#n237.3src" name="n237.3">9</a></span> Modása (north -latitude 23° 27′; east longitude 73° 21′), fifty -miles north-east of Áhmedábád. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n237.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n237.4" -href="#n237.4src" name="n237.4">10</a></span> Mirăt-i-Sikandari -Persian Text, 34, 35; Farishtah, II. 363, 364. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n237.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n237.5" -href="#n237.5src" name="n237.5">11</a></span> Sankheda is on the left -bank of the Or river about twenty miles south-east of -Baroda. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n237.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n237.6" -href="#n237.6src" name="n237.6">12</a></span> Mángni -Mákani or Mánki, famous for its witches, eight miles east -of Sankheda. Mr. J. Pollen, <abbr title="Indian Civil Service">I.C.S.</abbr>, <abbr title="Doctor of Laws">LL.D.</abbr> Compare <abbr title="Bombay Government Records">Bom. Gov. Rec.</abbr> <abbr title="New Series">N. S.</abbr> XXIII. 98. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n237.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n237.7" -href="#n237.7src" name="n237.7">13</a></span> Dohad (north latitude -22° 50′; east longitude 74° 15′), seventy-seven -miles north-east of Baroda, now the chief town of the sub-division of -the same name in the British district of the Panch -Máháls. Mr. J. Pollen, <abbr title="Indian Civil Service">I.C.S.</abbr>, <abbr title="Doctor of Laws">LL.D.</abbr> <a class="fnarrow" href="#n237.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n238.1" -href="#n238.1src" name="n238.1">14</a></span> Jítpur about -twelve miles north-east of Bálásinor. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n238.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n238.2" -href="#n238.2src" name="n238.2">15</a></span> Ujjain (north latitude -23° 10′; east longitude 75° 47′), at different -times the capital of Málwa. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n238.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n238.3" -href="#n238.3src" name="n238.3">16</a></span> Sárangpur about -fifty miles north-east of Ujjain. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n238.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n238.4" -href="#n238.4src" name="n238.4">17</a></span> Ahmednagar (north -latitude 23° 34′; east longitude 73° 1′) in the -native state of Ídar. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n238.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n238.5" -href="#n238.5src" name="n238.5">18</a></span> Mirăt-i-Sikandari -Persian Text, 43. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n238.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n239.1" -href="#n239.1src" name="n239.1">19</a></span> There are two -Máhims on the North Konkan coast, one about twenty-two miles -north of Bassein (north latitude 19° 40′; east longitude -72° 47′), and the other in the northern extremity of the -island of Bombay (north latitude 19° 2′; east longitude -72° 54′). The southern Máhim, to which Farishtah (II. -370–371) is careful to apply the term <i>jaziráh</i> or -island, is the town referred to in the text. The northern Máhim, -now known as Kelva Máhim, was, as is noted in the text, the -head-quarters of a Hindu chief. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n239.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n239.2" -href="#n239.2src" name="n239.2">20</a></span> Thána (north -latitude 19° 11′; east longitude 73° 6′), the -head-quarters of the British district of that name, about twenty-four -miles north-by-east of Bombay, was from the tenth to the sixteenth -century <span class="sc">a.d.</span> the chief city in the Northern -Konkan. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n239.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n239.3" -href="#n239.3src" name="n239.3">21</a></span> Báglán, now -called Satána, is the northern sub-division of the British -district of Násik. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1590 the -chief commanded 8000 cavalry and 5000 infantry. The country was famous -for fruit. <span class="corr" id="xd25e25321" title="Source: Áin-i-Akbári">Áin-i-Akbari</span> -(Gladwin), II. 73. The chief, a Ráthoḍ, was converted to -Islám by Aurangzíb (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1656–1707). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n239.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n239.4" -href="#n239.4src" name="n239.4">22</a></span> Dúngarpur (north -latitude 23° 50′; east longitude 73° 50′) in -Rájputána, 150 miles north-west of Mhow. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n239.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n240.1" -href="#n240.1src" name="n240.1">23</a></span> Mirăt-i-Sikandari -Persian Text, 45, 46. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n240.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n240.2" -href="#n240.2src" name="n240.2">24</a></span> Godhra (north latitude -22° 45′; east longitude 73° 36′), the chief town of -the sub-division of that name in the British district of the Panch -Maháls. The Mirăt-i-Sikandari (Persian Text, 49) gives, -probably rightly, Kothra a village of Sáunli or Savli about -twenty miles north of Baroda. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n240.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n241.1" -href="#n241.1src" name="n241.1">25</a></span> Sultánpur (north -latitude 21° 43′; east longitude 74° 40′), in the -north of the Sháháda sub-division of the British district -of Khándesh, till <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1804 a place -of consequence and the head-quarters of a large -district. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n241.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n241.2" -href="#n241.2src" name="n241.2">26</a></span> Kapadvanj (north latitude -23° 2′; east longitude 73° 9′), the chief town of -the sub-division of that name in the British district of -Kaira. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n241.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n241.3" -href="#n241.3src" name="n241.3">27</a></span> Dholka (north latitude -22° 42′; east longitude 72° 25′), the chief town of -the sub-division of that name in the British district of -Áhmedábád. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n241.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n242.1" -href="#n242.1src" name="n242.1">28</a></span> Sámbhar (north -latitude 26° 53′; east longitude 75° 13′), a town -in the province of Ajmír, about fifty-one miles north-north-east -from the city of Ajmír. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n242.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n242.2" -href="#n242.2src" name="n242.2">29</a></span> Chitor (north latitude -24° 52′; east longitude 74° 4′), for several -centuries before <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1567 the capital of -the principality of Udepur. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n242.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n242.3" -href="#n242.3src" name="n242.3">30</a></span> Sirohi (north latitude -24° 59′; east longitude 72° 56′), the capital of -the principality of the same name in the province of -Ajmír. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n242.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n242.4" -href="#n242.4src" name="n242.4">31</a></span> Ábu (north -latitude 24° 45′; east longitude 72° 49′) in the -state of Sirohi. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n242.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n242.5" -href="#n242.5src" name="n242.5">32</a></span> The Rája is called -<span class="corr" id="xd25e25472" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span> Kishan or Kánh -Devra. Ábu is still held by the Sirohi -Devrás. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n242.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n242.6" -href="#n242.6src" name="n242.6">33</a></span> Mandisor (north latitude -24° 4′; east longitude 75° 9′), the chief town of a -district of the same name in the province of -Málwa. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n242.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n244.1" -href="#n244.1src" name="n244.1">34</a></span> Persian Text, -Mirăt-i-Sikandari, 75–76. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n244.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n244.2" -href="#n244.2src" name="n244.2">35</a></span> The Portuguese merchant -and traveller Barbosa (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1511–1514) gives the following details of -Mahmúd Begada’s cavalry: The Moors and Gentiles of this -kingdom are bold riders, mounted on horses bred in the country, for it -has a wonderful quantity. They ride on small saddles and use whips. -Their arms are very thick round shields edged with silk; each man has -two swords, a dagger, and a Turkish bow with very good arrows. Some of -them carry maces, and many of them coats-of-mail, and others tunics -quilted with cotton. The horses have housings and steel headpieces, and -so they fight very well and are light in their movements. The Moorish -horsemen are white and of many countries, Turks and Mamelukes, military -slaves from Georgia Circassia and Mingrelia, Arabs Persians -Khorásánis Turkomans, men from the great kingdom of -Dehli, and others born in the country itself. Their pay is good, and -they receive it regularly. They are well dressed with very rich stuffs -of gold silk cotton and goat’s wool, and all wear caps on their -heads, and their clothes long, such as morisco shirts and drawers, and -leggings to the knee of good thick leather worked with gold knots and -embroidery, and their swords richly ornamented with gold and silver are -borne in their girdles or in the hands of their pages. Their women are -very white and pretty: also very richly decked out. They live well and -spend much money. Stanley’s Barbosa, 55–56. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n244.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n244.3" -href="#n244.3src" name="n244.3">36</a></span> Mahmúd’s -favourite trees were the mango <i>ámbo</i> <span lang="la">Mangifera indica</span>, <i>ráen</i> <span lang="la">Mimusops hexandra</span>, <i>jámbu</i> <span lang="la">Eugenia jambolana</span>, <i>gúlar</i> <span lang="la">Ficus glomerata</span>, tamarind <i>ámli</i> <span lang="la">Tamarindus indica</span>, and the shrubby <span lang="la">phyllanthus</span> <i>áonla</i> <span lang="la">Emblica -officinalis</span>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n244.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n245.1" -href="#n245.1src" name="n245.1">37</a></span> Burhánpur (north -latitude 21° 18′; east longitude 76° 20′), under -the Musalmáns the capital of Khándesh, now within the -limits of the Berárs. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n245.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n245.2" -href="#n245.2src" name="n245.2">38</a></span> Gondwána, a large -hilly tract lying between north latitude 19° 50′ and 24° -30′ and east longitude 77° 38′ and 87° -20′. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n245.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n245.3" -href="#n245.3src" name="n245.3">39</a></span> The -Mirăt-i-Sikandari (Persian Text, page 89) gives the hill fort of -Bárudar. The Persian <i>r</i> may be a miswritten <i>g</i> and -the <i>d</i> a mistake for <i>w</i> that is Baguwar or Baguwarah. The -seaport Dûn may be Dungri hill six miles from the coast. But -Dûn for Dáhánu a well-known port in north -Thána is perhaps more likely. Farishtah (Briggs, IV. 51) gives -Bavur for Baru and Dura for Dûn. Compare Tabakát-i-Akbari -in Bayley’s Gujarát, page 178 note 2. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n245.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n245.4" -href="#n245.4src" name="n245.4">40</a></span> Girnár the diadem -of Káthiáváḍa. See above page <a href="#n231.2">231 note 2</a>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n245.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n246.1" -href="#n246.1src" name="n246.1">41</a></span> <span lang="la">Mangifera -indica, Mimusops hexandra, Eugenia jambolana, Ficus glomerata, -Tamarindus indica</span>, and <span lang="la">Emblica -officinalis</span>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n246.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n246.2" -href="#n246.2src" name="n246.2">42</a></span> Khánts are still -found chiefly in Soráth. See Bombay Gazetteer, VIII. -142. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n246.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n246.3" -href="#n246.3src" name="n246.3">43</a></span> The -Tabakát-i-Akbari says they were Játs. Sir H. Elliot -(History of India, I. 496) represents the Sumrás to be Agnikula -Rájputs of the Parmára stock. The Jádejás -had been ruling in Kachh since <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1350–1365. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n246.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n246.4" -href="#n246.4src" name="n246.4">44</a></span> Dwárka (north -latitude 22° 15′; east longitude 69°), on the -north-western shore of Káthiáváḍa, famous -for its temple of <span class="corr" id="xd25e25779" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span>. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n246.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n247.1" -href="#n247.1src" name="n247.1">45</a></span> The -Tabakát-i-Akbari has ‘To-morrow the sword of adamant shall -answer your message.’ <a class="fnarrow" href="#n247.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n247.2" -href="#n247.2src" name="n247.2">46</a></span> Farishtah, II. -396–397. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n247.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n248.1" -href="#n248.1src" name="n248.1">47</a></span> Mirăt-i-Sikandari, -112–114. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n248.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n248.2" -href="#n248.2src" name="n248.2">48</a></span> Dábhol (north -latitude 17° 34′; east longitude 73° 16′), on the -north bank of the river Váshishti (called Halewacko and -Kalewacko by the early navigators. See Badger’s Varthema, page -114 note 1) in the British district of Ratnágiri. About this -time, according to Athanasius Nikitin (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1468–1474), Dábhol was the great -meeting place for all nations living along the coast of India and -Ethiopia. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1501 it was taken by the -Portuguese. Between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1626 and 1630 an -English factory was established here, but by the end of the century -trade had left Dábhol and has never returned. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n248.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n248.3" -href="#n248.3src" name="n248.3">49</a></span> Cheul, now Revdanda -(north latitude 18° 33′; east longitude 72° 59′), -from about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1500 to 1650 a place of -much trade. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n248.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n248.4" -href="#n248.4src" name="n248.4">50</a></span> Mahmúd Begada -greatly impressed travellers, whose strange tales of him made the king -well-known in Europe. Varthema (1503–1508) thus describes his -manner of living: ‘The king has constantly 20,000 horsemen. In -the morning when he rises there come to his palace 50 elephants, on -each of which a man sits astride, and the said elephants do reverence -to the king, and, except this, they have nothing else to do. When the -king eats, fifty or sixty kinds of instruments, drums trumpets -flageolets and fifes play, and the elephants again do him reverence. As -for the king himself, his mustachios under his nose are so long that he -ties them over his head as a woman would tie her tresses, and he has a -white beard that reaches to his girdle. As to his food, every day he -eats poison (Hudibras’ Prince whose ‘daily food was asp and -basilisk and toad’), not that he fills his stomach with it, but -he eats a certain quantity, so that when he wishes to destroy any great -person he makes him come before him stripped and naked, and then eats -certain fruits which are called <i>chofole</i> (<i>jáiphal</i>, -nutmeg), like a muscatel nut. He also eats certain leaves called -<i>tamboli</i> (<i>pán</i> or betel leaf; like the leaves of a -sour orange, and with these he eats lime of oyster shells. When he has -chewed this well he spurts it out on the person he wishes to kill, and -so in the space of half an hour the victim falls to the ground dead. -The Sultán has also three or four thousand women, and every -night that he sleeps with one, she is found dead in the morning.’ -Barbosa (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1511) goes further -(Stanley’s Trans. 57), saying that so soaked was the king with -poison that if a fly settled on his hand it swelled and immediately -fell dead. This was the result of his early training. For, on -Varthema’s companion asking how it was that the king could eat -poison in this manner, certain merchants, who were older than the -Sultán, answered that his father had fed him upon poison from -his childhood. (Badger’s Varthema, 110.) Of the origin of -Mahmúd’s surname Begada two explanations are given: (1) -‘From his mustachios being large and twisted like a -bullock’s horn, such a bullock being called Begado; (2) that the -word comes from the Gujaráti <i>be</i>, two, and <i>gad</i>, a -fort, the people giving him this title in honour of his capture of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e25953" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1472) and Chámpáner -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1484).’ (Bird’s History -of Gujarát, 202; Mirăt-i-Ahmedi Persian Text, 74.) -Varthema’s account of the poison-eating is probably an -exaggeration of the Sultán’s habit of opium-eating to -which from his infancy he was addicted. The Mirăt-i-Sikandari -(Persian Text, 751) speaks of the great physical power of Mahmúd -and of his wonderful appetite. Mahmúd’s daily food weighed -forty <i>sers</i> the ser being 15 <i>bahlulis</i> a little over half a -pound. He used to eat about three pounds (5 <i>sers</i>) of parched -gram to dessert. For breakfast, after his morning prayer, Mahmúd -used to consume a cupfull of pure Makkah honey with a second cupfull of -clarified butter and fifty small plantains called <i>sohan kelas</i>. -At night they set by his bed two plates of -<i>sambúsás</i> or minced mutton sausages. In the morning -Mahmúd seeing the empty plates used to give thanks: ‘Oh -Allah,’ he said, ‘hadst thou not given this unworthy slave -rule over Gujarát, who could have filled his stomach.’ His -virile powers were as unusual as his appetite. The only woman who could -bear his embraces unharmed was a powerful Abyssinian girl who was his -great favourite. Of the wealth and weapons kept in store the -Mirăt-i-Sikandari gives the following details regarding the great -expedition against <span class="corr" id="xd25e25978" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span> -(Persian Text, 94): The Sultán ordered the treasurer to send -with the army gold coins worth five <i>krors</i>, 1700 Egyptian -Allemand Moorish and Khurásáni swords with gold handles -weighing 2½ to 3 pounds (4–5 <i>sers</i>), 1700 daggers -and poignards with gold handles weighing 1 to 1½ pounds -(2–3 <i>sers</i>), and 2000 Arab and Turki horses with -gold-embroidered housings. All this treasure of coin and weapons the -Sultán spent in presents to his army (Ditto, -94–95). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n248.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n249.1" -href="#n249.1src" name="n249.1">51</a></span> Ferishtah, II. 404. The -Mirăt-i-Sikandari (Persian Text, 148, 149) calls the Persian -ambassador <span class="corr" id="xd25e26011" title="Source: Íbráhím">Ibráhím</span> -Khán. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n249.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n251.1" -href="#n251.1src" name="n251.1">52</a></span> Farishtah, II. -408. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n251.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n251.2" -href="#n251.2src" name="n251.2">53</a></span> Mirăt-i-Sikandari, -166–167; Farishtah, II. 411. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n251.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n252.1" -href="#n252.1src" name="n252.1">54</a></span> The verse supposed to -possess the highest virtue against poison is the last verse of -<abbr title="Chapter">Chap.</abbr> cvi. of the -Kurâán …. Serve the Lord of this House who -supplieth them with food against hunger and maketh them free from -fear. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n252.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n252.2" -href="#n252.2src" name="n252.2">55</a></span> Mirăt-i-Sikandari -(<abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Manuscript), 174, 175, -194. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n252.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n253.1" -href="#n253.1src" name="n253.1">56</a></span> Both the -Mirăt-i-Sikandari (287) and Farishtah (II. 419) place Munga in -Nandurbár-Sultánpur. The further reference to Rána -Bhím of Pál seems to apply to the same man as the -Rána Bhím of Munga. Munga may then be Mohangaḍ that -is <span class="corr" id="xd25e26188" title="Source: Chota">Chhota</span> Udepur. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n253.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n253.2" -href="#n253.2src" name="n253.2">57</a></span> Mirăt-i-Sikandari -Persian Text, 225–226: Farishtah, II. 425–428. The -Gujarát Musalmán historians give a somewhat vague -application to the word Pál which means a bank or step downwards -to the plain. In the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi (Páhlanpur -Edition, page 168) Pálvaráh, whose climate is -proverbially bad, includes Godhra Ali Mohan and Rájpípla -that is the rough eastern fringe of the plain land of Gujarát -from the Mahi to the Tapti. As the <span class="corr" id="xd25e26201" -title="Source: Raja">Rája</span> of Nándod or -Rájpípla was the leading chief south of Ídar -Colonel Watson took references to the Rája of Pál to -apply to the Rája of Rájpípla. An examination of -the passages in which the name Pál occurs seems to show that the -hill country to the east rather than to the south of <span class="corr" -id="xd25e26204" title="Source: Pávágad">Pávágaḍ</span> or -Chámpáner is meant. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1527 Latíf Khán the rival of -Bahádur Sháh after joining the Rája Bhím in -his <i>kohistan</i> or highlands of Pál when wounded is taken -into Hálol. The same passage contains a reference to the -Rája of Nándod as some one distinct from the Rája -of Pál. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1531 -Ráisingh of Pál tried to rescue Mahmúd Khilji on -his way from Mándu in Málwa to Chámpáner. -In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1551 Násir Khán fled -to Chámpáner and died in the Pál hills. These -references seem to agree in allotting Pál to the hills of -Bária and of Mohan or Chhota Udepur. This identification is in -accord with the local use of Pál. Mr. Pollen, <abbr title="Indian Civil Service">I.C.S.</abbr>, <abbr title="Doctor of Laws">LL.D.</abbr>, Political Agent, Rewa Kántha, -writes (8th Jan. 1895): Bhíls Kolis and traders all apply the -word Pál to the Bária Pál which besides -Bária takes in Sanjeli and the Navánagar-Saliát -uplands in Godhra. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n253.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n254.1" -href="#n254.1src" name="n254.1">58</a></span> Purandhar about twenty -miles south by east of Poona, one of the greatest of Dakhan hill -forts. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n254.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n254.2" -href="#n254.2src" name="n254.2">59</a></span> Mirăt-i-Sikandari, -238, 239; Farishtah, II. 430. According to the Mirăt-i-Sikandari -(239) the Sultán enquired on which side was the loftiest height. -They told him that in the direction of Songad-Chitauri the hill was -extremely high. These details show that the cliff scaled by -Bahádur was in the extreme south-west of Mándu where a -high nearly isolated point stretches out from the main plateau. For -details see Appendix II. Mándu. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n254.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n254.3" -href="#n254.3src" name="n254.3">60</a></span> Mirăt-i-Sikandari, -241–242; Farishtah, II. 432. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n254.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n255.1" -href="#n255.1src" name="n255.1">61</a></span> Halvad is a former -capital of the chief of Dhrángadhra in -Káthiáváḍa. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n255.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n255.2" -href="#n255.2src" name="n255.2">62</a></span> Gágraun in Central -India about seventy miles north-east of Ujjain. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n255.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n255.3" -href="#n255.3src" name="n255.3">63</a></span> Rantanbhúr about -seventy-five miles south by east of Jaipur. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n255.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n255.4" -href="#n255.4src" name="n255.4">64</a></span> Mirăt-i-Sikandari -Persian Text, 266, 268; Farishtah, II. 439. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n255.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n256.1" -href="#n256.1src" name="n256.1">65</a></span> A detailed account of the -death of Sultán Bahádur is given in the <a href="#app3.1">Appendix</a>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n256.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n256.2" -href="#n256.2src" name="n256.2">66</a></span> Mirăt-i-Sikandari -Persian Text, 233. Compare Farishtah, II. 427. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n256.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n257.1" -href="#n257.1src" name="n257.1">67</a></span> Mirăt-i-Sikandari, -Persian Text, 292. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n257.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n258.1" -href="#n258.1src" name="n258.1">68</a></span> A poet of the time, Mulla -Muhammad of Astarábád, enshrined the date H. 947 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1540) in the words:</p> -<div class="q xd25e5034"> -<p class="footnote first"><i>SADD BUWAD BAR SÍNAH-O-JÁNAI -FIRANGÍ ÍN BINÁI.</i><br> -May this fabric press like a pillar on the breast and the life of the -Frank.</p> -</div> -<p class="footnote cont">Farishtah, II. 447. The letter values that -make 947 are: <i>S</i> = 60, <i>d</i> = 4, <i>b</i> = 2, <i>w</i> = 6, -<i>d</i> = 4, <i>b</i> = 2, <i>r</i> = 200, <i>s</i> = 60, <i>y</i> = -10, <i>n</i> = 50, <i>h</i> = 5, <i>w</i> = 6, <i>j</i> = 3, <i>a</i> = -1, <i>n</i> = 50, <i>f</i> = 80, <i>r</i> = 200, <i>n</i> = 50, -<i>g</i> = 20, <i>y</i> = 10, <i>a</i> = 1, <i>y</i> = 10, <i>n</i> = -50, <i>b</i> = 2, <i>n</i> = 50, <i>a</i> = 1, <i>y</i> = 10. Total -947. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n258.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n258.2" -href="#n258.2src" name="n258.2">69</a></span> Mirăt-i-Sikandari, -Persian Text, 326–27. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n258.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n259.1" -href="#n259.1src" name="n259.1">70</a></span> This Imád-ul-Mulk -is different from the Imád-ul-Mulk mentioned above (page 258) as -receiving a grant of Broach and Surat. The latter had before this -retired to Surat, and was killed there in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1545. (Bird, 266.) Imád-ul-Mulk II. who -attacked Burhán, was originally called Malik Arslán -(Bird, 272). He is also called the leader of the Turks and Rúmi. -This Imád-ul-Mulk Rúmi, who was the father of -Changíz Khán, was ultimately killed in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1560 at Surat by his own son-in-law -Khudáwand or Ikhtiyár Khán. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n259.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n259.2" -href="#n259.2src" name="n259.2">71</a></span> Mirăt-i-Sikandari, -Persian Text, 326–27. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n259.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n259.3" -href="#n259.3src" name="n259.3">72</a></span> This seems to be the -palace referred to in the Tabakát-i-Akbari (Sir Henry -Elliot’s History of India, V. 369): After his second settlement -of Gujarát (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573, H. 981) -Akbar left Áhmedábád for Mehmudábád -and rested in the lofty and fine palace of Sultán Mahmúd -of Gujarát. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n259.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n259.4" -href="#n259.4src" name="n259.4">73</a></span> Mirăt-i-Sikandari, -Persian Text, 332. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n259.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n260.1" -href="#n260.1src" name="n260.1">74</a></span> For Pál compare -note 2 page 253. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n260.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n261.1" -href="#n261.1src" name="n261.1">75</a></span> The fort of Daman was -taken by the Portuguese in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1530, and, -according to Portuguese accounts (Faria y Souza in Kerr’s -Voyages, VI. 413) the country round was annexed by them in 1558. -According to a statement in Bird’s History, 128, the districts -surrendered by Changíz Khán contained 700 towns -(villages) yielding a yearly revenue of £430,000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 43,00,000). Sanján, since known as St. -John’s Head (north latitude 20° 13′; east longitude -72° 47′), between Daman and Bassein, seems to be one of the -two Sindáns, the other being in Kachh, mentioned by the ninth to -twelfth century Arab geographers. According to <span class="corr" id="xd25e26735" title="Source: Ídrísi">Idrísi</span> -(Jaubert’s Edition, 172) the mainland Sindán was a great -town with a large import and export trade and well peopled with rich -warlike and industrious inhabitants. <span class="corr" id="xd25e26738" -title="Source: Ídrísi’s">Idrísi’s</span> -(Elliot, I. 85) notice of an island of the same name to the east is -perhaps a confused reference to the Kachh Sindán which is -generally supposed to be the Sindán of the Arab geographers. In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 842, Sindán then a city of -some size, is mentioned by Al-Biláduri (Reinaud’s -Fragments, 216–217) as having been taken by a Musalmán -slave Fazl son of Máhán. This Fazl is related to have -sent an elephant from Sindán to the Khalífah Al -Maamún the Abbási (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 813–833) and to have built an Assembly -Mosque at Sindán. (Al-Biláduri in Elliot, I. -129.) <a class="fnarrow" href="#n261.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n262.1" -href="#n262.1src" name="n262.1">76</a></span> According to Abul Fazl -(Akbarnáma, III. 404; Elliot, V. 730) Muzaffar was a base-born -boy of the name of Nathu. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n262.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n262.2" -href="#n262.2src" name="n262.2">77</a></span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e26786" title="Source: Tabákat-i-Akbari">Tabakát-i-Akbari</span> in -Elliot’s India, V. 339 note 2. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n262.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n263.1" -href="#n263.1src" name="n263.1">78</a></span> These -Mírzás were the great grandsons of a Muhammad -Sultán Mírza, the ruler of Khurásán, who, -on being driven out of his dominions, sought refuge in India. This -prince and his family on the ground of their common descent from -Taimûr, were entertained first by Bábar (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1526–1531), and afterwards by -Humáyún (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1531–1556). Before this quarrel Akbar had -treated the Mírzás with great honour. Elliot’s -History, VI. 122. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n263.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n264.1" -href="#n264.1src" name="n264.1">79</a></span> The modern game of polo. -Lane in his translation of the Thousand and One Nights (I. 76, 1883 -Edition) calls it the golf-stick, but the nature of the game described -there does not in any way differ from polo. <i>Chaugán</i> is -the Persian and <i>As-súlján-wal-kurah</i> the Arabic -name for the game. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n264.1src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch2.3" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd25e2031">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">CHAPTER III.</h2> -<h2 class="main">MUGHAL VICEROYS.</h2> -<h2 class="sub"><span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573–1758.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p id="ch2.3.1" class="first"><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Akbar Emperor, 1573–1605.</span> <span class="marginnote">Akbar -Emperor, 1573–1605.</span>To the nobles thus fighting among -themselves, news was brought that the emperor Akbar was at Dísa. -Ibráhím Husain Mírza returned to Broach and the -army of the Fauládis dispersed. From Dísa the imperial -troops advanced to Pátan and thence to Jhotána thirty -miles south of Pátan. Sultán Muzaffar, who had separated -from the Fauládis, fell into the hands of the emperor, who -granted him his life but placed him under charge of one of his nobles -named Karam Áli.<a class="noteref" id="n265.1src" href="#n265.1" -name="n265.1src">1</a> When the imperial army reached Kadi, -<span class="corr" id="xd25e26915" title="Source: Itimád">Ítimád</span> Khán, -Ikhtiyár Khán, Álaf Khán, and -Jhujhár Khán met Akbar and Sayad Hámid also was -honoured with an audience at Hájipur.<a class="noteref" id="n265.2src" href="#n265.2" name="n265.2src">2</a> The emperor -imprisoned Álaf Khán and Jhujhár Khán -Habshi and encouraged the other Gujarát nobles. -Ikhtiyár-ul-Mulk now fled to Lunáváḍa, and -the emperor, fearing that others of the Gujarát nobles might -follow his example, sent Ítimád Khán to Cambay and -placed him under the charge of Shahbáz Khán -Kambo.<a class="noteref" id="n265.3src" href="#n265.3" name="n265.3src">3</a> From Áhmedábád Akbar advanced to -Cambay. At this time Ibráhím Mírza held Baroda, -Muhammad Husain Mírza held Surat, and Sháh Mírza -held Chámpáner. On leaving Cambay to expel the -Mírzas, Akbar appointed Mírza <span class="corr" id="xd25e26925" title="Source: Àzíz">Âzíz</span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e26928" title="Source: Kokaltash">Kokaltásh</span> his first viceroy of -Gujarát. At Baroda Akbar heard that Ibráhím -Mírza had treacherously killed Rustam Khán Rúmi, -who was Changíz Khán’s governor of Broach. The -emperor recalled the detachment he had sent against Surat, and -overtaking the Mírza at Sarnál or Thásra on the -right bank of the Mahi about twenty-three miles north-east of -Naḍiád, after a bloody conflict routed him. The -Mírza fled by Ahmednagar to Sirohi, and Akbar rejoined his camp -at Baroda. The emperor now sent a force under Sháh Kuli -Khán to invest the fort of Surat, and following in person -pitched his camp at Gopi Tálao, a suburb of that city. After an -obstinate defence of one month and seventeen days, the garrison under -Hamzabán, a slave of Humáyún’s who had -joined the Mírzás, surrendered. Hamzabán was in -treaty with the Portuguese. Under his invitation a large party of -Portuguese came to <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb266" href="#pb266" -name="pb266">266</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Akbar Emperor, 1573–1605.</span> Surat during the siege, but -seeing the strength of the imperial army, represented themselves as -ambassadors and besought the honour of an interview.<a class="noteref" -id="n266.1src" href="#n266.1" name="n266.1src">4</a> <span class="marginnote">Akbar captures Broach and Surat, and advances to -Áhmedábád, 1573.</span>While at Surat the emperor -received from Bihár or Vihárji the Rája of -Baglána, Sharfuddín Husain Mírza whom the -Rája had captured.<a class="noteref" id="n266.2src" href="#n266.2" name="n266.2src">5</a> After the capture of Surat, the -emperor ordered the great <span class="corr" id="xd25e26956" title="Source: Suleimáni">Sulaimáni</span> cannon which had -been brought by the Turks with the view of destroying the Portuguese -forts and left by them in Surat, to be taken to Ágra. Surat was -placed in the charge of Kalíj Khán. The emperor now -advanced to Áhmedábád, where the mother of -Changíz Khán came and demanded justice on Jhujhár -Khán for having wantonly slain her son. As her complaint was -just, the emperor ordered Jhujhár Khán to be thrown under -the feet of an elephant. Muhammad Khán, son of Sher Khán -Fauládi, who had fled to the <span class="corr" id="xd25e26959" -title="Source: Ídár">Ídar</span> hills, now -returned and took the city of Pátan, besieging the imperial -governor, Sayad Áhmed Khán Bárha, in the citadel. -At this time Mírza Muhammad Husain was at <span class="corr" id="xd25e26962" title="Source: Ránpúr">Ránpur</span> -near Dhandhúka. When Sher Khán Fauládi, who had -taken refuge in Sorath, heard of Muhammad Khán’s return to -Pátan, he met Mírza Muhammad Husain, and uniting their -forces they joined Muhammad Khán at Pátan. The viceroy -Mírza Âzíz Kokaltásh with other nobles -marched against them, and after a hard-fought battle, in which several -of the imperial nobles were slain, Mírza Âzíz -Kokaltásh was victorious. Sher Khán again took refuge in -Sorath, and his son fled for safety to the Ídar hills, while the -Mírza withdrew to the Khándesh frontier. As the conquest -of Gujarát was completed, Akbar returned to Agra.</p> -<p>From <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573, the date of its -annexation as a province of the empire, to <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1758, the year of the final capture of -Áhmedábád by the Maráthás, -Gujarát remained under the government of officers appointed by -the court of Dehli. Like the rule of the Áhmedábád -kings, this term of 184 years falls into two periods: the first of 134 -years from <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573 to the death of -Aurangzíb in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1707, a time on -the whole of public order and strong government; the second from -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1707 to <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1758, fifty-one years of declining power and -growing disorder.</p> -<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main"><i>SECTION I.—<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573–1707.</i></h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Mirza -Âzíz</span> First Viceroy, 1573–1575.</span>Before -leaving Gujarát Akbar placed the charge of the province in the -hands of Mírza Âzíz Kokaltásh.<a class="noteref" id="n266.3src" href="#n266.3" name="n266.3src">6</a> At the -same time the emperor rewarded his supporters by grants of land, -assigning Áhmedábád with Pitlád and several -other districts to the viceroy Mírza <span class="corr" id="xd25e27002" title="Source: Azíz">Âzíz</span>, -Pátan to the Khán-i-Kalán Mír Muhammad -Khán, and Baroda to Nawáb Aurang Khán. Broach was -given to Kutb-ud-dín Muhammad, and Dholka Khánpur and -Sami were confirmed to Sayad <span class="corr" id="xd25e27005" title="Source: Hámíd">Hámid</span> and Sayad -Mahmúd Bukhári. As soon as the emperor was gone -Ikhtiyár-ul-Mulk <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb267" href="#pb267" name="pb267">267</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Akbar Emperor, 1573–1605.<br> -<span class="sc">Mirza Âzíz</span> First Viceroy, -1573–1575.</span> and Muhammad Khán, son of Sher -Khán, who had taken shelter in the Ídar hills, issued -forth, and the viceroy marched to Ahmednagar to hold them in check. -Mírza Muhammad Husain advancing rapidly from the -Nandurbár frontier, took the fort of Broach, and went thence to -Cambay which he found abandoned by its governor Husain Khán -Karkaráh, while he himself marched to Ahmednagar and Ídar -against <span class="corr" id="xd25e27025" title="Source: Ikhtyár-ul-Mulk">Ikhtiyár-ul-Mulk</span>. The -viceroy ordered Sayad <span class="corr" id="xd25e27028" title="Source: Hámíd">Hámid</span> Bukhári, -Nawáb Naurang Khán, and others to join Kutb-ud-dín -Muhammad Khán. They went and laid siege to Cambay, but -Mírza Muhammad managed to evacuate the town and join -Ikhtiyár-ul-Mulk and Muhammad Khán. After several -unsuccessful attempts to scatter the enemy the viceroy retired to -Áhmedábád, and the rebels laid siege to the city. -Kutb-ud-dín Khán, Sayad Mírán, and others -of the imperial party succeeded in entering the city and joining the -garrison. <span class="marginnote">Insurrection Quelled by Akbar, -1573.</span>After the siege had lasted two months, Akbar, making his -famous 600 mile (400 <i>kos</i>) march in nine days from Agra, arrived -before Áhmedábád, and, at once engaging the enemy, -totally defeated them with the loss of two of their leaders -Mírza Muhammad Husain and Ikhtiyár-ul-Mulk.</p> -<p>On the day before the battle Akbar consulting a Hazára -Afghán versed in drawing omens from sheeps’ -shoulder-blades, was told that victory was certain, but that it would -be won at the cost of the life of one of his nobles. Seif Khán, -brother of Zein Khán Koka, coming in prayed that he should be -chosen to receive the crown of martyrdom. At the end of the day the -only leading noble that was killed was Seif Khán.<a class="noteref" id="n267.1src" href="#n267.1" name="n267.1src">7</a></p> -<p>After only eleven days’ stay, Akbar again entrusting the -government of Gujarát to Mírza Âzíz Koka, -returned to Agra. Mírza Âzíz Koka did not long -continue viceroy. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1575, in -consequence of some dispute with the emperor, he retired into private -life. <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Mírza -Khán</span> Second Viceroy, 1575–1577.</span>On his -resignation Akbar conferred the post of viceroy on Mírza -Khán, son of Behrám Khán, who afterwards rose to -the high rank of Khán Khánán or chief of the -nobles. As this was Mírza Khán’s first service, and -as he was still a youth, he was ordered to follow the advice of the -deputy viceroy, Wazír Khán, in whose hands the -administration of the province remained during the two following years. -<span class="marginnote">Survey by Rája Todar Mal.</span>Soon -after the insurrection of 1573 was suppressed the emperor sent -Rája Todar Mal to make a survey settlement of the province. In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1575 after the survey was completed -Wajíh-ul-Mulk Gujaráti was appointed -<i>díwán</i> or minister. Some historians say that in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1576 Wazír Khán -relieved Mírza <span class="corr" id="xd25e27074" title="Source: Âziz">Âzíz</span> Koka as viceroy, but -according to the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb268" href="#pb268" name="pb268">268</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Akbar Emperor, 1573–1605.<br> -<span class="sc">Mírza Khán</span> Second Viceroy, -1575–1577.</span> Mirza Khán held office with Wazír -Khán as his deputy. One Prágdás, a Hindu, -succeeded Wajíh-ul-Mulk as <i>díwán</i>. Troops -were sent to reduce the Nándod and Ídar districts, and -the fort of Sirohi was captured by Tarsu Khán, the military -governor of Pátan. Afterwards, through the intervention of -Pahár Khán Jálori, the Sirohi Rája, at an -interview with Rája Todar Mal, presented £6000 -(<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 12,000) and other articles and was -allowed to serve the provincial governor of Gujarát with 1500 -horse.<a class="noteref" id="n268.1src" href="#n268.1" name="n268.1src">8</a></p> -<p>During Wazír Khán’s administration Muzaffar -Husain Mírza, son of Ibráhím Husain Mírza, -raised an insurrection in Gujarát. This Mírza Muzaffar -was as an infant carried to the Dakhan from Surat shortly before its -investment by Akbar. He lived peacefully till under the influence of an -ambitious retainer Mihr Ali by name, he gathered an army of adventurers -and entered Nandurbár. Wazír Khán distrusting his -troops shut himself in a fortress, and wrote to Rája Todar Mal, -who was in Pátan settling revenue affairs. The Mírza -defeated the imperial forces in Nandurbár and failing to get -possession of Cambay marched straight to -Áhmedábád. On the advance of Rája Todar Mal -the Mírza fell back on Dholka. The Rája and the -Khán pursuing defeated him, and he retired to <span class="corr" -id="xd25e27105" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>. -The Rája then withdrew, but the Mírza again advanced and -besieged him in Áhmedábád. In an attempt to -escalade the city wall Mihr Ali was killed. Muzaffar Mírza -withdrew to Khándesh and the insurrection came to an end.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Shaháb-ud-dín</span> Third Viceroy, -1577–1583.</span>In the end of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1577, as Wazír Khán’s -management was not successful, the post of viceroy was conferred upon -Shaháb-ud-dín Áhmed Khán, the governor of -Málwa. Shaháb-ud-dín’s first step was to -create new military posts and strengthen the old ones. At this time -Fateh Khán Shirwáni, the commander of Amín -Khán Ghori’s army, quarrelled with his chief, and, coming -to Shaháb-ud-dín, offered to capture the fort of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e27117" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>. -<span class="marginnote">Sends a Force against <span class="corr" id="xd25e27122" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>.</span>Shaháb-ud-dín -entertained his proposal, and sent his nephew Mírza Khán -and 4000 horse with him. When the troops crossed the Sorath frontier, -they were met by envoys from Amín Khán, agreeing, in his -name, to pay tribute and surrender the country, provided he were -permitted to retain the fortress of <span class="corr" id="xd25e27126" -title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span> and -were allotted a sufficient grant of land. Mírza Khán -rejected these proposals and continued his march against <span class="corr" id="xd25e27129" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>. -Amín Khán made a vigorous resistance and applied for aid -to the Jám of Navánagar. At this juncture Fateh -Khán died, and Mírza Khán went and besieged -Mángrúl. The Jám’s minister Isá now -joined Amín Khán with 4000 horse, and he, quitting -<span class="corr" id="xd25e27133" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>, -marched to Mángrúl.<a class="noteref" id="n268.2src" -href="#n268.2" name="n268.2src">9</a> On their approach Mírza -Khán retired to the town of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb269" -href="#pb269" name="pb269">269</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Akbar Emperor, 1573–1605.<br> -<span class="sc">Shaháb-ud-dín</span> Third Viceroy, -1577–1583.</span> Kodinár<a class="noteref" id="n269.1src" -href="#n269.1" name="n269.1src">10</a> followed by Amín -Khán. Here a pitched battle was fought, and Mírza -Khán was defeated with the loss of his baggage. Many of his men -were slain, and he himself, being wounded, escaped with difficulty to -Áhmedábád. Shaháb ud-dín, who had -meanwhile been giving his attention to revenue matters, and to the more -correct measurement of the lands of the province, was rudely recalled -from these peaceful occupations by his nephew’s defeat. At the -same time news was brought of the escape of the former king, Muzaffar -Khán, who, eluding the vigilance of the imperial servants, -appeared in Gujarát in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1583. -Muzaffar remained for some time in the Rájpípla country, -and thence came to one Lúna or Lúmbha Káthi, at -the village of Khíri in the district of Sardhár in -Sorath.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Ítimád -Khán Gujaráti</span> Fourth Viceroy, -1583–4.</span>Before he could march against Muzaffar, -Shaháb-ud-dín was recalled, and in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1583 or 1584<a class="noteref" id="n269.2src" -href="#n269.2" name="n269.2src">11</a> Ítimád Khán -Gujaráti was appointed viceroy. At this time a party of 700 or -800 Mughals, called Wazír Khánis, separating from -Shaháb-ud-dín, remained behind in hope of being -entertained by the new viceroy. As Ítimád Khán -declared that he was unable to take them into his service, they went -off in a body and joined Muzaffar at Khíri, and he with them and -three or four thousand Káthi horse marched at once on -Áhmedábád. On hearing this Ítimád -Khán, leaving his son Sher Khán in -Áhmedábád, followed Shaháb-ud-dín to -Kadi, and entreated him to return. Shaháb-ud-dín at first -affected indifference telling Ítimád that as he had given -over charge he had no more interest in the province. After two days he -consented to return if Ítimád stated in writing that the -country was on the verge of being lost and that Ítimád -being unable to hold it was obliged to relinquish charge to -Shaháb-ud-dín. Ítimád Khán made the -required statement and Shaháb-ud-dín returned with -him.<a class="noteref" id="n269.3src" href="#n269.3" name="n269.3src">12</a> <span class="marginnote">Muzaffar captures -Áhmedábád, 1583.</span>Meanwhile Muzaffar -Sháh reached Áhmedábád, which was weakly -defended, and in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1583, after a brief -struggle, took possession of the city. While the siege of -Áhmedábád was in progress -Shaháb-ud-dín and Ítimád Khán were -returning, and were within a few miles of the city, when news of its -capture reached them. They continued their advance, but had barely -arrived at Áhmedábád when Muzaffar Sháh -totally defeated them taking all their baggage. Seeing the issue of the -fight, most of their army went over to Muzaffar Sháh, and the -viceroy and Shaháb-ud-dín with a few men fled to -Pátan. Kutb-ud-dín Muhammad Khán Atkah, one of the -imperial commanders, who was on the Khándesh frontier, now -advanced by forced marches to Baroda. Muzaffar marched against him with -a large army, recently strengthened by the union of the army of Sayad -Daulát ruler of Cambay. Kutb-ud-dín threw himself into -Baroda, and, in spite of the treachery of his troops, defended the city -for some time. At last, on Muzaffar’s assurance that his life -should be spared Kutb-ud-dín repaired to the enemies’ camp -to treat for peace. On his arrival he was treated with respect, but -next day was treacherously put to death. The fort of Broach was also at -this <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb270" href="#pb270" name="pb270">270</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Akbar Emperor, 1573–1605.<br> -<span class="sc">Mírza <span class="corr" id="xd25e27226" title="Source: Abdur-Rahím">Abdúr-Rahím</span> -Khán (Khán Khánán)</span> Fifth -Viceroy<span class="corr" id="xd25e27230" title="Not in source">,</span> 1583–1587.</span> time traitorously -surrendered to Muzaffar by the slaves of the mother of Naurang -Khán, fief-holder of the district.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Mírza <span class="corr" id="xd25e27239" title="Source: Abdur-Rahím">Abdúr-Rahím</span> -Khán (Khán Khánán)</span> Fifth Viceroy -1583–1587.</span>On learning of the Gujarát insurrection -the emperor, at the close of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1583, -conferred the government of the province on Mírza -Abdúr-Rahím Khán, son of Behrám -Khán, who had formerly (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1575) -acted as viceroy. Muzaffar, who was still at Broach, hearing of the -advance of the new viceroy with a large army, returned rapidly to -Áhmedábád, and in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1584 fought a pitched battle with Mírza -<span class="corr" id="xd25e27253" title="Source: Abdur-Rahím">Abdúr-Rahím</span> -Khán between Sirkhej and Sháh Bhíkan’s -tomb.<a class="noteref" id="n270.1src" href="#n270.1" name="n270.1src">13</a> In this engagement <span class="marginnote">Defeat -of Muzaffar, 1584.</span>Muzaffar was entirely defeated, and fled to -Cambay pursued by Mírza Abdúr-Rahím Khán. -Muzaffar now hearing that Mírza <span class="corr" id="xd25e27272" title="Source: Abdur-Rahím">Abdúr-Rahím</span> -Khán had been joined by Naurang Khán and other nobles -with the imperial army from Málwa, quitted Cambay, and made for -his old place of shelter in Rájpípla. Finding no rest in -Rájpípla, after fighting and losing another battle in the -Rájpípla hills, he fled first to Pátan and then to -Ídar, and afterwards again repaired to Lúmbha -Káthi in Khiri. In reward for these two victories, the emperor -bestowed on Mírza Abdúr-Rahím Khán the -title of Khán Khánán. Broach now submitted, and -Muzaffar sought shelter with Amín Khán Ghori at -<span class="corr" id="xd25e27275" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>, by -whom he was allotted the waste town of Gondal as a residence. Muzaffar -made one more attempt to establish his power. He advanced to Morvi, and -thence made a raid on <span class="corr" id="xd25e27278" title="Source: Rádhanpúr">Rádhanpur</span> and plundered -that town, but was soon compelled to return to -Káthiáváḍa and seek safety in flight. -Amín Khán, seeing that his cause was hopeless, on -pretence of aiding him, induced Muzaffar <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb271" href="#pb271" name="pb271">271</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Akbar Emperor, 1573–1605.<br> -<span class="sc">Mírza <span class="corr" id="xd25e27294" title="Source: Abdur-Rahím">Abdúr-Rahím</span> -Khán (Khán Khánán)</span> Fifth Viceroy, -1583–1587.</span> to give him about £10,000.<a class="noteref" id="n271.1src" href="#n271.1" name="n271.1src">14</a> When he -had obtained the money, on one pretext or another, Amín -Khán withheld the promised aid. The Khán -Khánán now marched an army into Sorath against Muzaffar. -The Jám of Navánagar and Amín Khán sent -their envoys to meet the viceroy, declaring that they had not sheltered -Muzaffar, and that he was leading an outlaw’s life, entirely -unaided by them. The viceroy agreed not to molest them, on condition -that they withheld aid and shelter from Muzaffar, and himself marched -against him. When he reached Upleta, about fifteen miles north-west of -the fortress of <span class="corr" id="xd25e27313" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>, -the viceroy heard that Muzaffar had sought shelter in the Barda hills -in the south-west corner of the peninsula. Advancing to the hills, he -halted his main force outside of the rough country and sent skirmishing -parties to examine the hills. Muzaffar had already passed through -Navánagar and across Gujarát to Dánta in the Mahi -Kántha. Here he was once more defeated by the <span class="corr" -id="xd25e27316" title="Source: Parántej">Parántij</span> -garrison, and a third time took refuge in Rájpípla. The -viceroy now marched on Navánagar to punish the Jám. The -Jám sent in his submission, and the viceroy taking from him, by -way of fine, an elephant and some valuable horses, returned to -Áhmedábád. He next sent a detachment against -Ghazni Khán of Jhálor who had favoured Muzaffar. Ghazni -Khán submitted, and no further steps were taken against him.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Ismáíl Kuli -Khán</span> Sixth Viceroy, 1587.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1587 the Khán Khánán was -recalled and his place supplied by <span class="corr" id="xd25e27328" -title="Source: Ismáil">Ismáíl</span> Kuli -Khán. Ismáíl’s government lasted only for a -few months, when he was superseded by <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Mírza Âziz -Kokaltásh</span> Seventh Viceroy, -1588–1592.</span>Mírza Ázíz -Kokaltásh, who was a second time appointed viceroy. In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1591, Muzaffar again returned to -Sorath. <span class="marginnote">Muzaffar seeks Refuge in -Káthiáváḍa.</span>The viceroy, hearing that -he had been joined by the Jám, the Kachh chief, and Daulat -Khán Ghori the son of Amín Khán, marched with a -large army towards Sorath, and, halting at Víramgám, sent -forward a detachment under Naurang Khán, Sayad Kásim, and -other officers. Advancing as far as Morvi,<a class="noteref" id="n271.2src" href="#n271.2" name="n271.2src">15</a> Naurang Khán -entered into negotiations with the Jám, who, however, refused to -accede to the demands of the imperial commander. <span class="marginnote">Is attacked by the Imperial Army.</span>On this the -viceroy joined Naurang Khán with the bulk of his army, and after -a short delay marched on Navánagar. On his way, at the village -of Dhokar near Navánagar, Muzaffar and the Jám opposed -him, and an obstinate battle in which the imperialists were nearly -worsted, ended in Muzaffar’s defeat. The son and minister of the -Jám were slain, and Muzaffar, the Jám, and Daulat -Khán who was wounded, fled to the fortress of <span class="corr" -id="xd25e27349" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>. -The viceroy now advanced and plundered Navánagar, and remaining -there sent Naurang Khán, Sayad Kásím, and -Gújar Khán against <span class="corr" id="xd25e27352" -title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>. -The day the army arrived before the fortress Daulat Khán died of -his wounds. Still the fortress held out, and though the viceroy joined -them the siege made little progress as the imperial troops were in -great straits for grain. The viceroy returned to -Áhmedábád, and after seven or eight months again -marched against <span class="corr" id="xd25e27355" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>. -The Jám, who was still a fugitive, sent envoys <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb272" href="#pb272" name="pb272">272</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Akbar Emperor, 1573–1605.<br> -<span class="sc">Mírza Âziz Kokaltásh</span> -Seventh Viceroy, 1588–1592.</span> and promised to aid the -viceroy if his country were restored to him. The viceroy assented on -condition that, during the operations against <span class="corr" id="xd25e27375" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>, -the Jám should furnish his army with grain. The Jám -agreed to provide grain, and after a siege of three months the garrison -surrendered.</p> -<p>News was next received that Muzaffar had taken refuge at -Jagat.<a class="noteref" id="n272.1src" href="#n272.1" name="n272.1src">16</a> The viceroy at once sent Naurang Khán and -others with an army in pursuit. On reaching Jagat it was found that -Muzaffar had already left for a village owned by a Rájput named -Sewa Wádhel. Without halting Naurang Khán started in -pursuit, nearly surprising Muzaffar, <span class="marginnote">Muzaffar -Flies to Kachh.</span>who escaping on horseback with a few followers, -crossed to Kachh. Sewa Wádhel covering Muzaffar’s retreat -was surprised before he could put to sea and fought gallantly with the -imperial forces till he was slain. Naurang Khán then came to -Arámra, a village belonging to Singrám Wádhel, -Rája of Jagat, and after frustrating a scheme devised by that -chief to entrap a body of the troops on board ship under pretence of -pursuing Muzaffar’s family, led his men back to <span class="corr" id="xd25e27386" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>. -The viceroy, hearing in what direction Muzaffar had fled, marched to -Morvi, where the Jám of Navánagar came and paid his -respects. At the same time the Kachh chief, who is called -Khengár by Farishtah and in the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi and -Bhára in the Mirăt-i-Sikandri, sent a message that if the -viceroy would refrain from invading his country and would give him his -ancestral district of Morvi and supply him with a detachment of troops, -he would point out where Muzaffar was concealed. The -Khán-i-Ázam agreed to these terms and the chief captured -Muzaffar and handed him to the force sent to secure him. The -detachment, strictly guarding the prisoner, were marching rapidly -towards Morvi, when, on reaching Dhrol, about thirty miles east of -Jámnagar, under pretence of obeying a call of nature, Muzaffar -withdrew and cut his throat with a razor, so that he died. <span class="marginnote">Commits Suicide, 1591–92.</span>This happened in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1591–92. The viceroy sent -Muzaffar’s head to court, and though he was now recalled by the -emperor, he delayed on pretence of wishing to humble the Portuguese. -His real object was to make a pilgrimage to Makkah, and in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1592, after obtaining the necessary permission -from the Portuguese, he started from Verával.<a class="noteref" -id="n272.2src" href="#n272.2" name="n272.2src">17</a> During this -viceroyalty an imperial <i>farmán</i> ordered that the state -share of the produce should be one-half and the other half should be -left to the cultivator and further that from each half five per cent -should be deducted for the village headmen. All other taxes were -declared illegal, and it was provided that when lands or houses were -sold, half the government demand should be realized from the seller and -half from the buyer.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Sultán Murád -Baksh</span> Eighth Viceroy, 1592–1600.</span>The emperor, who -was much vexed to hear of the departure of the viceroy, appointed -prince Sultán Murád Bakhsh in his stead with as his -minister Muhammad Sádikkhán one of the great nobles. In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1593–94 Mírza -Âzíz Kokaltásh returned from his pilgrimage and -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb273" href="#pb273" name="pb273">273</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Akbar Emperor, 1573–1605.<br> -<span class="sc">Mírza Âzíz Kokaltásh</span> -Ninth Viceroy, 1600–1606.</span> repaired to court, and next year -on prince Murád Bakhsh going to the Dakhan, Súrajsingh -was appointed his deputy. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1594–95 Bahádur, son of the late -Muzaffar Sháh, excited a rebellion, but was defeated by -Súrajsingh. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1600, owing to -the death of Sultán Murád, <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Mírza Âzíz -Kokaltásh</span> Ninth Viceroy, -1600–1606.</span>Mírza Âzíz Kokaltásh -was a third time appointed viceroy of Gujarát, and he sent -Shams-ud-dín Husain as his deputy to -Áhmedábád. Further changes were made in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1602 when Mírza -Âzíz sent his eldest son Shádmán as deputy; -his second son Khurram as governor of Junágaḍh; and Sayad -<span class="corr" id="xd25e27445" title="Source: Báyázid">Báyazíd</span> as -minister. Khurram was afterwards relieved of the charge of Sorath and -<span class="corr" id="xd25e27448" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span> by -his brother Abdulláh.</p> -<p id="ch2.3.2"><span class="marginnote"><span class="corr" id="xd25e27454" title="Source: Jehángir">Jehángír</span> Emperor, -1605–1627.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1605 -Núr-ud-dín Muhammad Jehángír ascended the -imperial throne. Shortly after his accession the emperor published a -decree remitting certain taxes, and also in cases of robbery fixing the -responsibility on the landowners of the place where the robbery was -committed. The decree also renewed Akbar’s decree forbidding -soldiers billetting themselves forcibly in cultivators’ houses. -Finally it directed that dispensaries and hospital wards should be -opened in all large towns. In the early days of -Jehángír’s reign disturbance was caused in the -neighbourhood of Áhmedábád by Bahádur a son -of Muzaffar Sháh. Jehángír despatched -Patrdás Rája Vikramájit as viceroy of -Gujarát to put down the rising. The Rája’s arrival -at Áhmedábád restored order. Some of the rebel -officers submitting were reinstated in their commands: the rest fled to -the hills.<a class="noteref" id="n273.1src" href="#n273.1" name="n273.1src">18</a> <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Kalíj Khán</span> Tenth Viceroy, 1606.</span>On the -Rája’s return Jehángír appointed -Kalíj Khán to be viceroy of Gujarát; but -Kalíj Khán never joined his charge, allowing Mírza -Âzíz Kokaltásh to act in his place. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1606, on the transfer of Mírza -Âzíz to the Láhor viceroyalty, <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Sayad Murtaza</span> Eleventh Viceroy, -1606–1609.</span>Sayad Murtaza Khán Bukhári, who -had recently been ennobled in consequence of crushing the rebellion -under Jehángír’s son <span class="corr" id="xd25e27481" title="Source: Khusráo">Khusrao</span>, was -entrusted with the charge of Gujarát, Sayad <span class="corr" -id="xd25e27484" title="Source: Báyázíd">Báyazíd</span> -being continued as minister. Sayad Murtaza, who is said to have further -ingratiated himself with the emperor by the present of a magnificent -ruby, appears to have been more of a scholar than a governor. His only -notable acts were the repair of the fort of Kadi<a class="noteref" id="n273.2src" href="#n273.2" name="n273.2src">19</a> and the populating -of the Bukhára quarter of Áhmedábád. During -his tenure of power disturbances broke out, and Rái -Gopináth, son of Rája Todar Mal, with Rája -Sursingh of Jodhpur, were sent to Gujarát by way of Málwa -Surat and Baroda. They overcame and imprisoned Kalián, chief of -Belpár,<a class="noteref" id="n273.3src" href="#n273.3" name="n273.3src">20</a> but were defeated by the Mándwa<a class="noteref" id="n273.4src" href="#n273.4" name="n273.4src">21</a> -chieftain, and withdrew to Áhmedábád. Rái -Gopináth, obtaining reinforcements, returned to Mándwa -and succeeded in capturing the chief. He then marched against the -rebellious Kolis of the Kánkrej, and took prisoner their -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb274" href="#pb274" name="pb274">274</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Jehángir Emperor, 1605–<span class="corr" id="xd25e27507" -title="Source: 1607">1627</span>.<br> -<span class="sc">Mírza Âzíz <span class="corr" id="xd25e27513" title="Source: Kokaltash">Kokaltásh</span></span> -Twelfth Viceroy, 1609–1611.</span> leader, whom, on promising not -to stir up future rebellions, he afterwards restored to liberty.</p> -<p>The first connection of the English with Gujarát dates from -Sayad Murtaza’s viceroyalty. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1608 he allowed Captain Hawkins to sell goods in -Surat.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Mírza -Âzíz <span class="corr" id="xd25e27527" title="Source: Kokaltash">Kokaltásh</span></span> Twelfth Viceroy, -1609–1611.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1609 the -Khán-i-Ázam Mírza Âzíz -Kokaltásh was for the fourth time appointed viceroy of -Gujarát. He was allowed to remain at court and send his son -Jehángír <span class="corr" id="xd25e27534" title="Source: Kuli">Kúli</span> Khán as his deputy with -Mohandás <span class="corr" id="xd25e27537" title="Source: Díván">Diván</span> and Masûd Beg -Hamadáni.<a class="noteref" id="n274.1src" href="#n274.1" name="n274.1src">22</a> This was the beginning of government by deputy, a -custom which in later times was so injurious to imperial interests.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Sack of Surat by Malik Âmbar, -1609.</span>In 1609 Malik Âmbar, chief minister of Nizám -Sháh’s court and governor of Daulatábád, -invaded Gujarát at the head of 50,000 horse, and after -plundering both the Surat and Baroda districts retired as quickly as he -came. To prevent such raids a body of 25,000 men was posted at -Rámnagar<a class="noteref" id="n274.2src" href="#n274.2" name="n274.2src">23</a> on the Dakhan frontier, and remained there for four -years. The details of the contingents of this force are:</p> -<div class="table"> -<table class="xd25e26644"> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellTop">The Viceroy of -Áhmedábád</td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">4000 Men.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft">The Nobles of his Court</td> -<td class="cellRight">5000 <span class="ditto"><span class="s">Men.</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft">The Chiefs of Sáler and -Mulher (Báglán)</td> -<td class="cellRight">3000 <span class="ditto"><span class="s">Men.</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft">The Son of the Kachh -Chief</td> -<td class="cellRight">2500 <span class="ditto"><span class="s">Men.</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft">The Chief of -Navánagar</td> -<td class="cellRight">2500 <span class="ditto"><span class="s">Men.</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft">The Chief of Ídar</td> -<td class="cellRight">2000 <span class="ditto"><span class="s">Men.</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">The Chief of Dúngarpúr</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan"><img src="images/rbrace2.png" alt="" -width="12" height="40"></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan">Now under the Hilly Tracts Agency, -Rájputána.</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan"><img src="images/lbrace2.png" alt="" -width="12" height="40"></td> -<td class="cellRight">2000 <span class="ditto"><span class="s">Men.</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">The Chief of <span class="corr" id="xd25e27613" -title="Source: Bánsvada">Bánsváda</span></td> -<td class="cellRight">2000 <span class="ditto"><span class="s">Men.</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft">The Chief of Rámnagar -(Dharampur)</td> -<td class="cellRight">1000 <span class="ditto"><span class="s">Men.</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft">The Chief of -Rájipípla</td> -<td class="cellRight">1000 <span class="ditto"><span class="s">Men.</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft">The Chief of Áli -(Álirájpur under the Bhopáwar Agency)</td> -<td class="cellRight">300 <span class="ditto"><span class="s">Men.</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft">The Chief of Mohan (a former -capital of the state of Chhota Udepur in the Rewa Kántha)</td> -<td class="cellRight">350 <span class="ditto"><span class="s">Men.</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellLeft cellBottom xd25e27655"> -Total</td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom"><span class="sum">25,650 -Men.</span></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Abdulláh -Khán Fírúz Jang</span> Thirteenth Viceroy, -1611–1616.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1611 -Abdulláh Khán Bahádur Fírúz Jang was -appointed thirteenth viceroy of Gujarát, with -Ghiás-ud-dín as his minister, under orders to proceed to -the Dakhan to avenge the recent inroad.<a class="noteref" id="n274.3src" href="#n274.3" name="n274.3src">24</a> The viceroy marched -to the Dakhan but returned without effecting anything. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1616, he was again, in company with prince -Sháh <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb275" href="#pb275" name="pb275">275</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Jehángir Emperor, 1605–1627.<br> -<span class="sc">Abdulláh Khán Fírúz -Jang</span> Thirteenth Viceroy, 1611–1616.</span> Jehán, -directed to move against Ahmednagar. This second expedition was -successful. The country was humbled, and, except Malik Ambar, most of -the nobles submitted to the emperor. During this viceroy’s term -of office an imperial decree was issued forbidding nobles on the -frontiers and in distant provinces to affix their seals to any -communications addressed to imperial servants.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Mukarrab -Khán</span> Fourteenth Viceroy, 1616.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1616 on their return to Dehli, Mukarrab -Khán, a surgeon who had risen to notice by curing the emperor -Akbar and was ennobled by Jehángír, and who, since -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1608, had been in charge of Surat or -of Cambay, was appointed fourteenth viceroy of Gujarát, with -Muhammad Safi as his minister. <span class="marginnote">Elephant-hunting in the Panch Maháls, -1616.</span>In the following year (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1617) the emperor Jehángír came to -Gujarát to hunt wild elephants in the Dohad forests. But owing -to the density of the forest only twelve were captured. Early in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1618 he visited Cambay which he notes -only vessels of small draught could reach and where he ordered a gold -and silver <i>tanka</i> twenty times heavier than the gold <i>mohar</i> -to be minted. From Cambay after a stay of ten days he went to -Áhmedábád and received the Rája of -Ídar. As the climate of Áhmedábád disagreed -with him<span class="corr" id="xd25e27747" title="Not in source">,</span> Jehángír retired to the banks of -the Mahi.<a class="noteref" id="n275.1src" href="#n275.1" name="n275.1src">25</a> Here the Jám of Navánagar came to pay -homage, and presented fifty Kachh horses, a hundred gold <i>mohars</i>, -and a hundred rupees, and received a dress of honour. The emperor now -returned to Áhmedábád, where he was visited by -Rái Bhára of Kachh, who presented 100 Kachh -horses<span class="corr" id="xd25e27775" title="Not in source">,</span> -100 <i>ashrafis</i><a class="noteref" id="n275.2src" href="#n275.2" -name="n275.2src">26</a> and 2000 rupees. The Rái, who was ninety -years of age, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb276" href="#pb276" name="pb276">276</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Jehángir Emperor, 1605–1627.<br> -<span class="sc">Mukarrab Khán</span> Fourteenth Viceroy, -1616.</span> had never paid his respects to any emperor. -Jehángír, much pleased with the greatest of -Gujarát <span class="corr" id="xd25e27803" title="Source: Zamíndars">Zamíndárs</span>, who, in -spite of his ninety years was hale and in full possession of all his -senses, gave him his own horse, a male and female elephant, a dagger, a -sword with diamond-mounted hilt, and four rings of different coloured -precious stones. As he still suffered from the climate, the emperor set -out to return to Ágra, and just at that time (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1618–19) he heard of the birth of a -grandson, afterwards the famous Abúl Muzaffar -Muhiyy-ud-dín Muhammad Aurangzíb who was born at Dohad in -Gujarát.<a class="noteref" id="n276.1src" href="#n276.1" name="n276.1src">27</a> In honour of this event Sháh Jehán -held a great festival at Ujjain.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Prince Sháh -Jehán</span> Fifteenth Viceroy, 1618–1622.</span>Before -the emperor started for Ágra, he appointed prince Sháh -Jehán fifteenth viceroy of Gujarát in the place of -Mukarrab Khán whose general inefficiency and churlish treatment -of the European traders he did not approve. Muhammad Safi was continued -as minister. As Sháh Jehán preferred remaining at Ujjain -he chose Rustam Khán as his deputy; but the emperor, -disapproving of this choice, selected Rája Vikramájit in -Rustam Khán’s stead. Shortly after, <span class="marginnote">Sháh Jehán Rebels, 1622–1623.</span>in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1622–23, Sháh -Jehán rebelled, and in one of the battles which took place -Rája Vikramájit was killed. Sháh Jehán, -during his viceroyalty, <span class="marginnote">Builds the -Sháhi Bágh at Áhmedábád.</span>built -the Sháhi Bágh and the royal baths in the Bhadar at -Áhmedábád. After the death of Vikramájit, -his brother succeeded as deputy viceroy. While Sháh Jehán -was still in rebellion, the emperor <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Sultán Dáwar Baksh</span> -Sixteenth Viceroy, 1622–1624.</span>appointed Sultán -Dáwar Baksh the son of prince Khusrao, sixteenth viceroy of -Gujarát, Muhammad Safi being retained in his post of minister. -Sháh Jehán, who was then at Mándu in Málwa, -appointed on his part Abdulláh Khán Bahádur -Fírúz Jang viceroy and a <i>khájahsara</i> or -eunuch of Abdulláh Khán his minister. Sultán -Dáwar Baksh, the emperor’s nominee, was accompanied by -Khán-i-Ázam Mírza Âzíz -Kokaltásh to instruct him in the management of affairs. Prince -Sháh Jehán had directed his minister to carry away all -the treasure; but Muhammad Safi, who appears to have been a man of -great ability, at once imprisoned the prince’s partisans in -Áhmedábád, and, among others, captured the eunuch -of Abdulláh Khán. When this news reached the prince at -Mándu, he sent Abdulláh Khán Bahádur with -an army to Gujarát by way of Baroda. Muhammad Safi Khán -met and defeated him, and forced him to fly and rejoin the prince at -Mándu. For his gallant conduct Muhammad Safi received the title -of Saif Khán, with an increase in his monthly pay from £70 -to £300 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 700–3000) and the -command of 3000 horse. Meanwhile Sultán Dáwar Baksh, with -the Khán-i-Ázam, arrived and assumed the charge of the -government, but the Khán-i-Ázam died soon after in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1624, and was buried at Sarkhej. -Sultán Dáwar Baksh was <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb277" href="#pb277" name="pb277">277</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Jehángir Emperor, 1605–1627.<br> -<span class="sc">Saif Khán</span> Seventeenth Viceroy, -1624–1627.</span> re-called, and Khán Jehán was -appointed deputy viceroy with Yúsuf Khán as his minister. -On his arrival at Áhmedábád, prince Sháh -Jehán employed Khán Jehán in his own service, and -sent him as his ambassador to the emperor. Saif Khán, who acted -for him, may be called the seventeenth viceroy, as indeed he had been -the governing spirit for the last eight or ten years. He held the post -of viceroy of Gujarát until the death of the emperor in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1627.</p> -<p id="ch2.3.3"><span class="marginnote"><span class="corr" id="xd25e27869" title="Source: Shah">Sháh</span> Jehán -Emperor, 1627–1658.</span>On the death of the emperor -Jehángir, his son Abul Muzaffar Shaháb-ud-dín -Sháh Jehán ascended the throne. Remembering Saif -Khán’s hostility he at once caused him to be imprisoned, -and <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Sher Khán -Túar</span> Eighteenth Viceroy, 1627–1632.</span>appointed -Sher Khán Túar eighteenth viceroy with Khwájah -Hayát as his minister. When the emperor was near Surat, he -appointed Mír <span class="corr" id="xd25e27878" title="Source: Shamsuddín">Shams-ud-dín</span> to be governor -of Surat castle. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1627, Sháh -Jehán on his way to Dehli visited Áhmedábád -and encamped outside of the city near the Kánkariya lake. Sher -Khán was advanced to the command of 5000 men, and received an -increase of salary and other gifts. At the same time Khán -Jehán was appointed his minister, and Mîrza Ísa -Tarkhán was made viceroy of <span class="corr" id="xd25e27884" -title="Source: Thatṭa">Thatta</span> in Sindh. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1628 Khwájah Abúl Hasan was sent to -conquer the country of Násik and Sangamner which he ravaged, and -returned after taking the fort of Chándoḍ and levying -tribute from the chief of Báglán. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1630, Jamál Khán Karáwal -came to the Gujarát-Khándesh frontier and captured 130 -elephants in the Sultánpur forests, seventy of which valued at a -lákh of rupees were sent to Dehli. <span class="marginnote">Famine, 1631–32.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1631–32 Gujarát was wasted by the -famine known as the <i>Satiásio Kál</i> or ’87 -famine. So severe was the scarcity that according to the -Bádsháh Náma, rank sold for a cake, life was -offered for a loaf, the flesh of a son was preferred to his love. The -emperor opened soup kitchens and alms-houses at Surat and -Áhmedábád and ordered <abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 5000 to be distributed.<a class="noteref" id="n277.1src" href="#n277.1" name="n277.1src">28</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Islám -Khán</span> Nineteenth Viceroy, 1632.</span>Sher Khán was -re-called in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1632, but died ere he -could be relieved by Islám Khán, the nineteenth viceroy -of Gujarát, along with whom Khwájah Jehán was -chosen minister. Islám Khán’s monthly salary was -£400 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 4000), and his command was -raised from 5000 to 6000. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1632, -Khwájah Jehán went on pilgrimage to Makkah, and was -succeeded as minister by Ágha Afzal with the title of Afzal -Khán. Afzal Khán was soon appointed commander of Baroda, -and Riáyat Khán succeeded him as minister. The post of -viceroy of Gujarát appears to have been granted to whichever of -the nobles of the court was in a position to make the most valuable -presents to the emperor. <span class="marginnote">Disorder, -1632.</span>Government became lax, the Kolis of the Kánkrej -committed excesses, and the Jám of Navánagar withheld his -tribute. <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Bákar -Khán</span> Twentieth Viceroy, 1632.</span>At this time -Bákar Khán presented the emperor with golden and jewelled -ornaments to the value of <abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 2,00,000 and -was appointed viceroy, Riáyat Khán being continued as -minister. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1633 <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Sipáhdár Khán</span> -Twenty-first Viceroy, 1633.</span><span class="corr" id="xd25e27943" -title="Source: Sipáhdar">Sipáhdár</span> -Khán was appointed viceroy, and presented the emperor with -costly embroidered velvet tents with golden posts worthy to hold the -famous <i>Takhti-Táús</i> or Peacock Throne which was -just completed at a cost of one <i>kror</i> of rupees. Riáyat -Khán was continued as minister. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb278" href="#pb278" name="pb278">278</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Sháh Jehán Emperor, 1627–1658.<br> -<span class="sc">Saif Khán</span> Twenty-second Viceroy, -1633–1635.</span> <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Saif -Khán</span> Twenty-second Viceroy, 1633–1635.</span>In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1635 Saif Khán was appointed -twenty-second viceroy, with Riáyat Khán as minister. -During Saif Khán’s tenure of power Mírza Ísa -Tarkhán received a grant<a class="noteref" id="n278.1src" href="#n278.1" name="n278.1src">29</a> of the province of Sorath, which had -fallen waste through the laxity of its governors. Before he had been in -power for more than a year Saif Khán was recalled. As he was -preparing to start, he died at Áhmedábád and was -buried in Sháhi <span class="corr" id="xd25e27985" title="Source: Alám’s">Álam’s</span> shrine to -which he had added the dome over the tomb and the mosque to the north -of the enclosure.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Ázam -Khán</span> Twenty-third Viceroy, 1635–1642.</span>At the -end of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1635 Ázam Khán -was appointed twenty-third viceroy, with Riáyat Khán in -the first instance, and afterwards with Mír Muhammad -Sábir, as minister. The men who had recently been allowed to act -as viceroys had shown themselves unfit to keep in order the rebellious -chiefs and predatory tribes of Gujarát. For this reason the -emperor’s choice fell upon Ázam Khán, a man of -ability, who perceived the danger of the existing state of affairs, and -saw that to restore the province to order, firm, even severe, measures -were required. When Ázam Khán reached Sidhpur, the -merchants complained bitterly of the outrages of one Kánji, a -Chúnvália Koli, who had been especially daring in -plundering merchandise and committing highway robberies. <span class="marginnote">Punishes the Kolis,</span>Ázam Khán, anxious -to start with a show of vigour, before proceeding to -Áhmedábád, marched against Kánji, who fled -to the village of Bhádar in the Kherálu district of Kadi, -sixty miles north-east of Áhmedábád. Ázam -Khán pursued him so hotly that Kánji surrendered, handed -over his plunder, and gave security not only that he would not again -commit robberies, but that he would pay an annual tribute of -£1000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 10,000). Ázam -Khán then built two fortified posts in the Koli country, naming -one Ázamábád after himself, and the other -Khalílábád after his son. He next marched to -Káthiáváḍa<a class="noteref" id="n278.2src" -href="#n278.2" name="n278.2src">30</a> and <span class="marginnote">Subdues the Káthis.</span>subdued the -Káthis, who were continually ravaging the country near -Dhandhúka, and to check them erected a fortified post called -Sháhpúr, on the opposite side of the river to -Chuda-Ránpur. Ágha Fázil known as Fázil -Khán, who had at one time held the post of minister, and had, in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1636, been appointed governor of -Baroda, was now selected to command the special cavalry composing the -bodyguard of prince Muhammad Aurangzíb. At the same time Sayad -Ilahdád was appointed governor of Surat fort, Ísa -Tarkhán remaining at <span class="corr" id="xd25e28016" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>. In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1637, Mír Muhammad -Sábir was chosen minister in place of Riáyat Khán, -and in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1638 Muîz-zul-Mulk was -re-appointed to the command of Surat fort. Shortly after Ázam -Khán’s daughter was sent to Dehli, and espoused to the -emperor’s son Muhammad Shujá Bahádur. In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1639, Ázam Khán, who -for his love of building was known as Udhai or the Whiteant, devoted -his attention to establishing fortified posts to check rebellion and -robbery in the country of the Kolis and the Káthis. So complete -were his arrangements that people could travel safely all over -Jháláváḍa, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb279" href="#pb279" name="pb279">279</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Sháh Jehán Emperor, 1627–1658.<br> -<span class="sc">Ázam Khán</span> Twenty-third Viceroy, -1635–1642.</span> Káthiáváḍa, -Navánagar, and Kachh.<span class="marginnote">Revolt of the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e28047" title="Source: Jam">Jám</span> of Navánagar, 1640.</span> The -Jám, who of late years had been accustomed to do much as he -pleased, resented these arrangements, and in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1640 withheld his tribute, and set up a mint to -coin <i>koris</i>.<a class="noteref" id="n279.1src" href="#n279.1" -name="n279.1src">31</a> When Ázam Khán heard of this, he -marched with an army against Navánagar, and, on arriving about -three miles from the city, he sent the Jám a peremptory order to -pay the arrears of tribute and to close his mint, ordering him, if any -disturbance occurred in that part of the country, at once to send his -son to the viceroy to learn his will. He further ordered the Jám -to dismiss to their own countries all refugees from other parts of -Gujarát. The Jám being unable to cope with Ázam -Khán, acceded to these terms; and Ázam Khán, -receiving the arrears of tribute, returned to -Áhmedábád. As Ázam Khán’s -stern and somewhat rough rule made him unpopular, Sayad -Jálál Bukhári whose estates were being deserted -from fear of him brought the matter to the emperor’s notice.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Ísa -Tarkhán</span> Twenty-fourth Viceroy, 1642–1644.</span>In -consequence in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1642 the emperor -recalled Ázam Khán and appointed in his place -Mírza Ísa Tarkhán, then governor of Sorath, -twenty-fourth viceroy of Gujarát. And as it was feared that in -anger at being re-called Ázam Khán might oppress some of -those who had complained against him, this order was written by the -emperor with his own hand. Thanks to Ázam Khán’s -firm rule, the new viceroy found the province in good order, and was -able to devote his attention to financial reforms, among them the -introduction of the share, <i>bhágvatái</i>, system of -levying land revenue in kind. When Mírza Ísa -Tarkhán was raised to be viceroy of Gujarát, he appointed -his son Ináyatulláh to be governor of <span class="corr" -id="xd25e28111" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>, -and Muiz-zul-Mulk to fill the post of minister. During the viceroyalty -of Mírza Ísa Sayad Jalál Bukhári a -descendant of Saint Sháhi Álam was appointed to the high -post of Sadr-us-Sudúr or chief law officer for the whole of -India. This was a time of prosperity especially in Surat, whose port -dues which were settled on the Pádsháh Begam had risen -from two and a half to five lákhs. Mírza Ísa -Tarkhán’s term of power was brief. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1644 the emperor appointed prince Muhammad -Aurangzíb to the charge of Gujarát, Muiz-zul-Mulk being -ordered by the emperor to continue to act as his minister. An event of -interest in the next year (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1645) is -the capture of seventy-three elephants in the forests of Dohad and -Chámpáner.<a class="noteref" id="n279.2src" href="#n279.2" name="n279.2src">32</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb280" -href="#pb280" name="pb280">280</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Sháh Jehán Emperor, 1627–1658.<br> -<span class="sc">Prince Muhammad Aurangzíb</span> Twenty-fifth -Viceroy, 1644–1646.</span> <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Prince Muhammad Aurangzíb</span> Twenty-fifth Viceroy, -1644–1646.</span>Prince Aurangzíb’s rule in -Gujarát was marked by religious disputes. In 1644 a quarrel -between Hindus and <span class="corr" id="xd25e28148" title="Source: Musálmans">Musalmáns</span> ended in the prince -ordering a newly built (1638) temple of Chintáman near Saraspur, -a suburb of Áhmedábád, above a mile and a half -east of the city, to be desecrated by slaughtering a cow in it. He then -turned the building into a mosque, but the emperor ordered its -restoration to the Hindus. In another case both of the contending -parties were Musalmáns, the orthodox believers, aided by the -military under the prince’s orders, who was enraged at Sayad -Ráju one of his followers joining the heretics, attacking and -slaughtering the representatives of the Mahdawiyeh sect in -Áhmedábád. Sayad Ráju’s spirit, under -the name of Rájú Shahíd or Rájú the -martyr, is still worshipped as a disease-scaring guardian by the -Pinjárás and Mansúris and Dúdhwálas -of Áhmedábád.<a class="noteref" id="n280.1src" -href="#n280.1" name="n280.1src">33</a> <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Sháistah Khán</span> -Twenty-sixth Viceroy, 1646–1648.</span>In consequence of the part -he had taken in promoting these disturbances, prince Aurangzíb -was relieved and Sháistah Khán appointed twenty-sixth -viceroy of Gujarát. In the following year Muiz-zul-Mulk, who had -till then acted as minister, was recalled, and his place supplied by -Háfiz Muhammad Násir. At the same time the governorship -of Surat and Cambay was given to Áli Akbar of Ispahán. -This Áli Akbar was a Persian horse merchant who brought to Agra -seven horses of pure Arabian breed. For six of these Sháh -Jehán paid <abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 25,000. The seventh a -bay so pleased the emperor that he paid <abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> -15,000 for it, named it the Priceless Ruby, and considered it the gem -of the imperial stud. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1646 -Áli Akbar was assassinated by a Hindu and Muiz-zul-Mulk -succeeded him as governor of Surat and Cambay. <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Prince Muhammad Dárá -Shikoh</span> Twenty-seventh Viceroy, 1648–1652.</span>As -Sháistah Khán failed to control the Gujarát Kolis, -in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1648 prince Muhammad -Dárá Shikoh was chosen viceroy, with Ghairat Khán -as his deputy and Háfiz Muhammad Násir as minister, while -Sháistah Khán was sent to Málwa to relieve -Sháh Nawáz Khán. While Dárá Shikoh -was viceroy an ambassador landed at Surat from the court of the Turkish -Sultán Muhammad IV. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1648–1687).<a class="noteref" id="n280.2src" href="#n280.2" name="n280.2src">34</a> In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1651, Mír Yahyá was appointed -minister in place of Háfiz Muhammad Násir, and in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1652 prince Dárá was -sent to Kandahár. On <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb281" href="#pb281" name="pb281">281</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Sháh Jehán Emperor, 1627–1658.<br> -<span class="sc">Sháistah Khán</span> Twenty-eighth -Viceroy, 1652–1654.</span> <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Sháistah Khán</span> Twenty-eighth Viceroy, -1652–1654.</span>the transfer of the prince Sháistah -Khán became viceroy for the second time, with Mír -Yahyá as minister and Sultán Yár governor of -Baroda with the title of Himmat Khán. Mírza Ísa -Tarkhán was summoned to court from his charge of Sorath and his -son Muhammad Sálih was appointed his successor. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1653 an ill-advised imperial order reducing the -pay of the troopers, as well as of the better class of horsemen who -brought with them a certain number of followers, created much -discontent. During this year several changes of governors were made. -Muhammad Násir was sent to Surat, Himmat Khán to Dholka, -the governor of Dholka to Baroda, Kutb-ud-dín to <span class="corr" id="xd25e28216" title="Source: Júnagaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>, Sayad -Sheikhan son-in-law of Sayad Diler Khán to Tharád under -Pátan, and Jagmál, the holder of Sánand, to -Dholka. In the same year Sháistah Khán made an expedition -against the Chunvália Kolis, who, since Ázam -Khán’s time (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1642), had -been ravaging Víramgám, Dholka, and Kadi, and raiding -even as far as the villages round Áhmedábád.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Prince Murád -Bakhsh</span> Twenty-ninth Viceroy, 1654–1657.</span>In spite of -Sháistah Khán’s success in restoring order the -emperor in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1654 appointed in his -place prince Muhammad Murád Bakhsh twenty-ninth viceroy of -Gujarát. Diánat Khán, and immediately after him -Rehmat Khán, was appointed minister in place of Mír -Yahyá. Mujáhid Khán Jhálori relieved -Mír Shams-ud-dín as governor of Pátan and Godhra -was entrusted to Sayad Hasan, son of Sayad Diler Khán, and its -revenues assigned to him. When prince Murád Bakhsh reached -Jhábua<a class="noteref" id="n281.1src" href="#n281.1" name="n281.1src">35</a> on his way to Áhmedábád, the -chief presented him with £1500 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> -15,000) as tribute; and when he reached <span class="corr" id="xd25e28238" title="Source: Ahmedábád">Áhmedábád</span>, -Kánji, the notorious leader of the Chunvália Kolis; -surrendered through Sayad Sheikhan, and promised to remain quiet and -pay a yearly tribute of £1000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> -10,000). Dildost, son of Sarfaráz Khán, was appointed to -the charge of the post of Bíjápur under Pátan; -while Sayad Sheikhan was made governor of Sádra and -Píplod, and Sayad Áli paymaster, with the title of Radawi -Khán. Many other changes were made at the same time, the prince -receiving a grant of the district of <span class="corr" id="xd25e28245" -title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>. -One Pírjí, a Bohora, said to have been one of the richest -merchants of Surat, is noted as sending the emperor four Arab horses -and prince Murád as presenting the emperor with eighteen of the -famous Gujarát bullocks. During the viceroyalty of -Dárá Shikoh sums of <abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> -1,00,000 to <abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 2,00,000 used to be spent -on articles in demand in Arabia. The articles were sent under some -trustworthy officer and the proceeds applied to charitable purposes in -the sacred cities.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Murád proclaims himself Emperor, -1657.</span>At the end of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1657, on -the receipt of news that Sháh Jehán was dangerously ill -prince Murád Bakhsh proclaimed himself emperor by the title of -Murawwaj-ud-dín and ordered the reading of the Friday sermon and -the striking of coin in his own name.<a class="noteref" id="n281.2src" -href="#n281.2" name="n281.2src">36</a> His next step was to put to -death the minister Áli Naki, and direct his men to seize the -fort of Surat then held by his sister the Begam Sáhibah and to -take possession of the property of the Begam. He imprisoned -Abdul-Latíf, son of Islám Khán, an old servant of -the empire. Dárá Shikoh representing Murád’s -conduct to the emperor obtained an order to <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb282" href="#pb282" name="pb282">282</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Sháh Jehán Emperor, 1627–1658.<br> -<span class="sc">Kásam Khán</span> Thirtieth Viceroy, -1657–1659.</span> <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Kásam Khán</span> Thirtieth Viceroy, -1657–1659.</span>transfer him to the governorship of the -Berárs. Murád Bakhsh borrowing £55,000 (5½ -<i>lákhs</i> of rupees) from the sons of Sántidás -Jauhari, £4000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 40,000) from -Ravídás partner of Sántidás, and -£8800 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 88,000) from Sánmal -and others, raised an army and arranged to meet his brother prince -Aurangzíb, and with him march against the Mahárája -Jasvatsingh of Jodhpur and Kásam Khán, whom Sháh -Jehán had appointed viceroys of Málwa and Gujarát, -and had ordered to meet at Ujjain and march against the princes. -<span class="marginnote">Victory of Murád and -Aurangzíb.</span>Murád Bakhsh and Aurangzíb, -uniting their forces early in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1658, -fought an obstinate battle with Jasvantsingh, in which they were -victorious, and entered Ujjain in triumph. From Ujjain prince -Murád Bakhsh wrote Muâtamid Khán his eunuch an -order allotting to Mánikchand £15,000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 1,50,000) from the revenues of Surat, £10,000 -(<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 1,00,000) from Cambay, £10,000 -(<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 1,00,00) from Pitlád, -£7500 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 75,000) from Dholka, -£5000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 50,000) from Broach, -£4500 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 45,000) from -Víramgám, and £3000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 30,000) from the salt works, in all £55,000 -(5½ <i>lákhs</i> of rupees). Further sums of £4000 -(<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 40,000) are mentioned as due to -Ravidás partner of Sántidás, and £8800 -(<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 88,000) to Sánmal and others. -From Ujjain the princes advanced on Agra. At Dholpúr they fought -a still more obstinate battle with the imperial forces commanded by -prince Dárá Shikoh and after a long and doubtful contest -were victorious. Prince Dárá Shikoh fled to Dehli, and -the princes advanced and took possession of Agra. After confining his -father, Aurangzíb marched for Mathura, <span class="marginnote">Aurangzíb confines Murád, 1658.</span>and -having no further use of Murád, he there seized and imprisoned -him. From Mathura, Aurangzíb went to Dehli from which -Dará Shikoh had meanwhile retired to Láhor.</p> -<p id="ch2.3.4"><span class="marginnote"><span class="corr" id="xd25e28337" title="Source: Aurangzib">Aurangzíb</span> Emperor, -1658–1707.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1658, while -his father was still alive, Aurangzíb assumed the imperial -titles and ascended the throne. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1659 he appointed Sháh Nawáz -Khán Safávi thirty-first viceroy of Gujarát, with -Rahmat Khán as minister. <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Sháh Nawáz Khán Safávi</span> -Thirty-first Viceroy, 1659.</span>On this occasion -Sántidás received a decree directing that the provincial -officials should settle his accounts and Kutb-ud-dín Kheshgi was -appointed to Sorath. Sháh Nawáz Khán was the -father-in-law of both Aurangzíb and Murád Bakhsh. Shortly -after his appointment, while Murád’s wife was paying a -visit to her father, <span class="marginnote">Prince Dárá -Rebels, 1659.</span>prince Dárá Shikoh leaving Kachh, -where he had been hospitably received by the Ráv, made a sudden -descent on Gujarát. The viceroy, won over by the entreaties of -his daughter who saw in the success of Dárá a hope of -release for her husband, joined the prince who entered -Áhmedábád. After raising funds from Surat and -Áhmedábád he collected an army of 22,000 horse and -appointing Sayad Áhmed deputy viceroy, marched towards -Ajmír, once more to try his chance of empire. <span class="marginnote">Is Defeated, 1659.</span>He was defeated and fled to -Áhmedábád, where Sardár Khán, who -had confined Sayad Áhmed, closed the gates of the city in his -face. The unhappy prince retired to Kachh, but finding no support fled -to Sindh, where he was treacherously seized and handed to his brother -by the chief of Jún. <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Jasvantsingh</span> Thirty-second Viceroy, -1659–1662.</span>The emperor Aurangzíb, forgiving -Jasvantsingh his opposition at Ujjain, conferred on him the government -of Gujarát, and in the place of Rahmat Khán appointed -Makramat Khán to act as minister. Sardár <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb283" href="#pb283" name="pb283">283</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Aurangzíb Emperor, 1658–1707.<br> -<span class="sc">Jasvantsingh</span> Thirty-second Viceroy, -1659–1662.</span> Khán was thanked for his loyal conduct -and made governor of Broach. Praise was also given to Sher and -Ábid of the Bábi family. Presents were bestowed on -Kutb-ud-dín, governor of Sorath, and, shortly after, for his -refusal to help prince Dárá, Tamáchi chief of -Kachh was rewarded. These measures removed all signs of disaffection at -the accession of Aurangzíb. A decree was issued directing Rahmat -Khán the minister to forbid the cultivation of the bhang plant. -<i>Mohtasibs</i> or censors were appointed to prevent the drinking of -wine or the use of intoxicating drugs and preparations. On the formal -installation of Aurangzíb in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1658–59 the Áhmedábád -Kázi was ordered to read the sermon in his name. The Kázi -objected that Sháh Jehán was alive. Sheikh Abdul -Wahháb, a Sunni Bohora of Pattan, whom on account of his -learning and intelligence Aurangzíb had made Kázi of his -camp, contended that the weakness and age of Sháh Jehán -made a successor necessary. The Bohora prevailed and the sermon was -read in Aurangzíb’s name.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Jasvantsinghji sent against Shiváji, -1662.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1662 Jasvantsingh -received orders to march to the Dakhan and join prince Muâzzam -against Shiváji the Marátha leader; and -Kutb-ud-dín, governor of Sorath, was directed to act for him in -his absence. In this year Mahábat Khán was appointed -thirty-third viceroy of <span class="corr" id="xd25e28393" title="Source: Gujárat">Gujarát</span>, and Sardár -Khán, the governor of Broach, was sent to Ídar to -suppress disturbances. <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Mahábat Khán</span> Thirty-third Viceroy, -1662–1663.</span>About <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1664 -Ranmalji or Satarsála Jám of Navánagar died, -leaving by a Ráhthoḍ mother a child named Lákha -whom the late chief’s brother Ráisinghji with the aid of -the Ráv of Kachh and other Jádejás, set aside and -himself mounted the throne. Malik Ísa, a servant of the family, -took Lákha to Áhmedábád and invoked the aid -of the viceroy. <span class="marginnote">Capture of Navánagar -(Islámnagar), 1664.</span><span class="corr" id="xd25e28407" -title="Source: Kutb-ub-dín">Kutb-ud-dín</span> marching -on Navánagar, defeated and slew Ráisingh, took possession -of Navánagar, and annexed the territory, changing the name of -the city into Islámnagar. Ráisingh’s son, -Tamáchi, then an infant, escaped and was sheltered in Kachh. In -the same year (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1664) a Balúch -personating Dárá Shikoh, was joined by many Kolis, and -disturbed the peace of the Chúnvál, now a portion of the -Áhmedábád collectorate north of -Víramgám. With the aid of Sherkhán Bábi, -Mahábat Khán quelled these disturbances, and established -two new military posts, one at Gájna under Cambay and one at -Belpár under Petlád.</p> -<p>In this year an imperial decree was received requiring the -discontinuance of the following abuses: The charging of blackmail by -executive subordinates; A tax on private individuals on their cutting -their own trees; Forced purchases by state servants; The levy by local -officers of a tax on persons starting certain crafts; The levy of a tax -on laden carts and on cattle for sale; The closing of Hindu shops on -the Jain <i>Pachusan</i> and at the monthly elevenths or -<i>Ekádasi</i>; Forced labour; The exclusive purchase of new -grain by revenue officers; The exclusive sale by officers of the -vegetables and other produce of their gardens; A tax on the -slaughtering of cattle in addition to that on their sale; Payments to -the Ahmednagar Kolis to prevent Musalmáns praying in the -Ahmednagar mosque; The re-opening of certain Hindu temples; The -aggressive conduct and obscenity practised during the Holi and -Diváli holidays; The sale by Hindus of toy horses and elephants -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb284" href="#pb284" name="pb284">284</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Aurangzíb Emperor, 1658–1707.<br> -<span class="sc">Mahábat Khán</span> Thirty-third -Viceroy, 1662–1663.</span> during Musalmán holidays; The -exclusive sale of rice by certain rich Banias; The exclusive purchase -by Imperial officers of roses for the manufacture of rosewater; The -mixed gatherings of men and women at Musalmán shrines; The -setting up of <i>nezas</i> or holy hands and the sitting of harlots on -roadsides or in markets; The charging by revenue officers of scarcity -rates; The special tax in Parántij, Modasa, Vadnagar, -Bisnápur, and <span class="corr" id="xd25e28440" title="Source: Hársol">Harsol</span> on Musalmán owners of -mango trees; The levy of duty both at Surat and -Áhmedábád from English and Dutch -merchants.<a class="noteref" id="n284.1src" href="#n284.1" name="n284.1src">37</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="corr" id="xd25e28449" title="Source: Shívaji">Shiváji</span> Plunders Surat, -1664.</span>In the same year (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1664) -<span class="corr" id="xd25e28456" title="Source: Shíváji">Shiváji</span> made a rapid -descent on Surat, then undefended by walls, and, by plundering the -city, created great alarm over the whole province. The viceroy -Mahábat Khán marched to Surat with the following chiefs -and officers: Jagmál, proprietor of Sánand; the governor -of Dholka; Shádimal, chief of Ídar; Sayad Hasan -Khán, governor of Ídar; Muhammad Ábid with 200 -superior landholders of the district of Kadi; the Rája of -Dúngarpur; Sabalsingh Rája of Wadhwán and other -chiefs of Jháláváḍh; Lál -Kalián chief of Mándva in the -Gáikwár’s dominions near Atarsumba; the chief of -Elol under Ahmednagar in the Mahi Kántha Agency; -Prathiráj of Haldarvás; and the chief of Belpár. -Before the viceroy’s army arrived at Surat <span class="corr" id="xd25e28459" title="Source: Shíváji">Shiváji</span> had carried off -his plunder to his head-quarters at Ráygad.<a class="noteref" -id="n284.2src" href="#n284.2" name="n284.2src">38</a> After remaining -three months at Surat levying tribute from the superior landholders, -the viceroy returned to Ahmedábád, and Ináyat -Khán, the revenue collector of Surat, built a wall round the -town for its protection. About this time Kutb-ud-dín -Khán, governor of Sorath, was sent with an army to aid the -Mahárája Jasvantsingh in the Dakhan and Sardár -Khán was appointed in his place. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1666 the Maráthás again attacked -and plundered Surat, and in the same year the deposed emperor -Sháh Jehán died. Aurangzíb attempted to induce the -English to supply him with European artillerymen and engineers. The -request was evaded. <span class="marginnote">Copper Coinage Introduced, -1668.</span>In this year the viceroy, Mahábat Khán, in -place of the old iron coins, introduced a copper coinage into -Gujarát. Sardár Khan, the governor of <span class="corr" -id="xd25e28481" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>, -was put in charge of Islámnagar (Navánagar) and 500 -additional horsemen were placed under him. Special checks by branding -and inspection were introduced to prevent nobles and others keeping -less than their proper contingent of horse. In the same year the -cultivator who paid the rent was acknowledged to be the owner of the -land and a system of strengtheners or <i>takáwi</i> after due -security was introduced.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Khán -Jehán</span> Thirty-fourth Viceroy, 1668–1671.</span>In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1668, Bahádur Khán -Khán Jehán, who had formerly been viceroy of <span class="corr" id="xd25e28496" title="Source: Alláhábád">Allahábád</span>, -was appointed viceroy of Gujarát, with Háji Shafi -Khán, and afterwards Khwájah Muhammad -Háshím, as his ministers. Khán Jehán joined -his government in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1669, and in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1670 <span class="corr" id="xd25e28505" title="Source: Shíváji">Shiváji</span> again plundered -Surat. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1670 <span class="corr" id="xd25e28512" title="Source: Shíváji">Shiváji</span> made <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb285" href="#pb285" name="pb285">285</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Aurangzíb Emperor, 1658–1707.<br> -<span class="sc">Khán Jehán</span> Thirty-fourth Viceroy, -1668–1671.</span> an attempt on Janjira,<a class="noteref" id="n285.1src" href="#n285.1" name="n285.1src">39</a> the residence and -stronghold of the Sídi or Abyssinian admirals of -Bíjápur. <span class="marginnote">Sídi -Yákút the Mughal Admiral, 1670.</span>Sídi -Yákút the commander of Janjira applied for aid to the -governor of Surat. On his offering to become a vassal of the emperor -and place his fleet at the emperor’s disposal, Sídi -Yákút received the title of Yákút -Khán, and a yearly subsidy of £15,000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 1,50,000) payable from the port of Surat. About the -same time Sayad Diler Khán, who had accompanied -Mahárája Jasvantsingh to the Dakhan, was recalled by the -viceroy Khán Jehán and appointed governor of Sorath in -place of Sardár Khán, who was sent to Ídar. Sayad -Haidar, in charge of the military post of Haidarábád, -about twenty-four miles south of Áhmedábád, -reported that he had put down the rebellion but recommended that a -small fort should be built. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1670 -the emperor summoned Diler Khán to discuss Dakhan affairs, and -sent him to the seat of war, replacing him in the government of Sorath -by Sardár Khán.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Mahárája -Jasvantsingh</span> Thirty-fifth Viceroy, 1671–1674.</span>In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1671, Bahádur Khán -Khán Jehán was sent as viceroy to the Dakhan. He was -relieved by the Mahárája Jasvantsingh, who, as viceroy, -received an assignment of the districts of Dhandhúka and -Pitlád. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1673 through the -intercession of the viceroy, Jám Ṭamáchi, the son -of Ráisingh, on condition of serving the viceroy and of keeping -order was restored to Navánagar, and twenty-five villages were -granted to certain dependent Jádeja <span class="corr" id="xd25e28559" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span>. So long as -the emperor Aurangzíb lived the city of Navánagar -(Islámnagar) remained in the hands of a Musalmán noble, -the Jám residing at Khambhália, a town about thirty miles -south-west of the head-quarters of the state. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1707, on Aurangzíb’s death, the -Jám was allowed to return to Navánagar where he built a -strong fort. Similarly so long as Aurangzíb lived, the -Jám forbore to work the pearl fisheries in the Gulf of Kachh, -but afterwards again made use of this source of revenue. Early in 1674 -an order issued forbidding the levy from Musalmáns of -<i>rahádari</i> or transit dues, of taxes on fish vegetables -grass firewood and other forest produce, on Muhammadan artisans, and -many other miscellaneous dues. The officer in charge of Morví, -which was then an imperial district, was ordered to strive to increase -its population and revenue, and the chief of Porbandar, also an -imperial district, on condition of service and of protecting the port -was allowed a fourth share of its revenue. Much discontent was caused -by enforcing an imperial order confiscating all <i>wazífah</i> -land, that is all land held on religious tenure by Hindus.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Muhammad Amín -Khán Umdat-ul-Mulk</span> Thirty-sixth Viceroy, -1674–1683.</span>About the close of the year <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1674, Mahárája Jasvantsinghji was -relieved and sent to Kábul, and Muhammad Amín Khán -Umdat-ul-Mulk, who had just been defeated at Kábul, was -appointed thirty-sixth viceroy of Gujarát, receiving an -assignment of the districts of Pátan and Víramgám. -Among the military posts mentioned in the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi is -that of Sádra or Sháhdarah the present head-quarters of -the Mahi Kántha Agency, also called -Islámábád,<a class="noteref" id="n285.2src" href="#n285.2" name="n285.2src">40</a> which was under the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb286" href="#pb286" name="pb286">286</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Aurangzíb Emperor, 1658–1707.<br> -<span class="sc">Muhammad Amín Khán Umdat-ul-Mulk</span> -Thirty-sixth Viceroy, 1674–1683.</span> command of Sayad -Kamál, son of Sayad Kámil. <span class="marginnote">Increased Power of the Bábi Family.</span>The -Bábi family were now rising into importance. Muhammad Muzaffar, -son of Sher Khán Bábi, was governor of Kadi, and Muhammad -Mubáriz, another son of Sher Bábi, was in charge of one -of the posts under Kadi. Kamál Khán Jhálori, who -had been removed from the government of Pálanpur and replaced by -Muhammad Fateh, was now restored to his former post. About the same -time, at the representation of Mulla Hasan Gujaráti, twenty-one -villages were taken from Bijápur and Kadi and Pátan and -formed into the separate division of Visalnagar. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1676, the fort of <span class="corr" id="xd25e28621" title="Source: Júnágádḥ">Junágaḍh</span> -was put into repair, and Sheikh Nizám-ud-dín -Áhmed, minister of Gujarát, was sent to Málwa, and -was succeeded by Muhammad Sharíf. The Kánkrej Kolis were -again rebellious, and Muhammad <span class="corr" id="xd25e28624" -title="Source: Ámín">Amín</span> Khán -Umdat-ul-Mulk went against them and remained four months in their -country, subduing them and enforcing tribute. In the end of -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1678, the viceroy paid his respects -to the emperor at Ajmír. The emperor forbade the fining of -Musalmán officials as contrary to the Muhammadan law and -directed that if guilty of any fault they should be imprisoned or -degraded from office, but not fined. An order was also given to change -the name of the new Visalnagar district to Rasúlnagar.</p> -<p>At this time (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1679) the emperor -was doing his utmost to crush both the Rána of Udepur and the -Ráthoḍs of Márwár. While the emperor was at -Chitor, Bhímsing the Rána’s youngest son raided -into Gujarát plundering Vadnagar Visalnagar and other towns and -villages. <span class="marginnote">Revolt of Ídar, -1679.</span>The chief of Ídar, thinking the opportunity -favourable for regaining his independence, expelled the Muhammadan -garrison from Ídar and established himself in his capital. -Muhammad Amín Khán sent Muhammad Bahlol Khán -Shirwáni who with the help of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e28638" title="Source: Kasbatis">Kasbátis</span> of -Parántij re-took Ídar, and the chief pursued by Bahlol -Khán fled to the hills, where he died in a cave from want of his -usual dose of opium to which he was much addicted. His body was found -by a woodcutter who brought the head to Bahlol Khán. The head -was recognized by the chief’s widow, who from that day put on -mourning. Muhammad Bahlol Khán was much praised, and was -appointed to the charge of Ídar, and at the same time the -minister Muhammad Sharíf was succeeded by Abdúl -Latíf.<a class="noteref" id="n286.1src" href="#n286.1" name="n286.1src">41</a></p> -<p>To this time belongs an imperial decree imposing the <i>jazyah</i> -or head tax on all subjects not professing the Muhammadan faith, and -another regulating the levy from Musalmáns of the -<i>zakát</i> or poor rate.<a class="noteref" id="n286.2src" -href="#n286.2" name="n286.2src">42</a> In 1681 a severe famine led to -riots in Áhmedábád. As the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb287" href="#pb287" name="pb287">287</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Aurangzíb Emperor, 1658–1707.<br> -<span class="sc">Muhammad Amín Khán Umdat-ul-Mulk</span> -Thirty-sixth Viceroy, 1674–1683.</span> viceroy Muhammad -Amín was returning in state from the Íd prayers Abu Bakr -an Áhmedábád Sheikh instigated the people to throw -stones and dust. The viceroy’s bodyguard attacked the mob, but -owing to the viceroy’s forbearance no serious results followed. -On hearing of the riot the emperor ordered the city to be put under -martial law. The more politic viceroy contented himself by inviting -Sheikh Abu Bakr and others to a banquet. After dinner he gave a piece -of a poisoned watermelon to Abu Bakr, who died and the riot with him. -In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1683 Muhammad Amín the -viceroy died. According to the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi, Muhammad -Amín was one of the best of Gujarát governors. The -emperor Aurangzíb used to say ‘No viceroy of mine keeps -order like Amín Khán.’</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Mukhtár -Khán</span> Thirty-seventh Viceroy, -1683–1684</span>Amín Khán was succeeded by -Mukhtár Khán as thirty-seventh viceroy, Abdul -Latíf continuing to hold the office of minister. Fresh orders -were passed forbidding import dues on merchandise, fruit, grass, -firewood, and similar produce entering Áhmedábád. -In 1682 a decree was received ordering pauper prisoners to be provided -with rations and dress at the cost of the state. In 1683 the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e28695" title="Source: Sábarmáti">Sábarmati</span> rose so high -that the water reached as far as the <i>Tín Darwázah</i> -or Triple Gateway in the west of Áhmedábád city. -In consequence of disturbances in Sorath the viceroy called on the -minister to advance funds for an expedition. The minister refused to -make advances without special orders from the emperor. On a reference -to court the minister was directed to make advances in emergent cases. -In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1684, at the request of the -inhabitants of that city Abdúr Rahmán Krori, the governor -of Deva Pátan, was removed and in his place Muhammad Sayad chose -Sardár Khán as governor of Sorath. In the following year -on the death of Sardár Khán at Thatha in Sindh, where he -had gone as viceroy, he was, in the first instance, succeeded in the -government of Sorath by Sayad Muhammad Khán. Not long after -Sorath was assigned as a personal estate to the emperor’s second -son prince Muhammad Ázam Sháh Bahádur and during -the prince’s absence Sháhwardi Khán was sent to -manage its affairs. <span class="marginnote">Famine, 1684.</span>In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1684 a famine in Gujarát -raised the price of grain in Áhmedábád to such a -degree that Sheikh Muhy-ud-dín, the son of the Kázi and -regulator of prices, was mobbed.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Shujáât -Khán</span> (<span class="sc">Kártalab -Khán</span>) Thirty-eighth Viceroy, 1684–1703.</span>On -the death of the viceroy in 1684 prince Muhammad Ázam -Sháh was nominated to succeed him with Kártalab -Khán, governor of Sorath, as his deputy. Before the prince took -charge Kártalab Khán was raised to the post of viceroy, -and Muhammad Táhir appointed minister. In addition to his -command as viceroy of Gujarát, Kártalab Khán was -afterwards placed in charge of Jodhpur. In this rearrangement besides -his previous personal estate, the district of Petlád was -assigned to prince Muhammad Ázam Sháh, and Sher Afghan -Khán, son of Sháhwardi Khán, was appointed -governor of Sorath. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb288" href="#pb288" name="pb288">288</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Aurangzíb Emperor, 1658–1707.<br> -<span class="sc">Shujáât Khán</span> (<span class="sc">Kártalab Khán</span>) Thirty-eighth Viceroy, -1684–1703.</span> 1687, Sher Afghan Khán was relieved by -Bahlol Shirwáni, but in the following year was restored to his -command. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1689, on the news of the -death of its governor Ináyat Khán, Kártalab -Khán started to settle the affairs of Jodhpur. As soon as he -left Áhmedábád, a rumour spread that a new viceroy -was coming, and the troops, with whom as well as with the people of -Gujarát Kártalab was most popular, grew mutinous. -<span class="marginnote">He Quells a Mutiny, 1689.</span>On hearing of -this disturbance Kártalab Khán at once returned to -Áhmedábád and quelled the mutiny. His firmness so -pleased the emperor that he gave him the title of Shujaât -Khán, and placed the governor of Jodhpur under his orders. -Shujaât Khán now proceeded to Jodhpur, where -Durgádás <span class="corr" id="xd25e28748" title="Source: Ráthod">Ráthoḍ</span>, who had incited -prince Abkar to rebellion, and Ajítsingh, the son of -Mahárája Jasvantsingh, were causing disturbance. Finding -that a strong resident governor was required to keep the insurgents in -check, Shujaât Khán appointed Kázim Beg Muhammad -Amín, a brave and resolute soldier, to be his deputy and -returned to Áhmedábád. During this viceroyalty the -pay of the leader or <i>jamádár</i> of a troop of fifty -horse was fixed at £10 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 100); of -a <i>do-aspah</i> or two-horse trooper at £6 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 60); and of an <i>ek-aspah</i> or one-horse trooper -at £3 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 30) a month. An imperial -order was also issued directing the levy on merchandise to be taken at -the place and time of sale instead of the time and place of purchase. -As this change caused loss to the revenue the old system was again -adopted. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1690 the minister -Amánat Khán, with the title of Ítimád -Khán, was made military governor of Surat, and Sayad -Muhsín was chosen minister in his place. To prevent the peons of -great officials extorting fees and dues officials were forbidden to -entertain peons without payment.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Revolt of Matiás and Momnás, -1691.</span>In the following year (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1691) an attempt on the part of the emperor to -suppress a body of Musalmán sectarians led to a somewhat serious -insurrection. Sayad Sháhji was the religious preceptor of the -Matiás of Khándesh and the Momnás of -Gujarát, two classes of converted Hindus closely allied to the -Khojás of Káthiáváḍa, all of them -being followers of Sayad Imám-ud-dín an -Ismáîliáh missionary who came to Gujarát -during the reign of Mahmúd Begada (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1459–1513). Hearing that his followers paid -obeisance to their veiled spiritual guide by kissing his toe, the -emperor ordered the guide to be sent to court to be examined before the -religious doctors. Afraid of the result of this examination, the Sayad -committed suicide and was buried at Karamtah nine miles south of -Áhmedábád. The loss of their leader so enraged his -followers that, collecting from all sides, they marched against Broach, -seized the fort, and slew the governor. The insurgents held the fort of -Broach against the governor of Baroda who was sent to punish them, and -for a time successfully resisted the efforts of his successor Nazar -Áli Khán. At last, at an unguarded spot, some of the -besiegers stole over the city wall and opening the gates admitted their -companions. The Momnás were defeated and almost all slain as -they sought death either by the sword or by drowning to merit their -saint’s favour in the next world.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Disturbances in -Káthiáváḍa, 1692.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1692 Shujáât Khán, during his -tribute-gathering campaign in Jháláváḍa and -Sorath, stormed the fort of Thán, the head-quarters <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb289" href="#pb289" name="pb289">289</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Aurangzíb Emperor, 1658–1707.<br> -<span class="sc">Shujáât Khán</span> (<span class="sc">Kártalab Khán</span>) Thirty-eighth Viceroy, -1684–1703.</span> of the plundering Káthis and after -destroying the fort returned to Áhmedábád. -Shujáât Khán was one of the ablest of -Gujarát viceroys. He gave so much of his attention to the -management of Jodhpur, that he used to spend about six months of every -year in Márwár. He beautified -Áhmedábád by building the college and mosque still -known by his name near the Lál Gate. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1642 two hundred cart-loads of marble were -received from the ancient buildings at Pátan and the deputy -governor Safdar Khán Bábi wrote that if a thousand -cart-loads more were required they could be supplied from the same -source. At this time the emperor ordered that Sheikh -Akram-ud-dín, the local tax-collector, should levy the head tax -from the Hindus of Pálanpur and Jhálor. The viceroy -deputed Muhammad Mujáhid, son of Kamál Khán -Jhálori, governor of Pálanpur to help in collecting. -<span class="marginnote">Disturbances in Márwár.</span>As -Durgádás <span class="corr" id="xd25e28816" title="Source: Ráthod">Ráthoḍ</span> was again stirring -tumults and sedition in Márwár, the viceroy went to -Jodhpur, and by confirming their estates to the chief vassals and -landholders and guaranteeing other public measures on condition of -service, persuaded them to abandon their alliance with -Durgádás against whom he sent his deputy Kázim -Beg, who expelled him from Márwár. After appointing -Kunvár Muhkamsingh, governor of Mertha in Márwár, -Shujáât Khán returned to -Áhmedábád. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1693, at the request of Sher Afghan Khán, -governor of Sorath, the walls of the fort of Jagat were restored. In -this year the viceroy went to Jháláváḍa to -exact tribute. On his return to Áhmedábád Safdar -Khán Bábi, governor of Pátan, wrote to the -viceroy, and at his request the forts of Kambhoi and Sámprah -were repaired. The viceroy now went to Jodhpúr and from that -returned to Áhmedábád. A circumstance in -connection with a sum of <abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 7000 spent on -the repairs of forts illustrates the close imperial supervision of -provincial accounts. The item having come to imperial notice from the -provincial disbursement sheets was disallowed as unfair and ordered to -be refunded under the rule that such charges were to be met out of -their incomes by the local governors and military deputy governors. -Imperial officers were also from time to time deputed to collect from -the books of the <i>desái’s</i> statements of provincial -disbursements and receipts for periods of ten years that they might -render an independent check. In this year the emperor hearing that -Ajítsingh and Durgádás were again contemplating -rebellion ordered the viceroy to Jodhpur. Muhammad Mubáriz -Bábi was at the same time appointed deputy governor of Vadnagar, -and an order was issued that the revenue of Pátan should be paid -to Shujáât Khán instead of as formerly into the -imperial treasury. In this year also Safdar Khán Bábi, -governor of Pátan, was succeeded by Mubáriz Khán -Bábi. Not long afterwards under imperial orders the viceroy -directed Muhammad Mubáriz Bábi to destroy the Vadnagar -temple of Hateshwar-Mahádev the Nágar -Bráhmans’ special guardian.</p> -<p>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1696, Muhammad Bahlol -Shírwáni, governor of Baroda, died, and his place was -supplied by Muhammad Beg Khán. During this year the viceroy -again went to Jodhpúr and remained there for some months. In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1697 Buláki Beg the -mace-bearer arrived from the imperial court to settle disputes -connected with the Navánagar succession, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb290" href="#pb290" name="pb290">290</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Aurangzíb Emperor, 1658–1707.<br> -<span class="sc">Shujáât Khán</span> (<span class="sc">Kártalab Khán</span>) Thirty-eighth Viceroy, -1684–1703.</span> and to inquire into complaints made by the -inhabitants of Sorath. In 1696 an imperial circular was addressed to -all officers in charge of districts ordering them to show no respect or -consideration for royalty in their efforts to capture or kill the rebel -prince Akbar. <span class="marginnote">Durgádás -<span class="corr" id="xd25e28857" title="Source: Ráthod">Ráthoḍ</span> reconciled to the -Emperor, 1697.</span>About the same time Durgádás -<span class="corr" id="xd25e28861" title="Source: Ráthod">Ráthoḍ</span>, in whose charge -were the son and daughter of prince Akbar, made an application to -Shujáât Khán, proposing a truce, and saying that he -wished personally to hand the children to their grandfather. -Shujaât Khán agreed and Durgádás restored -Akbar’s children to the emperor. Aurangzíb finding the -children able to repeat the whole Kurâán was much pleased -with <span class="corr" id="xd25e28865" title="Source: Durgádas">Durgádás</span>, and made peace -with him, assigning him as a personal estate the lands of Mertha in -Jodhpur, and afterwards adding to this the grant of Dhandhúka -and other districts of Gujarát. In consequence of a failure of -crops the price of grain rose so high that the government share of the -produce was brought to Áhmedábád and sold in -public to the poor and needy. About this time Muhammad Mubáriz -Bábi was killed by a Koli who shot him with an arrow while he -was sacking the village of Sámprah.<a class="noteref" id="n290.1src" href="#n290.1" name="n290.1src">43</a> Safdar Khán -Bábi was appointed deputy governor of Pátan in his -stead.</p> -<p>In the same year it was reported to the emperor that the -money-changers and capitalists of Áhmedábád in -making payments passed money short of weight to poor men and in -receiving charged an exchange of two to three <i>tankás</i> the -rupee. The Súbah and minister were ordered to stop the currency -of rupees more than two <i>surkhs</i> short.<a class="noteref" id="n290.2src" href="#n290.2" name="n290.2src">44</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Scarcity, 1698.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1698, on the death of Ítimád -Khán, his son Muhammad Muhsín was made minister, and he -was ordered to hand the district of Mertha to Durgádás -<span class="corr" id="xd25e28911" title="Source: Ráthod">Ráthoḍ</span>. Among other changes -Muhammad Muním was raised to the command of the fort of Jodhpur -and Khwájáh Abdul Hamíd was appointed minister. -Owing to a second failure of rain 1698 was a year of much scarcity in -Márwár and north Gujarát. The accounts of this -year notice a petition addressed to the viceroy by a Sinor -Bráhman, praying that he might not be seized as a carrier or -labourer.<a class="noteref" id="n290.3src" href="#n290.3" name="n290.3src">45</a> In connection with some revenue and civil affairs, a -difference of opinion arose between Shujáât Khán -and Safdar Khán Bábi, deputy governor of Pátan. -Safdar Khán resigned, and, until a successor was appointed, -Muhammad Bahlol Shírwáni was directed to administer the -Pátan district. In the same year the emperor bestowed the -government of Sorath on Muhammad Beg Khán. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1699 Durgádás <span class="corr" -id="xd25e28920" title="Source: Ráthod">Ráthoḍ</span> obtained from the -emperor not only a pardon for Ajítsingh, son of the late -Mahárája Jasvantsingh, but procured him <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb291" href="#pb291" name="pb291">291</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Aurangzíb Emperor, 1658–1707.<br> -<span class="sc">Shujáât Khán</span> (<span class="sc">Kártalab Khán</span>) Thirty-eighth Viceroy, -1684–1703.</span> an assignment of lands in, as well as the -official charge of, the districts of Jhálor and Sáchor in -Márwár. Mujáhid Khán Jhálori, who as -representing a family of landholders dating as far back as the -Gujarát Sultáns, had held Jhálor and -Sáchor, now received in their stead the lands in Pálanpur -and Dísa which his descendants still hold. In this year also -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1699) Amánat Khán, -governor of Surat, died, and the Maráthás making a raid -into the province, Shujáât Khán sent Nazar -Áli Khán to drive them out. About this time an imperial -order arrived, addressed to the provincial <i>díwán</i> -directing him to purchase 1000 horses for the government at the average -rate of £20 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 200).</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Prince Muhammad -Aâzam</span> Thirty-ninth Viceroy, 1703–1705.</span>In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1700 on the death of -Fírúz Khán Mewáti, deputy governor of -Jodhpúr, the viceroy appointed in his place Muhammad -Záhid from Víramgám. Rája Ajítsingh -of Márwár was now ordered to repair to court, and as he -delayed, a <i>mohsal</i> or speed fine was imposed upon him in -agreement with Shujáât Khán’s directions. -About this time an order came to Kamál Khán -Jhálori for the despatch to the emperor of some of the -Pálanpur <i>chítáhs</i> or hunting leopards which -are still in demand in other parts of India. In the same year the -manager of Dhandhúka on behalf of Durgádás -<span class="corr" id="xd25e28967" title="Source: Ráthod">Ráthoḍ</span>, asked the viceroy -for aid against the Káthis, who were plundering that district. -The viceroy ordered Muhammad Beg, governor of Sorath, to march against -them. At this time Shujáât Khán despatched Nazar -Áli Khán with a large force to join the imperial camp -which was then at Panhála in Kolhápur. -Shujáât Khán, who had so long and ably filled the -office of viceroy in a most critical time, died in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1703. In his place prince Muhammad Aâzam -Sháh, who was then at Dhár in Málwa, was appointed -thirty-ninth viceroy of Gujarát, as well as governor of -Ajmír and Jodhpur; and until his arrival the minister -Khwájáh Abdul Hamíd Khán was ordered to -administer the province. Owing to the recall of the late -governor’s troops from many of the posts disorders broke out in -the Pátan districts and the Kolis plundered the country and made -the roads impassable.</p> -<p>On his way from the Dakhan to Áhmedábád, the -chief of Jhábua, a state now under the Bhopáwar Agency, -paid his respects to the new viceroy and presented him with a tribute -of £1600 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 16,000). Among other -arrangements the prince sent to Jodhpur Jáfar Kuli, son of -Kázim Beg, as deputy governor, and appointed -Durgádás <span class="corr" id="xd25e28978" title="Source: Ráthod">Ráthoḍ</span> governor of -Pátan. Shortly after, on suspicion of his tampering with the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e28981" title="Source: Ráthod">Ráthoḍ</span> <span class="corr" -id="xd25e28984" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span>, an order -came from the emperor to summon Durgádás to the -prince’s court at Áhmedábád, and there -confine him or slay him.<a class="noteref" id="n291.1src" href="#n291.1" name="n291.1src">46</a> <span class="marginnote">Intrigue -against <span class="corr" id="xd25e28993" title="Source: Durgadás">Durgádás</span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e28996" title="Source: Ráthod">Ráthoḍ</span>, 1703.</span>Safdar -Khán Bábi, who, in displeasure with Shujáât -Khán had retired to Málwa, returned and offered to slay -or capture Durgádás, who was accordingly invited to the -prince’s court at Áhmedábád. -Durgádás came and pitched his camp at the village of -Báreja on the Sábarmati near -Áhmedábád. On the day Durgádás was -to present himself, the prince, on pretence of a hunt, had ordered the -attendance of a strong detachment of the army. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb292" href="#pb292" name="pb292">292</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Aurangzíb Emperor, 1658–1707.<br> -<span class="sc">Prince Muhammad Aâzam</span> Thirty-ninth -Viceroy, 1703–1705.</span> When all was ready and Safdar -Khán Bábi and his sons appeared mailed and gauntleted the -prince sent for Durgádás. As this day was an eleventh or -<i>agiáras</i> Durgádás had put off waiting on the -prince until the fast was over. <span class="marginnote">Durgádás <span class="corr" id="xd25e29021" -title="Source: Ráthod">Ráthoḍ</span> -Escapes.</span>Growing suspicious of the number of messengers from the -prince, he burned his tents and fled. Safdar Khán Bábi -was sent in pursuit. He was overtaking Durgádás when -Durgádás’ grandson praying his grandfather to make -good his escape, stayed behind with a band of followers, charged the -pursuers, and after a gallant combat, he and his Rájputs were -slain. The grandson of Durgádás was killed in a -hand-to-hand fight with Salábat Khán, the son of Safdar -Khán Bábi. Emerald rings are to this day worn by youths -of the Bábi families of North Gujarát in memory of the -emerald earrings which adorned the young Rájput and were -afterwards worn by Salábat as trophies of this fight. Meanwhile -Durgádás had reached Unjáh-Unáwa, forty -miles east of Pátan, and from Unjáh made his way to -Pátan. From Pátan, taking his family with him, he retired -to Tharád, and from that to Márwár, where he was -afterwards joined by Ajítsingh of Márwár, whom the -emperor opposed on the ground of illegitimacy. The imperial troops -followed and took possession of Pátan, putting to death the head -of the city police.</p> -<p>In his old age the emperor Aurangzíb became more and more -strict in religious matters. In 1702 an imperial order forbad the -making of almanacs as contrary to the Muhammadan law. Hindus were also -forbidden to keep Muhammadan servants.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Surat, 1700–1703.</span>About this -time (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1700) news arrived that the -Maráthás with a force of 10,000 horse were threatening -Surat from the foot of the Kására pass and the confines -of Sultánpur and <span class="corr" id="xd25e29035" title="Source: Naṅdurbár">Nandurbár</span>. The viceroy -despatched a body of troops to guard Surat against their incursions. -Disputes between the government and the Portuguese were also injuring -the trade of the province. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1701 -the viceroy received an order from Court directing him to destroy the -temple of Somnáth beyond possibility of repair. The despatch -adds that a similar order had been issued at the beginning of -Aurangzíb’s reign. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1703, at the request of the merchants of -Gujarát, with the view of inducing the Portuguese to let ships -from Surat pass unmolested and release some Musalmáns who had -been imprisoned on their way back from Makkah, orders were issued that -certain confiscated Portuguese merchandise should be restored to its -owners. An imperial order was also received to encourage the art of -brocade weaving in Áhmedábád. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1704, Safdar Khán Bábi was raised -to be governor of Bijápur, about fifty miles north-east of -Áhmedábád. Sarandáz Khán was at the -same time appointed to Sorath instead of Muhammad Beg Khán, who -was placed in charge of the lands round Áhmedábád. -As the Maráthás once more threatened Surat, Mustafa Kuli, -governor of Broach, was sent with 1000 horse to defend the city.</p> -<p>Certain passages in Aurangzíb’s letters to prince -Aâzam when (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1703–1705) -viceroy of Gujarát, show how keen and shrewd an interest the -aged emperor maintained in the government of his viceroys. In Letter 19 -he writes to prince Aâzam: To take the government of Sorath -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb293" href="#pb293" name="pb293">293</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Aurangzíb Emperor, 1658–1707.<br> -<span class="sc">Prince Muhammad Aâzam</span> Thirty-ninth -Viceroy, 1703–1705.</span> from Fateh Jang Khán -Bábi and give it to your chamberlain’s brother is to break -a sound glass vessel with your own hands. These Bábis have been -time out of mind a respected race in Gujarát and are well versed -in the arts of war. There is no sense in giving the management of -Sorath to anyone but to a Bábi. Sorath is a place which -commanders of five thousand like Hasan Álikhán and -Safshikan Khán have with difficulty administered. If your -officers follow the principles laid down by the late -Shujáât Khán, it will be well. If they do not, the -province of Gujarát is such that if order is broken in one or -two places, it will not soon be restored. For the rest you are your own -master. I say not, do this or do that; look that the end is good, and -do that which is easiest. In another passage (Letter 37 to the same -prince Aâzam) Aurangzíb writes: You who are a well -intentioned man, why do you not retaliate on oppressors? Over -Hájipúr Aminpúr and other posts where atrocities -occur every day, and at Kapadvanj where the Kolis rob the highways up -to the posts, you have made your chamberlain and artillery -superintendent your commandant. He entrusted his powers to his -carrion-eating and fraudulent relatives. Owing to his influence the -oppressed cannot come to you …. You ought to give the -command to one of the Gujarátis like Safdar Khán -Bábi or one of the sons of Bahlúl Shírwáni -who have earned reputations during the administration of the late -Shujáât Khán and who are popular with the people. -Else I tell you plainly that on the Day of Justice we shall be caught -for neglecting to punish the oppressions of our servants.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Ibráhím -Khán</span> Fortieth Viceroy, 1705.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1705, as the climate of Gujarát did not -agree with prince Aâzam, Ibráhím Khán, -viceroy of Kashmír, was appointed fortieth viceroy of -Gujarát, and his son Zabardast Khán, viceroy of -Láhor, was appointed to the government of Ajmír and -Jodhpur. Prince Aâzam at once went to Burhánpur in -Khándesh, handing charge of Gujarát to the minister -Abdúl Hamíd Khán until the new viceroy should -arrive. Durgádás <span class="corr" id="xd25e29077" -title="Source: Ráthod">Ráthoḍ</span> now asked for -and received pardon. Abdúl Hamíd Khán was ordered -to restore the lands formerly granted to Durgádás, and -Durgádás was directed to act under Abdúl -Hamíd’s orders. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1705 -the emperor learned that Khánji, a successor of Kutb the high -priest of the Ismáîlia Bohorás, had sent out twelve -missionaries to win people to his faith, and that his followers had -subscribed <abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 1,14,000 to relieve those of -their number who were imprisoned. The emperor ordered that the twelve -missionaries should be secured and sent to him and appointed Sunni -Mullás to preach in their villages and bring the Bohoras’ -children to the Sunni form of faith.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Maráthás enter -Gujarát.</span>About this time (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1705) the Maráthás, who had long -been hovering on the south-east frontiers of the province, bursting -into south Gujarát with an army 15,000 strong, under the -leadership of Dhanáji Jádhav, defeated the local forces -and laid the country waste. Abdúl Hamíd Khán, who -was then in charge of the province, ordered all governors of districts -and officers in charge of posts to collect their men and advance to -Surat. Between Nazar Áli Khán and Safdar Khán -Bábi, the officers in command of this <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb294" href="#pb294" name="pb294">294</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Aurangzíb Emperor, 1658–1707.<br> -<span class="sc">Ibráhím Khán</span> Fortieth -Viceroy, 1705.</span> army, an unfortunate jealousy prevailed. Not -knowing where the Maráthás were to be found, they halted -on the Narbada near the Bába Piárah ford. Here they -remained for a month and a half, the leaders contenting themselves with -sending out spies to search for the enemy. At last, hearing of the -approach of the Maráthás, they sent to head-quarters -asking for artillery and other reinforcements. In reply, Abdúl -Hamíd Khán, a man of hasty temper, upbraided them for -their inactivity and for allowing so much time to pass without making -their way to Surat. <span class="marginnote">Battle of Ratanpúr. -Defeat of the Musalmáns, 1705.</span>Orders were accordingly at -once issued for an advance, and the army next halted at Ratanpúr -in Rájpípla. Here, apparently from the jealousy of the -commanders, the different chiefs pitched their camps at some distance -from each other. Finding the enemy’s forces thus scattered, the -Maráthás, under the command of Dhanáji -Jádhav, lost no time in advancing against them. First attacking -the camp of Safdar Khán Bábi, they defeated his troops, -killed his son, and took prisoner the chief himself. Only a few of his -men, with his nephew Muhammad Aâzam, escaped to the camp of Nazar -Áli Khán. Next, the Maráthás attacked the -army under Muhammad Purdil Khán Shirwáni; and it also -they defeated. Of the Musalmán army those who were not slain, -drowned in the Narbada, or captured, reached Broach in miserable -plight, where they were relieved by Akbar Áli Khán. Nazar -Áli Khán burned his tents and surrendered to the -Maráthás, by whom he was well treated.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Battle of the Bába <span class="corr" id="xd25e29115" title="Source: Piáráh">Piárah</span> Ford. Second Defeat -of the Musalmáns, 1705.</span>The Maráthás now -heard that Abdúl Hamíd Khán was coming with an -army to oppose them. Thinking he would not risk a battle, they went to -the Bába Piárah ford, and there crossed the Narbada. That -very day Abdúl Hamíd Khán, with Muhammad Sher and -Muhammad Salábat, sons of Safdar Khán Bábi, and -others came to the spot where the Maráthás were encamped. -All night long they were harassed by the Maráthás, and -next morning found the enemy ready for a general attack. The -Muhammadans, weary with watching, dispirited from the defeats of Safdar -Khán, and inferior in number to their assailants, were repulsed -and surrounded. The two sons of Safdar Khán Bábi, and two -other nobles, seeing that the day was lost, cut their way through the -enemy and escaped, Abdúl Hamíd Khán, Nazar -Áli Khán, and many others were taken prisoners. The -Maráthás plundered the Muhammadan camp, declared their -right to tribute, levied sums from the adjacent towns and villages and -extorted heavy ransoms which in the case of Abdúl Hamíd -Khán was fixed at as large a sum as £30,000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 3 <i>lákhs</i>). <span class="marginnote">Koli Disturbances.</span>The Kolis, seeing the -disorganized state of Gujarát, began ravaging the country, and -plundered Baroda for two days. At Áhmedábád -Muhammad Beg Khán, who had been appointed governor of Sorath, -was recalled to defend the capital. When the news of the defeat at -Bába Piárah reached Dehli, the emperor despatched prince -Muhammad Bidár Bakht with a large army to drive out the -invaders. Before this force reached Gujarát the -Maráthás had retired.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Prince Muhammad -Bídár Bakht</span> Forty-First Viceroy, -1705–1706.</span>Prince Muhammad Bídár Bakht -arrived in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1705 as forty-first -viceroy, and appointed Amánat Khán governor of the ports -of Surat and Cambay. News was now received that Ajítsingh of -Jodhpur and Verisálji of Rájpípla were about to -rebel, and the prince took <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb295" href="#pb295" name="pb295">295</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Aurangzíb Emperor, 1658–1707.<br> -<span class="sc">Prince Muhammad Bídár Bakht</span> -Forty-First Viceroy, 1705–1706.</span> measures to check their -plans. About this time the emperor, hearing that an attack had been -made on the Muhammadan post at Dwárka, ordered the temple to be -levelled to the ground. It seems doubtful whether this order was -carried out. Nazar Áli Khán, who had formerly enjoyed a -grant of Halvad in Jháláváḍa, had been -driven out by Chandrasingh, chief of Vánkáner; but, on -condition of his expelling Chandrasingh, these lands were again granted -to him. Kamál Khán Jhálori, leaving under his son -Fírúz Khán at Pálanpur a body of men for -the defence of his charge, advanced to Áhmedábád -to guard the city from Marátha attack. He petitioned that -according to Gujarát custom his troops should receive rations so -long as they were employed on imperial service. To this request the -emperor agreed and issued orders to the provincial minister. -<span class="marginnote">Durgádás <span class="corr" id="xd25e29155" title="Source: Ráthod">Ráthoḍ</span> -again in Rebellion.</span>Shortly after Durgádás -<span class="corr" id="xd25e29159" title="Source: Ráthod">Ráthoḍ</span> took advantage of -the general confusion to rejoin Ajítsingh, and an army was sent -to Tharád against them. Ajítsingh was at first forced to -retire. Finally he succeeded in defeating Kunvar Muhkamsingh, and -marching on Jodhpur recovered it from Jaâfar Kuli, son of -Kázím Beg. Durgádás meanwhile had taken -shelter with the Kolis. At the head of a band of robbers, meeting -Sháh Kúli the son of Kázím Beg on his way -to join his appointment as deputy governor of Pátan, -Durgádás attacked and killed him. And soon after at -Chaniár in the Chunvál, laying in wait for -Maâsúm Kúli, the governor of -Víramgám, he routed his escort, Maâsum Kúli -escaping with difficulty. On condition of being appointed governor of -Pátan Safdar Khán Bábi now offered to kill or -capture Durgádás. His offer was accepted, and as from -this time Durgádás is no more heard of, it seems probable -that Safdar Khán succeeded in killing him. <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Ibráhím Khán</span> -Forty-second Viceroy, 1706.</span>As the disturbed state of the -province seemed to require a change of government Ibráhím -Khán, who had been appointed viceroy in the previous year, was -ordered to join his post. This order he reluctantly obeyed in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1706.</p> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch3.3.2" class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd25e2340">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main"><i>SECTION II.—Fifty Years of Disorder, -1707–1757.</i></h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="marginnote">The Maráthás -advance to Áhmedábád and levy Tribute, -1707.</span>With the death of the emperor Aurangzíb, early in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1707, the period of strong government -which had latterly from year to year been growing weaker came to an -end. As soon as Aurangzíb’s death was known, the -Maráthás under Báláji Vishvanáth -burst into east Gujarát, marching by Jhábua and Godhra, -where they were ineffectually opposed by the governor Murád -Baksh. From Godhra they went to and plundered the town of Mahuda in -Kaira, and proposed marching on Áhmedábád by way -of Naḍiád. The viceroy prepared to resist them, and, -enlisting special troops, camped outside of the city near the -Kánkariya lake. Of the warlike population on the north bank of -the Sábarmati opposite Áhmedábád nearly -eight thousand Musalmán horse and three thousand foot together -with four thousand Rájpúts and Kolis in three days -gathered at the Kánkariya camp. The viceroy was also joined by -Abdúl Hádi Pandemal the viceroy’s minister, -Abdúl Hamíd Khán provincial minister, Muhammad Beg -Khán, Nazar Áli Khán, Safdar Khán -Bábi, and several other deputy governors with their retinues and -artillery. Though strong in numbers the practised eye of the viceroy -failed to find in the host that <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb296" -href="#pb296" name="pb296">296</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Bahádur Sháh I. Emperor, 1707–1712.<br> -<span class="sc">Ibráhím Khán</span> Forty-second -Viceroy, 1706.</span> firmness and unity of purpose which could alone -ensure victory over the Marátha hordes. The -Maráthás did much mischief, plundering as far as Batva, -only four-and-a-half miles from the viceroy’s camp. The author of -the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi, whose father was an actor in these -scenes, describes the panic in the capital of Gujarát which -since its capture by Muzaffar in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1583 -had been free from the horrors of war. Crowds of scared and -terror-stricken men<span class="corr" id="xd25e29201" title="Not in source">,</span> women and children laden with as much of their -property as they could carry were pressing from the suburbs into the -city. In the city the streets were crowded with squatters. The cries of -parents bereft of children, added to the din and turmoil of the -soldiery, was like the horror of the Day of Resurrection. The dejected -faces of the soldiers beaten in the late engagements added to the -general gloom. The viceroy, thoroughly alarmed, concluded a treaty with -Báláji, and on receiving a tribute of £21,000 -(<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 2,10,000) the Maráthás -withdrew. Meanwhile, in the contest between the princes for the throne -of Dehli, prince Muhammad <span class="corr" id="xd25e29208" title="Source: Áâzam">Aâzam</span> Sháh was -defeated and slain, and prince Muhammad Muâzzam Sháh -mounted the throne with the title of Bahádur Sháh. -Ibráhím Khán was confirmed in the post of viceroy -of Gujarát, but, fearing that the emperor might be displeased at -his concession of tribute to the Maráthás, he went to -Dehli to explain his conduct, and there resigned office.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Gházi-ud-dín</span> Forty-third Viceroy, -1708–1710.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1708, in -consequence of Ibráhím Khán’s resignation, -Gházi-ud-dín Khán Bahádur -Fírúz Jang was appointed forty-third viceroy of -Gujarát. The leaning of the new emperor towards -Shíâh tenets and his order to insert in the Friday sermon -the words the lawful successor of the Prophet after the name of -‘Ali, the fourth Khalífah, besides giving general -dissatisfaction, caused a small disturbance in -Áhmedábád. On the first Friday on which the sermon -was read the Túráni or Turk soldiers publicly called on -the preacher to desist on pain of death. The preacher disregarding -their threats on the next Friday was pulled down from the pulpit by the -Túránis and brained with a mace. In the same year -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1708), hearing that the -representative of Sháhi Álam had a copy of a Kurâan -written by the Imám Áli Taki son of Músa -Razá (<span class="corr" id="xd25e29223" title="Source: A.C."><span class="sc">a.d.</span></span> 810–829), -the emperor expressed a wish to obtain a sight of it, and the viceroy -sent it to him at Mándu in charge of Sayad <span class="corr" -id="xd25e29231" title="Source: Ákíl">Âkil</span> -and Salábat Khán Bábi. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1709, Shariât Khán, brother of -Abdúl Hamíd Khán, was appointed minister in place -of his brother, who obtained the office of chief Kázi. Much -treasure was sent to the imperial camp by order of the emperor. -Ajítsingh of Márwár now rebelled and recovered -Jodhpur. As the emperor wished to visit Ajmír the viceroy of -Gujarát was directed to join him with his army. At this time the -pay of a horseman is said to have been £3 8s. (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 34) and of a footman 8s. (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 4) a month. During his administration -Fírúz Jang introduced the practice, which his successors -continued, of levying taxes on grain piece-goods and garden produce on -his own account, the viceroy’s men by degrees getting into their -hands the whole power of collecting. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1710, when on tour exacting tribute, the viceroy -fell ill at Dánta and was brought to -Áhmedábád, where he died. As Fírúz -Jang had not submitted <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb297" href="#pb297" name="pb297">297</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Bahádur Sháh I. Emperor, 1707–1712.<br> -<span class="sc">Gházi-ud-dín</span> Forty-third Viceroy, -1708–1710.</span> satisfactory accounts, his property was -confiscated, and in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1711 -Amánat Khán, governor of Surat, was appointed deputy -viceroy with the title of Shahámat Khán. When -Shahámat Khán was levying tribute from the Kadi and -Bijápur districts, he heard that a Marátha force had -advanced to the Bába Piárah ford on the Narbada. He at -once marched to oppose them, summoning Sayad Áhmed -Gíláni, governor of Sorath, to his assistance. When he -reached Ankleshvar, the Maráthás met him, and a battle -was fought in which the Maráthás were defeated. -Shahámat Khán then proceeded to Surat, and, after -providing for its safety returned to Áhmedábád. In -spite of their reverse at Ankleshvar the Maráthás from -this time began to make yearly raids into Gujarát.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Jehándár Sháh Emperor, -1712–1713.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1712, the -emperor died, and was succeeded by his son Abúl Fateh -Muîzz-ud-dín Jehándár Sháh, and -Ásif-ud-daulah Asad Khán Bahádur was appointed -<span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Ásif-ud-Daulah</span> -Forty-fourth Viceroy, 1712–13.</span>forty-fourth viceroy of -Gujarát. As Muhammad Beg Khán, who was then at Kharkol, -was a favourite of the new viceroy and through his interest was -appointed deputy, he went to Áhmedábád, and -Shahámat Khán was transferred to Málwa as viceroy. -In the meantime Muhammad Beg Khán was appointed governor of -Surat, and Sarbuland Khán Bahádur was sent to -Áhmedábád as deputy viceroy. On his way to -Gujarát, Sarbuland Khán was robbed in the -Ságbára wilds to the east of Rájpípla. On -his arrival he promptly marched against the rebellious Kolis of the -Chunvál and subdued them. At the end of the year, as -Farrukhsiyar son of Ázím-us-Shán, second son of -the late emperor, was marching with a large army on the capital, -Sarbuland Khán returned to Dehli.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Farrukhsiyar Emperor, -1713–1719.</span>This expedition of Farrukhsiyar was successful. -He put Jehándár Sháh to death and mounted the -throne in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1713. As he had been raised -to the throne mainly by the aid of Sayads Husain Áli and -Abdullah Khán, the new emperor fell under the power of these -nobles. Husain Áli was sent against Ajítsingh of -Márwár, and concluded a treaty with that chief, whereby -Ajítsingh engaged to send his son to court and to give his -daughter to the emperor in marriage: and the marriage was solemnised in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1715. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1714, shortly after this treaty was concluded, -Ajítsingh sent his son Abheysingh to court, and on him in place -of one Sayad Áhmed Gíláni was conferred the post -of governor of Sorath. Abheysingh remained at court and sent his deputy -Káyath Fatehsingh to <span class="corr" id="xd25e29291" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>. -Abdúl Hamíd Khán was appointed revenue officer of -Surat. After some time he resigned his Surat office and went to court, -where on being made superintendent of the shrine of Sheikh Ahmed -<span class="corr" id="xd25e29294" title="Source: Khattú">Khattu</span> he returned to -Áhmedábád. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1713 Muhtarim Khán was appointed to -succeed him in Surat. Early in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1714, -<span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Shahámat -Khán</span> Forty-fifth Viceroy, 1713.</span>Shahámat -Khán, who had been appointed forty-fifth viceroy of -Gujarát, was superseded by Dáud Khán Panni as -forty-sixth viceroy. The reckless courage of Dáud Khán -Panni was renowned throughout India. His memory survives in the tales -and proverbs of the Dakhan. On giving battle he used to show his -contempt for his enemies by wearing nothing stronger than a muslin -jerkin. So stern was his discipline that none of his Afghán -soldiers dared to touch a leaf of the standing crops where they were -encamped. When at <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb298" href="#pb298" -name="pb298">298</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Farrukhsiyar Emperor 1713–1719.<br> -<span class="sc">Dáud Khán Panni</span> Forty-sixth -Viceroy, 1714–15.</span> Áhmedábád he was -either engaged in scattering the Kolis or in coursing with greyhounds. -He preferred life under canvas on the Sábarmati sands to the -viceregal surroundings of the Bhadar Palace. His civil work he used to -trust to Dakhan Bráhmans and Pandits. He was much devoted to the -use of bhang. <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Dáud -Khán Panni</span> Forty-sixth Viceroy, -1714–15.</span>Until Dáud Khán’s arrival -Abdúl Hamíd Khán was appointed viceroy and took -charge of the province from Shahámat Khán. At this time, -on the security of Rája Muhkamsingh of Nágor, a sum of -£5000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 50,000) was granted to the -brother of Durgádás <span class="corr" id="xd25e29334" -title="Source: Ráthod">Ráthoḍ</span>. In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1714 in -Áhmedábád Harírám, the agent of -Madan Gopál a successful North Indian banker, who came to -Áhmedábád as treasurer with Fírúz -Jang, while celebrating the Holi with his friends, seized a -Musalmán gentleman and handled him with great roughness. -<span class="marginnote">Religious Riots in -Áhmedábád, 1714.</span>Aggrieved with this -treatment the Musalmán complained to a preacher of much -eloquence and influence, Mulla Muhammad <span class="corr" id="xd25e29343" title="Source: Ali">Áli</span>. The preacher took -the Muslim to the Assembly Mosque and sent for Mulla Abdúl -Âzíz the chief or leading member of the Sunni Bohora -community. He answered the call with a strong party of his men, and on -his way was joined by numbers of Musalmáns both soldiers and -citizens. With cries of ‘Dín’ -‘Dín’ they went to the mosque and carried off the -insulted man and the priest and the <span class="corr" id="xd25e29346" -title="Source: Bohra">Bohora</span> leader to the house of the -Kázi Khair-ul-láh. The Kázi closed his doors -against the crowd who returned abusing him to the Jewellers’ -quarter pillaging and killing as they went. They next swarmed towards -Madan Gopál’s Haveli in the Jewellers’ quarters. But -the Nagarsheth <span class="corr" id="xd25e29350" title="Source: Kapúrchand">Kapurchand</span> Bhansáli closed -its strong gates and with his Musalmán soldiers met the swarm -with firearms. The viceroy who was camped at the Sháhi -Bágh sent soldiers and under the influence of the leading -citizens of both classes the disturbance was quelled. When the -particulars of the riots were known in the imperial camp the Hindus, -clamouring against Mulla Muhammad Áli and Sheikh Abdúl -Âzíz Gujaráti, struck business and closed their -shops. The emperor ordered mace-bearers to proceed to Gujarát -and bring the Musalmán ringleaders together with the Hindu -Nagarsheth Kapurchand Bhansáli. Some Bohoras at the imperial -camp, sending advance news to Áhmedábád, the -Mullah and the Bohora Sheth and after him the Bhansáli started -for the imperial camp. On reaching the camp the Mulla, who was very -impressive and eloquent, preached a sermon in the Assembly Mosque and -his fame reaching the emperor he was called to court and asked to -preach. He and the Sheth were now able to explain their case to the -emperor and the Bhansáli was imprisoned. It is said that the -Bhansáli made the Mulla the medium of his release and that he -and the Bohora returned to Gujarát while the Mulla remained in -honour at court till he died. About the same time a great flood in the -Sábarmati did much damage.</p> -<p>Abdúl Hamíd Khán was now chosen governor of -Sorath in place of Abheysingh, and <span class="corr" id="xd25e29355" -title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán was appointed -from Dehli, governor of Surat, and was at the same time placed in -charge of Baroda, Broach, Dholka, <span class="corr" id="xd25e29358" -title="Source: Petlad">Petlád</span>, and Naḍiád. -Dáud Khán the viceroy now went into -Káthiáváḍa and Navánagar to collect -tribute, and on his return to Áhmedábád, married -the daughter of the chief of Halvad in the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb299" href="#pb299" name="pb299">299</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Farrukhsiyar Emperor 1713–1719.<br> -<span class="sc">Dáud Khán Panni</span> Forty-sixth -Viceroy, 1714–15.</span> Jháláváḍa -sub-division of Káthiáváḍa. It is related -that this lady, who was with child, on hearing of Dáud -Khán’s death cut open her womb and saved the child at the -sacrifice of her own life.<a class="noteref" id="n299.1src" href="#n299.1" name="n299.1src">47</a> Dáud Khán, though an -excellent soldier and strict disciplinarian failed to distinguish -himself as a civil administrator. He introduced Dakhani <i>pandits</i> -into official posts, who levied a fee called <i>chithyáman</i> -from landholders and took taxes from the holdings of Sayads and -otherwise made themselves unpopular.</p> -<p>About this time Momín Khán, governor of Surat, arrived -in Gujarát, and placing his deputies in Petlád, Dholka, -Baroda, and Naḍiád, went himself to Surat in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1715. Here he was opposed by the commandant of -the fort, Zia Khán, who was obliged to give way, his -subordinate, Sayad Kásim, being defeated by -Fidá-ud-dín Khán. <span class="marginnote">Further -Riots in Áhmedábád, 1715.</span>At this time much -ill-feeling was caused by the plunder by Muhammadan troops of the shops -of some Hindu merchants in Áhmedábád. On this -account, and for other reasons, Dáud Khán was recalled, -and Ghazni Khán Jhálori was directed to act in his place -until the arrival of a new viceroy. <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Mahárája -Ajítsingh</span> Forty-seventh Viceroy, 1715–16.</span>In -this year, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1715, the -Mahárája Ajítsingh was appointed forty-seventh -viceroy of Gujarát, and his son Kunvar Abheysingh was appointed -governor of Sorath. Ajítsingh sent Vajeráj -Bhandári to act as his deputy until his arrival, and Fatehsingh -Káyath was chosen deputy governor of Sorath. Perhaps one of the -most remarkable appointments of this time was that of Haidar -Kúli Khán to be minister as well as military commandant -of Baroda, Nándod, Arhar-Mátar in the district<a class="noteref" id="n299.2src" href="#n299.2" name="n299.2src">48</a> of -Kaira, and of the ports of Surat and Cambay. Haidar Kúli chose -an officer to act for him as minister, and after appointing deputies in -his different charges himself went to Surat.</p> -<p>The Mahárája Ajítsingh, on reaching -Áhmedábád, appointed Ghazni Khán -Jhálori governor of Pálanpur and Jawán Mard -Khán Bábi governor of Rádhanpur.<a class="noteref" -id="n299.3src" href="#n299.3" name="n299.3src">49</a> During this year -an imperial order conferred on Haidar Kúli Khán, Sorath -and Gohilváḍ or south-east -Káthiáváḍa<a class="noteref" id="n299.4src" -href="#n299.4" name="n299.4src">50</a> then in charge of Fatehsingh, -the viceroy’s deputy.<a class="noteref" id="n299.5src" href="#n299.5" name="n299.5src">51</a> On receiving this order Haidar sent -Sayad Âkil as his deputy, and that officer went to -Jambúsar, and, collecting men, set out to join his appointment. -He <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb300" href="#pb300" name="pb300">300</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Farrukhsiyar Emperor 1713–1719.<br> -<span class="sc">Mahárája Ajítsingh</span> -Forty-seventh Viceroy, 1715–16.</span> first camped at -Loliánah, where the province of Sorath begins, and from -Loliánah marched against Pálitána and plundered -the town. <span class="marginnote">Disagreement between the Viceroy and -Haidar Kúli Khán, 1715.</span>The viceroy, who was by no -means well disposed to Haidar Kúli Khán, sent a message -that if any injury was done in Sorath he would take vengeance on the -aggressors; and as neither Ajítsingh nor Haidar Kúli -Khán was of a <span class="corr" id="xd25e29443" title="Source: vary">very</span> compliant temper, civil war was on the point -of breaking out. By the help of Salábat Khán Bábi, -the deputy in Gohilváḍa, matters were arranged, and Sayad -Âkil returned from Sorath. Haidar was anxious to send -Salábat Khán as deputy to Sorath. But as Salábat -demanded too high a salary, Raza Kúli, brother of the late -governor of Baroda, was chosen. When this officer, with his brother -Maâsúm Kúli, reached Amreli Fatehsingh, the -viceroy’s deputy, evacuated <span class="corr" id="xd25e29446" -title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>. -After this Haidar Kúli Khán, in company with -Kázím Beg, governor of Baroda, marched against and -defeated the chief of <span class="corr" id="xd25e29449" title="Source: Munjpúr">Munjpur</span>, now under <span class="corr" -id="xd25e29452" title="Source: Rádhanpúr">Rádhanpur</span>, who had -refused to pay the usual tribute. The viceroy went to Sorath to collect -the imperial revenue, and, owing to his excessive demands, met with -armed resistance from the Jám of Navánagar. Finally, the -matter of tribute was settled, and after visiting the shrine of -Dwárka, the viceroy returned to -Áhmedábád.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Khán Daurán -Nasrat Jang Bahádur</span> Forty-eighth Viceroy, -1716–1719.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1716, while -the viceroy was at Dwárka, in consequence of numerous complaints -against Ajítsingh and his Márwári followers, the -emperor sent Samsám-ud-daulah Khán Daurán Nasrat -Jang Bahádur as forty-eighth viceroy of Gujarát. As it -was expected that Ajítsingh would not give up his government -without a contest, an army was prepared to compel him to leave. On the -arrival of the army Ajítsingh marched straight on -Áhmedábád and encamped at Sarkhej, but Nahar -Khán persuaded him to retire to Jodhpur without giving battle. -In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1717, after the departure of -Ajítsingh, Haidar Kúli Khan, who had been appointed -deputy viceroy, leaving Surat set out for -Áhmedábád. When Haidar arrived at Petlád, -some of the Áhmedábád nobles, among whom was -Safdar Khán Bábi, went out to meet him. A dispute arose -between one of Haidar’s water carriers and a water-carrier in the -army of the Bábi, which increased to a serious affray, which -from the camp followers spread to the soldiers and officers, and the -Bábi’s baggage was plundered. Safdar Khán took -serious offence, and returning to Áhmedábád -collected his kinsmen and followers and marched against Haidar -Kúli Khán. In a battle fought on the following day Safdar -Khán was defeated. The other Bábis escaped to -Pálanpur, and Safdar Khán, who in the first instance had -fled to Atarsumba, joined his party at Pálanpur. Muhammad -Fírúz Jhálori, governor of Pálanpur, with -the title of Ghazni Khán, afterwards succeeded in reconciling -the Bábis and Haidar Kúli Khán. <span class="marginnote">Famine, 1719.</span><span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1719 -was a year of great famine. Abdúl Hamíd Khán, who -had filled so many appointments in Gujarát, went to court, and -was made governor of Sorath. Haidar Kúli Khán now marched -against the Mahi Kolis. In the meantime news was received of the -appointment of a new viceroy, and Ghazni Khán, governor of -Pálanpur, was ordered to stay at Áhmedábád -for the defence of the city. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb301" href="#pb301" name="pb301">301</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Mahárája Ajítsingh</span> -Forty-ninth Viceroy, 1719–1721.</span> <span class="marginnote">Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.</span>Early -in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1719, the emperor -Farrûkhsiyar was deposed and put to death by the Sayads; and a -prince named Rafíâ-ud-Daraját, a grandson of the -emperor, was raised to the throne. Rafíâ-ud-Daraját -was put to death by the Sayads after a reign of three months, and his -brother Rafíâ-ud-daulah, who succeeded him, also died -after a few days’ reign. The Sayads then raised to the throne -prince Raushan Akhtar with the title of Muhammad Sháh. -<span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Mahárája -Ajítsingh</span> Forty-ninth Viceroy, -1719–1721.</span>After the murder of Farrûkhsiyar, the most -powerful vassal in the neighbourhood of Delhi was Ajítsingh of -Márwár. To win him to their side the Sayads granted him -the viceroyalty of Gujarát, and Míhr Áli -Khán was appointed to act for him until his arrival, while -Muhammad Bahádur Bábi, son of Salábat Muhammad -Khán Bábi, was placed in charge of the police of the -district immediately round <span class="corr" id="xd25e29499" title="Source: Áhmedábad">Áhmedábád</span>. -Shortly after, through the influence of the Mahárája -Ajítsingh, Náhir Khán superseded Míhr -Áli Khán as deputy viceroy. Náhir Khán was -also appointed to the charge of Dholka Dohad and Petlád, and -made superintendent of customs. About this time the head tax was -repealed, and orders were issued that its levy in Gujarát should -cease.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Píláji <span class="corr" id="xd25e29505" title="Source: Gáikwâr">Gáikwár</span> at -Songaḍ, 1719.</span>In the same year, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1719, Píláji Gáikwár -marched on Surat with a large army and defeated the imperial troops -commanded by Sayad Âkil and Muhammad Panáh, the latter -commander being taken prisoner and forced to pay a heavy ransom. -Píláji, finding Gujarát an easy prey, made -frequent incursions, and taking Songaḍ in the extreme south-east -established himself there. Míhr Áli Khán, who had -been acting for Náhir Khán, marched against and subdued -the Kolis, who were committing piracy in the Mahi estuary. <span class="marginnote">Decay of Imperial Power, 1720.</span>From this year Mughal -rule in Gujarát was doomed. Píláji -Gáikwár was established at Songaḍ, and in the -anarchy that ensued, the great Gujarát houses of the -Bábis and Jháloris, as well as the newly arrived -Momín Khán, turned their thoughts to independence. -Ajítsingh so hated Muhammadan rule that he secretly favoured the -Maráthás, and strove to establish his own authority over -such portions of Gujarát as bordered on Márwár. In -after years, Sarbuland Khán made a vigorous attempt to reassert -imperial dominion, but the seeds of dissolution were sown and efforts -at recovery were vain.</p> -<p>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1720, Ajítsingh the -viceroy sent Anopsingh Bhandári to Gujarát as his deputy. -In this year Nizám-ul-Mulk, viceroy of Ujjain, was superseded by -Sayad Diláwar Khán. While Diláwar Khán was -yet on the Málwa frontiers the Nizám desirous of -possessing himself of the Dakhan and its resources retired to -Burhánpur pursued by Sayad Diláwar Khán, who -giving battle was killed, the Nizám retiring to -Aurangábád in the Dakhan. Álam Áli -Khán, deputy viceroy of the Dakhan, was directed to march -against him, while from north Gujarát Anopsingh Bhandári -was ordered to send 10,000 horse to Surat, and Náhir -Khán, the deputy viceroy, was instructed to proceed thither in -person. The Nizám and Álam Áli Khán met -near Bálápur in the Berárs and a battle was fought -in which the Nizám was successful and Álam Khán -was slain. At this time Anopsingh Bhandári committed many -oppressive acts, of which the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb302" -href="#pb302" name="pb302">302</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Mahárája Ajítsingh</span> -Forty-ninth Viceroy, 1719–1721.</span> chief was the murder of -Kapurchand Bhansáli, the leading merchant of -Áhmedábád. The cause of <span class="corr" id="xd25e29537" title="Source: Kapúrchand’s">Kapurchand’s</span> murder -was that he had hired a number of armed retainers who used to oppose -the Bhandári’s orders and set free people unjustly -imprisoned by him. To remove this meddler from his way the -Bhandári got him assassinated. <span class="marginnote">Nizám-ul-Mulk Prime Minister, of the Empire, -1721.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1721, -Nizám-ul-Mulk was appointed prime minister of the empire, -Abdúl Hamíd Khán was recalled from Sorath, and in -his stead Asad Kuli Khán, with the title of Amir-ul-Umara, was -appointed governor of Sorath and sent Muhammad Sharíf -Khán into Sorath as his deputy.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Haidar Kúli -Khán</span> Fiftieth Viceroy, 1721–22.</span>In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1721, in conjunction with Muhammad -Amín and Saádat Khán, Haidar Kúli -Khán freed the emperor from the tyranny of the Sayads, and was -rewarded with the title of Muîz-ud-daulah Haidar Kúli -Khán Bahádur Zafar Jang and the viceroyalty of -Gujarát. He obtained the appointment of minister for his brother -Jaâfar Kúli Khán. Maâsúm Kúli -Khán was dignified by the title of Shujáât -Khán Bahádur and appointed deputy viceroy. As soon as -this change was notified, the people of Áhmedábád, -who were discontented with the rule of Anopsingh, attacked his palace, -the Bhadar, and he escaped with difficulty. <span class="marginnote">Disorder in Áhmedábád, 1721.</span>In -consequence of the enmity between Haidar Kúli Khán and -the Márwáris, <span class="corr" id="xd25e29558" title="Source: Shujaât">Shujáât</span> Khán, the -deputy viceroy, attacked the house of Náhir Khán who had -been Ajítsingh’s minister, and forced him to pay -£10,000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 1 <i>lákh</i>) -and leave the city. Shujáât Khán next interfered -with the lands of Safdar Khán Bábi, the deputy governor -of Godhra, and his brothers. On one of the brothers repairing to Dehli -and remonstrating, Haidar Kúli, who, above all things, was a -Muhammadan and anxious to strengthen himself with the Muhammadan -nobility of Gujarát, restored their lands to the Bábis. -In consequence of this decision ill-feeling sprung up between -Shujáât Khán and the Bábis, and when -Shujáât Khán went to exact tribute he forced -Muhammad Khán Bábi, governor of Kaira, to pay a special -fine of £1000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 10,000). Shortly -after one of the viceroy’s officers, Kásím -Áli Khán, while employed against the Kolis of that part -of the country, was killed at Pethápur. Shujáât -Khán advanced, and revenged Kásím -Áli’s death by burning the town. Next, he passed into -Sorath, and after exacting tribute, crossed to Kachh. The chief opposed -him, and in the fight that followed was beaten and forced to pay about -£22,500 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 2¼ -<i>lákhs</i>).<a class="noteref" id="n302.1src" href="#n302.1" -name="n302.1src">52</a> In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1721, a -Sayad was sent to Sorath as deputy governor in place of Muhammad -Sharíf, and Haidar Kúli was appointed governor of Kadi, -the Chúnvál, and Halvad (called Muhammadnagar), and put -in charge of Tharád, Arjanpur, Bhámnárli, -Pethápur, and Kherálu in place of Vakhatsingh, son of the -Mahárája Ajítsingh.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Leaves Dehli for Gujarát, -1722.</span>Early in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1722, -Nizám-ul-Mulk took up the office of prime minister of the -empire, to which he had been appointed in the previous year. Strenuous -efforts were made to embroil him with Haidar Kúli <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb303" href="#pb303" name="pb303">303</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Haidar Kúli Khán</span> Fiftieth -Viceroy, 1721–22.</span> Khán, as the Nizám’s -austerity and craft were a source of not less anxiety to the Dehli -court than Haidar Kúli’s more daring and restless -ambition. Haidar Kúli Khán, unable to contend with the -Nizám, left Dehli and retired to Gujarát. On his way the -villagers of Dabháli opposed him killing one of his chief men -named Alif Beg Khán. Haidar burned the village and put all the -people to death, a severity which caused such terror that throughout -his rule no difficulty was experienced in realizing tribute or in -keeping the roads safe. About this time, among other changes, Muhammad -Bahádúr, son of Salábat Khán Bábi, -was placed in charge of Sádra and Vírpur, with the title -of Sher Khán. Shortly after his arrival the viceroy marched -against and subdued the rebellious Kolis of the Chunvál, -appointing Rustam Áli Khán his governor there. Then, -returning to Áhmedábád, he took up his residence -in the Bhadra. <span class="marginnote">Shows signs of Independence and -is Recalled, 1722.</span>There is little doubt that at this time Haidar -Kúli aimed at bringing all Gujarát under his rule. He -seized the imperial horses which passed through -Áhmedábád on their way to Dehli, and confiscated -many estates and gave them to his own men. On his way to enforce -tribute from the Dungarpúr chiefs, he levied £8000 -(<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 80,000) from -Lunáváḍa. Through the mediation of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e29625" title="Source: Udepúr">Udepur</span> -Rána, and as he agreed to pay a tribute of £10,000 (1 -<i>lákh</i> of rupees), the Rával of Dungarpur escaped. -Haidar Kúli next proceeded to Bijápur, north of -Áhmedábád, but hearing that the emperor was -displeased at his assumption of the power of giving and changing grants -of land, he returned to Áhmedábád and restored -several estates which he had confiscated. <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Nizám-ul-Mulk</span> Fifty-first -Viceroy, 1722.</span>The court continued to distrust him, and at the -close of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1722 appointed -Jumlat-ul-Mulk Nizám-ul-Mulk fifty-first viceroy.</p> -<p>Haidar Kúli Khán, finding himself no match for the -Nizám, was induced to retire quietly, and accordingly left -Gujarát by way of Dungarpur. Shujáât Khán -and Rustam Áli Khán accompanied him as far as -Dungarpúr, and then returned to Áhmedábád. -In the meantime the Nizám had reached Ujjain, and thence -directed Safdar Khán Bábi to carry on the government till -he should arrive, appointing at the same time his uncle <span class="marginnote">Hámid Khán Deputy Viceroy; Momín -Khán Governor of Surat, 1722.</span>Hámid Khán as -deputy viceroy and Fidwi Khán as minister. Subsequently the -Nizám came to Gujarát and chose officers of his own for -places of trust, the chief of whom was Momín Khán, who -was appointed governor of Surat. The Nizám then returned to -Dehli, but, after a short time, disgusted with his treatment at court, -he retired to the Dakhan, where, making <span class="corr" id="xd25e29644" title="Source: Haidarábad">Haidarábád</span> his -capital, he gradually began to act as an independent ruler. Meanwhile -in Gujarát dissensions sprang up between Hámid -Khán and other officers, but matters were arranged without any -outbreak of hostility. Tribute was exacted from the chiefs on the banks -of the Vátrak and from Modhera an unruly Koli village was burned -down, and garrisons were placed in the Koli country. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1723 Rustam Áli Khán and -Shujáât Khán were ordered from Dehli to march on -Jodhpur, which they captured and plundered, and then returned to -Áhmedábád.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Increase of Marátha Power, -1723.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1723 Piláji -Gáikwár, who had been long hovering on the frontier, -marched on Surat and was opposed by Momín Khán, whom he -defeated. After levying contributions from the surrounding country, -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb304" href="#pb304" name="pb304">304</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Sarbuland Khán</span> Fifty-second Viceroy, -1723–1730.</span> he returned to his head-quarters at Songad, and -from this overran a considerable portion of the Surat territory, -building several forts in the Rájpípla country. At the -same time Kántáji Kadam Bánde, invading -Gujarát from the side of Dohad, began to levy fixed -contributions. Though before this occasional demands had often been -made, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1723 was the first year in -which the Maráthás imposed a regular tribute on -Gujarát. Momín Khán was now appointed provincial -minister, and Rustam Áli Khán succeeded him as revenue -officer of Surat, and, as the Nizám had gone to the Dakhan -without the emperor’s leave, <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Sarbuland Khán</span> Fifty-second -Viceroy, 1723–1730.</span>Mubáriz-ul-Mulk Sarbuland -Khán Bahádur Diláwar Jang was appointed -fifty-second viceroy of Gujarát. <span class="marginnote">Appoints Shujáât Khán his -Deputy.</span>He selected Shujáât Khán as his -deputy, and made other arrangements for the government of the province. -Hámid Khán, uncle and deputy of the Nizám, -prepared to oppose Shujáât Khán, but through the -intervention of Bábis Salábat Khán, Safdar -Khán, and Jawán Mard Khán, Hámid -Khán evacuated the Bhadra, and withdrew to Dohad. -Shujáât Khán now went to collect tribute, leaving -Ibráhím Kúli Khán at -Áhmedábád, while Rámrái was posted -at Mahudha in Kaira, with orders to watch the movements of Hámid -Khán. As the viceroy was in need of money, he farmed to one -Jívan Jugal the districts of Jambúsar, -Makbúlábad or Ámod about twenty-two miles north of -Broach, Dholka, and Broach. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1724, -he came to Áhmedábád with Áli Muhammad -Khán father of the author of the Mirát-i-Áhmedi, -as his private minister.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Nizám-ul-Mulk and Sarbuland -Khán.</span>Rustam Áli, governor of Surat, having -succeeded twice or thrice in defeating the Maráthás under -Píláji Gáikwár, now offered, in conjunction -with his brother Shujáât Khán, that if 20,000 men -were placed under their orders, they would march against the -Nizám. The emperor accepted this offer, allowing Rustam -Áli to draw on the Surat treasury to the extent of £20,000 -(<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 2 <i>lákhs</i>). Rustam -Áli accordingly, with the aid of Áhmed Kúli his -brother’s son, equipped an army. In the meantime the Nizám -was not idle. He promised to Kántáji Kadam Bánde a -one-fourth share of the revenue of Gujarát, provided he should -be able, in concert with Hámid Khán, to re-conquer the -province from Mubáriz-ul-Mulk. Shujáât Khán, -who was now at Kadi, instead of following the advice of his minister -and carefully watching Hámid Khán’s movements from -<span class="corr" id="xd25e29698" title="Source: Kapadvani">Kapadvanj</span>, went to a distant part of the -province. Hámid Khán seeing his opportunity, united his -forces with those of Kántáji Kadam, and marched to -Kapadvanj. <span class="marginnote">Sarbuland Khán’s -Deputy Defeated, 1724.</span>Shujáât Khán hearing -of this, advanced towards Áhmedábád and encamped -at Dabhora under Bahyal, eighteen miles east of -Áhmedábád and thence proceeded to Mota Medra, -about six miles east of the capital. When he came so near -Áhmedábád, many of his soldiers went without leave -into the city to visit their families. The Maráthás -attacked his rear guard, and his men giving way took to flight. -Hámid Khán seeing that Shujáât Khán -had but a small force, marched between him and the capital. A battle -was fought, in which Shujáât Khán was slain, and -his two sons Hasan Kúli and Mustafa Kúli were taken -prisoners. Shujáât Khán’s head was cut off -and sent to Safdar Khán Bábi, to be sent to -Ibráhím Kúli his son, who was doing duty as -commandant at Áhmedábád. Hámid Khán -took up his quarters in <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb305" href="#pb305" name="pb305">305</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Sarbuland Khán</span> Fifty-second Viceroy, -1723–1730.</span> the Sháhi Bágh, and got -possession of all Áhmedábád except the city. -Hámid Khán now sent a message to the emperor, that the -Maráthás had been successful in defeating -Shujáât Khán and conquering Gujarát, but -that he had defended Áhmedábád against them. The -emperor sent him a dress of honour, but after a few days discovered -that Hámid’s message was false. The Maráthás -now marched through the country, collecting their <i>chauth</i> or -one-fourth and their <i>sardeshmukhi</i> or one-tenth shares of the -revenue. Kántáji went to Víramgám and -besieged the town, but on the promise of one of the chief inhabitants -to raise a sum of £35,000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> -3½ <i>lákhs</i>) the Maráthás retired. -Hámid Khán who was now independent began to bestow lands -and districts many of which remained with the grantees and were never -recovered by future governors. Ibráhím Kúli, son -of Shujáât Khán, in revenge for his father’s -death, determined to assassinate Hámid Khán. The attempt -failed. Hámid Khán escaped and <span class="corr" id="xd25e29733" title="Source: Ibráhim">Ibráhím</span> Kúli was -slain.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Maráthás engaged as -Allies.</span>Rustam Áli Khán, governor of Surat, in the -hope of being revenged on Hámid Khán, invited the aid of -Píláji Gáikwár, and it was agreed that they -should meet on the north bank of the Narbada. Píláji -promised to aid Rustam Khán, and the allied armies, crossing the -Mahi, encamped at Aras in the plain between Anand and the Mahi. -Hámid Khán, accompanied by Mír Nathu, Muhammad -Salábat Rohila, and Kántáji Kadam, marched to -oppose Rustam Khán. Hámid Khán also entered into -secret negotiations with Píláji Gáikwár, -who resolved to remain neutral and side with the conqueror. -<span class="marginnote">Battle of Arás. Hámid -Khán defeated by Rustam Áli, 1723.</span>A battle was -fought, in which, though <span class="corr" id="xd25e29743" title="Source: Pílaji">Piláji</span> took no part, Hámid -Khán was defeated and put to flight, and Mír Nathu was -killed. After the fight Rustam Áli remained on the field of -battle and liberated his nephews, plundering Hámid -Khán’s camp. Píláji plundered Rustam -Áli’s camp and then moved off, while Kántáji -carried away what was left in the camp of Hámid Khán. -Hámid Khán reproached Kántáji for his -inactivity; but he pleaded in excuse that he was watching the mode of -warfare amongst Muhammadans, and promised to attack Rustam Áli -shortly. <span class="marginnote">Maráthás join -Hámid Khán against Rustam Áli.</span>Now, as the -Maráthás really desired to ruin Rustam Áli, who -was their bitter foe, they after a few days surrounded him and cut off -his supplies. Rustam Áli stood a blockade of eight days, and -then forced his way through his enemies and went to -Nápád, about fourteen miles west of the Vásad -railway station in the Anand sub-division of the Kaira district, and -thence through Kalamsar to Nápa or Nába under -Petlád. The Maráthás still pursuing Rustam -Áli retired to Vasu under Petlád, ten miles east of -Naḍiád and about twenty-five miles south of -Áhmedábád, where he gave battle, and by a furious -charge broke the <span class="corr" id="xd25e29749" title="Source: Máratha">Marátha</span> line. The -Maráthás rallied, and Rustam Áli and his men were -defeated, Rustam Áli being slain and his nephews again taken -prisoners. Rustam was buried on the field of battle and his head sent -to Áhmedábád.</p> -<p>Hámid Khán returned to Áhmedábád -with the Maráthás, who saw that their only means of -effecting a permanent footing in the province was by supporting him. -Hámid Khán then assigned a one-fourth share of the -revenue of the territory north of the Mahi to Kántáji, -and to Píláji a corresponding interest in the territory -south of the Mahi, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb306" href="#pb306" -name="pb306">306</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Sarbuland Khán</span> Fifty-second Viceroy, -1723–1730.</span> including Surat and Baroda. After this -Hámid Khán acted tyrannically. He extorted large sums -from the rich, and poisoned the two sons of Shujáât -Khán. When the news of Kántáji’s and -Píláji’s success reached the Dakhan, -Trimbakráv Dhábáde, son of Khanderáv -Senápati, came with a large army and laid siege to Cambay. While -the siege was being pressed a quarrel among the Marátha leaders -culminated in strife and bloodshed. Trimbakráv Senápati -was wounded and the Marátha army had to disperse and -retire.<a class="noteref" id="n306.1src" href="#n306.1" name="n306.1src">53</a> Salábat Khán, leaving -Áhmedábád, went to Víramgám, and -after some time, placing his nephew at Víramgám, he went -into Gohilváḍa. When the news of the defeat and death of -Rustam Áli reached Dehli, the emperor ordered <span class="marginnote">Mubáriz-ul-Mulk sent against the -Maráthás, 1725.</span>Mubáriz-ul-Mulk to take a -strong army and proceed in person to Gujarát and expel -Hámid Khán and the Maráthás. -Mubáriz-ul-Mulk marched on Gujarát with a large army, -assisted by Mahárája Abheysingh of Jodhpur, Chatarsingh -Rája of Narwar in Bundelkhand, Gandrapsingh, and the -Mahárána of Udepur. On his arrival at Ajmír -Mubáriz-ul-Mulk was received by his private minister Áli -Muhammad Khán, who afterwards joined Jawán Mard -Khán Bábi in Rádhanpur, and united their troops -with those under Mubáriz-ul-Mulk. At that time Salábat -Khán was removed from his government, and Safdar Khán -Bábi died. In obedience to the imperial order, -Mubáriz-ul-Mulk marched from Ajmír and came to the -Gujarát frontier. On his approach Hámid Khán -returned to Áhmedábád. He placed Rúpsingh -and Sardár Muhammad Ghorni in charge of the city and himself -withdrew to Mehmúdábád. Mubáriz-ul-Mulk now -sent Sheikh Alíyár in advance with an army against -Áhmedábád. When Sheikh Alíyár -arrived before the city, Muhammad Ghorni, who was dissatisfied with -Hámid Khán for bringing in the Maráthás, -persuaded Rúpsingh to fly. <span class="marginnote">Hámid -Khán and other Maráthás Retire.</span>In the -meantime Mubáriz-ul-Mulk with the main body of his forces -reached Sidhpur. Hámid Khán, accompanied by a detachment -of Marátha horse, now returned to -Áhmedábád; but Muhammad Ghorni closed the gates, -and would not suffer him to enter the city. Mubáriz-ul-Mulk -marched to Mesána. About this time Áli Muhammad -Khán, the father of the author of the -Mirăt-i-Áhmedi, who was now with Mubáriz-ul-Mulk at -Mesána, advised him to conciliate the influential Muhammadan -family of Bábi. Under his advice, Salábat Muhammad -Khán Bábi was appointed governor of -Víramgám, and Jawán Mard Khán governor of -Pátan. Shortly afterwards Murlidhardás, the -Gujaráti minister of Hámid Khán, deserted his -master’s declining cause. When Kantáji heard that -Mubáriz-ul-Mulk had arrived at Pethápur, only eighteen -miles from Áhmedábád, he retired to -Mehmúdábád. <span class="marginnote">Mubáriz-ul-Mulk enters -Áhmedábád, 1725.</span>Before the close of -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1725, Mubáriz-ul-Mulk reached -Áhmedábád, where he was well received by the -officials and merchants. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb307" href="#pb307" name="pb307">307</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Sarbuland Khán</span> Fifty-second Viceroy, -1723–1730.</span> Hámid Khán and Kantáji, -who had by this time reached the banks of the Mahi, were now joined by -Píláji Gáikwár. The Marátha leaders, -seeing that the only way to preserve their footing in the province was -to espouse the cause of Hámid Khán, united their forces -with his, and prepared to march on Áhmedábád. -Mubáriz-ul-Mulk deputed his son Khánahzád -Khán with an army to oppose them, and made several appointments, -among other changes raising Áli Muhammad Khán to the post -of minister. <span class="marginnote">Defeat of the -Maráthás at Sojitra and Kapadvanj, -1725.</span>Khánahzád Khán met the -Maráthás near <span class="corr" id="xd25e29812" title="Source: Sojítra">Sojitra</span>, about ten miles north-west of -Petlád, and defeated them, pursuing them as far as the Mahi. -Then, returning, he was reinforced by his brother Sháh -Nawáz Khán, and marched against the -Maráthás, who were encamped at Kapadvanj. Another battle -was fought, and the Maráthás were again defeated and -pursued as far as the hills of Áli-Mohan now <span class="corr" -id="xd25e29815" title="Source: Chota">Chhota</span> Udepur in the -extreme east of the province. Khánahzád Khán now -appointed Hasan-ud-dín governor of Baroda, Broach, -Jambúsar, and Makbulábád. <span class="marginnote">Marátha Expedition against Vadnagar, -1725.</span>Meanwhile Antáji Bháskar, a Marátha -noble, entering Gujarát from the side of Ídar, laid siege -to the town of Vadnagar, which, according to the old Gujarát -proverb, with Umreth in the Kaira district, are the two golden feathers -of the kingdom of Gujarát. Vadnagar was inhabited by wealthy -Bráhmans of the Nágar caste who prayed -Mubáriz-ul-Mulk to march to their relief; but as both his sons -were in pursuit of the other Marátha bands defeated at -Kapadvanj, the viceroy had no troops to spare from the -Áhmedábád garrison. The Nágars accordingly, -seeing no prospect of help, paid a sum of £40,000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 4 <i>lákhs</i>) and Antáji -Bháskar retired. Kantáji and Píláji, -encouraged by this raid of Antáji’s, entered -Gujarát from different quarters. Kántáji again -laid siege to Vadnagar. The Nágars, unable to pay the -contribution demanded, leaving their property fled and -Kántáji in his attempts to unearth the buried treasure -burned down the town. Shortly afterwards Umreth in the Kaira district -suffered a similar fate at the hands of Kántáji. In one -of his raids Píláji Gáikwár advancing as -far as Baroda was met by Khánahzád Khán, the son -of the viceroy. Distrusting the issue of a battle Píláji -fled to Cambay, and from Cambay withdrew to Sorath. For these services -the emperor raised Khánahzád Khán to the rank of a -noble, with the title Ghálib Jang. About this time Áli -Muhammad Khán was dismissed from the post of minister, and in -his stead first Muhammad Sayad Beg and afterwards Muhammad -Sulaimán were appointed. Not long afterwards Áli Muhammad -Khán was again entrusted with a command and raised to be -governor of Dholka.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Mubáriz-ul-Mulk pays the -Marátha Tribute, 1726.</span>The Maráthás retired -to the Dakhan, but, returning in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1726, compelled Mubáriz-ul-Mulk to confirm -his predecessor’s grants in their favour. The emperor refused to -acknowledge any cessions of revenue to the Maráthás; and -the viceroy, hard pressed for money, unable to obtain support from the -court and receiving little help from his impoverished districts, was -forced to impose fresh taxes on the citizens of -Áhmedábád, and at the same time to send an army to -collect their tribute from the Mahi chiefs. As part of the agreement -between Mubáriz-ul-Mulk and the Marátha chiefs -Píláji was to receive a share in the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb308" href="#pb308" name="pb308">308</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Sarbuland Khán</span> Fifty-second Viceroy, -1723–1730.</span> revenue of the districts south of the Mahi. But -Peshwa Bájiráv Balál, to whom, as agent of his -rival Khanderáv Dábháde, Píláji was -obnoxious, sent Udáji Pavár to drive Píláji -away. In this Udáji was successful, and defeating -Píláji forced him to seek the aid of -Kántáji. Kántáji, perceiving that if the -Peshwa became supreme his own independence would suffer, joined -Píláji, and marching together upon Baroda they -endeavoured, but without success, to prevent the Musalmán -governor Sadr-ud-dín Khán from entering the city. About -this time want of funds forced <span class="corr" id="xd25e29851" -title="Source: Mubáriz ul-Mulk">Mubáriz-ul-Mulk</span> to -sell the greater part of the Dholka district to different -landholders.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Alliance with the Peshwa, 1727.</span>In -the following year, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1727, -Bájiráv Peshwa began to negotiate with -Mubáriz-ul-Mulk, undertaking that if the one-fourth and -one-tenth shares in the revenue of the province were guaranteed to him, -he would protect Gujarát from other invaders. Though he did not -consent to these proposals, the viceroy so far accepted the alliance of -the Peshwa as to allow the governor of Baroda to aid Udáji -Pavár against Píláji. <span class="marginnote">Piláji Gáikwár obtains Baroda and -Dabhoi, 1727.</span>Piláji and Kántáji -outmanœuvred Udáji and prevented him from effecting a -junction with the governor of Baroda, who in the end was forced to -abandon both that city and the stronghold of Dabhoi, while Udáji -retired to Málwa. Píláji Gáikwár now -obtained possession of Baroda. Mubáriz-ul-Mulk, still sorely -pressed for funds, marched into Sorath to exact tribute. On reaching -Víramgám, Salábat Muhammad Khán -Bábi, on behalf of the Jám of Navánagar, presented -the viceroy with £10,000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 1 -<i>lákh</i>), and for this service was rewarded with the gift of -an elephant. Mubáriz-ul-Mulk then marched against Chháya, -the capital of the chief of Porbandar in the south-west of -Káthiáváḍa. This chief, by putting to sea, -hoped to escape the payment of tribute. But on hearing that the viceroy -proposed to annex his territory and appoint an officer to govern it, he -returned and agreed to pay a tribute of £4000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 40,000).<a class="noteref" id="n308.1src" href="#n308.1" name="n308.1src">54</a> On his way back to -Áhmedábád, Mubáriz-ul-Mulk passed through -Halvad in Jháláváḍa, and there married the -daughter of Jhála Pratápsingh, the chief of that -district, whom he accordingly exempted from the payment of tribute. -About this time the viceroy received orders from the emperor to restore -certain land which he had confiscated, and as he neglected to obey, -certain estates of his in the Panjáb were resumed. <span class="marginnote">Capture of Chámpáner by the -Maráthás, 1728.</span>In the meantime Krishnáji, -foster son of Kántáji, made a sudden attack upon -Chámpáner and captured that fortress, and from that time -Kántáji’s agents remained permanently in -Gujarát to collect his share of the tribute.</p> -<p>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1728 the minister Momín -Khán died, and in his place the emperor selected Momín -Khán’s brother Abd-ul-Ghani Khán. About this time -Asad Áli, governor of <span class="corr" id="xd25e29889" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>, -also died, and on his deathbed appointed Salábat Muhammad -Khán Bábi deputy governor of that fortress. -Salábat Muhammad Khán sent his son Sher Khán -Bábi to act on his behalf. When the emperor heard of the death -of Asad Áli, he appointed Ghulám <span class="corr" id="xd25e29892" title="Source: Muhy-ud-din">Muhy-ud-dín</span> -Khán, son of the late Asad Áli, governor. Ghulám -<span class="corr" id="xd25e29895" title="Source: Muhy-ud-din">Muhy-ud-dín</span> did not proceed to -<span class="corr" id="xd25e29898" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span> but -continued Sher Khán Bábi as his deputy. -Mubáriz-ul-Mulk, now <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb309" href="#pb309" name="pb309">309</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Sarbuland Khán</span> Fifty-second Viceroy, -1723–1730.</span> perceiving that neither Píláji -nor Kántáji afforded any protection to Gujarát, -but rather pillaged it, closed with the offers of Bájiráv -Peshwa, and <span class="marginnote">Grant of Tribute to the Peshwa, -1729.</span>in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1729 formally granted -to him the one-fourth and one-tenth shares of the revenue of the -province. The Peshwa accordingly sent his brother -Chimnájiráv to collect the tribute. Chimnáji -plundered Dholka and the country near Chámpáner, while -Mubáriz-ul-Mulk exacted tribute from the chiefs on the banks of -the Vátrak. Kántáji now entered Gujarát and -prepared for war in case Chimnáji and the viceroy should unite -against him. His movements were not interfered with, and after -collecting his share of the tribute, he retired to Sorath. The viceroy -now marched against the Kolis, and after destroying many of them -together with their wives and children, returned to -Áhmedábád by way of Modasa and Ahmednagar. -Ghulám Muhy-ud-dín Khán, governor of <span class="corr" id="xd25e29924" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>, -who had not yet proceeded to his command, appointed a second deputy. -Through the influence of the viceroy this appointment was not -confirmed, and instead Sher Khán Bábi, son of -Salábat Muhammad Khán, was placed in charge of that -fortress.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Mulla Muhammad Áli raises a -Disturbance at Surat, 1729.</span>In Surat the year <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1729 was marked by a severe flood in the -Tápti and by a somewhat serious local disturbance. The chief -cause of the disturbance was Mulla Muhammad Áli, a rich -Musalmán trader of Surat. This man who, as -Ûmda-tut-tujjár or chief of the merchants, had already a -special rank in the city, was tempted to take advantage of the -disorders of the time to raise himself to the position of an -independent ruler. With this object he chose as his head-quarters the -island of Píram in the Gulf of Cambay, near the port of Gogha, -and there spent considerable sums in strengthening the island and -tempting settlers to place themselves under his protection. As -Píram was not popular Mulla Muhammad fixed on the village of -Athva, on the left bank of the Tápti, about twelve miles from -its mouth. Here he began to build a fort, but was ordered to desist by -Sohráb Khán, the governor of Surat, from which city the -proposed stronghold was only three miles distant. Mulla Muhammad so far -from obeying, persuaded Beglar-Beg Khán the commander of the -fort of Surat to side with him. Accordingly, next day, Beglar-Beg -Khán bombarded the governor Sohráb Khán’s -residence, proclaiming that his own brother Teghbeg Khán was -appointed governor of Surat. In the end Mulla Muhammad Áli -induced the chief merchants of the city to pray for the removal of -Sohráb who pending receipt of orders from the emperor was made -to hand over his official residence in the city to Teg-Beg -Khán.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Naḍiád given in Farm, -1729.</span>In the same year, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1729, -Jawán Mard Khán Bábi was chosen governor of -Petlád, Áli Muhammad Khán was made collector of -Áhmedábád, and Áli Muhammad’s son, -the author of the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi and his brother were -appointed governor and superintendent of the customs of that district. -Áli Muhammad Khán shortly resigned and was succeeded by -Rú-ín Khán. At this time Jawán Mard -Khán Bábi, while punishing the Kolis of Bálor, -probably Bhátod about fifteen miles east of Broach, was killed -by a man of that tribe, and in revenge for his death the town of -Bálor was plundered. On the death of Jawán Mard -Khán, at the request of Salábat Muhammad Khán -Bábi, his eldest son Kamál-ud-dín Khán -Bábi received the districts of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb310" href="#pb310" name="pb310">310</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Sarbuland Khán</span> Fifty-second Viceroy, -1723–1730.</span> Sami and Munjpur and the title of Jawán -Mard Khán. At the same time the second son, Muhammad Anwar, with -the title of Safdar Khán, was appointed to the government of -Rádhanpur. The viceroy now went to Naḍiád, where -Rái Kishandás, agent of Jawán Mard Khán, -received the district of Petlád in farm. From -Naḍiád Mubáriz-ul-Mulk went to collect tribute from -Sarḍársingh, the chief of Bhádarva in the Rewa -Kántha about fifteen miles north of Baroda, on the banks of the -Mahi, who, after some fighting, agreed to pay a sum of £2000 -(<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 20,000). On his way back to -Áhmedábád the viceroy levied tribute from the -chief of Umeta, fifteen miles west of Baroda. As Rái -Kishandás failed to pay the sum agreed on for the farm of -Petlád, an order was issued for his imprisonment. To save -himself from the indignity he committed suicide.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Athva Fort, 1730.</span>When -Kántáji returned from Sorath he camped at Sánand, -and his advanced guard carried off some of the viceroy’s -elephants which were grazing there. Men were sent in pursuit, but in -vain, and the Maráthás escaped. Meanwhile, at Surat, -Mulla Muhammad Áli continued to build the fort at Athva. At last -his accomplice, Beglar-Beg Khán the commander of the Surat fort, -began to perceive that if the Athva fort were completed the Mulla would -be in a position to obstruct the trade of the port of Surat. He -consequently ordered him to stop building. In spite of this the Mulla -succeeded in persuading Sohráb Khán to allow him to go on -with his fort promising in return to get him confirmed as governor of -Surat. Sohráb Khán agreed, and the fort was completed, -and Sohráb Khán was duly appointed governor. As the fort -was immediately below Surat the revenue of Surat was greatly -diminished, and Sohráb Khán, when it was too late, saw -his mistake.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Viceroy in -Káthiáváḍa and Kachh, 1730.</span>In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1730 Mubáriz-ul-Mulk went into -Gohilváḍa in south-east -Káthiáváḍa and levied tribute from -Bhávsingh, chief of <span class="corr" id="xd25e29971" title="Source: Síhor">Sihor</span>; thence he proceeded to -Mádhupur, a town under Porbandar, and laid it waste. While -engaged at Mádhupur, Momín Khán, son-in-law of the -late Momín Khán, owing to some misunderstanding with the -viceroy suddenly set out for Áhmedábád and from -Áhmedábád proceeded to Ágra. The viceroy -now marched in the direction of Kachh and refusing the offer of a -yearly tribute of about £33,000 (10,00,000 <i><span class="corr" -id="xd25e29975" title="Source: máhmúdis">mahmúdis</span></i>), advanced -against Bhúj. He experienced great difficulty in crossing the -Ran, and as the Ráo had cut off all supplies, and as at the same -time news arrived of disturbances in Áhmedábád, he -was obliged, after a month and a half, to retire to Rádhanpur. -<span class="marginnote">Riots at -Áhmedábád.</span>The author of the -Mirăt-i-Áhmedi was ordered to suppress the -Áhmedábád riots, which had arisen out of the levy -of some fresh taxes, and was invested with the title of Hasan Muhammad -Khán. In this year Udaikaran, Desái of -Víramgám, was murdered by a Kasbáti<a class="noteref" id="n310.1src" href="#n310.1" name="n310.1src">55</a> of that -town named Áli, and Salábát Muhammad Khán -Bábi, who was sent to investigate this murder, died on his way -at Páldi, a village on the right bank of the Sábarmati -opposite to Áhmedábád.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Mahárája -Abheysingh</span> Fifty-third Viceroy, 1730–1733.</span>News was -now (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1730) received that -Mahárája Abheysingh of Jodhpur had been appointed viceroy -and had reached Pálanpur. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb311" -href="#pb311" name="pb311">311</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Mahárája Abheysingh</span> Fifty-third -Viceroy, 1730–1733.</span> The friends of order endeavoured to -arrange a peaceable transfer between the Mahárája and the -late viceroy, but <span class="marginnote">Mubáriz-ul-Mulk -Resists the New Viceroy.</span>Mubáriz-ul-Mulk determined to try -the chances of war, and prepared for resistance. At this time -Mír <span class="corr" id="xd25e30012" title="Source: Ismaíl">Ismáíl</span>, deputy of -Ghulám Muhy-ud-dín Khán, arrived and took charge -of the government of <span class="corr" id="xd25e30016" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span> -from Sher Khán Bábi. Mahárája Abheysingh, -after making various appointments, set out with his brother Vakhatsingh -and 20,000 men to take over the government of Gujarát. When he -reached Pálanpur and saw that Mubáriz-ul-Mulk was -determined on resistance, he sent an order to Sardár Muhammad -Ghorni appointing him his minister and directing him to take possession -of the city of Áhmedábád and drive out the late -viceroy. As Sardár Muhammad was not strong enough to carry out -these orders he awaited the Mahárája’s arrival. -When the Mahárája reached Sidhpur he was joined by Safdar -Khán Bábi and Jawán Mard Khán Bábi -from Rádhanpur. They then advanced together to Adálaj, -distant only about eight miles from the capital, their army increasing -daily. <span class="marginnote">Battle of Adálaj; the -Mahárája defeated by Mubáriz-ul-Mulk, -1730.</span>Mubáriz-ul-Mulk was already encamped between -Adálaj and the city, and on the approach of the -Mahárája a battle was fought in which the -Mahárája was defeated. Abheysingh changed his position, -and another and bloodier engagement took place, in which both sides -tried to kill the opposing commander. But as both -Mubáriz-ul-Mulk and the Mahárája fought disguised -as common soldiers, neither party succeeded. At first the -Mahárája who had the advantage in position repulsed the -enemy, but Mubáriz-ul-Mulk fought so desperately in the -river-bed that the <span class="corr" id="xd25e30022" title="Source: Ráthods">Ráthoḍs</span> gave way. They -rallied and made one more desperate charge, but were met, repulsed, and -finally pursued as far as Sarkhej. The Mahárája, who had -not expected so determined an opposition, now sent <span class="corr" -id="xd25e30025" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán -and Amarsingh to negotiate <span class="corr" id="xd25e30028" title="Source: wtih">with</span> Mubáriz-ul-Mulk, who was still -determined to resist to the uttermost. It was finally agreed that -<span class="marginnote">Mubáriz-ul-Mulk -Retires.</span>Mubáriz-ul-Mulk should receive a sum of -£10,000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 1 <i>lákh</i>) -and should surrender Áhmedábád to the -Mahárája. Mubáriz-ul-Mulk accordingly quitted the -city and left for Ágra by way of Udepur.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Government of Abheysingh.</span>The -Mahárája entering Áhmedábád, -appointed Ratansingh Bhandári his deputy, and placed -<span class="corr" id="xd25e30045" title="Source: Fidá-ud-din">Fidá-ud-dín</span> -Khán, cousin of Momín Khán, in charge of the city -police. Shortly afterwards Karímdád Khán -Jhálori, governor of Pálanpur, who had accompanied the -Mahárája into Gujarát, died. After the death of -Salábat Muhammad Khán Bábi, his son, Sher -Khán Bábi, was dismissed from the government of -Junágaḍh. He retired to his estate of Gogha, and when the -Mahárája arrived in Áhmedábád he -paid his respects, presenting the viceroy with an elephant and some -horses. The Mahárája confirmed the lands assigned to his -father, and reported his action to the emperor. <span class="marginnote">Momín Khán Ruler of Cambay, -1730.</span>Momín Khán was made ruler of Cambay, and -Fidá-ud-dín Khán, his cousin, was made governor of -the lands near that city, the revenue of which had been assigned to the -Mahárája. So great was the fear of the -Maráthás, that Mustafíd Khán, the governor -elect of Surat, instead of proceeding direct by land, went to Cambay. -From Cambay he moved to Broach, and from Broach entered into -negotiations with Píláji Gáikwár, -promising, if allowed to retain <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb312" -href="#pb312" name="pb312">312</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Mahárája Abheysingh</span> Fifty-third -Viceroy, 1730–1733.</span> possession of Surat, to pay -Píláji the one-fourth share of its revenues. -Píláji agreed, but Sohráb Khán, who was -still in possession of Surat, refused to hand it over to -Mustafíd Khán. In this year also Vakhatsingh, brother of -the Mahárája Abheysingh, was appointed governor of -Pátan, and sent a deputy to act for him. About the same time -Mír Fakhr-ud-dín, a follower of the late viceroy -Mubáriz-ul-Mulk, leaving him secretly, came to -Áhmedábád, and in an interview with the -Mahárája obtained for himself the post of deputy governor -of <span class="corr" id="xd25e30067" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>. -When he proceeded to take up his appointment he was opposed by -Mír Ismáíl, and was killed in a battle fought near -Amreli in central Káthiáváḍa. Muhammad -Pahár, son of Karímdád Khán Jhálori, -was appointed governor of <span class="corr" id="xd25e30071" title="Source: Pálanpúr">Pálanpur</span> in succession -to his father, and Jawán Mard Khán was sent to -Vadnagar.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Peshwa and Viceroy against -Piláji Gáikwár, 1731.</span>In the following year, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1731, Bájiráv Peshwa, -entering Gujarát at the head of an army, advanced against -Baroda, then in the possession of Píláji -Gáikwár. Afterwards, at the invitation of the -Mahárája, he visited Áhmedábád and -had a meeting with the viceroy in the Sháhi Bágh. At this -meeting it was agreed that Bájiráv should assist -Ázmatulláh, the governor of Baroda, in taking possession -of that town and in expelling Píláji -Gáikwár. By this arrangement the viceroy hoped by playing -off the Peshwa against Píláji, to succeed in getting rid -of the latter, while the Peshwa intended that if Píláji -was forced to give up Baroda, he himself should gain possession of that -city. Accordingly the Peshwa, together with an army from the viceroy, -marched on Baroda. They had scarcely laid siege to the city when the -Peshwa heard that Nizám-ul-Mulk was advancing on Gujarát -against him. <span class="marginnote">The Peshwa -Withdraws.</span>Abandoning all operations against Baroda, the Peshwa -withdrew, with all speed, to the Dakhan. On his way he encountered the -army of Trimbakráv Senápati, who, together with -Piláji Kántáji and Udáji Pavár, had -united to resist the pretensions of the Peshwa in Gujarát, and -were also secretly leagued with the Nizám. <span class="marginnote">Defeats his Opponents.</span>An engagement was fought in -which the Peshwa was victorious and Trimbakráv was -slain.<a class="noteref" id="n312.1src" href="#n312.1" name="n312.1src">56</a> The Peshwa at once pushed on to the Dakhan, -contriving to avoid the Nizám, though his baggage was plundered -by that chief, who had camped at Ghala Kámrej, on the river -Tápti, about ten miles above Surat.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Abdúlláh Beg appointed the -Nizám’s Deputy at Broach.</span>During these changes the -city of Broach, which on account of the strength of its fort the -Maráthás had failed to take, was governed by -Abdúlláh Beg, an officer originally appointed to that -command by Mubáriz-ul-Mulk. Dissatisfied that the government of -Gujarát should be in the hands of Abheysingh, -Abdúlláh Beg, in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1731, -entered into negotiations with the Nizám, offering to hold -Broach as the Nizám’s deputy. Nizám-ul-Mulk agreed, -appointed Abdúlláh his deputy, and ennobled him with the -title of Nek Álam Khán. About the same time Vakhatsingh, -brother of the viceroy, withdrew to his chiefship of Nágor in -Jodhpur, and Ázmat-ulláh went to Ágra. After his -safe arrival in the Dakhan Bájiráv Peshwa entered into an -agreement <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb313" href="#pb313" name="pb313">313</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Mahárája Abheysingh</span> Fifty-third -Viceroy, 1730–1733.</span> with the Nizám under the terms -of which the grants of Dholka, Broach, Jambusar, and -Makbúlábád were continued to the Nizám. -<span class="corr" id="xd25e30113" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán received the farm of -Petlád, and Kántáji was confirmed in the share he -had acquired of the revenues of Gujarát. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1732 the paymaster, Amánatdár -Khán, died, and was succeeded by Ghulám Hasan -Khán, who sent Mujáhid-ud-dín Khán to act -as his deputy. Through the influence of Mulla Muhammad Ali, -Sohráb Áli was now confirmed as governor of Surat, and -Mustafíd Khán was obliged to return to -Áhmedábád.</p> -<p>Píláji Gáikwár as the agent of the -deceased Khanderáv Dábháde Senápati, as the -owner of the fort of Songad, and as the ally of the Bhíls and -Kolis, was naturally a thorn in the side of the viceroy Abheysingh. The -recent acquisition of the town of Baroda and of the strong fortress of -Dabhoi had made Piláji still more formidable. <span class="marginnote">The Viceroy procures the Death of Piláji -<span class="corr" id="xd25e30123" title="Source: Gaikwár">Gáikwár</span>, -1732;</span>Under these circumstances, <span class="corr" id="xd25e30127" title="Source: Abheysing">Abheysingh</span>, who had long -wished to recover Baroda and Dabhoi determined to assassinate -Piláji, and this was effected by a Márvádi at the -holy village of Dákor. The Maráthás slew the -assassin and withdrew across the Mahi, burning the body of -Piláji at the village of Sánoli or Sáonli, -fourteen miles north of Baroda. They then evacuated the district of -Baroda, retiring to the fortress of Dabhoi. On hearing of the death of -Píláji the viceroy immediately advanced against the -Maráthás, and, <span class="marginnote">and takes -<span class="corr" id="xd25e30132" title="Source: Bároda">Baroda</span>.</span>after taking possession of -Baroda, laid siege to Dabhoi. He failed to capture this fortress, and -as the rainy season had set in and provisions were scarce, he was -obliged to retire. He then went to Baroda, and after placing Sher -Khán Bábi in charge of the city, returned to -Áhmedábád. In this year, <span class="marginnote">Famine, 1732.</span><span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1732, Gujarát was wasted by famine.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Affairs at Surat, 1732.</span>Meanwhile at -Surat Múlla Muhammad Ali of Athva was again the cause of -disturbance. Resisting with force the demand of a sum of £10,000 -(<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 1 <i>lákh</i>) by Sohráb -Khán, the governor of Surat, he succeeded in driving -Sohráb Khán out of the city, and the government of Surat -was then usurped by <span class="marginnote">Teghbeg Khán -Governor of Surat.</span>Teghbeg Khán, a brother of Beglar-Beg -Khán. The success of the Múlla against Soráb -Khán made him so forgetful of his position that he arrogated to -himself all the emblems of the governor’s office and wrote to the -emperor asking a patent of the governorship of Surat in the name of his -son Múlla Fakhr-ud-dín. The messengers bearing these -communications were intercepted at Broach by the partisans of Teghbeg, -who determined to remove this powerful cause of anxiety. Teghbeg -Khán, inviting Muhammad Ali to an entertainment, placed him in -confinement, and after keeping him in prison for two years, in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1734 put him to death. Teghbeg also -took possession of the fort of Athva, and plundered it. Sohráb -Khán, seeing that he could not recover Surat, went with Sayad -Wali to Gogha, where his relatives lived, and from that, proceeding to -Bhávnagar settled there. When the emperor heard what had -happened, he appointed Momín Khán to Surat and Teghbeg -Khán to Cambay. Momín Khán sent Sayad -Núrullah to act for him, but he was defeated by Teghbeg -Khán, who afterwards contrived, in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1733, to be formally appointed governor of Surat -with the title of Bahádur. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb314" -href="#pb314" name="pb314">314</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Mahárája Abheysingh</span> Fifty-third -Viceroy, 1730–1733.</span> When Umábái, widow of -Khanderáv Senápati, heard of the assassination of -Píláji Gáikwár, she determined to avenge -his death. Collecting an army and taking with her Kántáji -Kadam and Dámáji Gáikwár, son of -Píláji, she marched upon Áhmedábád. -As the Maráthás failed to do more than slay a -Rájput leader named Jívaráj they came to terms. In -the end it was agreed that in addition to the one-fourth and the -one-tenth shares of the revenue a sum of £8000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 80,000) should be paid from the -Áhmedábád treasury, Jawán Mard Khán -being kept as a hostage till the payments were made. For his services -on this occasion Jawán Mard Khán was made governor of -Víramgám. During this year an imperial order appointed -Khushálchand Sheth, son of Sántidás, Nagar Sheth -or chief merchant of Áhmedábád. The -Maráthás plundered Rasúlábád a mile -south of Áhmedábád and its excellent library was -pillaged. Umábái now marched upon Baroda, and the -governor, Sher Khán Bábi, prepared to oppose the -Maráthás. But Umábái, sending a message to -Sher Khán, explained that she had just concluded a peace with -the Mahárája, and was suffered to pass unmolested. The -emperor, satisfied with the arrangements made by the -Mahárája, presented him with a dress of honour. -<span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Ratansingh -Bhandári</span> Deputy Viceroy, 1733–1737.</span>In this -year the Mahárája went to court by way of Jodhpur, and -appointed Ratansingh Bhandári as his deputy, and the author of -the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi as news recorder. In the same year, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1733, Ghulám -Muhy-ud-dín Khán, governor of <span class="corr" id="xd25e30190" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span> -died, and his son Mír Hazabr Khán was selected to fill -his place.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Maráthás -Return.</span>Meanwhile as the Maráthás had not received -their rights, Jádoji Dábháde, son of -Umábái, returned to Gujarát. Peace was concluded -on the former basis, and Jádoji marched into Sorath to exact -tribute. In this year the Kolis of the Chúnvál and -Kánkrej committed many excesses, and a Rájput noble was -robbed in the Pátan district. In the meantime Sohráb -Khán, the former governor of Surat, who had been kindly received -by Bhávsinghji the chief of Sihor, began to raise a following -and was appointed collector of arrears in Sorath. He chose Sayad -Núrullah as his deputy, and sent him to recover the revenue for -the current year.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Contest for the government of -Gogha.</span>On the death of Salábat Khán Bábi, -though the Mahárája had endeavoured to get Sher -Khán Bábi appointed in place of his father, Gogha had -been granted to Burhán-ul-Mulk, who chose Sohráb -Khán as his deputy. At this time Sher Khán Bábi -was at Baroda, and his younger brother, though he resisted, was -compelled to leave Gogha. The deputy governor of Sorath complained to -the governor of the oppressive conduct of Sohráb Khán. -But Burhán-ul-Mulk supported Sohráb and having obtained -for himself the government of Sorath, sent Sohráb Khán as -his deputy to <span class="corr" id="xd25e30201" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>. -<span class="marginnote">Disturbance at Víramgám, -1734.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1734, Ratansingh -Bhandári, the deputy viceroy, who held in hatred -Bhávsingh, son of Udaikaran, the hereditary officer of -Víramgám, persuaded Jawán-Mard Khán to -imprison him and send him to Áhmedábád. Jawan-Mard -Khán went so far as to arrest Bhávsingh, but was forced -by his supporters to release him.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Baroda recovered by the -Maráthás, 1734.</span>In this year Sher Khán -Bábi, governor of Baroda, went to visit his lands at -Bálásinor, leaving Muhammad Sarbáz in command at -Baroda, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb315" href="#pb315" name="pb315">315</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Ratansingh Bhandári</span> Deputy Viceroy in -charge, 1733–1737.</span> Máhadáji -Gáikwár, brother of Píláji, who then held -Jambúsar, sending to Songad to Dámáji for aid, -marched on Baroda with a strong force. The garrison made a brave -defence, and Sher Khán hearing of the attack at -Bálásinor, called for aid from Ratansingh -Bhandári, the deputy viceroy, who directed Momín -Khán, the governor of Cambay, to join Sher Khán and drive -back the Maráthás. Sher Khán started at once for -Baroda. But Máhadaji leaving a sufficient force before the town -pushed on with the bulk of his army to meet Sher Khán, and, -though he and his men fought bravely, defeated him, and then returned -to Baroda, Sher Khán retiring to Bálásinor. -Momín Khán, who arrived after Sher Khán’s -defeat, did not deem it prudent to engage the Maráthás, -and retired to Cambay. In the meantime the garrison of Baroda, hopeless -of succour, surrendered the town, and since that day Baroda has -continued to be the head-quarters of the Gáikwár -family.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Change of Governor at -Víramgám.</span>Since Jawán Mard -Khán’s capture of Bhávsingh of -Víramgám he had become much disliked. For this reason -Ratansingh Bhandári, the deputy viceroy, transferred him to Kadi -and Bijápur, and in his place appointed Sher Khán -Bábi, whose father Muhammad Salábát Khán -Bábi had been a popular governor of Víramgám. At -this time Dhanrúp Bhandári, governor of Petlád, -died, and the farm of the districts of Naḍiád, -Arhar-Mátar, Petlád, and Mahudha was given to -Momín Khán. Mulla Muhammad Áli managed to write -letters from his confinement at Surat to the Nizám; and as that -chief was now not far from Surat, he wrote urgently to Teghbeg -Khán to release him. Teghbeg Khán put the Mulla to death, -and bribing the Nizám’s messenger, gave out that he had -died of joy at his release. Khushálchand, the chief of the -merchants of Áhmedábád, having had a difference -with Ratansingh, was forced to leave the city, and sought shelter at -Cambay and afterwards at <span class="corr" id="xd25e30234" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>. -<span class="marginnote">Jawán Mard Khán fails in an -attempt on Ídar.</span>Jawán Mard Khán, who was of -an ambitious temperament, now conceived the design of conquering -Ídar from Anandsingh and Ráisingh, brothers of the -Mahárája Abheysingh. He accordingly marched upon -Ídar, taking with him as allies Aghráji Koli of Katosan -and Koli Amra of Elol Kánrah. In this strait Anandsingh and -Ráisingh sought the aid of Malhárráv <span class="corr" id="xd25e30240" title="Source: Holkár">Holkar</span> and -Ránoji Sindia, who were at this time in Málwa. The -Marátha chiefs at once marched to the help of Ídar, and -Jawán Mard Khán, disbelieving the report of -Marátha aid, continued to advance until he found himself opposed -by an overwhelming force. Negotiations were entered into, and -Jawán Mard Khán agreed to pay a sum of £17,500 -(<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 1,75,000). Of the total amount -£2500 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 25,000) were paid at once, -and Zoráwar Khán, brother of Jawán Mard -Khán, and Ajabsingh, agent of Aghráji Koli, were kept as -hostages until the balance should be paid. In this year Teghbeg -Khán of Surat caused a wealthy merchant named Áhmed -Chalabi to be assassinated, and confiscated his property. He also -caused a fanatic named Sayad Áli to be put to death by certain -Afgháns, as he considered that he might excite sedition.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Rivalry of Ratansingh Bhandári and -Sohráb Khán, 1735.</span>In the following year -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1735) Dholka was assigned to -Ratansingh Bhandári, and through the influence of -Burhán-ul-Mulk, Sohráb <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb316" href="#pb316" name="pb316">316</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Ratansingh Bhandári</span> Deputy Viceroy in -charge, 1733–1737.</span> Khán was appointed governor of -Víramgám. Ratansingh resented this, and eventually -Víramgám was conferred on the Mahárája -Abheysingh. When this order reached Sohráb Khán, he -forwarded it to Burhán-ul-Mulk, and in consequence of -Burhán-ul-Mulk’s remonstrances, the arrangements were -changed and Sohráb Khán appointed governor. Upon this -Sohráb Khán, leaving Sádak Ali as his deputy in -Junágaḍh, marched for Víramgám; while -Ratansingh Bhandári, hearing of Sohráb -Khán’s approach, summoned Momín Khán and -others to his assistance, and with his own army proceeded to Dholka and -plundered Koth. From Koth he advanced and pitched at Harálah, -about ten miles from Sohráb Khán’s camp, and here -he was joined by Momín Khán and others whom he had -summoned to support him. <span class="marginnote">Battle of Dholi. -Defeat and Death of Sohráb Khán, 1735.</span>After the -union of these forces he marched to Dholi, six miles from Dhandhuka, at -which place Sohráb Khán was then encamped. Ratansingh -Bhandári now proposed that peace should be concluded, and that -Sohráb Khán should enjoy Víramgám until -final orders were passed by the emperor. Safdar Khán Bábi -and others went to Sohráb Khán and endeavoured to bring -him to consent to these terms; but he would not listen, and on both -sides preparations were made for battle. During the following night -Ratansingh Bhandári planned an attack on Sohráb -Khán’s camp. The surprise was complete. Sohráb -Khán’s troops fled, and himself, mortally wounded, shortly -afterwards died. By the death of Sohráb Khán the family -of Kázím Beg Khán became extinct. He was buried at -Sihor in Káthiáváḍa.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Rivalry between Ratansingh Bhandári -and Momín Khán, 1735.</span>After this success a single -horseman attacked and wounded Ratansingh Bhandári in two places. -The horseman was at once slain, but no one was able to recognize him. -Ratansingh, who in two months had recovered from his injuries, now -determined to attack Momín Khán, as that officer in the -recent struggle had taken part with Sohráb Khán. -Momín Khán hearing of Ratansingh’s intentions, -withdrew to Cambay. In the course of this year, on the expiry of the -period of the farm of Mahudha, Arhar-Mátar, and -Naḍiád, these districts were transferred from Momín -Khán to <span class="corr" id="xd25e30279" title="Source: Safdár">Safdar</span> Khán Bábi. -Kaliánchand, a man of low origin, was appointed to -Víramgám in place of Sher Khán Bábi, and -instead of Sohráb Khán, Muhsin Khán Khálvi -was made deputy governor of Sorath.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Marátha -Affairs</span>.</span>About this time Dámáji -Gáikwár, who had been chosen by Umábái as -her representative in Gujarát, appointed Rangoji to act as his -agent. <span class="marginnote">Dámáji -Gáikwár and Kántáji, -1735.</span>Kántáji being dissatisfied with this -arrangement, in which his rights were ignored, marched into -Gujarát. Rangoji met him, and a battle was fought at -<span class="marginnote">Battle of Ánand-Mogri. Defeat of -Kántáji.</span>Ánand-Mogri, twenty-five miles -south-east of Kaira, in which Kántáji was defeated and -his son killed. In consequence of this reverse Kántáji -retired to Petlád. <span class="corr" id="xd25e30294" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán, who with his army was -drawn up near Petlád to oppose Rangoji, was compelled to retire -to Cambay, where peace was concluded on condition that -Dámáji should receive the one-fourth share of the -revenues of the country north of the Mahi. As the districts where these -battles were fought were held in farm by Safdar Khán -Bábi, he suffered much loss, and consequently retired to -Rádhanpur. Rangoji was joined by Dámáji -Gáikwár, and these two leaders went together to Dholka. -While they <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb317" href="#pb317" name="pb317">317</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Ratansingh Bhandári</span> Deputy Viceroy in -charge, 1733–1737.</span> were there, <span class="marginnote">The Maráthás help Bhávsingh to expel -the Víramgám Kasbátis.</span>Bhávsingh of -Víramgám invited them to that town, both on account of -the annoyance he suffered from the Márvádis and that he -might take vengeance on the Kasbátis for the murder of his -father Udaikaran. He accordingly treacherously admitted the -Maráthás and slew Daulat Muhammad Tánk, brother of -the murderer of his father, and expelled the rest of the -Kasbátis, while Kalián, the Márvádi -administrator, was permitted to go to Áhmedábád. -Leaving Rangoji at Víramgám, Dámáji marched -into Sorath to levy tribute from the chiefs, and after collecting a -portion of his dues, returned to the Dakhan. In the following year -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1736) Rangoji advanced as far as -Bávla near Dholka wasting the country. Ratansingh -Bhandári, the deputy viceroy, marched against him, and forced -him to retire to Víramgám. Ratansingh pursued the -Maráthás to Víramgám, attacked and defeated -them capturing their baggage, but failed to prevent them taking shelter -in the town. About this time some Marátha horse who were at -Sarnál, otherwise called Thásra, joined the Kolis of -those parts, advanced with them against Kapadvanj and without any -serious resistance succeeded in capturing the town. Meanwhile though -Ratansingh had summoned Momín Khán to his aid, he delayed -coming, as he began to scheme independence at Cambay.</p> -<p>Ratansingh Bhandári heard that Pratápráv, -brother of Dámáji, and Deváji Tákpar were -advancing on Áhmedábád with 10,000 horse. At first -he thought this a device to draw him from Víramgám, to -whose walls his mines had reached. On ascertaining from trusty spies -that the report was true, he raised the siege of -Víramgám, returned rapidly to -Áhmedábád, and pushing forward to meet -Pratápráv, exacted tribute from the chiefs on the banks -of the Vátrak. As Pratápráv drew near, the -governor of the Bhíl district retired before him, and he -continuing his advance, passed through Valad and Pethápur, and -so by way of Chhála reached Dholka. Here, through Muhammad -Ismáíl, the governor of Dholka, he demanded from the -Bhandári his share of the revenue. Afterwards, leaving 2000 -horse in Dholka, he went to Dhandhúka. <span class="marginnote">The Gáikwár and Peshwa Plunder the -Country.</span>In the meantime Kántáji, who was a -follower of Bájiráv Peshwa, joining with -Malhárráv Holkar, advanced upon Ídar, and coming -against Dánta, plundered that town. Some Nágar -Bráhmans of the town of Vadnagar, who were settled in -Dánta, tried to escape to the hills, but were intercepted and -pillaged. The Maráthás then proceeded to Vadnagar and -plundered the town. From Vadnagar they went as far as Pálanpur, -where Pahár Khán Jhálori, being unable to oppose -them, agreed to pay a tribute of £10,000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 1 <i>lákh</i>). Kántáji and -Malhárráv Holkar then marched into Márwár, -while Pratápráv and Rangoji crossed over from Dhandhuka -into <span class="corr" id="xd25e30331" title="Source: Káthiávaḍa">Káthiáváḍa</span> -and Gohilváḍa. About this time Muhammad Pahár -Khán Jhálori was appointed deputy governor of -Pátan on behalf of Vakhatsingh. As no settlement of his demands -on the revenues of Dholka had yet been made, Pratápráv -returned to that town and sent Narhar Pandit to receive the tribute due -to him. Afterwards proceeding to Baroda with Rangoji they were summoned -to Sorath by Dámáji to assist him. Sher Khán -Bábi, who up to his time had been at Kaira, now came to -Áhmedábád, and as the deputy viceroy <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb318" href="#pb318" name="pb318">318</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Ratansingh Bhandári</span> Deputy Viceroy in -charge, 1733–1737.</span> was displeased with <span class="corr" -id="xd25e30351" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> -Khán’s conduct when Víramgám was besieged, -he appointed Sher Khán his own deputy at Petlád, -Arhar-Mátar, and Naḍiád. Afterwards on Momín -Khán’s remonstrance Subháchand -Márvádi was appointed to examine the accounts and receive -the revenue in place of Sher Khán. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1737 Dámáji’s brother -Pratápráv, returning to his country after exacting -tribute from the chiefs of Sorath, died of small-pox at Kánkar -near Dholka. Momín Khán seeing that Sher Khán had -not yet left Kaira, collected some men and came to Petlád, while -Sher Khán went to Dehgám and awaited the departure of -Rangoji. Ratansingh Bhandári made preparations to help Sher -Khán and Momín Khán returned to Cambay.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Momín -Khán</span> Fifty-fourth Viceroy, 1737.</span>At this time as -the Mahárája Abheysingh was not in favour at court, -Momín Khán was appointed fifty-fourth viceroy. As he was -unable to effect anything by himself he persuaded Jawán Mard -Khán Bábi to join him by a promise of the government of -Pátan and directed him to proceed and take up that appointment. -Now the Jháloris were allies of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e30363" title="Source: Ráthods">Ráthoḍs</span>, and Pahár -Khán Jhálori, then in command of Pátan, opposed -Jawán Mard Khán, but was finally obliged to vacate -Pátan. Momín Khán, who had not hitherto produced -the order appointing him viceroy, now made it public and began to act -as viceroy with the title of Najm-ud-dauláh Momín -Khán Bahádur <span class="corr" id="xd25e30366" title="Source: Firúz">Fírúz</span> Jang, and in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1737 sent a copy of this order to -Abdúl Husain Khán, the deputy minister, and to -Mustafíd Khán, who held the office of Kázi.</p> -<p>Sher Khán Bábi, wishing to remain neutral, retired to -Bálásinor and Momín Khán summoned Rangoji, -who was in the neighbourhood of Cambay, to his assistance. Rangoji -agreed to aid him in expelling the Márvádis, on condition -that, if successful, he should be granted one-half of the produce of -Gujarát except the city of Áhmedábád, the -lands in the neighbourhood of the city, and the port of Cambay. This -disastrous alliance with the Maráthás gave the last blow -to Mughal power in Gujarát, which otherwise might have lingered -for at least a quarter of a century. Momín Khán lived to -repent his conduct.</p> -<p>When Ratansingh Bhandári heard of the appointment of -Momín Khán to be viceroy he wrote to -Mahárája Abheysingh for orders. Meanwhile he sent -Muhammadan officials to Cambay to persuade Momín Khán to -take no further steps until a reply should be received to the reference -Momín Khán had made to Ágra. The reply of the -Mahárája was that Ratansingh should resist Momín -Khán if he could. Ratansingh prepared to defend -Áhmedábád while Momín Khán -collecting an army, camped at the Náransar lake.</p> -<p>From the Náransar lake where Momín Khán -remained encamped for one and a half months collecting his partisans he -advanced to Sojitra, where he was joined by Jawán Mard -Khán Bábi; and proceeding together they came to Vasu -under Petlád, about twenty-six miles from -Áhmedábád, and from Vasu to Kaira, about eighteen -miles from the capital. At Kaira they encamped on the banks of the -Vátrak, where, owing to the incessant rain, they were forced to -remain for about a month. When the rain abated and the rivers were -fordable, Momín Khán, moving to -Áhmedábád, encamped in front of the city -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb319" href="#pb319" name="pb319">319</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Momín Khán</span> Fifty-fourth Viceroy, -1737.</span> on the Kánkariya tank and <span class="marginnote">Lays Siege to -Áhmedábád.</span>prepared for a siege. About the -same time Momín Khán’s manager, Vajerám, -whom he had sent to Songad to solicit Dámáji to march in -person to his assistance, arrived and informed him that -Dámáji would join him shortly. Zoráwar -Khán, who had been left at the Marátha camp as security -for the payment of the tribute, was recalled, and instead the district -of Parántij was formally assigned to the Maráthás -in payment of their demands. Some of the Mahárája’s -guns, which were being sent to Áhmedábád by his -agents at Surat through Cambay for facility of transit, were about this -time captured by a party of Momín Khán’s men. When -Ratansingh Bhandári wrote to the Mahárája of -Momín Khán’s advance on -Áhmedábád, the Mahárája was much -displeased, and went from the emperor’s presence in anger. The -nobles fearing the consequences, recalled him, and persuaded the -emperor to re-appoint him viceroy of Gujarát.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="corr" id="xd25e30400" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán continues the Siege of -Áhmedábád.</span>Momín Khán was -secretly enjoined to disregard the Mahárája’s -appointment and persevere in expelling the <span class="corr" id="xd25e30404" title="Source: Ráthods">Ráthoḍs</span>, and was assured -of the emperor’s approbation of this line of conduct. He -therefore continued to prosecute the siege with vigour. In the meantime -another order was received from the imperial court, confirming the -reappointment of the <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Mahárája Abheysingh</span> Fifty-fifth Viceroy, -1737.</span>Mahárája and appointing -Fidá-ud-dín Khán to guard the city with 500 men, -directing also that Momín Khán should return to Cambay. -It was further stated that, as Ratansingh Bhandári had acted -oppressively, some other person should be appointed deputy to fill his -place, and that in the meantime a Rájput noble, named -Abhaikaran, was to carry on the government. Shortly before this -Muhammad Bákir Khán, son of Muâtamid Khán, -joined Momín Khán from Surat, while Sádik -Áli Khán and his nephew reinforced him from -Junágaḍh. When Momín Khán was informed of -the purport of the imperial order he agreed to return to Cambay, -provided Ratansingh Bhandári would quit the city, hand over -charge to Abhaikaran, and admit Fidá-ud-dín Khán -and his men into the city.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Defence of the City by Ratansingh -Bhandári.</span>Ratansingh Bhandári determined not to -leave the city, and prepared to defend himself to the last. -Dámáji Gáikwár now joined Momín -Khán from Songad. Momín Khán met -Dámáji at Ísanpur, three miles from -Áhmedábád, and made great show of friendship, -calling him his brother. When Ratansingh Bhandári heard of the -arrangements made between Dámáji and Momín -Khán, he sent a message to Dámáji saying, -‘Momín Khán has promised Rangoji half of the -revenues of Gujarát excepting the city of -Áhmedábád, the lands immediately round it, and -Cambay. If you will join me, I will give you half of everything not -excepting the city nor Cambay, and will send to your camp some of my -chief landholders as security if you agree.’ Dámáji -showed this to Momín Khán, and asked him what he proposed -to do. Momín Khán now perforce agreed to do the same; but -instead of Cambay offered to make over to the Maráthás -the whole district of Víramgám. Dámáji, -accepting these terms, ceased to negotiate with Ratansingh. He then -went on pilgrimage to Dúdesar, and returning in the same year, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1738, he and Rangoji began active -operations against Áhmedábád. Their bombardment -did so much <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb320" href="#pb320" name="pb320">320</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Mahárája Abheysingh</span> Fifty-fifth -Viceroy, 1737.</span> damage to the city that Momín Khán -repented having called them to his aid, and foresaw that if the -Maráthás once gained any portion of the city it would be -no easy matter to drive them out. Momín Khán now sent the -writer of the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi to Ratansingh Bhandári, -in hopes that he might withdraw peaceably, but Ratansingh refused to -listen to any terms. After some time the Musalmáns under -Kázim Áli Khán and others, and the -Maráthás under Báburáv endeavoured to take -the city by storm, but after a bloody contest were forced to retire. -Next day Ratansingh, seeing that he could not long hold the city, -entered into a negotiation with Momín Khán, and, on -receiving a sum of money for his expenses, and on being allowed to -retire with the honours of war, left the city.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Momín Khán captures -Áhmedábád, 1738.</span>Momín Khán -entered Áhmedábád. On the capture of the city, in -accordance with Momín Khán’s engagement, half of it -was handed to the Maráthás. Momín Khán sent -news of what had taken place to the emperor, and appointed -Fidá-ud-dín Khán his deputy. Dámáji, -who in the meantime had been to Sorath, now returned and was met by -Rangoji, who accompanied him as far as the banks of the Mahi, whence -Rangoji proceeded to Dholka. After spending a few days at Dholka, -Rangoji returned to Áhmedábád and took charge of -his share of the city, which comprised the Ráikhar, -Khánjchán, and Jamálpur quarters as far as the -Astoria and Ráipur gates. The city was thus equally divided, and -the Astoria and Raipur gates were guarded by the -Maráthás. At that time the inhabitants of -Áhmedábád were chiefly Muhammadans, and the -Maráthás, accustomed to extortion, attempting to oppress -them, they rose against the strangers, and after a severe affray -expelled the greater part of them from the city. Momín -Khán, though secretly pleased, affected ignorance and sent -Fidá-ud-dín Khán to reassure Rangoji. This with -some difficulty he succeeded in doing and Rangoji remained in the city. -Jawán Mard Khán was sent to Pátan, and, instead of -Parántij, the district of Kherálu was granted to -Zoráwar Khán Bábi.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Prosperity of -Áhmedábád, 1738.</span>With the cessation of -Marátha oppression, Áhmedábád began to -recover its splendour and opulence. The emperor was much pleased with -Momín Khán, and, raising his rank, presented him with a -dress of honour, a sword, and other articles of value. <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Momín Khán</span> -Fifth-sixth Viceroy, 1738–1743.</span>At the close of the rainy -season Momín Khán went to levy tribute from the chiefs on -the banks of the Sábarmati, and Rangoji was asked to accompany -him. They marched to Adálaj whence Fidá-ud-dín -Khán, the deputy viceroy, returned to the city accompanied by -Rámáji as deputy of Rangoji. Jawán Mard -Khán and Sher Khán Bábi now joined the -viceroy’s camp, and, about the same time Hathising, chief of -Pethápur, paid a visit to the viceroy and settled his tribute. -From Adálaj they advanced to Mánsa, and were met by the -Mánsa chief. From Mánsa they proceeded to Kadi, and from -Kadi to Bíjápur. After Momín Khán left the -people of Áhmedábád were badly treated, and -Rangoji, leaving his brother Akoji in camp, returned to the capital, -whence he marched towards Víramgám and Sorath. -Momín Khán went from Bíjápur to -Ídar, and there levied tribute from the chiefs of Mohanpur and -Ranásan. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb321" href="#pb321" -name="pb321">321</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Momín Khán</span> Fifth-sixth Viceroy, -1738–1743.</span> When Momín Khán arrived at -Ídar, Ánandsingh and Ráisingh, brothers of -Mahárája Abheysingh, went to him and paid the tribute of -Mohanpur and Ranásan as being within the limits of the -Ídar territory. The matter was amicably settled, and the two -brothers accompanied the viceroy as far as the Ídar frontier, -when Ánandsingh returned to Ídar, and Ráisingh, at -Momín Khán’s request, remained with him, -Momín Khán undertaking to pay the expenses of his men. -Prathiráj, the chief of Mánsa, <span class="marginnote">The Viceroy collects Tribute, 1738.</span>agreed to pay -£2300 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 23,000) and the chief of -Varsoda £1000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 10,000) as -tribute. At this time Sher Muhammad Khán Bábi was -appointed to succeed Mír Dost Áli as deputy governor of -Sorath. The Maráthás, who had attempted to deprive some -of the Rasúlábád and Batwa Sayads of their land, -were attacked by the Muhammadan population, and a few men were wounded -on either side. Momín Khán, receiving tribute from -various chiefs, had now reached Pálanpur, and <span class="corr" -id="xd25e30474" title="Source: Páhar">Pahár</span> -Khán Jhálori, the governor of that place, was introduced -to the viceroy by Sher Khán Bábi. As news was now -received that Deváji Tákpar was advancing through the -Baroda districts, Momín Khán marched towards -Áhmedábád, dismissing Pahár Khán -Jhálori on the Pálanpur frontier. Jawán Mard -Khán Bábi, appointing his brother Safdar Khán -Bábi as his deputy at Pátan, pushed forward in advance -for Áhmedábád. Mámúr Khán, -who had been chosen by Mír Huzabr Áli as his deputy in -Sorath, now arrived and complained to Momín Khán -regarding Sher Khán Bábi’s appointment. -Momín Khán said that, as neither had assumed charge of -their duties, they should await final orders from the emperor. He then -advanced to Hájipur, and thence encamped on the side of the city -near Bahrámpur and occupied himself in strengthening the city -defences. From that camp he proceeded to Ísanpur four miles -south of Áhmedábád on his way to levy tribute from -the Koli chiefs of the banks of the Vátrak. After this he -proceeded to Kúlej on the Vátrak and levied tribute from -the Koli chiefs of that neighbourhood. Hearing that -Dámáji had left Songad, and crossing the Mahi had gone to -<span class="corr" id="xd25e30477" title="Source: Árás">Arás</span>, Momín -Khán struck his camp and returned to the city, while -Dámáji going to Dholka marched from that to Sorath. -<span class="corr" id="xd25e30481" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán now permitted Sher -Khán to return to his lands in Gogha, whence he proceeded to -<span class="corr" id="xd25e30484" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span> and -took charge of the office of deputy governor.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Sher Khán Bábi Deputy -Governor of Sorath, 1738.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1738, Mír Huzabr Khán, the governor -of Sorath, died, and as Sher Khán had occupied <span class="corr" id="xd25e30494" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>, -and taken into his employ all the troops of Mir Dost Áli, -Mámúr Khán was obliged to resign his pretensions -and return. The emperor now appointed Himmat Áli Khán, -nephew of Momín Khán, governor of Sorath, and he wrote to -his uncle to choose a fitting deputy. Momín Khán, as the -Marátha incursions into Sorath increased yearly, and as Sher -Khán Bábi was a man able to hold his own with them, -suffered him to remain as deputy. When Dámáji returned to -Víramgám, after levying tribute from the chiefs of -Sorath, he was obliged to march against Kánji Koli, the chief of -Chhaniár in the Chúnvál. As he could not prevail -against them he was forced to call on Momín Khán for aid. -Momín Khán sent Fidá-ud-dín Khán at -the head of a well-equipped army. On their approach the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb322" href="#pb322" name="pb322">322</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Momín Khán</span> Fifth-sixth Viceroy, -1738–1743.</span> Kolis fled, and the village was burned, and -Fidá-ud-dín Khán returned to the capital. -Dámáji, leaving Rangoji as his deputy, returned to -Songad. In this year, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1738, -Hindustán was invaded by the great Persian Nádir -Sháh, Dehli sacked, and the emperor made prisoner. Except that -coin was struck in Nádir’s name, the collapse of Mughal -power caused little change in Gujarát.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Deputy Viceroy collects Tribute, -1739.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1739 -Fidá-ud-dín Khán was sent to levy tribute from the -chiefs on the banks of the Sábarmati, and, accompanied by -Jawán Mard Khán Bábi and Rája -Ráisingh of Ídar, marched to Charárah. As the -village of Pánmul under Bijápur had been assigned to the -author of the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi, he accompanied -Fidá-ud-dín Khán, who marched to Ahmednagar, and -demanded tribute from Jítsingh of Mohanpur and Ranásan. -Jítsingh resisted and a doubtful battle was fought. Next day -Fidá-ud-dín Khán changed his position and again -attacked Jítsingh, who being defeated agreed to pay £1000 -(<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 10,000). They then went to -Ídar, where they were hospitably received by Rája -Ráising, who presented the leaders with horses. From Ídar -they proceeded to Vadnagar, which was under Jawán Mard -Khán, who also received them courteously and presented horses. -The army then marched to Visalnagar. On the arrival of the troops at -Visalnagar, Jawán Mard Khán requested -Fidá-ud-dín Khán to subdue Jámáji -the Koli chief of Thara-Jámpur in the Kánkrej, who was -then at Bálísana under Pátan and who was -continually plundering the country. Fidá-ud-dín -Khán marched to Bálísána, but -Jámáji fled to Thara-Jámpur without risking a -battle and the Muhammadans plundered Thara-Jámpur. From -Bálísána Fidá-ud-dín marched to -Kadi, and allowing Jawán Mard Khán to return to -Pátan proceeded to Áhmedábád.</p> -<p>At Áhmedábád disputes between Rangoji and -Momín Khán regarding the government of the city were -frequent. In one serious disturbance Momín Khán was -worsted and forced to sue for peace and grant Rangoji his half share -both in the government and revenue, which, since the affray in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1738, <span class="corr" id="xd25e30531" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán had -withheld. A formal agreement was drawn up but did not long remain in -force. About this time Momín Khán’s nephew Muhammad -Momín Khán Bakhshi received a patent granting him the -title of Nazar Áli Khán. The year <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1739 was marked by a disastrous flood in the -Sábarmati. <span class="marginnote">Capture of Bassein by the -Maráthás, 1739.</span>In this year also the -Maráthás under Chimnáji Ápa achieved the -memorable success of taking the fort of Bassein from the -Portuguese.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Tribute Expedition, 1740.</span>In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1740 on his return from Sorath, -Dámáji Gáikwár took Rangoji to the Dakhan -and appointed Malhárráv Khúni his deputy at -Áhmedábád. Fidá-ud-dín Khán -met the new deputy at Ísanpur and escorted him to the city. -Shortly after Fidá-ud-dín Khán and Nazar -Áli Khán started to collect tribute, and Jawán -Mard Khán sent his brother Zoráwar Khán -Bábi to accompany them. They advanced against <span class="corr" -id="xd25e30547" title="Source: Dábhora">Dabhora</span> under -Bahyal eighteen miles east of Áhmedábád in the -Bhíl district and fought with the chief, who agreed to pay -tribute. Thence they went to Atarsumba, where the Kolis after a vain -attempt to carry off their cannon agreed to pay tribute. The force then -proceeded to Mándva and levied a contribution from the -Mándva chief. They next went to Kapadvanj, and passing -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb323" href="#pb323" name="pb323">323</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Momín Khán</span> Fifth-sixth Viceroy, -1738–1743.</span> through Bálásinor reached -Vírpur under Lunáváḍa. Here, from -Sultánsingh, agent of the Lunáváḍa chief, -they received two horses and £300 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 3000) as tribute. While at -Lunáváḍa an order of recall came from Momín -Khán, who intimated that Malhárráv Khúni -had laid up large stores of grain and contemplated war. -Fidá-ud-dín Khán at once pushed forward through -Bálásinor and Kapadvanj, advancing rapidly towards the -capital. On the way he received a second despatch from Momín -Khán saying that, as the risk of war had for the present passed, -they should advance to Petlád, where they would find -<span class="corr" id="xd25e30570" title="Source: Malhárrav">Malhárráv</span> Khúni -and settle with him about the revenue accounts. They continued their -march, and in two days reached Kaira, being joined on the way by -Muhammad Kúli Khán, who was charged with messages from -Momín Khán. At Kaira they found Muhammad Husain, nephew -of Fidá-ud-dín Khán who had been sent with a force -to Mahudha. As Malhárráv Khúni was at Pinj near -Kaira, Fidá-ud-dín Khán expressed a wish to meet -him, and it was agreed that both sides should go to the Petlád -district and there settle the disputed collections. Shortly after they -met and arrangements were in progress when the Kolis of the Bhíl -district rebelled and Abdúl Husain Khán and -Vajerám were sent against them. After burning two or three -villages this detachment rejoined the main body, and not long after all -returned to Áhmedábád. During <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1740 Bájiráv Peshwa died.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Viceroy at Cambay, 1741.</span>In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1741 Momín Khán went to -Cambay, and while residing at Ghiáspur near that city received -information that Dámáji had again appointed Rangoji his -deputy in place of <span class="corr" id="xd25e30584" title="Source: Malharráv">Malhárráv</span> Khúni, -and shortly after Rangoji arrived at Petlád. At this time -Momín Khán turned his attention to the falling off in the -customs revenue of Cambay and appointed Ismáil Muhammad -collector of customs. As he was anxious to clear some misunderstanding -between Rangoji and himself, Momín Khán set out to visit -Rangoji and assure him of his good wishes. At this time -Bhávsingh of Víramgám, who found the -Maráthás even more troublesome than the Muhammadans, as -soon as he heard of Malhárráv’s recall, suddenly -attacked the fort of Víramgám and with the aid of some -Arabs and Rohillás expelled the Marátha garrison and -prepared to hold the fort on his own account. Shortly after Rangoji -demanded that a tower in Áhmedábád, which had been -raised a story by Momín Khán so as to command the -residence of the Marátha deputy at the Jamálpur gate, -should be reduced to its original height. At the same time he suggested -that Momín Khán and he, uniting their forces, should -advance and expel Bhávsingh from Víramgám. -Momín Khán agreed to both proposals. The addition to the -tower was pulled down, and Momín Khán and Rangoji, -marching against Víramgám, laid siege to the town. -Bhávsingh made a gallant defence, and Momín Khán, -who was not sorry to see the Maráthás in difficulties, -after a time left them and marched to Kadi and Bijápur to levy -tribute. <span class="marginnote"><span class="corr" id="xd25e30588" -title="Source: Bhávsíngh">Bhávsingh</span> -surrenders Víramgám and receives -Pátdi.</span>Rangoji continued the siege, and as -Bhávsingh saw that even without Momín Khán the -Marátha army was sufficient to reduce the place, he agreed to -surrender Víramgám, provided the fort of Pátdi and -its dependent villages were granted <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb324" href="#pb324" name="pb324">324</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Momín Khán</span> Fifth-sixth Viceroy, -1738–1743.</span> to him. Rangoji agreed, and thus the -Maráthás again obtained possession of -Víramgám, while Bhávsingh acquired -Pátdi,<a class="noteref" id="n324.1src" href="#n324.1" name="n324.1src">57</a> a property which his descendants hold to this -day.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Siege of Broach by the -Maráthás, 1741.</span>When Momín Khán -arrived at Mánsa, about twenty-six miles north-west of -Áhmedábád, hearing that Dámáji had -crossed the Mahi with 10,000 men, he at once returned to the capital. -Dámáji arrived at Mánsa and besieged it. The -chiefs and Kolis defended the place bravely for about a month, when it -fell into Dámáji’s hands, who not only cleared the -prickly-pear stockade which surrounded it, but also burned the town. -From Mánsa Dámáji marched to Sorath. On his return -he laid siege to Broach, a fort which, from its natural strength as -well as from its favourable position on the Narbada, it had been the -constant ambition both of Dámáji and of his father -Píláji to capture. On the approach of -Dámáji, Nek Álam Khán, who held the place -in the interests of the Nizám, prepared to defend the fort, and -wrote to the Nizám for aid. In reply the Nizám warned -Dámáji not to attack his possessions. On receiving this -letter Dámáji raised the siege and returned to Songad. It -seems probable that concessions were made to tempt Dámáji -to retire from Broach, and that the Gáikwár’s share -in the Broach customs dates from this siege.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Battle of Dholka. Defeat of the -Maráthás, 1741.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1741 in a battle between Káim Kúli -Khán, governor of Dholka, and Rangoji’s deputy, the -Maráthás were defeated. Momín Khán, at the -request of Rangoji, made peace between them. Fidá-ud-dín -Khán, who had recently been raised in rank with the title of -Bahádur, starting to collect tribute burned down the refractory -Koli village of Dabhora, and placing a post there, passed to -Sátumba, Bálásinor, and Thásra. After the -battle at Dholka, the building by Rangoji of the fort of Borsad, caused -renewed fighting between the Muhammadans and Maráthás of -Dholka. At the request of Muhammad Hádi Khán, governor of -Dholka, Fidá-ud-dín Khán, passing through Mahudha -to Petlád pushed forward to help him. <span class="marginnote">Contests between the Musalmáns and -Maráthás.</span>In the meantime a battle was fought, in -which the Maráthás under Malhárráv attacked -Muhammad Hádi Khán, and after a short contest withdrew. -Next day the Muhammadans, strengthened by the arrival of -Fidá-ud-dín Khán, besieged Sojitra. A letter was -written to Rangoji, asking the meaning of the attack, and he replied -excusing himself and attributing it to the ignorance of -Malhárráv. Muhammad Hádi Khán and the -author of the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi eventually met Rangoji at -Borsad, and settled that he and Fidá-ud-dín Khán -should come together and arrange matters. But Rangoji in his heart -intended to fight and wrote to his deputy Rámáji at -Áhmedábád to be ready for war. -Malhárráv now joined Rangoji at Borsad. At this time many -misunderstandings and several fights between the Maráthás -and the Muhammadans were appeased by Momín Khán and -Rangoji, who, in spite of the ill-feeling among their subordinates and -a certain distrust of each other’s designs, appear throughout to -have maintained a warm <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb325" href="#pb325" name="pb325">325</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Momín Khán</span> Fifth-sixth Viceroy, -1738–1743.</span> mutual regard. Dámáji from his -stronghold at Songad was too much occupied in Dakhan politics to give -much attention to Gujarát. Rangoji, on the other hand, gained so -much influence with the Gujarát chiefs, that at one time he -succeeded in engaging Sajansingh Hazári in his service, and also -induced Rája Ráisingh of Ídar to join him. But -Momín Khán detached Ráisingh from this alliance, -by placing him in charge of the post of Amaliára and granting -him the districts of Modása, Meghrej, Ahmednagar, -Parántij, and Harsol. Moreover the customary Gujarát sum -at first sent daily by Rangoji to Rája Ráisingh for the -expenses of his troops had begun to fall into arrears. Rája -Ráisingh made his peace with Momín Khán through -the mediation of Nazar Áli Khán, Momín -Khán’s nephew, who appears to have been one of the leading -spirits of the time.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Disturbance at -Áhmedábád, 1742.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1742 in another fight between the -Maráthás and Muhammadans in -Áhmedábád, the Muhammadans gained a slight -advantage. After this Rangoji left the city, appointing as before -Rámáji as his deputy, and joining Jagjíwan -Pavár went to Borsad, where he had built a fort. At this time -one Jívandás came with authority from the Nizám to -act as collector of Dholka, part of the lands assigned to the -Nizám as a personal grant, but failed to enforce his position. -Shortly after this Rája Ánandsing of Ídar was -killed, and his brother Ráising, taking leave, went to -Ídar to settle matters. Momín Khán had his patent -increased to the personal rank of commander of 6000 with a contingent -of 6000 cavalry. He received a dress of honour, a jewelled turban, a -plume, six pieces of cloth, an elephant, the order of -Máhi-marátib,<a class="noteref" id="n325.1src" href="#n325.1" name="n325.1src">58</a> and the title of Najm-ud-daulah -Momín Khán Bahádur Diláwar Jang. -Differences again broke out between Momín Khán and -Rangoji, and again matters were settled by a friendly meeting between -the two chiefs at Borsad, where Rangoji had taken up his residence. -Momín Khán now went to Petlád, and from that to -Cambay, where he was taken ill, but after six weeks came to Vasu, where -Rangoji visited him. Here though again unwell he went to Dholka, and -shortly afterwards he and Rangoji marched upon <span class="corr" id="xd25e30652" title="Source: Límbdi">Limbḍi</span>, which -at this time is mentioned as under Víramgám. While before -<span class="corr" id="xd25e30655" title="Source: Límbdi">Limbḍi</span>, Rangoji was summoned by -Dámáji to help him against Bápu Náik, and -at once started to his assistance. Momín Khán now marched -into Gohilváḍa, and proceeded by Loliána to Gogha, -then under the charge of a resident deputy of Sher Khán -Bábi. Here he received tribute from the chief of Sihor, and from -that, marching into Hálár, went against Navánagar. -<span class="marginnote">The Viceroy collects Tribute in -Káthiáváḍa.</span>The Jám resisted -for twenty days, and eventually, on his agreeing to pay £5000 -(<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 50,000) as tribute, Momín -Khán returned to Áhmedábád. During his -absence in spite of stubborn resistance Nazar Áli Khán -and Vajerám had collected tribute from the Koli chiefs. Rangoji, -who had now left Dámáji, joined battle with Bápu -Náik ere he crossed the Mahi, and Bápu Náik turned -back. Rangoji therefore remained at Borsad, but hearing that -Momín Khán’s illness had become serious, he went -once or twice to Áhmedábád to visit him. -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb326" href="#pb326" name="pb326">326</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Momín Khán</span> Fifth-sixth Viceroy, -1738–1743.</span> <span class="marginnote">Death of Momín -Khán, 1743.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1743 -Momín Khán died. His wife, fearing lest -Fidá-ud-dín Khán and Muftakhir Khán, -Momín Khán’s son, would deprive her of her estate, -sought the protection of Rangoji. In the meantime <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Fidá-ud-dín</span> acts as -Viceroy, 1743.</span>Fidá-ud-dín Khán and -Muftakhir Khán received an imperial order to carry on the -government until a new viceroy should be appointed. At this time a man -named Ánandrám, who had been disgraced by Momín -Khán, went over to Rangoji and incited him to murder -Fidá-ud-dín Khán and Muftakhir Khán. -Rangoji with this intention invited them both to his house, but his -heart failed him, and shortly afterwards Fidá-ud-dín -Khán went to Cambay. Rangoji now determined at all hazards to -assassinate Muftakhir Khán. With this object he took Muftakhir -Khán’s associates, Vajerám and Káim -Kúli Khán, into his confidence. Muftakhir Khán -accidentally heard of his designs, and remained on his guard. As -Rangoji had failed to carry out his promise to raise Sher Khán -Bábi to the post of deputy viceroy, Sher Khán advanced to -Dholka and began plundering some Cambay villages. Rangoji, after -another futile attempt to assassinate Muftakhir Khán, sent for -his deputy Rámáji, who was then in the neighbourhood, and -prepared to fight. <span class="marginnote">Muftakhir Khán -Defeats the Maráthás.</span>Muftakhir Khán, on his -part, summoned Fidá-ud-dín Khán from Cambay, and -in a few days they succeeded in uniting their forces. Sher Khán -Bábi deserting the cause of Rangoji, the Maráthás -were worsted and Rangoji’s house was besieged. Rangoji, being -hard pressed, agreed to give up Ánandrám and to surrender -both Borsad and Víramgám, Sher Khán Bábi -becoming his security. In this way Fidá-ud-dín -Khán became sole master of Gujarát.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Dámáji Gáikwár -Returns to Gujarát.</span>Shortly after Dámáji -Gáikwár returned from Sátára and came to -Cambay. In the meantime Rangoji, who had been living with Sher -Khán Bábi, his security, contrived, with the connivance -of Sher Khán, to escape together with his family. -Fidá-ud-dín Khán was so greatly enraged with Sher -Khán for this treachery, that Sher Khán leaving -Áhmedábád on pretence of hunting, escaped to -Bálásinor, where his wife joined him. -Fidá-ud-dín Khán put Ánandrám to -death, while Rangoji through the aid of Sher Khán -Bábi’s wife, made good his escape to Borsad. -Fidá-ud-dín Khán had set out to collect tribute, -when news arrived that Khanderáv Gáikwár, brother -of Dámáji, had crossed the Mahi and joining Rangoji had -laid siege to Petlád. On hearing this, <span class="corr" id="xd25e30699" title="Source: Fidá-ud-din">Fidá-ud-dín</span> at once -returned to Áhmedábád, and sent Valabhdás -Kotwál to Khanderáv to complain of the misconduct of -Rangoji.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Abdúl -Ázíz Khán</span> of Junnar, Viceroy (by a forged -order).</span>After the death of Momín Khán, Jawán -Mard Khán Bábi was the greatest noble in Gujarát. -He began to aspire to power, and Fidá-ud-dín, who was not -good in the field, had thoughts of appointing him as a deputy. While -matters were in this state, and Jawán Mard Khán was -already laying claim to the revenue of the district round -Áhmedábád, an order was received appointing -Abdúl Ázíz Khán the commander of Junnar, -near Poona, to be viceroy of Gujarát. This order was forged by -Abdúl Ázíz Khán in Jawán Mard -Khán’s interests, whom he appointed his deputy. Though -Fidá-ud-dín Khán doubted the genuineness of the -order, he was not powerful enough to remove Jawán Mard -Khán, who accordingly proclaimed himself deputy viceroy. -<span class="marginnote">Mutiny of the Troops.</span>At this time the -troops, clamorous on account of arrears, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb327" href="#pb327" name="pb327">327</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.</span> placed both -Fidá-ud-dín Khán and Muftakhir Khán under -confinement. Jawán Mard Khán assumed charge of the city -and stationed his own men on guard. While Fidá-ud-dín -Khán and <span class="corr" id="xd25e30723" title="Source: Muftakir">Muftakhir</span> Khán were in confinement, -Khanderáv Gáikwár sent them a message that if they -would cause the fort of Petlád to be surrendered to him, he -would help them. To this they returned no answer. -Fidá-ud-dín Khán now entreated Jawán Mard -Khán to interfere between him and his troops. Jawán Mard -Khán accordingly persuaded the mutineers to release -Fidá-ud-dín Khán, who eventually escaped from the -city and went to Ágra.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Maráthás Capture -Petlád.</span>Meanwhile Rangoji continued to press the siege of -Petlád and the commander, Ágha Muhammad Husain, after in -vain appealing for help to Jawán Mard Khán, was forced to -surrender. Rangoji demolished the fort of Petlád and marched -upon Áhmedábád. As he approached the city -Jawán Mard Khán sent the writer of the -Mirăt-i-Áhmedi and Ajabsingh to negotiate with Rangoji, who -demanded all his former rights and possessions.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Muftakhir -Khán</span> Fifty-seventh Viceroy, 1743–44.</span>News had -now reached Dehli that a false viceroy was governing Gujarát, -and accordingly Muftakhir Khán was chosen fifty-seventh viceroy, -the order explaining that Abdúl Ázíz had never -been appointed viceroy, and directing Jawán Mard Khán to -withdraw from the conduct of affairs. Muftakhir Khán was -perplexed how to act. He succeeded in persuading his troops that he -would be able to pay them their arrears, and he sent a copy of the -order to Jawán Mard Khán; and, as he dared not displace -him, <span class="marginnote">Appoints Jawán Mard Khán -his Deputy.</span>he informed Jawán Mard Khán that he had -appointed him as his deputy, and that he himself would shortly leave -Áhmedábád. Jawán Mard Khán, so far -from obeying, ordered Muftakhir Khán’s house to be -surrounded. Eventually Muftakhir Khán, leaving the city, joined -<span class="corr" id="xd25e30739" title="Source: Rangojii">Rangoji</span>, and then retired to Cambay.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Maráthás in -Áhmedábád.</span>Khanderáv -Gáikwár returned, and, with the view of enforcing his -claims, uniting with Rangoji, marched to Banjar, about five miles south -of Áhmedábád. Jawán Mard Khán -issuing from the city camped near the Kánkariya lake. Narhar -Pandit and Krishnáji on behalf of the Marátha leaders -were sent to Jawán Mard Khán to demand their former -rights and possessions. Jawán at first refused, but in the end -gave way and the Maráthás appointed Dádu -Morár deputy of the city. Sher Khán Bábi now -returned to Bálásinor. Khanderáv and -Kánáji then went to Dholka, Rangoji to Petlád, and -Khanderáv Gáikwár to Sorath. -Fidá-ud-dín Khán requested Rangoji to help -Muftakhir Khán; he replied that he was willing to help him, but -had no money. Rangoji then accompanied Fidá-ud-dín -Khán to Cambay, where Muftakhir Khán was. Negotiations -were entered into, and the Kháns tried to collect £10,000 -(<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 1 <i>lákh</i>) which Rangoji -asked for to enable him to make military preparations to aid them. They -raised £8000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 80,000) with great -difficulty and admitted Rangoji’s Náib to a share in the -administration. Rangoji withdrew to Borsad with the £8000 -(<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 80,000) under the pretext that when -the remaining £2000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 20,000) were -paid he would take action. Fidá-ud-dín Khán, -annoyed at Rangoji’s conduct, went to reside at Dhowan, a village -belonging to Jálam Jália Koli. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb328" href="#pb328" name="pb328">328</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Muftakhir Khán</span> Fifty-seventh Viceroy, -1743–44.</span> In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1744 -Jawán Mard Khán, after appointing one of his brothers, -Zoráwar Khán, his deputy at Pátan, and keeping his -other brother Safdar Khán at Áhmedábád, -advanced from the city to Kadi to collect tribute. His next step was to -invite Abdúl Ázíz Khán, the commander of -Junnar, near Poona, to join him in Gujarát. Abdul -Ázíz accordingly set out from Junnar, taking with him -Fatehyáb Khán, commander of the fort of Mulher in -Báglán and Rustamráv Marátha. Directing his -march in the first instance to Surat he was there watched in the -interests of Dámáji Gáikwár, by -Deváji Tákpar, the lieutenant of that chief, who, seeing -that on leaving Surat, Abdúl Ázíz continued to -advance to Áhmedábád, <span class="marginnote">Battle of Kím Kathodra.</span>pursued him to -Kím Kathodra, about fifteen miles north-west of Surat, and there -attacked him. In the engagement Deváji Tákpar, who had -gained over Rustamráv Marátha, one of the leading men in -Abdúl Ázíz’s army, was victorious. -Abdúl Ázíz Khán retired, but was so closely -followed by the Maráthás, that at Pánoli he was -forced to leave his elephant, and, mounting a horse, fled with all -speed towards Broach. On reaching the Narbada he failed to find any -boats, and, as his pursuers were close upon him, putting his horse at -the water, <span class="marginnote">Defeat and Death of Abdúl -Ázíz Khán, 1744.</span>he tried to swim the river; -but, sticking fast in the mud, he was overtaken and slain by the -Maráthás.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Fakhr-ud-daulah</span> -Fifty-eighth Viceroy, 1744–1748.</span>On hearing of the death of -Abdúl Ázíz, Jawán Mard Khán thought -of joining Muftakhir Khán. Ere he could carry this plan into -effect, the emperor receiving, it is said, a present of £20,000 -(<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 2 <i>lákhs</i>) for the -nomination, appointed Fakhr-ud-daulah Fakhr-ud-dín Khán -Shujáât Jang Bahádur fifty-eighth viceroy of -Gujarát. The new viceroy forwarded a blank paper to a banker of -his acquaintance named Sitárám, asking him to enter in it -the name of a fitting deputy. <span class="marginnote">Jawán -Mard Khán Bábi, Deputy -Viceroy.</span>Sitárám filled in the name of Jawán -Mard Khán, and Fakhr-ud-daulah was proclaimed viceroy. About -this time Safdar Khán Bábi, after levying tribute from -the Sábarmati chiefs, returned to -Áhmedábád, and Khanderáv -Gáikwár, as he passed from Sorath to Songad, appointed -Rangoji his deputy. On being appointed deputy Rangoji sent -Krishnáji instead of Morár Náik as his deputy to -<span class="corr" id="xd25e30804" title="Source: Ahmedábad">Áhmedábád</span>, and -himself proceeded to Arhar-Mátar on the Vátrak, and from -that moved to Kaira to visit Jawán Mard Khán, with whom -he established friendly relations. In the same year Áli Muhammad -Khán, superintendent of customs, died, and in his place the -author of the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi was appointed. In this year, -too, Pahár Khán Jhálori died, and his uncle, -Muhammad Bahádur, was appointed governor of Pálanpur in -his stead.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Khanderáv Gáikwár -called to Sátára.</span>About this time -Umábái, widow of Khanderáv Dábháde, -summoned Khanderáv Gáikwár to help her in her -attempt to lessen the power of the Peshwa. As Dámáji -Gáikwár could not be spared from the Dakhan -Khanderáv was appointed his deputy in Gujarát, and he -chose one Rámchandra to represent him at -Áhmedábád. When Fakhr-ud-daulah advanced to join -his appointment as viceroy he was received at Bálásinor -with much respect by Sher Khán Bábi. Jawán Mard -Khán Bábi, on the other hand, determining to resist -Fakhr-ud-daulah to the utmost of his power, summoned Gangádhar -with a body of Marátha horse from Petlád, and posting -them at Ísanpur, about ten miles south-west of the city, himself -leaving the fortifications of Áhmedábád, encamped -at <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb329" href="#pb329" name="pb329">329</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Fakhr-ud-daulah</span> Fifty-eighth Viceroy, -1744–1748.</span> Asárva, about a mile and a half from the -walls. During his progress towards the capital the new viceroy was -joined by Ráisinghji of Ídar at Kapadvanj, and, advancing -together, they arrived at Bhílpur, eighteen miles east of -Áhmedábád. On their approach Jawán Mard -Khán sent Safdar Khán and <span class="corr" id="xd25e30827" title="Source: Gangádar">Gangádhar</span> to -oppose them, and the two armies met about six miles from the capital. -After some fighting Fakhr-ud-daulah succeeded in forcing his way to the -suburb of Rájpura, and next day continuing to drive back the -enemy occupied the suburb of Bahrámpura and began the actual -siege of the city. At this point affairs took a turn. Fakhr-ud-daulah -was wounded and returned to his camp, while Jawán Mard -Khán succeeded in winning over to his side Sher Khán -Bábi and Ráisinghji of Ídar, two of the -viceroy’s chief supporters. The Mirăt-i-Áhmedi -especially notes that Rája Ráisingh asked for money to -pay his troops but Fakhr-ud-daulah, not knowing that this rule had long -been a dead letter, said that as he held a district on service tenure, -it was not proper for him to ask for a money aid when on imperial -service. <span class="marginnote">Defeat and capture of the Viceroy by -Jawán Mard Khán Bábi.</span>Next day -Fakhr-ud-daulah was surrounded by Safdar Khán Bábi and -the Maráthás, and himself one wife and some children were -taken prisoners, while another of his wives and his son, who had -managed to escape to Sidhpur, were captured and brought back to -Áhmedábád.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Rangoji Disgraced by Khanderáv -Gáikwár.</span>After this Khanderáv -Gáikwár returned to Gujarát to receive his share -of the spoil taken from Fakhr-ud-daulah. Reaching Borsad, he took -Rangoji with him as far as Áhmedábád, where he met -Jawán Mard Khán, and obtained from Rangoji his share of -the tribute. Khanderáv was not satisfied with Rangoji’s -accounts, and appointing a fresh deputy, he attached Rangoji’s -property, and before leaving Áhmedábád for Sorath, -put him in confinement at Borsad. He also confined Fakhr-ud-daulah in -the Ghiáspur outpost on the bank of the river Mahi. Meanwhile in -consequence of some misunderstanding between Jawán Mard -Khán Bábi and his brother Safdar Khán, the latter -retired to Udepur, and Jawán Mard Khán went to Visalnagar -then in the hands of his brother Zoráwar Khán. From -Visalnagar, Jawán Mard Khán proceeded to -Rádhanpur, and meeting his brother Safdar Khán, they -became reconciled, and returned together to -Áhmedábád. Khanderáv Gáikwár, -who had in the meantime returned from Sorath, encamping at Dholka -appointed Trimbakráv Pandit as his deputy at -Áhmedábád in place of Moro Pandit. On hearing that -Rangoji had been thrown into confinement, Umábái sent for -him, and he along with Khanderáv Gáikwár repaired -to the Dakhan.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Punáji Vithal and Fakhr-ud-daulah -oppose Rangoji and Jawán Mard Khán.</span>Shortly -afterwards Punáji Vithal, in concert with Trimbak Pandit, being -dissatisfied with Jawán Mard Khán, began to intrigue with -Fakhr-ud-daulah. In the meantime Umábái had appointed -Rangoji as her deputy, and, as he was a staunch friend of Jawán -Mard Khán, he expelled Trimbakráv from -Áhmedábád, and himself collected the -Marátha share of the city revenues. Upon this Punáji -Vithal sent Gangádhar and Krishnáji with an army, and -they, expelling the Muhammadan officers from the districts from which -the Maráthás levied the one-fourth share of the revenue, -took the management of them into their own hands. Rangoji now asked -Sher Khán Bábi to help him. Sher <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb330" href="#pb330" name="pb330">330</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Fakhr-ud-daulah</span> Fifty-eighth Viceroy, -1744–1748.</span> Khán agreed; but as he had not funds to -pay his troops, he delayed, and afterwards plundered Mahudha and -Naḍiád. As Rangoji failed to join him, Sher Khán -proceeded by himself to Kapadvanj, and from Kapadvanj marched against -the Marátha camp, with which Fakhr-ud-daulah was then -associated. On the night after his arrival, the Maráthás -made an attack on Sher Khán’s camp, in which many men on -both sides were slain. Next morning the battle was renewed, but on Sher -Khán suggesting certain terms the fighting ceased. That very -night, hearing that Rangoji had reached Bálásinor, Sher -Khán stole off towards Kapadvanj. Punáji and -Fakhr-ud-daulah followed in pursuit but failed to prevent Rangoji and -Sher Khán from joining their forces.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Siege of Kapadvanj by Fakhr-ud-daulah, -1746.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1746 a battle was -fought in the neighbourhood of the town of Kapadvanj in which Sher -Khán was wounded. He was forced to take shelter with Rangoji in -Kapadvanj, while Fakhr-ud-daulah, Gangádhar, and -Krishnáji laid siege to that town. At this time the -Lunáváḍa chief asked Malhárráv Holkar -on his way back from his yearly raid into Málwa, to join him in -attacking Virpur. Holkar agreed and Virpur was plundered. Rangoji, -hearing of the arrival of Holkar, begged him to come to his aid, and on -promise of receiving a sum of £20,000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 2 <i>lákhs</i>) and two elephants, Holkar -consented. <span class="marginnote">At the approach of Holkar the Siege -is raised.</span>Gangádhar, Krishnáji, and -Fakhr-ud-daulah, hearing of the approach of Holkar, raised the siege of -Kapadvanj, and marching to Dholka expelled the governor of that -district. Shortly afterwards on a summons from Dámáji and -Khanderáv Gáikwár Rangoji retired to Baroda. -Meanwhile Fakhr-ud-daulah, Krishnáji, and Gangádhar -advanced to Jetalpur in the Daskroi sub-division of -Áhmedábád and, taking possession of it, expelled -Ámbar Habshi, the deputy of Jawán Mard Khán. -Dámáji and Khanderáv Gáikwár passed -from Baroda to Vasu, where they were met by Krishnáji and -Gangádhar, whom Dámáji censured for aiding -Fakhr-ud-daulah. On this occasion Dámáji bestowed the -districts of Baroda Naḍiád and Borsad on his brother -Khanderáv, an action which for ever removed any ill feeling on -the part of Khanderáv. Then, proceeding to Goklej, -Dámáji had an interview with Jawán Mard -Khán. From Goklej he sent Kánoji Tákpar with -Fakhr-ud-daulah to Sorath, and himself returned to Songaḍ. As -Borsad had been given to Khanderáv, Rangoji fixed on Umreth as -his residence.</p> -<p>In this year, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1746, Teghbeg -Khán, governor of Surat, died, and was succeeded by his brother -Safdar Muhammad Khán, who, in acknowledgment of a present of -seven horses, received from the emperor the title of Bahádur. At -this time Tálib Áli Khán died, and the writer of -the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi was appointed minister by the emperor. -In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1747 Rangoji returned to -Áhmedábád, and Jawán Mard Khán had -an interview with him a few miles from the city. Shortly after this the -Kolis of Mehmúdábád and Mahudha rebelled, but the -revolt was speedily crushed by Sháhbáz Rohilla.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="corr" id="xd25e30883" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán II. Governor of Cambay, -1748.</span>During this year Najm Khán, governor of Cambay, -died. Muftakhir Khán, son of Najm-ud-daulah Momín -Khán I., who had also received the title of Momín -Khán, informed the emperor of Najm <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb331" href="#pb331" name="pb331">331</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Fakhr-ud-daulah</span> Fifty-eighth Viceroy, -1744–1748.</span> Khán’s death, and himself assumed -the office of governor in which in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1748 he was confirmed. On hearing of the death of -Najm Khán, on pretence of condoling with the family of the late -governor, Fidá-ud-dín Khán marched to Cambay, but -as he was not allowed to enter the town he retired. He afterwards went -to Umreth and lived with Rangoji. Kánoji Tákpar, who had -gone with Fakhr-ud-daulah into Sorath, now laid siege to and took the -town of Vanthali. As it was nearly time for the Maráthás -to return to their country, Kánoji and Fakhr-ud-daulah, retiring -to Dholka, expelled Muhammad Jánbáz, the deputy governor. -Rangoji, who had at this time a dispute with Jawán Mard -Khán regarding his share of tribute, now came and joined them, -and their combined forces marched upon Sánand, where, after -plundering the town, they encamped. It was now time for Kánoji -to withdraw to the Dakhan. Rangoji and Fakhr-ud-daulah, remaining -behind to collect tribute from the neighbouring districts, marched to -Ísanpur, where they were opposed by Jawán Mard -Khán. <span class="marginnote">Increased Strength of -Fakhr-ud-daulah’s Party.</span>On this occasion both Jawán -Mard Khán and Fakhr-ud-daulah sought the alliance of Rája -Ráisingh of Ídar. But, as he offered more favourable -terms, Rája Ráisingh determined to join Fakhr-ud-daulah. -Sher Khán Bábi also joined Fakhr-ud-daulah, who, thus -reinforced, laid siege to Áhmedábád. While these -events were passing at Áhmedábád, Hariba, an -adopted son of Khanderáv Gáikwár, at that time in -possession of the fort of Borsad, began to plunder Rangoji’s -villages under Petlád, and, attacking his deputy, defeated and -killed him. <span class="marginnote">Dissensions among the -Maráthás.</span>On this Rangoji withdrew from -Áhmedábád, attacked and captured the fort of -Borsad, and forced Hariba to leave the country. Jawán Mard -Khán now sent for Janárdhan Pandit, -Khanderáv’s deputy at Naḍiád, and, in place -of Rangoji’s representative, appointed him to manage the -Marátha share of Áhmedábád.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Surat Affairs</span>, -1748.</span>During these years important changes had taken place in the -government of Surat. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1734, when -Mulla Muhammad Áli, the chief of the merchants and builder of -the Athva fort, was killed in prison by Teghbeg Khán, the -Nizám sent Sayad Miththan to revenge his death. Sayad Miththan -was forced to return unsuccessful. After Teghbeg Khán’s -death Sayad Miththan again came to Surat and lived there with his -brother Sayad Achchan, who held the office of paymaster. Sayad Miththan -tried to get the government of the town into his hands, but, again -failing, committed suicide. His brother Sayad Achchan then attacked and -took the citadel, expelling the commander; and for several days war was -waged between him and the governor Safdar Muhammad Khán with -doubtful success. At last Sayad Achchan called to his aid -Malhárráv, the deputy at Baroda, and their combined -forces took possession of the whole city. During the sack of the city -Malhárráv was killed and the entire management of affairs -fell into the hands of Sayad Achchan. Safdar Muhammad Khán, the -late governor, though obliged to leave the city, was determined not to -give up Surat without a struggle, and raising some men opened fire on -the fort. Sayad Achchan now begged the Arab<span class="corr" id="xd25e30921" title="Not in source">,</span> Turk<span class="corr" id="xd25e30924" title="Not in source">,</span> English<span class="corr" -id="xd25e30927" title="Not in source">,</span> Dutch and Portuguese -merchants to aid him. A deed addressed to the emperor and the -Nizám, begging that Sayad Achchan should be appointed -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb332" href="#pb332" name="pb332">332</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Muhammad Sháh Emperor, 1721–1748.<br> -<span class="sc">Fakhr-ud-daulah</span> Fifty-eighth Viceroy, -1744–1748.</span> governor, was signed by all the merchants -except by Mr. Lamb the English chief, and though he at first refused, -he was in the end persuaded by the other merchants to sign. The -merchants then assisted Sayad Achchan, and Safdar Muhammad Khán -retired to Sindh.</p> -<p>Meanwhile, on account of some enmity between Mulla -Fakhr-ud-dín, the son of Mulla Muhammad Áli, chief of the -merchants, and Sayad Achchan, the Mulla was thrown into prison. Mr. -Lamb went to Sayad Achchan, and remonstrating with him suggested that -the Mulla should be sent for. <span class="marginnote">Mulla -Fakhr-ud-din Escapes to Bombay.</span>Sayad Achchan agreed, but on the -way Mr. Lamb carried off Mulla Fakhr-ud-dín to the English -factory, and afterwards sent him to Bombay in disguise. In the meantime -Kedárji Gáikwár, a cousin of -Dámáji’s, whom, with Malhárrav, Sayad -Achchan had asked to his help, arrived at Surat, and though Sayad -Achchan had been successful without his aid, Kedárji demanded -the £30,000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 3 -<i>lákhs</i>) which had been promised him. As the Sayad was not -in a position to resist Kedárji’s demands, and as he had -no ready money to give him, <span class="marginnote">Cession of Surat -Revenue to the Gáikwár, 1747.</span>he made over to him a -third of the revenues of Surat until the amount should be paid. As -before this another third of the revenues of Surat had been assigned to -Háfiz Masûud Khán, the deputy of Yákut -Khán of Janjira, the emoluments of the governor of Surat were -reduced to one-third of the entire revenue and this was divided between -the Mutasaddi and Bakhshi.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Famine, 1747.</span>In this year -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1747, <abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1803) there was a severe shock of earthquake -and a great famine which caused many deaths. In the following year -Jawán Mard Khán endeavoured to recapture Jetalpur, but -failed. <span class="marginnote">Marátha -Dissensions.</span>About the same time Umábái died, and -Dámáji’s brother Khanderáv, who was on good -terms with <span class="corr" id="xd25e30974" title="Source: Ambika">Ambiká</span> wife of Báburáv -Senápati, the guardian of Umábái’s son, -procured his own appointment as deputy of his brother -Dámáji in Gujarát. On being appointed deputy -Khanderáv at once marched against Rangoji to recover Borsad, -which, as above mentioned, Rangoji had taken from <span class="corr" -id="xd25e30977" title="Source: Haríba">Hariba</span>. Their -forces were joined by two detachments, one from Momín -Khán under the command of Ágha Muhammad Husain, the other -from Jawán Mard Khán commanded by Janárdhan -Pandit. The combined army besieged Borsad. After a five months’ -siege <span class="marginnote">Fall of Borsad.</span>Borsad was taken, -and Rangoji was imprisoned by Khanderáv. On the fall of Borsad -Sher Khán Bábi and Rája Ráisingh of -Ídar, who were allies of Rangoji, returned to -Bálásinor and Ídar; Fakhr-ud-daulah was sent to -Petlád and Fidá-ud-dín Khán, leaving -Umreth, took shelter with Jetha, the chief of Atarsumba.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Ahmed Sháh Emperor -1748–1754.</span>In this year the emperor Muhammad Sháh -died and was succeeded by his son Ahmed Sháh (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1748–1754). Shortly after Ahmed’s -accession Mahárája Vakhatsingh, brother of -Mahárája Abheysingh, was appointed <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Mahárája Vakhatsingh</span> -Fifty-ninth Viceroy, 1748.</span>fifty-ninth viceroy of Gujarát. -When he learned what was the state of the province, he pleaded that his -presence would be more useful in his own dominions, and never took up -his appointment of viceroy. Vakhatsingh was the last viceroy of -Gujarát nominated by the imperial court, for although by the aid -of the Maráthás Fakhr-ud-daulah was of importance in the -province, he had never been able <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb333" -href="#pb333" name="pb333">333</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Ahmed Sháh Emperor, 1748–1754.<br> -<span class="sc">Mahárája Vakhatsingh</span> Fifty-ninth -Viceroy, 1748.</span> to establish himself as viceroy. In this year -also occurred the death of Khushálchand Sheth, the chief -merchant of Áhmedábád.</p> -<p>Khanderáv Gáikwár appointed -Rághavshankar his deputy at Áhmedábád, and -Safdar Khán Bábi issued from -Áhmedábád with an army to levy tribute from the -chiefs on the banks of the Sábarmati. When Fakhr-ud-daulah, the -former viceroy, heard of the appointment of Mahárája -Vakhatsingh, seeing no chance of any benefit from a longer stay in -Gujarát, he retired to Dehli. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1748 Ásif Jáh, -Nizám-ul-Mulk, died at an advanced age, leaving six sons and a -disputed succession.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Disorder Spreads.</span>About the same time -Bálájiráv Peshwa, who was jealous of the power of -the Gáikwár, sent a body of troops, and freed Rangoji -from the hands of Khanderáv Gáikwár. During these -years adventurers, in different parts of the country, taking advantage -of the decay of the central power, endeavoured to establish themselves -in independence. Of these attempts the most formidable was the revolt -of one of the Pátan Kasbátis who established his power so -firmly in Pátan that Jawán Mard Khán found it -necessary to proceed in person to reduce him. Shortly afterwards -Jawán Mard Khán deemed it advisable to recall his -brothers Safdar Khán and <span class="corr" id="xd25e31022" -title="Source: Zoráwár">Zoráwar</span> -Khán, who were then at Únja under Pátan, and took -them with him to Áhmedábád. -Fidá-ud-dín Khán who had been residing at -Atarsumba now asked permission to return to -Áhmedábád, but as Jawán Mard Khán -did not approve of this suggestion, Fidá-ud-dín departed -to Broach and there took up his residence. Janárdhan Pandit -marched to Kaira and the Bhíl district to levy tribute, and -Khanderáv appointed Shevakrám his deputy.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Surat Affairs</span>, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1750.</span>In the meantime at Surat, -Sayad Achchan endeavoured to consolidate his rule, and with this view -tried to expel Háfiz Masûud Habshí, and prevent him -again entering the city. But his plans failed, and he was obliged to -make excuses for his conduct. <span class="marginnote">Sayad Achchan -Unpopular.</span>Sayad Achchan then oppressed other influential -persons, until eventually the Habshí and others joining, -attacked him in the citadel. Except Mr. Lamb, who considered himself -bound by the deed signed in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1747 in -favour of Sayad Achchan, all the merchants of Surat joined the -assailants. <span class="marginnote">Safdar Muhammad brought back by -the Dutch.</span>Among the chief opponents of Sayad Achchan were the -Dutch, who sending ships brought back Safdar Muhammad Khán from -Thatta, and established him as governor of Surat. The English factory -was next besieged, and, though a stout resistance was made, the guards -were bribed, and the factory plundered. <span class="marginnote">Sayad -Achchan Retires.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1750 Sayad -Achchan, surrendering the citadel to the Habshí, withdrew first -to Bombay and then to Poona, to Bálájiráv Peshwa. -Shortly afterwards, in consequence of the censure passed upon him by -the Bombay Government for his support of Sayad Achchan, Mr. Lamb -committed suicide. Wearied by these continual contests for power, the -merchants of Surat asked Rája Raghunathdás, minister to -the Nizám, to choose them a governor. Rája -Raghunathdás accordingly nominated his own nephew, Rája -Harprasád, to be governor, and the writer of the -Mirăt-i-Áhmedi to be his deputy. But before Rája -Harprasád could join his appointment at Surat, both he and his -father were slain in battle. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb334" href="#pb334" name="pb334">334</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Ahmed Sháh Emperor, 1748–1754.</span> In the same year, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1750, occurred the deaths of -Rája Ráisingh of Ídar, of Safdar Khán -Bábi of Bálásinor, and of -Fidá-ud-dín Khán, who had for some time been -settled at Broach. <span class="marginnote">Jawán Mard -Khán and the Peshwa, 1750.</span>Jawán Mard Khán, -who, seeing that they were inclined to become permanent residents in -Gujarát, was always opposed to the Gáikwár’s -power, now entered into negotiations with -Bálájiráv Peshwa. He chose Patel Sukhdev to -collect the Marátha revenue and asked the Peshwa to help him in -expelling Dámáji’s agents. The Peshwa, being now -engaged in war in the Dakhan with Salábat Jang Bahádur, -son of the late Nizám, was unable to send Jawán Mard -Khán any assistance. Towards the close of the year Jawán -Mard Khán started from Áhmedábád to collect -tribute from the Sábarmati chiefs. Returning early in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1751, at the request of Jetha Patel a -subordinate of Bhávsingh Desái, he proceeded to Banod or -Vanod under Víramgám and reduced the village. Áli -Muhammad Khán, the author of the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi, who -about this time was raised in rank with the title of Bahádur, -states that owing to the Marátha inroads most of the districts -had passed entirely into their possession; in others according to -agreements with Jawán Mard Khán they held a half share. -Consequently in spite of new taxes, the entire remaining income of the -province was only four <i>lákhs</i> of rupees, and it was -impossible to maintain the military posts or control the rebellious -Kolis.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Peshwa and Gáikwár, -1751.</span>It was in this year (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1751) that the Peshwa, decoying -Dámájiráv into his power, imprisoned him and -forced him to surrender half of his rights and conquests in -Gujarát. Taking advantage of the absence of the -Gáikwár and his army in the Dakhan, Jawán Mard -Khán marched into Sorath. He first visited Gogha, and then -levying tribute in Gohilváḍa advanced into -Káthiáváḍa and marched against -Navánagar, and, after collecting a contribution from the -Jám, returned to Áhmedábád: In the -following year (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1752), as soon as the -news reached Gujarát that the Maráthás’ -share in the province had been divided between the Peshwa and -Gáikwár, Momín Khán, who was always -quarrelling with the Gáikwár’s agent, sending -Varajlál his steward to Bálájiráv Peshwa -begged him to include Cambay in his share and send his agent in place -of the Gáikwár’s agent. -Bálájiráv agreed, and from that time an agent of -the Peshwa was established at Cambay. In the same year -Raghunáthráv, brother of the Peshwa, entering -Gujarát took possession of the Rewa and Mahi Kántha -districts and marched on Surat. Shiaji Dhangar was appointed in -Shevakrám’s place as Dámáji’s deputy, -and Krishnáji came to collect the Peshwa’s share.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Broach Independent, 1752.</span>Up to this -time the city of Broach had remained part of the Nizám’s -personal estate, managed by Abdúllah Beg, whom, with the title -of Nek Álam Khán, Ásif Jáh the late -Nizám-ul-Mulk had chosen his deputy. On the death of -Abdúllah Beg in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1752 the -emperor appointed his son to succeed him with the same title as his -father, while he gave to another son, named Mughal Beg, the title of -Khertalab Khán. During the contests for succession that followed -upon the death of the Nizám in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1752, no attempt was made to enforce the -Nizám’s claims on the lands of Broach; and for the future, -except for the share of the revenue paid to the Maráthás, -the governors of Broach were practically independent. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb335" href="#pb335" name="pb335">335</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Ahmed Sháh Emperor, 1748–1754.</span> The Peshwa now sent -Pándurang Pandit to levy tribute from his share of -Gujarát, and that officer crossing the Mahi marched upon Cambay. -Momín Khán prepared to oppose him, but the Pandit made -friendly overtures, and eventually Momín Khán not only -paid the sum of £700 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 7000) for -grass and grain for the Pandit’s troops, but also lent him four -small cannon. <span class="marginnote">Pándurang Pandit Repulsed -at Áhmedábád, 1752.</span>Pándurang Pandit -then marched upon Áhmedábád, and encamping near -the Kánkariya lake laid siege to the city which was defended by -Jawán Mard Khán. During the siege Pándurang -Pandit, sending some troops, ravaged Níkol, part of the lands of -Áli Muhammad Khán Bahádur, the author of the -Mirăt-i-Áhmedi. Meanwhile, as the operations against -Áhmedábád made no progress, Pándurang -Pandit made offers of peace. These Jawán Mard Khán -accepted, and on receiving from Jawán Mard Khán the -present of a mare and a small sum of money under the name of -entertainment, the Marátha leader withdrew to Sorath.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Marátha Invasion.</span>About this -time the Peshwa released Dámáji Gáikwár on -his promise to help the Peshwa’s brother -Raghunáthráv, who was shortly afterwards despatched with -an army to complete the conquest of Gujarát. Meanwhile -Jawán Mard Khán’s anxiety regarding the -Maráthás was for a time removed by the departure of -Pándurang Pandit. And, as the harvest season had arrived, he -with his brother Zoráwar Khán Bábi, leaving -Muhammad Mubáriz Sherwáni behind as his deputy, set out -from Áhmedábád to levy tribute from the chiefs of -the Sábar Kántha. Certain well informed persons, who had -heard of Raghunáthráv’s preparations for invading -Gujarát, begged Jawán Mard Khán not to leave the -city but to depute his brother Zoráwar Khán Bábi -to collect the tribute. Jawán Mard Khán, not believing -their reports, said that he would not go more than from forty-five to -sixty miles from the city, and that, should the necessity of any more -distant excursion arise, he would entrust it to his brother. -<span class="corr" id="xd25e31118" title="Source: Jáwan">Jawán</span> Mard Khán then -marched from the city, levying tribute until he arrived on the -Pálanpur frontier about seventy-five miles north of -Áhmedábád. Here meeting Muhammad Bahádur -Jhálori, the governor of Pálanpur, Jawán Mard -Khán was foolishly induced to join him in plundering the fertile -districts of Sirohi, till at last he was not less than 150 miles from -his head-quarters. Meanwhile Raghunáthráv, joining -Dámáji Gáikwár, entered suddenly by an -unusual route into Gujarát, and news reached -Áhmedábád that the Maráthás had -crossed the Narbada. On this the townspeople sent messenger after -messenger to recall Jawán Mard Khán, and building up the -gateways prepared for defence, while the inhabitants of the suburbs, -leaving their houses, crowded with their families into the city for -protection. Raghunáthráv, hearing that Jawán Mard -Khán and his army were absent from the city, pressed on by -forced marches, and crossing the river Mahi despatched an advance corps -under Vithal Sukhdev. Kosáji, proprietor of Naḍiád, -at Dámáji Gáikwár’s invitation also -marched towards Áhmedábád, plundering -Mehmúdábád Khokhri, only three miles from the -city. In the meantime Vithal Sukhdev reached Kaira, and taking with him -the chief man of that place, Muhammad Daurán, son of Muhammad -Bábi, continued his march. He was shortly joined by -Raghunáthráv, and the combined forces now proceeded to -Áhmedábád and encamped by the Kánkariya -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb336" href="#pb336" name="pb336">336</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Ahmed Sháh Emperor, 1748–1754.</span> lake. Next day -Raghunáthráv moved his camp to near the tomb of Hazrat -Sháh Bhíkan,<a class="noteref" id="n336.1src" href="#n336.1" name="n336.1src">59</a> on the bank of the Sábarmati -to the south-west of the city. Raghunáthráv now proceeded -to invest the city, distributing his thirty to forty thousand horse -into three divisions. The operations against the north of the city were -entrusted to Dámáji Gáikwár; those on the -east to Gopál Hari; while the troops on the south and west were -under the personal command of Raghunáthráv and his -officers.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Return of Jawán Mard -Khán.</span>After leaving Sirohi Jawán Mard Khán -had gone westwards to Tharád and Váv, so that the first -messengers failed to find him. One of the later messengers, -Mándan by name, who had not left Áhmedábád -until the arrival of Raghunáthráv at the Kánkariya -lake, made his way to Váv and Tharád, and told -Jawán Mard Khán what had happened. Jawán Mard -Khán set out by forced marches for Rádhanpur, and leaving -his family and the bulk of his army at Pátan, he pushed on with -200 picked horsemen to Kadi and from that to -Áhmedábád, contriving to enter the city by night. -<span class="marginnote">He enters -Áhmedábád.</span>The presence of Jawán Mard -Khán raised the spirits of the besieged, and the defence was -conducted with ardour. In spite of their watchfulness, a party of about -700 Maráthás under cover of night succeeded in scaling -the walls and entering the city. Ere they could do any mischief they -were discovered and driven out of the town with much slaughter. The -bulk of the besieging army, which had advanced in hopes that this party -would succeed in opening one of the city gates, were forced to retire -disappointed. Raghunáthráv now made proposals for peace, -but Jawán Mard Khán did not think it consistent with his -honour to accept them. On his refusal, the Marátha general -redoubled his efforts and sprung several mines, but owing to the -thickness of the city walls no practicable breach was effected. -Jawán Mard Khán now expelled the Marátha deputies, -and <span class="marginnote">Gallant Defence of the -City.</span>continuing to defend the city with much gallantry contrived -at night to introduce into the town by detachments a great portion of -his army from Pátan. At length, embarrassed by want of -provisions and the clamour of his troops for pay, he extorted -£5000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 50,000) from the official -classes. As Jawán Mard was known to have an ample supply of -money of his own this untimely meanness caused great discontent. The -official classes who were the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb337" -href="#pb337" name="pb337">337</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Ahmed Sháh Emperor, 1748–1754.</span> repository of all -real power murmured against his rule and openly advocated the surrender -of the city, and <span class="marginnote">Jawán Mard Khán -Surrenders.</span>Jawán Mard Khán, much against his will, -was forced to enter into negotiations with -Raghunáthráv.</p> -<p>Raghunáthráv was so little hopeful of taking -Áhmedábád that he had determined, should the siege -last a month longer, to depart on condition of receiving the one-fourth -share of the revenue and a safe conduct. Had Jawán Mard -Khán only disbursed his own money to pay the troops, and -encouraged instead of disheartening the official class, he need never -have lost the city. At last to Raghunáthráv’s -relief, Jawán Mard Khán was reduced to treat for peace -through Vithal Sukhdev. It was arranged that the Maráthás -should give Jawán Mard Khán the sum of £10,000 -(<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 1 <i>lákh</i>) to pay his -troops, besides presenting him with an elephant and other articles of -value. It was at the same time agreed that the garrison should leave -the city with all the honours of war. And that, for himself and his -brothers, Jawán Mard Khán should receive, free from any -Marátha claim, the districts of Pátan, Vadnagar, Sami, -Munjpur, Visalnagar, Tharád, Kherálu, and -Rádhanpur with Tervada and Bijápur. It was further agreed -that one of Jawán Mard Khán’s brothers should -always serve the Maráthás with 300 horse and 500 foot, -the expenses of the force being paid by the Maráthás. It -was also stipulated that neither the Peshwa’s army nor his -deputy’s, nor that of any commander should enter Jawán -Mard Khán’s territory, and that in -Áhmedábád no Marátha official should put up -at any of the Khán Bahádur’s mansions, new or old, -or at any of those belonging to his brothers followers or servants. -Finally that the estates of other members of the family, namely Kaira, -Kasba Mátar and Bánsa Mahudha, which belonged to Muhammad -Khán, Khán Daurán, and Ábid Khán -were not to be meddled with, nor were encroachments to be allowed on -the lands of Káyam Kúli Khán or of Zoráwar -Khán. This agreement was signed and sealed by -Raghunáthráv, with Dámáji -Gáikwár (half sharer), Malhárráv Holkar, -Jye Ápa Sindhia, Rámchandar Vithal Sukhdev, -Sakhárám Bhagvant, and Mádhavráv -Gopálráv as securities. <span class="marginnote">The -Maráthás take Possession, 1753.</span>The treaty was then -delivered to Jawán Mard Khán, and he and his garrison, -marching out with the honours of war, the Maráthás took -possession of Áhmedábád on April 2nd, 1753.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Collect Tribute.</span>On leaving -Áhmedábád Jawán Mard Khán retired to -Pátan. At Áhmedábád -Raghunáthráv with Dámáji arranged for the -government of the city, appointing Shripatráv his deputy. He -then marched into Jháláváḍa to levy tribute -from the Limbḍi and Wadhwán chiefs; and was so far -successful that Harbhamji of Limbḍi agreed to pay an annual -tribute of £4000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 40,000). As the -rainy season was drawing near Raghunáthráv returned to -Dholka, while Patel Vithal Sukhdev forced Muhammad Bahádur, the -governor of Pálanpur, to consent to a payment of £11,500 -(<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 1,15,000). From Dholka -Raghunáthráv went to Tárápur, about twelve -miles north of Cambay, and compelled Momín Khán to submit -to an annual payment of £1000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> -10,000). At the same time Áli Muhammad Khán -Bahádur, the author of the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi, was -appointed collector of customs, and his former grants were confirmed -and he was allowed to retain <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb338" href="#pb338" name="pb338">338</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Ahmed Sháh Emperor, 1748–1754.</span> his villages of -Sayadpur and Kûjádh close to -Áhmedábád, as well as the village of -Pánmûl in Bijápur. Dámáji -Gáikwár, after levying tribute in the Vátrak -Kántha, went to Kapadvanj, which he took from Sher Khán -Bábi. From Kapadvanj he passed to Naḍiád and -appointed Shevakrái to collect his half share of the revenue of -Gujarát. <span class="marginnote">Mughal Coinage -Ceases.</span>In the Áhmedábád mint, coin ceased -to be struck in the emperor’s name and the suburbs of the city -which had been deserted during the siege were not again inhabited. The -Kolis commenced a system of depredation, and their outrages were so -daring that women and children were sometimes carried off and sold as -slaves. After the rains were over (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1754) Shetuji, commander of the -Áhmedábád garrison, and Shankarji, governor of -Víramgám, were sent to collect tribute from Sorath. -Though the imperial power was sunk so low, the emperor was allowed to -confer the post of Kázi of the city on Kázi -Rûkn-ul-Hak Khán who arrived at -Áhmedábád and assumed office. <span class="marginnote">Failure of an Attempt on Cambay, 1753.</span>At the close -of the year Shripatráv, who was anxious to acquire Cambay, -marched against Momín Khán. After two doubtful battles in -which the Maráthás gained no advantage, it was agreed -that Momín Khán should pay a sum of £700 -(<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 7000), and Shripatráv departed -from Áhmedábád early in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1754. <span class="marginnote">The -Kolis.</span>When the Kolis heard of the ill success of the -Maráthás at Cambay, they revolted and Rághoshankar -was sent to subdue them. In an engagement near Luhára in Bahyal -in His Highness the Gáikwár’s territory about -eighteen miles east of Áhmedábád, -Rághoshankar scattered the Kolis, but they again collected and -forced the Maráthás to retire. At this time Shetuji and -Shankarji returned from Sorath, where they had performed the pilgrimage -to Dwárka. Shetuji was sent to the Bhíl district against -the Kolis. He was unsuccessful, and was so ashamed of his failure that -he returned to the Dakhan and Dandu Dátátri was appointed -in his place.</p> -<p>In this year died Nek Álam Khán II. governor of -Broach. He was succeeded by his brother Khertalab Khán who -expelled his nephew Hámid Beg, son of Nek Álam -Khán. Hámid Beg took refuge in Surat. At -Bálásinor a dispute arose between Sher Khán -Bábi and a body of Arab mercenaries who took possession of a -hill, but in the end came to terms. With the Peshwa’s permission -his deputy Bhagvantráv marched on Cambay. But Varajlál, -Momín Khán’s steward, who was then at Poona, sent -word to his master, who prepared himself against any emergency. When -Bhagvantráv arrived at Cambay he showed no hostile intentions -and was well received by Momín Khán. Subsequently a -letter from Bhagvantráv to Sálim Jamádár at -Áhmedábád ordering him to march against Cambay -fell into Momín Khán’s hands. He at once surrounded -Bhagvantráv’s house and made him prisoner. <span class="marginnote">Maráthás Attack Cambay, 1754.</span>When the -Peshwa heard that Bhagvantráv had been captured, he ordered -Ganesh Ápa, governor of Jambusar, as well as the governors of -Víramgám, Dhandhuka, and other places to march at once -upon Cambay. They went and besieged the town for three months, but -without success. Eventually Shripatráv, the Peshwa’s -deputy, sent the author of the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi to negotiate, -and it was agreed that Bhagvantráv should be released and that -no alteration should be made in the position of Momín -Khán. Shortly afterwards Shripatráv was recalled by the -Peshwa and his place supplied by an <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb339" href="#pb339" name="pb339">339</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Ahmed Sháh Emperor, 1748–1754.</span> officer of the name -of Rágho. About this time Khertalab Khán, governor of -Broach, died, and quarrels arose regarding the succession. Ultimately -Hamid Beg, nephew of Khertalab Khán, obtained the post, and he -afterwards received an imperial order confirming him as governor, and -bestowing on him the title of Neknám Khán -Bahádur.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Álamgir II. Emperor, -1754–1759.</span>At Dehli, during <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1754, the emperor Áhmed Sháh was -deposed, and Âzíz-ud-dín, son of -Jahándár Sháh, was raised to the throne with the -title of Álamgír II. After his release Bhagvantráv -established himself in the Cambay fort of Nápád and not -long after began to attack Momín Khán’s villages. -<span class="marginnote">Contest with Momín Khán Renewed, -1754.</span>After several doubtful engagements peace was concluded on -Momín Khán paying £1000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 10,000) on account of the usual share of the -Maráthás which he had withheld. This arrangement was made -through the mediation of Tukáji, the steward of Sadáshiv -Dámodar, who had come to Gujarát with an army and orders -to help Bhagvantráv. As Momín Khán had no ready -money Tukáji offered himself as security and Bhagvantráv -and Tukáji withdrew to the Dakhan. Momín -Khán’s soldiery now clamoured for pay. As he was not in a -position to meet their demands he sent a body of men against some -villages to the west belonging to Limbḍi and plundered them, -dividing the booty among his troops. In the following year, -<span class="marginnote">Momín Khán takes Gogha, -1755.</span><span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1755, Momín -Khán went to Gogha, a port which, though at one time subordinate -to Cambay, had fallen into the hands of Sher Khán Bábi, -and was now in the possession of the Peshwa’s officers. Gogha -fell and leaving a garrison of 100 Arabs under Ibráhím -Kúli Khán, Momín Khán returned to Cambay, -levying tribute. He then sent the bulk of his army under the command of -Muhammad Zamán Khán, son of Fidá-ud-dín -Khán, and Varajlál his own steward, to plunder and -collect money in Gohilváḍa and -Káthiáváḍa. Here they remained until their -arrears were paid off, and then returned to Cambay. After this -Momín Khán plundered several Petlád villages and -finally, in concert with the Kolis of Dhowan, attacked Jambusar and -carried off much booty. Momín Khán next marched against -Borsad, and was on the point of taking the fort when Sayáji, son -of Dámáji Gáikwár, who lived at Baroda, -hearing of Momín Khán’s success, came rapidly with -a small body of men to the relief of the fort and surprised the -besiegers. The Muhammadan troops soon recovered from the effects of the -surprise, and Sayáji fearing to engage them with so small a -force retired. On Sayáji’s departure Momín -Khán raised the siege of Borsad and returned to Cambay.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Momín Khán recovers -Áhmedábád, 17th Oct. 1756.</span>In the year -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1756 the rains were very heavy, and -the walls of Áhmedábád fell in many places. -Momín Khán, hearing of this as well as of the discontent -of the inhabitants, resolved to capture the city. He sent spies to -ascertain the strength of the garrison and set about making allies of -the chief men in the province and enlisting troops. About this time -Rághoji, the Marátha deputy, was assassinated by a -Rohilla. As soon as Momín Khán heard of -Rághoji’s death he sent his nephew, Muhammad Zamán -Khán, with some men in advance, and afterwards himself at the -close of the year, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1756, marched from -Cambay and camped on the Vátrak. From this camp they moved to -Kaira, and from Kaira to Áhmedábád. After one or -two fights in <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb340" href="#pb340" name="pb340">340</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Álamgir II. Emperor, 1754–1759.</span> the suburbs the -Muhammadans, finding their way through the breaches in the walls, -opened the gates and entered the town. The Kolis commenced plundering, -and a hand-to-hand fight ensued, in which the Maráthás -were worsted and were eventually expelled from the city. The Kolis -attempted to plunder the Dutch factory, but met with a spirited -resistance, and when Shambhúrám, a Nágar -Bráhman, one of Momín Khán’s chief -supporters, heard it he ordered the Kolis to cease attacking the -factory and consoled the Dutch.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Jawán Mard Khán allies -himself with the Maráthás.</span>In the meantime -Jawán Mard Khán, who had been invited by the -Maráthás to their assistance, set out from Pátan, -and when he arrived at Pethápur and Mánsa he heard of the -capture of Áhmedábád. On reaching Kalol he was -joined by Harbhamrám, governor of Kadi. They resolved to send -Zoráwar Khán Bábi to recall Sadáshiv -Dámodar, and to await his arrival at Víramgám. -Shevakrám, the Gáikwár’s deputy, had taken -refuge at Dholka. Momín Khán himself now advanced, and -entering Áhmedábád on the 17th October 1756, -appointed Shambhúrám his deputy. Sadáshiv -Dámodar now joined Jawán Mard Khán at -Víramgám, and at Jawán Mard Khán’s -advice it was resolved, before taking further steps, to write to the -Peshwa for aid. Jawán Mard Khán, although he held large -service estates, charged the Maráthás £150 -(<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 1500) a day for his troops. -Jawán Mard Khán and the Maráthás then -advanced to Sánand and Jitalpur, and thence marched towards -Cambay. On their way they were met, and, after several combats, -defeated by a detachment of Momín Khán’s army. -Momín Khán sent troops to overrun Kadi, but -Harbhamrám, the governor of Kadi, defeated the force, and -captured their guns. When the emperor heard of the capture of Gogha, he -sent a sword as a present to Momín Khán; and when the -news of the capture of Áhmedábád reached -Ágra, Momín Khán received many compliments. -<span class="corr" id="xd25e31285" title="Source: Bálájirav">Bálájiráv</span> -Peshwa on the other hand was greatly enraged at these reverses. He at -once sent off Sadáshiv Rámchandra to Gujarát as -his deputy, and Dámáji and Khanderáv -Gáikwár also accompanied him with their forces. -Momín Khán refusing to give up -Áhmedábád, prepared for defence. Sadáshiv -Rámchandra, Dámáji and Khanderáv -Gáikwár advanced, and, crossing the Mahi, reached Kaira. -Here they were met by Jawán Mard Khán and the rest of the -Marátha forces in Gujarát, and the combined army -advancing against the capital camped by the Kánkariya lake.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Maráthás Invest -Áhmedábád, 1756.</span>The Maráthás -now regularly invested the city, but Momín Khán, aided by -Shambhúrám, made a vigorous defence. Up to this time -Jawán Mard Khán was receiving £150 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 1500) daily for the pay of his own and his -brother’s troops. Sadáshiv Rámchandra, considering -the number of the troops too small for so large a payment, reduced the -amount and retained the men in his own service. After a month’s -siege, Momín Khán’s troops began to clamour for -pay, but Shambhúrám, by collecting the sum of -£10,000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 1 <i>lákh</i>) -from the inhabitants of the town managed for the time to appease their -demands. When they again became urgent for pay, -Shambhúrám diverted their thoughts by a general sally -from all the gates at night. On this occasion many men were slain on -both sides, and many of the inhabitants deserted the town. The copper -vessels of such of the townspeople as had fled <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb341" href="#pb341" name="pb341">341</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Álamgir II. Emperor, 1754–1759.</span> were melted and -coined into money and given to the soldiery. In this state of affairs -an order arrived from the imperial court bestowing on Momín -Khán a dress of honour and the title of Bahádur. Although -the imperial power had for years been merely a name Momín -Khán asked and obtained permission from the besiegers to leave -the city and meet the bearers of the order. The Maráthás -redoubled their efforts. Still though the besiegers were successful in -intercepting supplies of grain the garrison fought gallantly in defence -of the town.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Ráv of Ídar helps -Momín Khán, 1757.</span>At this juncture, in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1757, Rája Shivsingh of Ídar, son -of the late Anandsingh, who was friendly to Momín Khán, -sent Sajánsingh Hazári with a force to assist the -besieged. On their way to Áhmedábád, -Harbhamrám with a body of Maráthás attacked this -detachment, while Momín Khán sent to their aid Muhammad -Lál Rohilla and others, and a doubtful battle was fought. -Shortly afterwards Sadáshiv Rámchandar made an attempt on -the fort of Kálikot. The fort was successfully defended by -Jamádár Núr Muhammad, and the -Maráthás were repulsed. The Maráthás -endeavoured in vain to persuade Shambhúrám to desert -Momín Khán, and though the garrison were often endangered -by the faithlessness of the Kolis and other causes, they remained -staunch. Momín Khán, though frequently in difficulties -owing to want of funds to pay his soldiery, continued to defend the -town. The Maráthás next tried to seduce some of -Momín Khán’s officers, but in this they also -failed, and <span class="marginnote">Successful Sally under -Shambhurám.</span>in a sally Shambhúrám attacked -the camp of Sadáshiv <span class="corr" id="xd25e31323" title="Source: Ramchandar">Rámchandar</span>, and burning his tents -all but captured the chief himself.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Negotiations for Peace.</span>When the -siege was at this stage, Hassan Kúli Khán Bahádur, -viceroy of Oudh, relinquishing worldly affairs and dividing his -property among his nephews, set out to perform a pilgrimage to Makkah. -Before he started Shuja-ûd-daulah, the Nawáb of Lucknow, -requested him on his way to visit Bálájiráv, and -endeavour to come to some settlement of Áhmedábád -affairs. Accordingly, adopting the name of Sháh Núr, and -assuming the dress of an ascetic, Hassan Kúli made his way to -Poona, and appearing before the Peshwa offered to make peace at -Áhmedábád. Sháh Núr with much -difficulty persuaded the Peshwa to allow Momín Khán to -retain Cambay and Gogha without any Marátha share, and to grant -him a <i>lákh</i> of rupees for the payment of his troops, on -condition that he should surrender Áhmedábád. He -obtained letters from the Peshwa addressed to Sadáshiv -Rámchandra to this effect, and set out with them for -Áhmedábád. When he arrived Sadáshiv -Rámchandra was unwilling to accede to the terms, as the -Áhmedábád garrison were reduced to great straits. -Sháh Núr persuaded him at last to agree, provided -Momín Khán would surrender without delay. Accordingly -Sháh Núr entered the city and endeavoured to persuade -Momín Khán. Momín Khán demanded in addition -a few Petlád villages, and to this the Maráthás -refused their consent. Sháh Núr left in disgust. Before -many days Momín Khán was forced to make overtures for -peace. After discussions with Dámáji -Gáikwár, it was agreed that Momín Khán -should surrender the city, receive £10,000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 1 <i>lákh</i>) to pay his soldiery, and be -allowed to retain Cambay as heretofore, that is to say that the Peshwa -should, as <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb342" href="#pb342" name="pb342">342</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Álamgir II. Emperor, 1754–1759.</span> formerly, enjoy -half the revenues. In addition to this <span class="corr" id="xd25e31352" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán had -to promise to pay the Maráthás a yearly tribute of -£1000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 10,000) and to give up all -claims on the town of Gogha and hand over Shambhúrám to -the Maráthás. It was also arranged that the £3500 -(<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 35,000) worth of <i>ashrafis</i> which -he had taken through Jamádár Sálim should be -deducted from the £10,000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 1 -<i>lákh</i>). Momín Khán surrendered the town on -February 27th, 1758.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Marátha Arrangements in -Áhmedábád.</span>Sadáshiv Rámchandar -and Dámáji Gáikwár entered the city and -undertook its management on behalf of the Maráthás. Of -the other chiefs who were engaged in prosecuting the siege, -Sadáshiv Dámodar returned to the Dakhan and Jawán -Mard Khán receiving some presents from Sadáshiv -Rámchandar departed for Pátan after having had a meeting -with Dámáji Gáikwár at a village a few -miles from the capital. Shambhurám, the Nágar -Bráhman, who had so zealously supported Momín -Khán, when he saw that further assistance was useless, tried to -escape, but was taken prisoner and sent in chains to Baroda. -Sadáshiv Rámchandar, on taking charge of the city, had -interviews with the principal officials, among whom was the author of -the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi, and, receiving them graciously, -confirmed most of them in their offices. Then, after <span class="corr" -id="xd25e31374" title="Source: chosing">choosing</span> Náro -Pandit, brother of Pándurang Pandit, to be his deputy in -Áhmedábád, he started on an expedition to collect -tribute in Jháláváḍa and Sorath. -<span class="marginnote">New Coins.</span>On receiving the government -of the city the Marátha generals ordered new coin bearing the -mark of an elephant goad to be struck in the -Áhmedábád mint. Sayájiráv -Gáikwár remained in Áhmedábád on -behalf of his father Dámáji, and shortly afterwards went -towards Kapadvanj to collect tribute. Thence at his father’s -request he proceeded to Sorath to arrange for the payment of the -Gáikwár’s share of the revenues of that district. -On his return to Cambay Momín Khán was much harassed by -his troops for arrears of pay. The timely arrival of his steward -Varajlál with the Peshwa’s contribution of £10,000 -(<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 1 <i>lákh</i>) enabled him to -satisfy their demands.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Momín Khán at -Cambay.</span>Momín Khán now began to oppress and extort -money from his own followers, and is said to have instigated the murder -of his steward Varajlál. Sadáshiv Rámchandar went -from Porbandar to <span class="corr" id="xd25e31390" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>, -where he was joined by <span class="corr" id="xd25e31393" title="Source: Sayajiráv">Sayájiráv</span> -Gáikwár. At <span class="corr" id="xd25e31396" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span> -Sher Khán Bábi presented Sadáshiv -Rámchandra and Siyájiráv with horses and they -spoke of the necessity of admitting a Marátha deputy into -<span class="corr" id="xd25e31399" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>. -Nothing was settled as the Maráthás were forced to return -to Áhmedábád. In accordance with orders from the -Peshwa, Shambhurám and his sons, who were still in confinement, -were sent to Poona. Dámáji Gáikwár was also -summoned to Poona, but he did not go. In this year Ráo Lakhpat -of Kachh presented Kachh horses and Gujarát bullocks to the -emperor, and in return received the title of Mírza -Rája.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Expedition from Kachh against Sindh, -1758.</span>About this time the Ráo of Kachh, who planned an -expedition against Sindh, solicited aid both from Dámáji -Gáikwár and Sadáshiv Rámchandar to enable -him to conquer Thatta, and, as he agreed to pay expenses, -Sadáshiv sent Ranchordás, and Dámáji sent -Shevakrám to help him. In this year also Neknám -Khán, governor of Broach, received the title of Bahádur -and other honours. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1758, -Sadáshiv Rámchandar advanced to Kaira and after settling -accounts <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb343" href="#pb343" name="pb343">343</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Álamgir II. Emperor, 1754–1759.</span> with -Dámáji’s agent proceeded against Cambay. -Momín Khán, who was about to visit the Peshwa at Poona, -remained to defend the town, but was forced to pay arrears of tribute -amounting to £2000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 20,000). In -this year Sher Khán Bábi died at <span class="corr" id="xd25e31424" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>, -and the nobles of his court seated his son Muhammad Mahábat -Khán in his place.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Maráthás levy -Tribute.</span>Shortly after at the invitation of the Peshwa, -Dámáji Gáikwár went to Poona, and sent his -son Sayájiráv into Sorath. After his success at Cambay -Sadáshiv Rámchandra levied tribute from the chiefs of -Umeta, and then returned. On his way back, on account of the opposition -caused by Sardár Muhammad Khán son of Sher Khán -Bábi, the chief of Bálásinor, Sadáshiv -Rámchandar besieged Bálásinor and forced the chief -to pay £3000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 30,000). Next -marching against Lunáváḍa, he compelled the chief -Dípsingh to pay £5000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> -50,000). Sadáshiv then went to Visalnagar and so to -Pálanpur, where Muhammad Khán Bahádur -Jhálori resisted him; but after a month’s siege he agreed -to pay a tribute of £3500 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> -35,000). Passing south from Pálanpur, Sadáshiv went to -Únja-Unáva, and from that to Katosan where he levied -£1000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 10,000) from the chief -Shuja, and then proceeded to <span class="corr" id="xd25e31443" title="Source: Límbḍi">Limbḍi</span>.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Surat Affairs</span>, -1758.</span>During <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1758 important -changes took place in Surat. In the early part of the year Sayad -Muîn-ud-dín, otherwise called Sayad Achchan, visited the -Peshwa at Poona, and received from him the appointment of governor of -Surat. Sayad Achchan then set out for his charge, and as he was aided -by a body of Marátha troops under the command of Muzaffar -Khán Gárdi and had also secured the support of -Neknám Khán, the governor of Broach, he succeeded after -some resistance in expelling Áli Nawáz Khán, son -of the late Safdar Muhammad Khán, and establishing himself in -the government. During the recent troubles, the English factory had -been plundered and two of their clerks murdered by Ahmed Khán -Habshi, commandant of the fort. <span class="marginnote">The English -take command of Surat, 1759.</span>The English therefore determined to -drive out the Habshi and themselves assume the government of the -castle. With this object men-of-war were despatched from Bombay to the -help of Mr. Spencer, the chief of the English factory, and the castle -was taken in March <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1759, and Mr. -Spencer appointed governor. The Peshwa appears to have consented to -this conquest. The Marátha troops aided and made a demonstration -without the city, and a Marátha man-of-war which had been -stationed at Bassein, came to assist the English. A Mr. Glass appears -to have been appointed <i>kiledár</i> under Governor -Spencer.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Momín Khán Visits Poona, -1759.</span>Shortly afterwards Momín Khán, by the advice -of Sayad Husain, an agent of the Peshwa, contracted friendship with the -English through Mr. Erskine, the chief of the English factory at -Cambay. Momín Khán then asked Mr. Erskine to obtain -permission for him to go to Poona by Bombay. Leave being granted, -Momín Khán set out for Surat, and was there received by -Mr. Spencer. From Surat he sailed for Bombay, where the governor, Mr. -Bourchier, treating him with much courtesy, informed the Peshwa of his -arrival. The Peshwa sending permission for his further advance to -Poona, Momín Khán took leave of Mr. Bourchier and -proceeded to Poona. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb344" href="#pb344" -name="pb344">344</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Álamgir II. Emperor, 1754–1759.<br> -<span class="sc">Sadáshiv Rámchandra</span> -Peshwa’s Viceroy, 1760.</span> <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Sadáshiv Rámchandra</span> -Peshwa’s Viceroy, 1760.</span>From Limbḍi, to which point -his tribute tour has been traced, Sadáshiv Rámchandra -advanced against Dhrángadhra, when the chief who was at Halvad -sent an army against him. The Maráthás, informed of the -chief’s design, detaching a force, attacked Halvad at night, and -breaching the walls forced open the gates. The chief retired to his -palace, which was fortified, and there defended himself, but was at -last forced to surrender, and was detained a prisoner until he should -pay a sum of £12,000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 1,20,000). -The neighbouring chiefs, impressed with the fate of Halvad, paid -tribute without opposition. <span class="marginnote">The -Maráthás in Káthiáváḍa, -1759.</span>Sadáshiv Rámchandra now went to <span class="corr" id="xd25e31496" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>, -but ere he could commence operations against the fortress, the rainy -season drew near, and returning to Áhmedábád he -prepared to depart for Poona. Sayáji Gáikwár, who -was also in Sorath collecting tribute, amongst other places besieged -Kundla, and levying from that town a tribute of £7500 -(<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 75,000) returned to the capital. -During this time Khanderáv Gáikwár had been -levying tribute from the Kolis, and after visiting the Bhíl -district went to Bijápur, Ídar, Kadi, Dholka, and -Naḍiád. The chief of Halvad on paying his £12,000 -(<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 1,20,000) was allowed to depart, and -Dípsingh of Lunáváḍa, who was also a -prisoner, was sent to Lunáváḍa and there released -after paying his tribute. On receiving the news of the capture of the -Surat fort by the English the emperor issued an order, in the name of -the governor of Bombay, confirming the command of the fort to the -English instead of to the Habshis of Janjira, appointing the Honourable -East India Company admirals of the imperial fleet, and at the same time -discontinuing the yearly payment of £2000 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 20,000) formerly made to the Habshi on this -account. When in the course of the following year, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760, this imperial order reached Surat, Mr. -Spencer and other chief men of the city went outside of the walls to -meet and escort the bearers of the despatch. Sadáshiv -Rámchandra was appointed viceroy of -Áhmedábád on behalf of the Peshwa. -Bhagvantráv now conquered <span class="corr" id="xd25e31512" -title="Source: Balásinor">Bálásinor</span> from -Sardár Muhammad Khán Bábi, and then marching to -Sorath, collected the Peshwa’s share of the tribute of that -province, according to the scale of the previous year. Sayáji -Gáikwár, when Bhagvantráv had returned, set out to -Sorath to levy the Gáikwár’s share of the tribute. -He was accompanied by Harbhamrám whom Dámáji -Gáikwár had specially sent from his own court to act as -Kámdár to Sayáji. When Sadáshiv -Rámchandra reported to the Peshwa the conquest of -Bálásinor by Bhagvantráv he was highly pleased, -and gave Bhagvantráv a dress of honour and allowed him to keep -the elephant which he had captured at Lunáváḍa; and -passed a patent bestowing Bálásinor upon him. -Momín Khán, after making firm promises to the Peshwa -never to depart from the terms of the treaty he had made with the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e31515" title="Source: Máráthás">Maráthás</span>, -left Poona and came to Bombay, where he was courteously entertained by -the Governor, and despatched by boat to Surat. From Surat he passed to -Cambay by land through Broach. Sayáji Gáikwár had -returned to Áhmedábád from Sorath in bad health, -and his uncle <span class="corr" id="xd25e31518" title="Source: Khánderáv">Khanderáv</span> -Gáikwár, who had been vainly endeavouring to subdue the -Kolis of Lúhára, came to Áhmedábád -and took Sayáji Gáikwár to Naḍiád. In -1761 Sadáshiv Rámchandra was displaced as viceroy of -Gujarát by <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb345" href="#pb345" -name="pb345">345</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Chapter III.<br> -Mughal Viceroys.<br> -Álamgir II. Emperor, 1754–1759.<br> -<span class="sc">Ápa Ganesh</span> Viceroy, 1761.</span> -<span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Ápa Ganesh</span> -Viceroy, 1761.</span>Ápa Ganesh. This officer acted in a -friendly manner to Momín Khán, and marching to Cambay, he -fixed the Marátha share of the revenues of that place for that -year at £8400 (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 84,000), and then -went to Áhmedábád by way of Dákor. -Narbherám collected this year the Gáikwár’s -share of the tribute of Sorath and Sayáji Gáikwár -went to Baroda. On his return to Áhmedábád at the -end of the year, Sayáji sacked and burned the Koli village of -Lúhára in Bahyal about eighteen miles east of -Áhmedábád. Jawán Mard Khán now -issued from Pátan and levied small contributions from the -holdings in Vágad, as far as Anjár in Kachh. From -Vágad he proceeded to Sorath, and in concert with Muhammad -Mahábat Khán of <span class="corr" id="xd25e31545" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span> and -Muhammad Muzáffar Khán Bábi, between whom he made -peace, he levied tribute in Sorath as far as Loliyána, and -returned to Pátan.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Pánipat, 1761.</span>While their -power and plunderings were thus prospering in Gujarát the -crushing ruin of Pánipat (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1761) fell on the Maráthás. Taking -advantage of the confusion that followed, the Dehli court despatched -instructions to the chief Musalmán nobles of Gujarát, -directing Momín Khán, <span class="corr" id="xd25e31555" -title="Source: Jáwan">Jawán</span> Mard Khán, and -the governor of Broach to join in driving the Maráthás -out of the province. In consequence of this despatch Sardár -Muhammad Khán Bábi, defeating the <span class="corr" id="xd25e31558" title="Source: Márátha">Marátha</span> garrison, -regained Bálásinor, while the governor of Broach, with -the aid of Momín Khán, succeeded in winning back -Jambúsar. Ápa Ganesh, the Peshwa’s viceroy, -remonstrated with Momín Khán for this breach of faith. In -reply his envoy was shown the despatch received from Dehli, and was -made the bearer of a message, that before it was too late, it would be -wisdom for the Maráthás to abandon Gujarát. Things -were in this state when Dámáji Gáikwár, -wisely forgetting his quarrels with the Peshwa, marched to the aid of -Sadáshiv with a large army. Advancing against Cambay he attacked -and defeated Momín Khán, plundering one of his villages. -But the Maráthás were too weak to follow up this success, -or exact severer punishment from the Musalmán confederates. -Ápa Ganesh invited Sardár Muhammad Khán -Bábi to Kaira, and on condition of the payment of tribute, -agreed to allow him to keep possession of Bálásinor. -Subsequently Dámáji’s energy enabled him to enlarge -the power and possessions of the Gáikwár’s house, -besides acquisitions from other chiefs, recovering the districts of -Visalnagar, Kherálu, Vadnagar, Bijápur, and Pátan -from Jawán Mard Khán. After the death of the great -Dámáji, the importance of the -Gáikwár’s power sensibly diminished. Had it not -been for their alliance with the British, the feeble hands of -Sayájiráv I. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1771–1778) would probably have been the -last to hold the emblem of Gáikwár rule. If in the zenith -of Gáikwár power Momín Khán could -reconquer, and for so long successfully defend -Áhmedábád, what might not have been possible in -its decline? <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb347" href="#pb347" name="pb347">347</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n265.1" -href="#n265.1src" name="n265.1">1</a></span> The emperor Akbar took -Muzaffar Sháh with him to Agra, and settled on him the districts -of Sárangpur and Ujjain in Málwa with a revenue of -<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 20,00,000 (50 <i>lákhs</i> of -<i>tankás</i>) (Elliot, V. 353). When Mun’im Khán -Khán Khánán was going to Bengal, the emperor made -Muzaffar over to him. Mun’im Khán gave his daughter -Sháhzádah Khánam in marriage to Muzaffar, but -shortly afterwards having reason to suspect him imprisoned him, whence -Muzaffar finding an opportunity fled to Gujarát in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1581 (H. 989) according to Farishtah (II. 460), -1583 according to the Mirăt-i-Sikandari. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n265.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n265.2" -href="#n265.2src" name="n265.2">2</a></span> Both the -Tabakát-i-Akbari (Elliot, V. 342) and Farishtah (I. 491) name -four other nobles Mír Abu Turáb, Sayad Áhmed -Bhukhári, Malik Ashraf, and Wajíh-ul-Mulk. The Sayad -Áhmed of these two writers is a misprint for the Sayad -Hámid of the text. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n265.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n265.3" -href="#n265.3src" name="n265.3">3</a></span> Mirăt-i-Sikandari, -415; Tabakát-i-Akbari in Elliot, V. 343. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n265.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n266.1" -href="#n266.1src" name="n266.1">4</a></span> These details of the Surat -expedition are taken from the <span class="corr" id="xd25e26945" title="Source: Tabákát-i-Akbari">Tabakát-i-Akbari</span> -in Elliot, V. 343–346 and Abúl Fazl’s -Akbar-námah in Elliot, VI. 42. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n266.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n266.2" -href="#n266.2src" name="n266.2">5</a></span> The emperor -Jehángír in his Diary (Tuzuk-i-Jehángíri, -Persian Text, Sir Sayad Ahmed’s Edition, page 196) says that -Biharji or Viharji was the hereditary title of the chiefs of -Báglán. The personal name of the Baglán -Bihárji of his time was Partáp. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n266.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n266.3" -href="#n266.3src" name="n266.3">6</a></span> According to the -Áin-i-Akbari (Blochmann, I. 325) the province of Gujarát -over which the Kokaltásh was placed did not pass further south -than the river Mahi. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n266.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n267.1" -href="#n267.1src" name="n267.1">7</a></span> Tuzuki -Jehángíri or <span class="corr" id="xd25e27041" title="Source: Jehangír’s">Jehángír’s</span> -Memoirs, <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, Sayad Áhmed -Khán’s Edition page 20. For Akbar’s march compare -Tabakát-i-Akbari in Elliot, V. 365 and Blochman’s -Áin-i-Akbari, I. 325 and note. The Mirăt-i-Áhmedi -(<abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, 131) records these further -details: When starting from his last camp Akbar began to mount his -horse on the day of the battle that took place near -Áhmedábád. The royal steed unable to bear the -weight of the hero laden with the spirit of victory sat down. -Rája Bhagwándás Kachwáhah ran up to the -rather embarrassed emperor and offered him his congratulations saying: -This, your Majesty, is the surest sign of victory. There are also two -further signs: the wind blows from our back and the kites and vultures -accompany our host. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n267.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n268.1" -href="#n268.1src" name="n268.1">8</a></span> Tabakát-i-Akbari in -Elliot, V. 405. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n268.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n268.2" -href="#n268.2src" name="n268.2">9</a></span> Mángrúl -(north latitude 21° 8′; east longitude 70° 10′), a -seaport on the south coast of Káthiáváḍa, -about twenty miles west of Somnáth. This town, which is supposed -to be the Monoglossum emporium of Ptolemy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 150) (see Bird, 115), is spelt -Mánglúr by the Muhammadan historians. Barbosa -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1511–1514), under the name of -Surati-mangaler, calls it a ‘very good port where many ships from -Malabár touch for horses, wheat, rice, cotton goods, and -vegetables.’ In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1531 the city -was taken by the Portuguese general Sylveira with a vast booty and a -great number of prisoners (Churchill’s Travels, III. 529). It is -incidentally mentioned in the Áin-i-Akbari (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1590). In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1638 -Mandelslo describes it as famous for its linen cloth, and in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1700 it is mentioned by Hamilton (New -Account, I. 136) as a place of trade. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n268.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n269.1" -href="#n269.1src" name="n269.1">10</a></span> This has been rendered by -Bird, 353, ‘the mountain of Dínár,’ as if Koh -Dínár. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n269.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n269.2" -href="#n269.2src" name="n269.2">11</a></span> H. 992 -(1584 <span class="corr" id="xd25e27191" title="Source: A.C."><span class="sc">a.d.</span></span>) according to the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e27199" title="Source: Tabakat-i-Akbari">Tabakát-i-Akbari</span> (Elliot, V. -428). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n269.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n269.3" -href="#n269.3src" name="n269.3">12</a></span> Mirăt-i-Sikandari, -422. Compare Blochman’s Áin-i-Akbari, I. -386. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n269.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n270.1" -href="#n270.1src" name="n270.1">13</a></span> Mirăt-i-Sikandari, -426: Farishtah, I. 503; Elliot, V. 434. In honour of this victory the -Khán Khánán built, on the site of the battle, a -palace and garden enclosing all with a high wall. This which he named -Jítpur the City of Victory was one of the chief ornaments of -Áhmedábád. In November 1613 the English merchant -Wittington writes (Kerr’s Voyages, IX. 127): A <i>kos</i> from -Sarkhej is a pleasant house with a large garden all round on the banks -of the river which Chon-Chin-Naw (Khán Khánán) -built in honour of a great victory over the last king of -Gujarát. No person inhabits the house. Two years later (1615) -another English merchant Dodsworth (Kerr, IX. 203) describes the field -of Victory as strongly walled all round with brick about 1½ -miles in circuit all planted with fruit trees and delightfully watered -having a costly house called by a name signifying Victory in which -Khán Khánán for some time resided. In 1618, the -emperor Jehángír (Memoirs Persian Text, 210–213) on -his way to Sarkhej visited the -Khán-i-Khánán’s Bághi Fateh or Garden -of Victory which he had built at a cost of two <i>lákhs</i> of -rupees ornamenting the garden with buildings and surrounding it with a -wall. The natives he notices call it Fateh-Wádi. In 1626 the -English traveller Herbert (Travels, 66) writes: Two miles nearer -Áhmedábád than Sirkhej are the curious gardens and -palace of Khán Khánán where he defeated the last -of the Cambay kings and in memory built a stately house and spacious -gardens the view whereof worthily attracts the traveller. Mandelslo -writing in 1638 is still louder in praise of Tschietbág the -Garden of Victory. It is the largest and most beautiful garden in all -India because of its splendid buildings and abundance of fine fruits. -Its site is one of the pleasantest in the world on the border of a -great tank having on the water side many pavilions and a high wall on -the side of Áhmedábád. The lodge and the -caravanserai are worthy of the prince who built them. The garden has -many fruit trees oranges, citrons, pomegranates, dates, almonds, -mulberries, tamarinds, mangoes, and cocoanuts so closely planted that -all walking in the garden is under most pleasing shade -(Mandelslo’s Travels, French Ed. 111–112). When -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1750) the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi -was written several of the buildings and the remains of the summer -house were still to be seen (Bird’s History of Gujarát, -375). A few traces of the buildings known as Fateh Bádi or -Victory Garden remains 1879). (Áhmedábád -Gazetteer, 292.) <a class="fnarrow" href="#n270.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n271.1" -href="#n271.1src" name="n271.1">14</a></span> Two <i>lákhs</i> -of <i>mahmúdis</i>. The <i>mahmúdi</i> varied in value -from about one-third to one-half of a rupee. See Introduction page 222 -note 2. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n271.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n271.2" -href="#n271.2src" name="n271.2">15</a></span> Morvi (north latitude -29° 48′; east longitude 70° 50′), a town in -Káthiáváḍa, about twenty-one miles south of -Kachh. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n271.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n272.1" -href="#n272.1src" name="n272.1">16</a></span> Jagat (north latitude -22° 15′; east longitude 69° 1′), the site of the -temple of Dwárka, at the western extremity of the peninsula of -Káthiáváḍa. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n272.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n272.2" -href="#n272.2src" name="n272.2">17</a></span> Verával (north -latitude 20° 55′; east longitude 70° 21′), on the -south-west coast of Káthiáváḍa. On the -south-east point of Verával bay stood the city of Dev or Mungi -Pátan and within its walls the temple of -Somanátha. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n272.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n273.1" -href="#n273.1src" name="n273.1">18</a></span> -Jehángír’s Memoirs, Persian Text, 23; -Blochman’s Áin-i-Akbari, I. 470. Bahádur died about -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1614: Jehángír’s -Memoirs, 134. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n273.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n273.2" -href="#n273.2src" name="n273.2">19</a></span> Now belonging to His -Highness the Gáikwár about twenty-seven miles north-west -of Áhmedábád. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n273.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n273.3" -href="#n273.3src" name="n273.3">20</a></span> Belpár, belonging -to the Thákor of Umeta in the Rewa Kántha. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n273.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n273.4" -href="#n273.4src" name="n273.4">21</a></span> This Mándwa is -probably the Mándwa under His Highness the Gáikwár -in his district of Atarsumba, but it may be Mándwa on the -Narbada in the Rewa Kántha. Atarsumba is about ten miles west of -Kapadvanj in the British district of Kaira. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n273.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n274.1" -href="#n274.1src" name="n274.1">22</a></span> -Jehángír’s Memoirs, Persian Text, -75. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n274.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n274.2" -href="#n274.2src" name="n274.2">23</a></span> Now belonging to the -Rája of Dharampur, east of the British district of -Surat. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n274.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n274.3" -href="#n274.3src" name="n274.3">24</a></span> In this year -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1611) the English East India Company -sent vessels to trade with Surat. The Portuguese made an armed -resistance, but were defeated. The Mughal commander, who was not sorry -to see the Portuguese beaten, gave the English a warm reception, and in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1612–13 a factory was opened in -Surat by the English, and in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1614 a -fleet was kept in the Tápti under Captain Downton to protect the -factory. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1615, Sir Thomas Roe came -as ambassador to the emperor Jehángír, and obtained -permission to establish factories, not only at Surat but also at -Broach<span class="corr" id="xd25e27683" title="Not in source">,</span> -Cambay and Gogha. The factory at Gogha seems to have been established -in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1613. The emperor -Jehángír notes in his memoirs (Persian Text, 105) that -Mukarrab Khán, viceroy from <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1616–1618, regardless of cost had bought -from the English at Gogha a turkey<span class="corr" id="xd25e27693" -title="Not in source">,</span> a lemur and other curiosities. On his -return from Jehángír’s camp at -Áhmedábád in January 1618 Roe obtained valuable -concessions from the viceroy. The governor of Surat was to lend ships -to the English, the resident English might carry arms, build a house, -practise their religion, and settle their disputes. Kerr’s -Voyages, IX. 253. The Dutch closely followed the English at Surat and -were established there in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1618. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n274.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n275.1" -href="#n275.1src" name="n275.1">25</a></span> At first -Jehángír, who reached Áhmedábád in -the hot weather (March <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1618), -contented himself with abusing its sandy streets, calling the city the -‘abode of dust’ <i>gardábád</i>. After an -attack of fever his dislike grew stronger, and he was uncertain whether -the ‘home of the simoom’ <i>samumistán</i>, the -‘place of sickness’ <i>bímáristán</i>, -the ‘thorn brake’ <i>zakumdár</i>, or -‘hell’ <i>jahánnamábád</i>, was its -most fitting name. Even the last title did not satisfy his dislike. In -derision he adds the verse, ‘Oh essence of all goodnesses by what -name shall I call thee.’ Elliot’s History of India, VI. -358; Jehángír’s Memoirs Persian Text, 231. Of the -old buildings of Áhmedábád, the emperor (Memoirs, -Persian Text, 208–210) speaks of the Kánkariya tank and -its island garden and of the royal palaces in the Bhadar as having -nearly gone to ruin within the last fifty years. He notes that his -Bakhshi had repaired the Kánkariya tank and that the viceroy -Mukarrab Khán had partly restored the Bhadar palaces against his -arrival. The emperor was disappointed with the capital. After the -accounts he had heard it seemed rather poor with its narrow streets, -its shops with ignoble fronts, and its dust, though to greet the -emperor as he came on elephant-back scattering gold the city and its -population had put on their holiday dress. The emperor speaks (Memoirs, -Persian Text page 211) of having met some of the great men of -Gujarát. Chief among these was Sayad Muhammad Bukhári the -representative of Sháhi Álam and the sons of Sháh -Wajíh-ud-dín of Áhmedábád. They came -as far as Cambay to meet the emperor. After his arrival in the capital -Jehángír with great kindness informally visited the house -and garden of Sikandar Gujaráti the author of the -Mirăt-i-Sikandari, to pick some of the author’s famous figs -off the trees. Jehángír speaks of the historian as a man -of a refined literary style well versed in all matters of -Gujarát history, who six or seven years since had entered his -(the imperial) service (Memoirs, 207–211). On the occasion of -celebrating Sháh Jehán’s twenty-seventh birthday at -Áhmedábád Jehángír records having -granted the territory from Mándu to Cambay as the estate of his -son Sháh Jehán (Prince Khurram). Memoirs, Persian Text, -210–211. Before leaving Gujarát the emperor ordered the -expulsion of the Sevadas or Jain priests, because of a prophecy -unfavourable to him made by Mán Sing Sewda (Memoirs, Persian -Text, 217). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n275.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n275.2" -href="#n275.2src" name="n275.2">26</a></span> This was probably the -gold <i>ashrafi</i> or seraph of which Hawkins (1609–1611) says, -‘Serraffins Ekberi, which be ten rupees a-piece.’ Thomas -Chron. Pat. Kings of Dehli, 425. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n275.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n276.1" -href="#n276.1src" name="n276.1">27</a></span> The peaked masonry tomb -over Aurangzíb’s after-birth with its mosque, enclosure, -and intact endowment is one of the curiosities of Dohad. In a letter to -his eldest son Muhammad Muâzzam then (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1704) viceroy of Gujarát the aged -Aurangzíb writes: My son of exalted rank, the town of Dohad, one -of the dependencies of Gujarát, is the birth-place of this -sinner. Please to consider a regard for the inhabitants of that town -incumbent on you, and continue in office its decrepid old -Faujdár. In regard to that old man listen not to the whisperings -of those suffering from the disease of self-interest: “Verily -they have a sickness in their hearts and Allah addeth to their -ailments<span class="corr" id="xd25e27814" title="Not in source">.</span>” (Letters of the Emperor -Aurangzíb: Persian Text, Cawnpur Edition, Letter -31.) <a class="fnarrow" href="#n276.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n277.1" -href="#n277.1src" name="n277.1">28</a></span> Elliot, VII. -24. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n277.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n278.1" -href="#n278.1src" name="n278.1">29</a></span> The words used in the -text is <i>tuyúl</i>. In meaning it does not differ from -<i>jágir</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n278.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n278.2" -href="#n278.2src" name="n278.2">30</a></span> This is one of the first -mentions in history of peninsular Gujarát as -Káthiáváḍa, or as anything other than Sorath -or <span class="corr" id="xd25e28005" title="Source: Sauráshtra">Sauráshṭra</span>. The -district referred to was probably united to the eastern possessions of -the Kháchar Káthis and Panchál. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n278.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n279.1" -href="#n279.1src" name="n279.1">31</a></span> The author of the -Mirăt-i-Áhmedi says that in his time, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1746–1762, these Navánagar -<i>koris</i> were current even in Áhmedábád, two -<i>koris</i> and two-thirds being equal to one imperial rupee. They -were also called <i>jámis</i>. The Mirăt-i-Áhmedi -(Persian Text, 225) calls them <i>mahmúdis</i>. The legend on -the reverse was the name of the Gujarát Sultán Muzaffar -and on the obverse in Gujaráti the name of the Jám. -Usually two <i>mahmúdis</i> and sometimes three went to the -imperial rupee. The author says that in Áhmedábád -up to his day (<span class="corr" id="xd25e28078" title="Source: a.c."><span class="sc">a.d.</span></span> 1756) the account -for <i>ghi</i> clarified butter was made in <i>mahmúdis</i>. -When the order for melting the <i>mahmúdis</i> was passed a mint -was established at <span class="corr" id="xd25e28095" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span> but -was afterwards closed to suit the merchants from Diu and other parts -who transmitted their specie to -Áhmedábád. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n279.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n279.2" -href="#n279.2src" name="n279.2">32</a></span> The traveller Mandelslo, -who was in Áhmedábád in 1638, says: No prince in -Europe has so fine a court as the governor of Gujarát. Of none -are the public appearances so magnificent. He never goes out without a -great number of gentlemen and guards on foot and horse. Before him -march many elephants with housings of brocade and velvet, standards, -drums, trumpets, and cymbals. In his palace he is served like a king -and suffers no one to appear before him unless he has asked an -audience. (Travels, French Edition, 151.) Of the general system of -government be says: The viceroy is absolute. It is true he summons -leading lords of the country to deliberate on judgments and important -matters. But they are called to ascertain their views not to adopt -them. On the one hand the king often changes his governors that they -may not grow overpowerful. On the other hand the governors knowing they -may be recalled at any time take immense sums from the rich merchants -especially from the merchants of Áhmedábád against -whom false charges are brought with the view of forcing them to pay. As -the governor is both civil and criminal judge if the merchants did not -temper his greed they would be ruined beyond remedy. (Ditto, 150.) The -frequent changes of viceroys in Gujarát is explained by Terry, -1615–17 (Voyage to East Indies, 364): To prevent them from -becoming popular the king usually removes his viceroys after one year -sending them to a new government remote from the old one. Terry adds a -curious note: When the king sends any one to a place of government they -never cut their hair till they return into his presence as if they -desired not to appear beautiful except in the king’s sight. As -soon as he sees them the king bids them cut their hair (Ditto, 365). It -does not seem to have been cheating to keep up fewer horse than the -number named. Terry (Voyage to East Indies, 391) says: He who hath the -pay of five or six thousand must always have one thousand or more in -readiness according to the king’s need of them, and so in -proportion all the rest. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n279.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n280.1" -href="#n280.1src" name="n280.1">33</a></span> -Mirăt-i-Áhmedi Persian Text, II. 46–47. -Pinjárás are cotton teasers, Mansúris are -Pinjárás who worship Mansúr a tenth century (3rd -century <i>Hijrah</i>) saint. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n280.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n280.2" -href="#n280.2src" name="n280.2">34</a></span> -Mirăt-i-Áhmedi Persian Text, 237. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n280.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n281.1" -href="#n281.1src" name="n281.1">35</a></span> Jhábua, now under -the Bhopáwar Agency. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n281.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n281.2" -href="#n281.2src" name="n281.2">36</a></span> -Mirăt-i-Áhmedi Persian Text, 249. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n281.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n284.1" -href="#n284.1src" name="n284.1">37</a></span> -Mirăt-i-Áhmedi, Persian Text, 274, 279. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n284.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n284.2" -href="#n284.2src" name="n284.2">38</a></span> Ráygad (north -latitude 18° 14′; east longitude 73° 30′), the name -given in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1662 to Rairi, a hill -fortress in the Mahád sub-division of the Kolába -collectorate. <span class="corr" id="xd25e28467" title="Source: Shívaji">Shiváji</span> took the place and made -it his capital in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1662. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n284.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n285.1" -href="#n285.1src" name="n285.1">39</a></span> Janjira (north latitude -17° 59′ to 18° 32′) that is <i>Jazírah</i> -the Island, on the western coast, about forty-four miles south of -Bombay. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n285.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n285.2" -href="#n285.2src" name="n285.2">40</a></span> Another post of -Islámábád was at Punádra in the -<i>parganah</i> of Ázamábád on the Wátrak -about twenty-one miles east-south-east of -Áhmedábád. Ázamábád was built -by Ázam Khán during his viceroyalty (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1635–1642) and at his request by permission -of the emperor Sháh Jehán was erected into a -<i>parganah</i>. For the pay of the garrison twelve villages were -attached from the neighbouring <i>parganahs</i> of Bahyal and -Kapadvanj. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n285.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n286.1" -href="#n286.1src" name="n286.1">41</a></span> The -Mirăt-i-Áhmedi (Persian Text, 311) adds that Bahlol’s -following of <i>Kasbátis</i> was so poorly equipped that he had -to mount many of them, for whom he could not find horses, on bullocks. -The sense of security in the mind of the Ídar chief bred by -contempt at the sight of this motley crowd was the chief cause of -Bahlol’s success. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n286.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n286.2" -href="#n286.2src" name="n286.2">42</a></span> The <i>zakát</i> -or purification is the tax required by law to be given annually to the -poor. It is levied on camels, oxen, buffaloes, sheep, goats, horses, -asses, mules, and gold or silver whether in money or ornaments or -vessels. The tax is not levied on any one who owns less than a minimum -of five camels, thirty oxen, forty-five sheep, five horses, two hundred -<i>dirhems</i> or twenty <i>dinárs</i>. The proportion to income -is generally one-fortieth; the amount may be paid either in kind or in -money. Compare Stanley Lane Poole’s Arabian Society in the Middle -Ages, 14. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n286.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n290.1" -href="#n290.1src" name="n290.1">43</a></span> This Sámprah -according to the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi, Persian Text, II. 127, was -a small police post or <i>thána</i> in Parganah Bahyal, twenty -miles north-east of Áhmedábád. It is now in the -Gáekwár’s territory. Bahyal was under Pátan, -so in the text the place is described as under -Pátan. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n290.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n290.2" -href="#n290.2src" name="n290.2">44</a></span> The <i>surkh</i> or -little black-dotted red seed of the Abrus precatorius is called -<i>ghúngchi</i> in Hindi and cock’s-eye, -<i>chashmi-i-khurús</i>, in Persian. As a weight the seed is -known as a <i>rati</i> 96 going to the <i>tola</i>. It is used in -weighing precious stones. Blochmann’s <span class="corr" id="xd25e28900" title="Source: Aín-i-Akbari">Áin-i-Akbari</span>, I. 16 note 1 -and Mirăt-i-Áhmedi Persian Text, 366. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n290.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n290.3" -href="#n290.3src" name="n290.3">45</a></span> Sinor in Baroda territory -on the right bank of the Narbada about thirty miles south of -Baroda. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n290.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n291.1" -href="#n291.1src" name="n291.1">46</a></span> -Mirăt-i-Áhmedi, Persian Text, 372. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n291.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n299.1" -href="#n299.1src" name="n299.1">47</a></span> -Mirăt-i-Áhmedi, Persian Text, 427–434. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n299.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n299.2" -href="#n299.2src" name="n299.2">48</a></span> Arhar-Mátar is -according to the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi (Persian Text, II. 126) the -present Kaira sub-division of Mátar. The -Mirăt-i-Áhmedi places it twenty miles south-west of -Áhmedábád. It is four miles south-west of -Kaira. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n299.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n299.3" -href="#n299.3src" name="n299.3">49</a></span> In the beginning of -Ajítsingh’s administration the Sacrifice Íd of the -Musalmáns very nearly ended in a riot. An overzealous police -officer belonging to the Kálúpúr section of -Áhmedábád, hoping to please the Hindu viceroy, by -force deprived some of the Sunni Bohorás of that quarter of a -cow which they had purchased for the sacrifice. The Bohorás in a -mass appealed to the Kázi who not succeeding in his -representation to the viceroy was obliged to allay the popular -excitement by publicly sacrificing a cow after the Íd prayers. -Mirăt-i-Áhmedi Royal Asiatic Society <abbr title="Manuscript">MS.</abbr>, I. 567–568. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n299.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n299.4" -href="#n299.4src" name="n299.4">50</a></span> This is the first known -mention of Gohilváḍa, the Gohils country, as a separate -district. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n299.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n299.5" -href="#n299.5src" name="n299.5">51</a></span> During the governorship -of Haidar Kúli at Surat the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi (Royal -Asiatic Society <abbr title="Manuscript">MS.</abbr>, I. 567–568) -notices the death of Mulla Abdul Ghafúr the founder of the -wealthy family of the Mullás of Surat. Haidar Kúli -confiscated Abdul Ghafúr’s property representing to the -emperor that the Mulla died issueless. But the Mulla’s son -Abdúl Hye proceeding to Dehli not only obtained from the emperor -an order of restitution of property but the title of chief of -merchants, Umda-tut-Tujjár, and an elephant. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n299.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n302.1" -href="#n302.1src" name="n302.1">52</a></span> The sum is 6,75,000 -<i>mahmúdis</i>. Like the <i>changízi</i> (see above page -222 note 2) the <i>mahmúdi</i> seems to have varied in value -from one-third to one-half of a rupee. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n302.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n306.1" -href="#n306.1src" name="n306.1">53</a></span> See note 1 page 312. The -author of the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi (Persian Text Royal Asiatic -Society’s Library Edition, I. 658) says <span class="corr" id="xd25e29772" title="Source: Trimbakrav">Trimbakráv</span> was -slain. This seems an oversight as in another passage (Ditto, -738–739, see below page 312) he states that <span class="corr" -id="xd25e29775" title="Source: Trimbakrav">Trimbakráv</span> was -killed in 1731. The latter statement is in agreement with Grant Duff -(History of the Maráthás, I. 364). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n306.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n308.1" -href="#n308.1src" name="n308.1">54</a></span> The amount was 1,25,000 -<i>mahmúdis</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n308.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n310.1" -href="#n310.1src" name="n310.1">55</a></span> Kasbátis are the -descendants of the Musalmán garrisons of some towns of north -Gujarát. The Kasbátis of Víramgám were -originally Tánk Rájputs. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n310.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n312.1" -href="#n312.1src" name="n312.1">56</a></span> See note on page -306. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n312.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n324.1" -href="#n324.1src" name="n324.1">57</a></span> Pátdi (north -latitude 23° 10′; east longitude 71° 44′), at the -south-east angle of the Ran of Cutch, fifty-two miles west of -Áhmedábád. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n324.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n325.1" -href="#n325.1src" name="n325.1">58</a></span> The -Máhi-marátib was a banner having the likeness of a fish -at its top. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n325.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n336.1" -href="#n336.1src" name="n336.1">59</a></span> Of the death at the age -of nine years of this son of Saint Sháh-i-Álam the -Mirăt-i-Áhmedi (Printed Persian Text, II. 26) gives the -following details: Malik Seif-ud-dín, the daughter’s son -of Sultán Áhmed I., had a son who he believed was born to -him by the prayer of Saint Sháh-i-Álam. This boy who was -about nine years old died. Malik Seif-ud-dín ran to -Sháh-i-Álam, who used then to live at Asáwal, two -or three miles east of Áhmedábád, and in a -transport of grief and rage said to the Saint: ‘Is this the way -you deceive people? Surely you obtained me the gift of that boy to live -and not to die? This I suppose is how you will keep your promise of -mediating for our sinful souls before Alláh also?’ The -Saint could give no reply and retired to his inner apartments. The -stricken father went to the Saint’s son Sháh -Bhíkan, who, going in to his father, entreated him to restore -the Malik’s boy to life. The Saint asked his son ‘Are you -prepared to die for the boy?’ Sháh Bhíkan said -‘I am ready.’ The Saint, going into an inner room, spread -his skirts before Alláh crying ‘Rájanji,’ a -pet name by which the Saint used to address Alláh, meaning Dear -King or Lord, ‘Rájanji, here is a goat for a goat; take -thou this one and return the other.’ Lamentations in the -Saint’s harem showed that half of the prayer was granted and the -Malik on returning to his house found the other half -fulfilled. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n336.1src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="app3.1" class="div1 appendix"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd25e2721">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">APPENDIX I.</h2> -<h2 class="main">The Death of Sultán Bahádur, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1526–1536.<a class="noteref" -id="n347.1src" href="#n347.1" name="n347.1src">1</a></h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix I.<br> -The Death of Sultán Bahádur, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1526–1536.</span> <span class="sc">Colonel -Briggs</span> (Muhammadan Power in India, IV. 132) gives the following -summary of the events which led to the fatal meeting of Sultán -Bahádur and the Portuguese viceroy Nono da Cunha in the -beginning of 1536–37:</p> -<p>When in 1529 Nono daCunha came as viceroy to India he held -instructions to make himself master of the island of Diu. In the -following year a great expedition, consisting of 400 vessels and 15,600 -men, met in Bombay and sailed to the -Káthiáváḍa coast. After vigorous assaults it -was repulsed off Diu on the 17th February 1531. From that day the -Portuguese made ceaseless efforts to obtain a footing on the island of -Diu. In 1531 besides harrying the sea trade of Gujarát the -Portuguese sacked the towns of Tárápur, Balsár, -and Surat, and, to give colour to their pretensions, received under -their protection Chánd Khán an illegitimate brother of -Bahádur. In 1532, under James de Silveira, the Portuguese burned -the south Káthiáváḍa ports of -Pattan-Somnáth, Mangrul, Talája, and -Muzaffarábád, killing many of the people and carrying off -4000 as slaves. Shortly after the Portuguese took and destroyed Bassein -in Thána obtaining 400 cannon and much ammunition. They also -burned Daman, Thána, and Bombay. “All this” says the -Portuguese historian “they did to straiten Diu and to oblige the -king of Gujarát to consent to their raising a fort on the island -of Diu.” When Bahádur was engaged with the Mughals -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1532–1534) the Portuguese -Governor General deputed an embassy to wait on Humáyún to -endeavour to obtain from him the cession of Diu, hoping by this action -to work indirectly on the fears of Bahádur. At last in 1534 -Bahádur consented to a peace by which he agreed to cede the town -of Bassein to Portugal; not to construct ships of war in his ports; and -not to combine with Turkish fleets against Portugal.</p> -<p>Permission was also given to the Portuguese to build in Diu. In -consideration of these terms the Portuguese agreed to furnish -Bahádur with 500 Europeans of whom fifty were men of note. -According to the Portuguese historian it was solely because of this -Portuguese help that Bahádur succeeded in driving the Mughals -out of Gujarát. Bahádur’s cession of land in Diu to -the Portuguese was for the purpose of building a mercantile factory. -From the moment Bahádur discovered they had raised formidable -fortifications, especially when by the withdrawal of the Mughals he no -longer had any motive for keeping on terms with them, he resolved to -wrest the fort out of the hands of the Portuguese. On the plea of -separating the natives from the Europeans, Bahádur instructed -his governor of Diu to build a wall with a rampart capable of being -mounted with guns. But as this created much dispute and ill-will the -rampart was given up. Bahádur next attempted to seize Emanuel de -Souza the captain of Diu fort. With this object he invited DeSouza to -his camp. DeSouza was warned but determined to accept -Bahádur’s invitation. He went attended by only one -servant, an act of courage which <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb348" -href="#pb348" name="pb348">348</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix I.<br> -The Death of Sultán Bahádur, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1526–1536.</span> Bahádur so greatly -admired that he treated him with honour and allowed him to return in -safety. Bahádur next schemed to secure DeSouza in the fort by -surprise. With this end he began to pay the Portuguese officers visits -at all hours. But DeSouza was always on his guard and -Bahádur’s surprise visits failed to give him an -opportunity. In 1536 DeSouza wrote to the viceroy complaining of the -bad feeling of the Gujarát Moors towards the Portuguese in Diu -and of the efforts of the king to drive them out of the fort. In -consequence of DeSouza’s letter Nono daCunha the viceroy arrived -at Diu early in 1536–7. Bahádur went to visit the viceroy -on board the viceroy’s ship. On his return he was attacked and -leaping into the water was killed by a blow on the head and sank.</p> -<p>Of the unplanned and confused circumstances in which the brave -Bahádur met his death four Musalmán and four Portuguese -versions remain. The author of the Mirăt-i-Sikandari (Persian -Text, 280–281) states that the Portuguese, who offered their help -to Bahádur in the days of his defeat by the emperor -Humáyún, obtained from him the grant of land at Diu, and -on this land built a fort. After the re-establishment of his power the -Sultán, who had no longer any need of their help, kept -constantly planning some means of ousting the Portuguese from Diu. With -this object Bahádur came to Diu and opened negotiations with the -Portuguese viceroy, hoping in the end to get the viceroy into his -power. The viceroy knowing that Bahádur regretted the -concessions he had made to them was too wary to place himself in -Bahádur’s hands. To inspire confidence Bahádur, -with five or six of his nobles all unarmed, paid the viceroy a visit on -board his ship. Suspecting foul play from the behaviour of the -Portuguese the king rose to retire, but the Portuguese pressed upon him -on all sides. He had nearly reached his boat when one of the Portuguese -struck him a blow with a sword, killed him, and threw his body -overboard.</p> -<p>The same author gives a second version which he says is more -generally received and is probably more accurate. According to this -account the Portuguese had come to know that Bahádur had invited -the Sultáns of the Dakhan to co-operate with him in driving the -Portuguese from the Gujarát, Konkan, and Dakhan ports. That the -Portuguese viceroy had come with 150 ships and had anchored at Diu off -the chain bastion. That Sultán Bahádur not suspecting -that the Portuguese were aware of his insincerity went in a barge to -see the fleet, and when he got in the midst of their ships, the -Portuguese surrounded his barge and killed him with lances.</p> -<p>According to Farishtah (II. 442, 443, <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text) on the invasion of Gujarát by the -emperor Humáyún, Sultán Bahádur had asked -help of the Portuguese. When his power was re-established, -Bahádur, hearing of the arrival of between five and six thousand -Portuguese at Diu, feared they would take possession of that port. He -therefore hastened to Diu from <span class="corr" id="xd25e31623" -title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span>. -The Portuguese who were aware that Humáyún had withdrawn -and that Bahádur had re-established his power, preferred to -attempt to gain Diu by stratagem rather than by force. Bahádur -asked the viceroy to visit him. The viceroy feigned sickness and -Bahádur with the object of proving his goodwill offered to visit -the viceroy on board his ship. On leaving the viceroy’s ship to -enter his own barge the Portuguese suddenly moved their vessel and -Bahádur fell overboard. While in the water a Portuguese struck -the king with a lance and killed him. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb349" href="#pb349" name="pb349">349</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix I.<br> -The Death of Sultán Bahádur, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1526–1536.</span> Abul Fazl’s account -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1590 (Akbarnámah in Elliot, -VI. 18) seems more natural and in better keeping with -Bahádur’s impetuous vigour and bravery than either the -Gujarát or Farishtah’s narratives. The Portuguese chief -was apprehensive that as the Sultán was no longer in want of -assistance he meditated treachery. So he sent to inform the -Sultán that he had come as requested, but that he was ill and -unable to go on shore, so that the interview must be deferred till he -got better. The Sultán, quitting the royal road of safety, -embarked on the 12th February 1536 (3rd Ramazan H. 943) with a small -escort to visit the viceroy on board the viceroy’s ship. As soon -as Bahádur reached the vessel he found the viceroy’s -sickness was a pretence and regretted that he had come. He at once -sought to return. But the Portuguese were unwilling that such a prey -should escape them and hoped that by keeping him prisoner they might -get more ports. The viceroy came forward and asked the Sultán to -stay a little and examine some curiosities he had to present. The -Sultán replied that the curiosities might be sent after him and -turned quickly towards his own boat. A European <i>kázi</i> or -priest placed himself in the Sultán’s way and bade him -stop. The Sultán, in exasperation, drew his sword and cleft the -priest in twain. He then leaped into his own boat. The Portuguese -vessels drew round the Sultán’s boat and a fight began. -The Sultán and Rúmi Khán threw themselves into the -water. A friend among the Portuguese stretched a hand to Rúmi -Khán and saved him: the Sultán was drowned in the -waves.</p> -<p>Of the four Portuguese versions of Bahádur’s death the -first appears in Correa’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1512–1550) Lendas Da Asia, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1497 to 1550; the second in DeBarros’ (died -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1570) Decadas, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1497 to 1539; the third in Do Couto’s (died -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1600 ?) continuation of -DeBarros, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1529 to 1600; and the -fourth in Faria-e-Souza’s (died <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1650) Portuguese Asia to <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1640. A fifth reference to Bahádur’s -death will be found in Castaneda’s <span lang="pt">Historia</span> which extends to <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1538.</p> -<p>As Correa was in India from <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1512 -till his death in Goa in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1550, and as -his narrative which was never published till <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1856–64 has the highest reputation for -accuracy of detail his version carries special weight. According to -Correa (<span lang="pt">Lendas Da Asia</span>, Vol. III. <abbr title="Chapter">Chap.</abbr> XCV.) during the monsoon of 1536, Nono DaCunha -the viceroy received by land a letter from Manoel deSouza the captain -of Diu fort, telling him of the discontent of the Gujarát Moors -with king Bahádur for allowing the Portuguese to build a fort at -Diu. In consequence of this information early in the fair season Nono -daCunha sailed from Goa in his own galleon accompanied by about ten -small vessels <i>fustas</i> and <i>katurs</i> under the command of -Antonio deSylveira. Nono reached Diu about the end of December. King -Bahádur was glad that the viceroy should come to Diu almost -alone since it seemed to show he was not aware of -Bahádur’s designs against the Portuguese. When -Bahádur arrived at Diu he sent a message to the viceroy inviting -him to come ashore to meet him as he had important business to -transact. The king’s messenger found the viceroy ill in bed, and -brought back a message that the viceroy would come ashore to meet the -king in the evening. Immediately after the king’s messenger left, -Manoel deSouza, the captain of Diu fort, came on board to see the -viceroy. The viceroy told Manoel to go and thank the king and to return -his visit. The king expressed his grief at the viceroy’s illness -and proposed to start at once to see him. He went to his barge and -rowed straight to the viceroy’s <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb350" href="#pb350" name="pb350">350</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix I.<br> -The Death of Sultán Bahádur, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1526–1536.</span> galleon. The king had -with him, besides the interpreter St. Jago, seven men and two pages one -carrying a sword and the other a bow. The captain of the fort and some -other officers in their own barges followed the king. Bahádur, -who was the first to arrive, came so speedily that the viceroy had -hardly time to make preparations to receive him. He put on heavy -clothes to show he was suffering from ague and ordered all the officers -to be well armed. When Bahádur came on board he saw the men busy -with their weapons but showed no signs that he suspected foul play. He -went straight to the viceroy’s cabin. The viceroy tried to get up -but Bahádur prevented him, asked how he was, and returned at -once to the deck. As Bahádur stood on the deck the captain of -the fort boarded the galleon, and, as he passed to the cabin to see the -viceroy, Bahádur laughingly upbraided him with being behind -time. Then without taking leave of the viceroy Bahádur went to -his barge. When the viceroy learned that the king had left he told the -captain to follow the king and to take him to the fort and keep him -there till the viceroy saw him. The captain rowed after the king who -was already well ahead. He called to the king asking him to wait. The -king waited. When the captain came close to the king’s barge he -asked the king to come into his vessel. But the interpreter without -referring to the king replied that the captain should come into the -king’s barge. DeSouza ordered his boat alongside. His barge -struck the king’s barge and DeSouza who was standing on the poop -tripped and fell into the water. The rowers of the royal barge picked -him out and placed him near the king who laughed at his wet clothes. -Other Portuguese barges whose officers thought the Moors were fighting -with the captain began to gather. The first to arrive was Antonio -Cardoza. When Cardoza came up the interpreter told the king to make for -land with all speed as the Portuguese seemed to be coming to seize and -kill him. The king gave the order to make for the shore. He also told -the page to shoot the hollow arrow whose whistling noise was a danger -signal. When the Moors in the king’s barge heard the whistle they -attacked Manoel deSouza, who fell dead into the sea. Then Diogo de -Mesquita, D’Almeida, and Antonio Correa forced their way on to -the king’s barge. When the king saw them he unsheathed his sword -and the page shot an arrow and killed Antonio Cardoza, who fell -overboard and was drowned. D’Almeida was killed by a sword-cut -from a Moor called Tiger and Tiger was killed by Correa. At that moment -Diogo de Mesquita gave the king a slight sword-cut and the king jumped -into the sea. After the king, the interpreter and Rúmi -Khán, two Moors, and all the rowers leapt into the water. The -Portuguese barges surrounded them and the men struck at the three -swimmers with lances and oars. The king twice cried aloud ‘I am -Sultán Bahádur,’ hoping that some one would help -him. A man who did not know that he was the king struck Bahádur -on the head with a club. The blow was fatal and Bahádur sank. -The second version is given by Barros (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1560) in his Decadas da Asia, Vol. V. page 357 of -the 1707 edition. The third version by Do Couto (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1600) in his continuation of Barros’ -Decadas, and the fourth by Faria-e-Souza (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1650) in his Portuguese Asia are in the main -taken from De Barros. The following details are from Steevens’ -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1697) translation of Faria given in -Briggs’ Muhammadan Power in India, IV. 135–138.</p> -<p>Bahádur king of Cambay, who had recovered his kingdom solely -by the assistance of the Portuguese, now studied their ruin, and -repenting of the leave he had granted to build a fort at Diu -endeavoured to <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb351" href="#pb351" name="pb351">351</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix I.<br> -The Death of Sultán Bahádur, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1526–1536.</span> take it and to kill the -commander and the garrison. Nono da Cunha the Portuguese viceroy -understood his designs and prepared to prevent them. Emanuel deSouza -who commanded at Diu was warned by a Moor that the king would send for -him by a certain Moor and kill him. DeSouza determined to go, and, when -sent for, appeared with only one servant. Admiring DeSouza’s -courage the king treated him honourably and allowed him to return in -safety. The king’s mother tried to dissuade her son from plotting -against DeSouza but to no effect. To remove suspicion Bahádur -began to pay the Portuguese officers visits at unseasonable hours, but -was ever received by DeSouza on his guard. Meanwhile, on the 9th -January 1536, Nono daCunha the Portuguese viceroy set out from Goa for -Diu with 300 sail. When he put in at Cheul he found -Nizám-ul-Mulk who pretended he had come to divert his women at -sea but really with designs on that place. When Nono reached Diu the -king was hunting in the mountains and Nono apprised him of his arrival. -The king sent for him by a Portuguese apostate of the name of John de -St. Jago called Firangi Khán, but Nono daCunha pleaded illness. -The king pretending great friendship came to Diu accompanied by Emanuel -deSouza, who had brought the last message from DaCunha. At Diu the king -went on board the viceroy’s ship and for a time they discoursed. -The king was troubled at a page whispering something to DaCunha, but as -DaCunha took no notice his suspicions were allayed. The message was -from DeSouza, stating that the captains whom he had summoned were -awaiting orders to secure or kill the king. DaCunha thought it strange -that DeSouza had not killed the king while he was in his power in the -fort; and DeSouza thought it strange that DaCunha did not now seize the -king when he was in his power in the ship. DaCunha directed all the -officers to escort the king to the palace and then accompany DeSouza to -the fort, where DaCunha intended to seize the king when he came to -visit him. The king on his part had resolved to seize DaCunha at a -dinner to which he had invited him and send him in a cage to the Great -Turk. De Souza who was going to invite the king to the fort after -DaCunha had entered it, came up with the king’s barge and -delivered his invitation through Rúmi Khán. Rúmi -Khán warned the king not to accept it. The king disregarding -this warning invited DeSouza into his barge. While stepping into the -king’s barge DeSouza fell overboard, but was picked up by -officers who carried him to the king. At this time three Portuguese -barges came up and some of the officers seeing DeSouza hastily enter -the king’s barge drew close to the king’s barge. The king -remembering Rúmi Khán’s warning ordered Emanuel -deSouza to be killed. James <span class="corr" id="xd25e31745" title="Source: deMesquita">de Mesquita</span> understanding the order flew at -and wounded the king. An affray followed and four Portuguese and seven -of the king’s men were killed. The king tried to get away in a -boat but a cannon shot killed three of his rowers and he was stopped. -He next attempted to escape by swimming, but being in danger of -drowning discovered himself by crying for help. A Portuguese held out -an oar to him; but others struck him fatal blows, so that he sank.</p> -<p>The conclusion to be drawn from these four Musalmán and four -Portuguese versions is that on either side the leader hoped by some -future treachery to seize the person of the other; and that mutual -suspicion turned into a fatal affray a meeting which both parties -intended should pass peacefully and lull the other into a false and -favourable security. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb352" href="#pb352" -name="pb352">352</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n347.1" -href="#n347.1src" name="n347.1">1</a></span> See above page <a href="#pb256" class="pageref">256</a>. The Portuguese details have been -obtained through the kindness of Dr. Gerson DaCunha. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n347.1src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="app3.2" class="div1 appendix"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd25e2734">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">APPENDIX II.</h2> -<h2 class="main">THE HILL FORT OF MÁNDU.</h2> -<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main"><i>PART I.—DESCRIPTION.</i></h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">Description.</span></i></span> Mándu, about -twenty-three miles south of Dhár in Central India, is a wide -waving hill-top, part of the great wall of the Vindhyan range. The -hill-top is three to four miles from north to south and four to five -miles from east to west. On the north, the east, and the west, -Mándu is islanded from the main plateau of Málwa by -valleys and ravines that circle round to its southern face, which -stands 1200 feet out of the Nímár plain. The area of the -hill-top is over 12,000 English acres, and, so broken is its outline, -that the encircling wall is said to have a length of between -thirty-seven and thirty-eight miles. Its height, 1950 feet above the -sea, secures for the hill-top at all seasons the boon of fresh and cool -air.</p> -<p>About twenty miles south of Dhár the level cultivated plateau -breaks into woody glades and uplands. Two miles further the plain is -cleft by two great ravines, which from their deeper and broader -southern mouths 700 to 800 feet below the Dhár plateau, as they -wind northwards, narrow and rise, till, to the north of Mándu -hill, they shallow into a woody dip or valley about 300 yards broad and -200 feet below the south crest of Málwa. From the south crest of -the Málwa plateau, across the tree tops of this wild valley, -stand the cliffs of the island Mándu, their crests crowned by -the great Dehli gateway and its long lofty line of flanking walls. At -the foot of the sudden dip into the valley the Âlamgír or -World-Guarding Gate stands sentinel.<a class="noteref" id="n352.1src" -href="#n352.1" name="n352.1src">1</a> Beyond the gateway, among wild -reaches of rock and forest, a noble causeway with high domed tombs on -either hand fills the lowest dip of the valley. From the south end of -the causeway the road winds up to a second gateway, and beyond the -second gateway between side walls climbs till at the crest of the slope -it passes through the ruined but still lofty and beautiful Dehli or -northern gateway, one of the earliest works of Diláwar -Khán (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1400), the founder of -Musalmán Mándu.</p> -<p>Close inside of the Dehli gate, on the right or west, stands the -handsome Hindola Palace. The name Hindola, which is probably the title -of the builder, is explained by the people as the Swingcot palace, -because, like the sides of the cage of a swinging cot, the walls of the -hall bulge <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb353" href="#pb353" name="pb353">353</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">Description.</span></i></span> below and narrow -towards the top. Its great baronial hall and hanging windows give the -Hindola palace a special merit and interest, and an air of lordly -wealth and luxury still clings to the tree-covered ruins which stretch -west to large underground cisterns and hot weather retreats. About a -quarter of a mile south stand the notable group of the Jaház -Mehel or Ship palace on the west, and the Tapela Mehel or Caldron -palace on the south, with their rows of lofty pointed arches below deep -stone caves, their heavy windowless upper stories, and their massive -arched and domed roof chambers. These palaces are not more handsomely -built than finely set. The massive ship-like length of the Jaház -Mehel lies between two large tree-girt ponds, and the Tapela, across a -beautiful foreground of water and ruin, looks east into the mass of -tangled bush and tree which once formed part of the 130 acres of the -Lál Bágh or Royal Gardens.</p> -<p>The flat palace roofs command the whole 12,000 acres of Mándu -hill, north to the knolls and broken uplands beyond the great -ravine-moat and south across the waving hill-top with its miles of -glades and ridges, its scattered villages hamlets and tombs, and its -gleaming groves of mangoes, <i>khirnis</i>, banyans, <i>mhowras</i>, -and <i>pipals</i>. In the middle distance, out from the tree-tops, -stand the lofty domes of Hoshang’s tomb and of the great -Jámá mosque. Further south lies the tree-girt hollow of -the Ságar Taláv or Sea Lake, and beyond the Ságar -lake a woody plateau rises about 200 feet to the southern crest, where, -clear against the sky, stand the airy cupolas of the pavilion of -Rúp Mati, the beautiful wife of Báz Bahádur -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1551–1561), the last -Sultán of Málwa. Finally to the west, from the end of the -Rúp Mati heights, rises even higher the bare nearly isolated -shoulder of Songad, the citadel or inner fort of Mándu, the -scene of the Gujarát Bahádur’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1531) daring and successful surprise. This fair -hill-top, beautiful from its tangled wildness and scattered ruins, is a -strange contrast to Mándu, the capital of a warlike independent -dynasty. During the palmy days of the fifteenth century, of the 12,000 -acres of the Mándu hill-top, 560 were fields, 370 were gardens, -200 were wells, 780 were lakes and ponds, 100 were bazár roads, -1500 were dwellings, 200 were rest-houses, 260 were baths, 470 were -mosques, and 334 were palaces. These allotments crowded out the wild to -a narrow pittance of 1560 acres of knolls and ridges.</p> -<p>From the Jaház Mehel the road winds through fields and woods, -gemmed with peafowl and droll with monkeys, among scattered palaces -mosques and tombs, some shapely some in heaps, about a mile south to -the walled enclosure of the lofty domed tomb of the establisher of -Mándu’s greatness, Hoshang Sháh Ghori (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1405–1432). Though the badly-fitted -joinings of the marble slabs of the tomb walls are a notable contrast -to the finish of the later Mughal buildings, Hoshang’s tomb, in -its massive simplicity and dim-lighted roughness, is a solemn and -suitable resting-place for a great Pathán warrior. Along the -west of the tomb enclosure runs a handsome flat-roofed colonnade. The -pillars, which near the base are four-sided, pass through an -eight-sided and a sixteen-sided belt into a round upper shaft. The -round shaft ends in a square under-capital, each face of which is -filled by a group of leafage in outline the same as the favourite Hindu -<i>Singh-múkh</i> or horned face. Over the entwined leafy horns -of this moulding, stone brackets support heavy stone beams, all Hindu -in pattern.<a class="noteref" id="n353.1src" href="#n353.1" name="n353.1src">2</a> Close to the east of Hoshang’s tomb is -Hoshang’s <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb354" href="#pb354" -name="pb354">354</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">Description.</span></i></span> Jámá -Masjid or Great Mosque, built of blocks of red limestone. -Hoshang’s mosque is approached from the east through a massive -domed gateway and across a quadrangle enclosed on the east north and -south by wrecked colonnades of pointed arches. The west is filled by -the great pointed arches of the mosque in fair repair. On the roof of -the mosque from a thick undergrowth of domelets rise three lofty -domes.<a class="noteref" id="n354.1src" href="#n354.1" name="n354.1src">3</a></p> -<p>In front of the gateway of the Great Mosque, in the centre of a -masonry plinth about three feet high, stands an iron pillar about a -foot in diameter at the base and twenty feet high. Close to the east of -the gateway is the site of Mehmúd’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1442) Tower of Victory, traces of which remained -as late as <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1840. About fifty yards -further east are the ruins of a great building called the Ashrafi -Mehel, said to have been a Musalmán college. To the north-east a -banner marks a temple and the local state offices. South the road -passes between the two lines of small houses and huts that make modern -Mándu. Beyond the village, among ruins and huge swollen baobab -stems, the road winds south along a downward slope to the richly-wooded -lowland, where stretches to the west the wide coolness of the -Ságar Taláv or Sea lake. Its broad surface covering 600 -acres is green with fanlike lotus leaves, reeds, and water-grasses. Its -banks are rough with brakes of tangled bush from which, in uncramped -stateliness, rise lofty <i>mhauras</i>, mangoes, <i>kirnis</i>, and -<i>pípals</i>. To the east round a smaller tank, whose banks are -crowned by splendid mangoes and tamarinds, stand the domes of several -handsome tombs. Of some <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb355" href="#pb355" name="pb355">355</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">Description.</span></i></span> of these domes the -black masses are brightened by belts of brilliant pale and deep-blue -enamel. To the north of this overflow-pool a long black wall is the -back of the smaller Jámá or congregation mosque, badly -ruined, but of special interest, as each of its numerous pillars shows -the uninjured Hindu <i>Singh-múkh</i> or horned face. By a rough -piece of constructive skill the original cross corners of the end -cupolas have been worked into vaulted Musalmán domes.<a class="noteref" id="n355.1src" href="#n355.1" name="n355.1src">4</a></p> -<p>From the Sea Lake, about a mile across the waving richly-wooded -plain, bounded by the southern height of the plateau, the path leads to -the sacred Rewa Kund or Narbada Pool, a small shady pond lined with -rich masonry, and its west side enriched by the ruins of a handsome -Bath or Hammám Khánah. From the north-east corner of the -Rewa Pool a broad flight of easy stairs leads thirty or forty feet up -the slope on whose top stands the palace of Báz Bahádur -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1551–1561) the last -independent chief of Mándu.<a class="noteref" id="n355.2src" -href="#n355.2" name="n355.2src">5</a> The broad easy flight of steps -ends in a lofty arched gateway through which a roomy hall or passage -gives entrance into a courtyard with a central masonry cistern and an -enclosing double colonnade, which on the right opens into an arched -balcony overlooking the Rewa Kund and garden. Within this courtyard is -a second court enclosed on three sides by an arched gallery. The roof -of the colonnades, which are reached by flights of easy steps, are -shaded by arched pavilions topped by cupolas brightened by belts of -blue enamel. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb356" href="#pb356" name="pb356">356</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">Description.</span></i></span> To the south of -Báz Bahádur’s Palace a winding path climbs the -steep slope of the southern rim of Mándu to the massive pillared -cupolas of Rúp Mati’s palace, which, clear against the -sky, are the most notable ornament of the hill-top. From a ground floor -of heavy masonry walls and arched gateways stairs lead to a flat -masonry terrace. At the north and south ends of the terrace stand -massive heavy-eaved pavilions, whose square pillars and pointed arches -support lofty deep-grooved domes. The south pavilion on the crest of -the Vindhyan cliff commands a long stretch of the south face of -Mándu with its guardian wall crowning the heights and hollows of -the hill-top. Twelve hundred feet below spreads the dim hazy -Nímár plain brightened eastwards by the gleaming coil of -the Narbada. The north pavilion, through the clear fresh air of the -hill-top, looks over the entire stretch of Mándu from the high -shoulder of Songad in the extreme south-west across rolling -tree-brightened fields, past the domes, the tangled bush, and the broad -gray of the Sea Lake, to the five-domed cluster of Hoshang’s -mosque and tomb, on, across a sea of green tree tops, to the domed -roof-chambers of the Jaház and Tapela palaces, through the Dehli -gateway, and, beyond the deep cleft of the northern ravine, to the bare -level and the low ranges of the Málwa plain.</p> -<p>From the Rewa Pool a path, along the foot of the southern height -among noble solitary <i>mhauras</i> and <i>khirnis</i>, across fields -and past small clusters of huts, guides to a flight of steps which lead -down to a deep shady rock-cut dell where a Muhammadan chamber with -great open arched front looks out across a fountained courtyard and -sloping scalloped water table to the wild western slopes of -Mándu. This is Nilkanth, where the emperor Akbar lodged in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1574, and which -Jehángír visited in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1617.<a class="noteref" id="n356.1src" href="#n356.1" name="n356.1src">6</a></p> -<p>From the top of the steps that lead to the dell the hill stretches -west bare and stony to the Songad or Tárápúr -gateway on the narrow neck beyond which rises the broad shoulder of -Songad, the lofty south-west limit of the Mándu -hill-top.<a class="noteref" id="n356.2src" href="#n356.2" name="n356.2src">7</a></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main"><i>PART II.—HISTORY.</i><a class="noteref" id="n356.3src" href="#n356.3" name="n356.3src">8</a></h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="marginnote"><i><span class="sc">HISTORY</span></i></span>The history of Mándu belongs to -two main sections, before and after the overthrow by the emperor Akbar -in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1563 of the independent power of -the Sultáns of Málwa.</p> -<div class="div3 section"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main"><span class="sc">Section I.—The Málwa -Sultáns</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1400–1570.</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="marginnote">The Málwa -Sultáns, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1400–1570.</span>Of early Hindu -Mándu, which is said to date from <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 313, nothing is known.<a class="noteref" id="n356.4src" href="#n356.4" name="n356.4src">9</a> Hind spire stones are -built into the Hindola palace walls; and the pillars of the lesser -Jámá mosque, about a hundred yards from the east end of -the sea or Ságar Lake, are Hindu apparently Jain. Of these local -Hind chiefs almost nothing is known except that their fort was -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb357" href="#pb357" name="pb357">357</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">History</span></i><br> -The Málwa Sultáns, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1400–1570.</span> taken and their power -brought to an end by Sultán Shams-ud-dín Altamsh about -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1234.<a class="noteref" id="n357.1src" href="#n357.1" name="n357.1src">10</a> Dhár, not -Mándu, was at that time the capital. It seems doubtful whether -Mándu ever enjoyed the position of a capital till the end of the -fourteenth century. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1401, in the -ruin that followed Timúr’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1398–1400) conquest of Northern India, a -Pathán from the country of Ghor, Diláwar Khán -Ghori (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1387–1405), at the -suggestion of his son Alp Khán, assumed the white canopy and -scarlet pavilion of royalty.<a class="noteref" id="n357.2src" href="#n357.2" name="n357.2src">11</a> Though Dhár was -Diláwar’s head-quarters he sometimes stayed for months at -a time at Mándu,<a class="noteref" id="n357.3src" href="#n357.3" -name="n357.3src">12</a> strengthening the defences and adorning the -hill with buildings, as he always entertained the desire of making -Mándu his capital.<a class="noteref" id="n357.4src" href="#n357.4" name="n357.4src">13</a> Three available inscriptions of -Diláwar <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb358" href="#pb358" name="pb358">358</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">History</span></i><br> -The Málwa Sultáns, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1400–1570.</span> Khán (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1387–1405) seem to show that he built an -assembly mosque near the Ship Palace, a mosque near the Dehli Gate, and -a gate at the entrance to Songaḍh, the south-west corner and -citadel of Mándu, afterwards known as the -Tárápúr Gate.</p> -<p>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1398 Alp Khán, son of -Diláwar Khán, annoyed with his father for entertaining as -his overlord at Dhár Mehmúd Tughlak, the refugee monarch -of Dehli, withdrew to Mándu. He stayed in Mándu for three -years, laying, according to Farishtah, the foundation of the famous -fortress of solid masonry which was the strongest fortification in that -part of the world.<a class="noteref" id="n358.1src" href="#n358.1" -name="n358.1src">14</a> On his father’s death in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1405 Alp Khán took the title of -Sultán Hoshang, and moved the capital to Mándu. The -rumour that Hoshang had poisoned his father gave Diláwar’s -brother in arms, Muzaffar Sháh of Gujarát (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1399–1411), an excuse for an expedition -against Hoshang.<a class="noteref" id="n358.2src" href="#n358.2" name="n358.2src">15</a> Hoshang was defeated at Dhár, made prisoner, -and carried to Gujarát, and Muzaffar’s brother Nasrat was -appointed in his place. Nasrat failed to gain the goodwill either of -the people or of the army of Málwa; and was forced to retire -from Dhár and take refuge in Mándu. In consequence of -this failure in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1408, at -Hoshang’s request Muzaffar set Hoshang free after a year’s -confinement, and deputed his grandson Ahmed to take Hoshang to -Málwa and establish Hoshang’s power.<a class="noteref" id="n358.3src" href="#n358.3" name="n358.3src">16</a> With Ahmed’s -help Hoshang took Dhár and shortly after secured the fort of -Mándu. Hoshang (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1405–1431) made Mándu his capital -and spread his power on all sides except towards -Gujarát.<a class="noteref" id="n358.4src" href="#n358.4" name="n358.4src">17</a> Shortly after the death of Muzaffar I. and the -accession of Ahmed, when (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1414) Ahmed -was quelling the disturbances raised by his cousins, Hoshang, instead -of helping Ahmed as requested, marched towards Gujarát and -created a diversion in favour of the rebels by sending two of his -nobles to attack Broach. They were soon expelled by Ahmed Sháh. -Shortly after Hoshang marched to the help of the chief of -Jháláváḍa in -Káthiáváḍa, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb359" href="#pb359" name="pb359">359</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">History</span></i><br> -The Málwa Sultáns, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1400–1570.</span> and ravaged eastern and -central Gujarát.<a class="noteref" id="n359.1src" href="#n359.1" -name="n359.1src">18</a> To punish Hoshang for these acts of -ingratitude, between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1418 and 1422, -Ahmed twice besieged Mándu, and though he failed to take the -fort his retirement had to be purchased, and both as regards success -and fair-dealing the honours of the campaign remained with -Ahmed.<a class="noteref" id="n359.2src" href="#n359.2" name="n359.2src">19</a> In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1421 Hoshang -went disguised as a horse-dealer to Jájnagar (now Jájpur) -in Cuttack in Orissa. He took with him a number of cream-coloured -horses, of which he had heard the Rája was very fond. His object -was to barter these horses and other goods for the famous war elephants -of Jájnagar. An accident in the camp of the disguised merchants -led to a fight, in which the Rája was taken prisoner and Hoshang -was able to secure 150 elephants to fight the Gujarát -Sultán.<a class="noteref" id="n359.3src" href="#n359.3" name="n359.3src">20</a> During Hoshang’s absence at Jájnagar -Ahmed pressed the siege of Mándu so hard that the garrison would -have surrendered had Hoshang not succeeded in finding his way into the -fort through the south or Tárápur Gate.<a class="noteref" -id="n359.4src" href="#n359.4" name="n359.4src">21</a> For ten years -after the Gujarát campaign, by the help of his minister Malik -Mughís of the Khilji family and of his minister’s son -Mehmúd Khán, Málwa prospered and Hoshang’s -power was extended. Hoshang enriched his capital with buildings, among -them the Great Mosque and his own tomb, both of which he left -unfinished. Hoshang’s minister Malik Mughís (who received -the title of Ulugh Aâzam Humáyún Khán) -appears to have built the assembly mosque near the Ságar Lake in -Hoshang’s life-time, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1431. -Another of his buildings must have been a mint, as copper coins remain -bearing Hoshang’s name, and Mándu -Shádiábád as the place of mintage.<a class="noteref" id="n359.5src" href="#n359.5" name="n359.5src">22</a> In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1432, at Hoshangábád, -on the left bank of the Narbada, about 120 miles east of Mándu, -Hoshang, who was suffering from diabetes, took greatly to heart the -fall of a ruby out of his crown. He said: A few days before the death -of Fírúz Tughlak a jewel dropped from his crown. Hoshang -ordered that he should be taken to Mándu. Before he had gone -many miles the king died. His nobles carried the body to the Madrasah -or college in Shádiábád or Mándu, and -buried him in the college on the ninth day of Zil Hajjah, the twelfth -month of <span class="sc">a.h.</span> 838 = <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1434. The year of Hoshang’s death is to be -found in the letters</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">Ah Sháh Hoshang na mund: Alas, Sháh -Hoshang stayed not.<a class="noteref" id="n359.6src" href="#n359.6" -name="n359.6src">23</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>On Hoshang’s death his son Ghazni Khán, with the title -of Sultán Muhammad Ghori, succeeded. Malik Mughís, his -father’s minister, and the minister’s son Mehmúd -were maintained in power. In three years <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb360" href="#pb360" name="pb360">360</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">History</span></i><br> -The Málwa Sultáns, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1400–1570.</span> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1433–1436), as Sultán Muhammad -proved dissipated<span class="corr" id="xd25e32405" title="Not in source">,</span> cruel and suspicious, Mehmúd, the -minister’s son, procured his death by poison. Mehmúd -Khilji then asked his father to accept the succession, but his father -declined, saying that Mehmúd was fitter to be king. In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1436 Mehmúd was accordingly -crowned with the royal tiara of Hoshang.<a class="noteref" id="n360.1src" href="#n360.1" name="n360.1src">24</a> He conferred on his -father the honour of being attended by mace-bearers carrying gold and -silver sticks, who, when the Khán mounted or went out, had, like -the mace-bearers of independent monarchs, the privilege of repeating -the <i>Bismillah</i> ‘In the name of the compassionate and -merciful Alláh.’<a class="noteref" id="n360.2src" href="#n360.2" name="n360.2src">25</a> He gave his father royal honours, the -white canopy and the silver quiver, and to his title of Malik Ashraf -Khán Jehán he added among others Amír-ul-Umara and -Aâzam Humáyún.<a class="noteref" id="n360.3src" -href="#n360.3" name="n360.3src">26</a> Mehmúd quelled a revolt -among his nobles. An outbreak of plague in the Gujarát camp -relieved him from a contest with Ahmed Sháh.<a class="noteref" -id="n360.4src" href="#n360.4" name="n360.4src">27</a> In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1439 Mehmúd repaired the palace of -Sultán Hoshang and opened the mosque built in commemoration of -that monarch which Farishtah describes as a splendid edifice with 208 -columns.<a class="noteref" id="n360.5src" href="#n360.5" name="n360.5src">28</a> About the same time Mehmúd completed -Hoshang’s tomb which Hoshang had left unfinished. On the -completion of this building Hoshang’s remains seem to have been -moved into it from their first resting-place in the college. In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1441 Mehmúd built a -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb361" href="#pb361" name="pb361">361</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">History</span></i><br> -The Málwa Sultáns, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1400–1570.</span> garden with a dome and -palaces<a class="noteref" id="n361.1src" href="#n361.1" name="n361.1src">29</a> and a mosque at Naâlchah about three miles -north of the Dehli Gate of Mándu, a pleasing well-watered spot -where the plateau of Málwa breaks into glades and -knolls.<a class="noteref" id="n361.2src" href="#n361.2" name="n361.2src">30</a> In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1443 in honour -of his victory over Rána Kúmbha of Chitor, Mehmúd -built a beautiful column of victory,<a class="noteref" id="n361.3src" -href="#n361.3" name="n361.3src">31</a> seven storeys high, and a -college in front of the mosque of Hoshang Ghori. Facing the east -entrance to the Great Mosque stands a paved ramp crowned by a confused -ruin. As late as <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1843 this ruin is -described as a square marble chamber. Each face of the chamber had -three arches, the centre arch in two of the faces being a door. Above -the arches the wall was of yellow stone faced with marble. Inside the -chamber the square corners were cut off by arches. No roof or other -trace of superstructure remained.<a class="noteref" id="n361.4src" -href="#n361.4" name="n361.4src">32</a> This chamber seems to be the -basement of the column of victory which was raised in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1443 by Mehmúd I. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1432–1469) in honour of his victory over -Rána Kúmbha of Chitor.<a class="noteref" id="n361.5src" -href="#n361.5" name="n361.5src">33</a> Mehmúd’s column has -the special interest of being, if not the original, at least the cause -of the building of Kúmbha Rána’s still uninjured -Victory Pillar, which was completed in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1454 at a cost of £900,000 in honour of his -defeat of Mehmúd.<a class="noteref" id="n361.6src" href="#n361.6" name="n361.6src">34</a> That the Mándu Column of -Victory was a famous work is shown by Abul Fazl’s reference to it -in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1590 as an eight-storeyed -minaret.<a class="noteref" id="n361.7src" href="#n361.7" name="n361.7src">35</a> Farishtah, about twenty years later (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1610), calls it a beautiful Victory Pillar seven -storeys high.<a class="noteref" id="n361.8src" href="#n361.8" name="n361.8src">36</a> The emperor Jehángír (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1605–1627) gives the following account of -Mehmúd’s Tower of Victory<a class="noteref" id="n361.9src" -href="#n361.9" name="n361.9src">37</a>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e32555" title="Not in source">“</span>This day, the 29th of -the month Tir, corresponding to July-August of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1617, about the close of the day, with the ladies -of the palace, I went out to see the <i>Haft Manzar</i> or Seven -Storeys, literally Seven Prospects. This building is one of the -structures of the old rulers of Málwa, that is of Sultán -Mehmúd Khilji. It has seven storeys, and on each storey there -are four porticos, and in each portico are four windows. The height of -this tower is about 163 feet and its circumference 150 feet. From the -surface of the ground to the top of the seventh storey there are one -hundred and seventy-one steps.” Sir Thomas Herbert, the -traveller, in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1626 describes it from -hearsay, or at least at second-hand, as a tower 170 steps high, -supported by massive pillars and adorned with gates and windows very -observable. It was built, he adds, by Khán Jehán, who -there lies buried.<a class="noteref" id="n361.10src" href="#n361.10" -name="n361.10src">38</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb362" href="#pb362" name="pb362">362</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">History</span></i><br> -The Málwa Sultáns, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1400–1570.</span> Two years later -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1445) Mehmúd built at -Mándu, and endowed with the revenues of several villages a large -<i>Shifa Khánah</i> or Hospital, with wards and attendants for -all classes and separate apartments for maniacs. He placed in charge of -it his own physician Maulána Fazlulláh.<a class="noteref" -id="n362.1src" href="#n362.1" name="n362.1src">39</a> He also built a -college to the east of the Jámá mosque, of which traces -remain.<a class="noteref" id="n362.2src" href="#n362.2" name="n362.2src">40</a></p> -<p>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1453, though defeated, -Mehmúd brought back from Gujarát the jewelled waistbelt -of Gujarát, which in a daring charge he had taken from the tent -of the Gujarát king Kutb-ud-dín Sháh.<a class="noteref" id="n362.3src" href="#n362.3" name="n362.3src">41</a> In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1441 Mehmúd’s father -died at Mandisor. Mehmúd felt the loss so keenly that he tore -his hair like one bereft of reason.<a class="noteref" id="n362.4src" -href="#n362.4" name="n362.4src">42</a> After his father’s death -Mehmúd made his son Ghiás-ud-dín minister, and -conferred the command of the army and the title of Aâzam -Humáyún on his kinsman Táj Khán. In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1469, after a reign of thirty-four -years (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1436–1469) of untiring -energy and activity Mehmúd died. Farishtah says of him: -“His tent was his home: the field of battle his resting-place. He -was polite, brave, just, and learned. His Hindu and Musalmán -subjects were happy and friendly. He guarded his lands from invaders. -He made good his loss to any one who suffered from robbery in his -dominions, recovering the amount from the village in whose lands the -robbery had taken place, a system which worked so well that theft and -robbery became almost unknown. Finally, by a systematic effort he freed -the country from the dread of wild beasts.<span class="corr" id="xd25e32647" title="Not in source">”</span><a class="noteref" id="n362.5src" href="#n362.5" name="n362.5src">43</a></p> -<p>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1469 Mehmúd was -succeeded by his son and minister Ghiás-ud-dín, to whose -skill as a soldier much of Mehmúd’s success had been due. -On his accession Ghiás-ud-dín made his son Abdul -Kádir Prime Minister and heir-apparent, and gave him the title -of Násir-ud-dín. He called his nobles, and in their -presence handed his sword to Násir-ud-dín, saying: -“I have passed thirty-four years in ceaseless fighting. I now -devote my life to rest and enjoyment.”<a class="noteref" id="n362.6src" href="#n362.6" name="n362.6src">44</a> -Ghiás-ud-dín, who never left Mándu during the -whole thirty years of his reign (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1469–1499), is said to have completed the -Jaház Mehel or Ship Palace,<a class="noteref" id="n362.7src" -href="#n362.7" name="n362.7src">45</a> and the widespread buildings -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb363" href="#pb363" name="pb363">363</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">History</span></i><br> -The Málwa Sultáns, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1400–1570.</span> which surround it. It -seems probable that the Tapela Palace close to the south-east of the -Ship palace and the lake and royal gardens immediately to the north and -north-east of the Tapela palace were part of -Ghiás-ud-dín’s pleasure-houses and grounds. The -scale of the ruins behind the Hindola or Swingcot palace to the north, -and their connection with the out-buildings to the west of the -Jaház Mehel, suggest that they also belonged to the palaces and -women’s quarters of the pleasure-loving -Ghiás-ud-dín.</p> -<p>Of the surprising size and fantastic arrangements of -Ghiás-ud-dín’s pleasure city, the true Mándu -Shádiábád or Abode of Joy, curious details have -been preserved. This Abode of Pleasure was a city not a palace. It -contained 15,000 inhabitants, all of them women, none either old or -plain-featured, and each trained to some profession or craft. Among -them were the whole officers of a court, besides courtiers, teachers, -musicians, dancers, prayer-readers, embroiderers, and followers of all -crafts and callings. Whenever the king heard of a beautiful girl he -never rested till he obtained her. This city of women had its two -regiments of guards, the Archers and the Carabineers, each 500 strong, -its soldiers dressed like men in a distinguishing uniform. The archers -were beautiful young Turkí damsels, all armed with bows and -arrows: the carabineers were Abyssinian maidens, each carrying a -carbine. Attached to the palace and city was a deer park, where the -Lord of Leisure used to hunt with his favourites. Each dweller in the -city of women received her daily dole of grain and coppers, and besides -the women were many pensioners, mice<span class="corr" id="xd25e32690" -title="Not in source">,</span> parrots and pigeons, who also received -the same dole as their owners. So evenly just was -Ghiás-ud-dín in the matter of his allowances, that the -prettiest of his favourites received the same allowance as the roughest -carabineer.<a class="noteref" id="n363.1src" href="#n363.1" name="n363.1src">46</a></p> -<p>The Lord of the City of Pleasure was deeply religious. Whenever he -was amusing himself two of his companions held in front of him a cloth -to remind him of his shroud. A thousand <i>Háfizahs</i>, that is -women who knew the Kurâán by heart, constantly repeated -its holy verses, and, under the orders of the king, whenever he changed -his raiment the <i>Háfizahs</i> blew on his body from head to -foot with their prayer-hallowed breath.<a class="noteref" id="n363.2src" href="#n363.2" name="n363.2src">47</a> None of the five -daily prayers passed unprayed. If at any of the hours of prayer the -king was asleep he was sprinkled with water, and when water failed to -arouse him, he was dragged out of bed. Even when dragged out of bed by -his servants the king never <span class="corr" id="xd25e32713" title="Source: uttured">uttered</span> an improper or querulous word.</p> -<p>So keen was his sense of justice that when one of his courtiers -pretending he had purchased her, brought to him a maiden of ideal -beauty, and her relations, not knowing she had been given to the king, -came to complain, though they gladly resigned her, the king grieved -over his unconscious wrong. Besides paying compensation he mourned long -and truly, and ordered that no more inmates should be brought to his -palace.<a class="noteref" id="n363.3src" href="#n363.3" name="n363.3src">48</a> So great was the king’s charity that every -night below his pillow he placed a bag containing some thousand -gold-mohurs, and before evening all were distributed to the deserving. -So religious was the king that he paid 50,000 <i>tankas</i> for each of -the four feet of the ass of Christ. A man came bringing a fifth hoof, -and one of the courtiers said: “My Lord, an ass has four feet. I -never heard that it had five, unless perhaps the ass of Christ had -five.” “Who knows,” the king replied, “it may -be that this <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb364" href="#pb364" name="pb364">364</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">History</span></i><br> -The Málwa Sultáns, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1400–1570.</span> last man has told the -truth, and one of the others was wrong. See that he is paid.” So -sober was the king that he would neither look upon nor hear of -intoxicants or stimulants. A potion that had cost 100,000 <i>tankas</i> -was brought to him. Among the 300 ingredients one was nutmeg. The king -directed the potion to be thrown into a drain. His favourite horse fell -sick. The king ordered it to have medicine, and the horse recovered. -“What medicine was given the horse?” asked the king. -“The medicine ordered by the physicians” replied his -servants. Fearing that in this medicine there might be an intoxicant, -the king commanded that the horse should be taken out of the stables -and turned loose into the forest.<a class="noteref" id="n364.1src" -href="#n364.1" name="n364.1src">49</a></p> -<p>The king’s spirit of peace steeped the land, which, like its -ruler, after thirty years of fighting yearned for rest. For fourteen -years neither inward malcontent nor foreign foe broke the quiet. In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1482 Bahlol Lodi advanced from Dehli -to subdue Málwa. The talk of Mándu was Bahlol’s -approach, but no whisper of it passed into the charmed City of Women. -At last the son-minister forced his way into the king’s presence. -At the news of pressing danger his soldier-spirit awoke in -Ghiás-ud-dín. His orders for meeting the invaders were so -prompt and well-planned that the king of Dehli paid a ransom and -withdrew. A second rest of fifteen years ended in the son-minister once -more forcing his way into the Presence. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1500 the son presented his father, now an aged -man of eighty, with a cup of sherbet and told him to drink. The king, -whose armlet of bezoar stone had already twice made poison harmless, -drew the stone from his arm. He thanked the Almighty for granting him, -unworthy, the happiest life that had ever fallen to the lot of man. He -prayed that the sin of his death might not be laid to his son’s -charge, drank the poison, and died.<a class="noteref" id="n364.2src" -href="#n364.2" name="n364.2src">50</a></p> -<p>Ghiás-ud-dín can hardly have shut himself off so -completely from state affairs as the story-tellers make out. He seems -to have been the first of the Málwa kings who minted gold. He -also introduced new titles and ornaments, which implies an interest in -his coinage.<a class="noteref" id="n364.3src" href="#n364.3" name="n364.3src">51</a> Farishtah says that <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb365" href="#pb365" name="pb365">365</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">History</span></i><br> -The Málwa Sultáns, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1400–1570.</span> -Ghiás-ud-dín used to come out every day for an hour from -his <i>harím</i>, sit on the throne and receive the salutations -of his nobles and subjects, and give orders in all weighty matters of -state. He used to entrust all minor affairs to his ministers; but in -all grave matters he was so anxious not to shirk his responsibility as -a ruler, that he had given strict orders that all such communications -should be made to him at whatever time they came through a particular -female officer appointed to receive his orders.<a class="noteref" id="n365.1src" href="#n365.1" name="n365.1src">52</a></p> -<p>According to most accounts Násir-ud-dín was led to -poison his father by an attempt of his younger brother -Shujáât Khán, supported if not organised by some of -Ghiás-ud-dín’s favourite wives to oust -Násir-ud-dín from the succession.<a class="noteref" id="n365.2src" href="#n365.2" name="n365.2src">53</a> In the struggle -Násir-ud-dín triumphed and was crowned at Mándu in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1500.<a class="noteref" id="n365.3src" href="#n365.3" name="n365.3src">54</a> The new king left -Mándu to put down a revolt. On his return to Mándu he -devoted himself to debauchery and to hunting down and murdering his -brother’s adherents. He subjected his mother Khurshíd -Ráni to great indignities and torture to force from her -information regarding his father’s concealed treasures.<a class="noteref" id="n365.4src" href="#n365.4" name="n365.4src">55</a> In a -fit of drunkenness he fell into a reservoir. He was pulled out by four -of his female slaves. He awoke with a headache, and discovering what -his slaves had done put them to death with his own hand.<a class="noteref" id="n365.5src" href="#n365.5" name="n365.5src">56</a> Some -time after in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1512, he again fell -into the reservoir, and there he was left till he was dead.<a class="noteref" id="n365.6src" href="#n365.6" name="n365.6src">57</a> -Násir-ud-dín was fond of building. His palace at -<span class="corr" id="xd25e32857" title="Source: Akbarpúr">Akbarpur</span> in the Nímar plain -about twenty miles south of Mándu was splendid and greatly -admired.<a class="noteref" id="n365.7src" href="#n365.7" name="n365.7src">58</a> And at Mándu besides his sepulchre<a class="noteref" id="n365.8src" href="#n365.8" name="n365.8src">59</a> which -the emperor Jehángír (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1617) mentions,<a class="noteref" id="n365.9src" -href="#n365.9" name="n365.9src">60</a> an <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb366" href="#pb366" name="pb366">366</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">History</span></i><br> -The Málwa Sultáns, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1400–1570.</span> inscription shows that -the palace now known by the name of Báz Bahádur was built -by Násir-ud-dín.</p> -<p>Násir-ud-dín was succeeded by his younger son -(Mehmúd <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1512–1530), who, -with the title of Mehmúd the Second, was crowned with great pomp -at Mándu. Seven hundred elephants in gold-embroidered velvet -housings adorned the procession.<a class="noteref" id="n366.1src" href="#n366.1" name="n366.1src">61</a> Shortly after his accession -Mehmúd II. was driven out of Mándu by the revolt of the -commandant Muhâfiz Khán, but was restored by the skill and -courage of Medáni Rái his Rájput -commander-in-chief.<a class="noteref" id="n366.2src" href="#n366.2" -name="n366.2src">62</a> A still more dangerous combination by Muzaffar -II. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1511–1526) of -Gujarát and Sikandar Sháh Lodi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1488–1516) of Dehli, was baffled by the -foresight and energy of the same Rájput general. Mehmúd, -feeling that his power had passed to the Hindus, tried to disband the -Rájputs and assassinate Medáni Rái. Failing in -both attempts Mehmúd fled from Mándu to Gujarát, -where he was well received by Sultán Muzaffar (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1511–1526).<a class="noteref" id="n366.3src" href="#n366.3" name="n366.3src">63</a> They advanced -together against Mándu, and in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1519, after a close siege of several months, took -the fort by assault. The Rájput garrison, who are said to have -lost 19,000 men, fought to the last, consecrating the close of their -defence by a general <i>javar</i> or fire-sacrifice. Sultán -Mehmúd entered Mándu close after the storming party, and -while Mehmúd established his authority in Mándu, Muzaffar -withdrew to Dhár. When order was restored Mehmúd sent -this message to Muzaffar at Dhár: “Mándu is a -splendid fort. You should come and see it.” “May -Mándu,” Muzaffar replied, “bring good fortune to -Sultán Mehmúd. He is the master of the fort. For the sake -of the Lord I came to his help. On Friday I will go to the fortress, -and having had the sermon read in Mehmúd’s name will -return.” On Muzaffar’s arrival in Mándu -Mehmúd gave a great entertainment;<a class="noteref" id="n366.4src" href="#n366.4" name="n366.4src">64</a> and Muzaffar -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb367" href="#pb367" name="pb367">367</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">History</span></i><br> -The Málwa Sultáns, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1400–1570.</span> retired to Gujarát -leaving a force of 3000 Gujarátis to help to guard the -hill.<a class="noteref" id="n367.1src" href="#n367.1" name="n367.1src">65</a> Immediately after Muzaffar’s departure, as -Sultán Mehmúd was anxious to recover Chanderi and -Gágraun, which still remained in the possession of Medáni -Rái and his supporters, he marched against them. Rána -Sánga of Chitor came to Medáni’s aid and a great -battle was fought.<a class="noteref" id="n367.2src" href="#n367.2" -name="n367.2src">66</a> Mehmúd’s hastiness led him to -attack when his men were weary and the Rájputs were fresh. In -spite of the greatest bravery on the part of himself and of his -officers the Musalmán army was defeated, and Mehmúd, -weakened by loss of blood, was made prisoner. Rána Sánga -had Mehmúd’s wounds dressed, sent him to Chitor, and on -his recovery released him.<a class="noteref" id="n367.3src" href="#n367.3" name="n367.3src">67</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Sultán Bahádur of -Gujarát, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1526–1534.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1526, by giving protection to his outlawed -brother Chánd Khán and to Razí-ul-Mulk, a refugee -Gujarát noble, Mehmúd brought on himself the wrath of -Bahádur Sháh of Gujarát (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1526–1536). The offended Bahádur did -not act hastily. He wrote to Mehmúd asking him to come to his -camp and settle their quarrels. He waited on the Gujarát -frontier at Karji Ghát, east of Bánswara, until at last -satisfied that Mehmúd did not wish for a peaceful settlement he -advanced on Mándu. Meanwhile Mehmúd had repaired the -walls of Mándu, which soon after was invested by Bahádur. -The siege was proceeding in regular course by mines and batteries, and -the garrison, though overtaxed, were still loyal and in heart, when in -the dim light of morning Mehmúd suddenly found the -Gujarát flag waving on the battlements. According to the -Mirăt-i-Sikandari<a class="noteref" id="n367.4src" href="#n367.4" -name="n367.4src">68</a> Bahádur annoyed by the slow progress of -the siege asked his spies where was the highest ground near -Mándu. The spies said: Towards Songad-Chitor the hill is -extremely high. With a few followers the Sultán scaled Songad, -and rushing down the slope burst through the wall and took the fort -(May 20th, 1526).<a class="noteref" id="n367.5src" href="#n367.5" name="n367.5src">69</a> Mehmúd surrendered. Near Dohad, on his way to -his prison at Chámpánír, an attempt was made to -rescue Mehmúd, and to prevent their escape he and some of his -sons were slain and buried on the bank of the Dohad tank.<a class="noteref" id="n367.6src" href="#n367.6" name="n367.6src">70</a> -Bahádur spent the rainy season (June-October 1526) in -Mándu, and Málwa was incorporated with -Gujarát.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Emperor Humáyún, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1534–1535.</span>Mándu -remained under Gujarát, till in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1534, after Bahádur’s defeat by -Humáyún at Mandasor, Bahádur retired to -Mándu. <span class="corr" id="xd25e33041" title="Source: Humáyun">Humáyún</span> followed. At -night 200 of Humáyún’s soldiers went to the back of -the fortress, according to Farishtah the south-west height of -Songad<a class="noteref" id="n367.7src" href="#n367.7" name="n367.7src">71</a> by which Bahádur had surprised -Mehmúd’s garrison, scaled the walls by ladders and ropes, -opened the gate, and let others in. Mallu Khán, the commandant -of the batteries, a native of Málwa, who afterwards gained the -title of Kádir Sháh, went to Bahádur and wakened -him. Bahádur rushed out with four or five attendants. He was -joined by about twenty more, and reaching the gate at the top of the -<i>maidán</i>, apparently the Tárápúr gate -by which Humáyún’s men had entered, cut through 200 -of Humáyún’s troops and went off with Mallu -Khán to the fort of Songad, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb368" -href="#pb368" name="pb368">368</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">History</span></i><br> -The Málwa Sultáns, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1400–1570.</span> the citadel of -Mándu. While two of Bahádur’s chiefs, Sadr -Khán and Sultán Álam Lodi, threw themselves into -Songad, Bahádur himself let his horses down the cliff by ropes -and after a thousand difficulties made his way to -Chámpánír.<a class="noteref" id="n368.1src" href="#n368.1" name="n368.1src">72</a> On the day after -Bahádur’s escape Sadr Khán and Sultán -Álam Lodi came out of Songad and surrendered to -Humáyún.<a class="noteref" id="n368.2src" href="#n368.2" -name="n368.2src">73</a></p> -<p>In the following year (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1535) the -combined news of Sher Sháh’s revolt in Bengal, and of the -defeat of his officers at Broach and Cambay, forced -Humáyún to retire from Gujarát. As he preferred -its climate he withdrew, not to Agra but to Mándu.<a class="noteref" id="n368.3src" href="#n368.3" name="n368.3src">74</a> From -Mándu, as fortune was against him in Bengal, -Humáyún went (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1535–36) to Agra.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Local Musalmán Chiefs, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1536–1542.</span>On -Humáyún’s departure three chiefs attempted to -establish themselves at Mándu: Bhúpat Rái, the -ruler of Bíjágar, sixty miles south of Mándu; -Mallu Khán or Kádir Sháh, a former commandant of -Mándu; and Mírán Muhammad Fárúki -from Burhánpur.<a class="noteref" id="n368.4src" href="#n368.4" -name="n368.4src">75</a> Of these three Mallu Khán was -successful. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1536, when -Humáyún fled from Sher Sháh to Persia, Mallu -spread his power from Mándu to Ujjain Sárangpúr -and Rantambhor, assumed the title of Kádir Sháh -Málwi, and made Mándu his capital. Some time after Sher -Sháh, who was now supreme, wrote to Mallu Kádir -Sháh ordering him to co-operate in expelling the Mughals. -Kádir Sháh resenting this assumption of overlordship, -addressed Sher Sháh as an inferior. <span class="marginnote">Sher Sháh Súr, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1542–1545.</span>When Sher Sháh -received Mallu’s order he folded it and placed it in the scabbard -of his poniard to keep the indignity fresh in his mind. Alláh -willing, he said, we shall ask an explanation for this in -person.<a class="noteref" id="n368.5src" href="#n368.5" name="n368.5src">76</a> In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1542 -(<span class="sc">H.</span> 949) as Kádir Sháh failed to -act with Kutb Khán, who had been sent to establish Sher -Sháh’s overlordship in Málwa, Sher Sháh -advanced from <span class="corr" id="xd25e33125" title="Source: Gwalior">Gwálior</span> towards Mándu with the -object of punishing Kádir Sháh.<a class="noteref" id="n368.6src" href="#n368.6" name="n368.6src">77</a> As he knew he could -not stand against Sher Sháh Kádir Sháh went to -Sárangpúr to do homage. Though on arrival Kádir -Sháh was well received, his kingdom was given to -Shujáât Khán, one of Sher Sháh’s chief -followers, and himself placed in Shujáât -Khán’s keeping.<a class="noteref" id="n368.7src" href="#n368.7" name="n368.7src">78</a> Suspicious of what might be in store -for <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb369" href="#pb369" name="pb369">369</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">History</span></i><br> -The Málwa Sultáns, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1400–1570.</span> him Kádir -Sháh fled to Gujarát. Sher Sháh was so much -annoyed at Shujáât Khán’s remissness in not -preventing Kádir Sháh’s escape that he transferred -the command at Dhár and Mándu from Shujáât -Khán to Háji Khán and Junaid Khán. Shortly -after Kádir Sháh brought a force from Gujarát and -attacked Mándu. Shujáât came to Háji -Khán’s help and routed Kádir Sháh under the -walls of Mándu. In reward Sher Sháh made him ruler of the -whole country of Mándu.<a class="noteref" id="n369.1src" href="#n369.1" name="n369.1src">79</a> Shujáât Khán -established his head-quarters at Mándu with 10,000 horse and -7000 matchlockmen.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Salím Sháh Súr, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1545–1553.</span>During the -reign of Sher Sháh’s successor Salím Sháh -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1545–1553), -Shujáât was forced to leave Málwa and seek shelter -in Dúngarpúr. Selím pardoned Shujáât, -but divided Málwa among other nobles. Shujáât -remained in Hindustán till in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1553, on the accession of Salím’s -successor, Ádili, he recovered Málwa, and in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1554, on the decay of Ádili’s power, -assumed independence.<a class="noteref" id="n369.2src" href="#n369.2" -name="n369.2src">80</a> He died almost immediately after, and was -succeeded by his eldest son Malik Báyazíd.<a class="noteref" id="n369.3src" href="#n369.3" name="n369.3src">81</a> -Shujáât Khán was a great builder. Besides his chief -works at Shujáwalpúr near Ujjain, he left many memorials -in different parts of Málwa.<a class="noteref" id="n369.4src" -href="#n369.4" name="n369.4src">82</a> So far none of the remains at -Mándu are known to have been erected during the rule of -Shujáât Khán.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Báz Bahádur, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1555–1570.</span>On the death of his father -Malik Báyazíd killed his brother Daulat Khán, and -was crowned in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1555 with the title of -Báz Bahádur. He attacked the Gonds, but met with so -crushing a defeat that he foreswore fighting.<a class="noteref" id="n369.5src" href="#n369.5" name="n369.5src">83</a> He gave himself to -enjoyment and become famous as a musician,<a class="noteref" id="n369.6src" href="#n369.6" name="n369.6src">84</a> and for his poetic -love of Rúp Mani or Rúp Mati, who according to one -account was a wise and beautiful courtezan of <span class="corr" id="xd25e33271" title="Source: Saháranpúr">Saháranpur</span> in Northern -India, and according to another was the daughter of a Nímar -Rájput, the master of the town of Dharampuri.<a class="noteref" -id="n369.7src" href="#n369.7" name="n369.7src">85</a> In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1560 Pír Muhammad, a general of -Akbar’s, afterwards ennobled as Khán Jehán, -defeated Báz Bahádur, drove him out of Mándu, and -made the hill his own head-quarters.<a class="noteref" id="n369.8src" -href="#n369.8" name="n369.8src">86</a> In the following year -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1561), by the help of the -Berár chief, Pír Muhammad was slain and Báz -Bahádur reinstated. On news of this defeat (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1562) Akbar sent Abdulláh Khán -Uzbak with almost unlimited power to reconquer the province. -Abdulláh was successful, but, as he showed signs of assuming -independence, Akbar moved against him and he fled to -Gujarát.<a class="noteref" id="n369.9src" href="#n369.9" name="n369.9src">87</a> Akbar remained in Mándu during the greater -part of the following rains (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1563), -examining with interest the buildings erected by the Khilji -kings.<a class="noteref" id="n369.10src" href="#n369.10" name="n369.10src">88</a> At Mándu Akbar married the daughter of -Mírán Mubárak Khán of -Khándesh.<a class="noteref" id="n369.11src" href="#n369.11" -name="n369.11src">89</a> When Akbar left (August 1564) he appointed -Karra Bahádur Khán governor of Mándu and returned -to Ágra.<a class="noteref" id="n369.12src" href="#n369.12" name="n369.12src">90</a> In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1568 the -Mírzás, Akbar’s cousins, flying from Gujarát -attacked <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb370" href="#pb370" name="pb370">370</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">History</span></i><br> -The Mughals, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1570–1720.</span> -Ujjain. From Ujjain they retreated to Mándu and failing to make -any impression on the fort withdrew to Gujarát.<a class="noteref" id="n370.1src" href="#n370.1" name="n370.1src">91</a> The -Mirzás’ failure was due to the ability of Akbar’s -general, Háji Muhammad Khán, to whom Akbar granted the -province of Mándu.<a class="noteref" id="n370.2src" href="#n370.2" name="n370.2src">92</a> At the same time (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1568) the command of Mándu hill was -entrusted to Sháh Budágh Khán, who continued -commandant of the fort till his death many years later. During his -command, in a picturesque spot overlooking a well-watered ravine in the -south of Mándu, between the Ságar Lake and the -Tárápur Gateway, Budágh Khán built a -pleasure-house, which he named, or rather perhaps which he continued to -call Nílkanth or Blue Throat. This lodge is interesting from the -following inscriptions, which show that the emperor Akbar more than -once rested within its walls.<a class="noteref" id="n370.3src" href="#n370.3" name="n370.3src">93</a></p> -<p>The inscription on the small north arch of Nílkanth, dated -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1574, runs:</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">(Call it not waste) to spend your life in water and -earth. (<i>i.e.</i> in building),</p> -<p class="line">If perchance a man of mind for a moment makes your -house his lodging.</p> -<p class="line">Written by Sháh Budágh Khán in the -year <span class="sc">a.h.</span> 982–87.<a class="noteref" -id="n370.4src" href="#n370.4" name="n370.4src">94</a></p> -</div> -<p class="first">The inscription on the great southern arch of -Nílkanth, dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1574, -runs:</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">This pleasant building was completed in the reign of -the great Sultán, the most munificent and just -Khákán, the Lord of the countries of Arabia and -Persia,<a class="noteref" id="n370.5src" href="#n370.5" name="n370.5src">95</a> the shadow of God on the two earths, the ruler of -the sea and of the land, the exalter of the standards of those who war -on the side of God, Abul Fatah Jalál-ud-dín Muhammad -Akbar, the warrior king, may his dominion and his kingdom be -everlasting.</p> -<p>Written by Farídún Husein, son of -Hátim-al-Wardi, in the year <span class="sc">a.h.</span> 982.<a class="noteref" id="n370.6src" href="#n370.6" name="n370.6src">96</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>The inscription on the right wall of Nílkanth, dated -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1591–92, runs:</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">In the year <span class="sc">a.h.</span> 1000, -when on his way to the conquest of the Dakhan, the slaves of the -Exalted Lord of the Earth, the holder of the sky-like Throne, the -shadow of Alláh (the Emperor Akbar), passed by this place.</p> -<p>That time wastes your home cease, Soul, to complain, Who will not -scorn a complainer so vain.</p> -<p>From the story of others this wisdom derive, Ere naught of thyself -but stories survive.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>The inscription on the left wall of Nílkanth, dated -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1600, runs:</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">The (Lord of the mighty Presence) shadow of -Alláh, the Emperor Akbar, after the conquest of the Dakhan and -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb371" href="#pb371" name="pb371">371</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">History</span></i><br> -The Mughals, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1570–1720.</span> -Dándes (Khándesh) in the year <span class="sc">a.h.</span> 1009 set out for Hind (Northern India).</p> -<p>May the name of the writer last for ever!</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">At dawn and at eve I have watched an owl sitting</p> -<p class="line">On the lofty wall-top of Shirwán -Sháh’s Tomb.<a class="noteref" id="n371.1src" href="#n371.1" name="n371.1src">97</a></p> -<p class="line">The owl’s plaintive hooting convey’d me -this warning</p> -<p class="line">“Here pomp, wealth, and greatness lie -dumb.”</p> -</div> -</blockquote> -<p>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573, with the rest of -Málwa, Akbar handed Mándu to Muzaffar III. the dethroned -ruler of Gujarát. It seems doubtful if Muzaffar ever visited his -new territory.<a class="noteref" id="n371.2src" href="#n371.2" name="n371.2src">98</a> On his second defeat in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1562 Báz Bahádur retired to -Gondwána, where he remained, his power gradually waning, till in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1570 he paid homage to the emperor -and received the command of 2000 horse.<a class="noteref" id="n371.3src" href="#n371.3" name="n371.3src">99</a> His decoration of -the Rewa Pool, of the palace close by, which though built by -Násir-ud-dín Khilji (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1500–1512) was probably repaired by -Báz Bahádur, and of Rúp Mati’s pavilion on -the crest of the southern ridge make Báz Bahádur one of -the chief beautifiers of Mándu. According to Farishtah -(<abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, II. 538–39) in 1562, -when Báz Bahádur went out to meet Akbar’s general, -Adham Khán Atkah, he placed Rúp Mati and his other -singers in Sárangpúr under a party of his men with orders -to kill the women in case of a reverse. On hearing of Báz -Bahádur’s defeat the soldiers hastily sabred as many of -the women as they could and fled. Among the women left for dead was -Rúp Mati, who, though dangerously wounded, was not killed. When -Adham Atkah entered Sárangpúr his first care was to -enquire what had become of Rúp Mati. On hearing of her condition -he had her wound attended to by the best surgeons, promising her, as a -help to her cure, a speedy union with her beloved. On her recovery -Rúp Mati claimed the general’s promise. He prevaricated -and pressed his own suit. Rúp Mati temporised. One night the -impatient Turk sent her a message asking her to come to him. Rúp -Mati to gain time invited him to her own pavilion which she said was -specially adorned to be the abode of love. Next night the Atkah went to -her house in disguise. Her women directed him to Rúp -Mati’s couch. Adham found her robed and garlanded, but cold in -death. Rúp Mati was buried on an island in a lake at Ujjain, and -there, according to the <span class="corr" id="xd25e33482" title="Source: Áín-i-Akbari">Áin-i-Akbari</span>, -Báz Bahádur when he died was laid beside her.<a class="noteref" id="n371.4src" href="#n371.4" name="n371.4src">100</a></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div3 section"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h4 class="main"><span class="sc">Section II.—Mughals</span> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1570–1720) <span class="sc">and Maráthás</span> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1720–1820).</h4> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">About <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1590 -Akbar’s historian, the great Abul Fazl, described Mándu as -a large city whose fortress is twenty-four miles (twelve <i>kos</i>) in -circuit. He notices that besides in the centre of the hill where stands -an eight-storeyed minaret, the city had many monuments of ancient -magnificence, among them the tombs of the Khilji Sultáns. And -that from the dome which is over the sepulchre of Sultán -Mehmúd, the son of Hoshang (this should be the sepulchre of -Hoshang built by his successor Sultán Mehmúd) water drops -in the height of summer to the astonishment of the ignorant. But, he -adds, men of understanding know how to account for the -water-drops.<a class="noteref" id="n371.5src" href="#n371.5" name="n371.5src">101</a> Abul Fazl further notices that on Mándu Hill -is found a species of tamarind whose fruit is as big as the cocoanut, -the pulp of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb372" href="#pb372" name="pb372">372</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">History</span></i><br> -The Mughals, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1570–1720.</span> -which is very white. This is the African baobab or <span lang="la">Adansonia digitata</span>, known in Hindustáni as -<i>goramli</i> or white tamarind, whose great fruit is about the size -of a cocoanut. Its monster baobabs are still a feature of Mándu. -Some among them look old enough to have been yielding fruit 300 years -ago. Finally Abul Fazl refers to Mándu as one of twenty-eight -towns where Akbar’s copper coins were struck.<a class="noteref" -id="n372.1src" href="#n372.1" name="n372.1src">102</a> About twenty -years later (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1610) the historian -Farishtah<a class="noteref" id="n372.2src" href="#n372.2" name="n372.2src">103</a> thus describes the hill. The fort of Mándu -is a work of solid masonry deemed to be one of the strongest -fortifications in that part of the world. It is built on an insulated -mountain thirty-eight miles in circumference.<a class="noteref" id="n372.3src" href="#n372.3" name="n372.3src">104</a> The place of a -ditch round the fortification is supplied by a natural ravine so deep -that it seems impossible to take the fort by regular approaches. Within -the fort is abundance of water and forage, but the area is not large -enough to grow a sufficient store of grain. The hill cannot be -invested. The easiest access is from the north by the Dehli Gate. The -south road with an entrance by the Tárápúr Gate is -so steep that cavalry can with difficulty be led up. Like Abul Fazl -Farishtah notices that, except during the rains, water constantly oozes -from between the chinks in the masonry of the dome of Sultán -Hoshang’s tomb. He says the natives of India attribute this -dropping to universal veneration for Sultán Hoshang, for whose -death, they say, the very stones shed tears.</p> -<p>Except that copper coins continued to be minted and that it was -nominally one of the four capitals of the empire, during the emperor -Akbar’s reign Mándu was practically deserted. The only -traces of Akbar’s presence on the hill are in two of the five -inscriptions already quoted from the Nílkanth pleasure-house, -dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1591 and <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1600.</p> -<p>After about fifty years of almost complete neglect the emperor -Jehángír, during a few months in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1617, enabled Mándu once more to justify -its title of Shádiábád, the Abode of Joy. Early in -March <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1617, in the eleventh year of -his reign, the emperor Jehángír after spending four -months in travelling the 189 miles from Ajmír by way of Ujjain, -arrived at <span class="corr" id="xd25e33576" title="Source: Nâalchah">Naâlchah</span> on the main land close -to the north of Mándu. The emperor notices that most of the -forty-six marches into which the 189 miles were divided ended on the -bank of some lake stream or great river in green grass and woody -landscape, brightened by poppy fields. We came, he writes, enjoying the -beauty of the country and shooting, never weary, as if we were moving -from one garden to another.</p> -<p>Of the country round Naâlchah Jehángír -says:<a class="noteref" id="n372.4src" href="#n372.4" name="n372.4src">105</a> What can be written worthy of the beauty and the -pleasantness of Naâlchah. The neighbourhood is full of mango -trees. The whole country is one unbroken and restful evergreen. Owing -to its beauty I remained there three days. I granted the place to -Kamál Khán, taking it from Keshava Márú, -and I changed its name to Kamálpúr. I had frequent -meetings with some of the wise men of the <i>jogis</i>, many of whom -had assembled here. Naâlchah is one of the best places in -Málwa. It has an extensive growth of vines, and among its mango -groves and vineyards wander streamlets of water. I arrived at a time -when, contrary to the northern climes, the vines were in blossom and -fruit, and so great was the vintage that the meanest boor could eat -grapes to his fill. The poppy was also in flower, and its fields -delighted the eye with their many-coloured beauty. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb373" href="#pb373" name="pb373">373</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">History</span></i><br> -The Mughals, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1570–1720.</span> -Of the emperor’s entrance into Mándu the Memoirs have the -following note: On Monday the 23rd of Ispandád, the last month -of the Persian year, that is according to Sir Thomas Roe’s -account on the 6th of March 1617, when one quarter of the day had -passed, I mounted my elephant, and, in good fortune and under kindly -influences, made my happy entry into the fort of Mándu. About an -hour (three <i>ghadis</i>) later I entered the quarters which had been -prepared to receive me. During my passage across the hill-top I -scattered <abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 1500. Before my arrival Abdul -Karím the engineer had been sent by me to repair the buildings -of the former kings of Mándu. While my fortunate standards were -at Ajmír Abdul Karím repaired such of the old -Mándu buildings as were fit to be repaired and built others -anew. On the whole he had provided quarters for me, the like of which -have probably never been built in any other place. Three -<i>lákhs</i> of rupees were spent on these repairs and -buildings. I wish it had been possible to construct buildings like -these in all cities likely to be visited by royalty. This fortress, he -continues, stands on the top of a hill about thirty-six miles (18 -<i>kos</i>) in circumference. They say that before the days of -Rája Bikramájit a king was reigning over these parts -<span class="corr" id="xd25e33625" title="Source: who">whose</span> -name was Jaisingh Deva. In his time a man went to the forest to cut -grass. When he brought the grass back he found that the blade of his -sickle had turned yellow. The grasscutter in his surprise went to -Mándan, an ironsmith. Mándan knew that the sickle was -gold. He had heard that in those parts was to be found the -philosopher’s stone, whose touch turns iron and copper into gold. -He told the grasscutter to lead him to the place where the sickle had -turned yellow, and there he found the philosopher’s stone. The -smith presented this treasure to his king. The king amassed untold -wealth, part of which he spent in building Mándu fortress which -he completed in twelve years. At the request of the smith on most of -the stones in the walls a mark was cut in the form of an anvil. Towards -the close of his life, when king Jaisingh Deva withdrew his heart from -the world, he called many Bráhmans together on the bank of the -Narbada close to Mándu. He gave each Bráhman a share of -his wealth. And to the Bráhman in whom he had the greatest faith -he gave the philosopher’s stone. Enraged at the gift of a paltry -stone the Bráhman threw it into the Narbada, and there the -philosopher’s stone still lies. The emperor continues: On the -20th of <i>Farwardín</i>, five weeks after my arrival (11th -April 1617) in reward for his services in repairing the buildings of -Mándu, I conferred on my engineer Abdul Karím the command -of 1200 horse, with the title of Maámúr Khán.</p> -<p>Mándu had for the emperor the strong attraction of abundance -of game. Among numerous entries of <i>nílgái</i> or -blue-bull shooting the following occur: On the 4th of the first month -of <i>Farwardín</i> (16th) March the watchmen of the chase -brought word that they had marked down a lion near the Ságar -Lake, which is a construction of the ancient rulers of Mándu. I -mounted and proceeded towards the lake. When the lion broke cover he -attacked and wounded ten or twelve of the -<i>Ahádís</i><a class="noteref" id="n373.1src" href="#n373.1" name="n373.1src">106</a> and other men of my retinue. In the -end I brought him down with three gun shots and saved God’s -creatures from his evil. On the 22nd of the same month (April 3rd, -1617) the watchmen brought news of a tiger. I mounted forthwith and -despatched him with three bullets. On the 7th of <i>Ardí -Bihisht</i> (April 18th, 1617) the watchmen brought word that they had -marked down four tigers. At one in the afternoon I started for the -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb374" href="#pb374" name="pb374">374</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">History</span></i><br> -The Mughals, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1570–1720.</span> -place with Núr Jehán Begam. Núr Jehán asked -my leave to shoot the tigers with her gun. I said “Be it -so.” In a trice she killed these four tigers with six bullets. I -had never seen such shooting. To shoot from the back of an elephant -from within a closed <i>howdah</i> and bring down with six bullets four -wild beasts without giving them an opportunity of moving or springing -is wonderful. In acknowledgment of this capital marksmanship I ordered -a thousand <i>ashrafis</i> (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 4500) to be -scattered<a class="noteref" id="n374.1src" href="#n374.1" name="n374.1src">107</a> over Núr Jehán and granted her a pair -of ruby wristlets worth a lákh of rupees.<a class="noteref" id="n374.2src" href="#n374.2" name="n374.2src">108</a></p> -<p>Of the mangoes of Mándu Jehángír says: In these -days many mangoes have come into my fruit stores from the Dakhan, -Burhánpur, Gujarát, and the districts of Málwa. -This country is famous for its mangoes. There are few places the -mangoes of which can rival those of this country in richness of -flavour, in sweetness, in freedom from fibre, and in size.<a class="noteref" id="n374.3src" href="#n374.3" name="n374.3src">109</a></p> -<p>The rains set in with unusual severity. Rain fell for forty days -continuously. With the rain were severe thunderstorms accompanied by -lightning which injured some of the old buildings.<a class="noteref" -id="n374.4src" href="#n374.4" name="n374.4src">110</a> His account of -the beauty of the hill in July, when clear sunshine followed the forty -days of rain, is one of the pleasantest passages in -Jehángír’s Memoirs: What words of mine can describe -the beauty of the grass and of the wild flowers! They clothe each hill -and dale, each slope and plain. I know of no place so pleasant in -climate and so pretty in scenery as Mándu in the rainy season. -This month of July which is one of the months of the hot season, the -sun being in Leo, one cannot sleep within the house without a coverlet, -and during the day there is no need for a fan. What I have noticed is -but a small part of the many beauties of Mándu. Two things I -have seen here which I had seen nowhere in India. One of them is the -tree of the wild plantain which grows all over the hill top, the other -is the nest of the <i>mamolah</i> or wagtail. Till now no bird-catcher -could tell its nest. It so happened that in the building where I lodged -we found a wagtail’s nest with two young ones.</p> -<p>The following additional entries in the Memoirs belong to -Jehángír’s stay at Mándu. Among the presents -submitted by Mahábat Khán, who received the honour of -kissing the ground at Mándu, Jehángír describes a -ruby weighing eleven <i>miskáls</i>.<a class="noteref" id="n374.5src" href="#n374.5" name="n374.5src">111</a> He says: This ruby -was brought to Ajmír last year by a Frankish jeweller who wanted -two lákhs of rupees for it. Mahábat Khán bought it -at Burhánpur for one lákh of rupees.<a class="noteref" -id="n374.6src" href="#n374.6" name="n374.6src">112</a></p> -<p>On the 1st of <i>Tír</i>, the fourth month of the Persian -year (15th May 1617), the Hindu chiefs of the neighbourhood came to pay -their <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb375" href="#pb375" name="pb375">375</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">History</span></i><br> -The Mughals, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1570–1720.</span> -respects and present their tribute. The Hindu chief of -Jítpúr in the neighbourhood of Mándu, through his -evil fortune, did not come to kiss the threshold.<a class="noteref" id="n375.1src" href="#n375.1" name="n375.1src">113</a> For this reason I -ordered Fidáíkhán to pillage the -Jítpúr country at the head of thirteen officers and four -or five hundred matchlockmen. On the approach of -Fidáíkhán the chief fled. He is now reported to -regret his past conduct and to intend to come to Court and make his -submission. On the 9th of <i>Yúr</i>, the sixth month of the -Persian calendar (late July, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1617), I -heard that while raiding the lands of the chief of -Jítpúr, Rúh-ul-láh, the brother of -Fidáíkhán, was slain with a lance in the village -where the chief’s wives and children were in hiding. The village -was burned, and the women and daughters of the rebel chief were taken -captives.<a class="noteref" id="n375.2src" href="#n375.2" name="n375.2src">114</a></p> -<p>The beautiful surroundings of the Ságar lake offered to the -elegant taste of Núr Jehán a fitting opportunity for -honouring the Shab-i-Barát or Night of Jubilee with special -illuminations. The emperor describes the result in these words: On the -evening of Thursday the 19th of <i>Amardád</i>, the fifth month -of the Persian year (early July, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1617), I went with the ladies of the palace to -see the buildings and palaces on the Ságar lake which were built -by the old kings of Mándu. The 26th of <i>Amardád</i> -(about mid-July) was the Shab-i-Barát holiday. I ordered a -jubilee or assembly of joy to be held on the occasion in one of the -palaces occupied by Núr Jehán Begam in the midst of the -big lake. The nobles and others were invited to attend this party which -was organized by the Begam, and I ordered the cup and other intoxicants -with various fruits and minced meats to be given to all who wished -them. It was a wonderful gathering. As evening set in the lanterns and -lamps gleaming along the banks of the lake made an illumination such as -never had been seen. The countless lights with which the palaces and -buildings were ablaze shining on the lake made the whole surface of the -water appear to be on fire.<a class="noteref" id="n375.3src" href="#n375.3" name="n375.3src">115</a></p> -<p>The Memoirs continue: On Sunday the 9th of <i>Yúr</i>, the -sixth Persian month (late July), I went with the ladies of the palace -to the quarters of Ásaf Khán, Núr -Jehán’s brother, the second son of Mirza Ghiás Beg. -I found Ásaf Khán lodged in a glen of great beauty -surrounded by other little vales and dells with waterfalls and running -streamlets and green and shady mango groves. In one of these dells were -from two to three hundred sweet pandanus or <i>kewda</i> trees. I -passed a very happy day in this spot and got up a wine party with some -of my lords-in-waiting, giving them bumpers of wine.<a class="noteref" -id="n375.4src" href="#n375.4" name="n375.4src">116</a> Two months later -(early September) Jehángír has the following -entry<a class="noteref" id="n375.5src" href="#n375.5" name="n375.5src">117</a> regarding a visit from his eldest son and heir -prince Khurram, afterwards the emperor Shah Jehán, who had -lately brought the war in the Dakhan to a successful close. On the 8th -of the month of <i>Máh</i> (H. 1026: according to Roe September -2nd, 1617), my son of exalted name obtained the good fortune of waiting -upon me in the fort of Mándu after three-quarters and one -<i>ghadi</i> of the day had passed, that is about half an hour after -sunrise. He had been absent fifteen months and eleven days. After he -had performed the ceremonies of kissing the ground and the -<i>kurnish</i> or prostration, I called him up to my bay window or -<i>jharokah</i>. In a transport of affection I could not restrain -myself from getting up and taking him into my arms. The more -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb376" href="#pb376" name="pb376">376</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">History</span></i><br> -The Mughals, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1570–1720.</span> -I increased the measure of affection and honours the more humility and -respect did he show. I called him near me and made him sit by me. He -submitted a thousand <i>ashrafis</i> (= <abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> -4500) and a thousand rupees as a gift or <i>nazar</i> and the same -amount as sacrifice or <i>nisár</i>. As there was not time for -me to inspect all his presents he produced the elephant Sarnák, -the best of the elephants of Ádil Khán of Bijápur. -He also gave me a case full of the rarest precious stones. I ordered -the military paymasters to make presents to his nobles according to -their rank. The first to come was Khán Jehán, whom I -allowed the honour of kissing my feet. For his victory over the -Rána of Chitor I had before granted to my fortunate child Kurram -the rank of a commander of 20,000 with 10,000 horse. Now for his -service in the Dakhan I made him a commander of 30,000 and 20,000 horse -with the title of Sháh Jehán. I also ordered that -henceforward he should enjoy the privilege of sitting on a stool near -my throne, an honour which did not exist and is the first of its kind -granted to anyone in my family. I further granted him a special dress. -To do him honour I came down from the window and with my own hand -scattered over his head as sacrifice a trayfull of precious stones as -well as a large trayfull of gold.</p> -<p>Jehángír’s last Mándu entry is this: On -the night of Friday in the month of <i>Abán</i> (October 24th, -1617) in all happiness and good fortune I marched from Mándu and -halted on the bank of the lake at Naâlchah.</p> -<p>Jehángír’s stay at Mándu is referred to -by more than one English traveller. In March 1617, the Rev. Edward -Terry, chaplain to the Right Honourable Sir T. Roe Lord Ambassador to -the Great Mughal, came to Mándu from <span class="corr" id="xd25e33883" title="Source: Burhánpúr">Burhánpur</span> in east -Khándesh.<a class="noteref" id="n376.1src" href="#n376.1" name="n376.1src">118</a> Terry crossed a broad river, the Narbada, at a -great town called Anchabarpur (Akbarpur)<a class="noteref" id="n376.2src" href="#n376.2" name="n376.2src">119</a> in the -Nímár plain not far south of Mándu hill. The way -up, probably by the Bhairav pass a few miles east of Mándu, -seemed to Terry exceeding long. The ascent was very difficult, taking -the carriages, apparently meaning coaches and wagons, two whole -days.<a class="noteref" id="n376.3src" href="#n376.3" name="n376.3src">120</a> Terry found the hill of Mándu stuck round -with fair trees that kept their distance so, one from and below the -other, that there was much delight in beholding them from either the -bottom or the top of the hill. From one side only was the ascent not -very high and steep. The top was flat plain and spacious with vast and -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb377" href="#pb377" name="pb377">377</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">History</span></i><br> -The Mughals, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1570–1720.</span> -far-stretching woods in which were lions tigers and other beasts of -prey and many wild elephants. Terry passed through Mándu a few -days’ march across a plain and level country, apparently towards -Dhár, where he met the Lord Ambassador Sir Thomas Roe, who had -summoned Terry from Surat to be his chaplain. Sir Thomas Roe was then -marching from Ajmír to Mándu with the Court of the -emperor Jehángír, whom Terry calls the Great King.</p> -<p>On the 3rd of March, says Roe, the Mughal was to have entered -Mándu. But all had to wait for the good hour fixed by the -astrologers. From the 6th of March, when he entered Mándu, till -the 24th of October, the emperor Jehángír, with Sir -Thomas Roe in attendance, remained at Mándu.<a class="noteref" -id="n377.1src" href="#n377.1" name="n377.1src">121</a> According to Roe -before the Mughal visited Mándu the hill was not much inhabited, -having more ruins by far than standing houses.<a class="noteref" id="n377.2src" href="#n377.2" name="n377.2src">122</a> But the moving city -that accompanied the emperor soon overflowed the hill-top. According to -Roe Jehángír’s own encampment was walled round half -a mile in circuit in the form of a fortress, with high screens or -curtains of coarse stuff, somewhat like Aras hangings, red on the -outside, the inside divided into compartments with a variety of -figures. This enclosure had a handsome gateway and the circuit was -formed into various coins and bulwarks. The posts that supported the -curtains were all surmounted with brass tops.<a class="noteref" id="n377.3src" href="#n377.3" name="n377.3src">123</a> Besides the -emperor’s encampment were the noblemen’s quarters, each at -an appointed distance from the king’s tents, very handsome, some -having their tents green, others white, others of mixed colours. The -whole composed the most curious and magnificent sight Roe had ever -beheld.<a class="noteref" id="n377.4src" href="#n377.4" name="n377.4src">124</a> The hour taken by Jehángír in passing -from the Dehli Gate to his own quarters, the two English miles from -Roe’s lodge which was not far from the Dehli Gate to -Jehángír’s palace, and other reasons noted below -make it almost certain that the Mughal’s encampment and the camps -of the leading nobles were on the open slopes to the south of the Sea -Lake between Báz Bahádur’s palace on the east and -Songad on the west. And that the palace at Mándu from which -Jehángír wrote was the building now known as Báz -Bahádur’s palace.<a class="noteref" id="n377.5src" href="#n377.5" name="n377.5src">125</a> A few months before it reached -Mándu the imperial camp had turned the whole valley of -Ajmír into a magnificent city,<a class="noteref" id="n377.6src" -href="#n377.6" name="n377.6src">126</a> and a few weeks before reaching -Mándu at Thoda, about fifty miles south-east of Ajmír, -the camp formed a settlement not less in circuit than twenty English -miles, equalling in size almost any town in Europe.<a class="noteref" -id="n377.7src" href="#n377.7" name="n377.7src">127</a> In the middle of -the encampment were all sorts of shops so regularly disposed that all -persons knew where to go for everything.</p> -<p>The demands of so great a city overtaxed the powers of the deserted -Mándu. The scarcity of water soon became so pressing that the -poor were commanded to leave and all horses and cattle were ordered off -the hill.<a class="noteref" id="n377.8src" href="#n377.8" name="n377.8src">128</a> Of the scarcity of water the English traveller -Corryat, who was then a guest of Sir Thomas Roe, writes: On the first -day one of my Lord’s people, Master Herbert, brother to Sir -Edward Herbert, found a fountain which, if he had not done, he would -have had to send ten course <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb378" href="#pb378" name="pb378">378</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">History</span></i><br> -The Mughals, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1570–1720.</span> -(<i>kos</i>) every day for water to a river called Narbada that falleth -into the Bay of Cambye near Broach. The custom being such that -whatsoever fountain or tank is found by any great man in time of -drought he shall keep it proper to his without interruption. The day -after one of the king’s Hadis (<i>Ahádis</i>) finding the -same and striving for it was taken by my Lord’s people and -bound.<a class="noteref" id="n378.1src" href="#n378.1" name="n378.1src">129</a> Corryat adds: During the time of the great drought -two Moor nobles daily sent ten camels to the Narbada and distributed -the water to the poor, which was so dear they sold a little skin for 8 -pies (one penny).<a class="noteref" id="n378.2src" href="#n378.2" name="n378.2src">130</a></p> -<p>Terry notices that among the piles of buildings that held their -heads above ruin were not a few unfrequented mosques or Muhammadan -churches. Though the people who attended the king were marvellously -straitened for room to put their most excellent horses, none would use -the churches as stables, even though they were forsaken and out of use. -This abstinence seems to have been voluntary, as Roe’s servants, -who were sent in advance, took possession of a fair court with walled -enclosure in which was a goodly temple and a tomb. It was the best in -the whole circuit of Mándu, the only drawback being that it was -two miles from the king’s house.<a class="noteref" id="n378.3src" -href="#n378.3" name="n378.3src">131</a> The air was wholesome and the -prospect was pleasant, as it was on the edge of the hill.<a class="noteref" id="n378.4src" href="#n378.4" name="n378.4src">132</a> The -emperor, perhaps referring rather to the south of the hill, which from -the elaborate building and repairs carried out in advance by Abdul -Karím seems to have been called the New City, gives a less -deserted impression of Mándu. He writes (24th March 1617): Many -buildings and relics of the old kings are still standing, for as yet -decay has not fallen upon the city. On the 24th I rode to see the royal -edifices. First I visited the Jámá Masjid built by -Sultán Hoshang Ghori. It is a very lofty building and erected -entirely of hewn stone. Although it has been standing 180 years it -looks as if built to-day. Then I visited the sepulchres of the kings -and rulers of the Khilji dynasty, among which is the sepulchre of the -eternally cursed Násir-ud-dín.<a class="noteref" id="n378.5src" href="#n378.5" name="n378.5src">133</a> Sher Sháh to -show his horror of Násir-ud-dín, the father-slayer, -ordered his people to beat Násir-ud-dín’s tomb with -sticks. Jehángir also kicked the grave. Then he ordered the tomb -to be opened and the remains to be taken out and burnt. Finally, -fearing the remains might pollute the eternal light, he ordered the -ashes to be thrown into the Narbada.<a class="noteref" id="n378.6src" -href="#n378.6" name="n378.6src">134</a></p> -<p>The pleasant outlying position of Roe’s lodge proved to be -open to the objection that out of the vast wilderness wild beasts often -came, seldom returning without a sheep, a goat, or a kid. One evening a -great lion leapt over the stone wall that encompassed the yard and -<span class="corr" id="xd25e34021" title="Source: snapt">snapped</span> -up the Lord Ambassador’s little white neat shock, that is as Roe -explains a small Irish mastiff, which ran out barking at the lion. Out -of the ruins of the mosque and tomb Roe built a lodge,<a class="noteref" id="n378.7src" href="#n378.7" name="n378.7src">135</a> and -here he passed the rains with his “family,” including -besides his secretary, chaplain, and cook twenty-three Englishmen and -about sixty native servants, and during part of the time the sturdy -half-crazed traveller Tom Coryate or Corryat.<a class="noteref" id="n378.8src" href="#n378.8" name="n378.8src">136</a> They had -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb379" href="#pb379" name="pb379">379</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">History</span></i><br> -The Mughals, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1570–1720.</span> -their flock of sheep and goats, all necessaries belonging to the -kitchen and everything else required for bodily use including bedding -and all things pertaining thereto.<a class="noteref" id="n379.1src" -href="#n379.1" name="n379.1src">137</a> Among the necessaries were -tables<a class="noteref" id="n379.2src" href="#n379.2" name="n379.2src">138</a> and chairs, since the Ambassador refused to adopt -the Mughal practice of sitting cross-legged on mats “like taylors -on their shopboards.” Roe’s diet was dressed by an English -and an Indian cook and was served on plate by waiters in red taffata -cloaks guarded with green taffata. The chaplain wore a long black -cassock, and the Lord Ambassador wore English habits made as light and -cool as possible.<a class="noteref" id="n379.3src" href="#n379.3" name="n379.3src">139</a></p> -<p>On the 12th of March, a few days after they were settled at -Mándu, came the festival of the Persian New Year. -Jehángír held a great reception seated on a throne of -gold bespangled with rubies emeralds and turquoises. The hall was -adorned with pictures of the King and Queen of England, the Princess -Elizabeth, Sir Thomas Smith and others, with beautiful Persian -hangings. On one side, on a little stage, was a couple of women -singers. The king commanded that Sir T. Roe should come up and stand -beside him on the steps of the throne where stood on one side the -Persian Ambassador and on the other the old king of Kandahár -with whom Sir T. Roe ranked. The king called the Persian Ambassador and -gave him some stones and a young elephant. The Ambassador knelt and -knocked his head against the steps of the throne to thank him.<a class="noteref" id="n379.4src" href="#n379.4" name="n379.4src">140</a> From -time to time during Terry’s stay at Mándu, the Mughal, -with his stout daring Persian and Tartarian horsemen and some grandees, -went out to take young wild elephants in the great woods that environed -Mándu. The elephants were caught in strong toils prepared for -the purpose and were manned and made fit for service. In these hunts -the king and his men also pursued lions and other wild beasts on -horseback, killing some of them with their bows carbines and -lances.<a class="noteref" id="n379.5src" href="#n379.5" name="n379.5src">141</a></p> -<p>The first of September was Jehángír’s birthday. -The king, says Corryat,<a class="noteref" id="n379.6src" href="#n379.6" -name="n379.6src">142</a> was forty-five years old, of middle height, -corpulent, of a seemly composition of body, and of an olive coloured -skin. Roe went to pay his respects and was conducted apparently to -Báz Bahádur’s Gardens to the east of the Rewa Pool. -This tangled orchard was then a beautiful garden with a great square -pond or tank set all round with trees and flowers and in the middle of -the garden a pavilion or pleasure-house under which hung the scales in -which the king was to be weighed.<a class="noteref" id="n379.7src" -href="#n379.7" name="n379.7src">143</a> The scales were of beaten gold -set with many small stones as rubies and turquoises. They were hung by -chains of gold, large and massive, but strengthened by silken ropes. -The beam and tressels from which the scales hung were covered with thin -plates of gold. All round were the nobles of the court seated on rich -carpets waiting for the king. He came laden with diamonds rubies pearls -and other precious vanities, making a great and glorious show. His -swords targets and throne were corresponding in riches and splendour. -His head neck breast and arms above the elbows and at the wrist were -decked with chains of precious stones, and every finger had two or -three rich rings. His legs were as it were fettered with chains of -diamonds and rubies as large as walnuts and amazing pearls. He got into -the scales crouching or sitting on his legs like a woman. To -counterpoise his weight bags said to contain <abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 9000 in <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb380" href="#pb380" name="pb380">380</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">History</span></i><br> -The Mughals, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1570–1720.</span> -silver were changed six times. After this he was weighed against bags -containing gold jewels and precious stones. Then against cloth of gold, -silk stuffs, cotton goods, spices, and all commodities. Last of all -against meal, butter, and corn. Except the silver, which was reserved -for the poor, all was said to be distributed to Baniahs (that is -Bráhmans).<a class="noteref" id="n380.1src" href="#n380.1" name="n380.1src">144</a> After he was weighed Jehángír -ascended the throne and had basons of nuts almonds and spices of all -sorts given him. These the king threw about, and his great men -scrambled prostrate on their bellies. Roe thought it not decent that he -should scramble. And the king seeing that he stood aloof reached him a -bason almost full and poured the contents into his cloak.<a class="noteref" id="n380.2src" href="#n380.2" name="n380.2src">145</a> Terry -adds: The physicians noted the king’s weight and spoke -flatteringly of it. Then the Mughal drank to his nobles in his royal -wine and the nobles pledged his health, The king drank also to the Lord -Ambassador, whom he always treated with special consideration, and -presented him with the cup of gold curiously enamelled and crusted with -rubies turkesses and emeralds.<a class="noteref" id="n380.3src" href="#n380.3" name="n380.3src">146</a></p> -<p>Of prince Khurram’s visit Roe writes: A month later (October -2nd) the proud prince Khurram, afterwards the emperor Sháh -Jehán (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1626–1657), -returned from his glorious success in the Dakhan, accompanied by all -the great men, in wondrous triumph.<a class="noteref" id="n380.4src" -href="#n380.4" name="n380.4src">147</a> A week later (October 9th), -hearing that the emperor was to pass near his lodging on his way to -take the air at the Narbada, in accordance with the rule that the -masters of all houses near which the king passes must make him a -present, Roe took horse to meet the king. He offered the king an Atlas -neatly bound, saying he presented the king with the whole world. The -king was pleased. In return he praised Roe’s lodge, which he had -built out of the ruins of the temple and the ancient tomb, and which -was one of the best lodges in the camp.<a class="noteref" id="n380.5src" href="#n380.5" name="n380.5src">148</a> -Jehángír left Mándu on the 24th October. On the -30th when Roe started the hill was entirely deserted.<a class="noteref" -id="n380.6src" href="#n380.6" name="n380.6src">149</a></p> -<p>Terry mentions only two buildings at Mándu. One was the house -of the Mughal, apparently Báz Bahádur’s palace, -which he describes as large and stately, built of excellent stone, well -squared and put together, taking up a large compass of ground. He adds: -We could never see how it was contrived within, as the king’s -wives and women were there.<a class="noteref" id="n380.7src" href="#n380.7" name="n380.7src">150</a> The only other building to which -Terry refers, he calls “The Grot.” Of the grot, which is -almost certainly the pleasure-house Nílkanth, whose Persian -inscriptions have been quoted above, Terry gives the following details: -To the Mughal’s house, at a small distance from it, belonged a -very curious grot. In the building of the grot a way was made into a -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb381" href="#pb381" name="pb381">381</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">History</span></i><br> -The Mughals, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1570–1720.</span> -firm rock which showed itself on the side of the hill canopied over -with part of that rock. It was a place that had much beauty in it by -reason of the curious workmanship bestowed on it and much pleasure by -reason of its coolness.<a class="noteref" id="n381.1src" href="#n381.1" -name="n381.1src">151</a> Besides the fountain this grot has still one -of the charmingly cool and murmuring scallopped rillstones where, as -Terry says, water runs down a broad stone table with many hollows like -to scallop shells, in its passage over the hollows making so pretty a -murmur as helps to tie the senses with the bonds of sleep.</p> -<p>Sháh Jehán seems to have been pleased with -Mándu. He returned in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1621 and -stayed at Mándu till he marched north against his father in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1622.<a class="noteref" id="n381.2src" href="#n381.2" name="n381.2src">152</a> In March -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1623, Sháh Jehán came -out of Mándu with 20,000 horse, many elephants, and powerful -artillery, intending to fight his brother Sháh -Parwíz.<a class="noteref" id="n381.3src" href="#n381.3" name="n381.3src">153</a> After the failure of this expedition Sháh -Jehán retired to Mándu.<a class="noteref" id="n381.4src" -href="#n381.4" name="n381.4src">154</a> At this time (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1623) the Italian traveller Dela Valle ranks -Mándu with Agra Láhor and Ahmedábád, as the -four capitals, each endowed with an imperial palace and court.<a class="noteref" id="n381.5src" href="#n381.5" name="n381.5src">155</a> Five -years later the great general Khán Jehán Lodi besieged -Mándu, but apparently without success.<a class="noteref" id="n381.6src" href="#n381.6" name="n381.6src">156</a> Khán -Jehán Lodi’s siege of Mándu is interesting in -connection with a description of Mándu in Herbert’s -Travels. Herbert, who was in Gujarát in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1626, says Mándu is seated at the side of -a declining hill (apparently Herbert refers to the slope from the -southern crest northwards to Ságar Lake and the Grot or -Nílkanth) in which both for ornament and defence is a castle -which is strong in being encompassed with a defensive wall of nearly -five miles (probably <i>kos</i> that is ten miles): the whole, he adds, -heretofore had fifteen miles circuit. But the city later built is of -less time yet fresher beauty, whether you behold the temples (in one of -which are entombed four kings), palaces or fortresses, especially that -tower which is elevated 170 steps, supported by massive pillars and -adorned with gates and windows very observable. It was built by -Khán Jehán, who there lies buried. The confusedness of -these details shows that Herbert obtained them second-hand, probably -from Corryat’s Master Herbert on Sir T. Roe’s -staff.<a class="noteref" id="n381.7src" href="#n381.7" name="n381.7src">157</a> The new city of fresher <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb382" href="#pb382" name="pb382">382</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">History</span></i><br> -The Mughals, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1570–1720.</span> -beauty is probably a reference to the buildings raised and repaired by -Abdul Karím against <span class="corr" id="xd25e34225" title="Source: Jehangír’s">Jehángír’s</span> -coming, among which the chief seems to have been the palace now known -by the name of Báz Bahádur. The tower of 170 steps is -Mehmúd Khilji’s Tower of Victory, erected in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1443, the Khán Jehán being -Mehmúd’s father, the great minister Khán -Jehán Aâzam Humáyún.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Maráthás, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1720–1820.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1658 a Rája Shívráj was -commandant of Mándu.<a class="noteref" id="n382.1src" href="#n382.1" name="n382.1src">158</a> No reference has been traced to any -imperial visit to Mándu during Aurangzíb’s reign. -But that great monarch has left an example of his watchful care in the -rebuilding of the Âlamgír or Aurangzíb Gate, which -guards the approach to the stone-crossing of the great northern ravine -and bears an inscription of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1668, the -eleventh year of Âlamgír’s reign. In spite of this -additional safeguard thirty years later (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1696) Mándu was taken and the standard of -Udáji Pavár was planted on the battlement.<a class="noteref" id="n382.2src" href="#n382.2" name="n382.2src">159</a> The -Maráthás soon withdrew and Málwa again passed -under an imperial governor. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1708 -the Shía-loving emperor Bahádur Sháh I. -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1707–1712) visited -Mándu, and there received from Ahmedábád a copy of -the Kurâán written by Imám Âli Taki, son of -Imám Músa Raza (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 810–829), seventh in descent from -Âli, the famous son-in-law of the Prophet, the first of -Musalmán mystics. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1717 -Ásaph Jáh Nizám-ul-Mulk was appointed governor of -Málwa and continued to manage the province by deputy till -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1721. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1722 Rája Girdhar Bahádur, a -Nágar Bráhman, was made governor and remained in charge -till in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1724 he was attacked and -defeated by Chimnáji Pandit and Udáji -Pavár.<a class="noteref" id="n382.3src" href="#n382.3" name="n382.3src">160</a> Rája Girdhar was succeeded by his relation -Dia Bahádur, whose successful government ended in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1732, when through the secret help of the local -chiefs <span class="corr" id="xd25e34282" title="Source: Malhárao">Malhárráo</span> Holkar led an -army up the Bhairav pass, a few miles east of Mándu, and at -Tirellah, between <span class="corr" id="xd25e34285" title="Source: Amjhera">Amjera</span> and Dhár, defeated and slew Dia -Bahádur. As neither the next governor Muhammad Khán -Bangash nor his successor Rája Jai Singh of Jaipúr were -able to oust the Maráthás, their success was admitted in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1734 by the appointment of Peshwa -Bájiráo (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1720–1740) to be governor of Málwa. -On his appointment (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1734) the Peshwa -chose Anand Ráo Pavár as his deputy. Anand Ráo -shortly after settled at Dhár, and since <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1734 Mándu has continued part of the -territory of the Pavárs of Dhar.<a class="noteref" id="n382.4src" href="#n382.4" name="n382.4src">161</a> In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1805 Mándu sheltered the heroic -Mína Bái during the birth-time of her son -Rámchundra Ráo Pavár, whose state was saved from -the clutches of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb383" href="#pb383" -name="pb383">383</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">History</span></i><br> -Notices, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1820–1895.</span> -Holkar and Sindhia by the establishment of British overlordship in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1817.<a class="noteref" id="n383.1src" href="#n383.1" name="n383.1src">162</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Notices, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1820–1895.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1820 Sir John Malcolm<a class="noteref" id="n383.2src" href="#n383.2" name="n383.2src">163</a> describes the -hill-top as a place of religious resort occupied by some mendicants. -The holy places on the hill are the shrine of Hoshang Ghori, whose -guardian spirit still scares barrenness and other disease -fiends<a class="noteref" id="n383.3src" href="#n383.3" name="n383.3src">164</a> and the Rewa or Narbada Pool, whose holy water, -according to common belief, prevents the dreaded return of the spirit -of the Hindu whose ashes are strewn on its surface, or, in the refined -phrase of the Bráhman, enables the dead to lose self in the -ocean of being.<a class="noteref" id="n383.4src" href="#n383.4" name="n383.4src">165</a> In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1820 the -Jámá Mosque, Hoshang’s tomb, and the palaces of -Báz Bahádur were still fine remains, though surrounded -with jungle and fast crumbling to pieces.<a class="noteref" id="n383.5src" href="#n383.5" name="n383.5src">166</a> In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1827 Colonel Briggs says<a class="noteref" id="n383.6src" href="#n383.6" name="n383.6src">167</a>: Perhaps no part of -India so abounds with tigers as the neighbourhood of the once famous -city of Mándu. The capital now deserted by man is overgrown by -forest and from being the seat of luxury, elegance, and wealth, it has -become the abode of wild beasts and is resorted to by the few Europeans -in that quarter for the pleasure of destroying them. Instances have -been known of tigers being so bold as to carry off troopers riding in -the ranks of their regiments. Twelve years later (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1839) Mr. Fergusson<a class="noteref" id="n383.7src" href="#n383.7" name="n383.7src">168</a> found the hill a -vast uninhabited jungle, the rank vegetation tearing the buildings of -the city to pieces and obscuring them so that they could hardly be -seen.<a class="noteref" id="n383.8src" href="#n383.8" name="n383.8src">169</a> Between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1842 and -1852 tigers are described as prowling among the regal rooms, the -half-savage marauding Bhíl as eating his meal and feeding his -cattle in the cloisters of its sanctuaries and the insidious -<i>pípal</i> as levelling to the earth the magnificent -remains.<a class="noteref" id="n383.9src" href="#n383.9" name="n383.9src">170</a> So favourite a tiger retreat was the Jaház -Palace that it was dangerous to venture into it unarmed. Close to the -very huts of the poor central village, near the Jámá -Mosque, cattle were frequently seized by tigers. In the south tigers -came nightly to drink at the Ságar lake. Huge bonfires had to be -burnt to prevent them attacking the houses.<a class="noteref" id="n383.10src" href="#n383.10" name="n383.10src">171</a> In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1883 Captain Eastwick wrote: At Mándu the -traveller will require some armed men, as tigers are very numerous and -dangerous. He will do well not to have any dogs with him, as the -panthers will take them even from under his bed.<a class="noteref" id="n383.11src" href="#n383.11" name="n383.11src">172</a> If this was true -of Mándu in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1883—and is -not as seems likely the repetition of an old-world tale—the last -ten years have wrought notable changes. Through the interest His -Highness Sir Anand Ráo Pavár, <abbr title="Knight Commander, Order of the Star of India">K.C.S.I.</abbr>, -<abbr title="Companion, Order of the Indian Empire">C.I.E.</abbr>, the -present Mahárája of Dhár takes in the old capital -of his state, travelling in Mándu is now as safe and easier than -in many, perhaps than in most, outlying districts. A phæton can -drive across the northern ravine-moat through the three gateways and -along the hill-top, at least as far south as the Sea Lake. Large -stretches of the level are cleared and tilled, and herds of cattle -graze free from the dread of wild beasts. The leading buildings have -been saved from their ruinous tree-growth, the underwood has been -cleared, the marauding Bhíl has settled to tillage, the tiger, -even the panther, is nearly <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb384" href="#pb384" name="pb384">384</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix II.<br> -The Hill Fort of Mándu.<br> -<i><span class="sc">History</span></i><br> -Notices, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1820–1895.</span> as -rare as the wild elephant, and finally its old wholesomeness has -returned to the air of the hill-top.</p> -<p>This sketch notices only the main events and the main buildings. -Even about the main buildings much is still doubtful. Many -inscriptions, some in the puzzling interlaced <i>Tughra</i> character, -have still to be read. They may bring to light traces of the -Mándu kings and of the Mughal emperors, whose connection with -Mándu, so far as the buildings are concerned, is still a blank. -The ruins are so many and so widespread that weeks are wanted to ensure -their complete examination. It may be hoped that at no distant date -Major Delasseau, the Political Agent of Dhár, whose -opportunities are not more special than his knowledge, may be able to -prepare a complete description of the hill and of its many ruins and -writings.</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n352.1" -href="#n352.1src" name="n352.1">1</a></span> The following Persian -verses are carved on the Âlamgír gateway:</p> -<div class="q"> -<div class="nestedtext"> -<div class="nestedbody"> -<div class="lgouter footnote"> -<p class="line">In the time of Álamgír Aurangzíb -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1658–1707), the ruler of the -World,</p> -<p class="line">This gate resembling the skies in altitude was built -anew.</p> -<p class="line">In the year <span class="sc">a.h.</span> 1079 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1668) the work of renewal was begun -and completed</p> -<p class="line">By the endeavour of the exalted Khán Muhammad -Beg Khán.</p> -<p class="line">From the accession of this Emperor of the World -Aurangzíb.</p> -<p class="line">This was the eleventh year by way of writing and -history.</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<p> <a class="fnarrow" href="#n352.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n353.1" -href="#n353.1src" name="n353.1">2</a></span> Mr. Fergusson (Indian -Architecture, page 543) says: “The pillars appear to have been -taken from a Jain building.” But the refinement on the square -capital of each pillar of the Hindu <i>Singh-múkh</i> or horned -face into a group of leaves of the same outline shows that the pillars -were specially carved for use in a Muslim building. The porch on the -north side of the tomb enclosure is described (Ditto, page 543) as -composed of pillars avowedly re-erected from a Jain building. This note -of Mr. Fergusson’s must have gone astray, as the north porch of -Hoshang’s tomb enclosure is in the plain massive pointed arch and -square-shafted style of the tomb and of the great mosque. Mr. -Fergusson’s note apparently belongs to the second and smaller -Jámá Masjid, about a hundred yards east of the Sea or -<i>Sagár</i> lake, the pillars of whose colonnade and porch are -still enlivened by rows of the lucky face of the Hindu old -horny. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n353.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n354.1" -href="#n354.1src" name="n354.1">3</a></span> Hoshang’s great -mosque has the following much damaged Persian inscription:</p> -<div class="q"> -<div class="nestedtext"> -<div class="nestedbody"> -<div class="lgouter footnote"> -<p class="line">The mosque of exalted construction, the temple of -heavenly altitude,</p> -<p class="line">Whose every thick pillar is a copy of the (pillars of -the) Sacred Temple (the Temple of Makkah).</p> -<p class="line">On account of the greatness of its dignity, like the -pigeons of the Temple of Makkah,</p> -<p class="line">Sacred angels of high degree are always engaged in -hovering around it,</p> -<p class="line">The result of the events born of the merciless -revolution of the skies.</p> -<p class="line">When the sun of his life came as far as the balcony (i. -e. was ready to set).</p> -<p class="line">Áazam Humáyún (that is Malik -Mughi’s) said …</p> -<p class="line">The administration of the country, the construction of -buildings, and the driving back of enemies</p> -<p class="line">Are things which I leave you (the son of Áazam -Humáyún) as parting advice with great earnestness.</p> -<p class="line">The personification of the kindness of Providence, the -Sultán <span class="corr" id="xd25e31902" title="Source: Álá-ud-dín">Alá-ud-dín</span> -(Mehmúd I. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1436–1469), -who is</p> -<p class="line">The outcome of the refulgence of the Faith, and the -satisfier of the wants of the people,</p> -<p class="line">In the year <span class="sc">a.h.</span> 858. -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1454),</p> -<p class="line">In the words of the above parting advice, finished the -construction of this building.</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<p> <a class="fnarrow" href="#n354.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n355.1" -href="#n355.1src" name="n355.1">4</a></span> This Jámá -Mosque has the following Persian inscription dated <span class="sc">H.</span> 835 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1431):</p> -<div class="q"> -<div class="nestedtext"> -<div class="nestedbody"> -<div class="lgouter footnote"> -<p class="line">With good omens, at a happy time, and in a lucky and -well-started year,</p> -<p class="line">On the 4th of the month of Alláh -(Ramazán) on the great day of Friday,</p> -<p class="line">In the year 835 and six months from the Hijrah -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1431)</p> -<p class="line">Counted according to the revolution of the moon in the -Arabian manner,</p> -<p class="line">This Islamic mosque was founded in this world,</p> -<p class="line">The top of whose dome rubs its head against the green -canopy of Heaven.</p> -<p class="line">The construction of this high mosque was due to -Mughís-ud-dín-wad-dunya (Malik Mughís), the father -of Mehmúd I. of Málwa (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1436–1469), the redresser of temporal and -spiritual wrongs.</p> -<p class="line">Ulugh (brave), Áazam (great), -Humáyún (august), the Khán of the seven climes and -the nine countries.</p> -<p class="line">By the hands of his enterprise this so great mosque was -founded,</p> -<p class="line">That some call it the House of Peace, others style it -the Kaábah.</p> -<p class="line">This good building was completed on the last of the -month of Shawwál (<span class="sc">a.h.</span> 835, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1431).</p> -<p class="line">May the merit of this good act be inserted in the -scroll of the Khán’s actions!</p> -<p class="line">In this centre may the praises of the sermon read (in -the name) of Mehmúd Sháh</p> -<p class="line">Be everlasting, so long as mountains stand on the earth -and stars in the firmament.</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<p> <a class="fnarrow" href="#n355.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n355.2" -href="#n355.2src" name="n355.2">5</a></span> The following Persian -inscription carved on the entrance arch shows that though it may have -been repaired by Báz Bahádur, the building of the palace -was fifty years earlier (<span class="sc">H.</span> 914, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1508):</p> -<p class="footnote cont">“In the time of the Sultán of -Nations, the most just and great, and the most knowing and munificent -Khákán Násir Sháh Khilji (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1500–1512). Written by Yúsuf, the -year (H. 914) (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1508).” <a class="fnarrow" href="#n355.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n356.1" -href="#n356.1src" name="n356.1">6</a></span> Translations of its two -much-admired Persian inscriptions are given below pages -370–371. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n356.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n356.2" -href="#n356.2src" name="n356.2">7</a></span> On the -Tárápúr gateway a Persian inscription of the reign -of the emperor Akbar (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1556–1605) states that the royal road that -passed through this gateway was repaired by Táhir Muhammad Hasan -Imád-ud-dín. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n356.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n356.3" -href="#n356.3src" name="n356.3">8</a></span> The Persian references and -extracts in this section are contributed by Khán Sáheb -Fazl-ul-láh Lutfulláh Farídi of -Surat. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n356.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n356.4" -href="#n356.4src" name="n356.4">9</a></span> Sir John Malcolm in -Eastwick’s Handbook of the Panjáb, 119. This reference has -not been traced. Farishtah (Elliot, VI. 563) says Mándu was -built by Anand Dev of the Bais tribe, who was a contemporary of Khusrao -Parwíz the Sassanian (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 591–621). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n356.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n357.1" -href="#n357.1src" name="n357.1">10</a></span> The date is uncertain. -Compare Elphinstone’s History, 323; Briggs’ Farishtah, I. -210–211; Tabakát-i-Násiri in Elliot, II. 328. The -conquest of Mándu in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1227 is -not Mándu in Málwa as Elphinstone and Briggs supposed, -but Mandúr in the Siwálik Hills. See Elliot, Vol. II. -page 325 Note 1. The Persian text of Farishtah (I. 115), though by -mistake calling it Mándu (not Mándu), notes that it was -the Mandu in the Siwálik hills. The poetical date-script also -terms it Biládi-Siwálik or the Siwálik countries. -The date of the conquest of the Siwálik Mándu by Altamsh -is given by Farishtah (Ditto) as <span class="sc">a.h.</span> 624 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1226). The conquest of Málwa -by Altamsh, the taking by him of Bhilsah and Ujjain, and the -destruction of the temple of Maha Káli and of the statue or -image of Bikramájit are given as occurring in <span class="sc">a.h.</span> 631 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1233). The -Mirăt-i-Sikandari (Persian Text, 13) notices an expedition made in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1395 by Zafar Khán (Muzaffar -I. of Gujarát) against a Hindu chief of Mándu, who, it -was reported, was oppressing the Musalmáns. A siege of more than -twelve months failed to capture the fort. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n357.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n357.2" -href="#n357.2src" name="n357.2">11</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -IV. 170. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n357.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n357.3" -href="#n357.3src" name="n357.3">12</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -IV. 168. According to the Wákiăt-i-Mushtáki (Elliot, -IV. 553) Diláwar Khán, or as the writer calls him -Amín Sháh, through the good offices of a merchant whom he -had refrained from plundering obtained the grant of Mándu, which -was entirely desolate. The king sent a robe and a horse, and -Amín gave up walking and took to riding. He made his friends -ride, enlisted horsemen, and promoted the cultivation of the country -(Elliot, IV. 552). Farishtah (<abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, -II. 460–61) states that when Sultán Muhammad, the son of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e32179" title="Source: Firúz">Fírúz</span> Tughlak, made -Khwájah Sarwar his chief minister with the title of -Khwájah Jehán, and gave Zafar Khán the viceroyalty -of Gujarát and Khizr Khán that of Multán, he sent -Diláwar Khán to be governor of Málwa. In another -passage Farishtah (II. 461) states that one of Diláwar’s -grandfathers, Sultán Shaháb-ud-dín, came from Ghor -and took service in the court of the Dehli Sultáns. His son rose -to be an <i>Amír</i>, and his grandson Diláwar -Khán, in the time of Sultán Fírúz, became a -leading nobleman, and in the reign of Muhammad, son of -Fírúz, obtained Málwa in fief. When the power of -the Tughlaks went to ruin Diláwar assumed the royal emblems of -the umbrella and the red-tent. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n357.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n357.4" -href="#n357.4src" name="n357.4">13</a></span> Diláwar -Khán Ghori, whose original name was Husein, was one of the -grandsons of Sultán Shaháb-ud-dín Muhammad bin -Sám. He was one of the nobles of Muhammad, the son of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e32190" title="Source: Firúz">Fírúz</span> Tughlak, who after -the death of that monarch, settled in and asserted his power over -Málwa. (<abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text Faristah, II. -460). The emperor Jehángír (who calls him -Âmíd Sháh Ghori) attributes to him the construction -of the fort of Dhár. He says (Memoirs <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, 201–202): Dhár is one of the -oldest cities of India. Rája Bhoj, one of the famous ancient -Hindu kings, lived in this city. From his time up to this a thousand -years have passed. Dhár was also the capital of the Muhammadan -rulers of Málwa. When Sultán Muhammad Tughlak -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1325) was on his way to the conquest -of the Dakhan he built a cut-stone fort on a raised site. Its outline -is very elegant and beautiful, but the space inside is empty of -buildings. Âmíd Sháh Ghori, known as Diláwar -Khán, who in the days of Sultán Muhammad the son of -Sultán <span class="corr" id="xd25e32202" title="Source: Firúz">Fírúz</span>, king of Dehli, -gained the independent rule of Málwa, built outside this fort an -assembly mosque, which has in front of it fixed in the ground a -four-cornered iron column about four feet round. When Sultán -Bahádur of Gujarát took Málwa (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1530–31) he wished to carry this column to -Gujarát. In digging it up the pillar fell and broke in two, one -piece measuring twenty-two feet the other thirteen feet. As it was -lying here uncared-for<span class="corr" id="xd25e32209" title="Not in source">,</span> I (Jehángír) ordered the big -piece to be carried to Ágra to be put up in the courtyard of the -shrine of him whose abode is the heavenly throne (Akbar), to be -utilised as a lamp post. The mosque has two gates. In front of the arch -of one gate they have fixed a stone tablet engraved with a prose -passage to the effect that Âhmíd Sháh Ghori in the -year H. 808 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1405) laid the -foundation of this mosque. On the other arch they have written a poetic -inscription of which the following verses are a part:</p> -<div class="q"> -<div class="nestedtext"> -<div class="nestedbody"> -<div class="lgouter footnote"> -<p class="line">The liege lord of the world.</p> -<p class="line">The star of the sphere of glory.</p> -<p class="line">The stay of the people.</p> -<p class="line">The sun of the zenith of perfection.</p> -<p class="line">The bulwark of the law of the Prophet, -Ámíd Sháh Dáúd.</p> -<p class="line">The possessor of amiable qualities, the pride of -Ghor.</p> -<p class="line">Diláwar Khán, the helper and defender of -the Prophet’s faith.</p> -<p class="line">The chosen instrument of the exalted Lord, who in the -city of Dhár constructed the assembly mosque</p> -<p class="line">In a happy and auspicious moment on a day of lucky -omen.</p> -<p class="line">Of the date 808 years have passed (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1405)</p> -<p class="line">When this fabric of Hope was completed.</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<p> <a class="fnarrow" href="#n357.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n358.1" -href="#n358.1src" name="n358.1">14</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -IV. 169. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n358.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n358.2" -href="#n358.2src" name="n358.2">15</a></span> When fellow-nobles in the -court of the Tughlak Sultán, Zafar Khán (Sultán -Muzaffar of Gujarát) and Diláwar Khán bound -themselves under an oath to be brothers in arms. Farishtah, -<abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text II. 462. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n358.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n358.3" -href="#n358.3src" name="n358.3">16</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -IV. 173; Elphinstone’s History, 678. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n358.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n358.4" -href="#n358.4src" name="n358.4">17</a></span> Though their temples were -turned into mosques the Jains continued to prosper under the Ghoris. At -Deogarh in Lalitpura in Jhánsi in the North-West Provinces an -inscription of Samvat 1481, that is of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1424, records the dedication of two Jaina images -by a Jain priest named Holi during the reign of Sháh Alambhaka -of Mandapapura, that is of Sháh Alp Khán of Mándu -that is Sultán Hoshang Ghori. Archæological Survey of -India, New Series, II. 120. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n358.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n359.1" -href="#n359.1src" name="n359.1">18</a></span> Farishtah, <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text II. 464–65. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n359.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n359.2" -href="#n359.2src" name="n359.2">19</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -IV. 176, 178, 180, 181, 183. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n359.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n359.3" -href="#n359.3src" name="n359.3">20</a></span> Farishtah, <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text II. 466–67. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n359.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n359.4" -href="#n359.4src" name="n359.4">21</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -IV. 180. In connection with the Tárápúr Gate -Farishtah says (<abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, II. 468): The -fort of Mándu is built on the top of a mountain, and the line of -its fortification is about twenty-eight miles in length. In place of a -moat it is surrounded by a deep chasm, so that it is impossible to use -missiles against it. Within the fort water and provisions are abundant -and it includes land enough to grow grain for the garrison. The extent -of its walls makes it impossible for an army to invest it. Most of the -villages near it are too small to furnish supplies to a besieging -force. The south or Tárápúr gate is exceedingly -difficult of access. A horseman can hardly approach it. From whichever -side the fort may be attempted, most difficult heights have to be -scaled. The long distances and intervening hills prevent the watchers -of the besieging force communicating with each other. The gate on the -side of Delhi is of easier access than the other gates. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n359.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n359.5" -href="#n359.5src" name="n359.5">22</a></span> It follows that Farishtah -(Briggs, IV. 196) is mistaken in stating that Hoshang’s son -Muhammad gave Mándu the name of Shádiábád, -the Abode of Joy. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n359.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n359.6" -href="#n359.6src" name="n359.6">23</a></span> Farishtah, <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text II. 472–475. It seems to follow that -from the first the monument to Hoshang in Hoshangábád was -an empty tomb. Compare Briggs’ Farishtah, IV. -180–190. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n359.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n360.1" -href="#n360.1src" name="n360.1">24</a></span> The following more -detailed, but also more confused, story is told in the -Wákiăt-i-Mushtáki (Elliot, IV. 552–54): A man -named Mehmúd, son of Mughís Khilji, came to Hoshang and -entered his service. He was a treacherous man, who secretly aspired to -the throne. He became minister, and gave his daughter in marriage to -the king. [Farishtah, <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> -Text<span class="corr" id="xd25e32416" title="Not in source">,</span> -II. 474, says: “Malik Mughís gave his daughter -(Mehmúd’s sister) in marriage, not to Hoshang, but to -Hoshang’s son Muhammad Shah.”] His father Malik -Mughís, coming to know of his son’s ambitious designs, -informed the king of them. Hereupon Mehmúd feigned illness, and -to deceive the king’s physicians shut himself in a dark room and -drank the blood of a newly killed goat. When the physicians came -Mehmúd rose hastily, threw up the blood into a basin, and -tossing back his head rolled on the floor as if in pain. The physicians -called for a light. When they saw that what Mehmúd had spat up -was blood they were satisfied of his sickness, and told the king that -Mehmúd had not long to live. The king refrained from killing a -dying man. This strange story seems to be an embellishment of a passage -in Farishtah (<abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, II. 477). When -Khán Jehán, that is Malik Mughís the father of -Mehmúd, was ordered by Sultán Muhammad to take the field -against the Rájput rebels of Nádoti (Hároti?) many -of the old nobles of Málwa went with him. In their absence the -party hostile to the Khiljis represented to Sultán Muhammad that -Mehmúd Khilji was plotting his death. On hearing that the -Sultán was enraged against him Mehmúd secluded himself -from the Court on pretence of illness. At the same time he worked -secretly and bribed Sultán Muhammad’s cup-bearer to poison -his master. On the death of Sultán Muhammad the party of nobles -opposed to Mehmúd, concealing the fact of Muhammad’s -death, sent word that Muhammad had ordered him immediately to the -palace, as he wanted to send him on an embassy to Gujarát. -Mehmúd, who knew that the Sultán was dead, returned word -to the nobles that he had vowed a life-long seclusion as the sweeper of -the shrine of his patron Sultán Hoshang, but that if the nobles -came to him and convinced him that the good of his country depended on -his going to Gujarát he was ready to go and see Sultán -Muhammad. The nobles were caught in their own trap. They went to -Mehmúd and were secured and imprisoned by him. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n360.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n360.2" -href="#n360.2src" name="n360.2">25</a></span> Farishtah, <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text<span class="corr" id="xd25e32432" title="Not in source">,</span> II. 480. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n360.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n360.3" -href="#n360.3src" name="n360.3">26</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -IV. 196. These titles mean: The Chief of Nobles, the Great, the -August. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n360.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n360.4" -href="#n360.4src" name="n360.4">27</a></span> It is related that one of -the pious men in the camp of Sultán Ahmed of Gujarát had -a warning dream, in which the Prophet (on whom be peace) appeared to -him and said: “The calamity of (spirit of) pestilence is coming -down from the skies. Tell Sultán Ahmed to leave this -country.” This warning was told to Sultán Ahmed, but he -disregarded it, and within three days pestilence raged in his camp. -Farishtah <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, II. -484. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n360.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n360.5" -href="#n360.5src" name="n360.5">28</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -IV. 205, gives 230 minarets and 360 arches. This must have been an -addition in the Text used by Briggs. These details do not apply to the -building. The Persian text of Farishtah, II. 485, mentions 208 columns -or pillars (<i>duyast o hasht ustuwánah</i>). No reference is -made either to minarets or to arches. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n360.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n361.1" -href="#n361.1src" name="n361.1">29</a></span> Farishtah, <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text II. 487. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n361.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n361.2" -href="#n361.2src" name="n361.2">30</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -IV. 207. Malcolm’s Central India, I. 32. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1817 Sir John Malcolm (Central India, I. 32 Note) -fitted up one of Mehmúd’s palaces as a hot-weather -residence. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n361.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n361.3" -href="#n361.3src" name="n361.3">31</a></span> Of the siege of -Kumbhalmer a curious incident is recorded by Farishtah (<abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, II. 485). He says that a temple outside -the town destroyed by Mehmúd had a marble idol in the form of a -goat. The Sultán ordered the idol to be ground into lime and -sold to the Rájputs as betel-leaf lime, so that the Hindus might -eat their god. The idol was perhaps a ram, not a goat. The temple would -then have been a Sun-temple and the ram, the carrier or -<i>váhana</i> of the Sun, would have occupied in the porch a -position similar to that held by the bull in a Mahádeva -temple. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n361.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n361.4" -href="#n361.4src" name="n361.4">32</a></span> Ruins of Mándu, -13. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n361.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n361.5" -href="#n361.5src" name="n361.5">33</a></span> In the end of -<span class="sc">a.h.</span> 846 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1442) Mehmúd built a seven-storeyed tower -and a college opposite the Jámá Mosque of Hoshang -Sháh. Briggs’ Farishtah, IV. 210; Persian Text, II. -488. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n361.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n361.6" -href="#n361.6src" name="n361.6">34</a></span> Compare Briggs’ -Farishtah, IV 323. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n361.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n361.7" -href="#n361.7src" name="n361.7">35</a></span> Gladwin’s -Áin-i-Akbari, II. 41. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n361.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n361.8" -href="#n361.8src" name="n361.8">36</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -IV. 210; Farishtah, Persian Text II. 488. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n361.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n361.9" -href="#n361.9src" name="n361.9">37</a></span> Memoirs of the emperor -Jehángír (<abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text) Sir -Sayad Áhmed’s Edition, page 188, eleventh year of -Jehángír, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1617. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n361.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n361.10" -href="#n361.10src" name="n361.10">38</a></span> Herbert’s -Khán Jehan is doubtless Mehmúd’s father the -minister Malik Mughís, Khán Jehán Aâzam -Humáyún. It cannot be Khán Jehán Pir -Muhammad, Akbar’s general, who after only a few months’ -residence was slain in Mándu in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1561; nor can it be -Jehángír’s great Afghán general, Khán -Jehán Lodi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1600–1630), -as he was not in Mándu until <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1628, that is more than a year after Herbert left -India. Compare Herbert’s Travels, 107–118; Elliot, VI. -249–323, VII. 7, 8, and 21; and Blochman’s -Áin-i-Akbari, 503–506. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n361.10src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n362.1" -href="#n362.1src" name="n362.1">39</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -IV. 214. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n362.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n362.2" -href="#n362.2src" name="n362.2">40</a></span> Ruins of Mándu, -13. Farishtah has three mentions of colleges. One (<abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, II. 475) as the place where the body of -Hoshang was carried, probably that prayers might be said over it. In -another passage in the reign of Mehmúd I. (<abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, II. 480) he states that Mehmúd -built colleges in his territories which became the envy of -Shíráz and Samarkand. In a third passage he mentions a -college (page 488) near the Victory Tower. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n362.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n362.3" -href="#n362.3src" name="n362.3">41</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -IV. 217. A different but almost incredible account of the capture of -the royal belt is given in the Mirăt-i-Sikandari, <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, 159: When Sultán -Kutb-ud-dín, son of Sultán Muhammad, defeated -Sultán Mehmúd Khilji at the battle of Kapadvanj, there -was such a slaughter as could not be exceeded. By chance, in the heat -of the fray, which resembled the Day of Judgment, the wardrobe-keeper -of Sultán Kutb-ud-dín, in whose charge was the jewelled -belt, was by the restiveness of his horse carried into the ranks of the -enemy. The animal there became so violent that the wardrobe-keeper fell -off and was captured by the enemy, and the jewelled belt was taken from -him and given to Sultán Mehmúd of Málwa. The -author adds: This jewelled waistband was in the Málwa treasury -at the time the fortress of Mándu was taken by the strength of -the arm of Sultán Muzaffar (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1531). Sultán Mehmúd sent this belt -together with a fitting sword and horse to Sultán Muzaffar by -the hands of his son. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n362.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n362.4" -href="#n362.4src" name="n362.4">42</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -IV. 209. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n362.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n362.5" -href="#n362.5src" name="n362.5">43</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -IV. 234–235: <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, II. -503. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n362.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n362.6" -href="#n362.6src" name="n362.6">44</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -IV. 236. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n362.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n362.7" -href="#n362.7src" name="n362.7">45</a></span> Ruins of Mándu, -6. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n362.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n363.1" -href="#n363.1src" name="n363.1">46</a></span> Farishtah <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, II. 504–505. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n363.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n363.2" -href="#n363.2src" name="n363.2">47</a></span> Farishtah <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, II. 505. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n363.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n363.3" -href="#n363.3src" name="n363.3">48</a></span> Farishtah <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, II. 507. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n363.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n364.1" -href="#n364.1src" name="n364.1">49</a></span> -Wákiăt-i-Mushtáki in Elliot, IV. 554–556. -Probably these are stock tales. The Gujarát historians give -Muzaffar and Muhammad the Gold-giver (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1441–1451) credit for the horse -scrupulosity. See Mirăt-i-Sikandari <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, 178. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n364.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n364.2" -href="#n364.2src" name="n364.2">50</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -IV. 236–239; Wákiăt-i-Jehángíri in -Elliot, VI. 349–350; Wákiăt-i-Mushtáki in -Elliot, IV. 554–55; Malcolm’s Central India, I. -35–36. The Mirăt-i-Sikandari (<abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, 160) has the following notice of -Ghiás-ud-dín: The Sultáns of Mándu had -reached such a pitch of luxury and ease that it is impossible to -imagine aught exceeding it. Among them Sultán -Ghiás-ud-dín was so famous for his luxurious habits, that -at present (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1611) if any one exceeds -in luxury and pleasure, they say he is a second -Ghiás-ud-dín. The orders of the Sultán were that -no event of a painful nature or one in which there was any touch of -sadness should be related to him. They say that during his entire reign -news of a sad nature was only twice conveyed to him: once when his -son-in-law died and once when his daughter was brought before him -clothed in white. On this occasion the Sultán is related to have -simply said: “Perhaps her husband is dead.” This he said -because the custom of the people of India is that when the husband of a -woman dies she gives up wearing coloured clothes. The second occasion -was when the army of Sultán Bahlol Lodi plundered several of the -districts of Chanderi. Though it was necessary to report this to the -Sultán, his ministers were unable to communicate it to him. They -therefore asked a band of actors (<i>bhánds</i>) to assume the -dress of Afgháns, and mentioning the districts to represent them -as being pillaged and laid waste. Sultán -Ghiás-ud-dín exclaimed in surprise: “But is the -governor of Chanderi dead that he does not avenge upon the -Afgháns the ruin of his country!” <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n364.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n364.3" -href="#n364.3src" name="n364.3">51</a></span> Compare Catalogue of -Indian Coins, The Mahomedan States, pages LIV. LV. and -118–121. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n364.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n365.1" -href="#n365.1src" name="n365.1">52</a></span> Farishtah <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, II. 507. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n365.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n365.2" -href="#n365.2src" name="n365.2">53</a></span> Farishtah (<abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, II. 508) detailing how -Násir-ud-dín came to power, says: There was a difference -between Násir-ud-dín and his brother -Alá-ud-dín. The mother of these princes, Khurshíd -Ráni, who was the daughter of the Hindu chief of -Báglána, had taken Alá-ud-dín the younger -brother’s side. After killing his father -Násir-ud-dín ordered his mother to be dragged out of the -<i>harím</i> and Alá-ud-dín and his children to be -slaughtered like lambs. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n365.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n365.3" -href="#n365.3src" name="n365.3">54</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -IV. 238–239. Farishtah holds that -Násir-ud-dín’s murder of his father is not proved. -He adds (<abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, II. 515) that -Násir-ud-dín was at Dhár where he had gone to -quell the rebellion of the nobles when the news of -Ghiás-ud-dín’s death reached him. He argues that as -a parricide cannot flourish more than a year after his father’s -murder, and as Násir-ud-dín ruled for years after that -event, he could not have killed his father. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n365.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n365.4" -href="#n365.4src" name="n365.4">55</a></span> Farishtah <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, II. 516. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n365.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n365.5" -href="#n365.5src" name="n365.5">56</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -IV. 243. The emperor Jehángír (Memoirs <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, 181) says that Násir-ud-dín -had a disease which made him feel so hot that he used to sit for hours -in water. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n365.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n365.6" -href="#n365.6src" name="n365.6">57</a></span> -Wákiăt-i-Jehángíri in Elliot, VI. 350. -Farishtah (<abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, II. 517–18) -says that Násir-ud-dín died of a burning-fever he had -contracted by hard drinking and other evil habits, that he showed keen -penitence before his death, and bequeathed his kingdom to his third son -Mehmúd. The emperor Jehángír (Memoirs <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, 181) confirms the account of the -Wákiăt as to the manner of -Násir-ud-dín’s death. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n365.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n365.7" -href="#n365.7src" name="n365.7">58</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -IV. 243. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n365.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n365.8" -href="#n365.8src" name="n365.8">59</a></span> The emperor -Jehángír thus describes (Memoirs <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, 181) his visit to -Násir-ud-dín’s grave. It is related that when -during his reign Sher Khán Afghán Súr -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1540–1555) visited -Násir-ud-dín’s grave he ordered his attendants to -flagellate the parricide’s tomb: When I visited the sepulchre I -kicked his grave and ordered those with me to do the same. Not -satisfied with this I ordered his bones to be dug out and burned and -the ashes to be thrown into the Narbada. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n365.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n365.9" -href="#n365.9src" name="n365.9">60</a></span> -Wákiăt-i-Jehángíri in Elliot, VI. 350. The -emperor Jehángír (Memoirs <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, 202) refers to the well-known bridge and -water-palace about three miles north of Ujjain as the work of -Násir-ud-dín. He says: On Sunday I reached <span class="corr" id="xd25e32881" title="Source: Saàdulpur">Saádulpur</span> near Ujjain. In this -village is a river house with a bridge on which are alcoves both built -by Násir-ud-dín Khilji (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1500–1512). Though the bridge is not -specially praiseworthy the water-courses and cisterns connected with it -have a certain merit. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n365.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n366.1" -href="#n366.1src" name="n366.1">61</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -IV. 246. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n366.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n366.2" -href="#n366.2src" name="n366.2">62</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -IV. 247–249. Malcolm’s (Central India, I. 38) writes the -Rájput’s name Maderay. The Mirăt-i-Sikandari (Persian -Text, 149–155), gives the form Medáni Rai, the Lord of the -Battlefield, a title which the author says (page 149) Mehmúd -conferred on the Rájput in acknowledgment of his -prowess. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n366.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n366.3" -href="#n366.3src" name="n366.3">63</a></span> The -Mirăt-i-Sikandari (<abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, 154) -gives the following details of Mehmúd’s flight: -Sultán Mehmúd, on pretence of hunting left Mándu -and remained hunting for several days. The Hindus, whom Medáni -Rái had placed on guard over him, slept after the fatigue of the -chase. Only some of the more trusted guards remained. Among them was a -Rájput named <span class="corr" id="xd25e32933" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span>, a Málwa -<i>zamíndár</i> who was attached to the Sultán. -Mehmúd said to <span class="corr" id="xd25e32939" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span>: “Can you find me -two horses and show me the way to Gujarát that I may get aid -from Sultán Muzaffar to punish these rascals? If you can, do so -at once, and, Alláh willing, you shall be handsomely -rewarded.” <span class="corr" id="xd25e32942" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span> brought two horses from -the Sultán’s stables. Mehmúd rode on one and seated -his dearest of wives, Ráni Kannya Kuar, on the other. -<span class="corr" id="xd25e32946" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span> marched in front. In half -the night and one day they reached the Gujarát -frontier. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n366.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n366.4" -href="#n366.4src" name="n366.4">64</a></span> Tárikh-i-Sher -Sháhi in Elliot, IV. 386. The Mirăt-i-Sikandari -(<abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, 160) gives the following -details of the banquet: Sultán Mehmúd showed great -hospitality and humility. After the banquet as he led the Sultán -over the palaces, they came to a mansion in the centre of which was a -four-cornered building like the Kaâbah, carved and gilded, and -round it were many apartments. When Sultán Muzaffar placed his -foot within the threshold of that building the thousand beauties of -Sultán Mehmúd’s <i>harím</i>, magnificently -apparelled and jewelled, all at once opened the doors of <span class="corr" id="xd25e32964" title="Source: thier">their</span> chambers and -burst into view like húris and fairies. When Muzaffar’s -eyes fell on their charms he bowed his head and said: “To see -other than one’s own <i>harím</i> is sinful.” -Sultán Mehmúd replied: “These are mine, and -therefore <span class="corr" id="xd25e32970" title="Source: your’s">yours</span>, seeing that I am the slave -purchased by your Majesty’s kindness.” Muzaffar said: -“They are more suitable for you. May you have joy in them. Let -them retire.” At a signal from Sultán Mehmúd the -ladies vanished. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n366.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n367.1" -href="#n367.1src" name="n367.1">65</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -IV. 250–262. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n367.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n367.2" -href="#n367.2src" name="n367.2">66</a></span> Farishtah <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text. II. 527. According to the -Mirăt-i-Sikandari (<abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, 161) -Mehmúd marched against Gágraun first, and slew Hemkaran, -a partisan of Medáni Rái, in a hand-to-hand fight. On -this the Rána and Medáni Rái joined their forces -against Mehmúd. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n367.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n367.3" -href="#n367.3src" name="n367.3">67</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -IV. 262–263. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n367.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n367.4" -href="#n367.4src" name="n367.4">68</a></span> Persian Edition, -239. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n367.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n367.5" -href="#n367.5src" name="n367.5">69</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -IV. 267–68. Sultán Bahádur apparently surprised the -party in charge of the Tárápúr or Southern -Gate. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n367.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n367.6" -href="#n367.6src" name="n367.6">70</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -IV. 269; Mirăt-i-Áhmedi, Persian Text, I. -76. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n367.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n367.7" -href="#n367.7src" name="n367.7">71</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -II. 77. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n367.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n368.1" -href="#n368.1src" name="n368.1">72</a></span> Abul Fazl’s Akbar -Námah in Elliot, VI. 14; Briggs’ Farishtah, II. -77. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n368.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n368.2" -href="#n368.2src" name="n368.2">73</a></span> Abul Fazl’s Akbar -Námah in Elliot, V. 192. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n368.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n368.3" -href="#n368.3src" name="n368.3">74</a></span> Abul Fazl’s Akbar -Námah in Elliot, VI. 15; Briggs’ Farishtah, II. -80–81. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n368.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n368.4" -href="#n368.4src" name="n368.4">75</a></span> Abul Fazl’s Akbar -Námah in Elliot, VI. 18. According to Farishtah (<abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, II. 532) Mallu, the son of Mallu, was a -native of Málwa and a Khilji slave noble. Mallu received his -title of Kádir Sháh from Sultán Mehmúd III. -of Gujarát (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1536–1544) -at the recommendation of his minister Imád-ul-Mulk who was a -great friend of Mallu. Mirăt-i-Sikandari, Persian Text, -298. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n368.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n368.5" -href="#n368.5src" name="n368.5">76</a></span> Farishtah <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, II. 532. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n368.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n368.6" -href="#n368.6src" name="n368.6">77</a></span> Tárikh-i-Sher -Sháh in Elliot, IV. 391; Briggs’ Farishtah, IV. -271–72. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n368.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n368.7" -href="#n368.7src" name="n368.7">78</a></span> Farishtah (<abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, 533–34) refers to the following -circumstance as the cause of Kádir Sháh’s -suspicion. On his way to Sher Sháh’s darbár at -Ujjain Kádir saw some Mughal prisoners in chains making a road. -One of the prisoners seeing him began to sing:</p> -<div class="q"> -<div class="nestedtext"> -<div class="nestedbody"> -<div class="lgouter footnote"> -<div class="lg footnote"> -<p class="line"><i>Mará mí bín darín -ahwál o fikrí khíshtan mí kun!</i></p> -</div> -<div class="lg footnote"> -<p class="line">In this plight thou seest me to-day,</p> -<p class="line">Thine own turn is not far away.</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<p class="footnote cont">When Kádir Sháh escaped, Sher -Sháh on hearing of his flight exclaimed:</p> -<div class="q"> -<div class="nestedtext"> -<div class="nestedbody"> -<div class="lgouter footnote"> -<div class="lg footnote"> -<p class="line"><i>Bá má chi kard -dídí</i></p> -<p class="line"><i>Mallû -Ghulám-i-gídí.</i></p> -</div> -<div class="lg footnote"> -<p class="line">Thus he treats us with scorn,</p> -<p class="line">Mallu the slave base born.</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<p class="footnote cont">To this one of Sher Sháh’s men -replied:</p> -<div class="q"> -<div class="nestedtext"> -<div class="nestedbody"> -<div class="lgouter footnote"> -<div class="lg footnote"> -<p class="line"><i>Kaul-i-Rasúl bar hakk</i></p> -<p class="line"><i>Lá khaira fil abídi.</i></p> -</div> -<div class="lg footnote"> -<p class="line">The words of the Prophet are true,</p> -<p class="line">No good can a slave ever do.</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<p> <a class="fnarrow" href="#n368.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n369.1" -href="#n369.1src" name="n369.1">79</a></span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e33215" title="Source: Táríkh-i-Sher">Tárikh-i-Sher</span> -Sháhi in Elliot, IV. 397. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n369.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n369.2" -href="#n369.2src" name="n369.2">80</a></span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e33236" title="Source: Táríkh-i-Alfi">Tárikh-i-Alfi</span> in -Elliott, V. 168; Elphinstone’s India, -402–403. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n369.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n369.3" -href="#n369.3src" name="n369.3">81</a></span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e33241" title="Source: Táríkh-i-Alfi">Tárikh-i-Alfi</span> in -Elliot, V. 168. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n369.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n369.4" -href="#n369.4src" name="n369.4">82</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -IV. 276. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n369.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n369.5" -href="#n369.5src" name="n369.5">83</a></span> When Báz -Bahádur attacked the Gonds their chief was dead, and his widow, -Ráni Durgávati, was ruling in his place. The Ráni -led the Gonds against the invaders, and hemming them in one of the -passes, inflicted on them such a defeat that Báz Bahádur -fled from the field leaving his baggage and camp in her hands. -Farishtah <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, II. -538. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n369.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n369.6" -href="#n369.6src" name="n369.6">84</a></span> According to Farishtah -(<abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, II. 538) Báz -Bahádur was already an adept in music. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n369.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n369.7" -href="#n369.7src" name="n369.7">85</a></span> Malcolm’s Central -India, I. 39; Ruins of Mándu, 30. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n369.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n369.8" -href="#n369.8src" name="n369.8">86</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -II. 210. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n369.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n369.9" -href="#n369.9src" name="n369.9">87</a></span> Blochman’s -Áin-i-Akbari, 321. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n369.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n369.10" -href="#n369.10src" name="n369.10">88</a></span> Briggs’ -Farishtah, IV. 211. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n369.10src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n369.11" -href="#n369.11src" name="n369.11">89</a></span> Briggs’ -Farishtah, IV. 216. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n369.11src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n369.12" -href="#n369.12src" name="n369.12">90</a></span> Tabakát-i-Akbari -in Elliot, V. 291. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n369.12src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n370.1" -href="#n370.1src" name="n370.1">91</a></span> Tabakát-i-Akbari -in Elliot, V. 330–31. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n370.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n370.2" -href="#n370.2src" name="n370.2">92</a></span> Blochman’s -Áin-i-Akbari, 375. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n370.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n370.3" -href="#n370.3src" name="n370.3">93</a></span> The emperor -Jehángír thus describes (Memoirs <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, 372) a visit to this building: On the -third day of Amardád (July 1617) with the palace ladies I set -out to see Nílkanth, which is one of the pleasantest places in -Mándu fort. Sháh Budágh Khán, who was one -of the trusted nobles of my august father, built this very pleasing and -joy-giving lodge during the time he held this province in fief -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1572–1577). I remained at -Nílkanth till about an hour after nightfall and then returned to -my state quarters. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n370.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n370.4" -href="#n370.4src" name="n370.4">94</a></span> An officer who -distinguished himself under Humáyún, one of Akbar’s -commanders of Three Thousand, long governor of Mándu, where he -died. Blochman’s Áin-i-Akbari, 372. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n370.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n370.5" -href="#n370.5src" name="n370.5">95</a></span> When opposed to -Ârab the word Âjam signifies all countries except Arabia, -and in a narrow sense, Persia. The meaning of the word Âjam is -dumbness, the Arabs so glorying in the richness of their own tongue as -to hold all other countries and nations dumb. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n370.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n370.6" -href="#n370.6src" name="n370.6">96</a></span> The stones on which this -inscription is carved have been wrongly arranged by some restorer. -Those with the latter portion of the inscription come first and those -with the beginning come last. Múnshi Abdur Rahím of -Dhár. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n370.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n371.1" -href="#n371.1src" name="n371.1">97</a></span> The maternal uncle of -Naushírwán (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 586–635) the <span class="corr" id="xd25e33446" title="Source: Sássánian">Sassanian</span>, -Shirwán Sháh was ruler of a district on Mount Caucasus. -Al <span class="corr" id="xd25e33449" title="Source: Masüdi">Masúdi</span>, Arabic Text Prairies -d’Or, II. 4, and Rauzat-us-Safa, Persian Text, I. -259. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n371.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n371.2" -href="#n371.2src" name="n371.2">98</a></span> Blochman’s -Áin-i-Akbari, 353. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n371.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n371.3" -href="#n371.3src" name="n371.3">99</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -IV. 279. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n371.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n371.4" -href="#n371.4src" name="n371.4">100</a></span> Blochman’s -Áin-i-Akbari, 429. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n371.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n371.5" -href="#n371.5src" name="n371.5">101</a></span> Gladwin’s -Áin-i-Akbari, II. 41. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n371.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n372.1" -href="#n372.1src" name="n372.1">102</a></span> Blochman’s -<span class="corr" id="xd25e33541" title="Source: Áín-i-Akbari">Áin-i-Akbari</span>, -31. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n372.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n372.2" -href="#n372.2src" name="n372.2">103</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -IV. 169, 181, 190. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n372.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n372.3" -href="#n372.3src" name="n372.3">104</a></span> Nineteen <i>kos</i>, -taking the <i>kos</i> to be two miles. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n372.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n372.4" -href="#n372.4src" name="n372.4">105</a></span> The emperor <span class="corr" id="xd25e33583" title="Source: Jehángir’s">Jehángír’s</span> -Memoirs, <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> Text, Sir Sayad -Áhmed’s Edition, 178–203. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n372.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n373.1" -href="#n373.1src" name="n373.1">106</a></span> Literally single-men. -The Ahadís were a corps of men who stood immediately under the -emperor’s orders. Blochman’s <span class="corr" id="xd25e33644" title="Source: Áín-i-Akbari">Áin-i-Akbari</span>, 20 -note 1. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n373.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n374.1" -href="#n374.1src" name="n374.1">107</a></span> This scattering of gold -silver or copper coin, called in Arabic and Persian -<i>nisár</i>, is a common form of offering. The influence of the -evil eye or other baneful influence is believed to be transferred from -the person over whom the coin is scattered to the coin and through the -coin to him who takes it. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n374.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n374.2" -href="#n374.2src" name="n374.2">108</a></span> This feat of Núr -Jehán’s drew from one of the Court poets the couplet:</p> -<div class="q"> -<div class="nestedtext"> -<div class="nestedbody"> -<div class="lgouter footnote"> -<div lang="fa-latn" class="lg footnote"> -<p class="line"><i>Núr Jehán gar chih ba súrat -zanast</i></p> -<p class="line"><i>Dar safi Mardán zani sher afkanast.</i></p> -</div> -<div class="lg footnote"> -<p class="line">Núr Jehán the tiger-slayer’s -woman</p> -<p class="line">Ranks with men as the tiger-slaying woman.</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<p class="footnote cont">Sherafkan, that is tiger-slayer, was the title -of Núr Jehán’s first husband Ali-Kuli -Istajlu. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n374.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n374.3" -href="#n374.3src" name="n374.3">109</a></span> -Tuzuk-i-Jehángíri <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> -Text, 187. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n374.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n374.4" -href="#n374.4src" name="n374.4">110</a></span> -Tuzuk-i-Jehángíri <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> -Text, 189. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n374.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n374.5" -href="#n374.5src" name="n374.5">111</a></span> The <i>miskál</i> -which was used in weighing gold was equal in weight to ninety-six -barleycorns. Blochman’s <span class="corr" id="xd25e33740" title="Source: Áín-i-Akbari">Áin-i-Akbari</span>, -36. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n374.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n374.6" -href="#n374.6src" name="n374.6">112</a></span> -Tuzuk-i-Jehángíri <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> -Text, 195. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n374.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n375.1" -href="#n375.1src" name="n375.1">113</a></span> -Tuzuk-i-Jehángíri <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> -Text, 195. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n375.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n375.2" -href="#n375.2src" name="n375.2">114</a></span> -Tuzuk-i-Jehángíri <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> -Text, 192–194. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n375.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n375.3" -href="#n375.3src" name="n375.3">115</a></span> -Tuzuk-i-Jehángíri <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> -Text, 190. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n375.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n375.4" -href="#n375.4src" name="n375.4">116</a></span> -Tuzuk-i-Jehángíri <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> -Text, 192. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n375.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n375.5" -href="#n375.5src" name="n375.5">117</a></span> -Tuzuk-i-Jehángíri <abbr title="Persian">Pers.</abbr> -Text, 194–5. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n375.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n376.1" -href="#n376.1src" name="n376.1">118</a></span> A Voyage to East India, -181. Terry gives April 1616, but Roe seems correct in saying March -1617. Compare Wákiăt-i-Jehángíri in Elliot, -VI. 351. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n376.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n376.2" -href="#n376.2src" name="n376.2">119</a></span> Akbarpur lies between -Dharampuri and Waisar. Malcolm’s Central India, I. 84 -note. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n376.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n376.3" -href="#n376.3src" name="n376.3">120</a></span> Carriages may have the -old meaning of things carried, that is baggage. The time taken favours -the view that wagons or carts were forced up the hill. For the early -seventeenth century use of carriages in its modern sense compare Terry -(Voyage, 161). Of our wagons drawn with oxen … and other -carriages we made a ring every night; also Dodsworth (1614), who -describes a band of <span class="corr" id="xd25e33894" title="Source: Rájpúts">Rájputs</span> near Baroda -cutting off two of his carriages (Kerr’s Voyages, IX. 203); and -Roe (1616), who journeyed from Ajmír to Mándu with twenty -camels four carts and two coaches (Kerr, IX. 308). Terry’s -carriages seem to be Roe’s coaches, to which Dela Valle -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1623) <span class="corr" id="xd25e33900" title="Source: Haklyt’s">Hakluyt’s</span> -Edition, <span class="corr" id="xd25e33903" title="Not in source">(</span>I. 21) refers as much like the Indian chariots -described by Strabo (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 50) covered with -crimson silk fringed with yellow about the roof and the curtains. -Compare Idrísi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1100–1150), but probably from Al Istakhiri, -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 960: Elliot, I. 87). In all Nahrwala -or north Gujarát the only mode of carrying either passengers or -goods is in chariots drawn by oxen with harness and traces under the -control of a driver. When in 1616 Jehángír left -Ajmír for Mándu the English carriage presented to him by -the English ambassador Sir Thomas Roe was allotted to the -Sultánah Núr Jehán Begam. It was driven by an -English coachman. Jehángír followed in the coach his own -men had made in imitation of the English coach. Corryat (1615, -Crudities III., Letters from India, unpaged) calls the English chariot -a gallant coach of 150 pounds price. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n376.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n377.1" -href="#n377.1src" name="n377.1">121</a></span> Kerr’s Voyages, -IX. 335; <span class="corr" id="xd25e33940" title="Source: Wákìăt-i-Jehángíri">Wákiăt-i-Jehángíri</span> -in Elliot, VI. 377. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n377.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n377.2" -href="#n377.2src" name="n377.2">122</a></span> Roe writing from -Ajmír in the previous year (29th August 1616) describes -Mándu as a castle on a hill, where there is no town and no -buildings. Kerr, IX. 267. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n377.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n377.3" -href="#n377.3src" name="n377.3">123</a></span> Roe in Kerr’s -Travels, IX. 313. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n377.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n377.4" -href="#n377.4src" name="n377.4">124</a></span> Roe in Kerr’s -Travels, IX. 314. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n377.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n377.5" -href="#n377.5src" name="n377.5">125</a></span> Compare -Wákiăt-i-Jehángíri in Elliot, VI. -377. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n377.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n377.6" -href="#n377.6src" name="n377.6">126</a></span> Roe in Kerr’s -Travels, IX. 314. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n377.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n377.7" -href="#n377.7src" name="n377.7">127</a></span> Roe in Kerr’s -Travels, IX. 321. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n377.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n377.8" -href="#n377.8src" name="n377.8">128</a></span> Roe in Kerr’s -Travels, IX. 335. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n377.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n378.1" -href="#n378.1src" name="n378.1">129</a></span> Corryat’s -Crudities, III. Extracts (unpaged). This Master Herbert was Thomas, -brother of Sir Edward Herbert, the first Lord Herbert. It seems -probable that this Thomas supplied his cousin Sir Thomas Herbert who -was travelling in India and Persia in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1627 with his account of Mándu. See below -pages 381–382. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n378.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n378.2" -href="#n378.2src" name="n378.2">130</a></span> Corryat’s -Crudities, III. Extracts (unpaged). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n378.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n378.3" -href="#n378.3src" name="n378.3">131</a></span> Terry’s Voyage, -183; Roe in Kerr, IX. 335. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n378.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n378.4" -href="#n378.4src" name="n378.4">132</a></span> Roe in Kerr, IX. -335. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n378.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n378.5" -href="#n378.5src" name="n378.5">133</a></span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e34012" title="Source: Wákiăt-i-Jehángiri">Wákiăt-i-Jehángíri</span> -in Elliot, VI. 349. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n378.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n378.6" -href="#n378.6src" name="n378.6">134</a></span> -Wákiăt-i-Jehángiri in Elliot, VI. -350. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n378.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n378.7" -href="#n378.7src" name="n378.7">135</a></span> Terry’s Voyage, -228. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n378.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n378.8" -href="#n378.8src" name="n378.8">136</a></span> Terry’s Voyage, -69. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n378.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n379.1" -href="#n379.1src" name="n379.1">137</a></span> Terry’s Voyage, -183. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n379.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n379.2" -href="#n379.2src" name="n379.2">138</a></span> Terry’s Voyage, -186, 198. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n379.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n379.3" -href="#n379.3src" name="n379.3">139</a></span> Terry’s Voyage, -198, 205. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n379.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n379.4" -href="#n379.4src" name="n379.4">140</a></span> Roe in Kerr’s -Voyages, IX. 337; Pinkerton’s Voyages, VIII. 35. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n379.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n379.5" -href="#n379.5src" name="n379.5">141</a></span> Terry’s Voyage, -403. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n379.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n379.6" -href="#n379.6src" name="n379.6">142</a></span> Corryat’s -Crudities, III. Letter 2. Extracts unpaged. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n379.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n379.7" -href="#n379.7src" name="n379.7">143</a></span> Roe in Kerr’s -Voyages, IX. 343. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n379.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n380.1" -href="#n380.1src" name="n380.1">144</a></span> Roe in Kerr’s -Travels, IX. 340–343. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n380.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n380.2" -href="#n380.2src" name="n380.2">145</a></span> Roe in Kerr’s -Travels, IX. 344. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n380.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n380.3" -href="#n380.3src" name="n380.3">146</a></span> Terry’s Voyage, -377. Terry’s details seem not to agree with Roe’s who -states (Kerr’s Voyages, IX. 344 and Pinkerton’s Voyages, -VIII. 37): I was invited to the drinking, but desired to be excused -because there was no avoiding drinking, and their liquors are so hot -that they burn out a man’s very bowels. Perhaps the invitation -Roe declined was to a private drinking party after the public weighing -was over. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n380.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n380.4" -href="#n380.4src" name="n380.4">147</a></span> Roe in Kerr’s -Voyage, IX. 347; Elphinstone’s History, 494. Kerr (IX. 347) gives -September 2 but October 2 is right. Compare Pinkerton’s Voyages, -VIII. 39. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n380.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n380.5" -href="#n380.5src" name="n380.5">148</a></span> Ruins of Mándu, -57. As the emperor must have passed out by the Dehli Gate, and as -Roe’s lodge was two miles from Báz Bahádur’s -palace, the lodge cannot have been far from the Dehli Gate. It is -disappointing that, of his many genial gossipy entries -Jehángír does not devote one to Roe. The only reference -to Roe’s visit is the indirect entry -(Wa’kiăt-i-Jehángíri in Elliot, VI. 347) that -Jehángír gave one of his nobles a coach, apparently a -copy of the English coach, with which, to -Jehángír’s delight, Roe had presented -him. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n380.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n380.6" -href="#n380.6src" name="n380.6">149</a></span> Roe in Kerr’s -Voyages, IX. 353. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n380.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n380.7" -href="#n380.7src" name="n380.7">150</a></span> Terry’s Voyage, -180. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n380.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n381.1" -href="#n381.1src" name="n381.1">151</a></span> Terry’s Voyage, -181. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n381.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n381.2" -href="#n381.2src" name="n381.2">152</a></span> -Wákiăt-i-Jehángíri in Elliot, VI. -383. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n381.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n381.3" -href="#n381.3src" name="n381.3">153</a></span> -Wákiăt-i-Jehángíri in Elliot, VI. -387. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n381.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n381.4" -href="#n381.4src" name="n381.4">154</a></span> Elphinstone’s -History, 496–97. Compare Dela Valle (<span class="corr" id="xd25e34169" title="Source: Haklyt">Hakluyt</span> Edition, I. 177) -writing in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1622, Sultán -Khurram after his defeat by Jehángír retired to -Mándu. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n381.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n381.5" -href="#n381.5src" name="n381.5">155</a></span> Dela Valle’s -Travels, <span class="corr" id="xd25e34181" title="Source: Haklyt">Hakluyt</span> Edition, I. 97. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n381.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n381.6" -href="#n381.6src" name="n381.6">156</a></span> Elphinstone’s -History, 507. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n381.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n381.7" -href="#n381.7src" name="n381.7">157</a></span> Herbert’s Travels, -84. Corryat’s Master Herbert was as already noticed named like -the traveller Thomas. The two Thomases were distant relations, both -being fourth in descent from Sir Richard Herbert of Colebroke, who -lived about the middle of the fifteenth century. A further connection -between the two families is the copy of complimentary verses “To -my cousin Sir Thomas Herbert,” signed Ch. Herbert, in the 1634 -and 1665 editions of Herbert’s Travels, which are naturally, -though somewhat doubtfully, ascribed to Charles Herbert, a brother of -our Master Thomas. It is therefore probable that after his return to -England Sir Thomas Herbert obtained the Mándu details from -Master Thomas who was himself a writer, the author of several poems and -pamphlets. Corryat’s tale how, during the water-famine at -Mándu, Master Herbert annexed a spring or cistern, and then -bound a servant of the Great King who attempted to share in its use, -shows admirable courage and resolution on the part of Master Thomas, -then a youth of twenty years. The details of Thomas in his brother Lord -Herbert’s autobiography give additional interest to the hero of -Corryat’s tale of a Tank. Master Thomas was born in. <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1597. In 1610, when a page to Sir Edward Cecil -and a boy of thirteen, in the German War especially in the siege of -Juliers fifteen miles north-east of Aix-la-Chapelle, Master Thomas -showed such forwardness as no man in that great army surpassed. On his -voyage to India in 1617, in a fight with a great Portuguese carrack, -Captain Joseph, in command of Herbert’s ship <i>Globe</i>, was -killed. Thomas took Joseph’s place, forced the carrack aground, -and so riddled her with shot that she never floated again. To his -brother’s visit to India Lord Herbert refers as a year spent with -the merchants who went from Surat to the Great Mughal. After his return -to England Master Thomas distinguished himself at Algiers, capturing a -vessel worth £1800. In 1622, when Master Thomas was in command of -one of the ships sent to fetch Prince Charles (afterwards King Charles -I.) from Spain, during the return voyage certain Low Countrymen and -Dunkirkers, that is Dutch and Spanish vessels, offended the -Prince’s dignity by fighting in his presence without his leave. -The Prince ordered the fighting ships to be separated; whereupon Master -Thomas, with some other ships got betwixt the fighters on either side, -and shot so long that both Low Countrymen and Dunkirkers were glad to -desist. Afterwards at divers times Thomas fought with great courage and -success with divers men in single fight, sometimes hurting and -disarming his adversary, sometimes driving him away. The end of Master -Thomas was sad. Finding his proofs of himself undervalued he retired -into a private and melancholy life, and after living in this sullen -humour for many years, he died about 1642 and was buried in London in -St. Martin’s near Charing Cross. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n381.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n382.1" -href="#n382.1src" name="n382.1">158</a></span> Khafi Khán in -Elliot, VII. 218. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n382.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n382.2" -href="#n382.2src" name="n382.2">159</a></span> Malcolm’s Central -India, I. 64. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n382.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n382.3" -href="#n382.3src" name="n382.3">160</a></span> Malcolm’s Central -India, I. 78. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n382.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n382.4" -href="#n382.4src" name="n382.4">161</a></span> Malcolm’s Central -India, I. 100. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n382.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n383.1" -href="#n383.1src" name="n383.1">162</a></span> Malcolm’s Central -India, I. 106. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n383.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n383.2" -href="#n383.2src" name="n383.2">163</a></span> Central India, II. -503. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n383.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n383.3" -href="#n383.3src" name="n383.3">164</a></span> Ruins of Mándu, -43: March 1852 page 34. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n383.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n383.4" -href="#n383.4src" name="n383.4">165</a></span> Ruins of Mándu, -43: March 1852 page 34. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n383.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n383.5" -href="#n383.5src" name="n383.5">166</a></span> Malcolm’s Central -India, II. 503. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n383.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n383.6" -href="#n383.6src" name="n383.6">167</a></span> Briggs’ Farishtah, -IV. 235 note *. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n383.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n383.7" -href="#n383.7src" name="n383.7">168</a></span> Indian Architecture, -541. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n383.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n383.8" -href="#n383.8src" name="n383.8">169</a></span> Ruins of Mándu, -9. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n383.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n383.9" -href="#n383.9src" name="n383.9">170</a></span> Ruins of Mándu, -9. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n383.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n383.10" -href="#n383.10src" name="n383.10">171</a></span> Ruins of Mándu, -13, 25, 35. Some of these extracts seem to belong to a Bombay -Subaltern, who was at Mándu about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1842, and some to Captain Claudius Harris, who -visited the hill in April 1852. Compare Ruins of Mándu, -34. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n383.10src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n383.11" -href="#n383.11src" name="n383.11">172</a></span> Murray’s -Handbook of the Panjáb, 118. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n383.11src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="pt3" class="div0 part"> -<h2 class="main">MARÁTHA HISTORY<br> -OF<br> -GUJARÁT:</h2> -<h2 class="sub"><span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</h2> -<p class="first xd25e963">BY<br> -<span class="sc">J. A. BAINES Esquire, <abbr title="Companion, Order of the Star of India">C.S.I.</abbr></span>,<br> -LATE OF <abbr title="Her Majesty’s">H.M.’s</abbr> BOMBAY -CIVIL SERVICE.</p> -<p class="xd25e963">[<i><span class="sc">Contributed in -1879.</span></i>] <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb385" href="#pb385" -name="pb385">385</a>]</span></p> -<div class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="super">HISTORY OF GUJARÁT.</h2> -<h2 class="main">MARÁTHA PERIOD.</h2> -<h2 class="sub"><span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> It will be evident from -what has been related in the Musalmán portion of this history -that long before 1760, the Maráthás had a firm foothold -in Gujarát, and were able to dictate to the local chiefs the -policy of the Dakhan Court. Long before 1819 too, Marátha -influence was on the wane before the rising fortunes of the British. -Between these two dates however is comprised the whole or nearly the -whole of the period during which the Maráthás were -virtually paramount in Gujarát. From each of these two dates the -political history took a new departure, and on this account they serve -respectively to denote the starting point and terminus of -Marátha supremacy. Most of what took place before 1760 is so -interwoven with the interests and intrigues of the Muhammadan delegates -of the court of Dehli that it has been fully described in the history -of the Musalmán Period. It is however necessary, in order to -trace the growth of Marátha power, to briefly set forth in a -continuous narrative the events in which this race was principally -concerned, adding such as transpired independently of Musalmán -politics. This task is rendered easier by the very nature of -Marátha policy, which has left little to be recorded of its -action in Gujarát beyond the deeds and fortunes of its -initiators and their adherents.</p> -<p>The connection of the Maráthás with Gujarát can -be divided by the chronicler into the following periods. First, the -time of predatory inroads from 1664 to 1743, before the leaders of -these expeditions had permanently established themselves within the -province. Secondly, what may be termed the mercenary period, when the -Maráthás partly by independent action, but far more by a -course of judicious interference in the quarrels of the Muhammadan -officials and by loans of troops, had acquired considerable territorial -advantages. Towards the end of this period, as has been already seen, -their aid was usually sufficient to ensure the success of the side -which had managed to secure it, and at last the capital itself was -claimed and held by them. Then came the time of domination, from 1760 -to 1801, during which period the Gáikwár influence was -occasionally greater than that of the Peshwa. From 1802, internal -dissensions at the courts of Poona and Baroda weakened the hold the -Maráthás had on the province, and the paramount power had -to all intents and purposes passed over to the British long before the -downfall of Bájiráv Peshwa and the final annexation of -his rights and territory in 1819. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb386" -href="#pb386" name="pb386">386</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> Shortly after, when the -Gáikwár made over to the British the work of collecting -the tribute from Káthiáváḍa, Marátha -supremacy came to an end.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Śiváji’s First Inroad, -1664.</span>The first Marátha force that made its appearance in -Gujarát was led there early in 1664 by Śiváji. This -leader was at the time engaged in a warfare with the Mughals, which, -however desultory, required him to keep up a much larger force than -could be supported out of the revenues of his dominions. He therefore -looked to plunder to supply the deficiency, and Surat, then the richest -town of Western India, was marked down by him as an easy prey. His mode -of attack was cautious. He first sent one Bahirji Náik to spy -out the country and report the chances of a rich booty, whilst he -himself moved a force up to Junnar on pretence of visiting some forts -in that direction recently acquired by one of his subordinates. On -receiving a favourable report from Bahirji, Śiváji gave out -that he was going to perform religious ceremonies at Násik, and -taking with him 4000 picked horsemen, he marched suddenly down the -Gháts and through the Dáng jungles, and appeared before -Surat. There he found an insignificant garrison, so he rested outside -the city six days whilst his men plundered at their leisure. On hearing -of the tardy approach of a relieving force sent by the governor of -Ahmedábád, Śiváji beat a retreat with all his -booty to the stronghold of Ráygad. By the time the reinforcement -reached Surat, the only trace of the invaders was the emptied coffers -of the inhabitants. About the same time, or shortly after, the fleet -which Śiváji had equipped at Alibág about two years -before came up to the mouth of the gulf of Cambay and carried off one -or two Mughal ships which were conveying to Makka large numbers of -pilgrims with their rich oblations.<a class="noteref" id="n386.1src" -href="#n386.1" name="n386.1src">1</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Śiváji’s Second Attack, -1670.</span>This insult to the Muhammadan religion was enough to -incense the bigoted Aurangzeb, apart from the additional offences of -the sack of Surat and the assumption in 1665 of royal insignia by -Śiváji. He therefore sent an expedition to the Dakhan -strong enough to keep the Maráthás for some time away -from Gujarát. One of Śiváji’s officers, -however, seems to have attacked a part of the Surat district in 1666, -and to have got off safely with his spoils. In 1670, Śiváji -again descended upon that city with about 15,000 men. The only serious -resistance he experienced was, as before, from the English factors. He -plundered the town for three days, and only left on receiving some -information about the Mughals’ movements in the Dakhan, which -made him fear lest he should be intercepted on his way back to the -country about the Gháts.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">1671.</span>Śiváji left a claim -for twelve lákhs of rupees to be paid as a guarantee against -future expeditions. It is possible, however, that as he does not appear -to have taken any immediate steps to recover this sum, the demand was -made only in accordance with Marátha policy, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb387" href="#pb387" name="pb387">387</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> which looked upon a -country once overrun as tributary, and assumed a right to exercise -paramount authority over it by virtue of the completed act of a -successful invasion. In 1671 the Marátha fleet was ordered to -sail up the gulf and plunder Broach, and it is probable that -Śiváji intended at the same time to levy tribute from -Surat, but the whole expedition was countermanded before the ships -sailed.</p> -<p>The conduct of the military authorities in Gujarát with -regard to this expedition of 1670 was such as to render it highly -probable that the Mughal leaders were in complicity with the -Maráthás in order to gain the favour and support of their -leader. Shortly before Śiváji’s arrival there had -been a large garrison in Surat, apparently kept there by the governor, -who suspected that some attempt on the town would soon be made. This -garrison was withdrawn before Śiváji’s attack, and -almost immediately after his departure 5000 men were sent back again. -The commanders of the Mughal army in the Dakhan were Jasvant Singh the -Ráhtor chief of Jodhpur and prince Muazzam. Jasvant Singh had -been viceroy of Gujarát from <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1659 to 1662, and in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1671 shortly after Śiváji’s -second expedition was re-appointed to that post for three years. He -had, moreover, been accused of taking bribes from Śiváji -during the operations in the Dakhan. Prince Muazzam, again, had every -reason for wishing to secure to himself so powerful an ally as -Śiváji in the struggle for the imperial crown that took -place, as a rule, at every succession. Aurangzeb, reasoning from his -own experiences as a son, refused to allow a possible heir to his -throne to become powerful at court; and accordingly sent him against -Śiváji with an army quite inadequate for such operations. -It is therefore not unreasonable to suppose that if there had not been -some previous understanding between Śiváji and the Mughal -leaders, the troops that were known to be within easy reach of Surat -would have been found strong and numerous enough either to have -repulsed him altogether or at least to have prevented the three -days’ sack of the city.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Sáler Taken, 1672.</span>In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1672 Śiváji took some of -the small forts to the south of Surat, such as Párnera and -Bagváda, now in the Párdi sub-division of the Surat -district, whilst Moro Trimal got possession of the large fort of -Sáler in Báglán, which guarded one of the most -frequented passes from the Dakhan into Gujarát. The -Maráthás were thus able to command the routes along which -their expeditions could most conveniently be despatched.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Narbada Crossed, 1675.</span>No further -incursion was made till 1675, in which year a Marátha force -first crossed the Narbada. On the resumption of hostilities between -Śiváji and the Mughals, Hasáji Mohite, who had been -made Senápati, with the title of Hambirráv, marched up -the North Konkan, and divided his army into two forces near Surat. One -portion plundered towards Burhánpur, the other commanded by -himself plundered the Broach district. Ten years later a successful -expedition was made against Broach itself, either preconcerted or -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb388" href="#pb388" name="pb388">388</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> actually led by a younger -son of Aurangzeb, who had taken refuge with the Maráthás. -Broach was plundered, and the booty safely carried off before the local -force could get near the invaders. Gujarát was now left free -from inroad for some fourteen years, probably because the attention of -the Marátha leaders was concentrated on their quarrels in the -Dakhan.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Raids by Dábháde, -1699.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1699 Rám -Rája appointed one of his most trusted officers, -Khanderáv Dábháde, to collect in -Báglán the <i>chauth</i><a class="noteref" id="n388.1src" -href="#n388.1" name="n388.1src">2</a> and <i>sardeshmukhi</i> imposts -which had by that time become regularly instituted. This chief, whose -name was afterwards so intimately connected with Gujarát, not -only collected all that was due to his master from the village officers -in Báglán, but also made an incursion into the Surat -districts on his own account. <span class="marginnote">1700–1704.</span>Between 1700 and 1704 -Khanderáv attempted two expeditions, but was foiled by the -vigilance of the Mughal authorities. <span class="marginnote">1705.</span>In 1705, however, he made a raid on a large -scale and got safely across the Narbada, where he defeated two -Muhammadan detachments sent against him, and got back to Sáler -with his booty. <span class="marginnote">1706–1711.</span>Khanderáv now kept bodies of -troops constantly hovering on the outskirts of Gujarát and along -the road to Burhánpur. He himself led several expeditions into -the Ahmedábád territory, and is said to have once got as -far as Sorath in the peninsula, where however he was repelled by the -Musalmán governor. In 1711, again he was severely defeated by -the Mughals near Anklesvar in the Broach district, and had to withdraw -to the borders of Khándesh.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">1713.</span>In 1713 some treasure was being -conveyed from Surat to Aurangábád escorted by a large -force under Muhammad Tabrízí. The party was attacked in -the jungles east of Surat and the treasure carried off. Just before -this, Sarbuland Khán, the deputy viceroy, on his way to take up -his office at Ahmedábád, was attacked and robbed in the -wilds of Ságbára on the north bank of the Tápti. -As Khanderáv had a short while previous to these occurrences -taken up his position near Nándod<a class="noteref" id="n388.2src" href="#n388.2" name="n388.2src">3</a> in the -Rájpipla territory, it is probably to him or to his subordinates -that these raids are to be attributed. He managed by a system of -outposts to cut off communication between Surat and Burhánpur, -except for those who had paid him a fee for safe conduct. If this -charge was evaded or resisted, he appropriated one-fourth of the -property that the traveller was conveying up country.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Dábháde, 1716.</span>As the -Burhánpur road was one of those most frequented by both pilgrims -and merchants, the Dehli authorities were obliged, in 1716, to organize -an expedition against Dábháde. The leader of the force -was one Zulfikar Beg, an officer inexperienced in Marátha -warfare. Dábháde found little difficulty in decoying him -into a mountainous country, and there completely defeated him with the -usual Marátha accompaniment of plunder. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb389" href="#pb389" name="pb389">389</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> <span class="marginnote">Dábháde Senápati.</span>Finding -himself once more in the Dakhan, Khanderáv Dábháde -took the opportunity of rejoining the court at Sátára, -from which he had long been absent. He was lucky enough to arrive just -as the Senápati Manáji Morár had failed on an -important expedition and was consequently in disgrace. Rája -Sháhu, pleased with Khanderáv’s recent success -against the Delhi troops, divested Manáji of the title of -Senápati, and bestowed it upon the more fortunate leader.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Peshwa’s Negotiations, -1717.</span>Khanderáv remained away from Gujarát for -three years, accompanying, meanwhile, <span class="corr" id="xd25e34623" title="Source: Bálaji">Báláji</span> -Vishvanáth the Peshwa to Dehli, where the latter was engaged in -negotiations for the confirmation of the Marátha rights to -<i>chauth</i> and other tribute from certain districts in the -Dakhan.</p> -<p>It is evident that at this time there was no definite claim to -tribute from Gujarát on the part of the Marátha -government; for in spite of the intrigues of Báláji and -the weakness of the court party at Delhi no concessions were obtained -with regard to it, although the Marátha dues from other parts of -the country were fully ratified. The grounds on which -Báláji demanded the tribute from Gujarát were that -Sháhu would thereby gain the right to restrain the excesses of -Marátha freebooters from the frontier and would guarantee the -whole country against irregular pillage. The argument was a curious -one, considering that the most troublesome and notorious freebooter of -the whole tribe was at the elbow of the envoy, who was so strenuously -pleading for the right to suppress him. It is probable that -Báláji foresaw that Khanderáv’s newly -acquired rank would take him for a time from Báglán to -the court, so that meanwhile an arrangement could be made to prevent -the growth of any powerful chief in the Gujarát direction who -might interfere with the plans of the central government. The -Marátha statesman was as anxious to ensure the subordination of -distant feudatories as the Mughals to secure the freedom of the -Ghát roads to the coast.</p> -<p>In the redistribution of authority carried out about this time by -Báláji Vishvanáth, the responsibility of -collecting the Marátha dues<a class="noteref" id="n389.1src" -href="#n389.1" name="n389.1src">4</a> from Gujarát and -Báglán was assigned to Khanderáv as <span class="corr" id="xd25e34641" title="Source: Senápáti">Senápati</span> or -commander-in-chief; but as these dues were not yet settled, at least as -regards the country below the Gháts, Khanderáv seems to -have remained with the Peshwa in the field.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Dámáji Gáikwár, -1720.</span>At the battle of Bálápur, fought against the -Nizám-ul-Mulk, one of the officers of Khanderáv, by name -Dámáji Gáikwár, so distinguished himself -that the Senápati brought his conduct prominently to the notice -of Rája Sháhu. The latter promoted Dámáji -to be second in command to Khanderáv with the title of Shamsher -Bahádur, which had been formerly borne by one of the Atole -family in 1692. This is the first mention of the present ruling family -of Baroda. Before many months both Khanderáv and -Dámáji died. The former was succeeded by his son -Trimbakráv, on whom his father’s title was conferred. -Piláji, nephew of Dámáji, was confirmed in his -uncle’s <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb390" href="#pb390" name="pb390">390</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> honours and retired to -Gujarát. As soon as he could collect a sufficiently strong -force, he attacked the Surat district and defeated the Musalmán -commander close to the city itself. After extorting from him a handsome -sum as ransom, Piláji returned eastwards. He selected -Songad,<a class="noteref" id="n390.1src" href="#n390.1" name="n390.1src">5</a> a fort about fifty miles east of Surat, as his -headquarters, and from thence made continual excursions against the -neighbouring towns. He once attacked Surat, but although he defeated -the Mughal leader, he seems to have contented himself with -contributions levied from the adjacent country, and not to have entered -the town. Piláji soon obtained possession of some strongholds in -the <span class="marginnote">1723.</span>Rájpipla country -between Nándod and Ságbára, which he fortified, as -Khanderáv Dábháde had formerly done. Here he -resided as representative of the Senápati, whose family had -removed for a while to the Dakhan. The tribute collected from -Báglán and Gujarát was supposed to be transmitted -by Piláji to the royal treasury through the Peshwa; but there is -no record of these dues having been levied with any regularity or even -fixed at any special amount. Whilst Trimbakráv was taking an -active part in the affairs of his royal patron in the Dakhan, -Piláji occupied himself in sedulously cultivating the goodwill -of the border tribes surrounding his residence in Gujarát.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Marátha Tribute, 1723.</span>The -year 1723 is noteworthy as being the date of the first imposition of -the regular Marátha demand of one-fourth, <i>chauth</i>, and -one-tenth, <i>sardeshmukhi</i>, of the revenue of Gujarát. -Whilst Piláji was directing his attacks against Surat and the -south of the province another of Rája Sháhu’s -officers, who had been sent up towards Málwa, entered -Gujarát by the north-east, and after ravaging the country round -Dohad,<a class="noteref" id="n390.2src" href="#n390.2" name="n390.2src">6</a> settled a fixed tribute on the district.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kantáji Kadam.</span>This officer, -Kantáji Kadam Bánde, was soon after engaged by one of the -parties struggling for the viceroyalty of Ahmedábád to -bring his cavalry into the province and take part in the civil war. The -leader of the opposite party, Rustam Ali, enlisted the services of -Piláji Gáikwár. The Nizám-ul-Mulk, whose -influence in the Dakhan was very great, managed to detach Piláji -from Rustam Ali’s side. This was the easier, as Rustam had -already defeated Piláji more than once in attacks by the latter -against Surat, of which district Rustam was governor. There are two -different accounts<a class="noteref" id="n390.3src" href="#n390.3" -name="n390.3src">7</a> of what took place when the rival forces came -into action, but both show clearly that the Marátha leaders -acted on both sides with utter disregard of their agreements and looked -only to plundering the Muhammadan camps whilst the soldiers were -engaged in battle. After the defeat of Rustam, the two Marátha -chiefs joined forces and proceeded to levy <i>chauth</i>, of which the -Mughal deputy had granted Piláji a share equal to that of his -first ally Kantáji.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Marátha Dissensions, -1725.</span>This division led to quarrels and at last to an open -rupture between the two Marátha leaders, which was only patched -up by the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb391" href="#pb391" name="pb391">391</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> grant of the -<i>chauth</i> north of the Mahi river to Kantáji and of that to -the south to Piláji. The chief ground of quarrel seems to have -been the relative position of the Gáikwár as agent for -the Senápati, who had a right to collect all dues from -Gujarát, and of Kantáji, who claimed superior rank as -holding his commission direct from Rája Sháhu. On hearing -of this dispute and the consequent partition of the Marátha -tribute, <span class="corr" id="xd25e34710" title="Source: Trimbakrav">Trimbakráv</span> Dábháde -himself hastened up to Cambay with an army, but effected nothing, and -seems to have retired, leaving Piláji to look after his -interests at Ahmedábád. Both the latter, however, and -Kantáji soon after withdrew from Gujarát, but were within -a short period encouraged to return by the success of a raid made by -another leader, Antáji Bháskar, on the north-east -district. They both joined Hamid Khán in his resistance to the -new viceroy, but received several checks from the Muhammadan army, and -after plundering again returned to their strongholds for the rainy -season.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Peshwa, 1726.</span>Next year they -returned for the tribute and plundered as usual. The Peshwa -Bájiráv then opened for the first time direct -negotiations with the viceroy of Gujarát. The rapid increase of -the authority of the Bráhman ministers at the -Rája’s court in the Dakhan had aroused the jealousy of the -Marátha nobles, amongst whom Trimbakráv -Dábháde was one of the most influential. -Bájiráv, being fully aware of the fact, and having by -this time acquired from the Rája the power of acting with -foreign powers independently of the throne, determined to undermine -Trimbakráv’s authority in Gujarát by aiming at the -rights said to have been formally granted to him by Hamid Khán -over the country south of the Mahi. He therefore applied to the viceroy -for a confirmation of the right to levy <i>chauth</i> and -<i>sardeshmukhi</i> over the whole country, on condition that he would -protect it from the inroads of Kantáji, Piláji, and other -irresponsible freebooters. The viceroy had still some resources left at -his disposal and was in hopes that his repeated applications to Dehli -for assistance would soon meet with a favourable answer. <span class="marginnote">Cession of Tribute, 1728.</span>He declined therefore to -accede to Bájiráv’s proposals at once, on the -grounds that the court at Dehli had repudiated the concessions made to -Piláji and Kantáji by his predecessor’s deputy. As -however the depredations on the frontier caused serious injury both to -the revenues and the people, he allowed the Peshwa to send a feudatory, -Udáji Pavár, chief of Dhár, through the Mughal -territories to operate against Piláji. The latter, who was fully -aware of these negotiations, persuaded Kantáji to join him in -expelling the agents of the Peshwa party, as it was clear that if -Piláji’s forces were scattered the way would be open for -Udáji to attack Kantáji himself. The two then proceeded -to Baroda and after a while drove back Udáji, and occupied -Baroda and Dabhoi. Here Piláji remained, and next year -Kantáji succeeded in taking Chámpáner, thus -advancing his posts nearer the centre of the province. With such an -advantage gained these two chiefs instituted raids still more -frequently than before. In these straits, and finding himself utterly -neglected by the emperor, the viceroy re-opened negotiations with the -Peshwa, who lost no time in sending his <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb392" href="#pb392" name="pb392">392</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.<br> -Cession of Tribute, 1728.</span> brother Chimnáji Áppa -with an army through Gujarát. <span class="corr" id="xd25e34743" -title="Source: Petlad">Petlád</span> and Dholka were plundered, -but Kantáji was left undisturbed, so he took this opportunity of -marching to Sorath, where he remained for some time extorting tribute. -The viceroy agreed formally to cede the <i><span class="corr" id="xd25e34747" title="Source: sardesmukhi">sardeshmukhi</span></i> of the -whole revenue, land and customs (with the exception of the port of -Surat and the districts attached to it) and the <i>chauth</i> of the -same district, with five per cent on the revenue from the city of -Ahmedábád. Special clauses were inserted in the grant of -<i>chauth</i> to suit the convenience of both the Peshwa and the -viceroy. The latter stipulated that as few collectors as possible -should be kept by the Maráthás in the districts under -tribute, and that no extra demands beyond the one-fourth should be -made. He also insisted that the percentage should be calculated on the -actual collections and not on the <i>kamál</i> or highest sum -recorded as having been collected.<a class="noteref" id="n392.1src" -href="#n392.1" name="n392.1src">8</a> The Maráthás were -also to support the imperial authority and to keep up a body of horse. -The Peshwa agreed (probably at his own request) to prevent all -Marátha subjects from joining disaffected chiefs, or other -turbulent characters, thus receiving the right to suppress -Kantáji and Piláji, as well as the Bhils and Kolis with -whom the latter was on such friendly terms.</p> -<p>After this agreement was executed, Bájiráv made over -part of the <i>sardeshmukhi</i> to the Dábháde, as well -as the <i>mokâsa</i> or three-fourths of the <i>svaráj</i> -as settled by Báláji Vishvanáth. The consideration -as set forth in the preamble of this agreement was the great -improvement effected by the Marátha rulers as regards the wealth -and tranquillity of the Dakhan provinces. This was inserted either to -give the transaction the appearance of having been executed on the part -of the emperor (for otherwise the viceroy had no concern in the state -of the Dakhan), or simply as an expression of gratitude on the part of -this special viceroy towards the Maráthás who had just -brought to terms the Nizám-ul-Mulk, his former rival and enemy. -It is even probable that it was merely intended, as usual with such -preambles, to veil the forced nature of the treaty.</p> -<p>The hostile movements of the Pratinidhi in the Southern -Marátha Country induced the Peshwa to return to the Dakhan. -Kantáji returned from Sorath to Chámpáner, -plundering part of the viceroy’s camp on his way. -Trimbakráv Dábháde, jealous of the interference of -the Peshwa in the affairs of Gujarát, began to intrigue with -other chiefs to overturn the power of the Bráhman ministers.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Coalition against the Peshwa, -1730.</span>As soon as Nizám-ul-Mulk became aware of this -discontent on the part of Trimbakráv, of whose power he was well -informed, he proposed to assist him by an attack on the Peshwa from the -east, whilst the Maráthás operated in another direction. -Trimbakráv was successful in his overtures with Piláji -Gáikwár, the Bánde, the Pavárs, and a few -other chiefs resident in Khándesh or the north Dakhan. The -troops sent by them to join his standard soon amounted <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb393" href="#pb393" name="pb393">393</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> to 35,000 men, who were -collected in Gujarát. He then gave out that he was bent on -rescuing the Marátha Rája from the thraldom in which he -was being kept by the Bráhmans. The Peshwa, who had discovered -the intercourse between Trimbakráv and the Nizám, -proclaimed this treason on the part of the Dábháde as a -royal officer, and stated that the malcontents were only planning the -partition of the inheritance of Shiváji between the Rája -of Kolhápur and themselves. As soon as he found the -Nizám’s troops were on the march, he collected his picked -men and advanced on the Dábháde in Gujarát.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Defeat of the Allies, 1731.</span>The -Peshwa’s army was inferior in numbers but consisted of better -trained men. He closed at once with the allies near Dabhoi, and easily -defeated the undisciplined forces of the Pavárs and -Bánde. The Dábháde’s army, however, had more -experience of regular warfare and made a stand. But a stray shot killed -Trimbakráv as he was endeavouring to rally the forces of his -allies, and as usual in such engagements, the loss of the leader -disheartened the army. Utter confusion ensued, in which many of the -nobles fell, others ran away, and the Peshwa, without the necessity of -pushing further his advantage, made good his retreat to the Dakhan. The -Nizám, who was in pursuit, only managed to capture some of the -baggage with the rear guard as it was crossing the Tápti near -Surat.<a class="noteref" id="n393.1src" href="#n393.1" name="n393.1src">9</a></p> -<p>Safe again in the Dakhan, the Peshwa at once began negotiations with -both the Nizám and the adherents of Trimbakráv -Dábháde. He recognized the rights of the former to some -possessions in Gujarát independent of the viceroy of -Ahmedábád, and agreed to further his designs of severing -the Dakhan from the possessions of the emperor. He conciliated the -Dábháde family by establishing at Poona an annual -distribution of food and presents to Bráhmans such as had -formerly been the practice in the native village of -Khanderáv.<a class="noteref" id="n393.2src" href="#n393.2" name="n393.2src">10</a> This institution was known as Dakshiná.</p> -<p>Bájiráv acquiesced also in the general tendency -amongst Maráthás of all offices to become hereditary, and -conferred the title of Senápati on Yeshvantráv the minor -son of the deceased Trimbakráv. The widow Umábái -became guardian, and Piláji Gáikwár deputy or -<i>mutálik</i> in Gujarát. This latter appointment seems -to have been made by the Peshwa and not by the Dábháde, -for Piláji received at the same time a new title, namely that of -<i>Sená Khás Khel</i> or commander of the special band or -perhaps the household brigade. He was also bound on behalf of the -Senápati to respect the Peshwa’s rights in Málwa -and Gujarát, and to pay half the collections from the territory -he administered to the royal treasury through the minister. A provision -was also inserted with regard to future acquisitions. This reciprocal -agreement was executed at the special command of the Marátha -Rája Sháhu, who had not yet quite abrogated his authority -in favour of the Peshwa. Piláji after these negotiations retired -to Gujarát. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb394" href="#pb394" -name="pb394">394</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> <span class="marginnote">Assassination of Piláji Gáikwár, -1732.</span>His influence amongst the Bhils and other troublesome races -dwelling in the wild parts of the eastern frontier made Piláji -an object of hatred and fear to the Mughal viceroy, who had him -assassinated by one of his adherents whilst the latter was pretending -to whisper some important and confidential news in -Piláji’s ear. This event took place at Dákor in the -Kaira district. The followers of the Gáikwár slew the -assassin and retired south of the Mahi. They were driven by the Mughals -out of Baroda, but continued to hold Dabhoi. Dámáji -Gáikwár, son of Piláji, was at this time prowling -round Surat watching for an opportunity of interfering in the disturbed -affairs of that town. One of the candidates for the governorship had -offered him one-fourth the revenue of the city for his assistance, but -the expedition was deferred on account of the appointment of a rival by -the emperor. Dámáji therefore was preparing to act on his -own account independently of his ally. The news of his father’s -assassination, however, took him northwards. He found that the -Desái of Pádra near Baroda had stirred up the Bhils and -Kolis to revolt, in order to give the relations of Piláji a -chance of striking a blow at the murderers of their deceased leader. -<span class="marginnote">1733.</span>Umábái -Dábháde, too, bent on the same errand, moved down the -Gháts with an army. The Maráthás were bought off, -however, by the viceroy and peace was restored for a while.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Gáikwárs Secure Baroda, -1734.</span>In this year also Jádoji, a younger son of -Trimbakráv, made an expedition to collect tribute through -Gujarát as far as Sorath. Next year Mádhavráv -Gáikwár, brother of Piláji, obtained possession of -Baroda during the absence of Sher Khán Bábi the governor. -Since that date this town has been the capital of the -Gáikwár family. Sindia and Holkar soon afterwards joined -the chief of Ídar against the Musalmán deputy, and -extorted from the latter a considerable sum as ransom.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Marátha Deputy Governor, -1736.</span>Umábái had recognized Dámáji as -her agent in succession to Piláji; but as she required -Dámáji in the Dakhan the latter had been obliged to leave -in his turn a <i>locum tenens</i> in Gujarát. There ensued -quarrels between this deputy, named Rangoji, and <span class="corr" id="xd25e34845" title="Source: Kantaji">Kántáji</span> Kadam -which brought Dámáji back again, and after obtaining from -the Muhammadan viceroy, who had espoused the cause of Kantáji, a -grant of one-fourth the revenues of the country north of the Mahi he -went as usual to Sorath. Kantáji Kadam, who as a partisan of the -Peshwa was hostile to the Senápati, harassed the country within -reach of his frontier. Dámáji, meanwhile, had again -proceeded to the Dakhan, where Umábái was intriguing -against the Peshwa and required all the help she could obtain to -further the ambitious schemes she was devising in the name of her -half-witted son. His deputy Rangoji, by demanding a heavy price for his -aid at a time when an aspirant to the viceroyalty of -Ahmedábád was in distress, managed to secure for the -Maráthás half the revenue of Gujarát with certain -exceptions.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Ahmedábád Riots, -1738.</span>Dámáji then moved into Gujarát again, -and on his way to join Rangoji extorted <abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> -7000 from the English at Surat as a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb395" href="#pb395" name="pb395">395</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> guarantee against -plundering them. The events of this year have been detailed in full in -the history of the Musalmán Period. After getting possession of -a great part of the city of Ahmedábád the <span class="marginnote">1739.</span>Maráthás, by their oppressive -rule, excited a rising amongst the Musalmán inhabitants. Similar -quarrels and subsequent reconciliations took place between 1739 and -1741, the Musalmáns distrusting the Maráthás, yet -not daring to attempt to oust them. Dámáji, on his way -back from one of his Sorath expeditions, laid <span class="marginnote">1741.</span>siege to Broach, which was held by a -Muhammadan officer direct from the viceroy of the Dakhan.<a class="noteref" id="n395.1src" href="#n395.1" name="n395.1src">11</a> As the -latter personage was still regarded by the Marátha chiefs as a -possible ally against the Peshwa, Dámáji at once obeyed -the request of the Nizám to raise the siege, but probably -obtained a promise of future concessions such as he had acquired at -Surat.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">1742.</span>Rangoji in the absence of -Dámáji took up his residence in Borsad. There he fell -into several disputes with the Muhammadan officials, in the course of -one of which he was taken prisoner, but escaped the next year (1743). -Meanwhile Dámáji had joined with Rághoji -Bhonslé in attacking the Peshwa. Whilst Rághoji was -preparing his army in the east, Dámáji made a feint -against Málwa, which had the desired effect of withdrawing a -large portion of the ministerial army. The -Gáikwár’s troops retreated without giving battle, -but to prevent any future junction between Dámáji and the -Bhonslé party in Berár, Báláji Peshwa -confirmed the Pavár family in their claims to Dhár, which -had never been acknowledged as their territory since the defection of -the Pavárs to the Dábháde party in 1731. It is -worth remarking that though the rank of Senápati had apparently -been made hereditary in the Dábháde family (for the owner -of the title was quite unfit for the command of an army), the -Ghorpadé family applied at this time to have it restored to them -on the ground that it once had been held by one of their house. The -Peshwa, however, managed to secure their alliance by a grant of land, -and their claims to the chief command of the army seem to have been -waived.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">1743–44.</span>For the next two years -the Marátha force in Gujarát under Rangoji and -Deváji Tákpar was employed by the Musalmáns in -their quarrels regarding the viceroyalty. The Marátha practice -of appointing deputies gives rise to some confusion as to the -negotiations that took place about this time between the -Gáikwár’s party and the rival candidates for the -office of subhedár. For instance, Umábái -Dábháde had appointed the Gáikwár family as -her agents-in-chief, but the principal members of that house were -absent in the Dakhan. Dámáji Gáikwár had -appointed Rangoji, who in his turn left one Krishnáji in charge -of the Marátha share of the city of Ahmedábád. On -the departure, however, of Dámáji from Gujarát, -Umábái left Rámáji as her agent. -Rámáji, who seems to have <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb396" href="#pb396" name="pb396">396</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> been employed previously -by Dámáji, followed the example of his <span class="corr" -id="xd25e34900" title="Source: predecesors">predecessors</span> and -placed one Rámchandra in charge at Ahmedábád. -There does not appear to have been any direct agent of the Peshwa in -Gujarát at this time.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">1745.</span>On Khanderáv -Gáikwár’s return from the Dakhan he demanded the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e34907" title="Source: acounts">accounts</span> of the tribute from Rangoji, and not -being satisfied with this agent confined him in Borsad and appointed -one Trimbakráv in his place. Umábái caused Rangoji -to be set at liberty and sent to her in the Dakhan, after which she -reappointed him her agent. He expelled Trimbakráv from -Ahmedábád, but was attacked by Krishnáji and -Gangádhar, two other late deputies. Dámáji and -Khanderáv were obliged at last to come to Gujarát and -summon all these deputies to their presence. A private arrangement was -concluded under which Khanderáv was allowed by -Dámáji to keep Naḍiád and Borsad as a -private estate and to act as the Gáikwár’s deputy -at Baroda. Rangoji was to live at Umreth when not on active service. -Gangádhar and Krishnáji were censured and forbidden to -engage in any independent alliances with the Muhammadan leaders.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">1746.</span>After this Dámáji -sent a general named Kánoji Tákpar to collect the Sorath -tribute whilst he himself retired to Songad.</p> -<p>Rangoji returned to Ahmedábád, and not long after -began to quarrel with the viceroy about the Marátha share in the -revenue of the city ceded in 1728.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Gáikwár in Surat, -1747.</span>In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1747 Kedárji -Gáikwár, cousin of Dámáji, was asked by -Syed Achchan, an aspirant to the governorship of Surat, to assist him -in maintaining possession of that city. Before Kedárji could -reach Surat the disputes as to the succession had been settled by -negotiations, and the aid of Marátha troops was no longer -required. Kedárji, however, finding himself in a position to -dictate terms, demanded three lákhs of rupees for the aid that -he was prepared to give, and as the Surat treasury could not afford to -pay this sum in cash, one-third of the revenues of Surat was promised -to the Gáikwár.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">1748.</span>Rangoji meanwhile attacked -Haribá, an adopted son of Khanderáv -Gáikwár, and recovered from him the town and fort of -Borsad, which had been seized during the time that Rangoji had been -occupied with his disputes in Ahmedábád. Khanderáv -and Dámáji both turned against him and captured the fort -after a long siege. Rangoji was then again imprisoned, and not released -until the next year when the Peshwa sent a body of troops into -Gujarát. In 1748 Umábái, widow of -Trimbakráv Dábháde, died, leaving one -Báburáv guardian of Yeshvántráv her son. -Partly through the solicitations of Khanderáv, who had private -influence with the Dábhádes, partly from the fact of -previous possession, Dámáji was confirmed as deputy of -the Maráthás in Gujarát. He there began to collect -an army as quickly as possible, in order to co-operate with -Raghunáth Bhonslé against the Peshwa, in answer to an -appeal by Sakvárbái, widow of Sháhu, to support -the throne against the ministers, and to secure the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb397" href="#pb397" name="pb397">397</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> succession of -Sambháji to the Sátára kingdom. The Peshwa, aware -of Dámáji’s ill-will towards himself, did his best -to foment disturbances in Gujarát and to extend his own -influence there so as to keep Dámáji away from the -Dakhan.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">1750.</span>The Peshwa accordingly entered -into some negotiations with Jawán Mard Khán, then in -power at Ahmedábád, but was unable to lend substantial -aid in Gujarát against Dámáji’s agents, as -the whole Marátha power was required in the Dakhan to operate -against the son of the late Nizám-ul-Mulk.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Dámáji Gáikwár -Arrested, 1751.</span>Next year Dámáji, at the request of -Tárábái, guardian of Rám Rája, -ascended the Salpi ghát with a strong force, defeated the -Peshwa’s army, and advanced as far as Sátára. From -this position he was forced to retire, and whilst in treaty with the -Peshwa was treacherously seized by the latter and put into prison. -Báláji at once demanded arrears of tribute, but -Dámáji declined to agree to any payment, on the ground -that he was no independent chief but only the agent of the -Senápati. He therefore refused to bind his principal or himself -on account of what was due from his principal. Báláji -then imprisoned all the members of the Gáikwár and -Dábháde family that were at that time in the Dakhan.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Peshwa and Surat.</span>The state of -Surat was at this time such as to afford a good opportunity to the -Peshwa to obtain a footing there independently of the English or of -Dámáji. He had recently had dealings with the former in -the expeditions against Ángria of Kolába, and as the -merchants had found him one of the most stable and powerful rulers of -the country, they were willing to treat with him for the future -security of their buildings and goods in Surat. Taking advantage of -Dámáji’s confinement, Báláji sent -<span class="corr" id="xd25e34952" title="Source: Ragunáthráv">Raghunáthráv</span> -to Gujarát. This leader, afterwards so well known as -Rághoba, took possession of a few <i>tálukas</i> in the -north-east of the province, but was recalled to the Dakhan before he -could approach Surat. Jawán Mard Khán also took advantage -of Dámáji’s absence to make an expedition into -Sorath and Káthiáváḍa where the -Gáikwár family had now established themselves -permanently.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Release of Dámáji, -1752.</span>The news of these two expeditions made Dámáji -very eager to return to his province; and as he had full information as -to Báláji’s plans with regard to Gujarát, he -bribed freely, and in order to regain his liberty consented to much -harsher terms than he would otherwise have done. He agreed to maintain -an army for defence and collection purposes in Gujarát, as well -as to furnish a contingent to the Peshwa’s army in the Dakhan, -and to contribute towards the support of the Rája, now in -reality a state-prisoner dependent upon the wishes of his minister. The -Gáikwár was also to furnish the tribute due on account of -the Dábháde family, whom the Peshwa was apparently trying -to oust from the administration altogether. After deducting the -necessary expenses of collection and defence, half the surplus revenue -was to be handed over to the Peshwa. Even after acceding to all these -proposals, the Gáikwár was not at once released. The -Peshwa protracted the negotiations, as he had <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb398" href="#pb398" name="pb398">398</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> to contend against a -factious court party in whose counsels he knew Dámáji -would play a leading part when once set at liberty. At last, however, -after agreeing to a final request that he would assist -Raghunáthráv against Surat, Dámáji was -allowed to go. There was at this time one Pándurang Pant levying -tribute on behalf of the Peshwa in Cambay and Ahmedábád. -The Nawáb of Cambay, not having any reason to like or trust his -neighbour the Gáikwár, had persuaded the Peshwa at the -time the partition of the Marátha rights over Gujarát was -being settled at Poona, to take Cambay into his share of the province. -The Nawáb bought off the agent of his ally with a present of -guns and cash. The ruler of Ahmedábád also came to terms -with the Maráthás, so Pándurang was at liberty to -go and see if he could find equal good fortune in Sorath.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Capture of Ahmedábád, -1753.</span>Dámáji now came back with a fresh army, which -was soon reinforced by Raghunáthráv. They marched towards -Ahmedábád, and Jawán Mard Khán was too late -to intercept them before they invested the capital. He managed, -however, by a bold movement to enter the town, but after a long siege -was obliged to capitulate and march out with the honours of war. The -Maráthás conferred on him an estate in the north-west of -Gujarát, which, however, was recovered by them some time -afterwards.</p> -<p>After taking possession of Ahmedábád in April 1753, -Raghunáthráv went to Sorath, and on his return extorted a -large sum as tribute from the Nawáb of Cambay. He left a deputy -in Ahmedábád, <span class="marginnote">1754.</span>who -marched against the same chief again in 1754, but on this occasion he -could levy no tribute. As the Nawáb had firmly established -himself and considerably enlarged his dominions, the Peshwa’s -deputy marched against him in person a second time, but was defeated -and taken prisoner. The nominee of Raghunáthráv procured -his release, and the Peshwa’s deputy continued to demand -<span class="marginnote">1755.</span>arrears of tribute for his master -till he obtained an agreement to pay at a future date. He then retired -to the Dakhan, and the Nawáb, taking advantage of the lull to -strengthen his army, captured Ahmedábád from the -Marátha garrison and established himself in the city. After a -while Dámáji and Khanderáv Gáikwár, -with an agent sent direct by the Peshwa, arrived before the town and -commenced a siege. <span class="marginnote">1757.</span>It was not -until April 1757 that the Maráthás again entered the -city. The Nawáb surrendered after the Maráthás had -fully ratified the conditions he himself had proposed.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">1758.</span>Sayájiráv, son of -Dámáji, remained in Ahmedábád on behalf of -his father, and the Peshwa’s agent Sadáshiv put in a -deputy in his turn and went himself to Surat. Here he was soon joined -by Sayáji, who had to arrange the shares of the tribute in -accordance with the partition treaty of 1751. Next year a body of -Marátha troops was sent to the aid of the Ráv of Kachh, -who was engaged in an expedition against Thatta in Sindh. -Sadáshiv lent the Nawáb of Cambay some money on the part -of the Peshwa to enable him to liquidate the arrears of pay due to his -army, but a year afterwards the Marátha army appeared at the -town gates with a demand for <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb399" href="#pb399" name="pb399">399</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> two years’ arrears -of tribute in full, amounting to <abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> -20,000. The Nawáb managed to raise this sum, and the -Maráthás moved south. Dámáji was at this -time in Poona.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">1759.</span>The Peshwa had supported Syed -Achchan of Surat with the view of putting him under an obligation so as -to secure some future advantages, and this year lent him some troops as -a bodyguard. The Nawáb of Cambay, who was also indebted to the -ministerial party, left his dominions to pay a visit to the Peshwa at -Poona. Khanderáv meanwhile plundered -Lunáváḍa and Ídar, whilst -Sayájiráv was similarly engaged in Soráth.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">1761.</span>Dámáji -Gáikwár accompanied the Peshwa to Delhi, and was one of -the few Marátha leaders that escaped after the defeat at -Pánipat. On his return to Gujarát he successfully opposed -an expedition by the Nawáb of Cambay against -Bálásinor and re-took the estates of Jawán Mard -Khán. He also strengthened his position in Sorath and -<span class="corr" id="xd25e35019" title="Source: Káthiávaḍa">Káthiáváḍa</span> -against the Peshwa’s party.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">1761.</span>The Peshwa, being hard pressed -by his rival the Nizám, began in this year to make overtures to -the East India Company’s officers in Bombay, with a view to -getting the aid of European artillery and gunners. He at first offered -to give up a valuable tract of land in <span class="corr" id="xd25e35026" title="Source: Jámbusar">Jambusar</span>. But the -English would accept no territory but the island of Sálsette, -the town of Bassein, and the small islands in the harbour of Bombay. -These the Marátha government declined to give up, so -negotiations were broken off.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">1762.</span>Next year -Raghunáthráv, as guardian of the son of -Báláji, named Mádhavráv, who was still a -minor, conferred the title of Senápati on one of the -Jádhav family who had formerly borne it. The administration of -Gujarát, however, which had always accompanied the title when -held by the Dábháde family, was left practically in the -hands of Dámáji, and no mention of any transfer of it was -made at the time Jádhav was appointed commander-in-chief. -Discontented with the empty honour thus conferred, Rámchandra, -the new Senápati, joined the Nizám’s party, and on -account of this defection the Peshwa, two years afterwards, cancelled -the appointment and restored the office to the Ghorpade family, one of -whose members had held it long before. This put an end to the -connection of Gujarát with the chief military dignity of the -Marátha state.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Intrigues of Rághoba, -1768.</span>After Mádhavráv Báláji came of -age he had constantly to be on this guard against the plots of his -uncle Raghunáthráv, who had refused to accept the share -in the government offered him by the young Peshwa. -Raghunáthráv, perhaps instigated by his wife, had no -doubt great hopes of obtaining a share in the whole power of the -administration, and suspecting Mádhavráv to be aware of -his designs, looked upon all the overtures made by the latter as -intended in some way or other to entrap him. He therefore collected an -army of some 15,000 men in Báglán and Násik, and -hoping to be joined on his way by Jánoji Bhonslé, -advanced towards Poona. In his army was Govindráv, son of -Dámáji Gáikwár, with a detachment of his -father’s troops. The Peshwa, without giving Jánoji time to -effect <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb400" href="#pb400" name="pb400">400</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> a junction with -Raghunáthráv, even if he had been prepared to do so, -defeated his uncle’s army at Dhorap, a fort in the Ajunta range, -and carried off Rághobá and Govindráv to Poona, -where they were placed in confinement.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Death of Dámáji -Gáikwár, 1768.</span>Not long after this action -Dámáji died. He had brought the fortunes of the -Gáikwár house to the highest pitch they ever reached and -not long after his death the family influence began to decline. It was -his personal authority alone that was able to counteract the usual -tendency of quasi-independent Marátha states towards -disintegration, especially when they are at a distance from the central -power. Khanderáv and Sayájiráv had shown frequent -signs of insubordination (as for instance in their espousal of the -cause of Rangoji) and a desire to establish themselves in an -<span class="corr" id="xd25e35054" title="Source: independant">independent</span> position, but the sagacity of -Dámáji foresaw the advantage such a partition would give -an enemy like the Peshwa, and his tact enabled him to preserve unity in -his family, at least in resistance to what he showed them to be their -common foe.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Disputed Succession.</span>The quarrel for -the succession that arose on <span class="corr" id="xd25e35061" title="Source: Dámáj’s">Dámáji’s</span> -death was the first step towards the breaking up of the -Gáikwár’s power. Dámáji had three -wives. By the first he had Govindráv, who however was born after -Sayájiráv, the son by the second wife. His sons by the -third wife were Mánáji and Fatesingh. Govindráv -was in confinement at Poona near the court, and therefore in a position -to offer conditions for the confirmation of his rights without loss of -time.</p> -<p>In the Hindu law current amongst Maráthás, there are -to be found precedents in favour of the heirship of either -Govindráv or Sayájiráv. Some authorities support -the rights of the son of the first wife whether he be the eldest or -not, others again regard simply the age of the claimants, deciding in -favour of the first born, of whatever wife he may be the son. -Rámráv Shástri, the celebrated adviser of -Mádhavráv Peshwa, is said to have expressed an opinion in -favour of the rights of Sayájiráv. Govindráv, -however, was on the spot where his influence could be used most -extensively. Sayáji, moreover, was an idiot and a puppet in the -hands of his half brother Fatesingh. Govindráv applied at once -for investiture with the title of <span class="corr" id="xd25e35066" -title="Source: Sená-Khas-Khel">Sená-Khás-Khel</span>. A -payment of 50½ lákhs of rupees to the Peshwa on account -of arrears of tribute and a fine for his conduct in taking part with -Rághobá was a strong argument in his favour, and when he -agreed to a tribute previously demanded from his father of <abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 7,79,000 yearly and to maintain a peace contingent -at Poona of 3000 horse, to be increased by a thousand more in time of -war, there could be little doubt as to the legitimacy of his claim, and -he was duly invested with his father’s title and estate.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">1771.</span>For reasons not apparent -Sayáji’s claims were not brought forward till nearly two -years later. Govindráv had never been allowed to join his charge -in Gujarát, so that he could exercise no interference in that -direction, and the court affairs in the Dakhan left perhaps little time -for the disposal of Sayájiráv’s application, even -if it had been made. Sayáji had entrusted his interests to -Fatesingh, a man <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb401" href="#pb401" -name="pb401">401</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> of considerable ability, -who came at once to Poona to get a reversal of the recognition of -Govindráv. The Peshwa was glad to have this opportunity of -undoing so much of Dámáji’s work and dividing the -Gáikwár family against itself, so using the verdict of -Rám Shástri as his weapon, he cancelled the former grant -in favour of Govindráv, and appointed Sayájiráv -with Fatesingh as his <i>mutálik</i> or deputy. The latter, by -agreeing to pay an extra sum of 6½ lákhs of rupees -annually, got permission to retain the Poona contingent of -Gáikwár horse in Gujarát, on the pretext that -Govindráv would probably attack his brothers on the earliest -opportunity. Thus, whatever happened, all went to the profit of the -Peshwa’s party and to the injury of the tax-paying Gujarát -ryot.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">1773.</span>Fatesingh retired in triumph to -Baroda, and opened negotiations with the English in Surat, as he had -been endeavouring to do for a year past without success. In January -1773, however, he succeeded in getting an agreement from the Chief for -Affairs of the British Nation in Surat, that his share in the revenues -of the town of Broach, which had been taken by storm in 1772 by the -English, should not be affected by the change of masters. In the same -year Náráyanráv Peshwa was murdered, and -Rághobá was invested by the titular king at <span class="corr" id="xd25e35097" title="Source: Sátara">Sátára</span> with the -ministerial robe of honour. Govindráv Gáikwár, -still in Poona, reminded the new Peshwa of the good offices of the -Gáikwár family at Dhorap and elsewhere, and found means -of getting reinstated as Sená-Khás-Khel. In 1774 he set -out for Gujarát, and collecting a fair number of adherents on -his way, he attacked Fatesingh. <span class="marginnote">1774.</span>After various engagements of little -importance, the latter found himself shut into the city of Baroda, -which was invested by Govindráv in January 1775.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Rághobá Peshwa, -1774.</span>In the meantime Rághobá had been driven from -power by the intrigues of Bráhmans of a different class from -that to which he belonged, headed by the afterwards well-known -Nána Phadnis. The ex-Peshwa first betook himself towards -Málwa, where he hoped to be joined or at least assisted by -Holkar and Sindia. As soon however as he got together some scattered -forces he marched down the Tápti and opened negotiations with -the English through Mr. Gambier, the chief at Surat. The Bombay -Government at once demanded the cession of Bassein, Sálsette, -and the adjacent islands. Rághobá refused, partly, in all -probability, on account of the pride felt by the Marátha -soldiery in their achievements before Bassein at the time of the great -siege. He however offered valuable territory in Gujarát, -yielding a revenue of about eleven lákhs, and to pay six -lákhs down and 1½ lákhs monthly for the -maintenance of a European contingent with artillery. The English at -Bombay were debating whether this offer should not be accepted when -news reached them that the Portuguese were about to organise an -expedition to re-take Bassein. Negotiations with Rághobá -were hastily broken off and a small force sent to forestall the rival -Europeans. Before the end of 1774, both Thána and Versova fort -in Sálsette had been taken.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Rághobá in Gujarát, -1775.</span>Rághobá now heard that Sindia and Holkar had -been bought over by the ministerial party and would not come to his -assistance. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb402" href="#pb402" name="pb402">402</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> Quickly moving his force -down the river he reached Baroda in January 1775 with 10,000 horse and -400 foot. He joined Govindráv in investing that town, but sent -meanwhile an agent to re-open the discussion of his proposals in the -Bombay Council. This agent was captured by a party of Fatesingh’s -horse whilst he was out on an expedition near Párnera on behalf -of Govindráv. On his release he repaired to Surat and took steps -to get a treaty of alliance signed as soon as possible.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Rághobá Defeated.</span>The -ministerial army of 30,000 men under Haripant Phadke entered -Gujarát and obliged Govindráv and Rághobá -to raise the siege of Baroda and to retire towards the Mahi. -Fatesingh’s force then joined Haripant. An attack on all sides -was made (Feb. 17th). Rághobá, who was in the centre, was -first charged, and before Govindráv and Khanderáv -Gáikwár could come to his assistance his best officers -were wounded, some of his Arab mercenaries refused to fight as large -arrears of pay were due to them, and he was defeated on both flanks. He -fled to Cambay with only 1000 horse; whilst the two -Gáikwárs and Manáji Sindia (Phadke) led the rest -of the scattered army to Kapadvanj, where it was again set in order. -The Nawáb of Cambay, fearing lest the Marátha army should -come in pursuit, shut the town gates on the fugitive and refused to -give him shelter. <span class="marginnote">Reaches Surat.</span>Mr. -Malet, chief of the English residents, who had been informed of the -negotiations in progress between his Government and -Rághobá, contrived to get the ex-Peshwa conveyed -privately to Bhávnagar and from thence by boat to Surat. Here he -arrived on February 23rd.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Treaty of Surat, 1775.</span>The -stipulations of the treaty negotiated by Narotamdás, agent of -Rághobá, and the Bombay Government were: The English to -provide a force of 3000 men, of which 800 were to be Europeans and 1700 -natives, together with a due proportion of artillery. In return for -this Rághobá, still recognized as Peshwa, was to cede in -perpetuity Sálsette, Bassein and the islands, <span class="corr" -id="xd25e35135" title="Source: Jámbusar">Jambusar</span>, and -Olpád. He also made over an assignment of <abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 75,000 out of the revenues of Anklesvar, the -remaining portion of which district, together with Ámod, -Hánsot, and Balsár was placed under British management as -security for the monthly contribution of 1½ lákhs for the -support of the troops in his service. He also promised to procure the -cession of the Gáikwár’s share in the revenues of -Broach. Sundry other provisions (dealing with different parts of the -Marátha dominions) were inserted, Rághobá being -treated throughout as the representative of the Marátha kingdom. -This treaty was signed on March 6th, 1775, at Surat, but on the -previous day there had been a debate in the Council at Bombay as to the -propriety of continuing to support Rághobá, as the news -from Gujarát made the British authorities doubtful whether the -contingent they had already sent to Surat was enough to ensure -success.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Colonel Keating in -Gujarát.</span>Just before the treaty was drawn up, at the end -of February Lieut.-Colonel Keating had been despatched in command of -350 European infantry 800 sepoys 80 European artillerymen and 60 gun -lascars with others, in all about 1500 men, ready for active service. -This force landed at Surat four days after Rághobá had -arrived from Bhávnagar. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb403" -href="#pb403" name="pb403">403</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> Before receiving this -token of the intention of the British to support Rághobá, -the Nawáb had treated the latter simply as a fugitive, but upon -finding that the Bombay Government had determined to make the ex-Peshwa -their ally, he paid the customary visits and offered presents as to a -superior.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Keating Sails with Rághobá -for Cambay.</span>When the news reached Surat that -Govindráv’s troops and the rest had been reorganized at -Kapadvanj, it was determined to effect a junction with them by landing -Colonel Keating’s detachment at Cambay and from thence marching -north.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Rághobá in Cambay, -1775.</span>Considerable delay occurred in carrying out the first part -of this proposal. First of all Rághobá detained the army -at Dumas<a class="noteref" id="n403.1src" href="#n403.1" name="n403.1src">12</a> whilst he paid a visit of ceremony to the frequented -temple of Bhimpor in the neighbourhood. Then again, the convoy met with -contrary winds the whole way up the gulf, and it was not till March -17th that the contingent landed. The Nawáb, accompanied by the -British Resident, paid a visit of ceremony and presented -<i>nazaránás</i> to Rághobá as a sort of -atonement for his previous discourtesy and neglect. The -Maráthás, however, knowing that this change of tone was -entirely due to the presence and alliance of the Europeans, paid much -more attention to the latter than to the Muhammadans.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Govindráv -Gáikwár’s Army.</span>The British contingent -encamped at a place called Náráyan-Sarovar, just north of -the town. Here they waited until the reinforcement from Bombay arrived, -bringing the whole force up to the complement stipulated for in the -treaty. Rághobá’s army under Govindráv -Gáikwár was reported to be moving southwards, and Colonel -Keating agreed to let it pass the Sábarmati river before joining -it. Meanwhile the enemy, said to number 40,000 infantry and 12,000 -cavalry, marched north to intercept Govindráv. The latter, -however, by forced marches succeeded in crossing the Sábarmati -before the arrival of the ministerial army, and encamped a few miles -north-east of Cambay at a place called Darmaj or Dara. Here Colonel -Keating joined him about the middle of April.</p> -<p>Govindráv’s army consisted of about 8000 fighting men -and nearly 18,000 camp followers. These latter were chiefly -Pindháris who used to attach themselves to the camp of one of -the Marátha chiefs, on condition of surrendering to him half -their plunder. Each chief had his separate encampment, where he -exercised independent authority over his own troops, although bound to -general obedience to the commander-in-chief of the whole army. The -confusion of this arrangement is described by an eye-witness as utterly -destructive of all military discipline. To add to the cumbrousness of -such an expedition, most of the Pindháris brought their wives -and children with them, the cooking pots and plunder being carried on -bullocks and ponies, of which there were altogether nearly 200,000 -attached to the troops. In every camp there was a regular <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb404" href="#pb404" name="pb404">404</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> <i>bazár</i> where -cash payment or barter passed equally current, so that a premium was -thus placed on the pilfering of small articles by the Pindháris, -whose stipulations as to plunder were confined neither to friend nor -enemy.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Advance of the Combined Forces.</span>When -all needful preparations had been made, the army, accompanied by a -battery of ten guns, besides mortars and howitzers, all of which were -manned by Europeans, moved out against the enemy. The latter slowly -retreated, burning the crops and forage and destroying the water-supply -on its way. On the 20th April the first engagement took place at -Usámli, resulting in the repulse of the ministerial troops. On -May 1st a similar skirmish on the banks of the Vátrak drove the -ministerialists into Kaira. From this post they were driven after a -series of slight engagements with the army of Rághobá, -which crossed the river at Mátar. Fatesingh now received a -reinforcement of 10,000 horse under Khanderáv -Gáikwár, but to counterbalance this aid, Sindia and -Holkar from some unexplained cause, connected probably with intrigues -at Poona, withdrew from further co-operation with him. Colonel Keating -was unable to follow up the advantages he had gained owing to the large -proportion of cavalry in the enemy’s army. He therefore continued -his march southwards, after persuading Rághoba to spend the -monsoon in Poona, where he would be on the spot to counteract -intrigues, instead of at Ahmedábád, as had been at first -proposed.</p> -<p>On May 8th the army reached Naḍiád, after repulsing on -the road two attacks by the enemy’s cavalry. This result was -obtained chiefly by means of the European light artillery. -Naḍiád belonged at this time to Khanderáv -Gáikwár, and to punish his defection to Fatesingh, -Rághobá inflicted a fine of 60,000 rupees on the town. -The amount was assessed on the several castes in proportion to their -reputed means of payment. The Bháts, a peculiar people of whom -more hereafter, objected to being assessed, and slaughtered each other -in public: so that the guilt of their blood might fall on the -oppressor. The Bráhmans, who also claimed exemption from all -taxation, more astutely brought two old women of their caste into the -market place and there murdered them. Having made this protest, both -castes paid their contributions. Rághobá injudiciously -wasted seven days over the collection of this fine, and in the end only -levied 40,000 rupees.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Defeat of Fatesingh, 1775.</span>On May -14th the march was resumed, under the usual skirmishing onslaughts of -the ministerial party. At Arás, where Rághobá had -been defeated shortly before, he was in imminent danger of a second and -still more serious discomfiture. An order mistaken by a British -company, and the want of discipline on the part of -Rághobá’s cavalry nearly led to a total defeat with -great slaughter. The European infantry and artillery, however, turned -the fortunes of the day. The troops of Fatesingh were allowed to -approach in pursuit to within a few yards of the batteries, all the -guns of which then opened on them with grape, the infantry meanwhile -plying their small arms along the whole line. Fatesingh was obliged to -withdraw his diminished forces and the army of Rághobá -received no further molestations <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb405" -href="#pb405" name="pb405">405</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> from him on its way to -the Mahi. Colonel Keating then ordered a general move to Broach, where -he arrived safely on 27th May, after a troublesome march through the -robber-infested country between the Dhádhar river and -Ámod.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Ministerial General -Retreats.</span>Here they remained until June 8th, when Colonel Keating -was about to move south again. Luckily, as it turned out for him, the -nearest ford was impassable and he had to march to one higher up at a -place variously called Bába Piára or Báva Pir. On -his way thither he heard that Haripant, the ministerial -commander-in-chief, was halting on the north bank by the ford; he -therefore pushed on to make an attack on the rear, but owing partly to -timely information received and partly to the confusion caused by the -irrepressibility of Rághobá’s cavalry, Haripant had -time to withdraw all his force except some <span class="corr" id="xd25e35221" title="Source: bagage">baggage</span> and ammunition, -which, with a few guns, he was forced in the hurry of his passage -across the river to leave behind. <span class="marginnote">Colonel -Keating at Dabhoi, 1775.</span>Colonel Keating then marched fourteen -miles north from the ford and halted before proceeding to Dabhoi, a -town belonging to Fatesingh. The general ignorance of tactics and want -of discipline in the native army had determined Colonel Keating not to -lead his force as far as Poona, but to spend the monsoon near -Baroda.</p> -<p>Rághobá detached one of his generals, Amir -Khán, in pursuit of Ganeshpant, whom Hari Pant had left as his -deputy in Gujarát. Ganeshpant with a detachment of the -ministerial army had separated from Hari at the Bába -Piára ford and found his way through the wild country on the -north of the Tápti towards Ahmedábád. He was -finally caught by Amir Khán.</p> -<p>Dabhoi was at this time in charge of a Bráhman governor, who -submitted on the approach of Rághobá’s army. -Colonel Keating quartered his force in the town, but -Rághobá, after exacting a levy of three lákhs of -rupees, encamped at Bhilápur on the Dhádhar, ten miles -from Dabhoi. Here he began to negotiate with Fatesingh in Baroda -through the mediation of Colonel Keating. Fatesingh was all the more -ready to come to definite terms of agreement, as he knew that -Govindráv was on the watch to recover Baroda.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Rághobá and the -Gáikwárs.</span>It is not certain what the terms proposed -and agreed to really were. The only record of them is a copy sent in -1802 to the Resident at Poona by Governor Duncan. According to this -document Govindráv was to lose his pension and to occupy the -same position as before the accession of Rághobá. -Khanderáv was to revert to the situation in which he had been -placed by Dámáji. The provision of the treaty of the 6th -March regarding the Gáikwár’s claims on Broach was -ratified, and as a reward for the mediation of the Bombay Government, -the Gáikwár ceded to the British in perpetuity the -sub-divisions of Chikhli and Variáv near Surat and Koral on the -Narbada. Before this treaty could be concluded, Colonel Keating -received orders to withdraw his contingent into British territory and -to leave Rághobá to manage for himself. This change of -policy was due to the disapproval by the Supreme Government of the -treaty of 6th March, which they alleged had been <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb406" href="#pb406" name="pb406">406</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> made inconsistently with -the negotiations then being carried on with the ruling powers at Poona -as well as with the authority of the Calcutta Government. The treaty -was therefore declared to be invalid and the troops in the field were -ordered by the Supreme Government to be withdrawn at once into British -garrisons. A special envoy, Colonel Upton, was sent from Bengal to -negotiate a treaty with the Ministers in accordance with the views -current in Calcutta.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Withdrawal of the British -Contingent.</span>As soon as the roads were open Colonel Keating moved -towards Surat, but at the solicitation of Rághobá he -disobeyed his orders so far as to encamp at Kadod, about twenty miles -east of Surat, but not in British territory. Here he awaited the -results of the overtures of Colonel Upton. This envoy remained at Poona -from the 28th December 1775 till the 1st March 1776, on which date -<span class="marginnote">Negotiations at Poona.</span>he signed the -treaty of Purandhar, in which the office only and not the name of the -Peshwa is mentioned. By this compact the Peshwa ceded all claims on the -revenue of Broach together with land in the neighbourhood of that town -to the British. He also paid twelve lákhs of rupees in -compensation for the expenses of the war. Sálsette was to be -either retained by the English or restored in exchange for territory -yielding three lákhs of rupees annually. The cessions made by -Fatesingh Gáikwár were to be restored to him if the -Peshwa’s Government could prove that he had no right to make them -without due authorization from Poona. The treaty of the 6th March was -declared null and void. Rághobá was to disband his army -and take a pension. If he resisted, the English were to give him no -assistance. If he agreed to the terms proposed, he was to live at -Kopargaon<a class="noteref" id="n406.1src" href="#n406.1" name="n406.1src">13</a> on the Godávari with an ample pension. When -he received information as to the terms of the new treaty, he at once -declined to accept the pension, and, as he could not understand the -position of the Bombay Government with regard to that at Calcutta, he -proceeded to offer still more favourable terms for further -assistance.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Rághobá at Surat, -1776.</span>Rághobá was at Mándvi<a class="noteref" id="n406.2src" href="#n406.2" name="n406.2src">14</a> on the -Tápti when he was finally given to understand that the British -could no longer aid him. He thereupon took refuge in Surat with two -hundred followers. The rest of his army which had been ordered to -disperse, gathered round Surat, on pretence of waiting for the payment -of the arrears due to them. As their attitude was suspicious, and there -were rumours of an expedition having started from Poona under Haripant -to subdue them, the Bombay Government garrisoned Surat and Broach with -all the forces it could spare.</p> -<p>Colonel Upton meanwhile offered Rághobá, on behalf of -the ministers, a larger pension with liberty of residing at -<span class="corr" id="xd25e35270" title="Source: Benáres">Benares</span>. This also was declined, and -the ex-Peshwa fled to Bombay, where he lived on a monthly pension -allotted him by the Government. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb407" -href="#pb407" name="pb407">407</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> On 20th August 1776, a -despatch of the Court of Directors arrived confirming the treaty of the -6th March 1775. At first the Bombay Government were inclined to take -this as authorizing the retention of all the territory ceded, but on -further deliberation it was decided that as the treaty of Purandhar had -been ratified by the Supreme Government subsequent to the signing of -the despatch, which was dated 5th April 1776, it was evident that the -Court of Directors did not mean to uphold the previous engagement more -than temporarily, or until the final treaty had been concluded.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Negotiations at Poona, 1777.</span>At the -end of 1776, a Bombay officer was sent in place of Colonel Upton to be -a resident envoy at Poona for the carrying out of the provisions of the -treaty. Mr. Mostyn was the person selected, and he arrived in Poona in -March 1777. He soon found that the ministers had little intention of -adhering to the treaty, so he at once took up the question that he -thought it most important to the Bombay Government to have settled, -namely the relations of the Peshwa’s Court with Fatesingh -Gáikwár as regards the cessions of territory. The -ministers asserted that the Gáikwárs merely administered -Gujarát on the part of the Peshwa and were entirely dependent -upon the Poona government, so that they could conclude no agreement -with foreign states except with its approbation. Fatesingh did not deny -the dependence, but evaded the question of his right to make direct -treaties and claimed the restitution of the cessions on the ground that -Raghunáthráv had failed to perform his part of the -stipulations. The point was discussed for some time, and at last the -question of dependence seems to have been let drop, for in February -1778 Fatesingh paid up the arrears of tribute, made the usual presents -to the ministers and their favourites, and was again invested with the -title of Sená-Khás-Khel.</p> -<p>In October a despatch from the Court of Directors reached the -Governments of Bengal and Bombay, disapproving of the treaty of -Purandhar, but ratifying it on the principle <i>factum valet</i>. It -was suggested, however, that in case of evasion on the part of the -ministers, a fresh treaty should be concluded with -Rághobá on the lines of that of 1775.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Fresh Alliance with Rághobá, -1778.</span>In November 1778 it was rumoured that the ministers in -Poona were intriguing with the French, so the Bombay Government took -this opportunity of entering into a treaty with Rághobá, -who was still in Bombay. He confirmed the grants of 1775, and as -security for the pay of the British contingent that was to help in -placing him on the Peshwa’s throne in Poona, he agreed to assign -the revenues of Balsár and the remainder of Anklesvar, as he had -done before. He stipulated, however, that his own agents should collect -the dues from these districts, and that the British should take charge -of them only in case of the full sum due not being paid and then merely -as a temporary measure.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Convention of Bhadgaon, 1779.</span>On -the 22nd November 1778 the force moved out of Bombay, and by dint of -mismanagement and internal dissension the campaign was brought to an -end by the convention of the 16th January 1779. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb408" href="#pb408" name="pb408">408</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> Under this agreement all -possessions in Gujarát acquired since the time of -Mádhavráv Peshwa were to be restored by the British, -together with Sálsette, Uran, and other islands. -Rághobá was to be made over to Sindia’s charge, and -a separate treaty assigned to Sindia the sovereignty of Broach.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Negotiation with the -Gáikwár.</span>The Council at Bombay disavowed the -convention and were inclined to adhere only to the clause allotting -Broach to Sindia. Mr. Hornby proposed to the Supreme Government an -alliance with Fatesingh, engaging to free him from dependence on the -Poona Government and to reconcile the disputants within the -Gáikwár family itself. After the arrival of General -Goddard with reinforcements from Bengal the Governor General approved -of the alliance proposed with Fatesingh as head of the Baroda state, -but specially declined to admit any participation or support in the -family disputes. The British were to conquer for themselves the -Peshwa’s share of Gujarát, if they were able to do so.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Rághobá Escapes from Sindia, -1779.</span>Rághobá, meanwhile, who had been given over -to Sindia to be conveyed to Bundelkhand, escaped with the connivance of -his custodian and fled to Broach. This was evidently a move calculated -by Sindia to bring on hostilities between Nána Phadnis, the head -of the ministerial party, and the English. General Goddard, who was -conducting the negotiations with Poona on the part both of the Supreme -Government and of the Government of Bombay, received -Rághobá on June 12th, but evaded any proposals for a -direct alliance. At the end of the rains of the same year, information -was received by the English that a coalition against them had been -<span class="marginnote">League against the English, 1780.</span>formed -by the Maráthás, the Nizám, and Hyder Ali of -Mysor. The rumour was partially confirmed by the demand by Nána -Phadnis for the cession of Sálsette and the person of -Rághobá as preliminaries to any treaty. No answer was -given, but reinforcements were called for and the overtures with -Fatesingh pushed forward. This chief prevaricated about the terms of -the treaty and evidently did not like to enter into any special -engagement that might perhaps bring down upon him the Poona army. -General Goddard therefore advanced on 1st January 1780 against Dabhoi, -which was garrisoned by the Peshwa’s troops from the Dakhan, -whilst the English in Broach expelled the Marátha officers from -their posts and re-took possession of Anklesvar, Hánsot, and -Ámod. On January 20th Dabhoi was evacuated by the -Maráthás and occupied by General Goddard. Fatesingh now -showed himself willing to enter into the proposed treaty, and on the -26th January 1780 signed an offensive and defensive alliance.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Treaty with Fatesingh -Gáikwár.</span>In the re-opening of hostilities there was -no mention of Rághobá, but the ground given was simply -the non-fulfilment on the part of the Peshwa of his treaty engagement. -Rághobá remained under English supervision in the -enjoyment of a large allowance. Dabhoi was occupied by an English civil -officer with a detachment of irregulars, and General Goddard moved -towards Ahmedábád. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb409" -href="#pb409" name="pb409">409</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> By the treaty of 1780 the -Peshwa was to be excluded from Gujarát. To avoid confusion in -collection, the district north of the Mahi was to belong entirely to -the share of the Gáikwár. The English were to enjoy the -whole district south of the Tápti, together with the -Gáikwár share in the revenue of Surat. In return for the -support the English were to give him in withholding tribute -<span class="corr" id="xd25e35347" title="Source: fron">from</span> the -Peshwa, <span class="corr" id="xd25e35350" title="Source: Fatesing">Fatesingh</span> ceded Sinor on the Narbada and the -Gáikwár’s villages round Broach. These cessions, -however, were not to have effect until Fatesingh was in possession of -Ahmedábád. The contingent of 3000 horse was to be still -furnished by the Gáikwár government.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">General Goddard takes -Ahmedábád, 1780.</span>As soon as these conditions were -agreed upon, General Goddard went with his own army and the contingent -furnished by Fatesingh to Ahmedábád. After encamping -before it for five days, he took the city by storm on 15th February -1780.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Operations against Sindia and -Holkar.</span>Sindia and Holkar had combined their forces against the -English and were marching up Gujarát, plundering on their way. -They were opposed by General Goddard, who marched across the Mahi early -in March. The allies turned off towards Chámpáner without -risking a pitched battle on the plain. Sindia at once opened -negotiations with the view of wasting time during the fair season. His -first proposal was that Rághobá should be sent to -Jhánsi, where Sindia had allotted him an estate, and that -Bájiráv, Rághobá’s son, should be -appointed <i>diván</i> or manager of the Peshwa <span class="corr" id="xd25e35364" title="Source: Madhávráv">Mádhavráv</span>, who -was a minor. Bájiráv himself was under age, so Sindia -was, of course, to assume temporarily the reins of government.</p> -<p>Goddard at once refused to force Rághobá to take any -course other than the one he should select of his own free will; for -Sindia did not appear to be aware that the English were now at war with -the ministers on their own account and not as allies of an ex-Peshwa. -Negotiations were broken off and Sindia and Holkar dislodged from place -after place without any decisive engagement being fought. General -Goddard was preparing monsoon quarters for his army, when he heard that -a division of a Marátha force which had been plundering the -Konkan in order to cut off supplies from Bombay had attacked parts of -the Surat Athávisi. He detached some troops under Lieut. Welsh -and sent them to the south, whilst he remained himself on the Narbada. -Lieut. Welsh drove back the marauders and took possession of the forts -of Párnera, Indargad, and Bagváda.</p> -<p>After the monsoon of 1780, General Goddard went to besiege Bassein, -leaving Major Forbes in charge of the Gujarát army. This officer -posted one body of troops at Ahmedábád for the protection -of Fatesingh, another at Surat, and a third at Broach. Two battalions -of Bengal infantry were sent to Sinor and some few men to Dabhoi.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">1781.</span>An attack was made by Sindia on -the newly acquired district of Sinor, but Major Forbes successfully -resisted it and Sindia’s position with regard to his own -dominions was now such as to prevent him from sending more expeditions -against Gujarát.</p> -<p>The military necessities of other parts of India were such as to -induce General Goddard to apply to Fatesingh for an increase to -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb410" href="#pb410" name="pb410">410</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> his contingent, in -accordance with the treaty of 1780. After some personal communications -with this Chief in Gujarát, General Goddard was able to arrange -with the Gáikwár for the defence of part of that province -and thus set free some European troops for service elsewhere.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Treaty of Sálbai, 1782.</span>No -further attack was made in this direction during the continuance of the -war which came to an end on 17th May 1782. The treaty of Sálbai -between an envoy of the Governor General on one side and -Mahádáji Sindia as plenipotentiary for the Peshwa and -minister of Poona on the other, replaced the Marátha territory -in Gujarát exactly where it was on the outbreak of hostilities -against Rághobá in 1775. It was, however, specially -stipulated that no demand for arrears of tribute during the late -hostilities should be made against the Gáikwár, a clause -that led to misunderstandings many years later. The town of Broach was -given over to Sindia in accordance with the secret negotiation of 1779 -and the votes of the Bengal and Bombay Councils. The territory round -Broach yielding a revenue of three lákhs of rupees, ceded by the -Peshwa, was likewise returned. Rághobá was granted a -pension of 25,000 rupees a month and allowed to select his own place of -residence. He went to Kopargaon and there died a few months after the -conclusion of the treaty of Sálbai. Thus came to an end one of -the chief sources of disturbance to the Poona government. For the next -six years no event of any political importance took place in -Gujarát, which province was left almost entirely to the -administration of the Gáikwár family.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Death of Fatesingh, 1789.</span>In 1789, -however, Fatesingh died, leaving Sayájiráv without a -guardian. Mánáji, a younger brother, at once seized the -reins of government and began the usual sort of negotiations to secure -his recognition by the Poona government. He paid a nazarána of -3,13,000 rupees and agreed to pay up thirty-six lákhs of rupees -as arrears, though it is not clear on what account, unless that sum had -accrued since the treaty of Sálbai, or was part of the long -standing account left open by Dámáji in 1753. -Mánáji, however, was not allowed to succeed to the post -of guardian without opposition. Govindráv Gáikwár -was living at Poona, and, though he had himself little influence with -the Peshwa’s immediate adherents, he had managed to secure the -then powerful Sindia on his side. This chief, since his recognition as -plenipotentiary at the treaty of Sálbai, had been gradually -making good his position with the Peshwa and his favourites as well as -with the leading Marátha nobles, so as to be able to -successfully oppose Nána Phadnis when the time came for a -coalition of the outlying chiefs against the ministerial party. -Govindráv offered his son Ánandráv as husband for -the daughter of Sindia, a proposal which it is not probable that he -ever intended to carry out. A grant of three lákhs of rupees was -also promised, in return for which Sindia allowed his garrison in -Broach to assist Govindráv’s illegitimate son -Kánhoji to reach Baroda. Mánáji applied to the -Bombay Government on the grounds that the steps taken by -Govindráv were contrary to the provisions of the treaty of 1780. -As however this treaty had been abrogated by the later agreement at -Sálbai, the Bombay Government declined to interfere. -Mánáji’s agents at Poona <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb411" href="#pb411" name="pb411">411</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> contrived to get -Nána Phadnis to propose a compromise, to which however -Govindráv, at the instigation probably of Sindia, declined to -accede. Before any decision was reached Mánáji died.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">1793.</span>Nána detained -Govindráv in Poona till he had agreed to hold by former -stipulations and to cede to the Peshwa the -Gáikwár’s share in the districts south of the -Tápti together with his share of the Surat customs. To this the -Government of Bombay demurred as an infraction of the provision of the -Sálbai treaty whereby the integrity of the -Gáikwár’s possessions was assured. Nána -Phadnis at once withdrew his proposals. Govindráv at last joined -his brother at Baroda on 19th December, and took up the office of -regent.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Ába Shelukar Deputy Governor of -Gujarát, 1796.</span>For two years Gujarát remained -quiet. In 1796 Bájiráv, son of Rághobá, -<span class="corr" id="xd25e35420" title="Source: suceeded">succeeded</span> to the Peshwa’s dignity and -at once appointed his younger brother, ten years of age, governor of -Gujarát. In accordance with Marátha custom a deputy was -sent to take charge of the province, one Ába Shelukar, and he -too seems to have administered vicariously, for next year (1797) we -find him amongst those taken prisoners with Nána Phadnis when -that minister was treacherously seized by <span class="corr" id="xd25e35423" title="Source: Daulatrav">Daulatráv</span> Sindia -in the Dakhan. Ába was released on promising to pay ten -lákhs of rupees as ransom. <span class="marginnote">1797.</span>He then joined his appointment as -subhedár in order to take measures to get together the money he -required.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Disputes between Ába and -Govindráv Gáikwár.</span>Bájiráv -Peshwa was anxious to embroil Ába with Govindráv, whom he -knew to be favourable to Nána Phadnis and too powerful to be -allowed to acquire influence beyond the reach of head-quarter -supervision. A cause of quarrel soon arose. Daulatráv pressed -Ába for part payment of the above ten lákhs, and the -latter being unable to squeeze enough out of his own territory, forced -contributions from some of the villages administered by the -Gáikwár. Govindráv at once took up arms against -him and applied for aid to the English Agent at Surat. In this city -Governor Jonathan Duncan had just assumed chief authority in accordance -with an agreement between the English and the Nawáb. Duncan was -anxious to secure for his government the land round Surat and the -Gáikwár’s share in the <i>chauth</i> of the town -and district. Govindráv, when this demand was made, referred the -Governor to Poona, knowing that under the treaty of Sálbai the -British Government had no more right to acquire a share of the -Gáikwár territory than the Poona authorities had when -they made a somewhat similar demand in 1793, which was withdrawn as -stated above. Before the reference could be made, Ába was penned -up by Govindráv’s own army in Ahmedábád and -forced to surrender that city. He was kept in confinement for more than -seven years.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Gujarát farmed to the -Gáikwár, 1799.</span>In the same year (1799) the Peshwa, -apparently without formally revoking the appointment of his brother -Chimnáji as Subhedár, gave Govindráv a farm for -five years of his whole rights in Gujarát, at the rate of five -lákhs of rupees a year. These rights included shares in the -Káthiáváḍa and Sorath tribute, the revenue -of Petlád, Nápád, Ránpur, Dhandhuka, and -Gogha, together with rights to certain customs dues in Cambay and a -share in the revenue of the city of Ahmedábád. -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb412" href="#pb412" name="pb412">412</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> Govindráv -unfortunately died a month before this farm was formally made over by -the Peshwa.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Ánandráv -Gáikwár, 1800.</span>As had happened at the death of -Dámáji, so again now, the heir Ánandráv was -all but an idiot and quite incapable of managing his affairs. The -disputes as to the guardianship again set the whole state in confusion. -Kánhoji, a son of Govindráv by a Rájputni princess -of Dharampor, who had been the first agent of his father in Baroda in -1793, had been put in prison for refusing to give place to -Govindráv when the latter at length joined him at Baroda. At the -death of Govindráv, Kánhoji managed to obtain his liberty -and to secure the ascendancy in the counsels of his weak-minded elder -brother. He assumed, in fact, the whole government. His arrogant -conduct in this new position excited the Arab guard against him and he -was again thrown into confinement. His mother Gajrábái, -who was a refugee in Surat, endeavoured to get assistance from the -English there, and at the same time made overtures to Malhár, -son of Khanderáv Gáikwár, who had formerly been -one of Govindráv’s bitterest opponents.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">1800.</span>Meanwhile the administration of -the Gáikwár’s affairs passed into the hands of -Rávji and Bábáji Áppa, two brothers who had -been brought to Baroda in 1793 by Govindráv himself. -Rávji took charge of the civil work, whilst Bábáji -undertook the military duties, which at that time consisted in great -measure in collecting the revenue by show of force. These two -ministers, on hearing of the proceedings of <span class="marginnote">The British aid Govindráv’s -Party.</span>Gajrábái, outbid her for the aid of the -Bombay Government. In addition to the cessions formerly offered by -Govindráv, they were willing to give up Chikhli also. Matters -were precipitated by the successes of Malháráv in the -field. Rávji offered to subsidize five European battalions, and -Governor Duncan took upon himself the responsibility of sending an -auxiliary force of 1600 men under Major Walker to act with the troops -of Rávji and Bábáji north of -Ahmedábád. Reinforcements were afterwards sent up, but -the campaign was not closed till April 1802, when the fort of Kadi had -been taken by storm. Malháráv surrendered and a residence -in <span class="corr" id="xd25e35464" title="Source: Naḍiad">Naḍiád</span> was assigned him with -a liberal pension out of the revenues of that sub-division. The fort of -Sankheda, which had been held by Ganpatráv Gáikwár -for his cousin Malháráv, was soon after this reduced and -the country for a time pacified.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The British and the Gáikwár, -1800.</span>In March Rávji had an interview at Cambay with -Governor Duncan, which was followed on June 6th by a definite treaty, -of which the groundwork had been previously sketched in anticipation of -the reduction of the revolted Gáikwárs. Two thousand men, -besides artillery, were to be subsidized and a -<i>jáidád</i> or assignment for their payment was made on -the revenue of Dholka and the part of Naḍiád not assigned -to Malhárráv. Chikhli was given to the British in reward -for their aid in storming Kadi, and Residents were to be appointed -reciprocally. A large sum of money was borrowed by Rávji, partly -from Bombay partly from Baroda bankers, to pay off the arrears due to -about 7000 Arab mercenaries, who had usurped a great deal of -objectionable influence in civil affairs at the <span class="corr" id="xd25e35475" title="Source: Gáikwar’s">Gáikwár’s</span> -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb413" href="#pb413" name="pb413">413</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> capital. Major Walker was -appointed Resident and proceeded to Baroda on 8th June.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Gáikwár’s Minister -Rávji.</span>On the same day was signed a secret compact -assuring Rávji of the support of the British Government and -awarding him a village out of the territory ceded by the treaty of June -6th. It was deemed advisable by the British Government to have at the -Baroda court some leading personage who might, in the present state of -the relations between Bombay and Poona, further the designs of the -former government in preventing a recurrence of the coalition of -Marátha powers. Rávji was sure of his reward if he served -British interests, whilst in case of the reorganization of a -Marátha confederacy the state he was administering would -probably play but a very subordinate part in subsequent events.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Treaty of Bassein, 31st Dec. -1802.</span>The treaty of June 6th was disapproved by the Court of -Directors as being in direct contravention of the treaty of -Sálbai. Before, however, any orders had been issued by the Home -authorities to restore to the Gáikwár the territory he -had ceded, the Peshwa, out of regard for whom the treaty had been -disavowed, was a fugitive before the army of Holkar, and by December -had ratified these very concessions at the treaty of Bassein. By this -treaty the Peshwa virtually placed his independence in the hands of the -British. He ceded his share of Surat, thus giving them sole control -over that district. In payment of the subsidiary force required he -handed over territory in Gujarát, the revenue of which amounted -to 12,28,000 rupees, and finally he constituted the British Government -arbiter in the disputes between his government and that of Baroda. The -grants made by the Gáikwár for the support of the -subsidiary force amounted in 1802 to 7,80,000 rupees.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Arabs Disbanded.</span>Major Walker -attempted to negotiate with the Arab guard, but the greater part of -them flew to arms and released Kánhoji Gáikwár. -The latter then tried to collect an army near Baroda, and succeeded in -obtaining possession of the person of Ánandráv the -titular ruler. The British force then took Baroda by storm, after which -most of the Arabs submitted, except a few who joined Kánhoji. -The rest took the arrears due to them and left the country. -Kánhoji was not subdued till February 1803. <span class="marginnote">Malhárráv in Revolt, -1803.</span>Malhárráv meanwhile had broken out in -rebellion in <span class="corr" id="xd25e35506" title="Source: Káthiávaḍa">Káthiáváḍa</span> -and was plundering the Marátha possessions there. -Bábáji Áppáji and a young officer named -Vithal Deváji (or Divánji) led the operations against -him; and to the latter belongs the honour of having captured this -troublesome member of the ruling family. The estate of -Naḍiád, which had been assigned to Madhavráo by -Govindráv, was resumed by Rávji Áppáji and -made over in its entirety to the British Government. A treaty, -supplementary to that of 1802, was drawn up guaranteeing this cession -as well as the <i>inám</i> or free gift of the fort and district -of Kaira, “out of gratitude for the support given in the recent -troubles to the Gáikwár’s honour and for assistance -in securing the good of the State.” <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb414" href="#pb414" name="pb414">414</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> <span class="marginnote">Contingent Strengthened, 1803.</span>Very soon after this -agreement Rávji applied for an addition to the subsidiary force, -in payment of which he assigned Mátar Mahudha and the customs of -Kim-Kathodra, a station about seventeen miles north of Surat. His -reason for strengthening the subsidiary force appears to have been that -owing to the reduction of the Arabs, his own force was not enough to -guard even the frontier, and that a great part of that duty fell on the -European contingent, which was numerically insufficient for service on -so extended a scale. <span class="marginnote">Death of Rávji, -1803.</span>This was the last public act of note on the part of -Rávji Áppa, who died in July 1803, after adopting one -Sitárám to succeed to his estate.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">War with Sindia.</span>Whilst these -arrangements were being carried out at Baroda, Bájiráv -Peshwa, chafing at the dependence to which his straits of the previous -winter had reduced him with regard to the English, was actively -propagating dissension between Sindia and the Calcutta Government. Not -long after, the war that had been some time imminent broke out, and a -contingent of 7352 men from Gujarát was ordered to the field. In -August or September Broach and <span class="corr" id="xd25e35535" -title="Source: Pávágad">Pávágaḍ</span><a class="noteref" -id="n414.1src" href="#n414.1" name="n414.1src">15</a> both fell to the -British.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Revenue Collecting Force.</span>Under -the treaty of Sirjé Anjangaon in December 1803, both -<span class="corr" id="xd25e35544" title="Source: Pávágad">Pávágaḍ</span> and -Dohad were restored to Sindia, but Broach remained British. By this -means one of the rising Marátha powers was extruded from the -centre to the outlying portion of the province. The employment of all -the British contingent against Sindia’s possessions in -Gujarát precluded Major Walker from furnishing any portion of -the army that was annually sent to collect the tribute in <span class="corr" id="xd25e35547" title="Source: Káthiávaḍa">Káthiáváḍa</span>. -Rávji Áppáji had expressly stipulated that some -part of the contingent might be so used when it could be spared from -its main duties. The Supreme Government agreed to the proposal when -made by Governor Duncan, on the grounds of the advantage both to the -Gáikwár and the tributaries of employing on this -disagreeable duty a strong and well-disciplined force. Already some of -the tributaries had made overtures to Major Walker with a view to -obtaining British protection against powerful neighbours. Governor -Duncan was in favour of accepting the duty of protection and also of -helping the <span class="corr" id="xd25e35550" title="Source: Gáikwar’s">Gáikwár’s</span> -commander in his expeditions through the peninsula on these grounds. -Firstly, the officer in command could exercise a certain supervision -over the collections in which the British as part assignees had a -direct interest. Secondly, a way could thus be opened for the -acquisition of a port on the coast from which the intrigues, supposed -to be carried on by agents from the Isle of France, could be watched -and counteracted. From such a point, too, the views of the Bombay -Government as regards Kachh could be promoted. Thirdly, the commandant -could take steps to improve the system of forcible collections, and -towards abolishing the barbarous features of this rude method of -levying tribute. He could also, perhaps, suggest some system by which -the advantages of all three parties concerned would be better secured -than by reliance on the uncertainty of temporary expeditions. The -fourth and last <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb415" href="#pb415" -name="pb415">415</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> reason given savours -strongly of the Marátha policy of the time, of which the leading -maxim was <i lang="la">Divide et impera</i>. It was represented that -Bábáji, who had successfully collected the tribute during -1802–03 and whose subordinate and companion Vithal Deváji -was a person of similar energy and capability, might possibly acquire -too great influence if left in a quasi-independent command at such a -distance from the Court. It was politic, then, to join with the force -under his command a strong foreign body, thus dividing both the power -and the responsibility. The war with Sindia caused these proposals to -fall into abeyance for some time.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Renewal of Farm, 1804.</span>Meanwhile the -Resident at Poona was doing his best to secure for the -Gáikwár a further lease for ten years of the farm of the -Peshwa’s dominions in Gujarát, so that the inconveniences -of dual government might be avoided. In October 1804 a ten years’ -farm was granted in the name of Bhagvantráv -Gáikwár at an annual rate of 4½ lákhs of -rupees.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The British and the Gáikwár, -1805.</span>This grant led to the consolidation of all previous -engagements into a single treaty, which was signed in April 1805. -Previous agreements were confirmed and the whole brought into -consonance with the treaty of Bassein. Districts yielding 11,70,000 -rupees per annum were made over for the support of the subsidiary -force, and arrangements were also made for the repayment of the cash -loan advanced by the British Government in 1802, when the liquidation -of the arrears due to the Arabs was a matter of urgent political -necessity. The British contingent was to be available in part for -service in Káthiáváḍa, whenever the British -Government thought such an employment of it advisable.</p> -<p>Finally, the British Government was constituted arbiter in all -disputes of the Gáikwár, not alone with foreign powers, -but also in the adjustment of his financial transactions with the -Peshwa his paramount power. These transactions, which ranged back from -the capture of Dámáji in 1751, had never been the subject -of a formal investigation, and were by this time complicated by the -numerous engagements with third parties into which both governments had -been obliged to enter at their various moments of distress. -Bájiráv, who was apparently intriguing for a -Marátha coalition against his new protectors, was careful not to -bring before the notice of the chiefs, whose esteem he wished to gain, -a provision which exhibited him as in any way dependent upon the -arbitration of a foreign power. He therefore granted the farm for ten -years to the Gáikwár, as much by way of remanding for a -time the proposed inquiries and settlement of their respective claims -as for the purpose of diverting the attention of the British to the -administration of this new appanage, whilst leaving him free scope for -his intrigues in the Dakhan. He used, moreover, every pretext to defer -the consideration of the Gáikwár question until he could -make use of his claims to further his own designs. His success in -preventing a discussion of these transactions is apparent by the fact -that in the financial statement of the Gáikwár’s -affairs made by Colonel Walker in 1804, no mention of the Poona demand -is to be found. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb416" href="#pb416" -name="pb416">416</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> No important event took -place during the next year or two. Bábáji relinquished -the command of the force in Káthiáváḍa in -favour of Vithalráv Deváji, whilst he himself took part -in the civil administration at Baroda. The Resident, too, seems to have -been likewise engaged in internal matters and in securing the country -against an invasion by Kánhoji, now a fugitive at the court of -Holkar.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">1807.</span>In 1807 the Resident made over -Ába Shelukar, late Sar Subhedár of the Peshwa, to the -British Government, by whom he could be prevented from engaging in -fresh conspiracies. After this Colonel Walker was at last enabled to -leave Baroda in order to assist in the settlement of the -Káthiáváḍa tribute question, an object he -had long had in view, but which the necessity for his continuous -presence at the Gáikwár’s capital had hitherto -prevented him from undertaking.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Káthiáváḍa -Tribute.</span>The changes with regard to the collection of the tribute -from the chiefs of Káthiáváḍa that were -carried out in 1807 deserve a special description. Firstly, they placed -the relations of the tributary to the paramount power on quite a new -basis. Secondly, by them the British influence over both parties -concerned was much increased and the connection between the governments -of Bombay and Baroda drawn closer. Thirdly, they were subsequently, as -will be seen hereafter, the subject of much discussion and delay in the -settlement of the questions at issue between the Peshwa and the -Gáikwár. And lastly, their effect was most beneficial to -both the chiefs and their subjects in removing the uncertainty that had -hitherto pervaded the whole revenue administration of -Káthiáváḍa.</p> -<p>Before entering on the details of the settlement itself, some -description is necessary of the social and political state of the -peninsula at the time the changes were introduced.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">State of -Káthiáváḍa, 1807.</span>The greater part of -the population of Káthiáváḍa consisted of -two classes, chiefs and cultivators, called Bhumiás and ryots. -The power of the chief ranged from the headship of a single village up -to absolute jurisdiction over several score. The ryots were usually -tenants long resident in the province. The chiefs were in almost every -case foreigners, invaders from the north and north-east; Muhammadan -adventurers from the court of Ahmedábád; Káthis -animated by the love of plunder and cattle-lifting; and -Miánás and Vághelás who had settled on the -coast on account of the facilities it afforded for their favourite -pursuits of wrecking and piracy. More numerous than any others were the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e35609" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span>, driven south by the disturbed -state of their native kingdoms or by the restless spirit of military -adventure to be found in a class where one profession alone is -honourable. There is a certain uniformity in the building up of all -these chieftainships. A powerful leader, with a sufficient band of -followers, oppressed his weaker neighbours till they were glad to come -to terms and place themselves under his protection, so as both to -escape themselves and to take their chance of sharing in the plunder of -others. It frequently happened in the growth of one of these states -that the <i>bháyád</i> or relations of the chief (who are -sure to be numerous in a polygamous society) were influential enough to -assume, in their turn, a partial independence and to claim recognition -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb417" href="#pb417" name="pb417">417</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.<br> -State of Káthiáváḍa, 1807.</span> as a -separate state. As a rule, however, they continued to unite with the -head of the family against external foes, and only disagreed as to -domestic administration. It is also noticeable that though so addicted -to the profession of arms, the <span class="corr" id="xd25e35630" -title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span> cannot be called a -military race; they possess few of the true military virtues; hence the -slowness of their advance, and their failure in competition with -perhaps less courageous though more compact and pliable races. In -Káthiáváḍa fortified strongholds, formidable -enough to an army moving rapidly without siege trains, arose in all -directions, and even villages were surrounded by a high mud wall as a -protection against cattle-lifters.</p> -<p>The groundwork of these states being itself so unstable, their -relations with each other were conducted on no principle but the law of -the stronger. General distrust reigned throughout. Each chief well knew -that his neighbours had won their position as he had won his own by the -gradual absorption of the weaker, and that they were ready enough -whenever opportunity offered to subject his dominions to the same -process. The administration of his territory consisted merely in -levying, within certain limits sanctioned by long usage, as much -revenue as would suffice to maintain himself and his forces in their -position with regard to the surrounding states. When a foreign enemy -appeared there was no co-operation amongst the local chiefs in -resistance. It was a point of honour not to yield except to a superior -force. Each chief, therefore, resisted the demands made upon him until -he considered that he had done enough to satisfy the family conscience -and then, agreeing to the terms proposed, he allowed the wave of -extortion to pass on and deluge the domains of his neighbour. It should -be remembered that the peninsula had never been subjugated, though -overrun times innumerable. The evil of invasion was thus transitory. To -a chief the mere payment of tribute tended in no wise to derogate from -his independence. In his capacity of military freebooter he -acknowledged the principle as just. His country had been won by the -sword and was retained by the sword and not by acquiescence in the -payment of tribute, so that if he could avoid this extortion he was -justified in doing so. If he weakened his state in resisting -foreigners, he knew that his neighbours would certainly take advantage -of the favourable juncture and annex his territory. It was his policy -therefore, after resistance up to a certain point, to succumb.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Revenue Raid System.</span>Owing to -this local peculiarity and to the general want of union in the -province, both the Mughals and Maráthás found it -advantageous to follow a system of successive expeditions rather than -to incur the expense of permanently occupying the peninsula with an -army which would necessarily have to be a large one. There is every -reason to believe that in adopting the raid system the Musalmáns -were only pursuing the practice of their predecessors, who used to take -tribute from Jodhpur to Dwárka.</p> -<p>Some of the subhedárs of Ahmedábád divided -their tributary district into three circuits of collection and -personally undertook the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb418" href="#pb418" name="pb418">418</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.<br> -The Revenue Raid System.</span> charge of one each year. This was the -<i>mulakgiri</i> <span class="corr" id="xd25e35659" title="Source: Land-raiding">land-raiding</span> system. Besides this chief -expedition, there was the smaller one of the Bábi of -Junágaḍh and the still more minute operations of the -Rával of Bhávnagar against some of his weaker neighbours. -The great Ahmedábád expedition had long been an annual -grievance and was conducted with some show of system and under special -rules called the <i>Raj-ul-Mulak</i>. Three of these rules are of -importance, and seem to have been generally acquiesced in before the -great incursions of Bábáji and Vithalráv at the -beginning of the nineteenth century. The first was that the paramount -power (by which was meant the foreign government which was strong -enough to enforce tribute from all the chiefs) had authority to -interfere in cases of dismemberment, or in proceedings tending to the -depreciation of the revenue or to the dismemberment of any tributary -state. It was again an acknowledged rule that whilst the mulakgiri -expedition of the paramount power was in motion no other army should be -in the field throughout the whole province. The third provision was not -so well established, but it appears to have been understood that the -tribute from each state should be regulated by some standard of former -date. In practice, however, the measure of the Marátha demand -was simply the power to enforce payment.</p> -<p>It is worthy of remark that about the beginning of this century the -resistance to the collection of tribute was stronger towards the west -than in the east and south of the province. In the Mahi Kántha -the lawlessness of the Koli chiefs, who had established themselves in -the ravines and on the hills, necessitated the employment of a military -force for collections. In the neighbourhood of Bijápur and Kadi, -the chiefs would not pay tribute except under the compulsion of a siege -or raid, but the mulakgiri system only reached its full development -west of Dholka.</p> -<p>From these explanatory remarks the system and practice of the -Maráthás can be clearly understood.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The <span class="corr" id="xd25e35672" -title="Source: Máráthás">Maráthás</span> -in Sorath.</span>The Maráthás found their way to Sorath -very early in their Gujarát career. The first raid probably took -place about 1711, when the Muhammadans were occupied near -Ahmedábád. After this incursions were frequent, and under -Dámáji Gáikwár became, as has been seen -above, annual. This leader did more. He took to wife a daughter of the -Gohil chief of the small state of Láthi in east central -Káthiáváḍa, whose dowry in land gave him the -standpoint he sought in the heart of the peninsula. He managed also to -secure his position in what are known as the Amreli Maháls, -probably under the force of circumstances similar to those which caused -the weaker <span class="corr" id="xd25e35676" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span> to gravitate towards the -stronger of their own tribe. His expedition through the peninsula, -generally as near the time of harvest as possible, was made regularly -every year as soon as he had amassed a sufficient number of troops on -the mainland to admit of a force being detached for mulakgiri. The -object of these inroads was plunder, not conquest; the leaders would -readily have entered into negotiations for the payment of the tribute -had the chieftains been disposed to treat otherwise than after defeat. -The expenses <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb419" href="#pb419" name="pb419">419</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.<br> -The Maráthás in Sorath.</span> of such an army were -heavy, and the more so as the time during which it would be in the -field was quite indefinite, and dependent entirely upon the amount of -resistance offered. In more than one instance the Marátha -leaders, who usually had no artillery for a siege, were obliged to -regularly beleaguer a town. Early in this century the town of -Mália successfully defended itself against a remarkably well -equipped force under Bábáji, and the -Junágaḍh state was usually avoided by the -Maráthás as much as possible on account of the time it -would take to reduce its army to terms.</p> -<p>It is not on record that the mulakgiri force habitually devastated -the country over which it passed, or caused much greater hardships to -the ryots than are inseparable from the passage of an army in the -field. There are, however, well authenticated stories of the -depredations and damage committed during these expeditions. A village -is said to have been deserted by order of the <i>bhumia</i> in order -that the timber of its houses might furnish fuel for the Marátha -army on its march. Tortures were doubtless inflicted on men supposed to -be well off, who were suspected to have hidden their property. A -Marátha army was usually, if not always, ill disciplined, as is -proved by the testimony of Mr. Forbes, an eye witness of the campaigns -of 1775.<a class="noteref" id="n419.1src" href="#n419.1" name="n419.1src">16</a> From the same writer it is learned what an immense -proportion the camp followers bore to the actual combatants. If this -were the case in a real campaign against a formidable and active enemy, -it is likely that the irresponsible element was still larger in an -expedition like this of mulakgiri, where the enemy was insignificant -and the country at the mercy of the invaders. It is probable therefore -that the troops have been credited with misconduct that should in point -of fact be attributed to these Pindháris. In after years, when -the expeditions were conducted systematically, villages on the line of -march were always allowed the alternative of entertaining a pioneer or -two as a sort of guarantee. If no <i>bandhári</i> of this sort -were accepted, the army occupied the place. In many cases the demands -for supplies made by these pioneers were so exorbitant that the -villagers preferred to compound in turn with them also for their -absence. Another method by which a chieftain might avoid the necessity -of the army’s passing through his territories was by sending to -the commander of the expedition an envoy empowered to treat for the -amount of tribute and to execute a provisional guarantee for its future -liquidation. This deed was destroyed on the subsequent confirmation by -the chief himself of the agreement for the sum fixed.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Securities.</span>This habit of taking -securities in all engagements was so prevalent in all parts of the -province, and played so prominent a part in the financial -administration of the Gáikwár’s home and tributary -domains, that its main features are worth describing.</p> -<p>It is a well known characteristic of Hindu dealings that no -transaction is carried on by two parties alone if a third can possibly -be dragged in. This practice no doubt originated in the former insecure -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb420" href="#pb420" name="pb420">420</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.<br> -Securities.</span> state of society when no man considered himself safe -in person or property from government on the one hand and his neighbour -on the other. With classes like Kolis and predatory <span class="corr" -id="xd25e35727" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span>, the -feeling is intelligible enough, and from these it spread into other -branches of the society. To such a pitch was distrust carried in the -early part of the nineteenth century, that the Gáikwár -himself could find no one to enter into a contract with him without the -guarantee of one of his own subjects. The consequences of this practice -and the power it threw into the hands of the Arab mercenaries, who were -the principal securities for the public debts, are matters that touch -the history of the Baroda State rather than that of the province. The -chiefs in their dealings employed a special sort of security which owed -its validity not to political consideration like that of the Arab -Jamádárs but entirely to its religious and traditional -character.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Bháts and Chárans, -1807.</span>A society of the military type like the <span class="corr" -id="xd25e35734" title="Source: Rajput">Rájput</span> has a -tendency towards caste and privilege. Without a leader the warlike -instincts of the tribe would not carry them beyond petty robberies; -whilst with a leader they can achieve greater exploits of valour and -destruction. The successful chief then is idolized, and after a certain -stage the privileges of the chieftainship become hereditary. Once this -system is established, the celebration of ancestors follows, and when -circumstances are favourable to the perpetuation of the hereditary -position, the genealogy of the chief is a matter of the highest -importance, and the person entrusted with the record of this is vested -with peculiar sanctity. It is the genealogist’s duty to enter in -the record, not only the direct line but the names of the more distant -relations of the chief by whom he is retained, and also to be the -continual chanter of the glorious deeds of their common ancestors. He -is therefore a referee of the highest authority in questions of -pedigree or of the partition of inheritance. An injury to his person -might entail the loss of the pedigree of the ruling family (especially -as many of the bards kept no written record) and thus produce a -misfortune which would be felt by the whole tribe. The chief, being a -warrior, must take his chance in the field with the rest, but the -person of the genealogist was sacred and inviolable. Amongst the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e35737" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span> the greatest reverence was paid -to purity of pedigree, and each principal family had its Bhát to -record births and deaths amongst its members and to stimulate pride in -their lineage by the recital of the wars and exploits of their -ancestors.</p> -<p>These Bháts necessarily multiplied beyond the number of the -families that could entertain them, so that many took to banking and -some to cultivation. Surrounded as they were by the social system of -the Hindus, it was not long before they became differentiated into a -distinct caste, and the inviolability of their persons, formerly due -only to respect for the pedigree, was now extended to the whole tribe, -even though a large proportion of it performed none of the duties of -genealogists. Similar to the Bháts in many respects, notably in -that of sacredness of person, were the Chárans, numerous in -Káthiáváḍa, where they had founded villages -and lived as ordinary <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb421" href="#pb421" name="pb421">421</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.<br> -Bháts and Chárans, 1807.</span> cultivators. This tribe -also claimed divine origin like the race whose annals they had the -privilege of recording. It is said that Rája Todar Mal, the -celebrated minister of the Dehli empire, was the first to introduce the -practice of taking these Bháts as securities for the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e35757" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span>. The assertion is possibly -true, but rests merely on tradition, and after ages usually find some -great man as a sponsor for all such innovations. It is clear however -that for many years before 1807 no dealings of Kolis or <span class="corr" id="xd25e35760" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span> -with the state or with each other took place without the security of a -Bhát being taken. This practice seems to have been as prevalent -on the mainland as in the peninsula, the Kolis having doubtless -borrowed it from their <span class="corr" id="xd25e35763" title="Source: Rajput">Rájput</span> neighbours after the Bháts -had become a separate caste.</p> -<p>Under this system the Bháts acquired considerable wealth, as -they usually demanded a percentage on the amount for which they became -security. There are instances in which they presumed upon the strength -of their engagements and sacred character to bully or dictate to their -employer. Such was the case of the Rával of Bhávnagar in -1808, which is also interesting in another way, as showing how the -spirit of industry and commerce tends to sap the old observances which -have their roots in superstition. This chief engaged in trade, fostered -merchants, and increased his revenue. When his security, a Bhát, -got troublesome and interfering, he applied to the power to whom he -paid tribute to have the old security bond cancelled and a fresh one -taken on his own personal responsibility. In doing this he seems to -have been prompted by nothing but his appreciation of the modern code -of commercial honour.</p> -<p>To return to the <i>mulakgiri</i>. The tribute for which preliminary -security had been taken seems to have fluctuated from year to year, but -always with reference to a fixed standard. It was one of the -Marátha rules never to recede from a former demand lest they -should be thereby setting up a precedent for future years. They -preferred to secure a year or two’s arrears at the full rate to -the payment of all the arrears due at a reduced rate.</p> -<p>In spite of this fiction of a settled <i>jama</i> or tribute, the -Maráthás, when they had a sufficient force at their back, -invariably demanded a larger sum, the excess being called -<i>khará-ját</i> or extra distinct from the actual -tribute. This ingenious plan of increasing the collections originated, -it is said, with Shivrám Gárdi, and was carried out -scrupulously by both Bábáji and Vithalráv in their -tours. In fact during the last few years of the old system -Vithalráv had so good a force with him that the extra demand -formed a large proportion of the whole tribute collected and had been -paid only under strong protest. <span class="marginnote">British -Intervention.</span>The British had not long been established in -Ránpur, Gogha, and Dhandhuka before a few petty chiefs of -Gohilvád and Sorath applied to the Resident at Baroda for -protection against the mulakgiri of the Nawáb of <span class="corr" id="xd25e35784" title="Source: Júnágaḍh">Junágaḍh</span> and -the Rával of Bhávnagar, offering to cede the sovereignty -of their states to the British on condition that certain rights and -privileges were preserved to the chiefs and their families. The -conditions they named were not such as were likely to meet with the -approval of the British Government, and do <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb422" href="#pb422" name="pb422">422</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.<br> -British Intervention.</span> not seem to have received much -consideration. The proposals had, however, the effect of drawing the -attention of the Bombay Government towards the state of -Káthiáváḍa, and permission to aid the -mulakgiri of the Gáikwár by detaching a few companies of -British troops was accorded by the Supreme Government. The outbreak of -hostilities with Sindia led to the whole question as to the best means -of collecting the tribute being for a time deferred. The internal -disputes of some of the more turbulent states, a few years afterwards, -gave the Resident an opportunity of sending an envoy to one or two -courts to see how matters stood, and to open a way for a settlement in -conjunction with the Gáikwár. Affairs at Baroda, as -mentioned above (page 416), detained the Resident there till 1807, in -which year he joined Vithalráv’s army with a British -contingent, at a place in the Morvi state.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Settlement of 1807.</span>Before treating -directly with the chiefs a circular was sent round to all of them both -by the Gáikwár’s agent and by Colonel Walker the -Resident, containing the basis of the proposals with regard to the -tribute about to be submitted to them. The position of the British -Government throughout this negotiation is not clearly defined. -Vithalráv in his circular mentions indeed that a British force -was with his own, but urges the chiefs to come to a settlement entirely -with the government he represented. Colonel Walker’s note was -longer, more explicit, and conciliatory, but at the same time assumes a -tone of protection and superiority. The replies of the chiefs were -various, and, as a rule, seem to show that they regarded the British -Government as the chief mover in these negotiations. They were probably -aware of the position in which the engagements of the -Gáikwár had placed him with reference to the British, and -for some years had had the latter as their neighbours in the east of -the peninsula. They were therefore not able at once to take in the -whole scope of the action of the British Government in the tribute -question.</p> -<p>Many seemed to take the note as a preliminary to a mulakgiri on the -part of the East India Company. The Rája of Mália, who -had just been causing disturbances in the dominions of all his -neighbours, had repulsed Bábáji and permitted the -self-immolation of a Bhát rather than fulfil an engagement, -openly proposed a joint expedition across the Ran to plunder Kachh and -Sindh. From the inquiries made by the Resident and from information -gathered from the Gáikwár’s accounts, it was -anticipated that separate engagements need only be entered into with -the twenty-nine chiefs to whom the circular invitation had been issued, -provided that the rights and interests of subordinate members of the -Bháyád were clearly defined in the agreement. When, -however, these rights came to be investigated in the light of the -peculiar rules of <span class="corr" id="xd25e35808" title="Source: Rajput">Rájput</span> inheritance, it was found that no -less than one hundred and fifty-three persons had a claim to settle -independently of each other for their tribute. This greatly prolonged -the settlement, but at last the agreements were all framed on one -principle. The amount settled was determined by a close scrutiny of the -collections of past years, and Colonel Walker found it advisable to -make great <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb423" href="#pb423" name="pb423">423</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> reductions in the item of -extras or <i>kharáját</i>, for which the later -Gáekwár collectors had such predilection. The engagements -were of the following nature.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Settlement of 1807.<br> -<i>Financial.</i></span>First, the chief bound himself his heirs and -successors to pay at Baroda each year the tribute fixed in perpetuity -in 1807. He also procured a counter security for this payment who -engaged himself in this capacity for ten years. The Honourable -Company’s government had then to become security on the part of -the Gáikwár for the fixity of the tribute demanded. This -participation of the British in the engagement was insisted upon by the -chiefs, and in all probability Colonel Walker was not averse from -admitting it. Having thus arranged for the payment of the tribute and -guaranteed the amount to be demanded, it was proposed to take measures -to prevent internal quarrels between the chiefs themselves. The object -of a fixed settlement was simply to remove the necessity for -overrunning the country from time to time with an irregular army and to -protect the chiefs against extortion. It was found that if the army of -the paramount power were removed, all means of keeping order in the -province would be lost, and the internecine feuds of the chiefs would -soon destroy the good effects of the permanent settlement by materially -altering the then existing position of the weaker feudatories and -rendering them unable to pay the tribute. It was also the wish of the -British Government to bring about such a state of things in -Káthiáváḍa that the presence of an army to -control the chiefs would be wholly uncalled-for and that the chiefs -themselves would co-operate to keep order and maintain the permanent -settlement.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Political.</i></span>A second agreement -therefore was called for from each signatory state of the nature of a -security for good and peaceful conduct. The counter security to this -was usually that of another chief. This bond was perpetual. On the -execution of both these engagements the chief received a -<i>parvána</i> or guarantee that the Gáikwár -government would not take from him more than the tribute agreed upon, -and to this deed the countersignature of the Resident on behalf of the -British Government was affixed. This guarantee, like the promise of the -chief himself, was apparently given in perpetuity. It will be noted -that the amount of tribute was fixed permanently, but that it was -considered advisable to renew the security every ten years. It is also -remarkable that, except in the <i>failzámin</i> or bond for good -behaviour, the name of the Peshwa’s government, the rights of -which over the tribute had only been temporarily alienated, does not -appear. The total amount of the tribute thus settled was <abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 9,79,882.</p> -<p>By means of these engagements the relations of the tributaries to -their paramount power were made a matter of contract, instead of as -heretofore a series of uncertain and arbitrary exactions dependent upon -the respective means of coercion and resistance.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Peshwa’s Share in -Káthiáváḍa.</span>Seven years of the lease -granted to the Gáikwár in 1804 by the Peshwa still -remained unexpired and during at least six of these <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb424" href="#pb424" name="pb424">424</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.<br> -Peshwa’s Share in Káthiáváḍa.</span> -the arrangements that had been made about the -Káthiáváḍa tribute do not seem to have been -officially communicated to the Peshwa’s government. It was not -until 1815, when the Resident at Poona was trying to procure the -renewal of the lease for the Gáikwár, that an account of -the settlement was drawn up in a draft agreement which the Resident -submitted to Bájiráv. In this draft the curious mistake -was made of mentioning the settlement instead of only the security bond -as decennial. The Peshwa, whose policy was to protract negotiations, -submitted in his turn a second draft which he said he was willing to -sign. In this he seized at once on the supposition that the tribute was -fixed only for ten years and stipulated for an increase at the -expiration of that period. He also demanded that certain extra -collections should be refunded by the Gáikwár, and -assumed the British Government to have become security for the tribute -owed by the chiefs to his own government.</p> -<p>It was evident that no accord would be reached on the lines of -either of these draft agreements as they stood. Before others were -prepared, Gangádhar Shástri had been murdered and the -treaty of June 1817 was a completed act, leaving further negotiations -unnecessary.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Later Arrangements.</span>Meanwhile the -tribute since the expiry of the farm of 1804 had been collected by a -joint British and Gáikwár expedition, for it was found -that partly from their own disputes and partly owing to the instigation -of the agents of Bájiráv, the chiefs were little disposed -to act up to the engagements of 1807, either with respect to tribute or -good conduct. The Peshwa, whose interference in the affairs of the -peninsula had been constantly discouraged, declined to trouble himself -to collect the tribute, the responsibility of which he asserted rested -entirely upon the British and Gáikwár governments. He -subsequently ceded the tribute to the British Government on account of -military expenses. After his fall in 1819 his territories, including -the rights in Gujarát, fell to the British Government, and in -1820 the Gáikwár arranged that the whole of the -Káthiáváḍa tribute, except that due from the -districts directly subordinate to Baroda, should be collected by the -agency of the British.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Mahi Kántha.</span>Turning to -the events on the mainland, we find that soon after Colonel -Walker’s return from the Káthiáváḍa -expedition, he introduced the Káthiáváḍa -tribute system into the Mahi Kántha, in spite of the opposition -of Sitárám Rávji and the anti-English party in the -Darbár.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Supplementary Treaty, 1808.</span>The -territory ceded for the payment of the British contingent in 1805 was -found to yield less revenue than had been anticipated, so in 1808 a -treaty supplementary to the consolidating one of 1805 was drawn up, -allotting additional assignments amounting to about 1,76,168 rupees to -the British. This revenue was derived partly from alienated villages in -Naḍiád, Mahudha, Dholka, Mátar, and near the Ranjar -Ghát. The <i>ghásdána</i> or tribute of -Bhávnagar was also made over by this agreement. With regard to -this latter <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb425" href="#pb425" name="pb425">425</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> acquisition, it is to be -noticed that the agreement is drawn up in the name of the Honourable -Company alone, and not in that of the British Government on account of -Ánandráv Gáikwár. It also differs from -other engagements of a similar nature in containing a provision against -the contingency of future irregular demands being made by the -Peshwa’s army. The reason for this distinction is evidently that -the Bhávnagar contribution was not part of the -Káthiáváḍa revenue farmed to the -Gáikwár by Bájiráv, and was thus not -divisible on the expiration of the lease. The right to this tribute -rested with the British by virtue of the previous cession of Gogha, of -which sub-division the fifty nine villages of the Bhávnagar -Bháyád formed part.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Okhámandal, 1809.</span>Next year -the Okhámandal chiefs, who had not come under the settlement of -1807, were driven to engage not to continue their piratical -depredations along the coast, and to admit one Sundarji Shivji as -Resident on behalf of the British Government. The Gáikwár -government then, too, seems to have become their counter security, an -arrangement which led to misunderstandings a short while -afterwards.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Disturbances in -Káthiáváḍa, 1811.</span>In 1811, some -disturbances in Navánagar and Junágaḍh and symptoms -of discontent in Okhámandal took the Resident from Baroda into -the peninsula with part of the British contingent.</p> -<p>The Jám of Navánagar had got involved in pecuniary -transactions with the Ráv of Kachh, and the British Government -had mediated with a view of arranging for the repayment by gradual -instalments. The Jám, however, repudiated all the engagements of -1807 both as regards the debt and the tribute, ejected the -Gáikwár’s agent from his dominions, and prepared -for war. He also began to incite the neighbouring chiefs to join in -sweeping out the paramount power from the whole of -Káthiáváḍa. It was not till after a -considerable show of force that he laid down his arms and came to -terms. Captain Carnac, the Resident, got him to submit the Kachh claims -to the arbitration of the English Government, and after fixing them at -<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 4,33,830, Captain Carnac made an -arrangement similar to that originally intended.</p> -<p>There remained the question of a disputed succession in -Junágaḍh. Bahádur Khán, son of a slave girl, -was put forward in opposition to a younger aspirant, Salábat -Khán, reputed to be the son of a lady of the Rádhanpur -house. The Baroda government with the concurrence of the Resident had -admitted the claims of the latter. On a report, however, by the -Assistant Resident in Káthiáváḍa<span class="corr" id="xd25e35915" title="Source: .">,</span> Captain Carnac was -induced to alter his opinion and to support Bahádur Khán, -on the grounds that Salábat Khán was a spurious child, -and that Bahádur was ready to make concessions of value to the -Gáikwár government. The Bombay Council, however, -disavowed all countenance of the claims of Bahádur Khán, -and the matter was let drop.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">1812.</span>In the year 1812 the -Gáikwár had paid off the pecuniary loan borrowed in 1803 -from the British Government, but there still <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb426" href="#pb426" name="pb426">426</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> remained the debts for -which that government had become <i>bhandári</i> or security in -place of the ejected <i>jamádârs</i> of the Arab force. -These claims could not be paid off for at least two years longer, so -that for that period the Resident was ordered to maintain the same -close supervision of Baroda affairs as heretofore.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">1813–14.</span>The next two years -were spent chiefly in discussions with the Poona government about the -old claims by the Peshwa on the Gáikwár’s estate. -There is no doubt that at the time of his death, Dámáji -had not paid up nearly all that he had bound himself in 1753 to pay. On -the other hand there had been at least six intermediate compacts -between the Peshwa and various members of the Gáikwár -family. Amongst others was that of 1768 fixing the arrears of the -previous three years, that of 1778 and of 1781, by the tenth clause of -which Fatehsingh was excused payment of arrears for the time during -which he was engaged in hostilities against Rághobá. Then -came the agreement with Govindráv in 1797, to which a sort of -debit and credit account is appended.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Peshwa Intrigue in Baroda, 1814.</span>The -Peshwa had been content, for reasons that have been shown above, to let -these claims lie dormant during the currency of the ten years’ -farm. But, as the question of the renewal of this agreement became -imminent, he gradually opened more frequent communications with the -Baroda council, using these claims as a pretext for sounding the -disposition of the chief officials and ascertaining their feelings -especially towards the British Government. When the negotiations for -the settlement of these claims were fairly set on foot, he used every -possible means to protract them till he had finally decided what he -should do in 1814, when the Ahmedábád farm expired.</p> -<p>It was easy for Bájiráv to discover who were the -malcontents at the Baroda Court. Sitárám, the adopted son -of Rávji Áppáji, having been found both -incompetent and untrustworthy in the management of affairs, had been -practically removed from any post of influence in the council, and was -moreover chafing at the refusal of the British Government to recognize -him in the same way as they had done his father. He had also been -superseded as Suba of Káthiáváḍa by -Vithalráv Deváji. Under these circumstances, and finding -that he had the support of a large number of the older court party -against the authority of the Resident and of his native agent, he -either himself opened communications with Bájiráv or -readily listened to the counsels sent to him direct from Poona. Before -long, agents were sent to the Peshwa’s Court by Takhtbái, -wife of Ánandráv, with instructions, it is supposed, to -thwart all the proposals and designs of Gangádhar -Shástri, who had been recently sent as envoy by the -Gáikwár council of administration. The chief obstacle to -the settlement of the Peshwa’s claims was the counter-demand made -by the Baroda government on account of Broach, which had been disposed -of without the Gáikwár’s consent, and also on -account of the damage caused by the inroads of Ába Shelukar, -when accredited agent of Bájiráv in Gujarát.</p> -<p>There is no need to detail here the events that took place in Poona -during these negotiations. On the expiration of the farm in 1814, -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb427" href="#pb427" name="pb427">427</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.<br> -Peshwa Intrigue in Baroda, 1814.</span> Bájiráv appointed -Trimbakji Dengle Sarsuba of Ahmedábád. The latter, -however, did not leave Poona, where his presence was indispensable to -his master, but sent agents with instructions rather of a political -than of a fiscal nature. He himself undertook the task of disposing of -Gangádhar Shástri, whom he caused to be assassinated at -Pandharpur in July 1815.</p> -<p>Meanwhile the Jám of Navánagar had died leaving a -disputed succession. The chief’s Khavás or family slaves, -instigated probably by agents from Ahmedábád, began to -usurp the government, and the whole question was submitted by the -Darbár to the Peshwa as being lord paramount. The -Ahmedábád commander sent a body of two hundred cavalry to -Navánagar, but before they could arrive, the -Khavás’ revolt had been quelled by a British force -detached from the contingent. They therefore dispersed through the -province inciting discontent and revolt amongst the Játs and -Káthis. In Kaira they instigated a tribe of Kolis to attack the -British lines by night. Sitárám Rávji’s -adherents also collected a force at Dhár, a state well-known for -lending itself for such purposes, and kept the frontier in confusion. -Severe measures at Poona and Baroda soon put an end to this state of -things, and at last Trimbakji Dengle was surrendered to the British -Government to answer for his share in the murder of Gangádhar -Shástri. The discussion of the Gáikwár’s -debts, however, was carried on all through the year at Poona, whilst -Bájiráv was maturing his then vacillating plans for -extirpating the British from the west of India.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Okhámandal ceded to the -Gáikwár.</span>In 1816 the chiefs of Okhámandal -again betook themselves to piracy. Their territory was occupied by a -British force. It will be remembered that in 1809 the -Gáikwár’s government had become counter security -for these chiefs, but owing to the distance of the district from a -military post, the Baroda authorities found themselves unable to spare -troops enough to put a check on the misconduct of their tributaries. In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1816, at the time of occupation, the -Bombay Government informed the Baroda administration that they had no -wish to permanently establish themselves at so distant a spot, which -contained, moreover, a much frequented shrine of Hindu worship, and -that they were willing to put the Gáikwár in possession -if he would engage to keep up a sufficient force in the district to -protect the neighbouring ports and shores from the pirates and wreckers -that infested the island of Dwárká and the adjoining -mainland. The Bombay Government made a point of asserting on this -occasion, in opposition apparently to some proposal by the Baroda -Darbár, that they could not admit that the mere fact of having -become security or counter-security gave any preferential right to the -possession of the country. Finally, the Gáikwár -government agreed to the condition proposed, and the district was made -over to them.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">British Aid at -Junágaḍh.</span>In the same year (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1816) British aid was invoked by the Nawáb -of Junágaḍh who was oppressed by a too powerful minister, -backed by the Arab mercenaries. After a settlement of this dispute had -been satisfactorily brought about, the Nawáb, in gratitude, -waived his rights to tribute over the territories recently ceded to -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb428" href="#pb428" name="pb428">428</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.</span> the British in the -peninsula, where his family had formerly great influence and -considerable property. The escape of Trimbakji Dengle from -Thána, and the subsequent attempts of the Peshwa to prevent the -re-capture of his favourite and to re-unite the Marátha -confederacy, led to the execution of a fresh treaty on June 13th, 1817, -in accordance with the orders of the Supreme Government.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Treaty of Poona, 1817.</span>It was -intended to bind the Peshwa in such a way that he could never again -enjoy the ascendancy amongst the Marátha chiefs to which he -aspired. The Resident at Poona took this opportunity of also putting an -end to the discussions about the mutual claims on each other by the -Poona and Baroda governments. The Peshwa agreed to abandon all claims -on any territory in possession of the Gáikwár and to -accept an annual payment of four lákhs of rupees in satisfaction -of all previous debts. The farm of Gujarát was made perpetual to -the Gáikwár on the payment of four and a half -lákhs annually, but the Káthiáváḍa -tribute was made over to the British Government in liquidation of -military expenses. The latter Government, by this treaty, also entered -into possession of the Peshwa’s revenue in Gujarát, except -that of Ulpád, which had been assigned to a favourite officer. -All the Peshwa’s rights north of the Narbada were also ceded.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Treaty with the Gáikwár, -1817–18.</span>These conditions necessitated a readjustment of -the agreements with the Gáikwár. On November 1817, a -definitive treaty, afterwards supplemented by one of November 1818, was -executed between the Baroda and British Governments. The force -furnished by the former state was found inefficient and the employment -of a larger body of British troops was therefore necessary. To pay for -these the Gáikwár ceded his share in the fort of -Ahmedábád and the districts immediately surrounding that -city.<a class="noteref" id="n428.1src" href="#n428.1" name="n428.1src">17</a> He also made over some districts near Surat, and the -town of Umreth in Kaira with the whole of the rights acquired by the -perpetual farm of Ahmedábád. The British remitted the -<i>mughlái</i> or dues taken by the Nawábs of Surat on -the Gáikwár’s possessions near that city. -Okhámandal having now been pacified, was also given up to the -Gáikwár, but revolted four months afterwards and was not -again subdued for a considerable time.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">1819.</span>At the final settlement of the -dominions of the late Peshwa in 1819, the whole of his rights in -Gujarát passed in sovereignty to the British, who remitted the -four lákhs due from the Gáikwár in composition of -arrears claimed by Bájiráv. <span class="marginnote">1820.</span>The next year a special inquiry was made into -the respective shares of the Peshwa and Baroda governments in the -Káthiáváḍa tribute and in the extra -allowance levied by the Gáikwár called -<i>ghás-dána</i> allowance. In the course of this inquiry -so many abuses of power and instances of extortion on the part of the -Gáikwár’s officers were brought to light, that the -Bombay Government on these grounds, and on account also of the general -deterioration in the province since the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb429" href="#pb429" name="pb429">429</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.<br> -Close of the Marátha Supremacy, 1819.</span> -Gáikwár’s troops were stationed there, prevailed -upon Sayájiráv, who had now succeeded to the throne, to -let the duty of collection be undertaken and superintended by a British -officer stationed in Káthiáváḍa, who should, -however, employ the Gáikwár’s troops on occasions -of necessity. A similar arrangement was made with regard to the Mahi -Kántha, where the effects of the settlement of 1811 had been -much weakened by the disorderly conduct of the -Gáikwár’s troops stationed there. The -administration of nearly the whole of the province passed into the -hands of the British and the period of Marátha ascendancy came -to an end.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">General Review.</span>It remains to review -generally the nature and characteristics of the Marátha -connection with Gujarát, the chief events in which have been -chronicled above. The most prominent feature has already been indicated -at the beginning of this section and is apparent throughout the whole -narrative. It is, in fact, the small space in history occupied during -this period by the people, compared with the share appropriated to the -actions of the government and its delegates. The reasons for this are -as easily seen as the fact itself. From first to last the -Marátha interests in Gujarát were, except at one or two -special junctures, simply pecuniary ones. In comparison with other -countries within reach of Marátha arms, Gujarát has -always had a very large proportion of inhabitants engaged in commerce -and manufacturing industries. It was the object of Śiváji -to get as much booty as he could and carry it away then and there; -hence the commercial classes and manufacturers presented the most -favourable opportunities for pillage, and the agriculturists were at -first only mulcted in forage and provisions. Rapidity of action was -another of Śiváji’s aims, so not only were his visits -short and their effects transitory, but all his booty consisted of -property that could be carried away by his horsemen. No women or -followers accompanied his expeditions, no prisoners were made excepting -the few who could afford to pay a heavy ransom. Torture was resorted to -only when the captive was suspected of having concealed his treasure. -Cows women and cultivators were, according to -Śiváji’s system, exempted from capture. Assignments -on revenue were seldom made by him for fear of weakening his own -authority. Subsequently the Marátha demands became more regular -and assumed the form of a certain proportion of the revenue. The -<i>sar-deshmukhi</i> and <i>chauth</i> were supposed to be calculated -on the standard assessment so as to avoid subsequent claims as tribute -or over-collection. In reality, however, they consisted of a fixed -share in actual collections together with whatever extras the officer -in charge could manage to extort, and which were, of course, kept -undefined in any agreement. The expeditions, too, moved more leisurely -and in greater force. The passes and roads in their rear were protected -by their own comrades, so that the booty could be brought to the Dakhan -in carts, and more bulky property therefore was removed than in former -times. The times, too, when the demands were likely to be made were -known to the headmen of the district and village, so that the -cultivators could be pressed beforehand to furnish their share of the -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb430" href="#pb430" name="pb430">430</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.<br> -General Review.</span> contributions. The extortion by this means -passed from the commercial classes down to the agriculturists, the -latter having also the burden of supporting a larger and more cumbrous -army for a longer period.</p> -<p>When the power of the Dábháde and his deputy the -Gáikwár was fairly established, a regular system of -administration was introduced. It will be remembered that by the treaty -of 1729 as few Marátha officers were to be employed as possible -beyond those necessary to collect the Dábháde’s -share of the revenue. In consequence, however, of the internal -struggles of the Muhammadan chiefs, this minimum quota grew to be a -large establishment, with the usual accompaniment of alienations and -assignments for the support of the officers and their religious -institutions which the weakness of the central power had allowed to -become customary. The Dábháde himself was non-resident -and his deputy usually being too valuable an assistant to be spared -from the arena of Dakhan politics, the collection was left to -sub-deputies and their subordinates, who in turn delegated a great part -of their duties to village officers and even to strangers. The -Dábhádes, who were throughout more interested in the -Dakhan than in Gujarát, had, no doubt, an idea of raising up a -power in the latter province in opposition to the administration of the -Peshwa, which was conducted purely by Bráhman agency. It was -soon evident, however, that all that could be done politically with -Gujarát was to make it a treasury for the support of schemes -that had to be carried out in the Dakhan.</p> -<p>The fertility of the soil and the facilities the country afforded -for commerce and manufactures both tended to make it unlikely to become -a field for recruiting. The inhabitants of the towns had fixed and -lucrative occupations; the cultivators were mostly of a class which on -account of the fertility of their land neither Muhammadan nor -Marátha had been able to impoverish. The Maráthás -had still to seek for soldiers in the rugged and barren country on the -Gháts and in the Konkan, where the people could only look for a -hand-to-mouth existence if they remained at home. The warlike tribes of -Gujarát were, as has been already seen, too proud by birth and -position to engage themselves to fight for any but their own race and -interest. The aboriginal races were not likely to prove effective -allies even if they had been willing to move from their own woods and -fortresses. None of the Marátha governors of <span class="corr" -id="xd25e36067" title="Source: Gujárat">Gujarát</span> -seem to have consistently attempted to weld the various interests -subordinate to them into a cohesion and unity that they might have made -politically useful against the Poona influence. All that they -endeavoured to do was to draw from their charge as much revenue as -possible and to keep out interlopers. To the taxpayer the result was -the same, whether his district was invaded by Kantáji or -Piláji. If one anticipated the other in carrying off the -harvest, the ryot still had to pay the latter for ejecting the -intruder. The only resistance to be feared by the -Maráthás was that, not of the cultivators, but of their -own race or of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e36070" title="Source: Rajput">Rájput</span> Girásiás. These -latter were treated in all districts as mere robbers, probably because -the class which bears that name near Rájpipla<span class="corr" -id="xd25e36073" title="Not in source">,</span> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb431" href="#pb431" name="pb431">431</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.<br> -General Review.</span> where the Maráthás first came in -contact with it subsists usually on blackmail. In the north, however, -the Girásiás were landowners of great influence and fixed -residence, not likely to be conciliated by the knowledge that the -invaders of their country classed them along with Bhils and Kolis as -<i>mehvásis</i> or outlaws.</p> -<p>In order to relieve the chief officials of direct responsibility for -the revenue, the Gáikwár towards the last quarter of the -eighteenth century if not before, introduced the system of letting out -each revenue sub-division in farm for from one to five years at a fixed -annual rate. The farmer was as often as not an absentee, but the -supervision and administration were never entrusted to any one but a -Marátha Bráhman. The revenue for the year was settled by -an inspection of the accounts of previous years and the crops of each -village. The amount was taken in kind, but the actual distribution of -the whole on individual cultivators was left to the headman, who was in -most cases made responsible for the assessment imposed on his -village.</p> -<p>The frequent passages of hostile armies and other causes had left -much culturable land a desert. In order to restore the population and -induce colonists to settle and cultivate in such spots, leases on -favourable terms were granted to desáis, who administered the -land as they pleased, and were directly responsible to the head revenue -authority of the sub-division for the annual rent. The patels and other -village officials also made use of their position with reference to the -foreign supervisors in appropriating large tracts of waste land to -their own uses. The <i>kamávísdár</i> or farmer -for the time being was interested only in recouping himself for the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e36101" title="Source: amout">amount</span> -he had agreed to pay the Marátha government, together with a -margin for bribes paid to underlings at head-quarters for good offices -with regard to the farm. He was ready, therefore, to make use of any -agency in collecting his revenue that he found effective, and which -saved the cost of a personal establishment. In many parts of the -country there were hereditary village headmen accustomed to the duty of -extorting money from unwilling ryots. In other places, such for -instance as Dholka, it had been customary for certain Muhammadans -called Kasbátis, to become responsible for the revenue of -certain villages in return for a discount on the <i>jama</i> or amount -collected (<i>manoti</i>). These <i>manotidárs</i> were found so -useful by the Marátha officials that they gradually acquired an -hereditary position and claimed proprietary rights in the villages for -which they had been formerly mere agents for collection. They also -acted as <i>desáis</i> or colonists, and succeeded in getting -their leases of certain tracts renewed long after they had ceased to -actively improve the land, which had in fact been all brought under -regular cultivation.</p> -<p>Such was the agency employed in administering the revenue. The -<i>kamávísdár</i> was also the dispenser of -justice both civil and criminal. As his object was to make money and -not to improve the condition of his charge, his punishments consisted -chiefly in fines, and most offences could be paid for. No record of -trials was <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb432" href="#pb432" name="pb432">432</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">The Maráthás</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1819.<br> -General Review.</span> kept except a memorandum of the amount passed at -each decision to the credit of the farmer. In civil suits sometimes -one-fourth of the amount in dispute was assigned as costs and -appropriated by the court. The Girásiás in their own -territory exercised somewhat similar jurisdiction, but grave crimes -with violence were apparently left to the party injured or his -relations to decide after the manner of the offence. Arbitration, too, -was a frequent mode of deciding differences of both civil and criminal -nature, but the <i>kamávísdár</i> or -<i>girásiá</i> usually managed that the State should not -be a loser by such a method of settlement.</p> -<p>The whole system indicates clearly enough the slight hold the -Maráthás had on the province and their desire to make the -most out of it for the furtherance of court intrigues or political ends -above the Gháts. There is nothing to show that they contemplated -a permanent colonization of the country until the British Government -undertook the task of dividing the Marátha nation by the -establishment of a powerful and independent court at Baroda.</p> -<p>The home of the Maráthás was always the Dakhan, and -for many years after they had effected a lodgment in Gujarát, -their army regularly returned for the rainy season to the country from -whence they originally came. Their leaders were encouraged to be as -much as possible near the court by the Dábháde, or the -regent on the one side and by the Peshwa on the other: the former on -account of their weight with the army and the Marátha chiefs, -the latter in order that their influence in a distant dependency might -not grow beyond what prudence recommended or might be counteracted if -its tendency to increase became manifest. For similar reasons no force -was allowed to be maintained in Gujarát sufficient to -consolidate the Marátha acquisitions there into a manageable -whole. Dámáji Gáikwár, had he lived, would -undoubtedly have done much towards this end by means of his personal -influence; but, as it happened, the thin crust of Marátha -domination rapidly disappeared before it either was assimilated into -the system of the province or hardened over it. A military occupation -of a large and civilised district at a distance from the -mother-country, and prevented by the jealousy of the central authority -and the short-sightedness of those in charge of its exploitation, from -either conforming itself to the elements it found already established, -or absorbing the vital forces of the government it dispossessed, a -system without the breath of life, without elasticity, without the -capacity of self-direction, imposed bodily upon a foreign people, -without even the care of preparing a foundation, such seems to have -been the Marátha government, containing within itself all that -was necessary to ensure a precarious, but while it lasted, an -oppressive existence.</p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n386.1" -href="#n386.1src" name="n386.1">1</a></span> Surat was known as -Báb-ul-makkah or the Gate of Makka on account of its being the -starting place of the ships annually conveying the Muhammadan pilgrims -of India to the shrine of their Prophet. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n386.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n388.1" -href="#n388.1src" name="n388.1">2</a></span> <i>Sardeshmukhi</i> or ten -per cent on the revenue. The <i>chauth</i> was nominally one-fourth, -but both these claims were fluctuating in their proportions to the -total revenue. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n388.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n388.2" -href="#n388.2src" name="n388.2">3</a></span> Now the capital of the -Rája of Rájpipla. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n388.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n389.1" -href="#n389.1src" name="n389.1">4</a></span> <i>Chauth</i> and -<i>Sardeshmukhi</i> as settled in 1699. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n389.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n390.1" -href="#n390.1src" name="n390.1">5</a></span> On the western skirts of -the Dáng forests. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n390.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n390.2" -href="#n390.2src" name="n390.2">6</a></span> Now in the British -districts of the Panch Maháls. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n390.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n390.3" -href="#n390.3src" name="n390.3">7</a></span> The Muhammadan account is -given in the Musalmán portion of this history. Grant -Duff’s description differs considerably. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n390.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n392.1" -href="#n392.1src" name="n392.1">8</a></span> The Marátha -practice was to base their demands on the standard or <i>tankha</i> -assessment (which was seldom if ever collected), so that by this means -they evaded all possibility of claims against them for -over-collections. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n392.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n393.1" -href="#n393.1src" name="n393.1">9</a></span> At Gala about twelve miles -above Surat in the territory of the -Gáikwár. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n393.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n393.2" -href="#n393.2src" name="n393.2">10</a></span> Tálegaon in the -north-west of Poona, now a station on the railway to -Bombay. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n393.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n395.1" -href="#n395.1src" name="n395.1">11</a></span> Broach was constituted -part of the Nizám’s personal estate on his resigning the -viceroyalty in 1722. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n395.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n403.1" -href="#n403.1src" name="n403.1">12</a></span> At the mouth of the -Tápti, now belonging to the little Muhammadan state of -Sachin. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n403.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n406.1" -href="#n406.1src" name="n406.1">13</a></span> Now in the Ahmednagar -district. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n406.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n406.2" -href="#n406.2src" name="n406.2">14</a></span> In the Surat district -<span class="corr" id="xd25e35264" title="Source: ome">some</span> -thirty miles east of the city. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n406.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n414.1" -href="#n414.1src" name="n414.1">15</a></span> A celebrated hill fort -south of Chámpáner in the Panch Maháls -district. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n414.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n419.1" -href="#n419.1src" name="n419.1">16</a></span> Oriental -Memoirs. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n419.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n428.1" -href="#n428.1src" name="n428.1">17</a></span> Known as -Daskroi. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n428.1src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="pt4" class="div0 part"> -<h2 class="main">GUJARÁT DISTURBANCES,</h2> -<h2 class="sub">1857–1859.</h2> -<p class="first">BY<br> -<span class="sc">L. R. ASHBURNER <abbr title="Esquire">Esq.</abbr>, -<abbr title="Companion, Order of the Star of India">C.S.I.</abbr></span>,<br> -LATE OF <abbr title="Her Majesty’s">H.M.’s</abbr> BOMBAY -CIVIL SERVICE.</p> -<p>[<i><span class="sc">CONTRIBUTED May 1880.</span></i>] <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb433" href="#pb433" name="pb433">433</a>]</span></p> -<div class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">GUJARÁT DISTURBANCES,</h2> -<h2 class="sub">1857–1859.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">Gujarát Disturbances</span>, -1857–1859.</span> <span class="marginnote">The Red Salt Scare, -1857.</span>Very soon after the outbreak of the mutinies in the -North-West of India in May 1857, an uneasy feeling began to prevail in -the Bombay Presidency, especially in Gujarát. The story of the -greased cartridges had been industriously repeated and found credulous -listeners in every village. A similar incident occurred in -Gujarát. A consignment of salt from the Ran of Kachh having been -carried in bags which had previously held red ochre (<i>sindur</i>) had -become discoloured. This was observed at Sádra in the Mahi -Kántha as the salt was in transit to <span class="corr" id="xd25e36196" title="Source: Rajputána">Rájputána</span>, and a report -was at once spread that the salt had been defiled with cow’s -blood. It was believed in Ahmedábád and throughout -Gujarát that this was a device of the British Government to -destroy the caste of the people as a preliminary to their forcible -conversion to Christianity.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Passing of the Pariah Dog.</span>About -the time that the cakes or <i>chapátis</i> were being circulated -throughout the North-West of India, a common pariah dog was passed from -village to village in the Panch Maháls and eastern -Gujarát. It was never ascertained who first set the dog in -motion, but it came from the Central India frontier with a basket of -food which was given to the village dogs, and a similar supply with the -dog was forwarded to the next village. When pestilence or other -calamity threatens an Indian village, it is the custom to take a goat -or a buffalo to the boundary and drive it into the lands of the -adjoining village, in the hope that it will avert evil from the -community. A similar belief prevailed among the Jews. There is no -reason to suppose that this movement of the dog in Gujarát was a -signal of revolt or had any deeper political significance than a vague -feeling that troublous times were approaching. Still it was by many -regarded as an evil omen and created considerable alarm.<a class="noteref" id="n433.1src" href="#n433.1" name="n433.1src">1</a> -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb434" href="#pb434" name="pb434">434</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">Gujarát Disturbances</span>, -1857–1859.</span> <span class="marginnote">Gold -Hoarding.</span>Although Gujarát was apparently tranquil in the -hot season of 1857, those who were most familiar with native opinion -were aware of the existence of very serious discontent, and indications -of the storm which lowered on the horizon were not wanting. When -disturbances are impending natives invariably convert their savings -into gold, because gold is more portable and more easily concealed than -silver. A sudden and unusual demand for gold in the markets, especially -by the native troops, had been observed. This fall of the political -barometer should never be disregarded. It indicates the approach of a -storm with great certainty.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Seditious Native Press.</span>The native -press, which had been merely disloyal, now assumed an attitude of -decided hostility. Every paper contained the most exaggerated accounts -of the massacre of Europeans in the North-West Provinces, and absurd -rumours were circulated of the approach of a combined Russian and -Persian army, which, it was said, had reached Attok and would shortly -invade Hindustán. It is much to be regretted that the measures -which were found necessary in 1880 for the suppression of seditious -publications were not enforced in 1857. Had this been done much evil -would have been averted. The native mind would not have become familiar -with the spectacle of the British Government held up to the execration -and contempt of its subjects and the vilest motives attributed to every -public measure.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Maulvi Saráj-ud-din.</span>The -native press was not the only source of sedition. The fall of the -British Government was openly predicted in every masjid, and in -Ahmedábád a Maulvi named Saráj-ud-din became -especially prominent by preaching a <i>jehád</i> in the -Jáma Masjid to audiences of native officers and -<i>savárs</i> of the Gujarát Horse and troops from the -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb435" href="#pb435" name="pb435">435</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">Gujarát Disturbances</span>, -1857–1859.</span> Ahmedábád cantonment. The Maulvi -was expelled from Ahmedábád and found his way to Baroda, -where he was afterwards arrested; but the impunity he so long enjoyed -brought great discredit upon Government, for it was very naturally -supposed that a government which tamely submitted to be publicly -reviled was too weak to resent the indignity. Oriental races are so -accustomed to violent measures that they seldom appreciate moderation -or forbearance. The generation that had known and suffered from the -anarchy of the Peshwa had passed away. The seditious language of the -native press and the masjid was addressed to a population too ignorant -to understand the latent power of the British Government.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Apparent Weakness of British Rule.</span>In -1857 the immense continent of Hindustán was governed by what -appeared to the people to be a few Englishmen unsupported by troops, -for they knew that the native army was not to be depended on, and the -European troops were so few that they were only seen in the larger -military cantonments. It must have seemed an easy task to dispose of -such a handful of men, and it probably never occurred to those who took -part in the insurrection that the overthrow of the British Government -would involve more serious operations than the capture or murder of the -Europeans who governed the country so easily. They could not perceive -that England would never submit to a defeat, and that the handful of -men who ruled India were supported by the whole power of the nation. -The plotters had no very definite ideas for the future. The -Musalmáns regarded the subversion of a government of -Káfirs as a triumph of Islám, and both Muslims and Hindus -looked forward to a period of anarchy during which they might indulge -that appetite for plunder which had been restrained for so many years. -The descendants of the feudal aristocracy of the Peshwa are an ignorant -and improvident race deeply involved in debt. They could not fail to -see that under the operation of our laws their estates were rapidly -passing into the possession of the more intelligent mercantile classes, -and they hoped to recover their position in the revolution that was -about to ensue.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Administrative Defects.</span>A great -change had taken place in the character of the administration. The -civilians of the school of Duncan, Malcolm, and Mountstuart -Elphinstone, though not deeply learned in the law, were accomplished -earnest men, sufficiently acquainted with the unalterable principles of -right and wrong to administer substantial justice to a simple people -who had not yet learnt the art of lying. The people asked for justice -rather than law. They were satisfied with the justice they obtained -from the able and upright men who ruled this country during the first -half of this century. The writings and official reports of the officers -of that period indicate a knowledge of native customs and feelings and -a sympathy with the people that is unknown in the present day, for -knowledge and sympathy cannot be acquired except by a long and familiar -residence amongst the people which is now becoming every year more -impossible. When the overland route rendered communication with England -more easy and frequent, a reaction set in against patriarchal -administration. Concubinage with native women, which had been common, -was now declared vulgar, if not immoral; and the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb436" href="#pb436" name="pb436">436</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">Gujarát Disturbances</span>, -1857–1859.</span> relations between Europeans and Natives soon -became less cordial than they had been during the early period of -British rule. About this time a considerable immigration of lawyers -appeared in India. <span class="marginnote">The Courts -Disliked.</span>These briefless gentlemen, envious of the official -monopoly of the Civil Service, raised an outcry that justice was being -administered by men who had not acquired that knowledge of law which -the formality of eating a certain number of dinners at the Temple was -supposed to guarantee. They worked the press so industriously to this -cry, that in the course of a few years they had succeeded in impressing -their views on the Court of Directors in London and on the less -intelligent members of the Civil Service in India.</p> -<p>Unfortunately the Sadar Court was then presided over by a succession -of feeble old gentlemen who had not sufficient force of character to -resist this selfish agitation, and by way of refuting the charge of -ignorance of law devoted themselves to the study of those petty -technicalities which have so often brought the administration of -justice into contempt, and which the progress of law reform has not -even now removed from the law of England. In 1827, Mountstuart -Elphinstone had enacted a Civil and Criminal Code which was still the -substantive law of the land. It was simple and admirably suited to the -people, but justice was administered according to the spirit rather -than the letter of the law. A district officer would have incurred -severe censure if his decisions were found to be inequitable, however -they might have been supported by the letter of the law. The national -character for even-handed justice had made the English name respected -throughout India and far across the steppes of Central Asia. But the -demoralizing example of the Sadar Adálat soon extended to the -lower grades of the service. The Civil Service was afflicted with the -foolishness which, we are told, precedes ruin. Its members diligently -searched their law-books for precedents and cases, and rejoiced -exceedingly if they could show their knowledge of law by reversing the -decision of a lower Court on some long-forgotten ruling of the Courts -of Westminster. The first effect of this evil was to fill the courts -with corrupt and unprincipled <i>vakils</i> who perverted the course of -justice by perjury, forgery, and fraud of every description. Litigation -increased enormously, no cause was too rotten, no claim too fraudulent -to deprive it of the chance of success. The grossest injustice was -committed in the name of the law, and though the Civil Service was -above all suspicion of corruption, the evil could hardly have been -greater if the Judges had been corrupt. This state of affairs gave rise -to great discontent, for the administration of justice fell almost -entirely into the hands of the <i>vakils</i>. When men quarrelled they -no longer said, “I’ll beat or I’ll kill you,” -but “I’ll pay a <i>vakil</i> <abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 50 to ruin you,” and too often this was no -mere idle threat.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Inám Commission.</span>The -operations of the Inám Commission and of the Survey Department -were also a fruitful cause of alarm and discontent. Many of the estates -of the more influential Jághírdárs had been -acquired by fraud or violence during the period of anarchy which -preceded the fall of the Peshwa. The Patels and Deshmukhs had also -appropriated large areas of lands and had made grants of villages to -temples and assignments of revenue to Bráhmans, religious -mendicants, and dancing <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb437" href="#pb437" name="pb437">437</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">Gujarát Disturbances</span>, -1857–1859.<br> -The Inám Commission.</span> girls. The Peshwa had never -recognized these alienations as any limitation of his rights, for he -farmed his revenues, and so long as a large sum was paid into his -treasury by the farmers it was immaterial to him how much land was -alienated. But when the Survey Department revealed the fact that nearly -a fourth part of the fertile province of Gujarát was -unauthorizedly enjoyed by these parasites; and that in other districts -the proportion of alienations was nearly equally large, a due regard -for the public interests demanded that there should be an investigation -into the title on which the lands were held rent-free. It became the -duty of the Inám Commission to make this inquiry, and though a -very small portion of land was resumed or rather assessed to the land -revenue and the rules for the continuation of cash allowances were -extremely liberal, they could hardly be expected to give satisfaction -to those who had so long enjoyed immunity from any share of the public -burdens. The Bráhmans and the priesthood of every sect deeply -resented the scrutiny of the Inám Commission and excited an -intensely fanatical spirit by representing the inquiry as a -sacrilegious attack on their religious endowments and a departure from -the principle of neutrality and toleration which had been the policy of -Government from a very early period.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">The Army Disloyal.</span>Notwithstanding -all these elements of danger there would probably have been no revolt -if the army had remained loyal. Fortunately the Bombay army was -composed of a great variety of races, Musalmáns of the Shia and -Sunni sects, Maráthás of the Dakhan and Konkan, -Parváris, Pardeshis, and a few Jews and Christians. Little -community of sentiment could exist, in so heterogeneous a force, and to -this circumstance we may trace the failure of each mutinous outbreak in -the regiments of the Bombay army. Many of its regiments had, however, -recruited extensively in the North-West Provinces which were then the -centre of the political cyclone, and it was soon discovered that -seditious overtures were being made to them not only by their brethren -in the regiments which had already mutinied, but by discontented -persons of higher rank. <span class="marginnote">Báiza -Bái of Gwálior.</span>The most important of these was a -clever woman known as the Báiza Bái. She was the daughter -of a Dakhan Sardár named Sirji Ráo Ghátke, and had -been married in early life to His Highness Dowlat Ráo Sindia the -Mahárája of Gwálior. On his death she had been -allowed to adopt Jankoji Ráo as heir to the <i>gádi</i>, -and during his minority she had been appointed by the British -Government Regent of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e36338" title="Source: Gwalior">Gwálior</span> state. In this position the -Bái had accumulated great wealth. She had deposited -£370,000 (37 lákhs of rupees) for safe custody in the -treasury at Benares, and it was known that she had other resources at -<span class="corr" id="xd25e36341" title="Source: Gwalior">Gwálior</span>. Her avarice and ambition were -insatiable. She sent emissaries to all the Marátha chiefs and -Thákors in Western India calling on them to take up arms and -restore the empire of Shiváji. She appealed to the troops, -urging them to emulate the deeds of their comrades in the Bengal army -who had already nearly exterminated the Europeans in the North-West, -and warned them that if they did not now strike in defence of their -religion they would shortly be converted to Christianity and made to -drink the blood of the sacred cow.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Pársi Riot in Broach, June -1857.</span>In May and June 1857 our troops were fighting before Delhi, -only just holding their own, and making little impression on the walls -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb438" href="#pb438" name="pb438">438</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">Gujarát Disturbances</span>, -1857–1859.<br> -Pársi Riot in Broach, June 1857.</span> of the city which were -strongly held by the mutinous regiments. Gujarát was still -tranquil. It is true there had been a riot in Broach originating in a -long-standing feud between the Pársis and Musalmáns of -that town, but it had no political significance and had been promptly -suppressed. The ringleaders were arrested, tried, and sentenced to be -hanged for the murder of a Pársi, but there is no reason to -suppose that this disturbance had any immediate connection with the -outbreak in the North-West. It was probably only a coincidence, but the -violence of the rioters was no doubt encouraged by the weakness of our -position in Gujarát, and the exaggerated rumours which reached -them of the massacre of our countrymen.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Mutiny at Mhow, July 1857.</span>On July -1st, 1857, the 23rd Bengal Native Infantry and the 1st Bengal Cavalry -stationed at Mhow mutinied and murdered Colonel Platt, Captain Fagan, -Captain Harris, and a number of European subordinates of the Telegraph -Department. The troops of His Highness Holkar fraternized with the -mutineers, attacked the Residency, and after a desultory fight drove -out Colonel Durand the Resident, who took refuge in Bhopál with -the surviving Europeans of Indor. Information of the mutiny at Mhow -soon reached Ahmedábád, and treasonable negotiations were -at once opened for a simultaneous rising of the Gujarát Horse -and of the troops in the cantonment; but they could not agree to -combined operations. The Maráthás hoped for the -restoration of the dynasty of the Peshwa, while the Pardeshis looked -towards Dehli where their brethren were already in arms, without any -very definite comprehension of what they were fighting for, but with -some vague idea that they would establish a Musalmán -<i>Ráj</i> on the throne of the Great Mughal.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Mutiny at Ahmedábád, July -1857.</span>On July 9th, 1857, seven <i>savárs</i> of the -Gujarát Horse raised a green flag in their regimental lines in -Ahmedábád and attempted to seize the quarter guard in -which the ammunition was stored; but the guard made some slight show of -resistance, and finding the regiment did not join them the mutineers -left the lines in the direction of Sarkhej. They were followed by the -Adjutant, Lieutenant Pym, with twelve <i>savárs</i>, and Captain -Taylor, the commandant, joined them soon after with three men of the -Koli Corps, whom he had met on the Dholka road. The -<i>savárs</i> were overtaken near the village of Tájpor, -and having taken up a strong position between three survey -boundary-marks opened fire on their officers and the Kolis, the -<i>savárs</i> standing aloof. After many shots had been -exchanged without result, Captain Taylor advanced to parley, and while -endeavouring to reason with his men was shot through the body. The -Kolis now re-opened fire and having shot two of the -<i>savárs</i> the rest laid down their arms. They were tried -under Act XIV. of 1857 and hanged. The <i>savárs</i> who -followed Lieutenant Pym passively declined to act against their -comrades, and if the Kolis had not been present the mutineers would -have escaped. Captain Taylor’s wound was severe; the bullet -passed through his body, but he eventually recovered. The execution of -the <i>savárs</i> had a good effect on the troops, but it became -evident that a serious struggle was impending, and Lord Elphinstone, -who was then at the head of the Bombay Government, took all the -precautions that were possible under the circumstances. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb439" href="#pb439" name="pb439">439</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">Gujarát Disturbances</span>, -1857–1859.</span> <span class="marginnote">Mr. Ashburner’s -Force.</span>Mr. Ashburner, Assistant Magistrate of Kaira, was ordered -to raise a force of 200 Foot and 30 Horse for the protection of his -districts, and Husain Khán Battangi, a Musalmán gentleman -of Ahmedábád, was authorized to enlist 2000 of the -dangerous classes. It was not expected that this -Ahmedábád force would add to our fighting strength, but -the employment of the rabble of Ahmedábád on good pay -kept them out of mischief till the crisis was passed. Mr. -Ashburner’s small force was composed of <span class="corr" id="xd25e36406" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span>, -Makránis, and Kolis. They were a very useful body of men and -were afterwards drafted into the Kaira Police of which they formed the -nucleus. It was this force that suppressed the rising of the -Thákors on the Mahi, which will be described below.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Genl. Roberts.</span>General Roberts, a -very able soldier, commanded the Northern Division at this time. He -fully realized the critical position of affairs in Gujarát. He -was aware that the troops were on the verge of mutiny, that the -Thákors were sharpening their swords and enlisting men, and that -no relief could be expected till after the rains. But he was not the -man to despond or to shirk the responsibility now thrown upon him. He -proved equal to the occasion and met each emergency as it arose with -the calm determination of a brave man.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Rising at Amjera<span class="corr" id="xd25e36416" title="Not in source">.</span></span>When the troops at -Mhow mutinied, the Rája of Amjera took up arms and attacked -Captain Hutchinson the Political Agent of Bhopáwar. He fled and -was sheltered by the Rája of Jábwa. At the same time -(July 1857) the Musalmán Kanungus or accountants and -<span class="corr" id="xd25e36419" title="Source: Zamindárs">Zamíndárs</span> of the -<span class="marginnote">And in the Panch Maháls, July -1857.</span>Panch Maháls revolted, laid siege to the fort of -Dohad, and threatened the Kaira district. Captain Buckle, the Political -Agent, Rewa Kántha, marched from Baroda with two guns under -Captain Sheppee, R. A., and two companies of the 8th Regiment Native -Infantry, to relieve Dohad, while Major Andrews, with a wing of the 7th -Regiment, two guns under Captain Saulez, R. A., and 100 Sabres of the -Gujarát Horse, marched on Thásra to support Mr. Ashburner -and act generally under his orders. On the approach of Captain -Buckle’s force the insurgents abandoned the siege, and Captain -Hutchinson soon after re-established his authority in Bhopáwar -by the aid of the Málwa Bhil Corps which remained loyal. He -arrested the Rája of Amjera and hanged him.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Mutinies at Abu and Erinpur, 1857.</span>On -the 5th August the Jodhpur Legion stationed at Abu mutinied. They made -a feeble attack on the barracks of H. M. 33rd Regiment and Captain -Hall’s bungalow, into which they fired a volley of musketry, but -were repulsed, leaving one of their men on the ground badly wounded. -The fog was so dense that it was impossible to use firearms -effectively. Mr. Lawrence of the Civil Service was the only person -wounded. A party of the 17th Bombay Native Infantry who were on duty at -Ábu, were suspected of complicity with the Jodhpur Legion and -were disarmed. The head-quarters of the Legion mutinied at Erinpur on -the same day as the attack at Ábu; they made the Adjutant, -Lieutenant Conolly, prisoner and plundered the treasury. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb440" href="#pb440" name="pb440">440</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">Gujarát Disturbances</span>, -1857–1859.</span> <span class="marginnote">Disturbance at -Ahmedábád, 14th Sept. 1857.</span>An incident occurred -early in September which had an important influence on events. The two -Native regiments quartered at Ahmedábád were the 2nd -Regiment of Grenadiers and the 7th Native Infantry. The Grenadiers were -chiefly Pardeshis from Oudh, while the majority of the 7th Regiment -were Maráthás. As is often the case, an enmity sprang up -between the two regiments. One night Captain Muter of the 2nd -Grenadiers was visiting the guards as officer of the day. On -approaching the quarter guard of the 7th Regiment, the sentry demanded -the password which Captain Muter could not give. The sentry very -properly refused to let him pass. Captain Muter returned to his lines, -called out a party of Grenadiers, and made the sentry a prisoner. Next -morning General Roberts put Captain Muter under arrest and released the -sentry. This incident intensified the ill-feeling between the two -regiments, and prevented their combination when the Grenadiers mutinied -a few days later. It had been arranged that the two Native Regiments -and the Golandauz artillery should mutiny at the same time, but there -was mutual distrust between them, and the Native officers of the -artillery had stipulated that they should make a show of resistance in -order to let it appear that they had been overpowered by a superior -force. About midnight on the 14th September 1857 the Grenadiers turned -out and fell in on their parade ground armed and loaded. The guns were -also brought out and loaded on their own parade ground. A Native -officer of the Grenadiers was sent with a party to take possession of -the guns in accordance with the preconcerted agreement, but the -Subhedár of the Artillery threatened to fire on them, and the -Native officer expecting that the guns would be given up without -resistance, <span class="corr" id="xd25e36442" title="Source: tho ught">thought</span> he had been betrayed, and retreated -with his party, who threw away their arms as they ran across the parade -ground. The Grenadiers were under arms on the parade waiting for the -guns, when seeing the disorder in which the party was retreating from -the Artillery lines, they also were seized with a panic and broke up in -confusion. Then for the first time the Native officers reported to -Colonel Grimes that there had been a slight disturbance in the lines. -The mere accident that the Native officer detached to take the guns had -not been informed of the show of resistance he was to expect from the -Artillery, probably averted the massacre of every European in -Gujarát. Twenty-one loaded muskets were found on the parade -ground, and though the whole regiment was guilty it was decided to try -the owners of those muskets by court martial. They were sentenced to -death. As it was doubtful if the Native troops would permit the -execution it was considered prudent to await the arrival of the 89th -Regiment under Colonel Ferryman and Captain Hatch’s battery of -Artillery. They had been landed at Gogha during the monsoon with great -difficulty, and were compelled to make a wide detour to the north owing -to the flooded state of the country. On their arrival the executions -were carried out; five of the mutineers were blown from guns, three -were shot with musketry, and the rest were hanged in the presence of -the whole of the troops. They <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb441" -href="#pb441" name="pb441">441</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">Gujarát Disturbances</span>, -1857–1859.</span> met their death with a gentlemanly calmness -which won the respect of all who were present.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Rádhanpur Disloyal.</span>The -example thus made, together with the presence of the European troops in -Gujarát, restored our prestige and gave us time to attend to -affairs on our frontier. The whole country was in a very disturbed -state. On the fall of Delhi on September 28th, 1857, a treasonable -correspondence was found between the Nawáb of Rádhanpur -in Gujarát and the Emperor of Delhi, which deeply implicated the -Nawáb. He and his ministers had forwarded -<i>nazránás</i> of gold <i>mohars</i> to Delhi and asked -for orders from the Emperor, offering to attack the British cantonments -at Disa and Ahmedábád. The Nawáb had been on the -most friendly terms with Captain Black the Political Agent, and had -been considered perfectly loyal. Preparations were made to depose him -for this treacherous conduct. We were then so strong in Gujarát -that his estate could have been seized without the least difficulty, -but he was considered too contemptible an enemy and his treason was -pardoned.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Arab Outbreak at Sunth.</span>Lieutenant -Alban, with a party of Gujarát Horse, was now sent to settle -affairs in Sunth, a petty state in the Rewa Kántha. Mustapha -Khán, at the head of a turbulent body of Arabs, had made the -Rája a prisoner in his own palace with a view to extort arrears -of pay and other claims. Lieutenant Alban’s orders were to disarm -the Arabs. After some negotiations Mustapha Khán waited on -Lieutenant Alban. He was attended by the whole of his armed followers -with the matches of their matchlocks alight, thinking no doubt to -intimidate Lieutenant Alban. On entering the tent Lieutenant Alban -disarmed him, but imprudently placed his sword on the table. While they -were conversing Mustapha Khán seized his sword and Lieutenant -Alban immediately shot him with a revolver. The Arabs who crowded round -the tent now opened fire on Alban and his men, but they were soon -overpowered. Mustapha Khán, four Arabs, and one -<i>savár</i> of the Gujarát Horse were killed.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Disturbance in -Lunáváḍa.</span>Lieutenant Alban, with a party of -the 7th Native Infantry under Lieutenant Cunningham then proceeded to -Páli. A few months before one Surajmal, a claimant of the -Lúnáváḍa <i>gádi</i>, had attacked -the Rája of Lúnáváḍa, but was -repulsed with severe loss and had since been harboured in the village -of Páli. On the approach of Alban’s force, it was attacked -by Surajmal’s Rájputs and the village was accordingly -burnt. Order was then restored in the Panch Maháls, and it was -not again disturbed till Tátia Topi entered the -Maháls.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Conspiracy at Disa.</span>In October 1857 a -conspiracy was discovered between the Thákor of Samda near Disa -and some Native officers of the 2nd Cavalry and 12th Regiment Native -Infantry to attack and plunder the camp at Disa and to murder the -officers; but the evidence was not very clear, and before the trial -could take place the amnesty had been published under which the -suspected men were released. The peace of Northern Gujarát was -much disturbed at this time by the Thákor of Rova, who plundered -the Pálanpur and Sirohi <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb442" -href="#pb442" name="pb442">442</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">Gujarát Disturbances</span>, -1857–1859.</span> villages at the head of 500 men, and the -Thákor of Mandeta was also in arms but was held in check by a -detachment of the 89th Regiment and a squadron of cavalry at Ahmednagar -near <span class="corr" id="xd25e36494" title="Source: Idar">Ídar</span>.<a class="noteref" id="n442.1src" -href="#n442.1" name="n442.1src">2</a> <span class="marginnote">Conspiracy at Baroda.</span>The two Thákors were -acting in concert with some influential conspirators at Baroda of whom -Malhár Ráo Gáikwár <i>alias</i> Dáda -Sáheb was the chief. It was this man who afterwards became -Gáikwár of Baroda and was deposed for the attempt to -murder Colonel Phayre by poison.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Want of Combination.</span>It is very -remarkable that the sepoy war did not produce one man who showed any -capacity for command. Every native regiment was in a state of mutiny -and a large proportion of the civil population was ripe for revolt. If -only one honest man had been found who could have secured the -confidence and support of his fellow-countrymen, the fertile province -of Gujarát would have been at his mercy; but amongst natives -conflicting interests and mutual distrust make combination most -difficult. In India a conspirator’s first impulse is to betray -his associates lest they should anticipate him. The failure of every -mutinous outbreak in Gujarát was due to this moral defect. This -trait may be traced throughout the history of the war and should be -studied by those who advocate the independence of India, and the -capacity of the native for self-government. It is an apt illustration -of native inability to organize combined operations that the most -formidable conspiracy for the subversion of our power should have been -delayed till October 1857. By this time the arrival of Her -Majesty’s 89th Regiment and a battery of European artillery at -Ahmedábád had rendered a successful revolt impossible. -The mutinies of the Gujarát Horse and Grenadiers had been -promptly suppressed and severely punished. The termination of the -monsoon had opened the ports and reinforcements were daily expected. -Had the outbreak occurred simultaneously with the mutiny of the -Gujarát Horse, the Artillery, and the Second Grenadiers, -Gujarát must have been lost for a time and every European would -have been murdered.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Marátha Conspiracy.</span>For many -years Govindráo <i>alias</i> Bápu Gáikwár, -a half brother of His Highness the Gáikwár, had resided -near the Sháhibág at Ahmedábád. He had been -deported from Baroda for intriguing against his brother and had been -treated as a political refugee. This man with Malhárráo, -another brother of His Highness the Gáikwár, Bháu -Sáheb Pawár, and a Sardár who called himself the -Bhonsla Rája, also related to His Highness by marriage, -conceived the design to murder the Europeans in Baroda -Ahmedábád and Kaira and establish a government in the -name of the Rája of Sátára. To Bápu -Gáikwár was entrusted the task of tampering with the -troops in Ahmedábád, and frequent meetings of the Native -officers were held at his house every night. The Bhonsla Rája, -with a man named Jhaveri Nálchand, was deputed to the Kaira -district to secure the aid of the Thákors of Umeta, -Bhádarva, Kera, and Dáima, and of the Patels of -Ánand and Partábpur. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb443" -href="#pb443" name="pb443">443</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">Gujarát Disturbances</span>, -1857–1859.</span> <span class="marginnote">Marátha -Conspiracy.</span>These landholders assured Bápu of their -support and the Thákor of Umeta mounted some iron guns and put -his fort in a state of defence. An agent named Maganlál was sent -into the Gáikwár’s Kadi Pargana, where he enlisted -a body of 2000 foot and 150 horse, which he encamped near the village -of Lodra. The followers of the Kaira Thákors assembled in the -strong country on the banks of the Mahi near the village of -Partábpur with a detachment and advanced to the Chauk -Taláv within five miles of Baroda. The massacre at Baroda was -fixed for the night of October 16th. The native troops in Baroda had -been tampered with and had promised in the event of their being called -out that they would fire blank ammunition only.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Gathering at Partábpur,</span>The -Thákors had been encamped at Partábpur for several days, -but owing partly to the sympathy of the people and partly to the terror -which they inspired, no report was made to any British officers till -the 15th October, when Mr. Ashburner, who was encamped at -Thásra, marched to attack them with his new levies and a party -of the Kaira police. There was, as usual, disunion in the ranks of the -insurgents; they had no leaders they could depend upon, and they -dispersed on hearing of the approach of Ashburner’s force without -firing a shot. Ninety-nine men who had taken refuge in the ravines of -the Mahi were captured and a commission under Act XIV. of 1857 was -issued to Mr. Ashburner and Captain Buckle, the Political Agent in the -Rewa Kántha, to try them. Ten of the ringleaders were found -guilty of treason and blown from guns at Kanvári, nine were -transported for life, and the remainder were pardoned. The turbulent -villages of Partábpur and Angar in Kaira were destroyed and the -inhabitants removed to more accessible ground in the open country. -Their strong position in the ravines of the Mahi river had on several -occasions enabled the people of <span class="corr" id="xd25e36538" -title="Source: Purtábpur">Partábpur</span> and Angar to -set Government at defiance, and this was considered a favourable -opportunity of making an example of them and breaking up their -stronghold.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">And at Lodra.</span>In the meantime -information of the gathering at Lodra had reached Major Agar, the -Superintendent of Police, Ahmedábád. He marched to attack -them with the Koli Corps and a squadron of the Gujarát Horse. -Maganlál fled to the north after a slight skirmish in which two -men were killed and four wounded, and was captured a few days -afterwards by the <i>Thándár</i> of Sammu with eleven -followers. They were tried by General Roberts and Mr. Hadow, the -Collector of Ahmedábád, under Act XIV. of 1857. Three of -them were blown from guns at Waizápur, three were hanged, and -the rest were transported for life.</p> -<p>It is much to be regretted that Malhárráo -Gáikwár and the Bhonsla Rája were allowed to -escape punishment. There was very clear evidence of the guilt of the -Bhonsla Rája, but His Highness the Gáikwár -interceded for him, and Sir Richmond Shakespeare, the Resident, weakly -consented that his life should be spared on condition that he should be -imprisoned for life at Baroda, a sentence which, it is hardly necessary -to say, was never carried out. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb444" -href="#pb444" name="pb444">444</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">Gujarát Disturbances</span>, -1857–1859.</span> <span class="marginnote">Partial -Disarming.</span>On the suppression of this abortive insurrection it -was determined to disarm Gujarát, and in January 1858 strong -detachments of the 72nd Highlanders and of Her Majesty’s 86th -Regiment with the 8th Regiment Native Infantry, two guns under Captain -Conybere, and a squadron of Gujarát Horse were placed at the -disposal of Mr. Ashburner to carry out this measure. His Highness the -Gáikwár had consented to a simultaneous disarmament of -his country, but he evaded the performance of his promise. In the Kaira -district and in the Jambusar táluka of Broach the disarmament -was very strictly enforced; every male adult of the fighting classes -was required to produce an arm of some kind. The town of -Ahmedábád was relieved of 20,000 arms in the first two -days, but the Highlanders and 86th Regiment were required for -operations in <span class="corr" id="xd25e36563" title="Source: Rajputána">Rájputána</span>, and after -their departure from Gujarát it was deemed prudent to postpone -this very unpopular measure.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Náikda Revolt, Oct. -1858.</span>After these events Gujarát remained tranquil for -nearly a year till, in October 1858, the Náikda Bhils of -Nárukot revolted under Rupa and Keval Náiks, and a few -months later Tátia Topi’s scattered force being -hard-pressed by Colonel Park’s column, plundered several villages -of the Panch Maháls during its rapid march through that -district.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Tátia Topi, 1858.</span>In 1858, -after his defeat at Gwálior, at the close of the mutinies in -Northern India, Tátia Topi moved rapidly towards the Dakhan. The -chiefs of Jamkhandi and Nárgund had been in treasonable -correspondence with the rebel chiefs in the North-West and had invoked -their aid. It is more than probable that if Tátia Topi had -entered the Dakhan in force, there would have been a general -insurrection of the Marátha population. Tátia’s -march to the Dakhan soon assumed the character of a flight. He was -closely pressed by two columns under Generals Somerset and Mitchell, -and a very compact and enterprizing little field force commanded by -Colonel Park. Colonel Park’s own regiment, the 72nd Highlanders, -many of the men mounted on camels, formed the main fighting power of -this force. His indefatigable energy in the pursuit of the enemy -allowed them no rest, and eventually brought them to bay at Chhota -Udepur. Fearing to face the open country of Berár with such an -uncompromising enemy in pursuit, Tátia recrossed the Narbada at -Chikalda and marched towards Baroda. He had, by means of an agent named -Ganpatráo, for some time been in communication with the -Bháu Sáheb Pavár, a brother-in-law of His Highness -the Gáikwár, and had been led to expect aid from the -Baroda Sardárs and the Thákors of the Kaira and Rewa -Kántha districts. Immediately it became known that Tátia -had crossed the Narbada, troops were put in motion from Kaira, -Ahmedábád, and Disa for the protection of the eastern -frontier of Gujarát. Captain Thatcher, who had succeeded to the -command of the irregular levies raised by Mr. Ashburner in Kaira, was -ordered to hold Sankheda with the irregulars and two of the -Gáikwár’s guns. He was afterwards reinforced by -Captain Collier’s detachment of the 7th Regiment N. I., which -fell back from Chhota Udepur on the approach of the enemy. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb445" href="#pb445" name="pb445">445</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">Gujarát Disturbances</span>, -1857–1859.</span> <span class="marginnote"><span class="corr" id="xd25e36586" title="Source: Tátiá">Tátia</span> -Topi’s Defeat at Chhota Udepur, Dec. 1858.</span>Tátia -Topi at this time commanded a formidable force composed of fragments of -many mutinous Bengal regiments. He had also been joined by a mixed -rabble of Villáyatis, Rohillás, and Rájputs, who -followed his fortune in hopes of plunder. Ferozsha Nawáb of -Kamona and a Marátha Sardár who was known as the -Ráo Sáheb, held subordinate commands. Each fighting man -was followed by one or more ponies laden with plunder which greatly -impeded their movements. It was chiefly owing to this that Colonel Park -was enabled to overtake the rebels and to force them into action. On -reaching Chhota Udepur the troops of the Rája fraternised with -the enemy, and Captain Collier having evacuated the town, Tátia -Topi was allowed to occupy it without opposition. He had intended to -halt at Chhota Udepur to recruit his men and to develop his intrigues -with the Baroda Sardárs, but Park gave him no respite. On the -1st December 1858, he fell upon Tátia’s rebel force and -defeated it with great slaughter, his own loss being trifling. After -this defeat there was great confusion in the ranks of the insurgents. -Tátia Topi abandoned his army and did not rejoin it till it had -reached the forest lands of Párona. Discipline which had always -been lax, was now entirely thrown aside. The muster roll of one of -Tátia’s cavalry regiments was picked up and showed that -out of a strength of 300 sabres only sixteen were present for duty. The -rebel force separated into two bodies, one doubled back and plundered -Park’s baggage which had fallen far to the rear, the other under -Ferozsha entered the Panch Maháls and looted Báriya, -Jhálod, <span class="corr" id="xd25e36590" title="Source: Limḍi">Limbḍi</span>, and other villages; Godhra -being covered by Muter’s force was not attacked. Park’s -force was so disabled by the plunder of its baggage and by long -continued forced marches, that it was compelled to halt at Chhota -Udepur, but General Somerset took up the pursuit and rapidly drove -Tátia from the Panch Maháls. He fled in the direction of -Salumba. The Thákor of that place was in arms, and Tátia -no doubt expected support from him, but the Thákor was too -cautious to join what was then evidently a hopeless cause. On reaching -Nargad on the 20th February 1859, Ferozsha made overtures of surrender, -and a week later 300 cavalry and a mixed force of 1500 men under Zahur -Ali and the Maulvi Vazir Khán laid down their arms to General -Mitchell. They were admitted to the benefit of the amnesty. The remnant -of Tátia’s force fled to the north-east.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Náikda Disturbance, 1858.</span>In -October 1858, instigated by the intrigues of the Bháu -Sáheb Pavár, the Sankheda Náikdás, a very -wild forest tribe, took up arms under Rupa and Keval Náiks, and -after having plundered the outpost, <i>thána</i>, at -Nárukot, attacked a detachment of the 8th Regiment N. I. under -Captain Bates at Jámbughoda. They were repulsed with -considerable loss after a desultory fight during the greater part of -two days. On the arrest of Ganpatráo, the Bháu -Sáheb’s agent, this troublesome insurrection would -probably have collapsed, but the Naikdás were joined by a number -of Villáyatis, matchlock-men, the fragments of -Tátia’s broken force, who encouraged them to hold out. -They occupied the very strong country between Chámpáner -and Nárukot, and kept up a harassing warfare, plundering the -villages as far north as Godhra. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb446" -href="#pb446" name="pb446">446</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">Gujarát Disturbances</span>, -1857–1859.<br> -Náikda Disturbance, 1858.</span> A field force commanded by the -Political Agent of the Rewa Kántha, Colonel Wallace, was -employed against the Náikdás during the cold weather of -1858, and in one of the frequent skirmishes with the insurgents Captain -Hayward of the 17th Regiment N. I. was severely wounded by a matchlock -bullet on the 28th January 1859. The only success obtained by the -Náikdás was the surprise of Hassan Ali’s company of -Hussein Khán’s levy. The Subhedár had been ordered -to protect the labourers who were employed in opening the pass near the -village of Sivrájpur, but the duty was very distasteful to him, -and his son deserted with twenty-four men on the march to -Sivrájpur. They were suddenly attacked by a mixed force of -Makránis and Náikdás. Seven men including the -Subhedár were killed and eleven wounded without any loss to the -enemy. The Subhedár neglected to protect his camp by the most -ordinary precautions and his men appear to have behaved badly. They -fled without firing a shot directly they were attacked. But little -progress had been made in pacifying the Náikdás till -Captain Richard Bonner was employed to raise and organize a corps -composed chiefly of Bhils with their head-quarters at Dohad in the -Panch Maháls. Captain Bonner’s untiring energy and moral -influence soon reduced the Náikdás to submission. Rupa -Náik laid down his arms and accepted the amnesty of the 10th -March 1859, and Keval Náik followed his example soon after.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Wágher Outbreak, 1859.</span>In July -1859 the Wághers of Okhámandal, a mahál in -Káthiáváḍa belonging to His Highness the -Gáikwár, suddenly seized and plundered Dwárka, -Barvála, and Bet. They were led by a Wágher chief named -Toda Manik, who alleged that he had been compelled to take up arms by -the oppression of the Gáikwár’s -<i>kámdárs</i>; but it is probable that he was encouraged -to throw off allegiance by the weakness of the Baroda administration -and the belief that he would have to deal with the troops of the -Darbár only. He soon found he was in error. Major Christie with -200 sabres of the Gujarát Horse and a wing of the 17th Regiment -Native Infantry from Rájkot marched to Mandána on the Ran -to cut off the communication between Okhámandal and the -Káthiáváḍa peninsula. The cantonment of -Rájkot was reinforced from Ahmedábád by six guns -of Aytoun’s battery, a wing of the 33rd Regiment and a detachment -of the 14th Regiment Native Infantry under Captain Hall, and a naval -and military force was at the same time prepared in Bombay for the -recovery of Bet and Dwárka as soon as the close of the monsoon -should render naval operations on the western coast possible.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Expedition against Bet, 1859.</span>On the -29th September 1859, the following force embarked in the transports -<i>South <span class="corr" id="xd25e36626" title="Source: Ramilies">Ramillies</span></i> and <i>Empress of India</i>, -towed by Her Majesty’s steam-ships <i>Zenobia</i> and -<i>Victoria</i>, and followed by the frigate <i>Firoz</i>, the gunboat -<i>Clyde</i>, and the schooner <i>Constance</i>:</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Her Majesty’s 28th Regiment</td> -<td class="cellTop">500</td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">Men.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Her Majesty’s 6th Regiment Native -Infantry</td> -<td>600</td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Men.</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Marine Battalion</td> -<td>200</td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Men.</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Royal Artillery</td> -<td>60</td> -<td class="cellRight"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Men.</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Sappers and Miners</td> -<td class="cellBottom">90</td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Men.</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -<p>The expedition was under the command of Colonel Donovan <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb447" href="#pb447" name="pb447">447</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">Gujarát Disturbances</span>, -1857–1859.<br> -Expedition against Bet, 1859.</span> of Her Majesty’s 28th -Regiment, but it was intended that on arrival at Bet, Colonel Scobie -should command the combined naval and military force. Colonel Scobie -marched from Rájkot early in October with the wings of Her -Majesty’s 33rd Regiment and 17th Native Infantry, the 12th Light -Field Battery and detachments of the 14th Native Infantry and -Gujarát Horse. Had Colonel Donovan waited for this force he -might have effectually invested the fort of Bet, which is situated on -an island, and exterminated the rebels; but he was too anxious to -distinguish himself before he could be relieved of command. He arrived -off Bet on the 4th October 1859, and at sunrise that morning the -steam-ships <i>Firoz</i>, <i>Zenobia</i>, <i>Clyde</i>, and -<i>Constance</i> took up their positions off the fort of Bet and opened -fire with shot and shell at 950 yards. The fort replied feebly with a -few small guns. Shells effectually scorched the fort and temples -occupied by the enemy, but the shot made little impression on the wall -which was here thirty feet thick. The bombardment continued throughout -the day and at intervals during the night. Next morning Dewa Chabasni, -the Wágher chief in command of the fort, opened negotiations for -surrender, but he would not consent to the unconditional surrender -which was demanded, and after an interval of half an hour the artillery -fire was resumed and preparations were made to disembark the troops. -They landed under a heavy musketry fire from the fort and adjacent -buildings, and an attempt was made to escalade. The ladders were placed -against the wall but the storming party of Her Majesty’s 28th -Regiment and 6th Regiment Native Infantry were repulsed with heavy -loss. Captain McCormack of Her Majesty’s 28th Regiment, Ensign -Willaume of the 6th Regiment, and ten European soldiers were killed; -and Captain Glasspoole, Lieutenant Grant of the 6th Native Infantry, -and thirty-seven men of the 28th Regiment were wounded, many of them -severely. One sepoy of the Marine Battalion was killed and five -wounded.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Bet Fort Taken.</span>During the night -which succeeded this disastrous attack the Wághers evacuated the -fort. They reached the mainland, taking with them their women the -children and the plunder of the temple, but Dewa Chabasni, the -Wágher chief, had been killed the previous day. Considering the -large and well-equipped force at Colonel Donovan’s disposal and -the facilities which the insular position of Bet afforded to a -blockading force, the escape of the Wághers almost with -impunity, encumbered with women and plunder, did not enhance Colonel -Donovan’s military reputation. Captain D. Nasmyth, R. E., Field -Engineer of the Okhámandal Force, was directed to destroy the -fort of Bet and carried out his instructions most effectually. Some of -the Hindu temples nearest the walls were severely shaken by the -explosion of the mines, and a great outcry was raised of the -desecration of the temples; but if Hindus will convert their temples -into fortified enclosures, they must take the consequence when they are -occupied by the enemies of the British Government.</p> -<p>Lieutenant Charles Goodfellow, R. E., greatly distinguished himself -on this occasion. He earned the Victoria Cross by carrying <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb448" href="#pb448" name="pb448">448</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -<span class="sc">Gujarát Disturbances</span>, -1857–1859.</span> off a wounded man of Her Majesty’s 28th -Regiment under a very heavy fire. Treasure valued at 3½ -lákhs of rupees was taken on board the <i>Firoz</i> for safe -custody. It was eventually restored to the Pujáris of the -temples, but most of the temples had been carefully plundered by the -Wághers before the entry of the British force.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="corr" id="xd25e36740" title="Source: Dwarka">Dwárka</span> Fort Taken.</span>Many of the -fugitives from Bet took refuge in Dwárka, and Colonel -Donovan’s force having re-embarked proceeded to Dwárka to -await the arrival of Colonel Scobie’s small brigade. -Scobie’s force did not reach Dwárka till October 20th. The -Naval Brigade under Lieutenant Sedley with sixteen officers and 110 men -had already landed under very heavy matchlock fire, and thrown up a -slight breastwork of loose stone within 150 yards of the walls. A field -piece from the <i>Zenobia</i> and afterwards a thirty-two pounder were -placed in position in this work. The successful result of the siege was -mainly due to the determined bravery of this small naval force. They -repulsed repeated sorties from the fort and inflicted severe losses on -the enemy. As soon as the stores and ammunition could be landed, -Colonel Donovan took up a position to the north-east of the fort, -Colonel Scobie to the south-east, and Captain Hall occupied an -intermediate position with detachments of Her Majesty’s 33rd -Regiment, the 14th Native Infantry, and Gujarát Horse under -Lieutenant Pym. The garrison made several determined attempts to break -through Captain Hall’s position, but they were on each occasion -driven back with loss.</p> -<p>The first battery opened fire on the northern face of the fort on -October 28th, while the <i>Zenobia</i> and the <i>Firoz</i> poured a -well-directed fire of shells on the houses and temples which sheltered -the enemy towards the sea. The shells did immense execution and -relieved the attack on the Naval Brigade which continued to hold its -position with the greatest gallantry though several times surrounded by -the enemy. On the night of the 31st October the garrison evacuated the -fort and cut its way through a picket of Her Majesty’s 28th -Regiment, wounding Ensign Hunter and four men. A detachment under -Colonel Christie followed the fugitives next morning and overtook them -near Vasatri. A skirmish ensued, but they escaped without much loss and -took refuge in the Barda hill. They continued to disturb the peace of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e36755" title="Source: Káthiávaḍa">Káthiáváḍa</span> -for several years. In one of the desultory skirmishes which followed, -Lieutenants LaTouche and Hebbert were killed.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Rising in Nagar Párkar.</span>While -these events were in progress, Karranji Hati the Rána of Nagar -Párkar on the Sindh frontier of Gujarát, took up arms at -the head of a band of Sodhás, plundered the treasury and -telegraph office at Nagar Párkar, and released the prisoners in -the jail. Colonel Evans commanded the field force which was employed -against him for many months without any very definite results. The -country is a desert and the Sodhás avoided a collision with the -troops. The Rána eventually submitted and peace was restored. -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb449" href="#pb449" name="pb449">449</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n433.1" -href="#n433.1src" name="n433.1">1</a></span> The rite of passing cakes -from village to village or of passing a dog from village to village is -in such complete accord with magical and religious rites practised all -over India that it seems hardly possible to accept either as -meaningless or as accidental the passing of cakes and of a dog from one -part of the country to another on the brink of the Mutinies. Knowing -how suitable such a rite is to the state of feeling as well as to the -phase of belief prevalent among the plotters of rebellion in Northern -India it seems difficult to suppose that the passing of the cakes and -the passing of the dog were not both sacramental; that is designed to -spread over the country a spirit which had by religious or magical -rites been housed in the dog and in the cakes. The cake-spirit, like -the sugar-spirit of the Thags, was doubtless Káli, the fierce -longing for unbridled cruelty, which worked on the partaker of the Thag -sugar with such power that he entered with zest and without remorse on -any scheme however cowardly and cruel. Like the Thags those who ate the -Mutiny cakes would by partaking become of one spirit, the spirit of the -indwelling Káli, and, in that spirit would be ready to support -and to take part in any scheme of blood which the leaders of Mutiny -might devise and start. Similarly by religious rites the Central India -dog, possibly the dog of Báiza Bái of <span class="corr" -id="xd25e36209" title="Source: Gwalior">Gwálior</span> (See Text -page <a href="#pb437" class="pageref">437</a>), had been made the home -of some fierce war-spirit, apparently of the dog-formed Khandoba the -Marátha Sword God and Dog of War. The inspired dog and the -inspired dogs-meat were passed through the land in the confidence that -through them the spirit of unrest would pervade every village of -Gujarát. Since the Mutinies, by the magic of letters, -Káli has passed from the wafer into the leaflet, and the paid -political propagandist has taken the place of Khandoba’s pariah -dog.</p> -<p class="footnote cont">The correctness of the view suggested above is -supported if not established by certain passages in Kaye’s Sepoy -War, I. 632–642. Chuni says; ‘The circulating of cakes was -supposed to foretell disturbance and to imply an invitation to the -people to unite for some secret purpose.’ According to the king -of Delhi’s physician (page 636) some charm attached to the cakes. -The people thought they were made by some adept in the secret arts to -keep unpolluted the religion of the country. Another authority (page -637) says; ‘The first circulation of the cakes was on the -authority of a pandit who said the people would rise in rebellion if -cakes were sent round and that the person in whose name the cakes were -sent would rule India.’ The secret comes out in <span class="corr" id="xd25e36219" title="Source: Sitarám">Sitárám</span> -Báwá’s evidence (pages 646–648); ‘The -cakes in question were a charm or <i>jádu</i> which originated -with Dása Báwa the <i>guru</i> or teacher of Nána -Sáheb. Dása told Nána Sáheb he would make a -charm and as far as the magic cakes should be carried so far should the -people be on his side. He then took lotusseed-dough called -<i>makána</i> and made an idol of it. He reduced the idol to -very small pills and having made an immense number of cakes he put a -pillet in each and said that as far as the cakes were carried so far -would the people determine to throw off the Company’s -yoke.’ With this making of a cake as a sacramental home of Durga -or Káli compare the Buddhist of Tibet offering in a human skull -to the Máháráni or Queen, that is to Durga or -Káli, a sacramental cake made of black-goat’s fat, wine, -dough, and butter. (Waddell’s Buddhism in Tibet, 365.). As to the -effect of sharing in Durga’s mutiny cakes compare the statement -of the Thag Faringia (Sleeman’s Ramaseeana, page 216); The sugar -sacrament, <i>gur-tapávani</i>, changes our nature. Let a man -once taste the sacramental sugar and he will remain a Thag however -skilful a craftsman, however well-to-do. The Urdu proverb says -<i>Tapauni-ki-dhaunika gur jisne kháyá wuh waisá -huá</i> Who eats the sugar of the sacramental Vase as he is so -he remains. The Thags are tools in the hand of the god they have eaten. -(Compare Ramaseeana, 76.)—J. M. C. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n433.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n442.1" -href="#n442.1src" name="n442.1">2</a></span> Rova in the south-east -corner of Sirohi: Mandeta in Ídar in the Máhi -Kántha. P. FitzGerald <abbr title="Esquire">Esq.</abbr> -Political Agent Máhi Kántha. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n442.1src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="app3" class="div1 appendix"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd25e3034">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">APPENDIX III.</h2> -<h2 class="main">BHINMÁL.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Description.</span> <span class="marginnote">Description.</span><span class="corr" id="xd25e36783" -title="Source: Bhinmal">Bhinmál</span>,<a class="noteref" id="n449.1src" href="#n449.1" name="n449.1src">1</a> North Latitude -24° 42′ East Longitude 72° 4′, the historical -Shrimál, the capital of the Gurjjaras from about the sixth to -the ninth century, lies about fifty miles west of Ábu hill. The -site of the city is in a wide plain about fifteen miles west of the -last outlier of the Ábu range. To the east, between the hills -and Bhinmál, except a few widely-separated village sites, the -plain is chiefly a grazing ground with brakes of thorn and cassia -bushes overtopped by standards of the camel-loved <i>pilu</i> Salvadora -persica. To the south, the west, and the north the plain is smooth and -bare passing westwards into sand. From the level of the plain stand out -a few isolated blocks of hill, 500 to 800 feet high, of which one peak, -about a mile west of the city, is crowned by the shrine of -Chámuṇḍa the Śrí or Luck of -Bhinmál. From a distance the present Bhinmál shows few -traces of being the site of an ancient capital. Its 1500 houses cover -the gentle slope of an artificial mound, the level of their roofs -broken by the spires of four Jain temples and by the ruined state -office at the south end of the mound. Closer at hand the number and -size of the old stone-stripped tank and fortification mounds and the -large areas honeycombed by diggers for bricks show that the site of the -present Bhinmál was once the centre of a great and widespread -city. Of its fortifications, which, as late as <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1611, the English merchant Nicholas Ufflet, in a -journey from Jhálor to Ahmedábád, describes as -enclosing a circuit of thirty-six miles (24 <i>kos</i>) containing many -fine tanks going to ruin, almost no trace remains.<a class="noteref" -id="n449.2src" href="#n449.2" name="n449.2src">2</a> The names of some -of the old gates are remembered, Surya in the north-east, -Śrí Lakshmí in the south-east, Sanchor in the west, -and Jhálor in the north. Sites are pointed out <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb450" href="#pb450" name="pb450">450</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Description.</span> as old gateways five to six miles to the east and -south-east of the present town, and, though their distance and -isolation make it hard to believe that these ruined mounds were more -than outworks, Ufflet’s testimony seems to establish the -correctness of the local memory.<a class="noteref" id="n450.1src" href="#n450.1" name="n450.1src">3</a> Besides these outlying gateways traces -remain round the foot of the present Bhinmál mound of a smaller -and later wall. To the east and south the line of fortification has -been so cleared of masonry and is so confused with the lines of tank -banks, which perhaps were worked into the scheme of defence, that all -accurate local knowledge of their position has passed. The -Gujarát gate in the south of the town though ruined is well -marked. From the Gujarát gateway a line of mounds may be traced -south and then west to the ruins of Pipalduara perhaps the western -gateway. The wall seems then to have turned east crossing the -watercourse and passing inside that is along the east bank of the -watercourse north to the south-west corner of the Jaikop or Yaksha -lake. From this corner it ran east along the south bank of Jaikop to -the Jhálor or north gate which still remains in fair -preservation its pointed arch showing it to be of Musalmán or -late (17th–18th century) Ráhtor construction. From the -Jhálor gate the foundations of the wall may be traced east to -the Kanaksen or Karáda tank. The area to the east of the town -from the Karáda tank to the Gujarát gate has been so -quarried for brick to build the present Bhinmál that no sign -remains of a line of fortifications running from the Karáda tank -in the east to the Gujarát gate in the south.</p> -<p>The site of the present town the probable centre of the old city, is -a mound stretching for about three-quarters of a mile north and south -and swelling twenty to thirty feet out of the plain. On almost all -sides its outskirts are protected by well made thorn fences enclosing -either garden land or the pens and folds of Rabáris and -Bhíls. The streets are narrow and winding. The dwellings are of -three classes, the flat mud-roofed houses of the Mahájans or -traders and of the better-to-do Bráhmans and craftsmen with -canopied doors and fronts plastered with white clay: Second the tiled -sloping-roofed sheds of the bulk of the craftsmen and gardeners and of -the better-off Rabáris and Bhíls: and Third the thatched -bee-hive huts of the bulk of the Rabáris and Bhíls and of -some of the poorer craftsmen and husbandmen. Especially to the -north-west and west the houses are skirted by a broad belt of garden -land. In other parts patches of watered crops are separated by the bare -banks of old tanks or by stretches of plain covered with thorn and -cassia bushes or roughened by the heaps of old buildings honeycombed by -shafts sunk by searchers for bricks. Besides the four spired temples to -Párasnáth the only outstanding building is the old -<i>kacheri</i> or state office a mass of ruins which tops the steep -south end of the city mound.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">People.</span>Of the 1400 inhabited houses -of Bhinmál the details are: Mahájans 475, chiefly -Oswál Vánis of many subdivisions; Shrimáli -Bráhmans, 200; Shevaks 35, Maga Bráhmans worshippers of -the sun and priests to Oswáls; Sonárs, 30; -Bándháras or Calico-printers, 35; Kásáras -or Brass-smiths 4, Ghánchis or Oilpressers, 30; Mális or -Gardeners, 25; Káthias or Woodworkers, 12; Bháts 120 -including 80 Gunas or Grain-carriers, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb451" href="#pb451" name="pb451">451</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -People.</span> and 40 Rájbhats or Bráhm Bháts, -Genealogists<a class="noteref" id="n451.1src" href="#n451.1" name="n451.1src">4</a>; Kumbhárs or Potters, 12; Musalmán -Potters, 4; Rehbáris or Herdsmen, 70<a class="noteref" id="n451.2src" href="#n451.2" name="n451.2src">5</a>; Shádhs -Beggars, 10; Shámia Aliks Beggars, 10; Kotwál and -Panjára Musalmáns, 15; Lohárs or Blacksmiths, 3; -Darjis or Tailors, 12; Nais or Barbers, 7; Bhumiás that is -Solaṅki Jágirdárs, 15<a class="noteref" id="n451.3src" href="#n451.3" name="n451.3src">6</a>; Kavás -Bhumiás servants, 12; Játs Cultivators, 2; Deshantris or -Saturday Oilbeggars, 1; Achárayas or Funeral Bráhmans, 1; -Dholis Drumbeaters, 12; Pátrias or Professionals that is Dancing -Girls, 30<a class="noteref" id="n451.4src" href="#n451.4" name="n451.4src">7</a>; Turki Vohorás that is Memons, 2; Vishayati -Musalmán Padlock-makers, 1; Rangrez or Dyers, 2; Mochis or -Shoemakers, 30; Karias or Salávats that is Masons, 6; Churigars -Musalmán Ivory bangle-makers, 2; Jatiyas<a class="noteref" id="n451.5src" href="#n451.5" name="n451.5src">8</a> or Tanners, 17; -Khátiks or Butchers working as tanners, 1; Sargaras, Bhíl -messengers, 1; Bhíls, 120; Tirgars or Arrowmakers, 5; -Gorádas priests to Bombias leather-workers, 2; Bombias literally -Weavers now Leather-workers, 40; Wághria Castrator, 1; -Mirásis Musalmán Drummers, 8; Mehtars or Sweepers, 1.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Objects.<br> -<i>In the Town.</i></span>Inside of the town the objects of interest -are few. The four temples of Párasnáth are either modern -or altered by modern repairs. A rest-house to the south of a temple of -Barági or Varáha the Boar in the east of the town has -white marble pillars with inscriptions of the eleventh and thirteenth -centuries which show that the pillars have been brought from the ruined -temple of the sun or Jag Svámi Lord of the World on the mound -about eighty yards east of the south or modern Gujarát gate. In -the west of the town, close to the wall of the enclosure of the old -Mahálakshmi temple, is a portion of a white marble pillar with -an <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb452" href="#pb452" name="pb452">452</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Objects.</span> inscription dated <abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> -1342 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1286) which apparently has been -brought from the same ruined sun temple. In the <i>kacheri</i> ruins at -the south end of the mound the only object of interest is a small -shrine to Máta with two snakes supporting her seat and above in -modern characters the words Nágáne the <i>kuldevi</i> or -tribe guardian of the Ráhtors.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Surroundings.</i></span>The chief object -of interest at Bhinmál is the ruined temple of the Sun on a -mound close to the south of the town. Of this temple and its -inscriptions details are given below. About fifty yards west of the Sun -temple are the remains of a gateway known as the Gujarát -gateway. This modern name and the presence near it of blocks of the -white quartz-marble of the Sun temple make it probable that the gateway -is not older than Musalmán or eighteenth century Ráhtor -times. Close to the west of the gate is Khári Báva the -Salt Well an old step and water-bag well with many old stones mixed -with brick work. About a hundred yards south of the Gujarát -gate, in a brick-walled enclosure about sixteen yards by eight and nine -feet high topped by a shield parapet, is the shrine of Mahádeva -Naulákheshwar. An inscription dated <abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1800 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1744) -states that the enclosure marks the site of an old temple to -Naulákheshwar. About fifty yards east of the -Naulákheshwar shrine is a large brick enclosure about -seventy-five yards square with walls about twelve feet high and a -pointed-arched gateway in the Moslim wave-edged style. On entering, to -the left, is a plinth with a large Hanumán and further to the -left in domed shrines are a Ganpati and a Máta. A few paces -south is Brahma’s Pool or Brahmakhund with steep steps on the -west and north, a rough stone and brick wall to the east, and a -circular well to the south. The pool walls and steps have been repaired -by stones taken from Hindu temples or from former decorations of the -pool on some of which are old figures of Matás in good repair. -The story is that Som, according to one account the builder of the Sun -temple according to another account a restorer of Shrimál, -wandering in search of a cure for leprosy, came to the south gate of -Shrimál. Som’s dog which was suffering from mange -disappeared and soon after appeared sound and clean. The king traced -the dog’s footmarks to the Brahmakhund, bathed in it, and was -cured. As a thank-offering he surrounded the pool with masonry walls. -To the south of the pool, to the right, are an underground -<i>liṅg</i> sacred to Patáleshwar the lord of the Under -World and south of the <i>liṅg</i> a small domed shrine of Chandi -Devi. To the left, at the east side of a small brick enclosure is a -snake-canopied <i>liṅg</i> known as Chandeshwar hung about with -strings of <i>rudráksh</i> <span lang="la">Elæocarpus -ganitrus</span> beads.<a class="noteref" id="n452.1src" href="#n452.1" -name="n452.1src">9</a> In front of Chandeshwar’s shrine is a -small inscribed stone with at its top a cow and calf recording a land -grant to Shrimáli Bráhmans. About forty yards north-east -of the Brahmakhund a large straggling heap of brick and earth, now -known as Lakshamíthala or Lakshmí’s settlement, is -said to be the site of a temple to Lakshmí built, according to -the local <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb453" href="#pb453" name="pb453">453</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Objects.<br> -<i>Surroundings.</i></span> legend, by a Bráhman to whom in -return for his devotedness Lakshmí had given great wealth. The -hollow to the south-east is known as the Khandália pool. About -fifty yards south-east at the end of a small enclosure is a shrine and -cistern of Jageshwar, said to be called after a certain Jag who in -return for the gift of a son built the temple. Several old carved and -dressed stones are built into the walls of this temple. About -seventy-five yards further south-east a large area rough with heaps of -brick is said to be the site of an old Vidhya-Sála or Sanskrit -College. This college is mentioned in the local Mahátmya as a -famous place of learning the resort of scholars from distant -lands.<a class="noteref" id="n453.1src" href="#n453.1" name="n453.1src">10</a> The local account states that as the Bhils grew too -powerful the Bráhmans were unable to live in the college and -retired to Dholka in north Gujarát.</p> -<p>The slope and skirts of the town beyond the thorn-fenced enclosures -of Bhils and Rabáris lie in heaps honeycombed with holes -hollowed by searchers for bricks. Beyond this fringe of fenced -enclosures from a half to a whole mile from the city are the bare white -banks of pools and tanks some for size worthy to be called lakes. Of -these, working from the south northwards, the three chief are the -Nimbáli or Narmukhsarovar, the Goni or Gayakund, and the Talbi -or Trambaksarovar. The Nimbáli tank, about 300 yards south-east -of the college site, is a large area opening eastwards whence it draws -its supply of water and enclosed with high bare banks scattered with -bricks along the south-west and north. The lake is said to be named -<span class="corr" id="xd25e37051" title="Source: Nimbali">Nimbáli</span> after a Váni to whom -Mahádeva granted a son and for whom Mahádeva formed the -hollow of the lake by ploughing it with his thunderbolt. About half a -mile north-east of Nimbáli a horseshoe bank fifteen to thirty -feet high, except to the open east, is the remains of the Goni lake. -Lines of stone along the foot of the north-west and north-east banks -shew that portions at least of these sides were once lined with -masonry. A trace of steps remains at a place known as the Gau -Ghát or Cowgate. The lake is said to have been named Goni after -a Bráhman whose parents being eaten by a Rákshas went to -hell. For their benefit Goni devoted his life to the worship of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e37054" title="Source: Vishnu">Vishṇu</span> and built a temple and lake. In -reward <span class="corr" id="xd25e37057" title="Source: Vishnu">Vishṇu</span> gave to the water of the lake the -merit or cleansing virtue of the water of Gáya. In the -foreground a row of small <i>chatris</i> or pavilions marks the burying -ground of the Mahajan or high Hindu community of Bhinmál. Behind -the pavilions are the bare banks of the Talbi lake. At the west end is -the Bombáro well and near the south-west is the shrine of -Trímbakeshvar Mahádev. This lake is said to have been -made in connection with a great sacrifice or <i>yag</i>, that is -<i>yajna</i>, held by Bráhmans to induce or to compel the god -Trimbakeshwar to slay the demon Tripurásur. Beginning close to -the south of Talbi lake and stretching north-west towards the city is -the Karádá Sarovar or Karádá lake said to -have been built by Kanaksen or Kanishka the great founder of the -Skythian era (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78). On the western -bank of the lake stands an open air <i>liṅg</i> of -Karaiteshwar.<a class="noteref" id="n453.2src" href="#n453.2" name="n453.2src">11</a> At the south end of the Karádá -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb454" href="#pb454" name="pb454">454</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Objects.<br> -<i>Surroundings.</i></span> lake, which stretches close to the fenced -enclosures round the city, are the remains of a modern bastion and of a -wall which runs north-west to the Jhálor gate. Beyond the site -of the bastion is an enclosure and shrine of Maheshwar Mahádev. -To the north and north-west of the Karait sea lie four large tanks. Of -these the most eastern, about 300 yards north-west of -Karádá, is Brahmasarovar a large area fed from the north -and with high broken banks. Next, about 500 yards north-west, lies the -far-stretching Vánkund or Forest Pool open to the north-east. -About 800 yards west is Gautam’s tank which holds water -throughout the year. The banks of brick and <i>kankar</i> form nearly a -complete circle except at the feeding channels in the east and south. -In the centre of the lake is an islet on which are the white-stone -foundations (18′ × 12′) of Gautam’s hermitage. -On the bank above the east feeding-channel is an image of -Hanumán and on the east side of the southern channel at the foot -of the bank is a white inscribed stone with letters so worn that -nothing but the date <abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1106 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1049) has been made out. Of the -balls of <i>kankar</i> or nodular limestone which are piled into the -bank of the tank those which are pierced with holes are lucky and are -kept to guard wooden partitions against the attacks of insects. The -last and westmost of the north row of tanks is the Jaikop properly -Jakshkop that is the Yaksha’s Pool about 600 yards south-west of -the Gautam tank and close to the north-west of the town.<a class="noteref" id="n454.1src" href="#n454.1" name="n454.1src">12</a> This -tank holds water throughout the year and supplies most of the -town’s demand. Along the south bank of the Jaikop, where are -tombs<span class="corr" id="xd25e37114" title="Not in source">,</span> -a shrine to Bhairav and a ruined mosque, the line of the later city -walls used to run. At the south-east corner of the tank are three -square masonry plinths each with a headstone carved with the figure of -a man or woman. One of the plinths which is adorned with a pillared -canopy has a stone carved with a man on horseback and a standing woman -in memory of a Tehsildar of Bhinmál of recent date (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1869; <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1812) -whose wife became <i>Sati</i>. About 200 yards south-east is a row of -white <i>pália</i> or memorial slabs of which the third from the -south end of the row is dated <abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1245 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1186). On the south-east bank is the -shrine of Nimghoria Bhairav at which Shrávaks as well as other -Hindus worship. In the centre of the shrine is a leaning pillar about -five feet high with four fronts, Hanumán on the east, a standing -Snake on the south, a <span class="corr" id="xd25e37137" title="Source: Sakti">Śakti</span> on the west, and Bhairav on the -north. To the south of the pillar, about a foot out of the ground rises -a five-faced <i>liṅg</i> or pillar-home of the god one facing -each quarter of the heaven and one uncarved facing the sky. Close to a -well within the circuit of the lake near the south-east corner is a -stone inscribed with letters which are too worn to be read. At the east -end of the north bank under a <i>pilu</i> Salvadora persica tree is a -massive seated figure still worshipped and still dignified though the -features have been broken off, and the left lower arm and leg and both -feet have disappeared. This is believed to be the image of the Yaksha -king who made the tank. Details are given Below pages 456–458. To -the west of the seated statue are the marks of the foundations of a -temple, shrine hall and outer hall, which is believed to have -originally been the shrine of Yaksh. About a hundred yards west, under -a pillared canopy of white quartz, are two Musalmán <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb455" href="#pb455" name="pb455">455</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Objects.<br> -<i>Surroundings.</i></span> graves in honour of Ghazni Khán and -Hamál Khán who were killed about 400 years ago at -Jhálor fighting for Shrimál. In obedience to their dying -request their Bháts brought the champions’ bodies to -Yaksh’s tank. The white quartz, the shape of the pillars, and an -inscription on one of them dated <abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> -1333 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1276), go to show that the -stones have been brought from the Sun temple to the south of the town. -To the north of the canopy is a large step-well the Dadeli Well -separated into an outer and an inner section by a row of Hindu pillars -supporting flat architraves. Some of the stones have figures of -goddesses and in a niche is an old goddess’ image. The upper part -of the well and the parapet are of recent brick work. On a low mound -about 150 yards to the north is the shrine of Nilkanth -Máhádev, with, about a hundred paces to the south-east, a -fine old step-well. The lake was fed from the south-west corner where -is a silt trap built of stones in many cases taken from old temples and -carved with the <i>chaitya</i> or horse-shoe ornament. Some of the -stones have apparently been brought from the great white quartz Sun -temple. Several of them have a few letters of the fourteenth century -character apparently the names of masons or carvers. Some of the blocks -are of a rich red sandstone which is said to be found only in the Rupe -quarries eight miles south of Bhinmál.</p> -<p>On the right, about half a mile south of the south-west corner of -the Jaikop lake, is a ruined heap hid among trees called the Pipal -Duára or Gateway perhaps the remains of the western Gateway -which may have formed part of the later line of fortifications which -can be traced running south along the inner bank of the Jaikop feeding -channel. About a mile south of the Pipal Duára are the bare -banks of the large lake Bansarovar the Desert Sea. To the north-west -north and north-east its great earthen banks remain stripped of their -masonry gradually sloping to the west and south the direction of its -supply of water. The island in the centre is Lakhára. This lake -was made by Gauri or Párvati when she came from Sunda hill to -slay the female demon Uttamiyár. When Párvati killed the -demon she piled over her body Shri’s hill which she had brought -with her to form a burial mound. At the same time Párvati -scooped the tank, and crowned Shri’s hill with a tower-like -temple. This hill, where lives the Śrí or Luck of -Shrimál, rises 500 feet out of the plain about a mile west of -the town. It is approached from the south by a flight of unhewn stones -roughly laid as steps. The hill-top is smoothed into a level pavement -of brick and cement. The pavement is supported on the east side by a -lofty bastion-like wall. It is surrounded by a parapet about two feet -high. On the platform two shrines face eastwards. To the left or south -is the main temple of Lakshmí and to the right or north the -smaller shrine of Suṇḍa Máta. The main shrine has a -porch with pillars and shield frieze of white quartz limestone -apparently spoils of the great Sun Temple. Three or four bells hang -from the roof of the porch and some loose white stones apparently also -from the Sun temple are scattered about. In the west wall of the main -shrine facing east is the image of the Guardian of Bhinmál -covered with red paint and gold leaf. The only trace of ornament on the -outside of Lakshmí’s shrine is in the north-face portion -of a belt of the horse-shoe or <i>chaitya</i> pattern and a disc -perhaps the disc of the Sun. The smaller shrine of Suṇḍa -Máta to the right or north is square and flat-roofed. The -ceiling is partly made of carved stones apparently prepared for, -perhaps formerly the centre slabs of domes. The door posts and lintels -are of white quartz marble. On the right door post are two short -inscriptions of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1612 and 1664 -(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1669 and 1691). A second pillar -bears the date <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1543 <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb456" href="#pb456" name="pb456">456</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Objects.<br> -<i>Surroundings.</i></span> (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> -1600). The roof is supported by four square central pillars which with -eight wall pilasters form four shallow domes with lotus carved -roof-stones from some other or some older temple. In a recess in the -west wall, surmounted with a stone carved in the <i>chaitya</i> or -horse-shoe pattern, is the Trident or <i>Trisula</i> of -Suṇḍa Máta the only object of worship.</p> -<p>From the hill-top the mound of Bhinmál hardly seems to stand -out of the general level. The mound seems hidden in trees. Only in the -south gleam the white pillars of the Sun Temple and to the north rise -the high mound of the old offices, and still further north the spires -of the four temples of <span class="corr" id="xd25e37214" title="Source: Parasnáth">Párasnáth</span>. Beyond the -town to the south and west spread green gardens fenced with dry thorn -hedges. Outside of the garden enclosures to the south-east south and -south-west run the lofty bare banks of dry lakes confused in places -with the lines of old fortifications. To the north-west and north shine -the waters of the Jaikop and Gautam tanks. Westwards the plain, dark -with thorn brake and green with acacias, stretches to the horizon. On -other sides the sea-like level of the plain is broken by groups of -hills the Borta range along the north and north-east and to the east -the handsomer Ratanágar, Thur, and Ram Sen rising southwards to -the lofty clear-cut ranges of Doḍala and Suṇḍa.</p> -<p>Only two objects of interest in Bhinmál require special -description, the massive broken statue of the Jaksha or Yaksha on the -north bank of the Jaikop lake, and the temple to Jagsvámi the -Sun at the south-east entrance to the city.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Jaikop.</i></span>On the north bank of -the Jaikop or Yaksha Lake,<a class="noteref" id="n456.1src" href="#n456.1" name="n456.1src">13</a> leaning against the stem of a -<i>pilu</i> or <i>jál</i> <span class="corr" id="xd25e37259" -title="Source: Salvidora">Salvadora</span> persica tree, is a massive -stone about 4′ high by 2′ 6″ broad and 1′ -thick. The block is carved with considerable skill into the seated -figure of a king. The figure is greatly damaged by the blows of a mace. -The nose and mouth are broken off, half of the right hand and the whole -of the left hand and leg are gone and the feet and almost the whole of -the seat or throne have disappeared. The figure is seated on a narrow -lion-supported throne or <i>sinhásan</i> the right hand resting -on the right knee and holding a round ball of stone about six inches in -diameter. The left foot was drawn back like the right foot and the left -hand apparently lay on the left knee, but, as no trace remains except -the fracture on the side of the stone the position of the left hand and -of the left leg is uncertain. The head is massive. The hair falls about -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb457" href="#pb457" name="pb457">457</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Objects.<br> -<i>Jaikop.</i></span> two feet from the crown of the head in four long -lines of curls on to the shoulders, and, over the curls, or what seems -more likely the curled wig, is a diadem or <i>mukut</i> with a central -spike and two upright side ornaments connected by two round bands. The -face is broken flat. It seems to have been clean shaved or at least -beardless. A heavy ring hangs from each ear. A stiff collar-like band -encircles the neck and strings of beads or plates hang on the chest too -worn to be distinguished. On both arms are upper armlets, a centre -lion-face still showing clear on the left armlet. On the right hand is -a bracelet composed of two outer bands and a central row of beads. A -light belt encircles the waist. Lower down are the <i>kandora</i> or -hip girdle and the <i>kopul</i> or <i>dhotar</i> knot.<a class="noteref" id="n457.1src" href="#n457.1" name="n457.1src">14</a> In -spite of its featureless face and its broken hands and feet the figure -has considerable dignity. The head is well set and the curls and diadem -are an effective ornament. The chest and the full rounded belly are -carved with skill. The main fault in proportion, the overshortened -lower arm and leg and the narrowness of the throne, are due to the want -of depth in the stone. The chief details of interest are the -figure’s head-dress and the ball of stone in its right hand. The -head-dress seems to be a wig with a row of crisp round curls across the -brow and four lines of long curls hanging down to the shoulders and -crisp curls on the top of the head. The <i>mukut</i> or diadem has -three upright faces, a front face over the nose and side faces over the -ears joined together by two rounded bands. At first sight the stone -ball in the right hand seems a cocoanut which the king might hold in -dedicating the lake. Examination shows on the left side of the ball an -outstanding semicircle very like a human ear. Also that above the ear -are three rolls as if turban folds. And that the right ear may be hid -either by the end of the turban drawn under the chin or by the fingers -of the half-closed hand. That the front of the ball has been wilfully -smashed further supports the view that it was its human features that -drew upon it the Muslim mace. The local Bráhmans contend that -the ball is either a round sweetmeat or a handful of mud held in the -right hand of the king during the dedication service. But Tappa a -Bráhm-Bhát, a man of curiously correct information, was -urgent that the stone ball is a human head. Tappa gives the following -tale to explain why the king should hold a human head in his hand. An -evil spirit called Satka had been wasting the Bráhmans by -carrying off the head of each bridegroom so soon as a wedding ceremony -was completed. The king vowed that by the help of his goddess -Chamuṇḍa he would put a stop to this evil. The marriage of -a hundred Bráhman couples was arranged for one night. The king -sat by. So long as the king remained awake the demon dared not appear. -When the hundredth marriage was being performed the king gave way to -sleep. Satka dashed in and carried off the last bridegroom’s -head. The girl-bride awoke the king and said I will curse you. You -watched for the others, for me you did not watch. The king said to his -Luck Chamuṇḍa, What shall I do. Chamuṇḍa said -Ride after Satka. The king rode after Satka. He overtook her fourteen -miles out of Shrimál and killed her. But before her <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb458" href="#pb458" name="pb458">458</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Objects.<br> -<i>Jaikop.</i></span> death Satka had eaten the bridegroom’s -head. What is to be done the king asked Chamuṇḍa. Trust me -said his guardian. The king rode back to Shrimál. As he was -entering the city the goddess pointed out to him a gardener or -Máli and said <span class="corr" id="xd25e37320" title="Source: Off">off</span> with his head. The king obeyed. The goddess -caught the falling head, stuck it to the bridegroom’s neck, and -the bridegroom came to life. Thus, ends the tale, the local -Bráhmans are known as Shrimális that is men with -gardeners’ heads. This meaning-making pun and the likeness of the -stone-ball to a human head may be the origin of this story. On the -other hand the story may be older than the image and may be the reason -why the king is shown holding a human head in his hand. On the whole it -seems likely that the story was made to explain the image and that the -image is a Bhairav holding the head of a human sacrifice and acting as -gatekeeper or guardian of some Buddhist or Sun-worshipping -temple.<a class="noteref" id="n458.1src" href="#n458.1" name="n458.1src">15</a> The appearance of the figure, its massive -well-proportioned and dignified pose, and the long wiglike curls, like -the bag wig on the figure of Chánd on the south-west or marriage -compartment of the great Elephanta Cave, make it probable that this -statue is the oldest relic of Shrimál, belonging like the -Elephanta wigged figures to the sixth or early seventh century the -probable date of the founding or refounding of the city by the -Gurjjarás.<a class="noteref" id="n458.2src" href="#n458.2" name="n458.2src">16</a> According to the local story the image stands about -twenty paces east of the temple where it was originally enshrined and -worshipped. The lie of the ground and traces of foundations seem to -show about fifty paces west of the present image the sites of an -entrance porch, a central hall or <i>mandap</i>, and a western shrine. -The surface of what seemed the site of the shrine was dug about two -feet deep on the chance that the base of the throne might still be in -site. Nothing was found but loose brickwork. Mutilated as he is the -Yaksha is still worshipped. His high day is the <i>A’shad</i> -(July-August) fullmoon when as rain-mediator between them and Indra the -villagers lay in front of him <i>gugri</i> that is wheat boiled in -water and milk, butter, flour, molasses, and sugar. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb459" href="#pb459" name="pb459">459</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Sun Temple.</span> <span class="marginnote">Sun Temple.</span>The -second and main object of interest is the ruined Sun temple in the -south of the town on a brick mound about eighty yards east of the -remains of the Gujarát gateway. The brick mound which is crowned -by the white marble pillars and the massive laterite ruins of the -temple of Jagsvámi Lord of the World has been so dug into that -its true form and size cannot be determined. The size of many of the -bricks 1′ 16″ × 1′ × 3″ suggests -that the mound is older even than the massive laterite masonry of the -shrine. And that here as at Multán about the sixth century -during the supremacy of the sun-worshipping White Húṇas a -temple of the Sun was raised on the ruins of a Buddhist temple or relic -mound. Still except the doubtful evidence of the size of the bricks -nothing has been found to support the theory that the Sun temple stands -on an earlier Buddhist ruin. The apparent present dimensions of the -mound are 42′ broad 60′ long and 20′ high. Of the -temple the north side and north-west corner are fairly complete. The -east entrance to the hall, the south pillars of the hall, and with them -the hall dome and the outer wall of the temple round the south and west -of the shrine have disappeared. A confused heap of bricks on the top of -the shrine and of the entrance from the hall to the shrine is all that -is left of the spire and upper buildings. The materials used are of -three kinds. The pillars of the hall are of a white quartzlike marble; -the masonry of the shrine walls and of the passage round the north of -the shrine is of a reddish yellow laterite, and the interior of the -spire and apparently some other roof buildings are of brick. Beginning -from the original east entrance the ground has been cut away so close -to the temple and so many of the pillars have fallen that almost no -trace of the entrance is left. The first masonry, entering from the -east, are the two eastern pillars of the hall dome and to the north of -this central pair the pillar that supported the north-eastern corner of -the dome. Except the lowest rim, on the east side, all trace of the -dome and of the roof over the dome are gone. The centre of the hall is -open to the sky. The south side is even more ruined than the east side. -The whole outer wall has fallen and been removed. The south-east corner -the two south pillars of the dome and the south-west corner pillars are -gone. The north side is better preserved. The masonry that rounds off -the corners from which the dome sprung remains and along the rim of the -north face runs a belt of finely carved female figures. The north-east -corner pillar, the two north pillars of the dome, and the north-west -corner pillar all remain. Outside of the pillars runs a passage about -four feet broad and eleven feet high, and, beyond the passage, stands -the north wall of the temple with an outstanding deep-eaved window -balcony with white marble seats and backs and massive pillars whose six -feet shafts are in three sections square eightsided and round and on -whose double-disc capitals rest brackets which support a shallow -cross-cornered dome. At its west end the north passage is ornamented -with a rich <i>gokla</i> or recess 3½ broad with side pillars -3¼ feet high. On the west side of the dome the central pair of -dome pillars and as has been noticed the north corner pillar remain. -About three feet west of the west pair of dome pillars a second pair -support the domed entrance to the shrine. The richly carved side -pillars, a goddess with fly-flap bearers, and the lintel of the shrine -door remain but the bare square chamber of the shrine is open to the -sky. To the south of the shrine the entire basis of the south side of -the spire, the outer circling or <i>pradakshana</i> passage and the -outer wall of the temple have disappeared. The north side is much less -ruinous. There remain <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb460" href="#pb460" name="pb460">460</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Sun Temple.</span> the massive blocks of yellow and red trap which -formed the basis of the spire built in horizontal bands of deep-cut -cushions, and in the centre of the north wall a niche with outstanding -pillared frame, the circling passage with walls of plain trap and roof -of single slabs laid across and the outer wall of the temple with -bracket capitaled pillars and a central deep-eaved and pillared hanging -window of white marble. The circling passage and the outer wall of the -temple end at the north-west corner. Of the western outer wall all -trace is gone. The pillars of the temple are massive and handsome with -pleasantly broken outline, a pedestal, a square, an eightsided band, a -sixteensided band, a round belt, a narrow band of horned faces, the -capital a pair of discs, and above the discs outstanding brackets each -ending in a crouching four-armed male or female human figure upholding -the roof. The six central dome pillars resemble the rest except that -instead of the sixteensided band the inner face is carved into an urn -from whose mouth overhang rich leafy festoons and which stand on a roll -of cloth or a ring of cane such as women set between the head and the -waterpot.<a class="noteref" id="n460.1src" href="#n460.1" name="n460.1src">17</a> On the roof piles of bricks show that besides the -spire some building rose over the central dome and eastern entrance but -of its structure nothing can now be traced.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>History.</i></span>According to a local -legend this temple of the Sun was built by Yayati the son of king -Nahush<a class="noteref" id="n460.2src" href="#n460.2" name="n460.2src">18</a> of the Chandravansi or Moon stock. Yayati came to -Shrimál accompanied by his two queens Sharmistha and Devyani, -and began to perform severe austerities at one of the places sacred to -Surya the Sun. Surya was so pleased by the fervour of Yayati’s -devotion that he appeared before him and asked Yayati to name a boon. -Yayati said May I with god-like vision see thee in thy true form. The -Sun granted this wish and told Yayati to name a second boon. Yayati -said I am weary of ruling and of the pleasures of life. My one wish is -that for the good of Shrimálpur you may be present here in your -true form. The Sun agreed. An image was set up in the Sun’s true -form (apparently meaning in a human form) and a Hariya Bráhman -was set over it.<a class="noteref" id="n460.3src" href="#n460.3" name="n460.3src">19</a> The God said Call me Jagat-Svámi the Lord of -the World for I am its only protector. According to a local -Bráhman account the original image of the Sun was of wood and is -still preserved in <span class="corr" id="xd25e37410" title="Source: Lakshmi’s">Lakshmí’s</span> temple at -Pátan in North Gujarát.<a class="noteref" id="n460.4src" -href="#n460.4" name="n460.4src">20</a> Another account makes the -builder of the temple Shripunj or Jagsom. According to one legend -Jagsom’s true name was Kanak who came from Kashmír. -According to the Bráhm Bhát Tappa Jagsom was a king of -Kashmír of the Jamáwal tribe who established himself in -Bhinmál about 500 years before <span class="corr" id="xd25e37428" title="Source: Kumarápála">Kumárapála</span>. As -<span class="corr" id="xd25e37432" title="Source: Kumarápála’s">Kumárapála’s</span> -date is <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1186, Jagsom’s date -would be <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 680. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb461" href="#pb461" name="pb461">461</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Sun Temple.</span> According to the common local story Jagsom was -tormented by the presence of a live snake in his belly. When Jagsom -halted at the south gate of Bhinmál in the course of a -pilgrimage from Káshmír to Dwárka, he fell asleep -and the snake came out at his mouth. At the same time a snake issued -from a hole close to the city gate and said to the king’s belly -snake ‘You should depart and cease to afflict the king.’ -‘There is a fine treasure in your hole’ said the belly -snake. ‘How would you like to leave it? Why then ask me to leave -my home?’ The gate snake said ‘If any servant of the king -is near let him hearken. If some leaves of the <i>kir</i> Capparis -aphylla tree are plucked and mixed with the flowers of a creeper that -grows under it and boiled and given to the king the snake inside him -will be killed.’ ‘If any servant of the king is near’ -retorted the king’s snake ‘let him hearken. If boiling oil -is poured down the hole of the gate-snake the snake will perish and -great treasure will be found.’ A clever Kayasth of the -king’s retinue was near and took notes. He found the <i>kir</i> -tree and the creeper growing under it: he prepared the medicine and -gave it to the king. The writhing of the snake caused the king so much -agony that he ordered the Kayasth to be killed. Presently the king -became sick and the dead snake was thrown up through the king’s -mouth. The king mourned for the dead Kayasth. So clever a man, he said, -must have made other good notes. They examined the Kayasth’s note -book, poured the boiling oil down the hole, killed the gate-snake, and -found the treasure. To appease the Kayasths and the two snakes -lákhs were spent in feeding Bráhmans. With the rest a -magnificent temple was built to the Sun and an image duly enshrined. -Nine upper stories were afterwards added by Vishvakarma.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Legends.</span>The legends of -Bhinmál are collected in the <span class="corr" id="xd25e37465" -title="Source: Shrímál">Shrimál</span> -Mahátmya of the Skanda Purána a work supposed to be about -400 years old. According to the Mahátmya the city has been known -by a different name in each of the chief cycles or Yugs. In the -Satyayug it was Shrimál, in the Tretayug Ratanmál, in the -Dwáparyug Pushpamal, and in the Káliyug Bhinmál. -In the Satyayug Shrimál or Shrinagar had 84 Chandis; 336 -Kshetrapáls; 27 Varáhas; 101 Suryás; 51 -Mátás; 21 Brehispatis; 300 to 11,000 Liṅgas; 88,000 -Rushis; 999 Wells and Tanks; and 3¾ krors of <i>tirthas</i> or -holy places. At first the plain of Bhinmál was sea and -Bhraghurishi called on Surya and the sun dried the water and made it -land. Then Braghu started a hermitage and the saints Kashyáp, -Atri, Baradwaj, Gautam, Jámdagni, Vishvamitra, and Vashista came -from Ábu to interview Braghu. Gautam was pleased with the land -to the north of Braghu’s hermitage and prayed Trimbakeshwar that -the place might combine the holiness of all holy places and that he and -his wife Ahilya might live there in happiness. The God granted the -sage’s prayer. A lake was formed and in the centre an island was -raised on which Gautam built his hermitage the foundations of which may -still be seen. The channel which feeds Gautam’s lake from the -north-east was cut by an ascetic Bráhman named Yajanasila and in -the channel a stone is set with writing none of which but the date -<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1117 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1060) is legible. Some years after Gautam had -settled at Shrimál a daughter named Lakshmí was born in -the house of the sage Braghu. When the girl came of age Braghu -consulted Naradji about a husband. When Naradji saw Lakshmí, he -said; This girl can be the wife of no one but of <span class="corr" id="xd25e37477" title="Source: Vishnu">Vishṇu</span>. Naradji went -to <span class="corr" id="xd25e37481" title="Source: Vishnu">Vishṇu</span> and said that in consequence of -the curse of Durvasarashi Lakshmí could not be born anywhere -except in Braghu’s house and that <span class="corr" id="xd25e37484" title="Source: Vishnu">Vishṇu</span> ought to marry -her. <span class="corr" id="xd25e37487" title="Source: Vishnu">Vishṇu</span> agreed. After the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb462" href="#pb462" name="pb462">462</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Legends.</span> marriage the bride and bridegroom bathed together in -the holy Trimbak pond about half a mile east of Gautam’s island. -The holy water cleared the veil of forgetfulness and Lakshmí -remembered her former life. The <i>devtas</i> or guardians came to -worship her. They asked her what she would wish. Lakshmí -replied; May the country be decked with the houses of Bráhmans -as the sky is decked with their carriers the stars. Bhagwán that -is <span class="corr" id="xd25e37507" title="Source: Vishnu">Vishṇu</span>, pleased with this wish, sent -messengers to fetch Bráhmans and called Vishvakarma the divine -architect to build a town. Vishvakarma built the town. He received -golden bangles and a garland of gold lotus flowers and the promise that -his work would meet with the praise of men and that his descendants -would rule the art of building. This town said the Gods has been decked -as it were with the garlands or <i>mála</i> of Śrí -or Lakshmí. So it shall be called Shrimála. When the -houses were ready Bráhmans began to gather from all -parts.<a class="noteref" id="n462.1src" href="#n462.1" name="n462.1src">21</a> When the Bráhmans were gathered -Lakshmí asked <span class="corr" id="xd25e37516" title="Source: Vishnu">Vishṇu</span> to which among the Bráhmans -worship was first due. The Bráhmans agreed that Gautam’s -claim was the highest. The Bráhmans from Sindh objected and -withdrew in anger. Then <span class="corr" id="xd25e37519" title="Source: Vishnu">Vishṇu</span> and Lakshmí made presents -of clothes<span class="corr" id="xd25e37522" title="Not in source">,</span> money and jewels to the Bráhmans, and -they, because they had settled in the town of Shrimál, came to -be known as Shrimáli Bráhmans.</p> -<p>The angry Sindh Bráhmans in their own country worshipped the -Sea. And at their request Samudra sent the demon Sarika to ruin -Shrimál. Sarika carried off the marriageable Bráhman -girls. And the Bráhmans finding no one to protect them withdrew -to Ábu. Shrimál became waste and the dwellings -ruins.<a class="noteref" id="n462.2src" href="#n462.2" name="n462.2src">22</a> When Shrimál had long lain waste a king named -Shripunj, according to one account suffering from worms<span class="corr" id="xd25e37530" title="Not in source">,</span> according to -another account stricken with leprosy, came to the Brahmakund to the -south of the city and was cleansed.<a class="noteref" id="n462.3src" -href="#n462.3" name="n462.3src">23</a> Thankful at heart Shripunj -collected Bráhmans and restored Shrimála and at the -Brahmakund built a temple of Chandish Mahádev. When they heard -that the Shrimál Bráhmans had returned to their old city -and were prospering the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb463" href="#pb463" name="pb463">463</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Legends.</span> Bráhmans of Sindh once more sent Sarika to carry -away their marriageable daughters. One girl as she was being haled away -called on her house goddess and Sarika was spell-bound to the spot. -King Shripunj came up and was about to slay Sarika with an arrow when -Sarika said Do not kill me. Make some provision for my food and I will -henceforth guard your Bráhmans. The king asked her what she -required. Sarika said Let your Bráhmans at their weddings give a -dinner in my honour and let them also marry their daughters in unwashed -clothes. If they follow these two rules I will protect them. The king -agreed and gave Sarika leave to go. Sarika could not move. While the -king wondered the home-goddess of the maiden appeared and told the king -she had stopped the fiend. Truly said the king you are the rightful -guardian. But Sarika is not ill disposed let her go. On this Sarika -fled to Sindh. And in her honour the people both of Shrimál and -of Jodhpur still marry their daughters in unwashed clothes.<a class="noteref" id="n463.1src" href="#n463.1" name="n463.1src">24</a> The -Bráhman girls whom Sarika had carried off had been placed in -charge of the snake Kankal lord of the under world. The Bráhmans -found this out and Kankal agreed to restore the girls if the -Bráhmans would worship snakes or <i>nágs</i> at the -beginning of their <i>shrádh</i> or after-death ceremonies. -Since that time the Shrimális set up the image of a Nág -when they perform death rites. Other legends relating to the building -of the Jagsvámi or Sun temple, to the temple of Chandish -<span class="corr" id="xd25e37587" title="Source: Mahadev">Mahádev</span> near the Brahmakund,<a class="noteref" id="n463.2src" href="#n463.2" name="n463.2src">25</a> and to -the making of the Jaikop lake are given above. The dates preserved by -local tradition are <abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 222 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 166) the building of the first -temple of the Sun; <abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 265 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 209) a destructive attack on the -city; <abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 494 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 438) a second sack by a Rákshasa; -<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 700 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 644) a re-building; <abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 900 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 844) a -third destruction; <abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 955 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 899) a new restoration followed by a -period of prosperity which lasted till the beginning of the fourteenth -century.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Caste Legends.</span>That Shrimál -was once the capital of the Gurjjaras seems to explain the local saying -that Jagatsen the son of the builder of the Sun temple gave -Shrimál to <span class="corr" id="xd25e37644" title="Source: Gujarat">Gujarát</span> Bráhmans where -Gujarát is a natural alteration of the forgotten Gurjjaras or -Gurjjara Bráhmans. That Shrimál was once a centre of -population is shown by the Shrimáli subdivisions of the -Bráhman and Váni castes who are widely scattered over -north Gujarát and Káthiáváḍa. Most -Shrimáli Vánis are Shrávaks. It seems probable -that their history closely resembles the history of the Osvál -Shrávaks or Jains who take their name from the ancient city of -Osia about fifteen miles south of Jodhpur to which they still go to pay -vows. The bulk of these Osvál Vánis, who are Jains by -religion, were Solaṅki <span class="corr" id="xd25e37647" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span> before their change of faith -which according to Jain records took place about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 743 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> -800).<a class="noteref" id="n463.3src" href="#n463.3" name="n463.3src">26</a> The present Bhinmál <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb464" href="#pb464" name="pb464">464</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Caste Legends.</span> bards claim the Osváls as originally -people of Shrimál. Lakshmí they say when she was being -married to <span class="corr" id="xd25e37673" title="Source: Vishnu">Vishṇu</span> at Shrimál looked into her -bosom and the Jariya goldsmiths came forth: she looked north and the -Oswáls appeared, east and from her look were born the -Porwáls.<a class="noteref" id="n464.1src" href="#n464.1" name="n464.1src">27</a> From her lucky necklace of flowers sprang the -Shrimáli Bráhmans. According to other accounts the -Shrimáli Bráhmans and Vánis were of Kashmír -origin of the Jamawála caste and were brought to south -Márwár by Jag Som by which name apparently Kanaksen that -is the Kushán or Kshatrapa (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78–250) dynasty is meant. They say that in -<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 759 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 703) Bugra an Arab laid the country waste and -that from fear of him the Shrimáli Bráhmans and -Vánis fled south. Another account giving the date <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 744 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 800) -says the assailants were Songara <span class="corr" id="xd25e37704" -title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span>. The Shrimális -were brought back to Bhinmál by Abhai Singh Ráhtor when -viceroy of Gujarát in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1694 -(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1750).</p> -<p>The memory of the Gurjjaras, who they say are descended from Garab -Rishi, lingers among the Bháts or bards of Shrimál. They -say the Gurjjaras moved from Shrimál to Pushkar about ten miles -north-west of Ajmír and there dug the great lake. They are aware -that Gurjjaras have a very sacred burning ground at Pushkar or Pokarn -and also that the <span class="corr" id="xd25e37715" title="Source: Savitri">Sávitrí</span> or wife of Brahma at -Pokarn was a Gurjjara maiden.</p> -<p>But as the leading Gurjjarás have dropped their tribe name in -becoming Kshatriyás or <span class="corr" id="xd25e37720" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span> the bards naturally do not know -of the Gurjjaras as a ruling race. The ordinary Gurjjara they say is -the same as the Rehbári; the Bad or High Gujjars to whom -Kṛishṇa belonged are <span class="corr" id="xd25e37723" -title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span>. The bards further say -that the Sompuras who live near Poshkar (Pokarn north of Ajmír) -and are the best builders who alone know the names of all ornamental -patterns are of Gurjjara descent and of Shrimál origin. They do -not admit that the Chávaḍás were Gurjjarás. -In their opinion Chávaḍás are the same as -Bhárods and came north into Márwár from -Dánta in Jháláváḍa in north-east -Káthiáváḍa. The Choháns they say came -from Sámbhar to Ajmír, from Ajmír to Delhi, from -Delhi to Nágor north of Jodhpur, from Nágor to Jodhpur, -from Jodhpur to Bhadgaon thirty miles south of Bhinmál, and from -Bhadgaon to Sirohi. According to a local Jaghirdár of the Devra -caste the Choháns’ original seat was at Jhálor -forty miles north of Shrimál. They say that in the eighteenth -century the Solaṅkis came north from Pátan in north -Gujarát to Hiyu in Pálanpur where they have still a -settlement, and that from Hiyu they went to Bhinmál.</p> -<p>In connection with the Sun temple and the traces of sun worship -among the Jains, whose <i>gurus</i> or religious guides have a sun face -which they say was given them by the Rána of Chitor, the -existence in Bhinmál of so many (thirty-five) houses of Shevaks -is interesting. These Shevaks are the religious dependents of the -Oswál Shrávaks. They are strange highnosed hatchet-faced -men with long lank hair and long beards and whiskers. They were -originally Magha Bráhmans and still are Vaishnavas worshipping -the sun. They know that their story is told in the Námagranth of -the Surya Purána. The Bhinmál Shevaks know of sixteen -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb465" href="#pb465" name="pb465">465</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Caste Legends.</span> branches or <i>sákas</i> but remember the -names of ten only: Aboti, Bhinmála, Devira, Hirgota, Kuwara, -Lalár, Mahtariya, Mundiara, Saparwála, and Shánda. -The story of these Maghás in the Surya and Bhavishya -<span class="corr" id="xd25e37747" title="Source: Puránas">Puráṇas</span>, how they were -brought by <span class="corr" id="xd25e37750" title="Source: Garuda">Garuḍa</span> from the land of the Śakas -and were fire and sun worshippers, gives these Shevaks a special -interest. The Devalás are believed to have come from -Kashmír with Jog Svámi who is said to have been a Yaksh -of the Rákshas division of Parihár <span class="corr" id="xd25e37754" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span>. The other -division of Parihárs were <i>girásias</i> of Ábu -who in virtue of the fire baptism of the Agnikund became -Kshatriyás. The Devalás are supposed to get their name -because they built Jag Som’s temple at Bhinmál. The Devra -<span class="corr" id="xd25e37760" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span> whose head is the Sirohi chief -and who according to the bards are of Chohán descent, came at -the same time and marry with the Devalás. With this origin from -Kanaksen it is natural to associate the Devras and Devalás with -the Devaputras of the Samudragupta (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 370–395) inscription. Of Húṇa -or of Javla, the tribe name of the great Húṇa conquerors -<span class="corr" id="xd25e37766" title="Source: Toromana">Toramáṇa</span> and Mihirakula -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 450–530), few signs have been -traced. The Jaghirdár of Devala knows the name -Húṇa. They are a Rákshasa people he says. He -mentions Honots or Sonots who may be a trace of Húṇas, and -Húṇáls in Káthiáváḍa and -a Huṇi subdivision among the Kunbis of Márwár. -Jávla he does not know as a caste name.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">History.</span>The historical interest of -Shrimál centres in the fact that it was long the capital of the -main branch of the great northern race of Gurjjaras. It is well known -that many mentions of the Gurjjaras and their country in inscriptions -and historical works refer to the Chaulukya or Solaṅki kingdom of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e37776" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242) or to its successor -the Vághelá principality (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1219–1304). But the name Gurjjara occurs -also in many documents older than the tenth century and has been most -variously and inconsistently explained. Some take the name to denote -the Chávaḍás of <span class="corr" id="xd25e37785" -title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 746–942), some the Gurjjaras -of Broach (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 580–808) and some, -among them Dr. Bhagvánlál <span class="corr" id="xd25e37795" title="Source: Indráji">Indraji</span>, even the -Valabhis (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766), but not one -of these identifications can be made to apply to all cases. As regards -the Valabhis even if they were of Gurjjara origin they are not known to -have at any time called themselves Gurjjaras or to have been known by -that name to their neighbours. The identification with the Gurjjaras of -Broach is at first sight more plausible, as they admitted their -Gurjjara origin as late as the middle of the seventh century, but there -are strong reasons against the identification of the Broach branch as -the leading family of Gurjjaras. Pulakeśi II. in his Aihole -inscription of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 634 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 556)<a class="noteref" id="n465.1src" href="#n465.1" name="n465.1src">28</a> claims to have subdued by his prowess -the Láṭas Málavas and Gurjjaras, which shows that -the land of the Gurjjaras was distinct from Láṭa, the -province in which Broach stood. Similarly Hiuen Tsiang (c. 640 -<span class="sc">a.d.</span>) speaks of the kingdom of Broach by the -name of the city and not as Gurjjara or the Gurjjara country. In the -following century the historians of the Arab raids<a class="noteref" -id="n465.2src" href="#n465.2" name="n465.2src">29</a> notice Barus -(Broach) separately from Jurz or Gurjjara, and the Chálukya -grant of 490 that is of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 738–739 -mentions the Gurjjaras after the Chávoṭakas -(Chávaḍás) and the Mauryas (of Chitor) as the last -of the kingdoms attacked by the Arab army. Later instances occur of a -distinction between Láṭa and Gurjjara, but it seems -unnecessary to quote them as the Gurjjara kingdom of Broach probably -did not survive the <span class="corr" id="xd25e37820" title="Source: Ráshtrakúṭa">Ráshṭrakúṭa</span> -conquest of south Gujarát (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 750–760).</p> -<p>The evidence that the name Gurjjara was not confined to the -Chávaḍás <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb466" href="#pb466" name="pb466">466</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -History.</span> is not less abundant. It will not be disputed that -references of earlier date than the foundation of <span class="corr" -id="xd25e37841" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 746) cannot apply to the -Chávaḍá kingdom, and further we find the -Chálukya grant of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 738–739 expressly distinguishing between -the Chávaḍás and the Gurjjaras and calling the -former by their tribal name Chávoṭaka. It might be -supposed that as the power of the Chávaḍás -increased, they became known as the rulers of the Gurjjara country; and -it must be admitted that some of the references to Gurjjaras in the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e37850" title="Source: Ráshtrakúṭa">Ráshṭrakúṭa</span> -grants are vague enough to apply to the Chávaḍás. -Still, if it can be shown that others of these references cannot -possibly apply to the Chávaḍás, and if we assume, -as we must, that the name of Gurjjara was used with the slightest -consistency, it will follow that the ninth and tenth century references -to the Gurjjaras do not apply to the Chávaḍá -kingdom of <span class="corr" id="xd25e37854" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>.</p> -<p>The Van-Dindori and Rádhanpur plates of the great -Ráshṭrakúṭa Govinda III.<a class="noteref" -id="n466.1src" href="#n466.1" name="n466.1src">30</a> state that -Govinda’s father Dhruva (<span class="sc">C.</span> 780–800 -<span class="sc">a.d.</span>) “quickly caused Vatsarája, -intoxicated with the goddess of the sovereignty of Gauḍa that he -had acquired with ease, to enter upon the path of misfortune in the -centre of Maru” and took away from him the two umbrellas of -Gauḍa. A comparison of this statement with that in the Baroda -grant of Karka II.<a class="noteref" id="n466.2src" href="#n466.2" -name="n466.2src">31</a> which is dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 812–813, to the effect that Karka made his -arm “the door-bar of the country of the lord of the Gurjjaras, -who had become evilly inflamed by conquering the lord of Gauḍa -and the lord of Vanga” makes it highly probable that -Vatsarája was king of the Gurjjaras at the end of the eighth -century. As no such name occurs in the Chávaḍá -lists, it follows that the Gurjjaras referred to in the inscriptions of -about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 800 were not -Chávaḍás.</p> -<p>It is also possible to show that more than a century later the -Chávaḍás were distinct from the Gurjjaras. The -Kánarese poet Pampa, writing in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 941,<a class="noteref" id="n466.3src" href="#n466.3" name="n466.3src">32</a> states that the father of his patron -Arikesari vanquished Mahipála king of the Gurjjaras, who may be -identified with the Mahipála who is named as overlord in the -grant of <span class="corr" id="xd25e37889" title="Source: Dharaṇivaráha">Dharaṇívaráha</span> -of Wadhwán,<a class="noteref" id="n466.4src" href="#n466.4" -name="n466.4src">33</a> dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 914. As -no Mahipála occurs in the Chávaḍá lists, the -Gurjjara kingdom must be sought elsewhere than at <span class="corr" -id="xd25e37899" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>. -Since the Gurjjaras of the eighth and ninth century inscriptions cannot -be identified either with the Valabhis, the Broach Gurjjaras, or the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e37902" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -Chávaḍás, they must represent some other family of -rulers. A suitable dynasty seems to be supplied by Hiuen Tsiang’s -kingdom of <span class="corr" id="xd25e37905" title="Source: Kiú-che-lo">Kiu-che-lo</span> or Gurjjara, the capital -of which he calls Pi-lo-mo-lo.<a class="noteref" id="n466.5src" href="#n466.5" name="n466.5src">34</a> The French translators took -Pi-lo-mo-lo to be Bálmer in <span class="corr" id="xd25e37911" -title="Source: Rajputána">Rájputána</span>. But -Dr. Bühler following the late Colonel Watson, identifies it, no -doubt rightly, with Bhinmál or Bhilmál.<a class="noteref" -id="n466.6src" href="#n466.6" name="n466.6src">35</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb467" href="#pb467" name="pb467">467</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -History.</span> A short sketch of the history of the Gurjjaras, so far -as it can be pieced together from contemporary sources, may help to -show the probability of these identifications. The Gurjjaras apparently -entered India in the fifth century <span class="sc">a.d.</span> The -earliest notice of them occurs in the Śrí Harshacharita, a -work of the early seventh century, in which during the early years of -the seventh century <span class="corr" id="xd25e37938" title="Source: Prabhâkaravardhana">Prabhákaravardhana</span> the -father of Śrí Harsha of Magadha (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 606–641) is said to have conquered the king -of Gandhára, the Húṇas, the king of Sindh, the -Gurjjaras, the Láṭas, and the king of -Málava.<a class="noteref" id="n467.1src" href="#n467.1" name="n467.1src">36</a> The date of their settlement at Bhinmál is -unknown, but as their king was recognised as a Kshatriya in Hiuen -Tsiang’s time (c. 640 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>) it probably -was not later than <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 550. Towards the -end of the sixth century (c. 585) they seem to have conquered northern -Gujarát and Broach and to have forced the Valabhis (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–766) to acknowledge their supremacy. -(See <span class="corr" id="xd25e37957" title="Source: Above">above</span> page <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>.) They took very kindly to Indian culture, for in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 628 the astronomer Brahmagupta wrote -his Siddhánta at Bhinmál under king Vyághramukha, -who, he states, belonged to the Śrí Chápa -dynasty.<a class="noteref" id="n467.2src" href="#n467.2" name="n467.2src">37</a> This valuable statement not only gives the name of -the Gurjjara royal house but at the same time proves the Gurjjara -origin of the Chápoṭkaṭas or -Chávoṭakas, that is the Chávaḍás of -later times. This Vyághramukha is probably the same as the -Gurjjara king whom in his inscription of <abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 556 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 634) -Pulakeśi II. claims to have subdued.<a class="noteref" id="n467.3src" href="#n467.3" name="n467.3src">38</a> A few years later -(c. 640 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>) Hiuen Tsiang describes the king -(probably Vyághramukha’s successor) as a devout Buddhist -and just twenty years of age. The country was populous and wealthy, but -Buddhists were few and unbelievers many. The Gurjjaras did not long -retain their southern conquests. In Hiuen Tsiang’s time both -Kaira (Kie-cha) and Vadnagar (Ánandapura) belonged to -Málava, while the Broach chiefs probably submitted to the -Chálukyas. No further reference to the Bhinmál kingdom -has been traced until after the Arab conquest of Sindh when -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 724–750) the Khalifa’s -governor Junaid sent his plundering bands into all the neighbouring -countries and attacked among other places Márwád -(Márwár), Maliba (Málwa), Barus (Broach), Uzain -(Ujjain), Al Bailamán (Bhilmál ?), and Jurz -(Gurjjara).<a class="noteref" id="n467.4src" href="#n467.4" name="n467.4src">39</a> As noticed above the contemporary Chálukya -plate of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 738–9 also mentions -Gurjjara as one of the kingdoms attacked. After these events the Arabs -seem to have confined themselves to raiding the coast towns of -Káthiáváḍa without attacking inland states -such as Bhinmál. Immediately after the Arab raids ceased the -Gurjjaras had to meet a new enemy the -Ráshṭrakúṭas who after supplanting the -Chálukyas in the Dakhan turned their attention northwards. -Dantidurga in his Samangad grant of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 753–4<a class="noteref" id="n467.5src" -href="#n467.5" name="n467.5src">40</a> speaks of ploughing the banks of -the Mahí and the Revá (Narbada), and in his Elura -inscription<a class="noteref" id="n467.6src" href="#n467.6" name="n467.6src">41</a> of conquering among other countries Málava -Láṭa and Tanka.<a class="noteref" id="n467.7src" href="#n467.7" name="n467.7src">42</a> A few years later (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 757–58) a branch of the main <span class="corr" id="xd25e38016" title="Source: Rashṭrakúṭa">Ráshṭrakúṭa</span> -line established its independence in Láṭa in the person of -Kakka. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb468" href="#pb468" name="pb468">468</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -History.</span> The next notice of the Gurjjaras occurs in the -Rádhanpur and Van-Dindori grants of Govinda III.<a class="noteref" id="n468.1src" href="#n468.1" name="n468.1src">43</a> who -states that his father Dhruva (c. 780–800 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>) caused “Vatsarája, intoxicated with the -goddess of the sovereignty of Gauḍa that he had acquired with -ease, to enter upon the path of misfortune in the centre of Maru” -and took from him the two white umbrellas of Gauḍa. As already -stated, a comparison with the Baroda grant of Karka II.<a class="noteref" id="n468.2src" href="#n468.2" name="n468.2src">44</a> shows -that this Vatsarája was a Gurjjara king and that he had made -extensive conquests in Upper India as far east as Bengal. Now it is -notable that the genealogies of two of the most important Agnikula -races, the Paramáras and the Chauháns, go back to this -very time (c. 800 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>)<a class="noteref" id="n468.3src" href="#n468.3" name="n468.3src">45</a>. Taking this fact in -connection with the prevalence of the surnames Pavár and -Chaván among Gujars in such remote provinces as the -Panjáb and Khándesh, it seems obvious that these two -tribes and therefore also the two other Agnikula races, the -Parihárs and Solaṅkis are, if not of Gurjjara origin, at -all events members of the great horde of northern invaders whom the -Gurjjaras led. The agreement between this theory and the Agnikula -legends of Ábu need only be pointed out to be admitted. The -origin of the modern <span class="corr" id="xd25e38056" title="Source: Rajput">Rájput</span> races has always been one of the -puzzles of Indian history. This suggestion seems to offer at least a -partial solution.</p> -<p>The Rádhanpur grant (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 807–8) further states that when the -Gurjjara saw Govinda III. approaching, he fled in fear to some unknown -hiding-place. This probably means no more than that Vatsarája -did not oppose Govinda in his march to the Vindhyas. The next reference -is in the Baroda grant of Karka II. of Gujarát who boasts that -his father Indra (c. 810 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>) alone caused the -leader of the Gurjjara lords to flee. Karka adds that he himself, for -the purpose of protecting Málava, “who had been struck -down,” made his arm the door-bar of the country of -Gurjjareśvara, who “had become evilly inflamed” by the -conquest of Gauḍa and Vanga.<a class="noteref" id="n468.4src" -href="#n468.4" name="n468.4src">46</a> It is difficult to avoid -supposing that we have here a reference to the Paramára conquest -of Málwa and that Karka checked the southward march of the -victorious army. For some years no further mention has been traced of -the Gurjjaras. But in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851 the Arab -merchant Sulaiman states<a class="noteref" id="n468.5src" href="#n468.5" name="n468.5src">47</a> that the king of Juzr was one of the -kings “around” the <span class="corr" id="xd25e38080" -title="Source: Balhará">Balhára</span>, that is the -Ráshṭrakúṭa, and that he was very hostile to -the Musalmáns, which is not surprising, considering how his -kingdom was exposed to the Arab raids from Sindh. Dhruva III. of -Broach, in his Bagumrá grant of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 867<a class="noteref" id="n468.6src" href="#n468.6" name="n468.6src">48</a> speaks of “the host of the -powerful Gurjjaras” as one of the dangerous enemies he had to -fear. About <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 890 a Gurjjara chief -named Alakhána ceded <span class="corr" id="xd25e38092" title="Source: Takkadesa">Takkadeśa</span> in the Panjáb to -Śankaravarmman of Kashmir.<a class="noteref" id="n468.7src" href="#n468.7" name="n468.7src">49</a> But as Alakhána was a vassal -of Lalliya, the Śáhi of Ohind near Swát, this event -did not affect the Bhínmál empire. To about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 900 belongs the notice of the -Ráshṭrakúṭa Kṛishṇa II. in the -Deoli and Navsári grants<a class="noteref" id="n468.8src" href="#n468.8" name="n468.8src">50</a> where he is stated to have frightened -the Gurjjaras, destroyed the pride of Láṭa, and deprived -the coast people of sleep. His fights with the Gurjjaras are compared -to the storms of the rainy season, implying that while the relations of -the two empires continued hostile, neither was able to gain any -decisive advantage over the other. To this same period belongs Ibn -Khurdádba’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 912) -statement<a class="noteref" id="n468.9src" href="#n468.9" name="n468.9src">51</a> that the king of Juzr was the fourth <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb469" href="#pb469" name="pb469">469</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -History.</span> in rank of the kings of India and that the -Tátariya <i>dirhams</i> were used in his country. In connection -with the latter point it is worth noting that the -<i>pattávali</i> of the Upakeśagaccha<a class="noteref" id="n469.1src" href="#n469.1" name="n469.1src">52</a> gives a story which -distinctly connects the origin of the Gadhia coinage with -Bhínmál.<a class="noteref" id="n469.2src" href="#n469.2" -name="n469.2src">53</a> The grant of <span class="corr" id="xd25e38157" -title="Source: Dharaṇivaráha">Dharaṇívaráha</span>, -the Chápa chief of Vadhván, dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 914<a class="noteref" id="n469.3src" href="#n469.3" name="n469.3src">54</a> gives us the name of his overlord -Mahipála, who, as already pointed out, must be identified with -the Mahipála who was defeated by the Karnátak king -<span class="corr" id="xd25e38167" title="Source: Narasiṁha">Narasiṃha</span>.<a class="noteref" id="n469.4src" href="#n469.4" name="n469.4src">55</a> The fact that -Vadhván was a Chápa dependency implies that <span class="corr" id="xd25e38175" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -was one also. We may in fact conclude that throughout the -Chávaḍá period <span class="corr" id="xd25e38178" -title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -was a mere feudatory of Bhínmál, a fact which would -account for the obscurities and contradictions of -Chávaḍá history.</p> -<p>The Deoli grant of the Ráshṭrakúṭa -Kṛishṇa III. which is dated <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 940<a class="noteref" id="n469.5src" href="#n469.5" name="n469.5src">56</a> describes the king’s victories -in the south as causing the hope of Kálanjara and -Chitrakúṭa to drop away from the heart of the Gurjjara. At -this time Kalinjar belonged to the Kalachuris of Central India and -Chitrakúṭa or Chitoḍ to the Gehlots of -Mewáḍ and the phrase used by Kṛishṇa implies -that the Gurjjara chief had his eye on these two famous fortresses and -had perhaps already besieged them unsuccessfully. In either case this -notice is evidence of the great and far-reaching power of the -Gurjjaras. Masudi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 915) notices that -the king of Juzr was frequently at war with the Balhara -(Ráshṭrakúṭa) and that he had a large army -and many horses and camels.</p> -<p>A Chandel stone inscription from Khajuráho describes -Yaśovarmman and Lakshavarmman as successful in war against -Gauḍas, Khaśas, Kosalas, Kásmíras, Maithilas, -Málavas, Chedis, Kurus, and Gurjjaras.<a class="noteref" id="n469.6src" href="#n469.6" name="n469.6src">57</a> And soon after about -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 953 during the reign of -Bhímasena a migration of 18,000 Gurjjaras from -Bhínmál is recorded.<a class="noteref" id="n469.7src" -href="#n469.7" name="n469.7src">58</a> The memory of this movement -remains in the traditions of the Gujars of Khándesh into which -they passed with their carts in large numbers by way of -Málwa.<a class="noteref" id="n469.8src" href="#n469.8" name="n469.8src">59</a> An important result of this abandonment of -Bhínmál was the transfer of overlordship from -Bhínmál to <span class="corr" id="xd25e38211" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -whose first Chálukya or Solaṅki king -Múlarája (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–996) is, about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 990, described as being accompanied by the chief -of Bhinmál as a subordinate ally in his war with Graharipu (see -<span class="corr" id="xd25e38221" title="Source: Above">above</span> -page <a href="#pb451" class="pageref">451</a>). The Gurjjara or -Bhinmál empire seems to have broken into several sections of -which the three leading portions were the Chauháns of -Sámbhar, the Paramáras of Málwa, and the -Solaṅkis of <span class="corr" id="xd25e38227" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>.</p> -<p>The inscriptions which follow throw a certain amount of light on the -history of Bhinmál during and after the Solaṅki period. -The two earliest <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb470" href="#pb470" -name="pb470">470</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -History.</span> in date (Nos. 1 and 2) which are probably of the tenth -century, give no historical details. Nos. 3 and 4 show that between -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1057 and 1067 Bhinmál was -ruled by the Mahárájádhirája -Kṛishṇarája of the Paramára race. This is a -valuable confirmation of Rájput tradition, according to -which<a class="noteref" id="n470.1src" href="#n470.1" name="n470.1src">60</a> the Paramára Rája of Ábu was -followed by the prince of Śrímála, when he aided -Múlarája against Graharipu (c. 990 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>) and the Paramáras remained paramount in this -region until the beginning of the thirteenth century.<a class="noteref" -id="n470.2src" href="#n470.2" name="n470.2src">61</a> The title of -Mahárájádhirája meant much less at this -period than it meant before the Valabhi kings had cheapened it. Still -it shows that Kṛishṇarája’s rank was -considerably higher than that of a mere feudatory chieftain. -Inscription No. 3 gives the names of -Kṛishṇarája’s father Dhaṁdhuka and of -his grandfather Devarája. The first of these two names occurs in -the main line of Ábu as the successor of Dhúmarája -the first Paramára sovereign.<a class="noteref" id="n470.3src" -href="#n470.3" name="n470.3src">62</a> According to <span class="corr" -id="xd25e38261" title="Source: Rajput">Rájput</span> tradition -the Paramáras were at one time supreme in -Marásthalí and held all the nine castles of the Waste. -But in the historical period their chief possessions in -Márwád lay about Ábu and Chandrávati, -though we have a glimpse of another branch maintaining itself at -Kerálu near Bádmer.<a class="noteref" id="n470.4src" -href="#n470.4" name="n470.4src">63</a> The Paramára chiefs of -Ábu are constantly referred to in the Solaṅki annals, and -during the golden age of the Solaṅki monarchy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1094–1174) they were the vassals of that -power, and their Bhinmál branch, if it was ever a distinct -chiefship, probably followed the fortunes of the main line, though the -Bhinmál inscriptions give us no facts for this long period. The -next item of information is given by Inscription 5, which is dated in -the Saṁvat year 1239 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1183) in -the reign of the Maháraul Śrí -Jayatasíha-deva. This name is of special interest, as it can -hardly be doubted that we have here to do with that -“Jaitsí Parmár” of Ábu whose -daughter’s beauty caused the fatal feud between -“Bhíma Solaṅki” of <span class="corr" id="xd25e38273" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -and Prithiráj Chohán of Delhi.<a class="noteref" id="n470.5src" href="#n470.5" name="n470.5src">64</a> The title of -Mahâraul is to be noted as indicating the decline of the family -from the great days of Kṛishṇarája.</p> -<p>Towards the end of the thirteenth century the old world was falling -to pieces, and the Paramáras lost one after another nearly all -their ancient possessions to the Choháns of Náḍol. -Bhinmál must have fallen about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1200 or a few years before, for Inscription No. 6 -is dated Saṁvat 1262 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1206) in -the reign of the Mahárájádhirája -Śrí Udayasiṁhadêva, who, as we learn from -Inscription 12, was the son of the Maháraul Śrí -Samarasiṁhadeva, of the Chohán race. The sudden rise of -the son to greatness is implied in the difference of title and it may -be inferred that Udayasiṁha himself was the conqueror of -Bhinmál, though the capture of Ábu is ascribed by Forbes -to a chief named Lúniga.<a class="noteref" id="n470.6src" href="#n470.6" name="n470.6src">65</a></p> -<p>Inscriptions Nos. 6 to 8 being dated in the reign of -Udayasiṁha, show that he lived to at least the year <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1249 and therefore reigned at least forty-three -years. He is also referred to in the Inscription No. 10, dated -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1274, but in a way that does not -necessarily imply that he was still alive, as the record only speaks of -an endowment for his spiritual benefit, made by a person who was -perhaps an old retainer. His name also occurs in the genealogy in No. -12. His reign was apparently a prosperous one but no historical facts -beyond those already noted are known about him. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb471" href="#pb471" name="pb471">471</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -History.</span> Inscription No. 12 shows that Udayasiṁha had a -son named Váhaḍhasiṁha, who, as he is given no royal -title, probably died before his father. Udayasiṁha’s -successor, or at all events the next king in whose reign grants are -dated, was Cáciga, who is given the title of Maháraul in -Inscriptions 11 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1277) and 12 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1278).<a class="noteref" id="n471.1src" href="#n471.1" name="n471.1src">66</a> His relationship to -Udayasiṁha does not clearly appear, but he was probably either an -elder brother or an uncle of the Cámuṇḍa for whose -benefit the gift recorded in Inscription 12 was made and who seems to -be a grandson of Udayasiṁha. Cáciga appears to be the -Mahámaṇḍaleśvara Cáciga of Inscription -15 in the Bháunagar State Collection (<abbr>Bháu. -Prá<span class="corr" id="xd25e38324" title="Not in source">.</span></abbr> I. list page 5) which is stated to bear -the date Saṁvat 1332 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1276) and -to be engraved on a pillar in the temple of Pársvanátha -at Ratanpur near <span class="corr" id="xd25e38331" title="Source: Jódhpur">Jodhpúr</span>. It is clear that he was -tributary to some greater power though it is not easy to say who his -suzerain was. At this period Márwár was in a state of -chaos under the increasing pressure of the Ráthoḍs. Only -five years after Cáciga’s last date (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1278) we meet with the name of a new ruler, the -Maháraul <span class="corr" id="xd25e38337" title="Source: Srí">Śrí</span> Sámvatasiṁha. -He is mentioned in Inscriptions 13 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1283) 14 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1286) -and 15 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1289) and also in 44 of the -Bháunagar Collection (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1296 -<abbr>Bháu. Prá.</abbr> I. list page 13) from a Jain -temple at Juná. He is not stated to have belonged to the same -family as the previous rulers, but he bears the family title of -Maháraul, and it may be inferred with probability that he was a -son of Cáciga. He reigned for at least thirteen years -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1283–1296). It must have been -about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1300 or a little later, that -the <span class="corr" id="xd25e38362" title="Source: Chóháns">Choháns</span> were deprived of -Bhinmál by the Ráthoḍs and the line of -Udayasiṁha died out.<a class="noteref" id="n471.2src" href="#n471.2" name="n471.2src">67</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Inscriptions.</span>The Jagsvámi -temple has the honour of supplying fifteen of eighteen unmodern -inscriptions found at Bhinmál. Of the fifteen inscriptions -belonging to Jagsvámi’s temple nine are in place and six -have been removed to other buildings. Of the six which have been moved -five are in Báráji’s rest-house in the east and one -is in the enclosure of Mahálakshámí’s temple -in the south of the town. Of the three remaining inscriptions of one -(No. 3) the date <abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1106 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1043) is alone legible. Of the -letters on the two others, one in the bed and the other on the north -bank of the Jaikop lake, no portion can be read. Arranged according to -date the sixteen inscriptions of which any portion has been read come -in the following order:</p> -<p>I.—(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 950–1050; -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 900–1000. No. 1 of Plan.) On -the left hand side of the eastern face of the broken architrave of the -porch of the shrine of Jagsvâmi. The letters show the inscription -to be of about the tenth century:</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">Śrî Jagasvâmidêvasya -vâsare</p> -<p class="line">on the day of Śrî Jagasvâmi.<a class="noteref" id="n471.asrc" href="#n471.a" name="n471.asrc">68</a></p> -</div> -<p class="first">II.—(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> -950–1050; <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 900–1000. No. 2 -of Plan.) On the south face of the eightsided section of the northern -pillar of the shrine porch in the temple of Jagsvâmi. Wrongly -described in Bhâvanagara -prâcînaśodhasaṅgraha I. under No. 46 of the -State Collection, as referring to a man called Vasuṁdhara and -dated <abbr title="Vikram Saṃvat">Vi. S.</abbr> 1330. As the -letters show, the inscription is of about the tenth century. It -consists of a single <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb472" href="#pb472" -name="pb472">472</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Inscriptions.</span> complete verse:</p> -<blockquote> -<p lang="sa-latn" class="first">1. -Vasuṁdharî-kâri-<br> -2. tâu dvâu ṣtaṁbhâv ê-<br> -3. -tâu manôharâu<br> -4. svapituḥ Santaka-<br> -5. sârthê satataṁ<br> -6. punyavṛiddhayê ||</p> -</blockquote> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">These two lovely pillars Vasuṁdharî had -made for her father Santaka’s sake for increase of merit for -ever.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>III.—(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1106; <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1049. Not on Plan.) On the east side of the -southern water channel into Gautama’s lake three-quarters of a -mile north of the town. Except the date nothing can be deciphered.</p> -<p>IV.—(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1117; <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1060. Not on Plan.) On the lower part of a pillar -in the dharmaśálá east of the temple of -Bârâji on the east of the town. Prose:</p> -<blockquote lang="sa-latn"> -<p class="first">1. Oṁ Namaḥ sûryâya | -yasyôdayâstasamayêsuramakuṭanispṛi-</p> -<p>2. shṭa-caraṇa-kamalô s pi | kurutê s -jaliṁ Trinetraḥ sa jayati dhâmnâ nidhi</p> -<p>3. Sûryaḥ | Saṁvat 1117 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1057) Mâgha Sudi 6 Ravâu -Śrî Śrîmâle -Paramâravaṁś</p> -<p>4. dbhavo Mahârâjâdhîrâjâ -<span class="corr" id="xd25e38466" title="Source: Srî">Śrî</span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e38469" title="Source: Krishṇarâjaḥ">Kṛishṇarâjaḥ</span> -<span class="corr" id="xd25e38472" title="Source: Srî">Śrî</span> Dhaṁdhukasutaḥ -Śrîmad Dêvarâ-</p> -<p>5. -ja-pauttraḥ tasmin kshitîśê vijayini | -vartamâna-varsha-vârika-Dharkuṭa-</p> -<p>6. jâti-Kiriṇâdityô Jêla-sutô -Dêda-Harir Mâdhava-sutô -Dhaṁdha-nâkô Dha-</p> -<p>7. raṇacaṇḍa-sutas tathâ -Thâkhâṭa-jâti Dharaṇâdityaḥ -Sarvadêva-sutaḥ | amî-</p> -<p>8. bhiścaturbhis tathâ Vânyêna -Dharkuṭa-jâtyâ Dhaṁdhakêna -Jêlasutêna nija-ku-</p> -<p>9. -la-maṇḍanêna -dêva-guru-vrâhmaṇa-suśrûshâ-parêṇa -Ravi-caraṇa-yuga-dhyânâ-</p> -<p>10. -vishṭeṇa -saṁsârasyânityatâm(n)irîkshya -râjâno râjaputrâṁśca -vrâhmaṇân (ma-)</p> -<p>11. -hâjana-paurâṁśca tathâ lokân -Saura-dharmê pravarttâyya dravyâṇi me … -(ni)</p> -<p>12. -tya-tejo-nidheḥ Śrî -Jagatsvâmi-dêvasya deva-bhavana-jîrṇoddhâ -…</p> -<p>13. (kâ)râpitaṁ bhavanasyopari -svarṇṇa-kalasam vrâhmaṇena -para-(ma-dhâ-)</p> -<p>14. -rmmikeṇa Jêjâkêna nija-dravyeṇa -kâritam iti || Saṁ 1</p> -<p>15<span class="corr" id="xd25e38498" title="Source: -">.</span> -Jyeshṭha Su di 8 somê râtrâu -ghaṭikâ 3 pala 25 asmin la-</p> -<p>16. (g)nê sarvakarma nishpâdya kalasaṁ -dhvajaṁ ca dayapitam iti ||</p> -<p>17. (Ta)thâ purâtanavṛittêna pari -devasyâsya Râjñâ Śrî -Krishṇarâjêna Śrî-</p> -<p>18. … (pu-)rîya-maṇḍalê -grâmaṁ prativa<sup>o</sup> drâ. 20 -Sacaliyâ-grâmê kshêtram êkaṁ</p> -<p>19. …… trâyâ râjabhôgât -tu drôṇa …… sati kâ ..</p> -<p>20. … || Râmasî Pômarapi kâ -…… prativa<sup>o</sup> drâ. 1 ……</p> -<p>21. …. vijñapya caṁdanena kârâpitam -iti || Tathâ âlav ….</p> -<p>22. … ya pra da … likhitaṁ kada -……….</p> -<p>23. …………. kâya …..</p> -</blockquote> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb473" href="#pb473" name="pb473">473</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Inscriptions.</span></p> -<p class="xd25e963"><i>Translation.</i></p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">1–3. Oṁ! Reverence to the Sun! Victorious -is that sun, the storehouse of brightness, at whose rising and setting -the three-eyed (Śiva), even though (his own) lotus feet are -touched by the diadems of the gods, folds his hands (in adoration).</p> -<p>3–5. On Sunday the 6th of the light half of Mâgha, the -year 1113, at holy Śrîmâla the -Mahârâjâdhirâja Śrî -Kṛishṇarâja son of Śrî Dhaṁdhuka and -grandson of the glorious Devarâja, of the Paramâra -race—in his victorious reign.</p> -<p>6–7. Kiriṇâditya, Jêla’s son, of the -Dharkuṭa family, (being office-holder) in his turn for the -current year, Dada Hari son of Mâdhava, Dhaṁdhanaka son of -Dharaṇacaṇḍa and Dharaṇâditya son of -Sarvadeva of the Thâkhâṭa race.</p> -<p>8–12. By these four and by the Vânî (?) -Dhaṁdhaka son of Jêla of the Dharkuṭa race, the -ornament of his family, strict in obedience to the gods, to his -teachers and to Brâhmaṇas, and full of devotion to the feet -of Ravi (the Sun), observing the perishableness of this world, and -urging kings Kshatriyas Brâhmaṇas merchants and townsfolk -to worship the sun, repairs were done to the temple of the god -Śrî Jagatsvâmi, the everlasting store of light.</p> -<p>13. The kalaśa of gold above the temple the very righteous -Brâhmaṇa Jêjâka had made at his own charges. In -the year 1 ….</p> -<p>15. on Monday the 8th of the light half of Jyêshṭha, in -the 25th pala of the 3rd ghaṭikâ of night—at this -moment</p> -<p>16. all the work being finished the kalaśa and banner were set -up (?)</p> -<p>17. and after the ancient manner by the king Śrî -<span class="corr" id="xd25e38559" title="Source: Krishṇarâja">Kṛishṇarâja</span> -…. of this complaint ….</p> -<p>18. a village in the Śrî …. purîya district, -yearly 20 drammas. In Sacaliyâ village a field</p> -<p>19. …. But from the king’s share (of the crop) a -drôṇa ….</p> -<p>20. …………… yearly 1 dramma -…….</p> -<p>21. …. by order was caused to be made by Caṃdana || and -…</p> -<p>22. ……… written ……….</p> -<p>23. …… kâya.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>V.—(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1123; <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1066. No. 3 of Plan.) On the north face of the -upper square section of the more northerly of the two pillars that -support the eastern side of the dome of the temple of Jagsvâmi. -Entirely in prose:</p> -<blockquote lang="sa-latn"> -<p class="first"></p> -<p>1. Oṁ. Saṁvat 1123, Jyêshṭha Vadi 12 -Śanâu || adyêha Śrî -Śrîmâlê -Mahârâjâdhirâja-<span class="corr" id="xd25e38589" title="Source: Srî">Śrî</span> -Krishṇarà-</p> -<p>2. ja-râjyê -Dêvaśrîcaṇḍîśa-Mahâdêva-dharmâdhikâra-cêṭakaparama -Pâśupatâcârya-Śrî -Jâvalasyê … | Sauva-</p> -<p>3. -rṇika Jasaṇâśâ | -Śrêshthi Caṁdanâ Kiraṇâdityâ -Sîharâ varttamâna-varsha-vârika-Joga-candra -…..</p> -<p>4. Gugâ navâi …. lôkê ca êka .. -matîbhûtvâ ……….. -………. Śrîmâlîya -Vrâ-</p> -<p>5. hmaṇa Vâhaṭêna ……… -Śrî Caṁḍîśa -………… …… drammâ -….</p> -<p lang="en">6–13. Badly damaged: only a few letters legible here -and there.</p> -</blockquote> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb474" href="#pb474" name="pb474">474</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Inscriptions.</span></p> -<p class="xd25e963"><i>Translation.</i></p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">1–2. Ôṁ! On Saturday the 12th of the -dark half of Jyêshṭha Saṁvat 1123—on this day -at holy Śrîmâla, in the reign of the -Mahârâjâdhirâja Śrí -Kṛishṇarâja—of Śrî Jâvala, the -servant of the offices of religion to the god Śrî -Caṃḍîśa Mahâdêva, the supreme -teacher of the Pâśupatas …</p> -<p>3. The goldsmith Jasaṇâśâ, the seṭh -Caṁdanâ, Kiraṇâditya, Sîharâ, -Jogacaṁdra the office-holder in turn for the current year</p> -<p>4–5. Gugâ … and in the world … being of -one mind … … by Vâhaṭa the -Śrîmâlî Brâhmaṇa … -Śrî Caṁdîśa … <i>drammas</i> -…</p> -</blockquote> -<p>VI.—(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1239; <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1183. No. 4 of Plan.) On the upper face of the -eightsided section of the fallen pillar on the south side of the dome -of the temple of Jagsvâmi. Entirely in prose:</p> -<blockquote lang="sa-latn"> -<p class="first">1. Saṁ. 1239 Âśvina Vadi 10 -Vudhê</p> -<p>2. Adyêha Śrî Śrîmâle -Mahârâja-</p> -<p>3. -putra Śrî -Jayatasîha-dêva-râjyê ||</p> -<p>4. Guhilo Pramahidâsuta-tra<sup>o</sup> arava-</p> -<p>5. sâka Vahiyaṇa -Vâlâka-dêvâya</p> -<p>6. drava dra. 1 tathâ bhâryâ -Mâlhaṇadê-</p> -<p>7. ḍî kṛita dra. 1 yê kê<span lang="sa">ऽ</span>pi pa ati bhava</p> -<p>8. ṁti teshâṁ pratidra<sup>o</sup> vi 1 -labhyâ yaḥko(s)</p> -<p>9. pi catra-pâlô bhavati tena varshân(u-)</p> -<p>10. -varsha(ṁ) <span class="space xd25e38669space">​</span> dinê dêvâya -dâtavyaṁ ||</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="xd25e963"><i>Translation.</i></p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">1. In the year 1239 (1183 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>) on Wednesday the tenth of the dark half of -Âśvina</p> -<p>2–3. On this day here in holy Śrîmâla in the -reign of his majesty Śrî Jayatasîha the -Mahâraul.</p> -<p>4–6. Aravasâka Vahiyaṇa the Guhila, the -Tra<sup>o</sup>,<a class="noteref" id="n474.asrc" href="#n474.a" name="n474.asrc">69</a> son of Pramahidâ (gave) to -Vâlâka-dêva one <i>dramma</i> in cash.</p> -<p>6–7. And (his) wife Mâlhaṇa-dêḍî -(dêvî) (gave) one <i>dramma</i>. Whosoever are <span class="space xd25e38700space">​</span>, by them for each <i>dramma</i> -one <i>vi</i> is to be received. Whosoever</p> -<p>9. is the ruler by him every</p> -<p>10. year on the <span class="space xd25e38712space">​</span> -day it is to be given to the god.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>VII.—(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1262; <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1206. No. 5 of Plan.) On the upper face of the -lower square section of the fallen pillar which is one of the pair of -three dome pillars. Prose:</p> -<blockquote lang="sa-latn"> -<p class="first">1. <sup>o</sup> || Oṁ. Namaḥ -Suryâyaḥ || Yasyodayâstasamayê -sura-makuṭa-nispṛi-</p> -<p>2. shṭa-caraṇa-kamalo<span lang="sa">ऽ</span>pi -kurutê <span lang="sa">ऽ</span>ṁjali(ṁ) -trinêtra(ḥ) sajayati dhâmnâṁ -niddhi(ḥ) sûryaḥ ||</p> -<p>3. Saṁvat 1262 varshê adyêha Śrî -Śrîmâle Mahârâjâdhirâja -Śrî Uda-</p> -<p>4. --yasîṁha-dêva-kalyâṇa-vijaya-râjyê -maha<sup>o</sup> -Âsvapasî-prabhṛiti-paṁca-kula-</p> -<p>5. pratipattâu || -Kâyastha-jâtîya-Vâlamyânvayê -maha<sup>o</sup> Yaśôpâlaśrêẏô -<span lang="sa">ऽ</span>rthaṁvê (cê?)-</p> -<p>6. -ṭaka-Vîlhâkêna Śrî -Jayasvâmi-dêvîya-bhâṁḍâgârê -kshêpita dra. 40 catvari(ṁ). <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb475" href="#pb475" name="pb475">475</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin" lang="en"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Inscriptions.</span></p> -<p>7. Śat Âśvina mâsê -yâtr(ôtsavê?) Âśvina śudi 13 … -1 Âgni câyê.</p> -<p>8. Mâlâyâ, pushpamû dra. 4 aguru dra -…</p> -<p>9. -dra. 4 pramadâ kulasya dra. 1 êvaṁ dra. 12 -dvâdaśa-draṃmâ -âcaṁdrârkaṁ prativarshaṁ -dêvêna kârâpa</p> -<p>10. nîyâ || tathâ -śrêyârthaṁ Madrakêna(?) dêva -bhâṁḍâgârê kshipita dra. 15 -paṁcadaśa drammâ Mâgha-</p> -<p>11. -vadi 6 dinê balinibaṁdhê(?) -gôdhûma sê 2 pâkâ ghṛita palî -9 naivêdya 32 aṁga-</p> -<p>12. -bhôgô -prativarshaṁâcaṁdrârkaṁ yâvat -dêvêna karaṇîyaḥ … dinê -Âhaḍasvâ-</p> -<p>13. -mi-suhâlaṁ/ Bhadrasvâmi-suhâlaṁ/ -Acaṁdrârkavat âpanîya(ṁ) likhitaṁ -pâ° Bâmdhavada su(tê)-</p> -<p>14. -na Câṁḍapasâkêna -hînâksharam adhikâksharaṁ <span class="space xd25e38784space">​</span> pramâṇaṁ -||</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="xd25e963"><i>Translation.</i></p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">1–2. Oṁ. Reverence to the Sun! Victorious -is that sun, the storehouse of brightness, at whose rising and setting -the three-eyed (Śiva) folds his hands (in adoration), even though -his lotus feet are touched by the diadems of the gods.</p> -<p>3–5. In the Saṁvat year 1262 (1206 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>), on this day here in holy Śrîmâla, -in the prosperous and victorious reign of his majesty the -Mahârâjâdhirâja Śrî -Udayasîṁha in the term of office of the <i>panch</i> -(consisting of) Âśvapasî &c.</p> -<p>5–7. For the (spiritual) benefit of Yaśôpâla -in the Vâlamya family of the Kâyastha caste, dra. 40, forty -<i>drammas</i> were deposited by Vîlhâka the Veṭaka -(or Cêṭaka) in the treasury of the god Śrî -Jayasvâmi.</p> -<p>7. At the yâtrâ festival in the month of -Âśvina, on the 13th of the light half of Âśvina -… | , at the building of the fire-(altar).</p> -<p>8. … for flowers for the garland dra. 4, aloewood -dra ….</p> -<p>9. 4 <i>drammas</i>, for the band of singing women one -<i>dramma</i>: thus dra. 12, twelve <i>drammas</i> (in all) are to be -applied yearly by the god so long as sun and moon endure.</p> -<p>10. So also the dra. 15, fifteen <i>drammas</i> deposited in the -treasury of the god by Madraka(?) for (spiritual) benefit.</p> -<p>11–12. On the sixth of the dark half of Mâgha in the -fixed ritual of the <i>bali</i>, wheat one <i>ser</i>, … -<i>ghi</i> nine <i>palîs</i>, the <i>naivêdya</i> … -32, the <i>angabhôga</i> is to be performed yearly by the god so -long as sun and moon endure.</p> -<p>12–13. On the … day the <i>suhâla</i> of -Âhaḍasvâmi and the <i>suhâla</i> of -Bhadrasvâmi is to be given so long as sun and moon endure.</p> -<p>13–14. Written by the <i>pâ</i>° -Caṁḍapasâka son of Bâṁdhavada. <a class="noteref" id="n475.asrc" href="#n475.a" name="n475.asrc">70</a>The -letter less or the letter more … of authority.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>VIII.—(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1274; <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1218. Not in Plan.) In Bârâji’s -rest-house on the west face of the third right hand pillar. Prose:</p> -<blockquote lang="sa-latn"> -<p class="first">1. Saṁvat 1274 varshê Bhâdrapada -sudi 9 Śukrê dyêha -Śrî-Śrîmâ-</p> -<p>2. -lê Mahârâjâdhirâja Śrî -Udaya-siṁha-dêva-kalyâṇa-vijaya-râjyê -Sa°.</p> -<p>3. Dêpâlaprabhṛiti-paṁcakula -pratipattâu …. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb476" -href="#pb476" name="pb476">476</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Inscriptions.</span></p> -<p>4. ….. Śrî Udayasîha …… -Śrîdêva Jagasvâmi-naivêdyê ..</p> -<p>5. ….. dina .. nityadêya lô 2 dvân.</p> -<div class="table"> -<table class="itemGroupTable"> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">6.</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/rbrace3.png" alt="" width="14" height="45"></td> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan cellRight cellTop cellBottom"> -Illegible.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">7.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">8.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -</blockquote> -<p class="xd25e963"><i>Translation.</i></p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">1. In the Saṁvat year 1274 (1218 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>) on Friday the 9th of the bright half of -Bhâdrapada—on this day here in holy -Śrîmâla,</p> -<p>2. in the prosperous and victorious reign of his majesty the -Mahârâjâdhirâja Śrî -Udayasiṁha, in</p> -<p>3. the term of office of the panch (consisting of) Sa° -Dêpâla and others …..</p> -<p>4. … Śrî Udayasîha ….. in the -<i>naivedya</i> of Śrîdêva -Jagasvâmi ….</p> -<p>5. ….. day … to be given regularly 2 two lô° -(?).</p> -</blockquote> -<p>IX.—(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1305; <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1249. Not in Plan.) On the south face of the -fifth right pillar on the right hand of Bârâji’s -rest-house. Prose:</p> -<blockquote lang="sa-latn"> -<p class="first">1. Ôṁ Namaḥ -Sûryâyaḥ || yasyodayâstasa-</p> -<p>2. -mayê Sura-makuṭa-nisprishṭa-caraṇa-</p> -<p>3. -kamalo <span lang="sa">ऽ</span> pi kurutê -<span lang="sa">ऽ</span> ṁjaliṁ Trinetra sa</p> -<p>4. jayati dhâmnâ(ṁ) nidhi(ḥ) Suryaḥ || -Saṁ. 1305 va-</p> -<p>5. -rshê adyêha Śrî -Śrîmâlê -Mahârâjâdhirâjaśrî (Uda-)</p> -<p>6. -ya-siha-dêva-kalyâṇa-vijaya-râjyê -maha° Gaja(si-)</p> -<p>7. -ha-prabhṛiti paṁca(kula-pratipattâu) -….. ṇadêvî …</p> -<p>8. vâha … Śrî -Jagasvâmidêvîyabhâṇḍâgâre -kshêpita dra. 50 paṁcâ (śaddrammâ -â-)</p> -<p>9. -Śvina-yâtrâyâṁ Âśvina -śudi (4) dinê divasa-bali ..</p> -<p>10. -………………………….. -(gô-)</p> -<p>11. -dhûma sê 2 .. ghṛita ka 8 -……….. muga pâ 2 ghṛita ka 2.</p> -<div class="table"> -<table class="itemGroupTable"> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">12.</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="rowspan cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/rbrace4.png" alt="" width="16" height="65"></td> -<td rowspan="4" class="rowspan cellRight cellTop cellBottom"> -Illegible.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">13.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">14.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">15.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -</blockquote> -<p class="xd25e963"><i>Translation.</i></p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">1–4. Ôṁ. Reverence to the Sun! -Victorious is that sun, the storehouse of brightness, at whose rising -and setting the three-eyed (Śiva) folds his hands (in adoration), -even though his feet are touched by the diadems of the gods.</p> -<p>4–7. In the year Saṁ. 1305 (1249 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>), on this day here in holy Śrîmâla in -the prosperous and victorious reign of his majesty the -Mahârâjâdhirâja Śrî Udayasiha, in -the term of office of the <i>panch</i> (consisting of) Maha° -Gajasiha and others …… ṇadêvî.</p> -<p>8. Vâha … dra. 50 fifty <i>drammas</i> deposited in the -treasury of the god Śrî Jagasvâmi.</p> -<p>9. At the Âśvina festival on the 4th day of the light -half of Âśvina the day’s <i>bali</i>.</p> -<p>10. ………. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb477" -href="#pb477" name="pb477">477</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Inscriptions.</span></p> -<p>11. Wheat sers 2 .. ghî <i>karshas</i> (8) ….. -<i>mung</i> pâ 2, ghî <i>karshas</i> 2.</p> -<p>12–15. Illegible.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>X.—(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1320; <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1264. No. 6 of Plan.) On the east face of the -lower square section of the more northerly of the east pair of dome -pillars of Jagsvâmi’s temple. First thirteen lines in -verse, the rest in prose. No. 49 of the Bhâunagar State -Collection (Bhâu. Prâ. I.)</p> -<blockquote lang="sa-latn"> -<p class="first">1. <span class="corr" id="xd25e39057" title="Source: Ôṃ">Ôṁ</span> namo -Vighnarâjâya namo devâya bhâsvate | namo -<span lang="sa">ऽ</span> nanta-sva-</p> -<p>2. rûpâya Harayê Cakrapâṇayê || -namaḥ ŚivâyaSomâya namaḥ para-</p> -<p>3. ma-Vrahmaṇê | Iti -paṁcanamaskârâḥ -sarvapâpapraṇâ-śakâḥ || -sarva-maṁ-</p> -<p>4. gala-maṁgalyâḥ -sarva-saukhya-pradâyakâḥ | -sarvârtha-siddhi-saṁpannâḥ saṁ-</p> -<p>5. -tu mê hṛidi sarvadâ || Iti jantur japan -nityaṁ nityam âśrayatê sukhaṁ | ta-</p> -<p>6. -smâd asmin japê puṇyê ratir astu sadaiva -mê || Iti dhyânaikanishṭhâtmâ-</p> -<p>7. Kâyastho naigamânvayê | Ṛishir -âsît purâ Saḍhunamdano naṁdanaḥ -satâin ||</p> -<p>8. -Śrikrishṇa-Kṛishṇa-Govinda-pranidhâna-parâyanaḥ -| Pautras tasyâjani <span class="corr" id="xd25e39077" title="Source: Srîmâ-">Śrîmâ-</span></p> -<p>9. -n Saḍhḍhalo Valaṇâṁgajaḥ || -Sadaiva -datta-mishṭânna-toshitâneka-vâḍavaḥ -|</p> -<p>10. Ahâra-prasaro yasya pâṇiḥ -padmâlayâlayaḥ || paropakâra-vratinâm -vaishṇa</p> -<p>11. vadharmasêvinâṁ || yêna -janmâtmanaścakrê -sâdhuvâda-vibhûshitaṁ || tataḥ -parama-</p> -<p>12. -dharmmâtmâ sadâ -viśadamânasaḥ || dêvîdatta-varaḥ -Śrîmân Subhaṭo <span lang="sa">ऽ</span> -bhût tadaṁgabhûḥ |</p> -<p>13. Câgneyas tasya Kêdâra-pukaḥ -Kânhaḍo <span lang="sa">ऽ</span> bhavat | -Mahâ­dêvasuto yasya bhrârau Râ-</p> -<p>14. -ma. Âsalô || Têna -Śrîkêdâraputraka Kânhaḍêna -svaśrêyasê Saṃ 1320 va-</p> -<p>15. -rshê Mâgha Śu di 9 navamîdinê -prativarashaṁ balini­mittaṁ Śrî -Jayasvâmi-dê-</p> -<p>16. vîya-bhâṇdâgârê -kshêpita dra. 50 paṁcâśan drammâḥ || -bali-nibaṁdhê godhûma sê 1½</p> -<p>17. ghrita ka 6 naivêdyê <span class="space xd25e39105space">​</span> mâ ½ muga mâ -¾ ghṛita ka ½ Âbôtî dra ¼ -+ 2</p> -<p>18. Vyâsa lô 2 -pushpakuṁkumâguru-mûlyê dra. 2 -patra-pûga-mû dra | pramadâkula</p> -<p>19. dra. 1 Êvaṁ prativarshaṁ -dêvakîyabhâṇḍâgârât -shaḍ drammâ vyayê dêvêna -kârâ</p> -<p>20. pyaṃ || Iyaṁ praśastir Maha° -Subhaṭêna bhaṇitâ | -Dhruva-Nâgvala-suta-Dêdâ-</p> -<p>21. -kêna likhitâ || sûtra° Gôgâ -Suta-Bhîmasîhênôtkîrṇâ || -<span lang="sa">क</span> || <span lang="sa">क</span> ||</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="xd25e963"><i>Translation.</i></p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">1. “Oṁ. Reverence to the lord of obstacles -(Gaṇeśa), reverence to the brilliant god (the Sun), -reverence to him of everlasting nature,</p> -<p>2. To Hari, wielder of the discus. Reverence to Śiva (and) to -Sôma, reverence <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb478" href="#pb478" name="pb478">478</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Inscriptions.</span></p> -<p>3–5. to the highest Brahma. May these five reverences which -destroy all sin, the most auspicious of all auspicious (sayings), which -grant all happiness, attended with the accomplishment of all objects, -be ever in my heart.”</p> -<p>5–6. The creature that constantly murmurs (these words) -resorts to everlasting happiness. Therefore may I for ever take -pleasure in this holy murmur.</p> -<p>6–7. There was formerly in the Naigama family a -Kâyastha, Rishi son of Saḍhu, the delight of the good, -whose mind was solely intent upon (the above) meditation.</p> -<p>7–9. (He was) devoted to meditation on (the names) -Śrí Kṛishṇa, <span class="corr" id="xd25e39151" -title="Source: Krishṇa">Kṛishṇa</span>, and -<span class="corr" id="xd25e39154" title="Source: Goviṅda">Govinda</span>. To him was born a grandson, the -glorious Saḍhḍhala son of Valaṇa, who constantly -satisfied numerous Brâhmaṇas with gifts of sweet food,</p> -<p>10. whose hand was not stretched out to steal, who was the home of -Lakshmî for the followers of the Vaishṇava religion, who -are vowed to doing good to others,</p> -<p>11–12. who adorned his life with the discussions of saints. -From him there was the glorious Subhaṭa, the very righteous, -whose mind was ever clear, and to whom Dêvî granted a boon. -Born of his body</p> -<p>13–14. was Câgneya. His (grandson) was -Kânhâḍa son of Kêdâra or -Mahâdêva and his (Kânhaḍa’s) two brothers -were Râma and Âsala.</p> -<p>14–16. By this Kânhaḍa, son of Kêdâra -for his own benefit, fifty <i>drammas</i> dra. 50, were deposited in -the treasury of Śrî Jayasvâṁidêva for a -yearly <i>bali</i>, on the ninth (9) of the light half of Mâgha, -in the Saṁvat year 1320 (1264 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>)</p> -<p>16–18. In the <i>Bali</i> endowment wheat 1½ seers, -ghî 6 <i>karshas</i>, in the <i>naivêdya</i> <span class="space xd25e39185space">​</span> 1 measure, <i>mung</i> ¾ -measure, ghî ½ <i>karsha</i>, Âbôti (?) -¼ <i>dramma</i> + 2, Bhaṭa <i>lô</i> (?), for the -price of flowers turmeric and aloe wood one <i>dramma</i>, for the -price of leaves and betelnut one <i>dramma</i>, for the band of singing -women one <i>dramma</i>.</p> -<p>19. So let six <i>drammas</i> be expended every year by the god from -his treasury.</p> -<p>20–21. This <i>praśasti</i> was spoken (composed) by the -Maha-(ttara ?) Subhaṭa. It was written by -Dêdâka, son of Nâgvala the Dhruva. It is engraved by -the carpenter Bhîmasêna son of Gôgâ.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>XI.—(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1330; <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1264. No. 7 of Plan.) On the south face of the -lower square section of the western side of the north pair of dome -pillars. First 11½ lines and lines 21 22 and half of 23 in -verse, the rest in prose. No. 47 of the Bhâunagar State -Collection. (Bhâu. Prâ. I. list page 14):</p> -<blockquote lang="sa-latn"> -<p class="first">1. Namaḥ Śrî Vighnarâjâya -namo dêvâya bhâsvatê namo …</p> -<p>2. Paramâna(ṁ) dadâyinê -cakrapâṇayê | Kâyastha-váṁśa -prasavaḥ purâsît.</p> -<p>3. Śrî Sâḍha-nâmâ purushaḥ -purâṇaḥ | Ṛishi ….</p> -<div class="table"> -<table class="itemGroupTable"> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">4.</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/rbrace3.png" alt="" width="14" height="45"></td> -<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan cellRight cellTop cellBottom">Damaged -and illegible.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">5.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">6.</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -<p>7. ……. dharmârtha … vigâha-</p> -<p>8. -mânô ânaṁdakâraḥ -……. <span lang="sa">ऽ</span> janishṭa -sû</p> -<p>9. nuḥ Subhaṭa ………… -saubhâgya-sampal-lalitâ- <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb479" href="#pb479" name="pb479">479</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Inscriptions.</span></p> -<p>10. -bhidhânâ | trivarga-sâram -tanaya-svarûpaṁ …….. sajjanâgryaṁ -Râjâdhi.</p> -<p>11. Râjôdaya-siha-deva-niḥśreyasê -Śrî Subhaṭêna têna | dêvasya -kośê ….</p> -<p>12. ….. ṁkshêpitaṁ ….. || -Tênaiva Maha° Subhaṭêna-sva śrê-</p> -<p>13. -yasê Saṁvat 1330 varshê Âśvina -śu di 4 caturthîdinê divasa <i>bali</i>-</p> -<p>14. --pûjâ-prêkshaṇîyakârtha(ṁ) -dêva Śrî -Jayasvâmi-bhâṇḍâ­gârê -dra<span class="corr" id="xd25e39287" title="Not in source">.</span> 50 -paṁ-</p> -<p>15. -câśan drammâ nikshêpitâḥ || -Tathâ Śrîkaraṇê Maha° -Gajasîhaprabhṛiti-</p> -<p>16. -paṁcakulaṁ upârâdhayita(-yati) | -Balidinê varshanibaṁ­dhê kârâpita -dra. 4 catu-</p> -<p>17. -ro drammâḥ prativarshaṁ svîya -pastalâ bhâvya … paṁ­cakulêna -dâtâvyâḥ</p> -<p>18. Vali-nivaṁdhê gôdhûma sê 2 -ghṛita ka 8 muga mâ | côshâṁ mâ -½ ghṛita ka ½ vyâ-</p> -<p>19. -sa-nirvâpa I Abôtî nirvâpa I -Kuṁkumâguru dra. 2 pushpa dra. 2 patrapûga dra. -2.</p> -<p>20. Pramadâkula dra<span class="corr" id="xd25e39302" title="Not in source">.</span> 2 êvam êtat prativarsham -âcaṁdrârkkaṁ dêvêna -kârâpyaṁ ||</p> -<p>21. -Śrîsatya-ratna-pura-lâṭa-hradâdhikârî, -Śrîmâladeśavahikâ­dhikṛi |</p> -<p>22. -to dhurînaḥ | vyâsêna -caṇḍahariṇâ vidushâṁ -varêṇa yo <span lang="sa">ऽ</span> -dhyâpitaḥ sa vi-</p> -<p>23. -dadhê Subhataḥ praśastiṁ || Dhru° -Dêdâkêna likhitâ sûtra° -Gôshasîhê-</p> -<p>24. -na utkirṇâ || <span lang="sa">ल</span> ||</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="xd25e963"><i>Translation.</i></p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">1–2. Reverence to the Lord of Obstacles -(Gaṇeśa). Reverence to the shining god. Reverence … -to (<span class="corr" id="xd25e39327" title="Source: Vishnu">Vishṇu</span>) the holder of the discus who -bestows supreme happiness.</p> -<p>2–3. There was formerly an ancient man named Śrî -Sâḍha born of the Kâyastha race. Ṛishi -……</p> -<p>4–6. Illegible.</p> -<p>7–9. …. for righteousness …. entering ….. -giving pleasure …. there was born a son Subhaṭa—</p> -<p>9–10. … (a wife) Lalitâ by name, rich in -excellence … the summing-up of the three objects of human effort -(religious merit, wealth, and pleasure) in the form of a son … -the chief of the virtuous—</p> -<p>11. By that Śrî Subhaṭa for the spiritual benefit -of the king of kings his majesty Udayasîha in the treasury of the -god … deposited ……</p> -<p>12–15. By that same Maha° Subhaṭa for his own -(spiritual) benefit in the Saṁvat year 1330 (1274 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>) on the fourth day of the bright half of -Âśvina, for the day’s <i>bali</i>, worship and -<i>darśana</i> dra. 50, fifty <i>drammas</i> were deposited in the -treasury of the god Śrî Jayasvâmi.</p> -<p>15–17. And he serves (propitiates ?) the -<i>paṁca</i> consisting of Maha° Gajasîha and the rest -at Śrî Karaṇa. On the <i>bali</i> day the four (4) -<i>drammas</i> given for the <i>bali</i> endowment are to <span class="corr" id="xd25e39368" title="Not in source">be</span> paid every year -by the <i>paṁca</i> from their own …. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb480" href="#pb480" name="pb480">480</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Inscriptions.</span></p> -<p>18–20. In the <i>bali</i> endowment wheat <i>sê</i> 2, -ghî <i>ka</i>(<i>rshas</i>) 8, <i>mung</i> one measure, -<i>côsha</i> ½ measure, ghî <i>ka</i>(<i>rsha</i>) -½, the Bhat’s dole 1, the Abôtî’s dole -1, turmeric and aloewood <i>dra.</i> 2, flowers <i>dra.</i> 2, leaves -and betelnut <i>dra.</i> 2, the band of singing women <i>dra.</i> 2: so -is this to be given yearly by the god so long as sun and moon -endure.</p> -<p>21–23. Subhaṭa, the officer of <span class="corr" id="xd25e39429" title="Source: Srî">Śrî</span> Satyapura -Ratnapura and Lâṭa-hrada, the chief set over the -<i>vahikas</i> of the Śrîmâla country, who was taught -by Caṇḍa Haṛi the <span class="corr" id="xd25e39435" -title="Source: purâṇik">purâṇic</span>, best of -the learned, composed the <i>praśasti</i>.</p> -<p>24. Written by Dêdâka the Dhruva and engraved by -Gôshasîha the carpenter.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>XII—(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1333; <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1277. Not in Plan.) On the north bank of Jaikop -lake on a fallen pillar to the west of Ghazni Khán’s tomb. -Lines 1–4 and half of line 5 and lines 18–22 (and perhaps -23 and 24) in verse, the rest in prose. No. 52 of the Bhâunagar -State Collection (Bhâu. Prâ. I. list pages -15–16):</p> -<blockquote lang="sa-latn"> -<p class="first">1. Yaḥ purâtra -mahâsthânê Śrîmâlê -susamâgataḥ | sa deva(ḥ) Śrî</p> -<p>2. Mahâvîra …….. bhayatrâtâ -(?) prajñâ</p> -<p>3. Yaṁ śaraṇaṁ gatáḥ | tasya -Vîrajinêṁdrasya prajârthaṁ -śasanaṁ navaṁ || 2 Pâ-</p> -<p>4. -râpaddha-mahâgacchê -puṇya-puṇya-svabhâvinâ(<span class="space xd25e39461space">​</span> ?) Śrî -pûrṇacaṁdra-sûri-</p> -<p>5. ṇâ prasâdâl likhyatê yathâ || -svasti Saṁvat 1333 varshê || Âśvi-</p> -<p>6. -na śu di 14 Sômê | adyêha Śrî -Śrîmâlê Mahârâjakula Śrî -Ca (?)</p> -<p>7. -ciga-dêva-kalyâṇa-vijayi-râjyê -tanniyukta-maha° Gajasîha-</p> -<p>8. -prabhṛiti-paṁcakula-pratipattâu Śrî -Śrimâla-dêśa-vahikâ­dhikritêna</p> -<p>9. Naigamânvaya-kâyastha-mahattama-Subhaṭêna -tathâ(ve?) cêṭaka Karmasîhê-</p> -<p>10. -na svaârêyasê -Âśvinamâsîya-yâtrâ-mahôtsavê -Âśvina Śu di 14 ca-</p> -<p>11. -turdaśî-dinê Śrî -Mahâvîradêvâya prativarshaṁ -paṁcô­pacâra-pûjânimi-</p> -<p>12. -ttaṁ -Śrîkaraṇîyapaṁcakulaṁ -sêlahatha-ḍâsî-narapâla-varakti-pûrvasaṁbô-</p> -<p>13. -dhya-talapa-dêhala-sahaḍî-pada-ma … -hala-sahaḍî</p> -<p>14. da 5 <span class="space xd25e39484space">​</span> -saptaviśôpakôpê paṁcadrammâ -samâ sêlahathâ­bhâvyê -âṭha</p> -<p>15. drâ°. ma <span class="space xd25e39488space">​</span> dra. 8 ashṭâu -dramma: || ubhayaṁ saptaviśôpa­kôpêna -trayôdaśa dra-</p> -<p>16. -mmâ âcaṁdrârkkaṁ -dêvadâyê kârâpitâḥ || -varttamâna-paṁca-kulêna va-</p> -<p>17. -rttamâna-sêlahathêna -dêvadâyê kṛitam idaṁ -svaśrêyasê pâlanîyaṁ ||</p> -<p>18. Yasmân paṁcakulô sarvô maṅtavyam -iti sarvadâ | tasya tasya tadâ śrêyo</p> -<p>19. Yasya yasya yadâ padaṁ || <span class="space xd25e39498space">​</span> || <span class="corr" id="xd25e39500" title="Source: Śrîsatya-ratna-pura-Lâṭa-hradâdhikărî"> -Śrîsatya-ratna-pura-Lâṭa-hradâdhikârî</span> -<span class="corr" id="xd25e39503" title="Source: Srî-">Śrî-</span></p> -<p>20. -mâla-dêśa-vahikâdhikṛito -dhurîṇaḥ | vyâsêna -Caṇḍahariṇâ vidushâṁ va-</p> -<p>21. -rêṇa yodhyâpitaḥ sa vidadhê -Subhaṭaḥ praśastiṁ || <span lang="sa">ठ</span> || Iyaṁ Gôgânujâtê- -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb481" href="#pb481" name="pb481">481</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin" lang="en"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Inscriptions.</span></p> -<p>22. (-na) sûtradhârêṇa dhîmatâ | -utkirṇâ Bhîmasîhêna -śâsanâk­shara-mâlikâ |</p> -<p>23. .. sanam idaṁ maṭhapatimahendragoshṭika -Âcaṁdra­pratipattâu <span class="space xd25e39530space">​</span> || <span lang="sa">ठ</span> ||</p> -<p>24. .. vasasamaya ….. (li) khitaṁ têna -dhîmatâ | yo vâcayati puṇyâ-</p> -<p>25. … sata …….. tî || <span lang="sa">ठ</span> || ma(ṁ)gala-sadâśrîḥ -|| śivamastu saṁp.</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="xd25e963"><i>Translation.</i></p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">1. The god <span class="corr" id="xd25e39551" title="Source: Srî">Śrî</span> Mahâvîra who -formerly came in(to) this great town Śrîmâla -….. in whom the wise protected from fear take refuge—a new -ordinance is written as follows for the people’s sake through the -favour of that Vîra, chief of the Jinas by <span class="corr" id="xd25e39554" title="Source: Srî">Śrî</span> -Pûrṇacandra Sûri, whose nature is most holy.</p> -<p>5–9. Good luck! In the Saṁvat year 1333 (1277 -<span class="sc">a.d.</span>), on Monday the 14th of the light half of -Âśvina—on this day here in holy -Śrîmâla in the prosperous and victorious reign of his -majesty Śrî <span class="corr" id="xd25e39562" title="Source: Caciga">Câciga</span> the Mahâraul, in the term of -office of the <i>panch</i> (consisting of) Maha<sup>o</sup> -Gajasîha and others, appointed by him.</p> -<p>9–11. By Subhaṭa the leading Kâyastha, of the -Naigama family, the officer in authority over the Vahikas of the -Śrîmâla country, and by Karmasîha the -Cêṭaka (servant) (or vêṭaka), for their own -(spiritual) benefit, at the great festival of the jatrâ of the -month of Âśvina on the fourteenth day 14 of the light half -of Âśvina, for the worship (consisting of) the five services -yearly to the god Śrî Mahâvîra.</p> -<p>12–15. [These four lines seem to be made up chiefly of -Prâkṛit words which I am unable to translate. They specify -two sums, one of 5 and the other of 8 drammas.]</p> -<p>15–17. Both, with the twenty-seventh <i>upakopa</i> (?), the -13 <i>drammas</i> have been given in religious endowment. This which -has been made as a religious endowment is to be maintained by the -<i>paṁca</i> and by the <i>Sêlahatha</i> (?) officiating -(from time to time) for their own (spiritual) benefit.</p> -<p>18–19. Because every <i>paṁca</i> is always to be -honoured, the benefit (of maintaining the endowment) belongs to -whomsoever at any time (holds) the office.</p> -<p>19–22. Subhaṭa, the officer of Śrîsatyapura -Ratnapura and Lâṭahrada, the chief set over the -<i>vahikas</i> of the Śrîmâla country, who was taught -by Caṇḍahari the purâṇik, the best of the -learned, composed the <i>praśasti</i>. The series of letters of -this grant was engraved by the wise carpenter Bhîmasîha the -son of Gôga.</p> -<p>23–25. This grant was written by that wise one … at the -time ….. in the term of office of the Abbot Mahêndra and -the committeeman Âcaṁdra (?) .. who causes to speak .. -…. Good luck! Bliss for ever! May it be auspicious … -Finis.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>XIII.—(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1334; <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1278. No. 8 in Plan.) On the north face of the -lower square section of the eastern of the north pair of dome pillars. -All in prose:</p> -<blockquote lang="sa-latn"> -<p class="first">1. Oṁ namaḥ Sûryâyaḥ || -yasyôdayâstasamayê -suramukuṭa-nispṛîshṭa-caraṇa- -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb482" href="#pb482" name="pb482">482</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Inscriptions.</span></p> -<p>2. kamalo <span lang="sa">ऽ</span> pi kurutê <span lang="sa">ऽ</span> ṁjaliṁ trinêtra sajayati -dhâmnâ(ṁ) nidhi(ḥ) sûryaḥ || | -Saṁvat 1334.</p> -<p>3. Varshê Âśvina va di 8 adyêha -Śrî <span class="corr" id="xd25e39638" title="Source: Srîmâlê">Śrîmâlê</span> -Mahârâjakula-Śrî-Câciga-Kalyâna-vija-</p> -<p>4. -ya-râjyê tanníyukta-maha<sup>o</sup> … -(si)ha-prabhṛiti-paṁcakula-pratipattâu | -êvaṁ kâlê pravarttamânê</p> -<p>5. Câhumânânvayê Mahârâja(ku)la -Śrî -Samarasihâtmaja-Mahârâjâdhirâja-Śrî -Udaya ||</p> -<p>6. Sihadêvâṁgaja-Śrî -Vâhaḍhasiha ……… Śri -Câmuṇḍa-râja-deva-śrêyasê -maha<sup>o</sup></p> -<p>7. Dêdâkêna …… Śrî -Jagasvâmidêvîya -bhâṇḍâgâre … bali -…….</p> -<p>8. … dra. 100 śataṁ drammâ -nikshêpitâ -Âśvina-yâtrâyâ(ṁ) Âśvina -vadi 8 asḥṭamî-dinê divasa-bali ta-</p> -<p>9. -thâ aṁgabhôga … prêkshaṇika -….. -Śrîdêvîya-bhâṁḍâgârât -kârâpanîya | bali-nibaṁdhê</p> -<p>10. gôdhûma sê 3 ghṛita ka 1 -(naivêdyê) ….. côshâ(ṁ) mâ -2, muga sê ¼, ghṛita ka ½ -vyâsanirvâpa 1 Âbôṭî.</p> -<p>11. -nirvâpa 1 kuṁkumâguru-mûly(ê) -dra. 2 tathâ pushpha­mûlyê dra. 2 (?) tathâ -patrapûga-mûlyê dra. 2 pramadâ­kulê -mûlyê dra. 2 ê-</p> -<p>12. -vaṁ êtat -Vyâsa-Âbôṭika-śrêshṭi-goshṭika- -<span class="corr" id="xd25e39666" title="Source: ..">…</span> -kula-pramadâ­kula prabhritinâṁ varshaṁ -varshaṁ prati â-</p> -<p>13. caṁdrârka-yâvat tathâ …… -îtî kârâpanîya -śrî-dêvêna kârâpanîya | -<span class="space xd25e39671space">​</span> pari -kênâpi na karaṇî-</p> -<p>14. -yâ | likhitaṁ dhru<sup>o</sup> -Nâgula-suta-Dêdâkêna …… -hînâ­ksharam adhikâksharaṁ vâ -sarvaṁ pramâṇa-</p> -<p>15. -miti || maṁgalaṁ sadâ śrîḥ -|| (sûtradhâréṇa ?) Nânâ-suta -Dêpâla Saṁ 33 varshê Caitra va di 15 -…… saha.</p> -<p>16. Maṇasihêna (?) ….. ||</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="xd25e963"><i>Translation.</i></p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">1–2. Ôṁ. Reverence to the Sun! -Victorious is that sun, the storehouse of brightness, at whose rising -and setting the three-eyed (Śiva), even though (his own) lotus -feet are touched by the diadems of the gods, folds his hands (in -adoration).</p> -<p>3–4. In the <i>Saṁvat</i> year 1334 (1278 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>) on the 8th of the dark half of -Âśvina—on this day here in holy -Śrîmâla in the prosperous and victorious reign of his -majesty the Mahâraul Śrî Câciga, in the term of -office of the <i>paṁca</i> (consisting of) the Maha<sup>o</sup> -…. Sîha and the rest, appointed by him—at this -time</p> -<p>5–6. for the (spiritual) benefit of his majesty Śrî -Câmuṇḍa-râja …. (son of) -Śrî-Vâhaḍhasiha the son of his majesty -Śrî Udayasiha the Mahârâjâdhirâja, -(who was) the son of his majesty the Mahâraul Śrî -Samarasiha in the Câhumâna race</p> -<p>7. By the Maha<sup>o</sup> Dêdâka …. in the -treasury of the god Śrî Jagasvâmi …. -<i>bali</i> …</p> -<p>8. <i>dra.</i> 100, one hundred <i>drammas</i>, were deposited. At -the Âśvina yâtrâ the day’s <i>bali</i> on -the eighth 8 of the dark half of Âśvina <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb483" href="#pb483" name="pb483">483</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Inscriptions.</span></p> -<p>9. and the <i>aṁgabhoga</i> .. <i>darśana</i>, .. to be -expended from the treasury of the god. In the endowment of the -<i>bali</i></p> -<p>10–11. Wheat <i>sê</i>. 3: ghi <i>ka</i>(<i>rshas</i>) -1: in the <i>naivêdya</i> .. Côsha measures 2, munga -<i>sê</i>. ¾, ghi <i>ka</i>(<i>rsha</i>) ½, the -Bhat’s dole 1, the Âbôṭî’s dole 1, -for buying turmeric and aloe wood <i>dra.</i> 2, and for buying flowers -<i>dra.</i> 2 (?), and for buying leaves and betel <i>dra.</i> 2, for -the band of singing women <i>dra.</i> 2.</p> -<p>12–13. Thus this for the Bhat’s, -Âbôṭîs, Committeemen, …, band of singing -women &c. every year so long as sun and moon (endure) is so -…. to be expended, is to be expended by the god. Interruption -(?) is to be made by no one.</p> -<p>14. Written by Dêdâka son of Nâgula the -<i>dhruva</i> …. the letter less or the letter more—all is -of (no?) authority.</p> -<p>15. Good luck! Bliss for ever. By the carpenter Dêpâla -son of Nânâ, on the 15th of the dark half of Çaitra -in the year 33 …</p> -<p>16. By Maṇasiha (?) ….</p> -</blockquote> -<p>XIV.—(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1339; <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1283. Not on Plan.) In -Báráji’s rest-house on the south face of the first -right pillar. Prose. No. 51 of the Bhâunagar State Collection -(Bhâu. Prâ. I. list page 5):</p> -<blockquote lang="sa-latn"> -<p class="first">1. Ôṁ namaḥ -Sûryâyaḥ || yasyôdayâstasamayê -sura-mukuṭa-nispṛishṭa-caraṇa-</p> -<p>2. -kamalô pi | kurutê <span lang="sa">ऽ</span> -ṁjaliṁ trinètra sa jayati dhâmnâṁ -nidhiḥ sûryaḥ || saṁva</p> -<p>3. t. 1339 varshê Âśvina Śu di | -śanâv adyêha Śrî <span class="corr" id="xd25e39814" title="Source: Srîmâlê">Śrîmâlê</span> -Mahârâja kula-Śrîsâmva-</p> -<p>4. --tasîha-dêva-kalyâṇa-vîjaya-râjyê -tanniyukta-mahâ° sîha -prabhṛiti-paṁcakula-</p> -<p>5. pratipattau <span class="corr" id="xd25e39821" title="Source: Srî">Śrî</span> Jâvâlipurât -atrâyâta-Guhilò <span class="space xd25e39824space">​</span> -Ru-</p> -<p>6. -drapâla-suta-sâha° Sahajapâlêna -âtmaśrêyasê -pitṛimâtṛiśrê­yasê -bali-pujâ-</p> -<p>7. aṁga bhôga pratyaṁ(gaṁ) <span class="corr" id="xd25e39830" title="Source: Srî">Śrî</span> -Jayasvâmi-dêvâya Sûryadê­vâya -bhâṁdâgârê (k)shêpita dra. 20 -viṁ</p> -<p>8. śati drammâ || Svîya-Jâyakâsarahi -<span class="space xd25e39835space">​</span> -Rudrâmârga-samîpe Kathara-pânâ-</p> -<p>9. âbhidhâna-kshêtra | êka pradattaḥ | -<span class="space xd25e39839space">​</span> dêvâya -dinê pûjâ nimi(t) aṁ Sâha° Saha-</p> -<p>10. -ja-pâla-bhâryâ <span class="space xd25e39843space">​</span> -âtma-śrêyasê -mâtâ-pitṛôśrêyasê -bhaṁdâgâre (k)shêpita-</p> -<p>11. dra. 10 dasa-drammâ -…………………….. -drammâ Aśvi-</p> -<p>12. -na-yâtràyâṁ -Âśvina-śu-di | dinê divasa-bali-pujâ -bhâṁḍâgârât <span class="corr" id="xd25e39850" title="Source: Srîdêvê-">Śrîdêvê-</span></p> -<p>13. -na kâràpanîyâ | -vali-nivaṁdhê gôdhuma sê 2 ghṛita ka 8 -naivêdyê côshâ(ṁ) pâ 2 mu-</p> -<p>14. -ga <span class="space xd25e39857space">​</span> -ghṛita ka ½ aṁgabhôgê patra-puga</p> -<p>15. pratyaṁ(gaṁ) dra. | Vyâsanirvâpa -……. pôtî-nirvâpa | pramadâ-kula -dra. 2 êtat saṁrva -Śrîdêvîya ……… -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb484" href="#pb484" name="pb484">484</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Inscriptions.</span></p> -<p>16. kosa dra ………….. -pramadâkulêna ……….. -âcaṁdrâ-kâlaṁ yâva</p> -<p>17. -t. ……… nirvâpanîyaṁ || -kȧrâpanîyaṁ. ………. -nâgula-sutêna maha° Dê-</p> -<p>18. -dâkêna ………….. | -Guhilô Sâha° -Rudrapâla-suta-sôḍha° Harisîhê na -(Śrîdê-)</p> -<p>19. -vîya-sthitaka <span class="space xd25e39881space">​</span> dra. <span class="space xd25e39883space">​</span> 4 Sahajapâla-suta-sâ -sthita-</p> -<p>20. -ka dra 4. ……………….</p> -<p>21–23. Illegible.</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="xd25e963"><i>Translation.</i></p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">1–2. Ôṁ. Reverence to the Sun! -Victorious is that sun, the storehouse of brightness, at whose rising -and setting the three-eyed (Śiva), even though (his own) lotus -feet are touched by the diadems of the gods, folds his hands (in -adoration).</p> -<p>3–5. On Saturday the first of the light half of -Âśvina in the year 1339 (1283 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>) -on this day here in holy Śrîmâla, in the prosperous -and victorious reign of his majesty the Mahâraul Śrî -Sâmvatasîha, in the term of office of the -<i>paṁca</i> (consisting of) the maha° …….. -sîha and the rest, appointed by him.</p> -<p>5–8. Dra. 20, twenty drammas, were deposited in the treasury -for the sun-god Śrî Jagasvâmi by Sâha° -Sahajapâla son of Rudrapâla the Guhila, who came here from -Śrî <span class="corr" id="xd25e39907" title="Source: Jàvâlipura">Jâvâlipura</span>, for -every part of the <i>bali</i>, the worship, and the -<i>aṁgabhoga</i>, for his own (spiritual) benefit and for the -benefit of his father and mother.</p> -<p>8–9. …….. near the Rudrâ road 1 one field -was given called Kathara-pânâ</p> -<p>9–11. To the god on ……… day for worship, -the wife of Sâha° Sahajapâla for her own benefit and -for the benefit of her father and mother<span class="corr" id="xd25e39920" title="Not in source">.</span> ………. -deposited <i>dra.</i> 10, ten <i>drammas</i>. -…………..</p> -<p>11–12. <i>Drammas</i> in the Âśvina -<i>Yâtrâ</i> on the first day of the light half of -Âśvina are to be expended by the god from the treasury (for) -the day’s <i>bali</i>, worship. ………..</p> -<p>13–17. In the <i>bali</i> endowment wheat <i>sê</i> 2. -…. <i>ghi</i> <i>ka</i>(<i>rshas</i>) 8: in the -<i>nâivêdya côsha</i> pâ 2 mung ….. -<i>ghi</i> <i>ka</i>(<i>rsha</i>) ½: in the -<i>aṁgabhôga</i> for every part of the leaves and betel -dra. 1, the Bhat’s dole ………, (the -Âb)ôtî’s dole 1, the band of singing women dra. -2; all this the god’s treasury <i>dra.</i> -………….. by the band of singing women -…………….. so long as sun and moon -endure …………….. is to be doled out, -is to be expended.</p> -<p>17–20. By the Maha° Dêdâka son of Nâgula -………….. By Sôḍha° -Harisîha son of Sâha° Rudrapâla the Guhila, four -<i>sthitaka drammas</i> of the god …………. By -Sâ ……………. son of -Sahajapâla ……… <i>sthitaka drammas</i> 4. -……………………..</p> -<p>21–23. Illegible.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>XV.—(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1342; <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1286. Not in Plan.) In the ground close to the -wall on the right in entering the enclosure of old -Mahâlakshmí’s temple. Prose. No. 50 of the -Bhâunagar State Collection (Bhâu. Prâ. I. page 15.) -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb485" href="#pb485" name="pb485">485</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Inscriptions.</span></p> -<blockquote lang="sa-latn"> -<p class="first">1. Ôṁ. Namaḥ -Sûryâyaḥ || Yasyôdayâstasamayê -sura-ma-</p> -<p>2. -kuṭa-<span class="corr" id="xd25e40013" title="Source: nisprishṭa">nispṛishṭa</span>-caraṇa -kamalô pi kurutê <span lang="sa">ऽ</span> -ṁjaliṁ trinêtra saja-</p> -<p>3. -yati dhâmnâṁ nidhiḥ sûryaḥ -|| Saṁvat 1342 (1286 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>) -Âśvina vadi 10 Ra-</p> -<p>4. -vâvadyêha Śrî -Śrîmâlê Mahârâjakula Śrî -Śâmvatasîha dê-</p> -<p>5. -va-kalyâṇa-vijaya-râjyê -tanniyukta-maha° -Pândyâ-prabhṛiti-paṁca-</p> -<p>6. -kula pratipattâu | -Śâsanâksharâṇi praya(c)chati yathâ | -Râthô­ḍa-</p> -<p>7. -jâtîya-Ûtisvatîha-pâutra -Vâgasasuta Sîla° Alhaṇasîhê-</p> -<p>8. -na âtmîya-mâtâ-pitrô -śrêyasê svaśrêyasê Śrî -Jagasvâmi-dê-</p> -<p>9. -vâya Âśvinê -yâtrâyâṁ daśamîdinê -divasa-bali-pûja prê-</p> -<p>10. -kshaṇîkâdi -aṁga-bhôga-nimi(t)taṁ -sêlahathâbhâvya-</p> -<p>11. -t Śrî <span class="space xd25e40040space">​</span> kârâpita -âcaṁdrârkayâvat pradatta dra. 4½.</p> -<p>12. -Śrîdêvîya-kôṭaḍî.</p> -<p>13. Âcaṁdrârkaṁ yaḥ kôpi -Sêlahathô bhavati têna varshaṁ varshaṁ -prati pâ-</p> -<p>14. -lanîyaṁ ca | vahubhir vasudhâ bhuktâ -râjabhi Sagarâdibhi yasya</p> -<p>15. yasya yadâ bhûmî tasya tasya tadâ -phalaṁ || 1 Aśvina vadi 10 va-</p> -<p>16. -li-nibaṁdhê gôdhûma sê -<span class="space xd25e40053space">​</span> ghṛita ka 12 -naivêdyê côshaṁ pâ 4.</p> -<p>17. mugâṁ mâ 1 ghṛita ka ½ -Vyâsanirvâpa 1 Abôṭînirvâpa 1 -kuṁkuma</p> -<p>18. kastûrî-pratyaṁ(gaṁ) dra. 4 -pushpa-pratyaṁ(gaṁ) dra. 4 -pramadâkula-pratyaṁ(gaṁ) dra. 4 patra-pû-</p> -<p>19. ga-pratyaṁ(gaṁ) dra. 4 êtat sarvaṁ -varshaṁ 2 prati Śrî­dêvîya -bhâṁḍâgârât</p> -<p>20. Varttâpakai kârâpanîyaṁ || -maṁgalaṁ sadâśrîh || likhitaṁ -Dhruva</p> -<p>21. Nâgula-suta-dhru° Dêdâkêna -Utkîrṇṇâ sûtra° -Bhîmasîhêna ||.</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="xd25e963"><i>Translation.</i></p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">1–3. Ôṁ. Reverence to the Sun! -Victorious is that sun, the storehouse of brightness, at whose rising -and setting the three-eyed (Śiva), even though (his own) lotus -feet are touched by the diadems of the gods, folds his hands (in -adoration).</p> -<p>3–6. Saṁvat 1342 on Sunday the 10th of the dark half of -Âśvina, on this day here in holy Śrîmâla, -in the prosperous and victorious reign of his majesty the -Maharâul Śrî Sâmvatasîha-dêva, in -the term of office of the <i>paṁca</i> (consisting of) Maha° -Pândyâ and the rest, appointed by him, he sets forth the -writing of the grant as follows.</p> -<p>6–11. By Sîla° Alhaṇasîha son of -Vâgasa and grandson of Ûtisvâtîha of the -Râṭhôḍa race, for the benefit of his own mother -and father and for his own benefit, 4½ <i>drammas</i> (were) -given to the god Śrî Jagasvâmi, for the day’s -<i>bali</i>, the worship, the <i>darśana</i> &c., and the -<i>aṁgabhôga</i> on the 10th day at the Âśvina -yâtrâ …. so long as sun and moon (endure). -…</p> -<p>12–14. The god’s treasure house ….. whosoever is -Sêlahatha, by him every year it is to be maintained also. -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb486" href="#pb486" name="pb486">486</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Inscriptions.</span></p> -<p>14–15. The earth has been enjoyed by many kings, beginning -with Sagara. Whosesoever the earth is at any time, his is also the -fruit thereof.</p> -<p>15–16. In the endowment of the <i>bali</i> for the 10th of the -dark half of Âśvina wheat <i>sê</i> … ghi -<i>ka</i>[<i>rshas</i>) 12: in the <i><span class="corr" id="xd25e40123" title="Source: naivedya">naivêdya</span> côsha -pâ</i> 4.</p> -<p>17–19. Mung <i>mâ</i> 1, ghi <i>ka</i> ½, the -Bhat’s dole 1, the Âbôtî’s dole 1, for -turmeric and musk each dra. 4, for flowers each dra. 4, for the band of -singing women each dra. 4, for leaves and betel each dra. 4.</p> -<p>19–21. All this is to be expended yearly from the god’s -treasury …. Good luck! Bliss for ever. Written by -Dhru° Dêdâka son of Dhruva Nâgula. Engraved by -Bhîmasîha the carpenter.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>XVI.—(<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1345; <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1289. No. 9 of Plan.) On the south face of the -lower square section of the north-east corner pillar of the dome. The -first thirteen lines are in verse, the rest in prose. No. 48 of the -Bhâunagar State Collection (Bhâu. Prâ. I. list page -14):</p> -<blockquote lang="sa-latn"> -<p class="first">1. Svargâpavargasukhadaṁ -paramâtmarûpaṁ dhṛisayaṁti yaṁ -sukṛitinô hṛidi sa-</p> -<p>2. -rvadâiva tasmâi namaj-janahitâya -surâsurêṁdra -saṁstûya­mâna-caritâya</p> -<p>3. namaḥ Śivâya || 1 Ślâghyaḥ -satâm sukṛitî sakṛitî manushyôs -mânyô maha-</p> -<p>4. -ttama-gunâi Subhataḥ sa êva | yaścâ -jagattrayaguruṁ girijâ­dhinâthaṁ -devaṁ</p> -<p>5. namasyati natô <span lang="sa">ऽ</span> nudinaṁ -mahêśa || 2 Sômô <span lang="sa">ऽ</span> -si nâtha nati­mattara-kâiravê-</p> -<p>6. -shu punya-Prabhâsa-sarasi sthitim -âśritêshu | tasmâ … mahâbdhi-</p> -<p>7. -tîrê Śrî Sômanâtha iti -siddhigataṁ smarâmi || 3 Punyaiḥ -Pra­bhâsaśaśi-bhûsha-</p> -<p>8. --ṇa-Kardamâla-pâpa-pramôcana-ruṇârtti-vimôcanâdyaiḥ -| êt­âiḥ Ka-</p> -<p>9. -pardi-kṛita-sat-tithibhiḥ pradhânais -tîrthâir alaṁ kṛitam idaṁ -hṛidayaṁ mamâstu ||</p> -<p>10. 4 Êtasya puṇya-payasô jaladhês -tathâsya Sârasvata-niva­hasyata.</p> -<p>11. Da° || Ôṁ namaḥ -Śûryâyaḥ Jaj(j)yôti prasarati -tarâṁ lôka kṛityâya ni-</p> -<p>12. -tyam | yannâmôktaṁ sakalakalushaṁ -yâti páraṁ payodhê | sarvasyâtmâ -sugati-</p> -<p>13. -surathô <span class="space xd25e40180space">​</span> --dhvâṁta-mâtaṁga-siṁgha | -drishṭa-sûryô nava(bha) si bhagavân -sarvasyântyaṁka-</p> -<p>14. -rôti || Saṁvat 1345 varshê Mâgha Vadi 2 -Sôme <span lang="sa">ऽ</span> dyêha <span class="corr" id="xd25e40187" title="Source: Srî">Śrî</span> -2 mâlê mahârâja-</p> -<p>15. -kula-Śrî -Sâmvata-siṁgha-dêva-kalyâṇa-vijaya-râjyê -tan­niyukta-maha° châṁhâ-</p> -<p>16. -prabhṛiti-paṁcakula-pratipatâu -êvaṁkâle pravarttamâne -Śrî-Jâvâlipuravâstavya-</p> -<p>17. Puskaraṇisthânîya-yajur-vêda -pâthakâya | Padamalasyagô- trâya | -Vrâhma° na-</p> -<p>18. -vaghaṇa-vaṁśotpannâdhyava° -Vâlhâpâutra | Jyôti° -Mâ­dhava-pratidâuhitrâ Jyô° -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb487" href="#pb487" name="pb487">487</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin" lang="en"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Inscriptions.</span></p> -<p>19. -Tilaka-dâuhitra-So[d].hala-putra-mâtu-Pûnala-suta | -Vrâhma° Vâgaḍa saṁsârasyâ</p> -<p>20. Asâratâṁ jñâtvà | -Śrî Jagasvâmina | Śrîsûryasya -mûrttô prâsâdê -sâuvarṇṇaka-</p> -<p>21. -laśârôpita | jâtasradhȧ -dêvaṁ saṁpûjya -samasta-dêva-lôka-Vrahma-lôka-pra-</p> -<p>22. -tyakshaṁ | -Vaṁśadvayôdharaṇa-samakshaṁ | -Âtmanaśca Âcaṁdrârkayâvat -sûrya-prasâda-prâ-</p> -<p>23. -pta-tyarthaṁ | prativarshaṁ | -pûjâṁ Śrî -Jagasvâmi-dêva-bhâṁḍâgârê -nikshipita | râukma-vî</p> -<p>24. sana-prî-dra. 200 dvâu Śatâni -Amîshâm drammânâm vyâ­japadât -<span class="corr" id="xd25e40223" title="Source: Ásvina">Âśvina</span>-yâtrâyâṁ -Aśvi-</p> -<p>25. -na vadi || dinê divasa-vali kâyôvali -nivaṁdhê gôdhûma sê 4 pakvê -ghriṭa ||</p> -<p>26. ka 16 nâivêdyê côshâṁ -mâ 1 muga mâ 1½ ghṛita ka | vîdakê -patra 8 pûga 2 aṁga-</p> -<p>27. -bhôga-pratya° dra. 4 pushpha pratya° dra. 6 -patrapûga-pra­tya° dra. 4 -vyâsa-nirvâpa-Âbôṭî-nirvâ-</p> -<p>28. -pa-nivamdhê côshâṁ sê ¼ -muga pâ 3 ghṛita ka 1 dakshiṇâ lô 2 -pramadâkula dra. 4 êta-</p> -<p>29. -t sarvaṁ prativarshaṁ -âcaṁdrârka-yávat Śrîdevasya -bhâṁ­ḍâgârât -vêcanîyam kârâpa-</p> -<p>30. -nîyaṁ ca | subhaṁ bhavatu sarvadâ | -Jyoti° Sûguda-sutêna Caṁdrâdityêna -samakshaṁ li-</p> -<p>31. -khitaṁ Kava° Nâgula sutêna -Dêdâkêna utkîrṇṇâ -Sûtra° Nânâ-suta-Dêpâlê-</p> -<p>32. -na || maṁgalaṁ sadâ -Śrîḥ.</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="xd25e963"><i>Translation.</i></p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">1–3. Reverence to that Śiva! the benefactor -of those who bow to him, whose actions are praised by the leaders of -gods and demons, who gives the happiness of heaven and of salvation, -whose form is the supreme soul, whom the wise ever lay hold upon in -(their) heart.</p> -<p>3–5. Oh Mahêśa, whosoever bowing daily does -reverence to the god who is <i>guru</i> of the three worlds, the lord -of the mountain’s daughter (Pârvatî), that man is -worthy of praise from the righteous, fortunate, wise, to be honoured -for most excellent virtues, a true hero.</p> -<p>5–7. Oh Lord thou art the moon among the bending lotuses that -have found their place in the holy pool of Prabhâsa: therefore I -make mention (of thee) famous by the name of Sômanâtha on -the seashore ….</p> -<p>7–9. May this heart of mine be adorned by these holy chief -<i>tîrthas</i>, Prabhâsa, the moon’s ornament, the -Lotus (pool), the Release from Sin, the Release from Debt and Suffering -&c., whose lucky days have been fixed by Kapardi (Śiva).</p> -<p>10. Of this pool of pure water and …. of Sarasvatî. -…..</p> -<p>11. Da° Oṁ! Reverence to the Sun, whose light ever reaches -far for the work of mankind, at the mention of whose name all sin goes -beyond the ocean: the soul of all, whose path and whose car are good, a -lion to the trumpeting elephants (of darkness): When the Lord Sun is -seen in the sky, he makes the last (?) .. of all. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb488" href="#pb488" name="pb488">488</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix III.<br> -<span class="sc">Bhinmál.</span><br> -Inscriptions.</span></p> -<p>14–16. On Monday the second of the dark half of Mâgha in -the Saṁvat year 1345 (1289 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>), on this -day here in holy Śrîmâla, in the prosperous and -victorious reign of his majesty the Mahâraul Śrî -Sâmvata Siṁgha, in the term of office of the -<i>paṁca</i> (consisting of) the Maha° -Châṁhâ and the rest, appointed by him.</p> -<p>16–21. At this time to (<i>read</i> by) Vâgaḍa the -Brâhmaṇa son of Sôḍhala and grandson of -Adhyava° Vâlhâ, of the Navaghana family, of the -Padamala gôtra, student of the Yajurvêda, of the town of -Puskariṇi and living in Śrî Jâvâlipura, -son of his mother Pûnala, and daughter’s son of Tilaka the -Jôshî, and granddaughter’s son of Mâdhava the -Jôshî—recognizing the impermanence of this world, a -golden <i>kalaśa</i> was set up on the palace … of the Sun -Jagasvâmi.</p> -<p>21–24. (By him) worshipping the god in faith, before the world -of the gods and the world of Brahma, for the purpose (?) of saving his -ancestors in both lines, and himself, to gain the favour of the Sun so -long as sun and moon (endure), (for) worship every year, 200 -<i>Vîsalaprî drammas</i> in gold were deposited in the -treasury of the god Śrî Jagasvâmi.</p> -<p>24–28. Out of the interest of these <i>drammas</i>, in the -endowment of the day’s <i>bali</i> and the -<i>kâyôvali</i> on the 11th of the dark half of -Âśvina at the Âśvina festival, wheat -<i>sê</i> 4, ghî <i>ka</i>(<i>rshas</i>) 16: in the -Nâivêdya côsha measure 1, mung <i>pâ.</i> -1½, ghî <i>ka</i>(<i>rsha</i>) 1, for -<i>pânsupârî</i> leaves 8, betel 2: for the -Aṁgabhôga severally dra. 4, for flowers severally -<i>dra.</i> 6, for leaves and betel severally <i>dra.</i> 4: in the -endowment of the Bhat’s dole and the -Abôṭî’s dole, <i>côsha</i> sê. -¼, mung <i>pâ</i>. 3, ghî <i>ka</i>(<i>rsha</i>) 1, -dakshiṇâ <i>lô</i> 2, the band of singing women -<i>dra.</i> 4.</p> -<p>29–32. All this is to be separated and expended from the -treasury of the god every year so long as sun and moon (endure). May it -always be auspicious. Written by Dêdâka son of Kava° -Nâgula for Caṁdrâditya son of Jyoti° -Sûgada. Engraved by Dêpâla son of Nânâ -the carpenter. Good luck! Bliss for ever!</p> -</blockquote> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb489" href="#pb489" name="pb489">489</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n449.1" -href="#n449.1src" name="n449.1">1</a></span> The translations of the -inscriptions and the bulk of the history are the work of Mr. A. M. T. -Jackson of the Indian Civil Service. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n449.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n449.2" -href="#n449.2src" name="n449.2">2</a></span> Finch in Kerr’s -Voyages, VIII. 301. Thirty years later the traveller Tavernier -(Ball’s Edition, II. 87) has: Bargant (Wangam in Jodhpur ?) -to Bimál 15 <i>kos</i>: Bimál to Modra 15 <i>kos</i>. Of -Jhálor Ufflet has left the following description. Jhálor -is a castle on the top of a steep mountain three <i>kos</i> in ascent -by a fair stone causeway broad enough for two men. At the end of the -first <i>kos</i> is a gate and a place of guard where the causeway is -enclosed on both sides with walls. At the end of the second <i>kos</i> -is a double gate strongly fortified; and at the third <i>kos</i> is the -castle which is entered by three successive gates. The first is very -strongly plated with iron, the second not so strong with places above -for throwing down melted lead or boiling oil, and the third is thickly -beset with iron spikes. Between each of these gates are spacious places -of arms and at the inner gate is a strong portcullis. A bowshot within -the castle is a splendid pagoda, built by the founders of the castle -and ancestors of Ghazni (Gidney) Khán who were Gentiles. He -turned Muhammadan and deprived his elder brother of this castle by the -following stratagem. Having invited him and his women to a banquet -which his brother requited by a similar entertainment he substituted -chosen soldiers well armed instead of women, sending them two and two -in a <i>dhuli</i> or litter who getting in by this device gained -possession of the gates and held the place for the Great Mughal to whom -it now (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1611) appertains being one of -the strongest situated forts in the world. About half a <i>kos</i> -within the gate is a goodly square tank cut out of the solid rock said -to be fifty fathoms deep and full of excellent water. Quoted by Finch -in Kerr’s Voyages, VIII. 300–301. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n449.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n450.1" -href="#n450.1src" name="n450.1">3</a></span> The names of these -gateways are Surajpul about six miles (4 <i>kos</i>) east of -Bhinmál near Khánpur at the site of a temple of -Mahádev; Sávidár about six miles (4 <i>kos</i>) to -the south near a temple of Hanumán; Dharanidhar near Vandar -about six miles (4 <i>kos</i>) west of Bhinmál at the site of a -large well; Kishánbivao about six miles (4 <i>kos</i>) to the -north near Nartan at the site of a large well and stones. Rattan Lal -Pandit. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n450.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n451.1" -href="#n451.1src" name="n451.1">4</a></span> The Shrimáli -Bráhm-Bháts are of the following subdivisions: -Dhondaleshvar, Hár, Hera, Loh, Poeshsha, Pitalia, and Varing. -They say Shrimál is their original home. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n451.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n451.2" -href="#n451.2src" name="n451.2">5</a></span> The local explanation of -Reh-bári is liver out of the way. Their subdivisions are; -Ál, Barod, Bougaro, Dagalla, Gansor, Gongala, Kalotra, Karamtha, -Nangu, Panna, Pramára, Roj. All are strong dark full-bearded -men. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n451.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n451.3" -href="#n451.3src" name="n451.3">6</a></span> The importance of -Bhinmál as a centre of population is shown not only by the -Shrimáli Bráhmans and Vánis who are spread all -over Gujarát, but by the Porwárs a class of Vánis -now unrepresented in their native town who are said to take their name -from a suburb of Bhinmál. Oswáls, almost all of whom are -Shrávaks or followers of the Jain religion, have practically -spread from Bhinmál. The origin of the name Osvál is -(Trans. Roy. As. Soc. III. 337) from Osi the Mother or Luck of -Osianagar an ancient town and still a place of pilgrimage about -eighteen miles north of Jodhpur. The Oswáls were originally -<span class="corr" id="xd25e36888" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span> of several classes including -Pawárs but mainly Solaṅkis and so apparently (Tod’s -Western India, 209) of Gurjjara origin. Equally of Gurjjara origin are -the Shrimáli Vánis who hold a specially high place among -Western Indian Jains. The care taken by the Jains to secure foreign -conquerors within their fold is notable. The Tirthankar is a -Rája who by piety and other virtues attained <i>moksha</i> or -absorption. The fifty-four worshipfuls <i>uttamapurushas</i>, the -twenty-four <i>tirthankars</i>, the twelve <i>chakravartis</i>, the -nine <i>báladevas</i>, and the nine <i>vásudevas</i> are -Rájás, most of them great conquerors (Trans. Royal -Asiatic Society. III. 338–341). The local story is that the -Solaṅkis were called to help the people of Shrimál to -resist the Songara <span class="corr" id="xd25e36910" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span> of Jhálor who took -Bhinmál about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1290. Before -that the Shrimális and Solaṅkis were enemies. This -tradition of hostility is interesting as it may go back to <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 740 when Múlarája Solaṅki -transferred the seat of power from Bhinmál to <span class="corr" -id="xd25e36919" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -Pátan. (See Below page <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>.) A class who trace to Bhinmál are the Pitals -or Kalbis of Márwár (Márwár Castes, 41). -They claim descent from <span class="corr" id="xd25e36926" title="Source: Rajput">Rájput</span> men and Bráhman women. In -support of the tradition the women still keep separate neither eating -with nor using the same vessels as their husbands. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n451.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n451.4" -href="#n451.4src" name="n451.4">7</a></span> These dancing girls hold -land. They are said to have been brought by the Songara <span class="corr" id="xd25e36933" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span>, -who according to the local account retreating from <span class="corr" -id="xd25e36936" title="Source: Ala-ud-din">Alá-ud-dín</span> Khilji -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1290) took Bhinmál from the -Shrimáli Bráhmans. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n451.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n451.5" -href="#n451.5src" name="n451.5">8</a></span> The Jatiyas all Hindus of -the three subdivisions Baletta, Sunkaria, and Talvaria came from -Mándu near Dhár in Central India. The name is locally -derived from <i>jatukarta</i> a skin. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n451.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n452.1" -href="#n452.1src" name="n452.1">9</a></span> According to a local story -there was a hermitage of Jangams near the temple of Jagamdeva the -Sun-God and a hermitage of Bharatis near Chandeshvar’s shrine. In -a fight between the rival ascetics many were slain and the knowledge -where their treasure was stored passed away. When repairs were made in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1814 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1870) the Bharati hermitage was cleared. Two -large earthen pots were found one of which still stands at the door of -Chandeshvar’s temple. These pots contained the treasure of the -Bharatis. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1814 nothing but white -dust was found. Most of the dust was thrown away till a Jain ascetic -came and examined the white dust. The ascetic called for an iron rod, -heated the rod, sprinkled it with the white dust, and the iron became -gold. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n452.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n453.1" -href="#n453.1src" name="n453.1">10</a></span> According to Alberuni -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1030) the Brahmasiddhánta was -composed by Brahmagupta the son of Jishnu from the town of -Bhillamála between Multán and Anhilwára. -Sachau’s Translation, I. 153. Another light of the college was -the Sanskrit poet Magha, the son of <span class="corr" id="xd25e37042" -title="Source: Srimáli">Śrímálí</span> -parents, who is said to have lived in the time of Bhoj Rája of -Ujjain (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1010–1040). -Márwár Castes, 68. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n453.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n453.2" -href="#n453.2src" name="n453.2">11</a></span> The local account -explains the origin of the name Kanak which also means gold by the -story of a Bhil who was drowned on the waxing fifth of Bhádarwa. -The Bhil’s wife who was with him failing to drown herself -prepared a funeral pyre. Mahádeva pleased with the woman’s -devotion restored her husband to life and made his body shine like -gold. As a thankoffering the Bhil enlarged the tank and built a shrine -to Kirait Mahádeva. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n453.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n454.1" -href="#n454.1src" name="n454.1">12</a></span> The local explanation of -the name Yaksha’s Pool is that Rávana went to Abaka the -city of the great Yaksha Kuvera god of wealth and stole Pushpak -Kuvera’s <i>vimán</i> or carrier. Kuvera in sorrow asked -his father what he should do to recover his carrier. The father said -Worship in Shrimál. Kuvera came to Shrimál and worshipped -Brahma who appeared to him and said: When Rámchandra destroys -Ravana he will bring back Pushpak. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n454.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n456.1" -href="#n456.1src" name="n456.1">13</a></span> No local tradition throws -light on the reason why this figure is called a Yaksha. The holding a -head in his hand suggests that he may have been a guardian Bhairav in -some Buddhist temple and so remembered as a guardian or Yaksha. Or he -may have been supposed to be a statue of the builder of the temple and -so have been called a Yaksha since that word was used for a race of -skilful architects and craftsmen. Troyer’s -Rajataraṅgíní, I. 369. In the Vrijji temples in -Tirhut which Buddhist accounts make older than Buddhism the objects of -worship were ancestral spirits who were called Yakshas. If the Buddhist -legends of Śaka settlements in Tirhut during Gautama’s -lifetime (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 540) have any historical -value these Vrijjis were Śakas. As (<abbr title="Journal Asiatique">J. As.</abbr> <abbr title="Series">Ser.</abbr> VI. -<abbr title="Tome">Tom.</abbr> II. page 310) Yaka is a Mongol form of -Śaka the ancestral guardians would be Śakas. Compare in -Eastern Siberia the Turki tribe called Yakuts by the Russians and -Sokhas by themselves, <abbr title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Ency. -Brit.</abbr> XXIV. 725. This would explain why the mythic Yaksha was a -guardian, a builder, and a white horseman. It would explain why the -name Yaksha was given to the Baktrian Greeks who built stupas and -conquered India for Aśoka (<abbr title="Journal Asiatique">J. -As.</abbr> <abbr title="Series">Ser.</abbr> VII. Vol. VI. page 170; -Heeley in Indian Antiquary, IV. 101). It further explains how the name -came to be applied to the Yuechi or Kusháns who like the Yavanas -were guardians white horsemen and builders. In Sindh and Kachh the word -Yaksha seems to belong to the white Syrian horsemen who formed the -strength of Muhammad Kásim’s army, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 712. (Tod’s Western India, 197; -Reinaud’s Fragments, 191; Briggs’ Farishtah, IV. -404–409). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n456.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n457.1" -href="#n457.1src" name="n457.1">14</a></span> The measurements are: -Height 4′; head round the brow to behind the ear the back of the -head not being cut free, 2′ 6″; height of head-dress, -8″; length of face, 10″; length of ringlets or wig curls -from the crown of the head, 2′; breadth of face, 9″; across -the shoulders, 2′ 3″; throat to waistband, 1′; -waistband to loose hip-belt or <i>kandora</i>, 1′ 3″; right -shoulder to elbow, 1′; elbow to wrist, 9″; head in the -right hand 5″ high 7″ across top; hip to broken knee, -1′; knee to ankle, 1′ 5″; foot broken off. Left -shoulder to broken upper arm, 8″; left leg broken off leaving a -fracture which shows it was drawn back like the right -leg. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n457.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n458.1" -href="#n458.1src" name="n458.1">15</a></span> The Jains call the -guardian figures at Sánchi Bhairavas. Massey’s -Sánchi, pages 7 and 25. Bhairava is revered as a guardian by the -Buddhists of <span class="corr" id="xd25e37325" title="Source: Nipál">Nepál</span> and Tibet. Compare -Burgess’ Bauddha Rock Temples, page 96. A connection between -Bhairav and the Sun is shown by the practice among Ajmir Gujar women of -wearing round the neck a medal of Bhairava before marriage and of the -Sun after marriage. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n458.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n458.2" -href="#n458.2src" name="n458.2">16</a></span> The Egyptians Romans and -Parthians are the three chief wig-wearers. Some of the Parthian kings -(<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 250–<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 240) had elaborate hair like peruques and -frizzled beards. In Trajan’s time (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 133), fashions changed so quickly that Roman -statues were hairless and provided with wigs. Gobineau <span lang="fr">Histoire Des Perses</span>, II. 530. Compare Wagner’s -Manners, 69. The number of wigs in the Elephanta sculptures, probably -of the sixth or early seventh century, is notable. In the panel of -Śiva and Párvati in Kailas are several figures with curly -wigs. Burgess’ Elephanta, page 33; in the marriage panel one -figure has his hair curled like a barrister’s wig, Ditto 31; in -the Ardhanarishwara compartment <span class="corr" id="xd25e37344" -title="Source: Garuda">Garuḍa</span> and two other figures have -wigs, Ditto 22; the dwarf demon on which one of the guardians of the -Trimurti leans has a wig, Ditto 14–15; finally in the west wing -wigged figures uphold the throne, Ditto 47. Gandharvas in the -Bráhmanic Rávan cave at Elura probably of the seventh -century have curly wigs: Fergusson and Burgess, 435. Wigged images also -occur in some of the Elura Buddhist caves of the sixth or seventh -centuries: Ditto, 370–371. In Ajanta caves I. II. and XXXIV. of -the sixth and seventh centuries are cherubs and grotesques with large -wigs. Among the Bágh carvings and paintings of the sixth or -seventh century are a king with baggy hair if not a wig and small human -heads with full wigs: <abbr title="Manuscript">MS.</abbr> Notes. -Finally at the Chandi Sewa temple in Java of about the seventh century -the janitor and other figures have large full-bottomed wigs curled all -over. Indian Ant. for Aug. 1876, 240–241. On the other hand -except the curly haired or Astrakan-capped music boys in Sánchi -no trace of wigs seems to occur in the Bhilsa Sánchi or -Bhárut sculptures between the third century after and the third -century before the Christian era. Compare Cunningham’s Bharut and -Bhilsa; Massey’s Sánchi; Fergusson’s Tree and -Serpent Worship. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n458.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n460.1" -href="#n460.1src" name="n460.1">17</a></span> The ten feet of the -pillars are thus divided: pedestal 2′, square block 2′, -eightsided belt 18″, sixteensided belt 18″, round band -2′, horned face belt 6″, double disc capital -6″. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n460.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n460.2" -href="#n460.2src" name="n460.2">18</a></span> This according to another -account is Násik town. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n460.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n460.3" -href="#n460.3src" name="n460.3">19</a></span> Hariya Bráhman is -said to mean a descendant of Hariyaji, a well known Bráhman of -Shrimál, so rich that he gave every member of his caste a -present of brass vessels. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n460.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n460.4" -href="#n460.4src" name="n460.4">20</a></span> This tradition seems -correct. In the temple of <span class="corr" id="xd25e37415" title="Source: Lakshmi">Lakshmí</span> near the Tripolia or Triple -gateway in Pátan are two standing images of <i>chámpa</i> -Michelia champaca wood one a man the other a woman black and dressed. -The male image which is about three feet high and thirteen inches -across the shoulders is of the Sun Jagat Shám that is Jagat -Svámi the World Lord: the female image, about 2′ 6″ -high and 9″ across the shoulders is Ranadevi or Randel the -Sun’s wife. Neither image has any writing. They are believed to -be about 1000 years old and to have been secretly brought from -Bhinmál by Shrimál Bráhmans about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1400. Ráo Bahádur Himatlál -Dharajlál. Compare (<span class="corr" id="xd25e37424" title="Source: Rajputána">Rájputána</span> Gazetteer, -II. 282) in the temple of Bálárikh at Bálmer about -a hundred miles south-west of Jodhpur a wooden image of the -sun. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n460.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n462.1" -href="#n462.1src" name="n462.1">21</a></span> The details are: From -Kausika 500, from the Ganges 10,000, from Gaya 500, from -Kálinjar 700, from Mahendra 300, from Kundad 1000, from Veni -500, from Surpárak 808, from Gokarn 1000, from Godávari -108, from Prabhás 122, from the hill Ujjayan or Girnár -115, from the Narbada 110, from Gometi 79, and from Nandivardhan -1000. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n462.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n462.2" -href="#n462.2src" name="n462.2">22</a></span> According to one account -(Márwár Castes, 61) these Sindh Bráhmans are -represented by the present Pushkar Bráhmans. In proof the -Pushkars are said to worship Sarika as Untadevi riding on a camel. This -must be a mistake. The Pushkars are almost certainly -Gujars. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n462.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n462.3" -href="#n462.3src" name="n462.3">23</a></span> Details are given above -under Objects. The local legends confuse Shripunj and Jagsom. It seems -probable that Jagsom was not the name of a king but is a contraction of -Jagatsvámi the title of the Sun. This Shripunj, or at least the -restorer or founder of Shrimál, is also called Kanak, who -according to some accounts came from the east and according to others -came from Kashmír. Kanak is said also to have founded a town -Kankávati near the site of the present village of Chhakla about -eleven miles (7 <i>kos</i>) east of Bhinmál. This recollection -of Kanak or Kanaksen is perhaps a trace of the possession of -Márwár and north Gujarát by the generals or -successors of the great Kushán or Śaka emperor Kanak or -Kanishka the founder of the Śaka era of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78. According to the local <span class="corr" id="xd25e37541" title="Source: Bhats">Bháts</span> this Kanak was -of the Janghrabal caste and the Pradiya branch. This caste is said -still to hold 300 villages in Kashmír. According to local -accounts the Shrimáli Bráhmans, and the Dewala and Devra -<span class="corr" id="xd25e37544" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span> all came from Kashmir with -Kanak. Tod (Western India, 213) notices that the Annals of Mewar all -trace to Kanaksen of the Sun race whose invasion is put at <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 100. As the <span class="corr" id="xd25e37551" -title="Source: Shrimalis">Shrimális</span> and most of the -present <span class="corr" id="xd25e37554" title="Source: Rajput">Rájput</span> chiefs are of the Gujar stock -which entered India about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 450 this -tracing to Kanishka is a case of the Hindu law that the conqueror -assimilates the traditions of the conquered that with the tradition he -may bind to his own family the Śrí or Luck of his -predecessors. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n462.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n463.1" -href="#n463.1src" name="n463.1">24</a></span> According to a local -tradition the people in despair at the ravages of Sarika turned for -help to Devi. The goddess said: Kill buffaloes, eat their flesh, and -wear their hides and Sarika will not touch you. The people obeyed and -were saved. Since then a dough buffalo has taken the place of the flesh -buffalo and unwashed cloth of the bleeding hide. Another version sounds -like a reminiscence of the Tartar origin of Kṛishṇa. The -goddess Khamangiri persuaded the Lord Kṛishṇa to celebrate -his marriage clad in the raw hide of a cow. In the present era unwashed -cloth has taken the place of leather. <abbr title="Manuscript">MS.</abbr> Note from Mr. Ratan Lall Pandit. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n463.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n463.2" -href="#n463.2src" name="n463.2">25</a></span> The tradition recorded by -Tod (Western India, 209) that the Gurjjaras are descended from the -Solaṅkis of <span class="corr" id="xd25e37592" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>, -taken with the evidence noted in the section on History that the -Chávaḍás or Chápas and the <span class="corr" id="xd25e37595" title="Source: Pariháras">Parihárs</span> are also Gurjjaras -makes it probable that the Choháns are of the same origin and -therefore that the whole of the Agnikulas were northern conquerors who -adopting Hinduism were given a place among <span class="corr" id="xd25e37598" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span> or -Kshatriyás. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n463.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n463.3" -href="#n463.3src" name="n463.3">26</a></span> Epigraphia Indica, II. -40–41. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n463.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n464.1" -href="#n464.1src" name="n464.1">27</a></span> According to Katta, a -Bráhma-Bhát of remarkable intelligence, the <span class="corr" id="xd25e37678" title="Source: Osvals">Osváls</span> -include <span class="corr" id="xd25e37681" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span> of a large number of tribes, -Aadas, Bhátis, Boránas, Buruds, Chováns, Gehlots, -Gohils, Jádavs, Makvánás, Mohils, Parmárs, -Ráhtors, Shálas, Tilars. They are said to have been -converted to the Jain religion in Osianagara in Saṁvat Bia Varsh -22 that is in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 165. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n464.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n465.1" -href="#n465.1src" name="n465.1">28</a></span> Indian Antiquary, VIII. -237. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n465.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n465.2" -href="#n465.2src" name="n465.2">29</a></span> Elliot, I. -432. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n465.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n466.1" -href="#n466.1src" name="n466.1">30</a></span> Indian Antiquary, XI. 156 -and VI. 59. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n466.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n466.2" -href="#n466.2src" name="n466.2">31</a></span> Indian Antiquary, XII. -156. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n466.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n466.3" -href="#n466.3src" name="n466.3">32</a></span> <abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Jour. R. A. S.</abbr> XIV. -19ff. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n466.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n466.4" -href="#n466.4src" name="n466.4">33</a></span> Indian Antiquary, XII. -190 and XVIII. 91. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n466.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n466.5" -href="#n466.5src" name="n466.5">34</a></span> Beal’s Buddhist -Records, II. 270. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n466.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n466.6" -href="#n466.6src" name="n466.6">35</a></span> Indian Antiquary, VI. 63. -That the name Bhilmál should have come into use while the -Gurjjaras were still in the height of their power is strange. The -explanation may perhaps be that Bhilmál may mean the -Gurjjara’s town the name Bhil or bowman being given to the -Gurjjaras on account of their skill as archers. So Chápa the -original name of the Chávaḍás is Sanskritised into -Chapoṭkaṭas the strong bowmen. So also, perhaps, the -Chápa or Chaura who gave its name to Chápanir or -Chámpaner was according to the local story a Bhil. Several -tribes of Mewár Bhils are well enough made to suggest that in -their case Bhil may mean Gurjjara. This is specially the case with the -Lauriyah Bhils of Nerwer, the finest of the race, whose name further -suggests an origin in the Gurjjara division of Lor. Compare -Malcolm’s <abbr title="Transactions of the Bombay Asiatic Society">Trans. Bombay As. -Soc.</abbr> I. 71. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n466.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n467.1" -href="#n467.1src" name="n467.1">36</a></span> The Madhuban Grant: -Epigraphia Indica, I. 67. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n467.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n467.2" -href="#n467.2src" name="n467.2">37</a></span> Reinaud, <span lang="fr">Mémoire Sur L’Inde</span>, 337, in quoting this -reference through Alberuni (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1031) -writes Pohlmal between Multán and Anhalwara. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n467.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n467.3" -href="#n467.3src" name="n467.3">38</a></span> Indian Antiquary, VIII. -237. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n467.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n467.4" -href="#n467.4src" name="n467.4">39</a></span> Elliot, I. -440–41. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n467.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n467.5" -href="#n467.5src" name="n467.5">40</a></span> Indian Antiquary, XI. -109. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n467.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n467.6" -href="#n467.6src" name="n467.6">41</a></span> <abbr title="Archæological Survey of Western India">Arch. Surv. West. -India</abbr>, X. 91. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n467.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n467.7" -href="#n467.7src" name="n467.7">42</a></span> Tanka may be the northern -half of the Broach District. Traces of the name seem to remain in the -two Tankáriás, one Sitpore Tankária in north -Broach and the other in Ámod. The name seems also to survive in -the better known Tankári the port of Jambusar on the -Dhádhar. This Tankári is the second port in the district -of Broach and was formerly the emporium for the trade with -Málwa. Bombay Gazetteer, II. 413–569. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n467.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n468.1" -href="#n468.1src" name="n468.1">43</a></span> Indian Antiquary, VI. 59 -and XI. 156. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n468.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n468.2" -href="#n468.2src" name="n468.2">44</a></span> Indian Antiquary, XII. -156. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n468.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n468.3" -href="#n468.3src" name="n468.3">45</a></span> See the Udaipur -<i><span class="corr" id="xd25e38048" title="Source: pṛaśasti">praśasti</span></i> in <abbr title="Epigraphia Indica">Ep. Ind.</abbr> I. and the Harsha Inscription in -ditto. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n468.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n468.4" -href="#n468.4src" name="n468.4">46</a></span> See the Baroda grant of -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 812–13. Indian Antiquary, XII. -156. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n468.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n468.5" -href="#n468.5src" name="n468.5">47</a></span> Elliot, I. -4. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n468.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n468.6" -href="#n468.6src" name="n468.6">48</a></span> Indian Antiquary, XII. -179. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n468.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n468.7" -href="#n468.7src" name="n468.7">49</a></span> -Rajataraṅgíní, 149. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n468.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n468.8" -href="#n468.8src" name="n468.8">50</a></span> <abbr title="Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society Journal">B. B. R. A. -Soc<span class="corr" id="xd25e38105" title="Source: ,">.</span> -Jourl.</abbr> XVIII. 239. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n468.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n468.9" -href="#n468.9src" name="n468.9">51</a></span> Elliot, I. -13. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n468.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n469.1" -href="#n469.1src" name="n469.1">52</a></span> Indian Antiquary, XIX. -233. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n469.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n469.2" -href="#n469.2src" name="n469.2">53</a></span> According to Cunningham -(Ancient Geography, 313) the coins called Tâtariya <i>dirhams</i> -stretch from the fifth and sixth to the eleventh century. They are -frequently found in Kábul probably of the ninth century. In the -tenth century Ibn Haukal (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 977) found -them current in <span class="corr" id="xd25e38147" title="Source: Gandhara">Gandhára</span> and the Panjáb where -the Boar coin has since ousted them. They are rare in Central India -east of the Arávali range. They are not uncommon in <span class="corr" id="xd25e38150" title="Source: Rajputána">Rájputána</span> or -Gujarát and were once so plentiful in Sindh, that in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 725 the Sindh treasury had eighteen -million Tatariya dirhams. (See Dowson in Elliot’s History, I. 3.) -They are the rude silver pieces generally known as Indo-Sassanian -because they combine Indian letters with Sassanian types. A worn fire -temple is the supposed Ass-head which has given rise to the name Gadiya -Paisa or Ass money. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n469.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n469.3" -href="#n469.3src" name="n469.3">54</a></span> Indian Antiquary, XII. -190 and XVIII. 91. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n469.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n469.4" -href="#n469.4src" name="n469.4">55</a></span> <abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Jour. R. A. S.</abbr> XIV. -19. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n469.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n469.5" -href="#n469.5src" name="n469.5">56</a></span> <abbr title="Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society Journal">B. B. R. A. S. -Jourl.</abbr> XVIII. 239. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n469.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n469.6" -href="#n469.6src" name="n469.6">57</a></span> Kielhorn in <abbr title="Epigraphia Indica">Epig. Indica</abbr>, I. 122. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n469.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n469.7" -href="#n469.7src" name="n469.7">58</a></span> Hœrnle in Ind. -Antiq. XIX. 233. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n469.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n469.8" -href="#n469.8src" name="n469.8">59</a></span> Details given in -Khándesh Gazetteer, XII. 39. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n469.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n470.1" -href="#n470.1src" name="n470.1">60</a></span> Râs -Mâlâ, 44. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n470.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n470.2" -href="#n470.2src" name="n470.2">61</a></span> Râs -Mâlâ, 210ff. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n470.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n470.3" -href="#n470.3src" name="n470.3">62</a></span> Râs -Mâlâ, 211. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n470.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n470.4" -href="#n470.4src" name="n470.4">63</a></span> Śrí -Bháunagar Prá. I. No. 30 of the list of Sanskrit -Inscriptions dated Saṁ. 1218. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n470.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n470.5" -href="#n470.5src" name="n470.5">64</a></span> Śrí Râs -Mâlâ, 161ff. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n470.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n470.6" -href="#n470.6src" name="n470.6">65</a></span> Râs -Mâlâ, 211. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n470.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n471.1" -href="#n471.1src" name="n471.1">66</a></span> Inscriptions 9 and 10 are -not dated in any king’s reign. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n471.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n471.2" -href="#n471.2src" name="n471.2">67</a></span> Compare Tod’s -Rajasthán, I. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n471.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n471.a" -href="#n471.asrc" name="n471.a">68</a></span> Read Śrî -Jagatsvâmi. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n471.asrc">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n474.a" -href="#n474.asrc" name="n474.a">69</a></span> Evidently the name of his -office, but the abbreviation is not intelligible. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n474.asrc">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n475.a" -href="#n475.asrc" name="n475.a">70</a></span> <i>i.e.</i> “Errors -excepted.” <a class="fnarrow" href="#n475.asrc">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="app4" class="div1 appendix"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd25e3042">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">APPENDIX IV.</h2> -<h2 class="main">JAVA AND CAMBODIA.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix IV.<br> -<span class="sc">Java.</span></span> <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Java.</span></span>An incident redeems -the early history of Gujarát from provincial narrowness and -raises its ruling tribes to a place among the greater conquerors and -colonisers. This incident is the tradition that during the sixth and -seventh centuries fleets from the coasts of Sindh and Gujarát -formed settlements in Java and in Cambodia. The Java legend is that -about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 603 Hindus led by -Bhruvijáya Savelachála the son of Kasamachitra or -Bálya Achá king of Kujrát or Gujarát -settled on the west coast of the island.<a class="noteref" id="n489.1src" href="#n489.1" name="n489.1src">1</a> The details of the -settlement recorded by Sir Stamford Raffles<a class="noteref" id="n489.2src" href="#n489.2" name="n489.2src">2</a> are that -Kasamachitra, ruler of Gujarát, the tenth in descent from Arjun, -was warned of the coming destruction of his kingdom. He accordingly -started his son Bhruvijáya Savelachála with 5000 -followers, among whom were cultivators artisans warriors physicians and -writers, in six large and a hundred small vessels for Java. After a -voyage of four months the fleet touched at an island they took to be -Java. Finding their mistake the pilots put to sea and finally reached -Matarem in the island of Java. The prince built the town of Mendang -Kumulan. He sent to his father for more men. A reinforcement of 2000 -arrived among them carvers in stone and in brass. An extensive commerce -sprang up with Gujarát and other countries. The bay of Matarem -was filled with stranger vessels and temples were built both at the -capital, afterwards known as Brambanum, and, during the reign of -Bhruvijáya’s grandson Ardivijáya that is about -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 660, at Boro Buddor in Kedu.<a class="noteref" id="n489.3src" href="#n489.3" name="n489.3src">3</a> The -remark that an ancestor of the immigrant prince had changed the name of -his kingdom to Gujarát is held by Lassen to prove that the -tradition is modern. Instead of telling against the truth of the -tradition this note is a strong argument in its favour. One of the -earliest mentions of the name Gujarát for south -Márwár is Hiuen Tsiang’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 630) Kiu-che-lo or Gurjjara. As when Hiuen Tsiang -wrote the Gurjjara chief of Bhinmál, fifty miles west of -Ábu, already ranked as a Kshatriya his family had probably been -for some time established perhaps as far back as <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 490 a date by which the Mihira or Gurjjara -conquest of Valabhi and north Gujarát was completed.<a class="noteref" id="n489.4src" href="#n489.4" name="n489.4src">4</a> The -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb490" href="#pb490" name="pb490">490</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix IV.<br> -<span class="sc">Java.</span></span> details of the help received from -Gujarát after the prince’s arrival show that the parent -state had weathered the storm which threatened to destroy it. This -agrees with the position of the Bhinmál Gurjjaras at the opening -of the seventh century, when, in spite of their defeat by -Prabhákaravardhana (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 600–606) the father of Śrí -Harsha (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 606–641) of Magadha, -they maintained their power at Broach and at Valabhi as well as at -Bhinmál.<a class="noteref" id="n490.1src" href="#n490.1" name="n490.1src">5</a> The close relations between the Gurjjaras and the -great seafaring Mihiras or Meds make it likely that the captains and -pilots who guided the fleets to Java belonged to the Med tribe. Perhaps -it was in their honour that the new Java capital received the name -Mendan, as, at a later period it was called Brambanum or the town of -Bráhmans. The fact that the Gurjjaras of Broach were -sun-worshippers not Buddhists causes no difficulty since the -Bhilmál Gurjjaras whom Hiuen Tsiang visited in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 630 were Buddhists and since at Valabhi Buddhism -Shaivism and sun-worship seem to have secured the equal patronage of -the state.</p> -<p>Besides of Gujarát and its king the traditions of both Java -and Cambodia contain references to Hastinagara or Hastinapura, to -Taxila, and to Rumadesa.<a class="noteref" id="n490.2src" href="#n490.2" name="n490.2src">6</a> With regard to these names and also -with regard to Gandhára <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb491" -href="#pb491" name="pb491">491</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix IV.<br> -<span class="sc">Java.</span></span> and to Cambodia, all of which -places are in the north-west of India, the question arises whether the -occurrence of these names implies an historical connection with -Kábul Pesháwar and the west Panjáb or whether they -are mere local applications and assumptions by foreign settlers and -converts of names known in the Bráhman and Buddhist writings of -India.<a class="noteref" id="n491.1src" href="#n491.1" name="n491.1src">7</a> That elaborate applications of names mentioned in the -Mahábhárata to places in Java have been made in the Java -version of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e40530" title="Source: Mahábharáta">Mahábhárata</span> is -shown by Raffles.<a class="noteref" id="n491.2src" href="#n491.2" name="n491.2src">8</a> Still it is to be noticed that the places mentioned -above, Kamboja or Kábul, <span class="corr" id="xd25e40537" -title="Source: Gandhara">Gandhára</span> or Pesháwar, -Taxila or the west Panjáb, and Rumadesa apparently the south -Panjáb are not, like Ayodhya the capital of Siam or like -<i>Intha-patha-puri</i> that is Indraprastha or Dehli the later capital -of Cambodia,<a class="noteref" id="n491.3src" href="#n491.3" name="n491.3src">9</a> the names of places which either by their special -fame or by their geographical position would naturally be chosen as -their original home by settlers or converts in Java and Cambodia. Fair -ground can therefore be claimed for the presumption that the leading -position given to Kamboja, Gandhára, Taxila, and Rumadesa in -Javan and Cambodian legends and place-names is a trace of an actual and -direct historical connection between the north-west of India and the -Malay Archipelago. This presumption gains probability by the argument -from the architectural remains of the three countries which in certain -peculiar features show so marked a resemblance both in design and in -detail as in the judgment of Mr. Fergusson to establish a strong and -direct connection.<a class="noteref" id="n491.4src" href="#n491.4" -name="n491.4src">10</a> A third argument in favour of a Gujarát -strain in Java are the traditions of settlements and expeditions by the -rulers of Málwa which are still current in south -Márwár.<a class="noteref" id="n491.5src" href="#n491.5" -name="n491.5src">11</a> Further a proverb <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb492" href="#pb492" name="pb492">492</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix IV.<br> -<span class="sc">Java.</span></span> still well known both in -Márwár and in Gujarát runs:</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<div lang="gu-latn" class="lg"> -<p class="line"><i>Je jae Jáve te kadi nahi áve</i></p> -<p class="line"><i>Áve to sáth pidhi baithke -kháve.</i></p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">Who to Java roam ne’er come home.</p> -<p class="line">If they return, through seven lives</p> -<p class="line">Seated at ease their wealth survives.<a class="noteref" -id="n492.1src" href="#n492.1" name="n492.1src">12</a></p> -</div> -</div> -<p class="first">Once more the connection with Gujarát is -supported by the detail in the Java account which makes Laut Mira the -starting point for the colonising fleet. This Sir S. Raffles supposed -to be the Red Sea but the Mihiras’ or Meds’ sea may be -suggested as it seems to correspond to the somewhat doubtful Arab name -Baharimad (sea of the Meds ?) for a town in western India sacked -by Junaid. Against this evidence two considerations have been -urged<a class="noteref" id="n492.2src" href="#n492.2" name="n492.2src">13</a>: (<i>a</i>) The great length of the voyage from -Gujarát to Java compared with the passage to Java from the east -coast of India; (<i>b</i>) That no people in India have known enough of -navigation to send a fleet fit to make a conquest. As regards the -length of the voyage it is to be remembered that though Sumatra is more -favourably placed for being colonised from Bengal Orissa and the mouths -of the Godávari and <span class="corr" id="xd25e40641" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span>, in the case either of -Java or of Cambodia the distance from the Sindh and -Káthiáváḍa ports is not much greater and the -navigation is in some respects both safer and simpler than from the -coasts of Orissa and Bengal. In reply to the second objection that no -class of Hindus have shown sufficient skill and enterprise at sea to -justify the belief that they could transport armies of settlers from -Gujarát to Java, the answer is that the assumption is erroneous. -Though the bulk of Hindus have at all times been averse from a -seafaring life yet there are notable exceptions. During the last two -thousand years the record of the Gujarát coast shows a genius -for seafaring fit to ensure the successful planting of north-west India -in the Malay Archipelago.<a class="noteref" id="n492.3src" href="#n492.3" name="n492.3src">14</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb493" -href="#pb493" name="pb493">493</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix IV.<br> -<span class="sc">Java.</span></span> That the Hindu settlement of -Sumatra was almost entirely from the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb494" href="#pb494" name="pb494">494</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix IV.<br> -<span class="sc">Java.</span></span> east coast of India and that -Bengal Orissa and Masulipatam had a large <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb495" href="#pb495" name="pb495">495</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix IV.<br> -<span class="sc">Java.</span></span> share in colonising both Java and -Cambodia cannot be doubted.<a class="noteref" id="n495.1src" href="#n495.1" name="n495.1src">26</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb496" -href="#pb496" name="pb496">496</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix IV.<br> -<span class="sc">Java.</span></span> Reasons have been given in support -of the settlement in Java of large bodies of men from the north-west -coasts of India and evidence has been offered to show that the -objections taken to such a migration have little practical force. It -remains to consider the time and the conditions of the Gujarát -conquest and settlement of Java and Cambodia. The Javan date -<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 525 that is <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 603 may be accepted as marking some central event -in a process which continued for at least half a century before and -after the beginning of the seventh century. Reasons have been given for -holding that neither the commercial nor the political ascendancy of -Rome makes it probable that to Rome the Rúm of the legends -refers. The notable Roman element in the architecture of Java and -Cambodia may suggest that the memory of great Roman builders kept for -Rome a place in the local legends. But the Roman element seems not to -have come direct into the buildings of Java or Cambodia; as at -Amrávati at the <span class="corr" id="xd25e41044" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span> mouth, the classic -characteristics came by way of the Panjáb (Táhia) only, -in the case of Java, not by the personal taste and study of a prince, -but as an incident of conquest and settlement.<a class="noteref" id="n496.1src" href="#n496.1" name="n496.1src">27</a> Who then was the -ruler of Rúm near Taxila, who led a great settlement of Hindus -from the Panjáb to Java. Names in appearance like Rome, occur in -north-west India. None are of enough importance to explain the -prince’s title.<a class="noteref" id="n496.2src" href="#n496.2" -name="n496.2src">28</a> There remains the word <i>raum</i> or -<i>rum</i> applied to salt land in the south Panjáb, in -Márwár, and in north Sindh.<a class="noteref" id="n496.3src" href="#n496.3" name="n496.3src">29</a> The great battle of -Kárur, about sixty miles south-east of Multán, in which -apparently about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 530 -Yaśodharmman of Málwa defeated the famous White -Húṇa conqueror Mihirakula (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 500–550) is described as fought in the land -of Rúm.<a class="noteref" id="n496.4src" href="#n496.4" name="n496.4src">30</a> This great White Húṇa defeat is -apparently the origin of the legend of the prince of Rúm who -retired by sea to Java. At the time of the battle of Kárur the -south Panjáb, together with the north of Sindh, was under the -Sáharáis of Aror in north Sindh, whose coins show them to -have been not only White Húṇas, but of the same -Jávla family which the great conquerors Toramáṇa -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb497" href="#pb497" name="pb497">497</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix IV.<br> -<span class="sc">Java.</span></span> and Mihirakula adorned. So close a -connection with Mihirakula makes it probable that the chief in charge -of the north of the Aror dominions shared in the defeat and disgrace of -Kárur. Seeing that the power of the Sáharáis of -Aror spread as far south as the Káthiáváḍa -ports of Somnáth and Diu, and probably also of Diul at the Indus -mouth, if the defeated chief of the south Panjáb was unable or -unwilling to remain as a vassal to his conqueror, no serious difficulty -would stand in the way of his passage to the seaboard of Aror or of his -finding in Diu and other Sindh and Gujarát ports sufficient -transport to convey him and his followers by sea to Java.<a class="noteref" id="n497.1src" href="#n497.1" name="n497.1src">31</a> This -then may be the chief whom the Cambodian story names Phra Tong or Thom -apparently Great Lord that is Mahárája.<a class="noteref" -id="n497.2src" href="#n497.2" name="n497.2src">32</a></p> -<p>The success of the Javan enterprise would tempt others to follow -especially as during the latter half of the sixth and almost the whole -of the seventh centuries, the state of North India favoured migration. -Their defeats by Sassanians and Turks between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 550 and 600 would close to the White -Húṇas the way of retreat northwards by either the Indus or -the Kábul valleys. If hard pressed the alternative was a retreat -to Kashmir or an advance south or east to the sea. When, in the early -years of the seventh century (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 600–606), Prabhákaravardhana the -father of Śrí Harsha of Magadha (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 610–642) defeated the king of -Gandhára, the Húṇas, the king of Sindh, the -Gurjjaras, the Láṭas, and the king of Malava,<a class="noteref" id="n497.3src" href="#n497.3" name="n497.3src">33</a> and -when, about twenty years later, further defeats were inflicted by -Śrí Harsha himself numbers of refugees would gather to the -Gujarát ports eager to escape further attack and to share the -prosperity of Java. It is worthy of note that the details of -Prabhákaravardhana’s conquests explain how Gandhára -and Láṭa are both mentioned in the Java legends; how -northerners from the Panjáb were able to pass to the coast; how -the Márwár stories give the king of Málwa a share -in the migrations; how the fleets may have started from any Sindh or -Gujarát port; and how with emigrants may have sailed artists and -sculptors acquainted both with the monasteries and stupas of the -Kábul valley and Pesháwar and with the carvings of the -Ajanta caves. During the second half of the seventh century the advance -of the Turks from the north and of the Arabs both by sea (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 637) and through Persia (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 650–660);<a class="noteref" id="n497.4src" -href="#n497.4" name="n497.4src">34</a> the conquering progress of a -Chinese army from Magadha to Bamian in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 645–650<a class="noteref" id="n497.5src" -href="#n497.5" name="n497.5src">35</a>; the overthrow (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 642) of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb498" -href="#pb498" name="pb498">498</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix IV.<br> -<span class="sc">Java.</span></span> the Buddhist -Sáharáis by their usurping Bráhmanist minister -Chach and his persecution of the Jats must have resulted in a fairly -constant movement of northern Indians southwards from the ports of -Sindh and Gujarát.<a class="noteref" id="n498.1src" href="#n498.1" name="n498.1src">36</a> In the leading migrations though fear -may have moved the followers, enterprise and tidings of Java’s -prosperity would stir the leaders. The same longing that tempted -Alexander to put to sea from the Indus mouth; Trajan (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 116) from the mouth of the Tigris; and -Mahmúd of Ghazni from Somnáth must have drawn Śaka -Húṇa and Gurjjara chiefs to lead their men south to the -land of rubies and of gold.<a class="noteref" id="n498.2src" href="#n498.2" name="n498.2src">37</a></p> -<p>Of the appearance and condition of the Hindus who settled in Java -during the seventh and eighth centuries the Arab travellers -Sulaimán <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 850 and Masúdi -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 915 have left the following details. -The people near the volcanoes have white skins pierced ears and shaved -heads: their religion is both Bráhmanic and Buddhist; their -trade is in the costliest articles camphor aloes cloves and -sandalwood.<a class="noteref" id="n498.3src" href="#n498.3" name="n498.3src">38</a></p> -<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">CAMBODIA.</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Cambodia.</span></span>The close connection between Java and -Cambodia, the alternate supremacy of Cambodia in Java and of Java in -Cambodia, the likelihood of settlers passing from Java to Cambodia -explain, to a considerable extent, why the traditions and the buildings -of Java and Cambodia should point to a common origin in north-west -India. The question remains: Do the people and buildings of Cambodia -contain a distinct north Hindu element which worked its way south and -east not by sea but by land across the <span class="corr" id="xd25e41228" title="Source: Himalayas">Himálayas</span> and -Tibet and down the valley of the Yang-tse-kiang to Yunnan and Angkor. -Whether the name Cambodia<a class="noteref" id="n498.4src" href="#n498.4" name="n498.4src">39</a> proves an actual race or historical -connection with Kamboja or the Kábul valley is a point -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb499" href="#pb499" name="pb499">499</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix IV.<br> -<span class="sc">Cambodia.</span></span> on which authorities disagree. -Sir H. Yule held that the connection was purely literary and that as in -the case of Inthapatha-puri or Indraprastha (Dehli) the later capital -of Cambodia and of Ayodhya or Oudh the capital of Assam no connection -existed beyond the application to a new settlement of ancient -worshipful Indian place-names. The objection to applying this rule to -Cambodia is that except to immigrants from the Kábul valley the -name is of too distant and also of too scanty a reputation to be chosen -in preference to places in the nearer and holier lands of Tirhut and -Magadha. For this reason, and because the view is supported by the -notable connection between the two styles of architecture, it seems -advisable to accept Mr. Fergusson’s decision that the name -Cambodia was given to a portion of Cochin-China by immigrants from -Kamboja that is from the Kábul valley. Traces remain of more -than one migration from India to Indo-China. The earliest is the mythic -account of the conversion of Indo-China to Buddhism before the time of -Aśoka (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 240). A migration in the -first century <span class="sc">a.d.</span> of Yavanas or Śakas, -from Tamluk or Ratnávate on the Hugli, is in agreement with the -large number of Indian place-names recorded by Ptolemy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 160).<a class="noteref" id="n499.1src" href="#n499.1" name="n499.1src">40</a> Of this migration Hiuen -Tsiang’s name Yavana (Yen-mo-na) for Cambodia may be a -trace.<a class="noteref" id="n499.2src" href="#n499.2" name="n499.2src">41</a> A Śaka invasion further explains -Pausanias’ (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 170) name -Sakæa for Cochin-China and his description of the people as -Skythians mixed with Indians.<a class="noteref" id="n499.3src" href="#n499.3" name="n499.3src">42</a> During the fifth and sixth centuries -a fresh migration seems to have set in. Cambodia was divided into shore -and inland and the name Cambose applied to both.<a class="noteref" id="n499.4src" href="#n499.4" name="n499.4src">43</a> Chinese records -notice an embassy from the king of Cambodia in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 617.<a class="noteref" id="n499.5src" href="#n499.5" name="n499.5src">44</a> Among the deciphered Cambodian -inscriptions a considerable share belong to a Bráhmanic dynasty -whose local initial date is in the early years of the seventh -century,<a class="noteref" id="n499.6src" href="#n499.6" name="n499.6src">45</a> and one of whose kings Somaśarmman -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 610) is recorded to have held daily -Mahábhárata readings in the temples.<a class="noteref" -id="n499.7src" href="#n499.7" name="n499.7src">46</a> Of a fresh wave -of Buddhists, who seem to have belonged to the northern branch, the -earliest deciphered inscription is <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 953 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 875) -that is about 350 years later.<a class="noteref" id="n499.8src" href="#n499.8" name="n499.8src">47</a> Meanwhile, though, so far as -information goes, the new capital of Angkor on the north bank of lake -Tale Sap about 200 miles up the Mekong river was not founded till -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1078 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 1000),<a class="noteref" id="n499.9src" href="#n499.9" name="n499.9src">48</a> the neighbourhood of the holy lake -was already sacred and the series of temples of which the Nakhonwat or -Nága’s Shrine<a class="noteref" id="n499.10src" href="#n499.10" name="n499.10src">49</a> is one of the latest and finest -examples, was begun at least as early as <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 825 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> 750), -and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb500" href="#pb500" name="pb500">500</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix IV.<br> -<span class="sc">Cambodia.</span></span> Nakhonwat itself seems to have -been completed and was being embellished in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 950 (<abbr title="Saṃvat">S.</abbr> -875).<a class="noteref" id="n500.1src" href="#n500.1" name="n500.1src">50</a> During the ninth and tenth centuries by conquest and -otherwise considerable interchange took place between Java and -Cambodia.<a class="noteref" id="n500.2src" href="#n500.2" name="n500.2src">51</a> As many of the inscriptions are written in two -Indian characters a northern and a southern<a class="noteref" id="n500.3src" href="#n500.3" name="n500.3src">52</a> two migrations by -sea seem to have taken place one from the Orissa and Masulipatam coasts -and the other, with the same legend of the prince of Rúm land, -from the ports of Sindh and Gujarát.<a class="noteref" id="n500.4src" href="#n500.4" name="n500.4src">53</a> The question remains -how far there is trace of such a distinct migration as would explain -the close resemblance noted by Fergusson between the architecture of -Kashmir and Cambodia as well as the northern element which Fergusson -recognises in the religion and art of Cambodia.<a class="noteref" id="n500.5src" href="#n500.5" name="n500.5src">54</a> The people by whom -this Panjáb and Kashmir influence may have been introduced from -the north are the people who still call themselves Khmers to whose -skill as builders the magnificence of Cambodian temples lakes and -bridges is apparently due.<a class="noteref" id="n500.6src" href="#n500.6" name="n500.6src">55</a> Of these people, who, by the -beginning of the eleventh century had already given their name to the -whole of Cambodia, Alberuni (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1031) -says: The Kumairs are whitish of short stature and Turk-like build. -They follow the religion of the Hindus and have the practice of -piercing their ears.<a class="noteref" id="n500.7src" href="#n500.7" -name="n500.7src">56</a> It will be noticed that so far as information -is available the apparent holiness of the neighbourhood of Angkor had -lasted for at least 250 years before <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1078 when it was chosen as a capital. This point -is in agreement with Mr. Fergusson’s view that the details of -Nakhonwat and other temples of that series show that the builders came -neither by sea nor down the Ganges valley but by way of Kashmir and the -back of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e41432" title="Source: Himalayas">Himálayas</span>.<a class="noteref" id="n500.8src" href="#n500.8" name="n500.8src">57</a> Though the evidence -is incomplete and to some extent speculative the following -considerations suggest a route and a medium through which the Roman and -Greek elements in the early (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 100–500) architecture of the Kábul -valley and Pesháwar may have been carried inland to Cambodia. It -may perhaps be accepted that the Ephthalites or White -Húṇas and a share of the Kedarites, that is of the later -Little Yuechi from Gandhára the Pesháwar country, -retreated to Kashmir before the father of <span class="corr" id="xd25e41442" title="Source: Srí">Śrí</span> Harsha -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 590–606) and afterwards -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 606–642) before -Śrí Harsha himself.<a class="noteref" id="n500.9src" href="#n500.9" name="n500.9src">58</a> Further it seems fair to assume that -from <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb501" href="#pb501" name="pb501">501</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix IV.<br> -<span class="sc">Cambodia.</span></span> Kashmir they moved into Tibet -and were the western Turks by whose aid in the second half of the -seventh century Srongbtsan or Srongdzan-gambo (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 640–698), the founder of Tibetan power and -civilization, overran the Tarim valley and western China.<a class="noteref" id="n501.1src" href="#n501.1" name="n501.1src">59</a> During -the first years of the eighth century (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 703) a revolt in Nepal and the country of the -Bráhmans was crushed by Srongdzan’s successor -Donsrong,<a class="noteref" id="n501.2src" href="#n501.2" name="n501.2src">60</a> and the supremacy of Tibet was so firmly established -in Bengal that, for over 200 years, the Bay of Bengal was known as the -sea of Tibet.<a class="noteref" id="n501.3src" href="#n501.3" name="n501.3src">61</a> In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 709 a Chinese -advance across the Pamirs is said to have been checked by the great -Arab soldier Kotieba the comrade of Muhammad Kasim of Sindh.<a class="noteref" id="n501.4src" href="#n501.4" name="n501.4src">62</a> But -according to Chinese records this reverse was wiped out in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 713 by the defeat of the joint Arab and Tibet -armies.<a class="noteref" id="n501.5src" href="#n501.5" name="n501.5src">63</a> In the following years, aided by disorders in China, -Tibet conquered east to Hosi on the upper Hoangho and in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 729 ceased to acknowledge the overlordship of -China. Though about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 750 he was for a -time crippled by China’s allies the Shado Turks the chief of -Tibet spread his power so far down the Yangtsekiang valley that in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 787 the emperor of China, the king of -Yunnan to the east of Burma, certain Indian chiefs, and the Arabs -joined in a treaty against Tibet. As under the great Thisrong -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 803–845) and his successor -Thi-tsong-ti (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 878–901) the -power of Tibet increased it seems probable that during the ninth -century they overran and settled in Yunnan.<a class="noteref" id="n501.6src" href="#n501.6" name="n501.6src">64</a> That among the -Tibetans who passed south-east into Yunnan were Kedarites and White -Húṇas is supported by the fact that about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1290, according both to Marco Polo and to -Rashid-ud-din, the common name of Yunnan was Kárájang -whose capital was Yachi and whose people spoke a special -language.<a class="noteref" id="n501.7src" href="#n501.7" name="n501.7src">65</a> The name Kárájang was Mongol meaning -Black People and was used to distinguish the mass of the inhabitants -from certain fair tribes who were known as Chaganjang or Whites. That -the ruler of Kárájang was of Hindu origin is shown by his -title Mahara or Mahárája. That the Hindu element came -from the Kábul valley is shown by its Hindu name of <span class="corr" id="xd25e41540" title="Source: Kandhar">Kandhár</span> -that is Gandhára or Pesháwar, a name still in use as -Gand­álarit (Gandhára-rashtra) the Burmese for -Yunnan.<a class="noteref" id="n501.8src" href="#n501.8" name="n501.8src">66</a> The strange confusion which Rashid-ud-din makes -between the surroundings of Yunnan and of Pesháwar is perhaps -due to the fact that in his time the connection between the two places -was still known and admitted.<a class="noteref" id="n501.9src" href="#n501.9" name="n501.9src">67</a> A further trace <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb502" href="#pb502" name="pb502">502</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix IV.<br> -<span class="sc">Cambodia.</span></span> of stranger whites like the -Chaganjang of Yunnan occurs south-east in the Anin or Honli whose name -suggests the Húṇas and whose fondness for silver ornaments -at once distinguishes them from their neighbours and connects them with -India.<a class="noteref" id="n502.1src" href="#n502.1" name="n502.1src">68</a> Even though these traces may be accepted as -confirming a possible migration of Húṇas and Kedaras to -Yunnan and Anin a considerable gap remains between Anin and Angkor. -Three local Cambodian considerations go some way to fill this gap. The -first is that unlike the Siamese and Cochin Chinese the Khmers are a -strong well made race with very little trace of the Mongoloid, with a -language devoid of the intonations of other Indo-Chinese dialects, and -with the hair worn cropped except the top-knot. The second point is -that the Khmers claim a northern origin; and the third that important -architectural remains similar to Nakhonwat are found within Siam limits -about sixty miles north of Angkor.<a class="noteref" id="n502.2src" -href="#n502.2" name="n502.2src">69</a> One further point has to be -considered: How far is an origin from White Húṇas and -Kedáras in agreement with the Nága phase of Cambodian -worship. Hiuen Tsiang’s details of the Tarim Oxus and Swát -valleys contain nothing so remarkable as the apparent increase of -Dragon worship. In those countries dragons are rarely mentioned by Fa -Hian in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 400: dragons seem to have had -somewhat more importance in the eyes of Sung-Yun in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 520; and to Hiuen Tsiang, the champion of the -Maháyána or Broadway, dragons are everywhere explaining -all misfortunes earthquakes storms and diseases. Buddhism may be the -state religion but the secret of luck lies in pleasing the -Dragon.<a class="noteref" id="n502.3src" href="#n502.3" name="n502.3src">70</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb503" href="#pb503" -name="pb503">503</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix IV.<br> -<span class="sc">Cambodia.</span></span> This apparent increased -importance of dragon or Nága worship in north-west India during -the fifth and sixth centuries may have been due partly to the decline -of the earlier Buddhism partly to the genial wonder-loving temper of -Hiuen Tsiang. Still so marked an increase makes it probable that with -some of the great fifth and sixth century conquerors of Baktria -Kábul and the Panjáb, of whom a trace may remain in the -snake-worshipping <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb504" href="#pb504" -name="pb504">504</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix IV.<br> -<span class="sc">Cambodia.</span></span> Nágas and Takkas of the -Kamaon and Garhwal hills, the Dragon was the chief object of worship. -Temple remains show that the seventh and eighth century rulers of -Kashmir, with a knowledge of classic architecture probably brought from -beyond the Indus, were Nága worshippers.<a class="noteref" id="n504.1src" href="#n504.1" name="n504.1src">72</a> The fact that the -ninth century revision of religion in Tibet came mainly from Kashmir -and that among the eighteen chief gods of the reformed faith the great -Serpent had a place favours the view that through Tibet passed the -scheme and the classic details of the Kashmir Nága temples which -in greater wealth and splendour are repeated in the Nakhonwat of Angkor -in Cambodia.<a class="noteref" id="n504.2src" href="#n504.2" name="n504.2src">73</a> It is true that the dedication of the great temple -to Nága worship before the Siamese priests filled it with -statues of Buddha is questioned both by Lieut. Garnier and by Sir H. -Yule.<a class="noteref" id="n504.3src" href="#n504.3" name="n504.3src">74</a> In spite of this objection and though some of the -series have been Buddhist from the first, it is difficult to refuse -acceptance to Mr. Fergusson’s conclusions that in the great -Nákhon, all traces of Buddhism are additions. The local -conditions and the worshipful Tale Sap lake favour this conclusion. -What holier dragon site can be imagined than the great lake Tale Sap, -100 miles by 30, joined to the river Mekong by a huge natural channel -which of itself empties the lake in the dry season and refills it -during the rains giving a water harvest of fish as well as a land -harvest of grain. What more typical work of the dragon as guardian -water lord. Again not far off <span class="corr" id="xd25e41668" title="Source: betwen">between</span> Angkor and Yunnán was the -head-quarters of the dragon as the unsquared fiend. In Carrajan ten -days west of the city of Yachi Marco Polo (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1290) found a land of snakes and great serpents -ten paces in length with very great heads, eyes bigger than a loaf of -bread, mouths garnished with pointed teeth able to swallow a man whole, -two fore-legs with claws for feet and bodies equal in bulk to a great -cask. He adds: ‘These serpents devour the cubs of lions and bears -without the sire and dam being able to prevent it. Indeed if they catch -the big ones they devour them too: no one can make any resistance. -Every man and beast stands in fear and trembling of them.’ Even -in these fiend dragons was the sacramental guardian element. The gall -from their inside healed the bite of a mad dog, delivered a woman in -hard labour, and cured itch or it might be worse. Moreover, he -concludes, the flesh of these serpents is excellent eating and -toothsome.<a class="noteref" id="n504.4src" href="#n504.4" name="n504.4src">75</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb505" href="#pb505" -name="pb505">505</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n489.1" -href="#n489.1src" name="n489.1">1</a></span> Sir Stamford -Raffles’ Java, II. 83. From Java Hindus passed to near Banjar -Massin in Borneo probably the most eastern of Hindu settlements -(<abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Jour. R. A. -Soc.</abbr> IV. 185). Temples of superior workmanship with Hindu -figures also occur at Waahoo 400 miles from the coast. Dalton’s -Diaks of Borneo <abbr title="Journal">Jour.</abbr> Asiatique -(<abbr title="New Series">N. S.</abbr>) VII. 153. An instance may be -quoted from the extreme west of Hindu influence. In 1873 an Indian -architect was found building a palace at Gondar in Abyssinia. Keith -Johnson’s Africa, 269. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n489.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n489.2" -href="#n489.2src" name="n489.2">2</a></span> Raffles’ Java, II. -65–85. Compare Lassen’s <span lang="de">Indische -Alterthumskunde</span>, II. 10, 40; IV. 460. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n489.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n489.3" -href="#n489.3src" name="n489.3">3</a></span> Raffles’ Java, II. -87. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n489.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n489.4" -href="#n489.4src" name="n489.4">4</a></span> Compare Tod’s Annals -of Rájasthán (Third Reprint), I. 87. The thirty-nine -Chohán successions, working back from about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1200 with an average reign of eighteen years, -lead to <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 498. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n489.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n490.1" -href="#n490.1src" name="n490.1">5</a></span> Compare Note on -Bhinmál page <a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n490.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n490.2" -href="#n490.2src" name="n490.2">6</a></span> According to Cunningham -(Ancient Geography, 43 and Beal’s Buddhist Records, I. 109 note -92) the site of <b>Hastinagara</b> or the eight cities is on the -Swát river eighteen miles north of Pesháwar. In Vedic and -early Mahábhárata times Hastinapura was the capital of -Gandhára (Hewitt <abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Jour. Roy. As. Soc.</abbr> XXI. -217). In the seventh century it was called Pushkalávatí. -(Beal’s Buddhist Records, I. 109.) <b>Taxila</b>, the capital of -the country east of the Indus, was situated about forty miles east of -Attok at Sháhderi near Kálaka-sarai (Cunningham’s -Ancient Geography, 105). According to Cunningham (Ditto 109), Taxila -continued a great city from the time of Alexander till the fifth -century after Christ. It was then laid waste apparently by the great -White Húṇa conqueror <span class="corr" id="xd25e40465" -title="Source: Mihirakūla">Mihirakula</span> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 500–550). A hundred years later when Hiuen -Tsiang visited it the country was under Kashmir, the royal family were -extinct, and the nobles were struggling for power (Beal’s -Buddhist Records, I. 136). <b>Rumadesa</b>. References to Rumadesa -occur in the traditions of Siam and Cambodia as well as in those of -Java. Fleets of Rúm are also noted in the traditions of Bengal -and Orissa as attacking the coast (Fergusson’s Architecture, III. -640). Coupling the mention of Rúm with the tradition that the -Cambodian temples were the work of Alexander the Great Colonel Yule -(<abbr title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Ency. Brit.</abbr> Article -Cambodia) takes Rúm in its Musalmán sense of Greece or -Asia Minor. The variety of references suggested to Fergusson -(Architecture, III. 640) that these exploits are a vague memory of -Roman commerce in the Bay of Bengal. But the Roman rule was that no -fleet should pass east of Ceylon (Reinaud <abbr title=" Journal Asiatique">Jour. As.</abbr> <abbr title="Series">Ser.</abbr> -VI. <abbr title="Tome">Tom.</abbr> I. page 322). This rule may -occasionally have been departed from as in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 166 when the emperor Marcus Aurelius sent an -ambassador by sea to China. Still it seems unlikely that Roman commerce -in the Bay of Bengal was ever active enough to gain a place as settler -and coloniser in the traditions of Java and Cambodia. It was with the -west not with the east of India that the relations of Rome were close -and important. From the time of Mark Antony to the time of Justinian, -that is from about <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 30 to <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 550, their political importance as allies against -the Parthians and Sassanians and their commercial importance as -controllers of one of the main trade routes between the east and the -west made the friendship of the Kusháns or Śakas who held -the Indus valley and Baktria a matter of the highest importance to -Rome. How close was the friendship is shown in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 60 by the Roman General Corbulo escorting the -Hyrkanian ambassadors up the Indus and through the territories of the -Kusháns or Indo-Skythians on their return from their embassy to -Rome. (Compare Rawlinson’s Parthia, 271.) The close connection is -shown by the accurate details of the Indus valley and Baktria recorded -by Ptolemy (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 166) and about a hundred -years later (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 247) by the author of -the Periplus and by the special value of the gifts which the Periplus -notices were set apart for the rulers of Sindh. One result of this long -continued alliance was the gaining by the Kushán and other -rulers of <span class="corr" id="xd25e40506" title="Source: Peshawar">Pesháwar</span> and the Panjáb of a -knowledge of Roman coinage astronomy and architecture. Certain -Afghán or Baktrian coins bear the word Roma apparently the name -of some Afghán city. In spite of this there seems no reason to -suppose that Rome attempted to overlord the north-west of India still -less that any local ruler was permitted to make use of the great name -of Rome. It seems possible that certain notices of the fleets of -Rúm in the Bay of Bengal refer to the fleets of the Arab Al-Rami -that is Lambri or north-west Sumatra apparently the Romania of the -Chaldean breviary of the Malabár Coast. (Yule’s Cathay, I. -lxxxix. note and Marco Polo, II. 243.) <a class="fnarrow" href="#n490.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n491.1" -href="#n491.1src" name="n491.1">7</a></span> Compare Fergusson’s -Architecture, III. 640; Yule in <abbr title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Ency. Brit.</abbr> -Cambodia. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n491.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n491.2" -href="#n491.2src" name="n491.2">8</a></span> Java, I. 411. Compare -Fergusson’s Architecture, III. 640. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n491.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n491.3" -href="#n491.3src" name="n491.3">9</a></span> See Yule in <abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Jour. Roy. As. Soc.</abbr> -(<abbr title="New Series">N. S.</abbr>), I. 356; Fergusson’s -Architecture, III. 631. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n491.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n491.4" -href="#n491.4src" name="n491.4">10</a></span> Of the Java remains Mr. -Fergusson writes (Architecture, III. 644–648): The style and -character of the sculptures of the great temple of Boro Buddor are -nearly identical with those of the later caves of Ajanta, on the -Western Gháts, and in Sálsette. The resemblance in style -is almost equally close with the buildings of Takht-i-Bahi in -<span class="corr" id="xd25e40554" title="Source: Gandhádra">Gandhára</span> (Ditto, 647). Again -(page 637) he says: The Hindu immigrants into Java came from the west -coast of India. They came from the valley of the Indus not from the -valley of the Ganges. Once more, in describing No. XXVI. of the Ajanta -caves Messrs. Fergusson and Burgess (Rock-cut Temples, 345 note 1) -write: The execution of these figures is so nearly the same as in the -Boro Buddor temple in Java that both must have been the work of the -same artists during the latter half of the seventh century or somewhat -later. The Buddhists were not in Java in the fifth century. They must -have begun to go soon after since there is a considerable local element -in the Boro Buddor. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n491.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n491.5" -href="#n491.5src" name="n491.5">11</a></span> Traditions of expeditions -by sea to Java remain in Márwár. In April 1895 a bard at -Bhinmál related how Bhojrája of Ujjain in anger with his -son Chandrabau drove him away. The son went to a Gujarát or -Káthiáváḍa port obtained ships and sailed to -Java. He took with him as his Bráhman the son of a Magh Pandit. -A second tale tells how Vikram the redresser of evils in a dream saw a -Javanese woman weeping, because by an enemy’s curse her son had -been turned into stone. Vikram sailed to Java found the woman and -removed the curse. According to a third legend Chandrawán the -grandson of Vir Pramár saw a beautiful woman in a dream. He -travelled everywhere in search of her. At last a Rishi told him the -girl lived in Java. He started by sea and after many dangers and -wonders found the dream-girl in Java. The people of Bhinmál are -familiar with the Gujaráti proverb referred to below<span class="corr" id="xd25e40560" title="Not in source">;</span> Who goes to Java -comes not back. <abbr title="Manuscript">MS.</abbr> Notes, March -1895. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n491.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n492.1" -href="#n492.1src" name="n492.1">12</a></span> Another version is:</p> -<div class="q"> -<div class="nestedtext"> -<div class="nestedbody"> -<div class="lgouter footnote"> -<div lang="gu-latn" class="lg footnote"> -<p class="line"><i>Je jáe Jáve te phari na -áve</i></p> -<p class="line"><i>Jo phari áve to parya parya -kháve</i></p> -<p class="line"><i>Etalu dhan láve.</i></p> -</div> -<div class="lg footnote"> -<p class="line">Who go to Java stay for aye.</p> -<p class="line">If they return they feast and play</p> -<p class="line">Such stores of wealth their risks repay.</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<p> <a class="fnarrow" href="#n492.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n492.2" -href="#n492.2src" name="n492.2">13</a></span> Compare Crawford -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1820) in <abbr title="Asiatic Researches">As. Res.</abbr> XIII. 157 and Lassen Ind. Alt. II. -1046. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n492.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n492.3" -href="#n492.3src" name="n492.3">14</a></span> The following details -summarise the available evidence of Gujarát Hindu enterprise by -sea. According to the Greek writers, though it is difficult to accept -their statements as free from exaggeration, when, in <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 325, Alexander passed down the Indus the river -showed no trace of any trade by sea. If at that time sea trade at the -mouth of the Indus was so scanty as to escape notice it seems fair to -suppose that Alexander’s ship-building and fleet gave a start to -deep-sea sailing which the constant succession of strong and vigorous -northern tribes which entered and ruled Western India during the -centuries before and after the Christian era continued to -develope.<a class="noteref" id="n492.3.asrc" href="#n492.3.a" name="n492.3.asrc">15</a> According to Vincent (Periplus, I. 25, 35, 254) in -the time of Agatharcides (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 200) the -ports of Arabia and Ceylon were entirely in the hands of the people of -Gujarát. During the second century after Christ, when, under the -great Rudradáman (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 143–158), the Sinh or Kshatrapa dynasty of -Káthiáváḍa was at the height of its power, -Indians of Tientço, that is Sindhu, brought presents by sea to -China (Journal Royal Asiatic Society for January 1896 page 9). In -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 166 (perhaps the same as the -preceding) the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius sent by sea to China -ambassadors with ivory rhinoceros’ horn and other articles -apparently the produce of Western India (DeGuignes’ Huns, I. -[Part I.] 32). In the third century <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 247 the Periplus (McCrindle, 17, 52, 64, 96, 109) -notices large Hindu ships in the east African Arab and Persian ports -and Hindu settlements on the north coast of Sokotra. About a century -later occurs the doubtful reference (Wilford in Asiatic Researches, IX. -224) to the Diveni or pirates of Diu who had to send hostages to -Constantine the Great (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 320–340) -one of whom was Theophilus afterwards a Christian bishop. Though it -seems probable that the Kshatrapas (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 70–400) ruled by sea as well as by land -fresh seafaring energy seems to have marked the arrival on the Sindh -and Káthiáváḍ coasts of the Juan-Juan or -Avars (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 390–450) and of the -White Húṇas (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 450–550). During the fifth and sixth -centuries the ports of Sindh and Gujarát appear among the chief -centres of naval enterprise in the east. How the sea ruled the religion -of the newcomers is shown by the fame which gathered round the new or -revised gods Śiva the Poseidon of Somnáth and <span class="corr" id="xd25e40686" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span> the Apollo or St. Nicholas -of Dwárka. (Compare Tod’s Annals of -Rájasthán, I. 525.) In the fifth century (Yule’s -Cathay, I. lxxviii.) according to Hamza of Ispahán, at Hira near -Kufa on the Euphrates the ships of India and China were constantly -moored. In the early sixth century (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 518–519) a Persian ambassador went by sea -to China (Ditto, I. lxxiv.) About the same time (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 526) Cosmas (Ditto, I. clxxviii.) describes -Sindhu or Debal and Orhota that is Soratha or Verával as leading -places of trade with Ceylon. In the sixth century, apparently driven -out by the White Húṇas and the Mihiras, the Jats from the -Indus and Kachh occupied the islands in the Bahrein gulf, and perhaps -manned the fleet with which about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 570 -Naushiraván the great Sassanian (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 531–574) is said to have invaded the lower -Indus and perhaps Ceylon.<a class="noteref" id="n492.3.a2src" href="#n492.3.a2" name="n492.3.a2src">16</a> About the same time (Fergusson -Architecture, III. 612) Amrávati at the <span class="corr" id="xd25e40746" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span> mouth -was superseded as the port for the Golden Chersonese by the direct -voyage from Gujarát and the west coast of India. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 630 Hiuen Tsiang (Beal’s Buddhist Records, -II. 269) describes the people of <span class="corr" id="xd25e40752" -title="Source: Suráshtra">Suráshṭra</span> as -deriving their livelihood from the sea, engaging in commerce, and -exchanging commodities. He further notices that in the chief cities of -Persia Hindus were settled enjoying the full practice of their religion -(Reinaud’s Abulfeda, ccclxxxv.) That the Jat not the Arab was the -moving spirit in the early (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 637–770) Muhammadan sea raids against the -Gujarát and Konkan coasts is made probable by the fact that -these seafaring ventures began not in Arabia but in the Jat-settled -shores of the Persian Gulf, that for more than fifty years the Arab -heads of the state forbad them, and that in the Mediterranean where -they had no Jat element the Arab was powerless at sea. (Compare Elliot, -I. 416, 417.) That during the seventh and eighth centuries when the -chief migrations by sea from Gujarát to Java and Cambodia seem -to have taken place, Chinese fleets visited Diu (Yule’s Cathay, -lxxix.), and that in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 759 Arabs and -Persians besieged Canton and pillaged the storehouses going and -returning by sea (DeGuignes’ Huns, I. [Pt. II.] 503) suggest that -the Jats were pilots as well as pirates.<a class="noteref" id="n492.3.bsrc" href="#n492.3.b" name="n492.3.bsrc">17</a> On the Sindh -Kachh and Gujarát coasts besides the Jats several of the -new-come northern tribes showed notable energy at sea. It is to be -remembered that as detailed in the Statistical Account of Thána -(Bombay Gazetteer, XIII. Part II. 433) this remarkable outburst of sea -enterprise may have been due not only to the vigour of the new-come -northerners but to the fact that some of them, perhaps the famous -iron-working Turks (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 580–680), -brought with them the knowledge of the magnet, and that the local -Bráhman, with religious skill and secrecy, shaped the bar into a -divine fish-machine or <i>machiyantra</i>, which, floating in a basin -of oil, he consulted in some private quarter of the ship and when the -stars were hid guided the pilot in what direction to steer. Among new -seafaring classes were, on the Makrán and Sindh coasts the -Bodhas Kerks and Meds and along the shores of Kachh and -Káthiáváḍa the closely connected Meds and -Gurjjaras. In the seventh and eighth centuries the Gurjjaras, chiefly -of the Chápa or Chávaḍá clan, both in -Dwárka and Somnáth and also inland, rose to power, a -change which, as already noticed, may explain the efforts of the Jats -to settle along the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. About <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 740 the <span class="corr" id="xd25e40779" title="Source: Chápás">Chápas</span> or -Chávaḍás, who had for a century and a half been in -command in Dwárka and Somnáth, established themselves at -<span class="corr" id="xd25e40783" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -Pattan. According to their tradition king Vanarája (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 720–780) and his successor Yogarája -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 806–841) made great efforts to -put down piracy. Yogarája’s sons plundered some Bengal or -Bot ships which stress of weather forced into Verával. The king -said ‘My sons with labour we were raising ourselves to be -Chávaḍás of princely rank; your greed throws us -back on our old nickname of Choras or thieves.’ Yogarája -refused to be comforted and mounted the funeral pyre. Dr. <span class="corr" id="xd25e40792" title="Source: Bhagvanlál’s">Bhagvánlál’s</span> -History, 154. This tale seems to be a parable. Yogarája’s -efforts to put down piracy seem to have driven large bodies of Jats -from the Gujarát coasts. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 834–35, according to Ibn Alathyr -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 834), a fleet manned by Djaths or -Jats made a descent on the Tigris. The whole strength of the -Khiláfat had to be set in motion to stop them. Those who fell -into the hands of the Moslems were sent to Anararbe on the borders of -the Greek empire (Renaud’s Fragments, 201–2). As in the -legend, the Chávaḍá king’s sons, that is the -Chauras Mers and Gurjjaras, proved not less dangerous pirates than the -Jats whom they had driven out.<a class="noteref" id="n492.3.a3src" -href="#n492.3.a3" name="n492.3.a3src">18</a> About fifty years later, -in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 892, Al-Biláduri describes -as pirates who scoured the seas the Meds and the people of <span class="corr" id="xd25e40811" title="Source: Sauráshtra">Sauráshṭra</span> that is -Devpatan or Somnáth who were Choras or Gurjjaras.<a class="noteref" id="n492.3.b2src" href="#n492.3.b2" name="n492.3.b2src">19</a> Biláduri (Reinaud <span lang="fr">Sur -L’Inde</span>, 169) further notices that the Jats and other -Indians had formed the same type of settlement in Persia which the -Persians and Arabs had formed in India. During the ninth and tenth -centuries the Gujarát kingdom which had been established in Java -was at the height of its power. (Ditto, Abulfeda, ccclxxxviii.) Early -in the tenth century (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 915–930) -Masudi (Yule’s Marco Polo, II. 344; Elliot, I. 65) describes -Sokotra as a noted haunt of the Indian corsairs called Bawárij -which chase Arab ships bound for India and China. The merchant fleets -of the early tenth century were not Arab alone. The Chauras of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e40827" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -sent fleets to Bhot and Chin (Rás Mála, I. 11). Nor were -Mers and Chauras the only pirates. Towards the end of the tenth century -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 980) Grahári the <span class="corr" id="xd25e40833" title="Source: Chudásama">Chúḍásamá</span>, -known in story as Graharipu the Ahir of Sorath and Girnár, so -passed and repassed the ocean that no one was safe (Ditto, I. 11). In -the eleventh century (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1021) Alberuni -(Sachau, II. 104) notes that the Bawárij, who take their name -from their boats called <i>behra</i> or <i>bira</i>, were Meds a -seafaring people of Kachh and of Somnáth a great place of call -for merchants trading between Sofala in east Africa and China. About -the same time (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1025) when they -despaired of withstanding Máhmud of Ghazni the defenders of -Somnáth prepared to escape by sea,<a class="noteref" id="n492.3.csrc" href="#n492.3.c" name="n492.3.csrc">20</a> and after his -victory Máhmud is said to have planned an expedition by sea to -conquer Ceylon (Tod’s Rajasthán, I. 108). In the twelfth -century <span class="corr" id="xd25e40858" title="Source: Idrisi">Idrísi</span> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1135) notices that Tatariya dirhams, that is the -Gupta (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 319–500) and White -Húṇa (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 500–580) -coinage of Sindh and Gujarát, were in use both in Madagascar and -in the Malaya islands (Reinaud’s <span lang="fr">Mémoires</span>, 236), and that the merchants of Java could -understand the people of Madagascar (Ditto, Abulfeda, cdxxii).<a class="noteref" id="n492.3.dsrc" href="#n492.3.d" name="n492.3.dsrc">21</a> -With the decline of the power of <span class="corr" id="xd25e40877" -title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1250–1300) its fleet ceased to -keep order at sea. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1290 Marco Polo -(Yule’s Ed. II. 325, 328, 341) found the people of Gujarát -the most desperate pirates in existence. More than a hundred corsair -vessels went forth every year taking their wives and children with them -and staying out the whole summer. They joined in fleets of twenty to -thirty and made a sea cordon five or six miles apart. Sokotra was -infested by multitudes of Hindu pirates who encamped there and put up -their plunder to sale. Ibn Batuta (in Elliot, I. 344–345) fifty -years later makes the same complaint. Musalmán ascendancy had -driven Rájput chiefs to the coast and turned them into pirates. -The most notable addition was the Gohils who under Mokheráji -Gohil, from his castle on Piram island, ruled the sea till his power -was broken by Muhammad Tughlak in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1345 (Rás Mála, I. 318). Before -their overthrow by the Muhammadans what large vessels the Rájput -sailors of Gujarát managed is shown by Friar Oderic, who about -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1321 (Stevenson in Kerr’s -Voyages, XVIII. 324) crossed the Indian ocean in a ship that carried -700 people. How far the <span class="corr" id="xd25e40895" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span> went is shown by the mention in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1270 (Yule’s Cathay, 57 in -Howorth’s Mongols, I. 247) of ships sailing between Sumena or -Somnáth and China. Till the arrival of the Portuguese -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1500–1508) the -Ahmedábád Sultáns maintained their position as -lords of the sea.<a class="noteref" id="n492.3.a4src" href="#n492.3.a4" -name="n492.3.a4src">22</a> In the fifteenth century Java appears in the -state list of foreign bandars which paid tribute (Bird’s -Gujarát, 131), the tribute probably being a cess or ship tax -paid by Gujarát traders with Java in return for the protection -of the royal navy.<a class="noteref" id="n492.3.b3src" href="#n492.3.b3" name="n492.3.b3src">23</a> In east Africa, in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1498 (J. As. Soc. of Bengal, V. 784) Vasco da -Gama found sailors from Cambay and other parts of India who guided -themselves by the help of the stars in the north and south and had -nautical instruments of their own. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1510 Albuquerque found a strong Hindu element in -Java and Malacca. Sumatra was ruled by Parameshwara a Hindu whose son -by a Chinese mother was called <span class="corr" id="xd25e40923" -title="Source: Rajput">Rájput</span> (Commentaries, II. 63; III. -73–79). After the rule of the sea had passed to the European, -Gujarát Hindus continued to show marked courage and skill as -merchants seamen and pirates. In the seventeenth century the French -traveller Mandelslo (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1638, Travels -101, 108) found Achin in north Sumatra a great centre of trade with -Gujarát. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the -Sanganians or Sangar <span class="corr" id="xd25e40929" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span> of Mándvi in Kachh and -of Navánagar in north Káthiáváḍa were -much dreaded. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1750 Grose describes -the small cruisers of the Sanganians troubling boats going to the -Persian Gulf, though they seldom attacked large ships. Between -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1803 and 1808 (Low’s Indian -Navy, I. 274) pirates from Bet established themselves in the ruined -temple at Somnáth. In 1820, when the English took Bet and -Dwárka from the Wághels, among the pirates besides -Wághels were Badhels a branch of Ráhtors, Bhattis, -Khárwás, Lohánás, Makwánás, -<span class="corr" id="xd25e40939" title="Source: Rahtors">Ráhtors</span>, and Wagharis. A trace of the -Chauras remained in the neighbouring chief of Aramra.<a class="noteref" -id="n492.3.c3src" href="#n492.3.c3" name="n492.3.c3src">24</a> Nor had -the old love of seafaring deserted the -Káthiáváḍa chiefs. In the beginning of the -present century (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1825) Tod (Western -India, 452; compare Rás Mála, I. 245) tells how with Biji -Singh of Bhávnagar his port was his grand hobby and shipbuilding -his chief interest and pleasure; also how Ráo Ghor of Kachh -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1760–1778) built equipped and -manned a ship at Mándvi which without European or other outside -assistance safely made the voyage to England and back to the -Malabár Coast where arriving during the south-west monsoon the -vessel seems to have been wrecked.<a class="noteref" id="n492.3.d2src" -href="#n492.3.d2" name="n492.3.d2src">25</a> <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n492.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n492.3.a" href="#n492.3.asrc" name="n492.3.a">15</a></span> Alexander -built his own boats on the Indus. (McCrindle’s Alexander, 77.) He -carried (pages 93 and 131) these boats to the Hydaspes: on the Jhelum -(134 note 1) where he found some country boats he built a flotilla of -gallies with thirty oars: he made dockyards (pages 156–157): his -crews were Phoenikians, Cyprians, Karians, and -Egyptians. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n492.3.asrc">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n492.3.a2" href="#n492.3.a2src" name="n492.3.a2">16</a></span> -Reinaud’s <span lang="fr">Mémoire Sur L’Inde</span>, -125. The statement that Naushiraván received Karáchi from -the king of Seringdip (Elliot’s History, I. 407: Tabari, II. 221) -throws doubt on this expedition to Ceylon. At the close of the sixth -century Karáchi or Diul Sindhi cannot have been in the gift of -the king of Ceylon. It was in the possession of the -Sáharái kings of Aror in Upper Sindh perhaps of -Sháhi Tegin Devaja shortened to Shahindev. (Compare Cunningham -Oriental Congress, I. 242.) According to Garrez (<abbr title="Journal Asiatique">J. As.</abbr> <abbr title="Series">Ser.</abbr> VI. -<abbr title="Tome">Tom.</abbr> XIII. 182 note 2) this Serendip is -Surandeb that is Syria and Antioch places which Naushiraván is -known to have taken. Several other references that seem to imply a -close connection between Gujarát and Ceylon are equally -doubtful. In the Mahábhárata (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 100–300?) the Sinhalas bring -<i>vaidúryas</i> (rubies?) elephants’ housings and heaps -of pearls. The meaning of Sainhalaka in <span class="corr" id="xd25e40723" title="Source: Samadragupta’s">Samudragupta’s</span> inscription -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 395) Early Gujarát History -page 64 and note 5 is uncertain. Neither Mihirakula’s -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 530) nor Lalitáditya’s -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 700) conquest of Ceylon can be -historical. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1005 when Abul Fatha -the Carmatian ruler of Multán was attacked by Máhmud of -Ghazni he retired to Ceylon. (Reinaud’s <span lang="fr">Mémoire</span>, 225). When Somnáth was taken -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1025) the people embarked for Ceylon -(Ditto, 270). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n492.3.a2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n492.3.b" href="#n492.3.bsrc" name="n492.3.b">17</a></span> Compare at -a later period (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1342) Ibn -Batuta’s great ship sailing from Kandahár (Gandhár -north of Broach) to China with its guard of Abyssinians as a defence -against pirates. Reinaud’s Abulfeda, cdxxv. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n492.3.bsrc">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n492.3.a3" href="#n492.3.a3src" name="n492.3.a3">18</a></span> As an -example of the readiness with which an inland race of northerners -conquer seamanship compare the Franks of the Pontus who about -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 279 passed in a few years from the -Pontus to the Mediterranean ports and leaving behind them Malta the -limit of Greek voyages sailed through Gibraltar to the Baltic. Gibbon, -I. 404–405. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n492.3.a3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n492.3.b2" href="#n492.3.b2src" name="n492.3.b2">19</a></span> -Reinaud’s <span lang="fr">Mémoire Sur L’Inde</span>, -200. The traders of Chorwár, that is of the old Chaura or -Chápa country near Virával and Mangrul, are now known in -Bombay as Chápadias. The received explanation of Chápadia -is the roofed men it is said in derisive allusion to their large and -heavy headdress. But as the Porbandar headdress is neither specially -large nor ungraceful the common explanation can be hardly more than a -pun. This suggests that the name Chápadia is a trace of the -early Chápa tribe of Gurjjaras who also gave their name to -Chápanir. Tod’s (Western India, 250, 256) description of -the Chauras race with traditions of having come from the Red Sea and as -a nautical Arabia is the result of taking for Sokotra Sankodwára -that is Bet to the north of Dwárka. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n492.3.b2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n492.3.c" href="#n492.3.csrc" name="n492.3.c">20</a></span> According -to Abulfeda <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1334 (Reinaud’s -Abulfeda, cccxlix.) some of the besieged fled to Ceylon. Farishtah -(Briggs’ Muhammadan Powers, I. 75) records that after the fall of -Somnáth Máhmud intended to fit out a fleet to conquer -Ceylon and Pegu. According to Bird (Mirát-i-Ahmedi, 146) Ceylon -or Sirandip remained a dependency of Somnáth till <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1290 when the king Vijayabáhu became -independent. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n492.3.csrc">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n492.3.d" href="#n492.3.dsrc" name="n492.3.d">21</a></span> The common -element in the two languages may have been the result of Gujarát -settlements in Madagascar as well as in Java and Cambodia. This is -however doubtful as the common element may be either Arabic or -Polynesian. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n492.3.dsrc">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n492.3.a4" href="#n492.3.a4src" name="n492.3.a4">22</a></span> When in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1535 he secured -Bahádur’s splendid jewelled belt <span class="corr" id="xd25e40909" title="Source: Humayun">Humáyún</span> said -These are the trappings of the lord of the sea. Bayley’s -Gujarát, 386. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n492.3.a4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n492.3.b3" href="#n492.3.b3src" name="n492.3.b3">23</a></span> Compare -in Bombay Public Diary 10, pages 197–207 of 1736–37, the -revenue headings Surat and Cambay with entries of two per cent on all -goods imported and exported from either of these places by traders -under the Honourable Company’s protection. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n492.3.b3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n492.3.c3" href="#n492.3.c3src" name="n492.3.c3">24</a></span> These -Badhels seem to be Hamilton’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1720) Warels of Chance (New Account, I. 141). -This Chance is Chách near Diu apparently the place from which -the Bhátiás get their Bombay name of -Cháchiás. Towards the close of the eighteenth century -Bhátiás from Chách seem to have formed a pirate -settlement near Dáhánu on the Thána coast. Major -Price (Memoirs of a Field Officer, 322) notes (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1792 June) the cautionary speed with which in -travelling from Surat to Bombay by land they passed -Dáhánu through the Chánsiáh jungle the -district of a piratical community of that name. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n492.3.c3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n492.3.d2" href="#n492.3.d2src" name="n492.3.d2">25</a></span> -According to Sir. A. Burnes (<abbr>Jl. Bombay Geog. Soc.</abbr> VI. -(1835) 27, 28) the special skill of the people of Kachh in navigation -and ship-building was due to a young <span class="corr" id="xd25e40963" -title="Source: Rajput">Rájput</span> of Kachh. Rámsingh -Málani, who about a century earlier had gone to Holland and -learned those arts. See Bombay Gazetteer, V. 116 note 2. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n492.3.d2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n495.1" -href="#n495.1src" name="n495.1">26</a></span> Crawford (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1820) held that all Hindu influence in Java came -from Kalinga or north-east Madras. Fergusson (Ind. Arch. 103, Ed. 1876) -says: The splendid remains at Amrávati show that from the mouths -of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e41007" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span> and Godávari the -Buddhist of north and north-west India colonised Pegu, Cambodia, and -eventually the Island of Java. Compare Tavernier (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1666: Ball’s Translation, I. 174.) -Masulipatam is the only place in the Bay of Bengal from which vessels -sail eastwards for Bengal, Arrakan, Pegu, Siam, Sumatra, Cochin China, -and the Manillas and west to Hormuz, Makha, and Madagascar. -Inscriptions (Indian Antiquary, V. 314; VI. 356) bear out the -correctness of the connection between the Kalinga coast and Java which -Java legends have preserved. As explained in Dr. Bhandarkar’s -interesting article on the eastern passage of the Śakas -(<abbr title="Journal Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society">Jour. B. B. -R. A. S.</abbr> XVII.) certain inscriptions also show a Magadhi element -which may have reached Java from Sumatra and Sumatra from the coast -either of Bengal or of Orissa. Later information tends to increase the -east and south Indian share. Compare <span lang="fr">Notices et -Extraits des Manuscripts de la Bibliotheque Nationale</span> Vol. -XXVII. (<span lang="fr">Partie II</span>) 2 Fasicule page -350. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n495.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n496.1" -href="#n496.1src" name="n496.1">27</a></span> Compare Hiuen Tsiang in -Beal’s Buddhist Records, II. 222 note 102. <i>Táhia</i> -may be Tochara that is Baktria, but the Panjáb seems more -likely. Compare Beal’s Life of Hiuen Tsiang, 136 note -2. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n496.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n496.2" -href="#n496.2src" name="n496.2">28</a></span> Idrísi -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1135 (Elliot, I. 92) has a Romala a -middling town on the borders of the desert between Multán and -Seistán. Cunningham (<abbr title="Ancient Geography">Ancient -Geog.</abbr> 252) has a Romaka Bazaar near where the Nára the -old Indus enters the Ran of Kachh. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n496.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n496.3" -href="#n496.3src" name="n496.3">29</a></span> Cunningham’s Num. -Chron. 3rd Ser. VIII. 241. The Mahábhárata Romakas -(Wilson’s Works, VII. 176: Cunningham’s <abbr title="Ancient Geography">Anc. Geog.</abbr> 187) may have taken their name -from one of these salt stretches. Ibn Khurdádbah (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 912) mentions Rumála (Elliot, I. 14, 87, -92, 93) as one of the countries of Sindh. In connection with the town -Romala Al Idrísi <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1153 (Elliot, -I. 74, 93) has a district three days’ journey from -Kalbata. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n496.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n496.4" -href="#n496.4src" name="n496.4">30</a></span> Cunningham’s -Numismatic Chronicle 3rd Ser. VIII. 236. The date of Kárur is -uncertain. Fergusson (Arch. III. 746) puts it at <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 544. It was apparently earlier as in an -inscription of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 532 Yaśodharmman -king of Málwa claims to hold lands which were never held by -either Guptas or Húṇas. Cunningham Num. Chron. 3rd Ser. -VIII. 236. Compare History Text, 76, 77. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n496.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n497.1" -href="#n497.1src" name="n497.1">31</a></span> <abbr>Jour. As. Soc. -Bl.</abbr> VII. (Plate I.) 298; Burnes’ Bokhára, III. 76; -Elliot’s History, I. 405. Diu which is specially mentioned as a -Sáharái port was during the seventh and eighth centuries -a place of call for China ships. Yule’s Cathay, I. -lxxix. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n497.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n497.2" -href="#n497.2src" name="n497.2">32</a></span> Phra like the -Panjáb Porus of the embassy to Augustus in <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 30 (though this Porus may be so called merely -because he ruled the lands of Alexander’s Porus) may seem to be -the favourite Parthian name Phraates. But no instance of the name -Phraates is noted among White Húṇa chiefs and the use of -Phra as in Phra Bot or Lord Buddha seems ground for holding that the -Phra Thong of the Cambodia legend means Great Lord. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n497.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n497.3" -href="#n497.3src" name="n497.3">33</a></span> Epigraphia Indica, I. -67. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n497.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n497.4" -href="#n497.4src" name="n497.4">34</a></span> In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 637 raiders attacked Thána from Oman and -Broach and Sindh from Bahrein. Reinaud’s <span lang="fr">Mémoire Sur L’Inde</span>, 170, 176. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n497.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n497.5" -href="#n497.5src" name="n497.5">35</a></span> The passage of a Chinese -army from Magadha to the Gandhára river about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 650 seems beyond question. The emperor sent an -ambassador Ouang-h-wuentse to Śrí Harsha. Before -Ouang-h-wuentse arrived Śrí Harsha was dead (died -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 642), and his place taken by an -usurping minister (<span class="corr" id="xd25e41160" title="Source: Se)na-fu-ti">Se-na-fu-ti</span>) Alana-chun. The usurper drove -off the envoy, who retired to Tibet then under the great Songbtsan. -With help from Tibet and from the Rája of Nepál Ouang -returned, defeated Alana, and pursued him to the Gandhára river -(Khien-to-wei). The passage was forced, the army captured, the king -queen and king’s sons were led prisoners to China, and 580 cities -surrendered, the magistrates proclaimed the victory in the temple of -the ancients and the emperor raised Ouang to the rank of -Tch’ao-sau-ta-fore. <span lang="fr">Journal Asiatique Ser. IV. -Tom. X.</span> pages 81–121. The translator thinks the whole war -was in the east of India and that the mention of the Gandhára -river is a mistake. The correctness of this view is doubtful. It is to -be remembered that this was a time of the widest spread of Chinese -power. They held Balk and probably Bamian. Yule’s Cathay, I. -lxviii. Compare Julien in <abbr>Jour. As. Soc.</abbr> <abbr title="Series">Ser.</abbr> IV. <abbr title="Tome">Tom.</abbr> X. -289–291. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n497.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n498.1" -href="#n498.1src" name="n498.1">36</a></span> Regarding these -disturbances see Beal’s Life of Hiuen Tsiang, 155; Max -Müller’s India, 286. The Arab writers (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 713) notice to what a degraded state Chach had -reduced the Jats. In comparing the relative importance of the western -and eastern Indian strains in Java it is to be remembered that the -western element has been overlaid by a late Bengal and Kalinga layer of -fugitives from the Tibetan conquest of Bengal in the eighth century, -the Babu with the Gurkha at his heels, and during the ninth and later -centuries by bands of Buddhists withdrawing from a land where their -religion was no longer honoured. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n498.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n498.2" -href="#n498.2src" name="n498.2">37</a></span> In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 116 after the capture of Babylon and Ctesiphon -Hadrian sailed down the Tigris and the Persian Gulf, embarked on the -waters of the South Sea, made inquiries about India and regretted he -was too old to get there. Rawlinson’s Ancient Monarchies, VI. -313. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n498.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n498.3" -href="#n498.3src" name="n498.3">38</a></span> Reinaud’s Abulfeda, -cccxc. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n498.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n498.4" -href="#n498.4src" name="n498.4">39</a></span> The origin of the name -Kámboja seems to be Kámbojápura an old name of -Kábul preserved almost in its present form in Ptolemy’s -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 160) Kaboura. The word is doubtfully -connected with the Achæmenian Kambyses (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 529–521) the Kambujiya of the Behistun -inscription. In the fifth of the Aśoka edicts (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 240) Kámboja holds the middle distance -between Gandhára or Pesháwar and Yona or Baktria. -According to Yáska, whose uncertain date varies from -<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 500 to <span class="sc">b.c.</span> 200, the <span class="corr" id="xd25e41249" -title="Source: Kámbojas">Kambojas</span> spoke Sanskrit -(Muir’s Sanskrit Texts, II. 355 note 145). In the last battle of -the Mahábhárata, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 100 to -300 (Jl. Roy. As. Soc. [1842] VII. 139–140), apparently from near -Bamian the Kambojas ranked as Mlechchhas with Śakas Daradas and -Húṇas. One account (Fergusson, III. 665) places the -original site of the Kambojas in the country round Taxila east of the -Indus. This is probably incorrect. A trace of the Kambojas in their -original seat seems to remain in the Kaumojas of the Hindu -Kush. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n498.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n499.1" -href="#n499.1src" name="n499.1">40</a></span> See Hunter’s -Orissa, I. 310. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n499.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n499.2" -href="#n499.2src" name="n499.2">41</a></span> Yavana to the south-west -of Siam. Beal’s Life of Hiuen Tsiang, xxxii. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n499.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n499.3" -href="#n499.3src" name="n499.3">42</a></span> Quoted in Bunbury’s -Ancient Geography, II. 659. Bunbury suggests that Pausanias may have -gained his information from Marcus Aurelius’ (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 166) ambassador to China. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n499.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n499.4" -href="#n499.4src" name="n499.4">43</a></span> <abbr title="Journal Bengal Society">Jour. Bengal Soc.</abbr> VII. (I.) -317. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n499.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n499.5" -href="#n499.5src" name="n499.5">44</a></span> Remusat <span lang="fr">Nouveaux Melanges Asiatiques</span>, I. 77 in <span lang="fr"><abbr title="Journal">Jour.</abbr> Asiatique Series, VI. -Tom.</span> XIX. page 199 note 1; Fergusson’s Architecture, III. -678. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n499.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n499.6" -href="#n499.6src" name="n499.6">45</a></span> Barth in Journal -Asiatique Ser. VI. Tom. XIX. page 150. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n499.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n499.7" -href="#n499.7src" name="n499.7">46</a></span> Barth in Journal -Asiatique, X. 57. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n499.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n499.8" -href="#n499.8src" name="n499.8">47</a></span> Barth in <abbr title="Journal Asiatique">Jour. As.</abbr> <abbr title="Series">Ser.</abbr> -VI. <abbr title="Tome">Tom.</abbr> XIX. page 190; Journal Royal Asiatic -Society, XIV. (1882) cii. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n499.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n499.9" -href="#n499.9src" name="n499.9">48</a></span> Barth in Journal -Asiatique <abbr title="Series">Ser.</abbr> VI. <abbr title="Tome">Tom.</abbr> XIX. pages 181, 186. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n499.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n499.10" -href="#n499.10src" name="n499.10">49</a></span> Mr. Fergusson -(Architecture page 666) and Colonel Yule (<abbr title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Ency. Brit.</abbr> Cambodia) accept the -local Buddhist rendering of Nakhonwat as the City Settlement. Against -this it is to be noted (Ditto ditto) that nagara city corrupts locally -into Angkor. Nagara therefore can hardly also be the origin of the -local Nakhon. Farther as the local Buddhists claim the temple for -Buddha they were bound to find in Nakhon some source other than its -original meaning of Snake. The change finds a close parallel in the -Nága that is snake or Skythian now Nágara or city -Bráhman of Gujarát. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n499.10src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n500.1" -href="#n500.1src" name="n500.1">50</a></span> Barth in Journal -Asiatique Ser. VI. Tom. XIX. 190. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n500.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n500.2" -href="#n500.2src" name="n500.2">51</a></span> Yule’s Marco Polo, -II. 108; Reinaud’s Abulfeda, cdxvi. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n500.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n500.3" -href="#n500.3src" name="n500.3">52</a></span> Barth in Journal -Asiatique Ser. VI. Tom. XIX. 174. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n500.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n500.4" -href="#n500.4src" name="n500.4">53</a></span> Mr. Fergusson at first -suggested the fourth century as the period of migration to Cambodia. He -afterwards came to the conclusion that the settlers must have been much -the same as the Gujarát conquerors of Java. Architecture, III. -665–678. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n500.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n500.5" -href="#n500.5src" name="n500.5">54</a></span> Fergusson<span class="corr" id="xd25e41400" title="Not in source">,</span> Architecture, -665. Compare Tree and Serpent Worship, 49, 50. The people of Cambodia -seem Indian serpent worshippers: they seem to have come from -Taxila. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n500.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n500.6" -href="#n500.6src" name="n500.6">55</a></span> The name Khmer has been -adopted as the technical term for the early literature and arts of the -peninsula. Compare Barth <abbr title="Journal Asiatique">J. As.</abbr> -Ser. VI. Tom. XIX. 193; Renan in ditto page 75 note 3 and Ser. VII. -Tom. VIII. page 68; Yule in Encyclopædia <span class="corr" id="xd25e41410" title="Source: Britanica">Britannica</span> Art. Cambodia. -The resemblance of Cambodian and Kábul valley work recalls the -praise by Chinese writers of the Han (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 206–<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 24) -and Wei (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 386–556) dynasties of -the craftsmen of Kipin, that is Kophene or Kamboja the Kábul -valley, whose skill was not less remarkable in sculpturing and -chiselling stone than in working gold silver copper and tin into vases -and other articles. Specht in Journal Asiatique, II. (1883), 333 and -note 3. A ninth century inscription mentions the architect Achyuta son -of Ráma of Kámboja. Epigraphia Indica, I. -243. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n500.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n500.7" -href="#n500.7src" name="n500.7">56</a></span> Reinaud’s Abulfeda, -cdxxi.; Sachau’s Alberuni, I. 210. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n500.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n500.8" -href="#n500.8src" name="n500.8">57</a></span> Fergusson’s -Architecture, III. 666. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n500.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n500.9" -href="#n500.9src" name="n500.9">58</a></span> For the joint -Kedarite-Ephthalite rule in Kashmir see Cunningham’s Ninth -Oriental Congress, I. 231–2. The sameness of names, if not an -identity of rulers, shows how close was the union between the -Ephthalites and the Kedarites. The coins preserve one difference -depicting the Yuechi or Kedarite ruler with bushy and the White -Húṇa or Ephthalite ruler with cropped hair. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n500.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n501.1" -href="#n501.1src" name="n501.1">59</a></span> About <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 700 Urumtsi Kashgar Khoten and Kuche in the Tarim -valley became Tibetan for a few years. Parker’s Thousand Years of -the Tartars, 243. In <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 691 the western -Turks who for some years had been declining and divided were broken by -the great eastern Turk conqueror Mercho. The following passage from -Masúdi (Prairies D’Or, I. 289) supports the establishment -of White Húṇa or Mihira power in Tibet. The sons of -Amúr (a general phrase for Turks) mixed with the people of -India. They founded a kingdom in Tibet the capital of which they called -Med. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n501.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n501.2" -href="#n501.2src" name="n501.2">60</a></span> Encyclopædia -Britannica Articles Tibet and Turkestan. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n501.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n501.3" -href="#n501.3src" name="n501.3">61</a></span> Both Ibn Haukal and Al -Istakhri (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 950) call the Bay of Bengal -the sea of Tibet. Compare Reinaud’s Abulfeda, ccclviii.; -Encyclopædia Britannica Article Tibet page 345. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n501.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n501.4" -href="#n501.4src" name="n501.4">62</a></span> Yule’s Cathay, I. -lxxxi. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n501.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n501.5" -href="#n501.5src" name="n501.5">63</a></span> <abbr title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Ency. Brit.</abbr> China, -646. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n501.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n501.6" -href="#n501.6src" name="n501.6">64</a></span> Thisrong besides -spreading the power of Tibet (he was important enough to join with -Mámún the son of the great Harun-ar-Rashid (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 788–809) in a league against the Hindus) -brought many learned Hindus into Tibet, had Sanskrit books translated, -settled Lamaism, and built many temples. It is remarkable that (so far -as inscriptions are read) the series of Nakhonwat temples was begun -during Thisrong’s reign (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 803–845). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n501.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n501.7" -href="#n501.7src" name="n501.7">65</a></span> Yule’s Marco Polo, -II. 39–42; <abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">J. -R. A. Soc.</abbr> I. 355. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n501.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n501.8" -href="#n501.8src" name="n501.8">66</a></span> Yule <abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Jour. R. A. Soc.</abbr> -(<abbr title="New Series">N. S.</abbr>) I. 356. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n501.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n501.9" -href="#n501.9src" name="n501.9">67</a></span> Compare Yule in -<abbr title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Jour. R. A. -S.</abbr> (<abbr title="New Series">N. S.</abbr>) I. 355. <span class="corr" id="xd25e41560" title="Source: Kandahar">Kandahár</span> -in south-west Afghanistán is another example of the Kedarite or -Little Yuechi fondness for giving to their colonies the name of their -parent country. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n501.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n502.1" -href="#n502.1src" name="n502.1">68</a></span> Compare Yule’s -Marco Polo, II. 82–84. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n502.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n502.2" -href="#n502.2src" name="n502.2">69</a></span> Yule in <abbr title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Ency. Brit.</abbr> <abbr title="Article">Art.</abbr> Cambodia, 724, 725, 726. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n502.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n502.3" -href="#n502.3src" name="n502.3">70</a></span> Fa Hian (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 400) about fifty miles north-west of Kanauj found -a dragon chapel (Beal’s Buddhist Records, I. 40) of which a -white-eared dragon was the patron. The dragon, he notes, gives -seasonable showers and keeps off all plagues and calamities. At the end -of the rains the dragon turns into a little white-eared serpent and the -priests feed him. At the deserted Kapilavastu in Tirhut Fa Hian was -shown a tank and in it a dragon who, he says, constantly guards and -protects a tower to Buddha and worships there night and morning (Ditto, -I. 50).</p> -<p class="footnote cont">Sung-Yun (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 519) notices (Beal’s Buddhist Records, I. -69) in Swát (Udyána) a tank and a temple with fifty -priests called the temple of the Nága Rája because the -Nága supplies it with funds. In another passage (Ditto, 92) he -notices that in a narrow land on the border of Posse (Fars) a dragon -had taken his residence and was stopping the rain and piling the snow. -Hiuen Tsiang (Ditto, I. 20) notes that in Kucha, north of the Tarim -river east of the Bolor mountains, the Shen horses are half dragon -horses and the Shen men half dragon men. In Aksu, 150 miles west of -Kucha, fierce dragons molest travellers with storms of flying sand and -gravel (Ditto, 25); the hot lake or Johai, 100 miles north-east of -Aksu, is jointly inhabited by dragons and fish; scaly monsters rise to -the surface and travellers pray to them (Ditto, 26). An Arhat (page 63) -prays that he may become a Nágarája. He becomes a -Nágarája, kills the real Nágarája, takes -his palace, attaches the Nágas to him, and raises winds and -tempests; Kanishka comes against him and the Arhat takes the form of a -Bráhman and knocks down Kanishka’s towers. A great -merit-flame bursts from Kanishka’s shoulders and the -Bráhman Nágarája apologises. His evil and -passionate spirit, the fruit of evil deeds in a former birth, had made -the Arhat pray to be a Nágarája. If clouds gathered the -monks knew that the Nágarája meant mischief. The convent -gong was beaten and the Nágarája pacified (or scared) -Ditto, 64–66. Nágas were powerful brutes, cloud-riding -wind-driving water-walking brutes, still only brutes. The account of -the Nága or dragon of Jelalábád (in Kambojia) is -excellent. In Buddha’s time the dragon had been Buddha’s -milkman. He lost his temper, laid flowers at the Dragon’s cave, -prayed he might become a dragon, and leaped over the cliff. He laid the -country waste and did so much harm that Tathágata (or Buddha) -converted him. The Nága asked Buddha to take his cave. Buddha -said No. I will leave my shadow. If you get angry look at my shadow and -it will quiet you (Ditto, 94). Another typical dragon is Apalála -of the Swát river (Ditto, 68). In the time of Kaśyapa -Buddha Apalála was a weaver of spells named Gangi. Gangi’s -spells kept the dragons quiet and saved the crops. But the people were -thankless and paid no tithes. May I be born a dragon, cursed Gangi, -poisonous and ruinous. He was born the dragon of the Swát -valley, Apalála, who belched forth a salt stream and burned the -crops. The ruin of the fair and pious valley of Swát reached -Śakya’s (Buddha’s) ears. He passed to Mangala and beat -the mountain side with Indra’s mace. Apalála came forth -was lectured and converted. He agreed to do no more mischief on -condition that once in twelve years he might ruin the crops. (Ditto, -122.) In a lake about seven miles west of Takshaśilá, a -spot dear to the exiled Kambojan, lived Elápatra the -Nágarája, a Bhikshu or ascetic who in a former life had -destroyed a tree. When the crops wanted rain or fair weather, the -Shamans or medicine-men led the people to pray at -Elápatra’s tank (page 137). In Kashmir, perhaps the place -of halt of the Kambojan in his conquests eastwards, in old times the -country was a dragon lake.<a class="noteref" id="n502.3.asrc" href="#n502.3.a" name="n502.3.asrc">71</a> Madhyantika drove out the waters -but left one small part as a house for the Nága king (I. 150). -What sense have these tales? In a hilly land where the people live in -valleys the river is at once the most whimsical and the most dangerous -force. Few seasons pass in which the river does not either damage with -its floods or with its failure and at times glaciers and landslips stop -the entire flow and the valley is ruined. So great and so strange an -evil as the complete drying of a river must be the result of some -one’s will, of some one’s temper. The Dragon is angry he -wants a sacrifice. Again the river ponds into a lake, the lake tops the -earth bank and rushes in a flood wasting as only a dragon can waste. -For generations after so awful a proof of power all doubts regarding -dragons are dead. (Compare Drew’s Cashmere and Jummoo, -414–421.) In India the Chinese dragon turns into a cobra. In -China the cobra is unknown: in India than the cobra no power is more -dreaded. How can the mighty unwieldy dragon be the little silent cobra. -How not? Can the dragon be worshipful if he is unable to change his -shape. To the spirit not to the form is worship due. Again the -worshipped dragon becomes the guardian. The great earth Bodhisattva -transforms himself into a Nágarája and dwells in lake -Anavatapta whose flow of cool water enriches the world (Buddhist -Records, II. 11). In a fane in Swát Buddha takes the form of a -dragon and the people live on him (125). A pestilence wasted -Swát. Buddha becomes the serpent Suma, all who taste his flesh -are healed of the plague (126). A Nága maiden, who for her sins -has been born in serpent shape and lives in a pool, loves Buddha who -was then a Śakya chief. Buddha’s merit regains for the girl -her lost human form. He goes into the pool slays the girl’s -snake-kin and marries her. Not even by marriage with the Śakya is -her serpent spirit driven out of the maiden. At night from her head -issues a nine-crested Nága. Śakya strikes off the nine -crests and ever since that blow the royal family has suffered from -headaches (132). This last tale shows how Buddhism works on the coarser -and fiercer tribes who accept its teaching. The converts rise to be men -though a snake-head may peep out to show that not all of the old leaven -is dead. In other stories Buddha as the sacramental snake shows the -moral advance in Buddhism from fiend to guardian worship. The rest of -the tales illustrate the corresponding intellectual progress from force -worship to man, that is mind, worship. The water force sometimes kindly -and enriching sometimes fierce and wasting becomes a Bodhisattva always -kindly though his goodwill may have to give way to the rage of evil -powers. So Bráhmanism turns Náráyana the sea into -Śiva or Somnáth the sea ruler. In this as in other phases -religion passes from the worship of the forces of Nature to which in -his beginnings man has to bow to the worship of Man or conscious Mind -whose growth in skill and in knowledge has made him the Lord of the -forces. These higher ideals are to a great extent a veneer. The -Buddhist evangelist may dry the lake; he is careful to leave a pool for -the Nágarája. In times of trouble among the fierce -struggles of pioneers and settlers the spirit of Buddha withdraws and -leaves the empty shrine to the earlier and the more immortal spirit of -Force, the Nágarája who has lived on in the pool which -for the sake of peace Buddha refrained from drying. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n502.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n502.3.a" href="#n502.3.asrc" name="n502.3.a">71</a></span> Kashmir -has still a trace of Gandhára. Compare (<abbr title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Ency. Brit.</abbr> <abbr title="Article">Art.</abbr> Kashmir page 13: The races of Kashmir are -Gandháras, Khasás, and Daradas.<span class="corr" id="xd25e41615" title="Not in source">)</span> <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n502.3.asrc">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n504.1" -href="#n504.1src" name="n504.1">72</a></span> Mr. Fergusson -(Architecture, 219) places the Káshmir temples between -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 600 and 1200 and allots -Mártand the greatest to about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 750. The classical element, he says, cannot be -mistaken. The shafts are fluted Grecian Doric probably taken from the -Gandhára monasteries of the fourth and fifth centuries. -Fergusson was satisfied (Ditto, 289) that the religion of the builders -of the Káshmir temples was Nága worship. In Cambodia the -Bráhman remains were like those of Java (Ditto, 667). But the -connection between the Nakhonwat series and the Káshmir temples -was unmistakeable (Ditto, 297, 665). Nága worship was the object -of both (Ditto, 677–679). Imperfect information forced Fergusson -to date the Nakhonwat not earlier than the thirteenth century (Ditto, -660, 679). The evidence of the inscriptions which (J. As. Ser. VI. Tom. -XIX. page 190) brings back the date of this the latest of a long series -of temples to the ninth and tenth centuries adds greatly to the -probability of some direct connection between the builders of the -Mártand shrine in Káshmir and of the great Nakhonwat -temple at Angkor. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n504.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n504.2" -href="#n504.2src" name="n504.2">73</a></span> <abbr title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Ency. Brit.</abbr> <abbr title="Article">Art.</abbr> Tibet, 344. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n504.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n504.3" -href="#n504.3src" name="n504.3">74</a></span> <abbr title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Ency. Brit.</abbr> <abbr title="Article">Art.</abbr> Cambodia. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n504.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n504.4" -href="#n504.4src" name="n504.4">75</a></span> Yule’s Marco Polo, -II. 45, 47. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n504.4src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="app5" class="div1 appendix"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd25e3050">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">APPENDIX V.</h2> -<h2 class="main">ARAB REFERENCES.<a class="noteref" id="n505.1src" -href="#n505.1" name="n505.1src">1</a></h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix V.<br> -<span class="sc">Arab References</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–1350.</span> <span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Arab References</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–1350.</span>The earliest Arab reference -to Gujarát is by the merchant Sulaimán<a class="noteref" -id="n505.2src" href="#n505.2" name="n505.2src">2</a> <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851 (<span class="sc">a.h.</span> 237). -Other Arab accounts follow up to <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1263, a period of over four centuries. -Sulaimán describes Jurz or Gujarát as bordering on the -kingdom of the Balhára (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 743–974) and as forming a tongue of land, -rich in horses and camels and said to have “mines of gold and -silver, exchanges being carried on by means of these metals in -dust.”</p> -<p>Al Biláduri<a class="noteref" id="n505.3src" href="#n505.3" -name="n505.3src">3</a> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 892) states -that the first Islámic expedition to India was the one -despatched against <i>Táná</i><a class="noteref" id="n505.4src" href="#n505.4" name="n505.4src">4</a> (Thána) by -Usmán, son of Al-Ási the Thakafi, who in the fifteenth -year of the Hijrah (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 636) was -appointed governor of Bahrein and Umán (the Persian Gulf) by the -second Khalífah Umar, the son of Khattáb. On the return -of the expedition, in reply to his governor’s despatch, the -Khalífah Umar is said to have written:<a class="noteref" id="n505.5src" href="#n505.5" name="n505.5src">5</a> “Oh brother of -Thakíf, thou hast placed the worm in the wood, but by -Alláh, had any of my men been slain, I would have taken an equal -number from thy tribe.” In spite of this threat -Usmán’s brother Hakam, who was deputed by the governor to -the charge of Bahrein, despatched a force to -Bárúz<a class="noteref" id="n505.6src" href="#n505.6" -name="n505.6src">6</a> (Broach). Al Biláduri does not record the -result of this expedition, but <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb506" -href="#pb506" name="pb506">506</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix V.<br> -<span class="sc">Arab References</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–1350.</span> mentions a more successful -one to Debal at the mouth of the Indus sent by Hakam under the command -of his brother Mughaira. On the death of his uncle Al-Hajjáj -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 714; <span class="sc">H.</span> 95) -Muhammad the son of Kásim the Arab conqueror of Sindh, is said -to have made peace with the inhabitants of Surast or -Káthiáváḍ with whom he states the people of -Bátia<a class="noteref" id="n506.1src" href="#n506.1" name="n506.1src">7</a> that is Bet to the north of Dwárka were then -at war. Al Biláduri describes the Bátia men as Meds -seafarers and pirates. In the reign of Hishám (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 724) Junnaid, son of Abdur Rahmán Al -Murri, who was appointed to the frontier of Sindh is stated to have -conquered Jurz (Gujarát) and Bárús -(Broach).<a class="noteref" id="n506.2src" href="#n506.2" name="n506.2src">8</a> A more permanent result followed a great expedition -from Mansúrah in Sindh. This result was the overthrow, from -which it never recovered, of the great seaport and capital of Vala or -Valabhi.<a class="noteref" id="n506.3src" href="#n506.3" name="n506.3src">9</a> Al Biláduri’s next mention<a class="noteref" id="n506.4src" href="#n506.4" name="n506.4src">10</a> of -Gujarát is in connection with the conquest of Sindán in -Kachh and the founding there of a Jámá mosque by Fazl, -son of Mahán in the reign of the Abbási Khalífah -Al Mámún (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 813–833) the son of the famous -Hárún-ur-Rashíd. After Fazl’s death his son -Muhammad sailed with sixty vessels against the Meds of Hind, captured -Máli<a class="noteref" id="n506.5src" href="#n506.5" name="n506.5src">11</a> apparently Mália in north -Káthiáváḍ after a great slaughter of the -Meds and returned to Sindán.</p> -<p>The dissension between Muhammad and his brother Mahán, who in -Muhammad’s absence had usurped his authority at Sindán, -re-established the power of the Hindus. The Hindus however, adds Al -Biláduri, spared the assembly mosque in which for long the -Musalmáns used to offer their Friday prayers.<a class="noteref" -id="n506.6src" href="#n506.6" name="n506.6src">12</a> Ibni -Khurdádbah (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 912; <span class="sc">H.</span> 300) erroneously enumerates Bárúh and -Sindán (Broach and Sindán) as cities of Sindh.<a class="noteref" id="n506.7src" href="#n506.7" name="n506.7src">13</a> The -king of Juzr he describes as the fourth Indian sovereign. According to -Al Masúdi<a class="noteref" id="n506.8src" href="#n506.8" name="n506.8src">14</a> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 915) the country -of the Balháras or Ráshṭrakúṭas -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 743–974), which is also called -the country of Kumkar (Konkan), is open on one side to the attacks of -the king of Juzr (Gujarát) a prince owning many horses and -camels and troops who does not think any king on earth equal to him -except the king of Bábal (Babylon). He prides himself and holds -himself high above all other kings and owns many elephants, but hates -Musalmáns. His country is on a tongue of land, and there are -gold and silver mines in it, in which trade is carried on. Al -Istakhri<a class="noteref" id="n506.9src" href="#n506.9" name="n506.9src">15</a> (<span class="sc">H.</span> 340; <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 951) gives an itinerary in which he shows the -distance between <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb507" href="#pb507" -name="pb507">507</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix V.<br> -<span class="sc">Arab References</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–1350.</span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e41905" title="Source: Mansurah">Mansúrah</span> and -Kámhal<a class="noteref" id="n507.1src" href="#n507.1" name="n507.1src">16</a> (Anhilwára) to be eight days’ journey; -from Kámhal to Kambáya (Cambay) four days; from -Kambáya to the sea about two <i>farasangs</i> that is between -seven and eight miles<a class="noteref" id="n507.2src" href="#n507.2" -name="n507.2src">17</a>; from Kambáya to -Surabáya<a class="noteref" id="n507.3src" href="#n507.3" name="n507.3src">18</a> perhaps Surabára the Surat river mouth which -is half a <i>farasang</i> (between 1½ and two miles) from the -sea, about four days. He places five days between Surabáya -(Surat) and Sindán (St. John near Daman) and a like distance -between Sindán and <span class="corr" id="xd25e41939" title="Source: Saimur">Saimúr</span> (Chewal or Cheul) thirty miles -south of Bombay. Ibni Haukal<a class="noteref" id="n507.4src" href="#n507.4" name="n507.4src">19</a> (<span class="sc">H.</span> 366; -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 976) enumerates<a class="noteref" id="n507.5src" href="#n507.5" name="n507.5src">20</a> -(Fámhal)<a class="noteref" id="n507.6src" href="#n507.6" name="n507.6src">21</a> (Anhilwára), Kambáya (Cambay), -Surbáráh (Surat), Sindán (Daman), and <span class="corr" id="xd25e41970" title="Source: Saimur">Saimúr</span> -(Cheul) as cities of Al Hind (India), as opposed to As Sindh or the -Indus valley. From Kambáya to <span class="corr" id="xd25e41973" -title="Source: Saimur">Saimúr</span>, he writes, is the land of -the Balhára, which is in the possession of several -kings.<a class="noteref" id="n507.7src" href="#n507.7" name="n507.7src">22</a> Ibni Haukal describes the land between Kámhal -(Anhilwára) and Kambáya (Cambay), and Bánia three -days’ journey from Mansúrah as desert,<a class="noteref" -id="n507.8src" href="#n507.8" name="n507.8src">23</a> and between -Kambáya and Saimúr as thickly covered with villages. Al -Bírúni,<a class="noteref" id="n507.9src" href="#n507.9" -name="n507.9src">24</a> in his famous Indica about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1030–31 writes: From Kanauj, travelling -south-west you come to Ási, a distance of eighteen -<i>farsakhs</i><a class="noteref" id="n507.10src" href="#n507.10" name="n507.10src">25</a> that is of seventy two miles; to <i>Sahiva</i> 17 -<i>farsakhs</i> or sixty-eight miles; to Chandra 18 <i>farsakhs</i> or -seventy-two miles; to Rajauri fifteen <i>farsakhs</i> or sixty miles; -and to Nárána (near Jaipur) the former capital of -Gujarát, 18 <i>farsakhs</i> or seventy-two miles. -Nárána he adds was destroyed and the capital transferred -to another town on the frontier. From Nárána at a -distance of 60 <i>farsakhs</i> or 240 miles south-west lies -Anhilwára, and thence to Somnáth on the sea is fifty -<i>farsakhs</i> or 200 miles. From Anhilwára, passing south is -Lárdes with its capitals Bihruch (Broach) and -Rahánjur<a class="noteref" id="n507.11src" href="#n507.11" name="n507.11src">26</a> (Rándir) forty-two <i>farsakhs</i> (168 -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb508" href="#pb508" name="pb508">508</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix V.<br> -<span class="sc">Arab References</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–1350.</span> miles). These he states -are on the shore of the sea to the east of Tána (the modern -Thána).<a class="noteref" id="n508.1src" href="#n508.1" name="n508.1src">27</a> After describing the coast of Makrán till -<span class="corr" id="xd25e42066" title="Source: its">it</span> -reaches Debal<a class="noteref" id="n508.2src" href="#n508.2" name="n508.2src">28</a> (Karáchi or Thatta) Abu Rihán comes to -the coast of Kachh<a class="noteref" id="n508.3src" href="#n508.3" -name="n508.3src">29</a> and Somnáth, the population of which he -calls the Bawárij because, he says, they commit their piratical -depredations in boats called Baira.<a class="noteref" id="n508.4src" -href="#n508.4" name="n508.4src">30</a> He gives the distance<a class="noteref" id="n508.5src" href="#n508.5" name="n508.5src">31</a> between -Debal (Karáchi or Thatta) and Kachh the country that yields -<i>mukl</i> (gum or myrrh)<a class="noteref" id="n508.6src" href="#n508.6" name="n508.6src">32</a> and <i>bádrúd</i> -(balm) as six <i>farsakhs</i> (24 miles); to Somnáth (from -Debal) fourteen (56 miles); to Kambáya thirty (120 miles); to -Asáwal the site of Ahmedábád (from Cambay) two -days’ journey; to Bahrúj (Broach) (from Debal)<a class="noteref" id="n508.7src" href="#n508.7" name="n508.7src">33</a> thirty, -to Sindán or St. John (from Debal) fifty; to Subára -(Sopára) from Sindán six<a class="noteref" id="n508.8src" -href="#n508.8" name="n508.8src">34</a>; to Tána (from -Sopára) five. Rashíd-ud-dín in his translation -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1310) of Al Bírúni -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 970–1031) states<a class="noteref" id="n508.9src" href="#n508.9" name="n508.9src">35</a> that -beyond Gujarát are Konkan and Tána. He calls Tánah -the chief town of the Konkans and mentions the forest of the -Dángs as the habitat of the <i>sharva</i> an animal resembling -the buffalo, but larger than a rhinoceros, with a small trunk and two -big horns with which it attacks and destroys the elephant. Al -Idrísi,<a class="noteref" id="n508.10src" href="#n508.10" name="n508.10src">36</a> writing about the end of the eleventh century but -with tenth century materials, places<a class="noteref" id="n508.11src" -href="#n508.11" name="n508.11src">37</a> in the seventh section of the -second climate, the Gujarát towns of Mámhal -(Anhilwára), Kambáya (Cambay), Subára (apparently -Surabára or Surat), <span class="corr" id="xd25e42154" title="Source: Siṅdán">Sindán</span><a class="noteref" -id="n508.12src" href="#n508.12" name="n508.12src">38</a> (Sanján -in Thána), and Saimúr (Chewal or Cheul). He adds, -probably quoting from Al Jauhari (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 950), that Nahrwára is governed by a great -prince who bears the title of Balhára who owns the whole country -from Nahrwára to Saimúr. He ranks the king of Juzr fourth -among Indian potentates. The country from Debal to Kambáya -(Karáchi to Cambay) he describes<a class="noteref" id="n508.13src" href="#n508.13" name="n508.13src">39</a> as “nothing -but a marine strand without habitations and almost without water, and -impassable for travellers.”<a class="noteref" id="n508.14src" -href="#n508.14" name="n508.14src">40</a> The situation of Mámhal -(Anhilwára) he gives as between Sindh and Hind. He notices the -Meds as Mánds<a class="noteref" id="n508.15src" href="#n508.15" -name="n508.15src">41</a> grazing their flocks to within a short -distance of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb509" href="#pb509" name="pb509">509</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix V.<br> -<span class="sc">Arab References</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–1350.</span> Mámhal -(Anhilwára). He speaks of Mámhal, Kambáya, -Subára (probably Surabára or Surat), Sindán, and -Saimúr as countries of Hind (India) touching upon -Sindh.<a class="noteref" id="n509.1src" href="#n509.1" name="n509.1src">42</a> He describes Mámhal as a frontier town, -numbered by some among the cities of Sindh, and he classifies Aubkin, -Mánd, Kulámmali (Quilon),<a class="noteref" id="n509.2src" href="#n509.2" name="n509.2src">43</a> and Sindán -(Sandhán in Kachh) as maritime islands. Among the numerous towns -of India are Mámhal (Anhilwára),<a class="noteref" id="n509.3src" href="#n509.3" name="n509.3src">44</a> Kambáya -(Cambay), Subára, Asáwal (Ahmedábád), -Janáwal (Chunvál), Sindán, Saimúr, -Jandur<a class="noteref" id="n509.4src" href="#n509.4" name="n509.4src">45</a> (Rándir), Sandur (apparently a repetition of -Rándir), and <span class="corr" id="xd25e42203" title="Source: Rúmála">Rumála</span> (perhaps the south -Panjáb).<a class="noteref" id="n509.5src" href="#n509.5" name="n509.5src">46</a> He speaks of Kalbata, Augasht, Nahrwára -(Anhilwára), and Lahawar (Lahori Bandar) as in the -desert<a class="noteref" id="n509.6src" href="#n509.6" name="n509.6src">47</a> of Kambáya. Of the three Subára -(Surabára or Surat), Sindán (the Thána -Sanján), and Saimúr (Cheul), he says Saimúr alone -belongs to the Balhára, whose kingdom, he adds, is large, -well-peopled, commercial, and fertile. Near Subára (apparently -Surabára) he locates small islands which he styles Bára -where, he adds, cocoanuts and the costus grow.<a class="noteref" id="n509.7src" href="#n509.7" name="n509.7src">48</a> East of -Sindán, due to a confusion between Sandhán in Kachh and -Sanján in Thána, he places another island bearing the -same name as the port and under the same government as the mainland, -highly cultivated and producing the cocoa palm the bamboo and the cane. -Five miles by sea from Kulámmali lies another island called -Máli, an elevated plateau, but not hilly, and covered with -vegetation. The mention of the pepper vine suggests that Al -Idrísi has wandered to the Malabár Coast. In the eighth -section of the second clime Al Idrísi places Bárúh -(Broach), Sandápúr (apparently Goa), Tána -(Thána), Kandárina (Gandhár, north of Broach), -Jirbátan a town mentioned by Al Idrísi as the nearest in -a voyage from Ceylon to the continent of India on that continent. It is -described as a populous town on a river supplying rice and grain to -Ceylon,<a class="noteref" id="n509.8src" href="#n509.8" name="n509.8src">49</a> Kalkáyan, Luluwa, Kanja, and -Samandirún, and in the interior Dulaka (Dholka), Janwál -(Chunvál or Viramgám), and Nahrwár -(Anhilwára).<a class="noteref" id="n509.9src" href="#n509.9" -name="n509.9src">50</a> Opposite the sea-port of Bárúh -(Broach), Al Idrísi places an island called Mullán, -producing large quantities of pepper. Al Idrísi describes the -port of Bárúh (Broach) as accessible to ships from China -and Sindh. The distance from Bárúh to Saimúr he -puts at two days journey, and that between Bárúh and -<span class="corr" id="xd25e42237" title="Source: Nahrwara">Nahrwára</span> (Anhilwára) at eight -days through a flat country travelled over in wheeled carriages drawn -by oxen, which he adds furnished the only mode for the conveyance also -of merchandise. He locates the towns of Dulaka and Hanawal <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb510" href="#pb510" name="pb510">510</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix V.<br> -<span class="sc">Arab References</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–1350.</span> or Janáwal -(Chunwál or <span class="corr" id="xd25e42255" title="Source: Jháláwar">Jháláwár</span>) -with Asáwal (Ahmedábád) between -Bárúh and Nahrwára. He represents all three of -these towns to be centres of a considerable trade, and among their -products mentions the bamboo and the cocoanut. From Bárúh -to Sandábúr (that is<span class="corr" id="xd25e42259" -title="Not in source">,</span> Goa), a commercial town with fine houses -and rich bazárs situated on a great gulf where ships cast -anchor, the distance along the coast given by Al Idrísi is four -days. Al Kazwíni<a class="noteref" id="n510.1src" href="#n510.1" -name="n510.1src">51</a> writing about the middle of the thirteenth -century <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1263–1275, but mainly -from information of the tenth century notes Saimúr (Cheul) -“a city of Hind near the confines of Sindh” with its -handsome people of Turkish extraction worshippers of fire having their -own fire-temples. Al Kazwíni (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1230) dwells at length on the wonders of -Somnáth and its temple. He calls it a celebrated city of India -situated on the shore of the sea and washed by its waves. Among its -wonders is Somnáth, an idol hung in space resting on nothing. In -Somnáth he says Hindus assemble by the ten thousand at lunar -eclipses, believing that the souls of men meet there after separation -from the body and that at the will of the idol they are re-born into -other animals. The two centuries since its destruction by the -idol-breaker of Ghaznah had restored Somnáth to its ancient -prosperity. He concludes his account of Somnáth by telling how -Mahmúd ascertained that the chief idol was of iron and its -canopy a loadstone and how by removing one of the walls the idol fell -to the ground.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Rivers.</span>Regarding the rivers and -streams of Gujarát the Arab writers are almost completely -silent. The first reference to rivers is in Al Masúdi -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 944) who in an oddly puzzled passage -says:<a class="noteref" id="n510.2src" href="#n510.2" name="n510.2src">52</a> “On the Lárwi Sea (Cambay and Cheul) -great rivers run from the south whilst all the rivers of the world -except the Nile of the Egypt, the Mehrán (Indus) of Sindh, and a -few others flow from the north.” Al <span class="corr" id="xd25e42296" title="Source: Bírúní">Bírúni</span> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 970–1030) states that between -the drainage areas of the Sarsut and the Ganges is the valley of the -river Narmaza<a class="noteref" id="n510.3src" href="#n510.3" name="n510.3src">53</a> which comes from the eastern mountains and flows -south-west till it falls into the sea near Bahrúch about 180 -miles (60 <i>yojanas</i>) east of Somnáth. Another river the -Sarsut (<span class="corr" id="xd25e42318" title="Source: Sarasvati">Sarasvatí</span>) he rightly describes as -falling into the sea an arrowshot to the east of -Somnáth.<a class="noteref" id="n510.4src" href="#n510.4" name="n510.4src">54</a> He further mentions the Tábi (<span class="corr" id="xd25e42324" title="Source: Tapti">Tápti</span>) from -the Vindu or Vindhya hills and the Támbra Barani or -copper-coloured, apparently also the Tápti, as coming from -Málwa. In addition he refers to the Máhindri or -Máhi and the Sarusa apparently <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb511" href="#pb511" name="pb511">511</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix V.<br> -<span class="sc">Arab References</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–1350.</span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e42341" title="Source: Sarasvati">Sarasvatí</span> perhaps -meant for the Sábarmati. Al Idrísi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1100) is the only other Arab writer who names any -of the Gujarát rivers. As usual he is confused, describing Dulka -(Dholka) as standing on the bank of a river flowing into the sea which -forms an estuary or gulf on the east of which stands the town of -Bárúh (Broach).<a class="noteref" id="n511.1src" href="#n511.1" name="n511.1src">55</a></p> -<p>The Arab writers record the following details of twenty-two leading -towns:</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><span class="sc">Towns.</span><br> -<i>Anahalváda.</i></span><b>Anahalváda</b> (<span class="sc">Ámhal</span>, <span class="sc">Fámhal</span>, -<span class="sc">Kámhal</span>, <span class="sc">Kámuhul</span>, <span class="sc">Mámhul</span>, -<span class="sc">Nahlwára</span>, <span class="sc">Nahrwála</span>). Al Istakhri (<span class="sc">H.</span> -340; <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 951) mentions Ámhal -Fámhal and Kámhal, Ibni Haukal (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 976) Fámhal Kámhal and -Kámuhal, and Al Idrísi (end of the eleventh century) -Mámhul. That these are perversions of one name and that this -town stood on the border of ‘Hind’ or Gujarát (in -contradistinction to Sindh) the position given to each by the Arab -geographers<a class="noteref" id="n511.2src" href="#n511.2" name="n511.2src">56</a> places beyond question. Al Istakhri (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 951) alone calls the place by the name of -Ámhal which he mentions<a class="noteref" id="n511.3src" href="#n511.3" name="n511.3src">57</a> as one of the chief cities of -‘Hind.’ Later he gives the name of <i>Fámhal</i> to -a place forming the northern border of “<i>Hind</i>”, as -all beyond it as far as Makrán belongs to Sindh. Again a little -later<a class="noteref" id="n511.4src" href="#n511.4" name="n511.4src">58</a> he describes Kámhal as a town eight days from -Mansúrah and four days from Kambáya, thus making -Kámhal the first Gujarát town on the road from -Mansúrah about seventy miles north of Haidarábád -in Sindh to Gujarát. Ibni Haukal (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 968–976) in his -Ashkál-ul-Bilád gives Fámhal in his text and -Kámhal in his map<a class="noteref" id="n511.5src" href="#n511.5" name="n511.5src">59</a> and again while referring<a class="noteref" id="n511.6src" href="#n511.6" name="n511.6src">60</a> to the -desert between Makrán and Fámhal as the home of the Meds, -he styles it Kámhal. Once more he refers to Fámhal as a -strong and great city, containing a Jámá or Assembly -Mosque; a little later<a class="noteref" id="n511.7src" href="#n511.7" -name="n511.7src">61</a> he calls it Kámuhul and places it eight -days from Mansúrah and four from Kambáya. He afterwards -contradicts himself by making Mansúrah two days’ journey -from ‘Kámuhul,’ but this is an obvious -error.<a class="noteref" id="n511.8src" href="#n511.8" name="n511.8src">62</a> Al Bírúni (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 970–1039) notices Anhilwára and does -not recognize any other form.<a class="noteref" id="n511.9src" href="#n511.9" name="n511.9src">63</a> Al Idrísi (end of the eleventh -century) adopts no form but Mámhal referring to it as one of the -towns of the second climate<a class="noteref" id="n511.10src" href="#n511.10" name="n511.10src">64</a> on the confines of a desert between -Sindh and “Hind” (India or Gujarát) the home of the -sheep-grazing and horse and camel-breeding Meds,<a class="noteref" id="n511.11src" href="#n511.11" name="n511.11src">65</a> as a place -numbered by some among the cities of Hind (Gujarát) by others as -one of the cities of Sindh situated at the extremity of the desert -which stretches between Kambáya, Debal, and -Bánia.<a class="noteref" id="n511.12src" href="#n511.12" name="n511.12src">66</a> Again he describes Mámhal as a town of -moderate importance on the route “from Sindh to India,” a -place of little trade, producing small quantities of fruit but numerous -flocks, nine days from Mansúrah through Bánia and five -from Kambáya.<a class="noteref" id="n511.13src" href="#n511.13" -name="n511.13src">67</a> Al Idrísi (quoting from tenth century -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb512" href="#pb512" name="pb512">512</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix V.<br> -<span class="sc">Arab References</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–1350.<br> -Towns.<br> -<i>Anahalváda.</i></span> materials) also notices -Nahrwára as eight days’ journey from Bárúh -(Broach) across a flat country a place governed by a prince having the -title of the Balhára, a prince with numerous troops and -elephants, a place frequented by large numbers of Musalmáns who -go there on business.<a class="noteref" id="n512.1src" href="#n512.1" -name="n512.1src">68</a> It is remarkable that though Vanarája -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 720–780?) founded -Anhilwára as early as about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 750 no Arab geographer refers to the capital -under any of the many forms into which its name was twisted before Al -Istakhri in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 951. At first -Anhilwára may have been a small place but before the tenth -century it ought to have been large enough to attract the notice of -Ibni Khurdádbah (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 912) and Al -Masúdi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 915). In the eleventh -century the Musalmán historians of Mahmúd’s reign -are profuse in their references to Anhilwára. According to -Farishtah<a class="noteref" id="n512.2src" href="#n512.2" name="n512.2src">69</a> after the capture of Anhilwára and the -destruction of Somnáth (<span class="sc">H.</span> 414; -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1025) Mahmúd was anxious to -make Anhilwára his capital especially as it had mines of gold -and as Singaldip (Ceylon) rich in rubies was one of its dependencies. -Mahmúd was dissuaded from the project by his ministers.<a class="noteref" id="n512.3src" href="#n512.3" name="n512.3src">70</a> But two -mosques in the town of Pattan remain to show Mahmúd’s -fondness for the city. The next Muhammadan reference to -Anhilwára is by Núr-ud-dín Muhammad Úfi, -who lived in the reign of Shams-ud-dín Altamsh (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1211).<a class="noteref" id="n512.4src" href="#n512.4" name="n512.4src">71</a> In his Romance of History Úfi -refers to Anhilwára as the capital of that Jai Ráj, who -on receiving the complaint of a poor Musalmán preacher of -Cambay, whose mosque the Hindus instigated the fire-worshippers of the -place to destroy, left the capital alone on a fleet dromedary and -returning after personal enquiry at Cambay summoned the complainant and -ordered the chief men of the infidels to be punished and the -Musalmán mosque to be rebuilt at their expense.<a class="noteref" id="n512.5src" href="#n512.5" name="n512.5src">72</a></p> -<p>The Jámi-ûl-Hikáyát of Muhammad -Úfi alludes<a class="noteref" id="n512.6src" href="#n512.6" -name="n512.6src">73</a> to the defeat of Sultán -Shaháb-ud-dín or Muhammad bin Sám, usually styled -Muhammad Ghori, at the hands of Múlarája II. of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e42528" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1178. And the Tájul -Maásir<a class="noteref" id="n512.7src" href="#n512.7" name="n512.7src">74</a> describes how in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1297 the Musalmáns under -Kutb-ud-dín Aibak retrieved the honour of their arms by the -defeat of Karan and his flight from Anhilwára. This account -refers to Gujarát as “a country full of rivers and a -separate region of the world.” It also notices that Sultán -Násir-ud-dín Kabáchah (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1246–1266) deputed his general -Kháskhán from Debal to attack Nahrwála and that -Kháskhán brought back many captives and much spoil. After -the conquest of Gujarát, in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1300 Sultán Alá-ud-dín -Khilji despatched Ulughkhán (that is the Great Khán -commonly styled Alfkhán) to destroy the idol-temple of -Somnáth. This was done and the largest idol was sent to -Alá-ud-dín.<a class="noteref" id="n512.8src" href="#n512.8" name="n512.8src">75</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Chief Towns.<br> -<i>Asáwal.</i></span>Asáwal. Abú Rihán Al -Bírúni is the first (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 970–1039) of Arab geographers to mention -Asáwal the site of Ahmedábád which he correctly -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb513" href="#pb513" name="pb513">513</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix V.<br> -<span class="sc">Arab References</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–1350.<br> -Chief Towns.<br> -<i>Asáwal.</i></span> places two days journey from -Cambay.<a class="noteref" id="n513.1src" href="#n513.1" name="n513.1src">76</a> The next notice is along with Khábirún -(probably Kávi on the left mouth of the Máhi) and near -Hanáwal or Janáwal, apparently Chunvál or -Viramgám, by Al Idrísi (end of the eleventh century) as a -town, populous, commercial, rich, industrious, and productive of useful -articles.<a class="noteref" id="n513.2src" href="#n513.2" name="n513.2src">77</a> He likens Asáwal “both in size and -condition” to Dhulaka both being places of good trade.<a class="noteref" id="n513.3src" href="#n513.3" name="n513.3src">78</a> In the -early fourteenth century (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1325) -Ziá-ud-dín Barni refers to Asáwal as the place -where Sultán Muhammad Tughlak (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1325–1351) had to pass a month in the -height of the rains owing to the evil condition to which his horses -were reduced in marching and countermarching in pursuit of the rebel -Tághi. In the beginning of the fifteenth century (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403–4) the Tárikh-i-Mubárak -Sháhi notices Asáwal as the place where -Tátárkhán the son of Zafarkhán had basely -seized and confined his own father.<a class="noteref" id="n513.4src" -href="#n513.4" name="n513.4src">79</a> The Mirát-i-Sikandari -also speaks<a class="noteref" id="n513.5src" href="#n513.5" name="n513.5src">80</a> of Asáwal (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1403) but with the more courtly remark that it -was the place where Zafarkhán the grandfather of Sultán -Ahmad the founder of Ahmedábád, retired into private life -after placing his son Tátárkhán on the -throne.<a class="noteref" id="n513.6src" href="#n513.6" name="n513.6src">81</a> The Mirát-i-Sikandari states that -<span class="marginnote"><i>Ahmedábád.</i></span>the city -of Ahmedábád was built<a class="noteref" id="n513.7src" -href="#n513.7" name="n513.7src">82</a> in the immediate vicinity of -Asáwal. The present village of Asarwa is, under a slightly -changed name, probably what remains of the old town.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Barda.</i></span><b>Barda.</b> See -<span class="sc">Valabhi</span>.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Capital and Port Towns.<br> -<i>Broach.</i></span><b>Broach</b> (<span class="sc">Báhrúj</span>, <span class="sc">Bárúh</span>, <span class="sc">Bárús</span>) is one of the places first attacked by -the Muslim Arabs. In the fifteenth year of the Hijrah (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 636) the Khalífah Umar appointed -Usmán son of Abdul Ási to Bahrein. Usmán sent -Hakam to Bahrein and Hakam despatched a float to -Báráúz (or Broach).<a class="noteref" id="n513.8src" href="#n513.8" name="n513.8src">83</a> Al Biláduri -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 892–93) speaks of Junnaid the -son of Abdur Rahmán Al Murri on his appointment to the frontier -of Sindh in the Khiláfat of Hishám bin Abdal Malik -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 724–743) sending an expedition -by land against Bárús (Broach) … and overrunning -Jurz<a class="noteref" id="n513.9src" href="#n513.9" name="n513.9src">84</a> (Gujarát). Ibni Khurdádbah -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 912) enumerates Bárúh -among the countries of Sindh.<a class="noteref" id="n513.10src" href="#n513.10" name="n513.10src">85</a> Broach is next noticed<a class="noteref" id="n513.11src" href="#n513.11" name="n513.11src">86</a> by -Al Bírúni (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 970–1039) as standing near the estuary of -the river Narbada, as 120 miles (30 <i>parasangs</i>) from Debal, and -as being with Rahanjur (Ránder) the capital of Lárdes. In -describing the coasts of the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean Al -Masúdi (<span class="corr" id="xd25e42686" title="Source: A.C."><span class="sc">a.d.</span></span> 915–944) -speaks of Broach as <span class="Arabic" lang="ar">بَروُص‎</span> -<i>Barús</i> adding from which come the famous lance shafts -called <i>Bárúsi</i>.<a class="noteref" id="n513.12src" -href="#n513.12" name="n513.12src">87</a> Al Idrísi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1100) mentions<a class="noteref" id="n513.13src" -href="#n513.13" name="n513.13src">88</a> Bárúh as a large -town well-built of brick and plaster, the inhabitants rich, engaged in -trade and ready to enter upon speculations and distant expeditions, a -port for vessels coming from China and Sindh, being two days’ -journey from Saimúr (Cheul) and eight days from Nahrwára -Anhilwára Pattan. In the fourteenth century (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1325) Broach is described as in the flames of the -insurrection <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb514" href="#pb514" name="pb514">514</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix V.<br> -<span class="sc">Arab References</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–1350.</span> caused by the foreign -<i>amírs</i> or nobles of the hot-tempered and impolitic -Muhammad bin Tughlak (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1325–1351) who visited it in person to -quell their revolt. <span class="corr" id="xd25e42738" title="Source: Ziáuddín">Ziá-ud-dín</span> Barni -the famous annalist of his reign and the author of the -Tárikh-i-Fírúz Sháhi speaks of his -deputation to Broach by Malik Kabír the future Sultán -Fírúz Sháh with a letter to the -Sultán.<a class="noteref" id="n514.1src" href="#n514.1" name="n514.1src">89</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Port or Coast Towns.<br> -<i>Cambay.</i></span><b>Cambay</b> (<span class="sc">Kambáya</span>, <span class="sc">Kambáyat</span>, -<span class="sc">Kambáyah</span>, <span class="sc">Khambáit</span>.) According to Al Istakhri (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 951) Kambáya formed the north boundary of -the land of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e42769" title="Source: Balhárás">Balháras</span>.<a class="noteref" id="n514.2src" href="#n514.2" name="n514.2src">90</a> Al -Istakhri describes it as four days from Kámhal -(Anhilwára) sixteen miles (4 <i>farsangs</i>) from the sea and -four days from Surabáya probably Surabára or the mouth of -the Tápti a term which is still in use.<a class="noteref" id="n514.3src" href="#n514.3" name="n514.3src">91</a> Al Masúdi -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 915) in speaking<a class="noteref" -id="n514.4src" href="#n514.4" name="n514.4src">92</a> of the ebb and -flow of the ocean mentions Kambáya. He notices that -Kambáya was famous in Baghdád, as it still is famous in -Gujarát, for its shoes. These shoes, he says, were made in -Kambáya and the towns about it like Sindán (Sanján -in Thána) and Sufáráh (Supára). He notices -that when he visited Kambáya in H. 303 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 913–14) the city was ruled by a -Bráhman of the name of Bánia, on behalf of the -Balhára, lord of Mánkir (Málkhet). He states that -this Bánia was kind to and held friendly discussions with -stranger Musalmáns and people of other faiths. He gives a -pleasing picture of Cambay, on a gulf far broader than the estuaries of -the Nile, the Euphrates, or the Tigris whose shores were covered with -villages, estates, and gardens wooded and stocked with palm and date -groves full of peacocks parrots and other Indian birds. Between -Kambáya and the sea from which this gulf branches was two -days’ journey. When, says Al Masúdi, the waters ebb from -the gulf stretches of sands come to view. One day I saw a dog on one of -these desert-like stretches of sand. The tide began to pour up the gulf -and the dog hearing it ran for his life to the shore, but the rush was -too rapid. The waters overtook and drowned him<span class="corr" id="xd25e42791" title="Not in source">.</span> Al Masúdi speaks of -an emerald known as the Makkan emerald being carried from -Kambáya by Aden to Makkah where it found a market.<a class="noteref" id="n514.5src" href="#n514.5" name="n514.5src">93</a> Ibni -Haukal (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 968–996) names -Kambáya among the cities of Hind.<a class="noteref" id="n514.6src" href="#n514.6" name="n514.6src">94</a> In his time there -were Jámá or assembly mosques in Kambáya, where -the precepts of Islám were openly taught. Among the productions -of Kambáya he gives mangoes cocoanuts lemons and rice in great -plenty and some honey but no date trees.<a class="noteref" id="n514.7src" href="#n514.7" name="n514.7src">95</a> He makes -Kambáya four miles (one <i>farasang</i>) from the sea and four -(that is four days’ journey) from Subára apparently -Surabára that is Surat. The distance to Kámuhul or -Anhilwára by some mistake is shown as four <i>farsangs</i> -instead of four days’ journey.<a class="noteref" id="n514.8src" -href="#n514.8" name="n514.8src">96</a> Al Bírúni -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 970–1031) places -Kambáya within the large country of Gujarát (120 -miles)<a class="noteref" id="n514.9src" href="#n514.9" name="n514.9src">97</a> (30 <i>farsakh</i>) from Debal (Karáchi). He -says the men of Kambáya receive tribute from the chiefs of the -island of Kís or Kísh (probably -Kich-Makrán).<a class="noteref" id="n514.10src" href="#n514.10" -name="n514.10src">98</a> Al Idrísi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1100) places Kambáya with other -Gujarát cities in the second <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb515" href="#pb515" name="pb515">515</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix V.<br> -<span class="sc">Arab References</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–1350.<br> -Port or Coast Towns.<br> -<i>Cambay.</i></span> climate.<a class="noteref" id="n515.1src" href="#n515.1" name="n515.1src">99</a> He says it is a pretty and well known -naval station, second among the towns of Gujarát.<a class="noteref" id="n515.2src" href="#n515.2" name="n515.2src">100</a> It -stands at the end of a bay three miles from the sea where vessels can -enter and cast anchor. It is well supplied with water and has a fine -fortress built by the Government to prevent the inroads of the pirates -of Kísh (Makrán). From Kambáya to the island of -Aubkin (Píram) is two and a half days’ sail and from -Aubkin to Debal (or Karáchi) two days more. The country is -fertile in wheat and rice and its mountains yield the bamboo. Its -inhabitants are idolators. In his <i>Tazjiyat-ul-Amsár</i>, -Abdullah Wassáf<a class="noteref" id="n515.3src" href="#n515.3" -name="n515.3src">101</a> in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1300 -(<span class="sc">H.</span> 699) writes: “Gujarát which is -commonly called Kambáyat contains 70,000 villages and towns all -populous and the people abounding in wealth and luxuries. In the course -of the four seasons seventy different species of beautiful flowers -bloom. The purity of the air is so great that the picture of an animal -drawn with the pen is lifelike. Many plants and herbs grow wild. Even -in winter the ground is full of tulips (poppies). The air is healthy, -the climate a perpetual spring. The moisture of the dew of itself -suffices for the cold season crops. Then comes the summer harvest which -is dependent on the rain. The vineyards bring forth blue grapes twice a -year.”</p> -<p>The trade in horses from the Persian isles and coast and from -Katíf, Láhsa, Bahrein, and Hurmuz was so great that -during the reign of Atábak Abu Bakr<a class="noteref" id="n515.4src" href="#n515.4" name="n515.4src">102</a> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1154–1189) 10,000 horses worth 2,20,000 -<i>dínárs</i><a class="noteref" id="n515.5src" href="#n515.5" name="n515.5src">103</a> (<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> -1,10,00,000) were imported into Cambay and the ports of Malabár. -These enormous sums were not paid out of the government treasuries but -from the endowments of Hindu temples and from taxes on the courtezans -attached to them. The same author mentions the conquest<a class="noteref" id="n515.6src" href="#n515.6" name="n515.6src">104</a> of -Gujarát and the plunder of Kambáyat by Malik <span class="corr" id="xd25e42980" title="Source: Muîz-zud-dín">Muîzz-ud-dín</span> -(called by Farishtah Alf and by Barni <span class="corr" id="xd25e42983" title="Source: Úlugh">Ulugh</span> meaning the -great Khán.) The Táríkh-i-Fírúz -Sháhi states that Nasrat Khán and not <span class="corr" -id="xd25e42986" title="Source: Úlugh">Ulugh</span> Khán -took and plundered Cambay and notices that in Cambay Nasrat Khán -purchased Káfúr Hazár Dínári (the -thousand Dínár Káfur), the future favourite -minister and famous general of Alá-ud-dín. About fifty -years later the hot-headed Muhammad bin Tughlak (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1325–1351) was in Cambay quelling an -insurrection and collecting the arrears of Cambay revenue.<a class="noteref" id="n515.7src" href="#n515.7" name="n515.7src">105</a> -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb516" href="#pb516" name="pb516">516</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix V.<br> -<span class="sc">Arab References</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–1350.<br> -Port or Coast Towns.<br> -<i>Cheul.</i></span> <span class="marginnote"><i>Cheul.</i></span><b>Cheul</b> (<span class="sc">Saimúr</span>). Al Masúdi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 943) is the first Arab geographer to mention -<i>Saimúr</i>.<a class="noteref" id="n516.1src" href="#n516.1" -name="n516.1src">106</a> He says: On the coast as in Saimúr -Subára and Tána the <i>Láriyyah</i> language is -spoken. In describing Saimúr Al Masúdi states<a class="noteref" id="n516.2src" href="#n516.2" name="n516.2src">107</a> that -at the time of his visit (<span class="sc">H.</span> 304; <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 914) the ruler on behalf of the Balhára -was Jhánjha (this is the fifth Siláhára -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 916). Nearly ten thousand -Musalmáns were settled in Saimúr including some (called -Bayásirah) born in the land of Arab parents and others from -<i>Síráf</i> and Persian Gulf, Basrah, Baghdád, -and other towns. A certain Músa bin Is-hák was appointed -Raís or ruler<a class="noteref" id="n516.3src" href="#n516.3" -name="n516.3src">108</a> by the Balhára or Valabhi, that is the -reigning Ráshṭrakúṭa Indra <span class="corr" -id="xd25e43056" title="Source: Nityaṁvarsha">Nityaṃvarsha</span> to adjudicate -Muhammadan disputes according to Musalmán law and customs. He -describes<a class="noteref" id="n516.4src" href="#n516.4" name="n516.4src">109</a> at length the ceremony of self-destruction by a -<i>Besar</i><a class="noteref" id="n516.5src" href="#n516.5" name="n516.5src">110</a> youth (a Hindu by religion) to gain a better state -in his future life, his scalping himself and putting fire on his head, -his cutting out a piece of his heart and sending it to a friend as a -souvenir.</p> -<p>Al <span class="corr" id="xd25e43075" title="Source: Istákhri">Istakhri</span> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 951) mentions Saimúr as one of the cities -of Hind, makes it the southern end of the Balhára kingdom with -Kambáya as the northern,<a class="noteref" id="n516.6src" href="#n516.6" name="n516.6src">111</a> and places it at a distance of five -days from Sindán (the Thána Sanján) and fifteen -days from <i>Sarandíb</i> or Ceylon.<a class="noteref" id="n516.7src" href="#n516.7" name="n516.7src">112</a> Ibni Haukal -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 968) notices Saimúr as one of -the cities of Hind known to him and mentions the sea of Fárs (or -the Indian Ocean) as stretching from Saimúr on the east to -Tíz or Makrán.<a class="noteref" id="n516.8src" href="#n516.8" name="n516.8src">113</a> He states<a class="noteref" id="n516.9src" href="#n516.9" name="n516.9src">114</a> that the country -between Saimúr and Támhal (Anhilawára) belongs to -Hind. He makes<a class="noteref" id="n516.10src" href="#n516.10" name="n516.10src">115</a> the distance between Subára (probably -Surabára or <span class="corr" id="xd25e43103" title="Source: Swat">Swát</span>), Sindán, and Saimúr -five days each and between Saimúr and Sarandib (Ceylon) fifteen -days. Al Bírúni (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1020) -says:<a class="noteref" id="n516.11src" href="#n516.11" name="n516.11src">116</a> “Then you enter the land of -Lárán in which is Saimúr also called -<i>Jaimúr</i> or <i>Chaimúr</i>.” Al Idrísi -(end of the eleventh century) mentions Saimúr as one of the -towns of the second climate.<a class="noteref" id="n516.12src" href="#n516.12" name="n516.12src">117</a> He describes it as large and -well-built, five days from Sindán and among its products notes -cocoanut trees in abundance, henna (<span lang="la">Lawsonia -inermis</span>), and on its mountains many aromatic plants.<a class="noteref" id="n516.13src" href="#n516.13" name="n516.13src">118</a> His -remark that Saimúr formed a part of the vast, fertile, -well-peopled and commercial kingdom of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e43129" title="Source: Balhárás">Balháras</span> must be taken -from the work of <span class="corr" id="xd25e43132" title="Source: Al-Jauharí">Al-Jauhari</span> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 950).</p> -<p>Al Kazwíni (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1236) quoting -Misâar bin Muhalhil (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 942) -describes Saimúr as one of the cities of Hind near the confines -of Sind,<a class="noteref" id="n516.14src" href="#n516.14" name="n516.14src">119</a> whose people born of Turkish and Indian parents -are very beautiful. It was a flourishing trade centre with a mixed -population of Jews, Fireworshippers, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb517" href="#pb517" name="pb517">517</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix V.<br> -<span class="sc">Arab References</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–1350.<br> -Port or Coast Towns.<br> -<i>Cheul.</i></span> Christians, and Musalmáns.<a class="noteref" id="n517.1src" href="#n517.1" name="n517.1src">120</a> The -merchandise of the Turks (probably of the Indo-Afghán frontier) -was conveyed thither and the best of aloes were exported and called -<i>Saimúri</i> after its name. The temple of Saimúr was -on an eminence with idols of turquoise and <i>baidjadak</i> or ruby. In -the city were many mosques churches synagogues and fire-temples.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Chief Towns.<br> -<i>Dholka.</i></span><b>Dholka</b> (<span class="sc">Dúlaka</span>). Al Idrísi (end of the eleventh -century) places Dúlaka and another town he calls Hanáwal -that is Chunwal or Junawal perhaps Jháláwár -between Bárúh (Broach) and Nahrwára. He describes -Dúlaka as on the banks of a river (the Sábarmati) which -flows into the sea, which forms an estuary or gulf on the west (east) -of which stands the town of Bárúh. Both these towns, he -adds, stand at the foot of a chain of mountains which lie to the north -and which are called <i>Undaran</i> apparently Vindhya. The <i>kana</i> -(bamboo) grows here as well as a few cocoanut trees.<a class="noteref" -id="n517.2src" href="#n517.2" name="n517.2src">121</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Goa.</i></span><b>Goa.</b> See -<span class="sc">Sindábur</span>.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Gondal.</i></span><b>Gondal</b> -(<span class="sc">Kondal</span>). Ziá-ud-dín Barni in his -Tárikh-i-Fíruz <span class="corr" id="xd25e43223" title="Source: Śháhi">Sháhi</span> states<a class="noteref" id="n517.3src" href="#n517.3" name="n517.3src">122</a> that -Sultán Muhammad Tughlak spent (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1349) his third rainy season in Gujarát in -Kondal (Gondal). Here the Sultán assembled his forces before -starting on his fatal march to Sindh.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Capitals.<br> -<i>Kachh.</i></span><b>Kachh.</b> Al Bírúni (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 970–1031) is the only Arab writer who -refers to Kachh. He calls Kachh<a class="noteref" id="n517.4src" href="#n517.4" name="n517.4src">123</a> with Somnáth the -head-quarters of the country of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e43250" -title="Source: Bawáríj">Bawárij</span> or Medh -pirates. Speaking of the Indus he notices<a class="noteref" id="n517.5src" href="#n517.5" name="n517.5src">124</a> that one of its -branches which reaches the borders of Kachh is known as Sind -Ságar. In a third passage he refers<a class="noteref" id="n517.6src" href="#n517.6" name="n517.6src">125</a> to Kachh as the -land of the <i>mukl</i> or balsamodendron and of -<i>bádrúd</i> or bezoar. It was twenty-four miles (6 -<i>farsangs</i>) from Debal (Karáchi). According to the -Táríkh-i-Maâsúmi<a class="noteref" id="n517.7src" href="#n517.7" name="n517.7src">126</a> when (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1069) the sovereignty of Sindh passed from the -descendants of Mahmúd of Ghazni to the Sumras, Singhar, the -grandson of Sumra (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1069)<a class="noteref" id="n517.8src" href="#n517.8" name="n517.8src">127</a> -extended his sway from Kachh to Nasarpúr<a class="noteref" id="n517.9src" href="#n517.9" name="n517.9src">128</a> near Sindh -Haidarábád and Khafíf the son of Singhar -consolidated his power and made Kachh a Sumra dependency.<a class="noteref" id="n517.10src" href="#n517.10" name="n517.10src">129</a> -Dúda the grandson of Khafíf quelled a threatened Sumra -rising by proceeding to Kachh and chastising the Sammas.<a class="noteref" id="n517.11src" href="#n517.11" name="n517.11src">130</a> On -the fall of the Sumras the <span class="corr" id="xd25e43306" title="Source: Cháuras">Chauras</span> became masters of Kachh from -whose hands the country passed to those of the Sammas. Ground down -under the iron sway of the Sumras a number of Sammas fled from Sindh -and entered Kachh where they were kindly received by the Chauras who -gave them land to cultivate. After acquainting themselves with the -country and the resources of its rulers the Samma immigrants who seem -to have increased in numbers and strengthened themselves by union, -obtained possession by stratagem but not without heroism of the chief -fortress of Kachh.<a class="noteref" id="n517.12src" href="#n517.12" -name="n517.12src">131</a> This fort now in ruins <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb518" href="#pb518" name="pb518">518</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix V.<br> -<span class="sc">Arab References</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–1350.<br> -Capitals.<br> -<i>Kachh.</i></span> was the fort of <span class="corr" id="xd25e43335" -title="Source: Gúntri">Gúntrí</span>.<a class="noteref" id="n518.1src" href="#n518.1" name="n518.1src">132</a> The -<span class="corr" id="xd25e43341" title="Source: Táríkh-i-Táhiri">Tárikh-i-Táhiri</span> -states that up to the time the history was written (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1621)<a class="noteref" id="n518.2src" href="#n518.2" name="n518.2src">133</a> the country was in the possession of -the Sammas, both the Ráis Bhára and Jám Sihta of -great and little Kachh in his time being of Samma descent.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Kaira.</i></span><b>Kaira</b> -(<span class="sc">Karra</span>). One mention of Karra apparently Kaira -or <span class="corr" id="xd25e43361" title="Source: Kheda">Kheḍá</span> occurs in <span class="corr" -id="xd25e43364" title="Source: Ziáuddín">Ziá-ud-dín</span> -Barni’s<a class="noteref" id="n518.3src" href="#n518.3" name="n518.3src">134</a> account of Muhammad Tughlak’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1325) pursuit of his rebellious Gujarát -noble Tághi. He speaks of Muhammad’s detention for a month -at Asáwal during the rains and his overtaking and dispersing -Tághi’s forces at Karra. From Karra the rebels fled in -disorder to Nahrwára (Anhilwára). Several of -Tághi’s supporters sought and were refused shelter by the -Rána of Mándal that is Pátri near -Viramgám.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Chief Towns.<br> -<i>Kábirún.</i></span><b>Kábirún.</b> Al -Idrísi (end of the eleventh century) mentions -Kábirún and Asáwal as towns of the same -‘section’ both of them populous, commercial, rich, and -producing useful articles. He adds that at the time he wrote the -Musalmáns had made their way into the greater portion of these -countries and conquered them. Kábirún like the Akabarou -of the Periplus (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 240) is perhaps a -town on the Káveri river in south Gujarát.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Kambay.</i></span><b>Kambay.</b> See -<span class="sc">Cambay</span>.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Kanauj.</i></span><b>Kanauj.</b> Al -<span class="corr" id="xd25e43404" title="Source: Masûdi">Masúdi</span><a class="noteref" id="n518.4src" href="#n518.4" name="n518.4src">135</a> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 956) is the first Arab traveller who gives an -account of Kanauj. He says:<a class="noteref" id="n518.5src" href="#n518.5" name="n518.5src">136</a> The kingdom of the -Baûúra king of Kanauj extends about a hundred and twenty -square <i>parasangs</i> of Sindh, each <i>parasang</i> being equal to -eight miles of this country. This king has four armies according to the -four quarters of the world. Each of them numbers 700,000 or 900,000. -The army of the north wars against the prince of Multán and with -his Musalmán subjects on the frontier. The army of the south -fights against the Balhára king of Mánkír. The -other two armies march to meet enemies in every direction. Ibni Haukal -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 968–976) says<a class="noteref" id="n518.6src" href="#n518.6" name="n518.6src">137</a> that -from the sea of Fárs to the country of Kanauj is three months -journey. Rashíd-ud-dín from Al Bírúni -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 970–1039) places<a class="noteref" id="n518.7src" href="#n518.7" name="n518.7src">138</a> Kanauj -south of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e43449" title="Source: Himálayás">Himálayas</span> and -states<a class="noteref" id="n518.8src" href="#n518.8" name="n518.8src">139</a> that the Jamna falls into the Ganga below Kanauj -which is situated on the west of the river (Ganga). The chief portion -of Hind included in the “second climate” is called the -central land or Madhya Desh. He adds that the Persians call it Kanauj. -It was the capital of the great, haughty, and proud despots of India. -He praises the former magnificence of Kanauj, which he says being now -deserted by its ruler has fallen into neglect and ruin, and the city of -Bári, three days’ journey from Kanauj on the eastern -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb519" href="#pb519" name="pb519">519</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix V.<br> -<span class="sc">Arab References</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–1350.<br> -Chief Towns.<br> -<i>Kanauj.</i></span> side of the Ganges being now the capital. Kanauj -was celebrated for its descendants of the Pándavas as -Máhura (Mathra) is on account of Bás Dev (<span class="corr" id="xd25e43476" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span>). Al <span class="corr" -id="xd25e43479" title="Source: Idrísí">Idrísi</span>, end of the -eleventh century, speaks<a class="noteref" id="n519.1src" href="#n519.1" name="n519.1src">140</a> of Kanauj in connection with a river -port town of the name of Samandár “a large town, -commercial and rich, where there are large profits to be made and which -is dependent” on the rule of the Kanauj king. Samandár, he -says, stands on a river coming from Kashmír. To the north of -Samandár at seven days is, he says, the city of Inner -Kashmír under the rule of Kanauj. The Chách Námah -(an Arabic history of great antiquity written before <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 753, translated into Persian in the time of -Sultán <span class="corr" id="xd25e43491" title="Source: Násiruddín">Násir-ud-dín</span> -Kabáchah) (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1216) says<a class="noteref" id="n519.2src" href="#n519.2" name="n519.2src">141</a> that -when Chách <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 631–670) -advanced against Akham Lohána of Brahmanábád that -the Lohána wrote to ask the help of “the king of -Hindustán,” that is Kanauj, at that time Satbán son -of Rásal, but that Akham died before his answer came.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Kol</i>.</span><b>Kol.</b> Ibni -Khurdádbah (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 912) has Kol -seventy-two miles (18 <i>farsakhs</i>) from Sanján in -Kachh.<a class="noteref" id="n519.3src" href="#n519.3" name="n519.3src">142</a> And the Táj-ul-Mâásir<a class="noteref" id="n519.4src" href="#n519.4" name="n519.4src">143</a> -relates how in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1194 <span class="corr" id="xd25e43533" title="Source: Kutbuddín">Kutb-ud-dín</span> advanced to Kol -and took the fort.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Málkhet</i>.</span><b>Málkhet</b> -(<i>Mánkír</i>). Al Masúdi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 943) is the first Arab writer to mention -<i>Mánkír</i> that is Mányákheta now -Málkhet about sixty miles south-east of Sholápúr. -In relating the extinction of the great Brahma-born dynasty of India Al -Masúdi states<a class="noteref" id="n519.5src" href="#n519.5" -name="n519.5src">144</a> that at the time the city of -Mánkír, the great centre of India, submitted to the kings -called the <i>Balháras</i> who in his time were still ruling at -Mánkír.<a class="noteref" id="n519.6src" href="#n519.6" -name="n519.6src">145</a></p> -<p>Al Masúdi correctly describes the position of Málkhet -as eighty Sindh or eight-mile <i>farsakhs</i> that is six hundred and -forty miles from the sea in a mountainous country. Again he notices -that the language spoken in Mánkír was Kiriya,<a class="noteref" id="n519.7src" href="#n519.7" name="n519.7src">146</a> called -from Karah or Kanara the district where it was spoken. The current coin -was the <i>Tártariyeh dirham</i> (each weighing a dirham and a -half)<a class="noteref" id="n519.8src" href="#n519.8" name="n519.8src">147</a> on which was impressed the date of the -ruler’s reign. He describes the country of the Balháras as -stretching from the Kamkar (or Konkan) in the south or south-west north -to the frontiers of the king of Juzr (Gujarát), “a monarch -rich in men horses and camels.” Al Istakhri (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 951) describes Mánkír as the -dwelling of the wide-ruling Balhára. Ibni Haukal (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 968–976) repeats almost to the letter the -information given by Al Istakhri. The destruction of Málkhet -(Mánya Kheta) by the western Chálukya king Tailappa in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 972 explains why none of the writers -after Ibni Haukal mentions Mánkír. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb520" href="#pb520" name="pb520">520</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix V.<br> -<span class="sc">Arab References</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–1350.<br> -Chief Towns.<br> -<i>Mándal.</i></span> <span class="marginnote"><i>Mándal.</i></span><b>Mándal.</b> Ibni -Khurdádbah (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 912) enumerates -Mándal (in Viramgám) with Rúmla,<a class="noteref" -id="n520.1src" href="#n520.1" name="n520.1src">148</a> Kuli, and -Bárúh as countries of Sindh. During the <span class="corr" id="xd25e43648" title="Source: Khilafat">Khiláfat</span> -of Hishám the son of Abdul Malik (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 724–743) Junnaid son of Abdur -Rahman-al-Murri was appointed to the frontier of Sindh. According to Al -Biláduri (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 892) Junnaid sent -his officers to Mándal,<a class="noteref" id="n520.2src" href="#n520.2" name="n520.2src">149</a> Dahnaj perhaps Kamlej, and -Báhrús (Broach).</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Nárána.</i></span><b>Nárána.</b> -In his Indica Al <span class="corr" id="xd25e43668" title="Source: Bíruni">Bírúni</span> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 970–1031) notices Nárána near -Jaipur as the ancient capital of Gujarát. He says that its -correct name is Bazánah but that “it is known to our -people (the Arabs) as Náráin.” He places it eighty -miles (20 <i>farsakhs</i>) south-west of Kanauj, and adds that when it -was destroyed the inhabitants removed to and founded another -city.<a class="noteref" id="n520.3src" href="#n520.3" name="n520.3src">150</a> Abú <span class="corr" id="xd25e43681" -title="Source: Ríhán">Rihán</span> makes -Nárána the starting point of three itineraries to the -south the south-west and the west. Al Bírúni’s -details suffice to place this centre in the neighbourhood of the modern -Jaipúr and to identify it with Náráyan the capital -of Bairat of Matsya which according to Farishtah<a class="noteref" id="n520.4src" href="#n520.4" name="n520.4src">151</a> Mahmúd of -Ghazni took in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1022 (H. 412).</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Ránder.</i></span><b>Ránder</b> -(<span class="sc">Ráhanjir</span> or <span class="sc">Rahanjúr</span>). Al Bírúni (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1031) gives<a class="noteref" id="n520.5src" -href="#n520.5" name="n520.5src">152</a> Ráhanjúr and -Báhrúj (Broach) as the capitals of Lar Desh or south -Gujarát. Elliot (Note 3. I. 61) writes the word Damanhúr -or Dahanhúr but the reading given by Sachau in his Arabic text -of Al Bírúni (page 100 chapter 18) is plainly -Rahanjúr (<span class="Arabic" lang="ar">رہنجور‎</span>) and the -place intended is without doubt Ránder on the right bank of the -Tápti opposite Surat. In his list of Indian towns Al -Idrísi (end of the eleventh century) seems to refer<a class="noteref" id="n520.6src" href="#n520.6" name="n520.6src">153</a> to it -under the forms Jandúr and Sandúr.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Sanján.</i></span><b>Sanján</b> -(<span class="sc">Sindán</span>). The two Sanjáns, one in -Kachh the other in Thána, complicate the references to -Sindán. Sindán in Kachh was one of the earliest gains of -Islám in India. Al Biláduri<a class="noteref" id="n520.7src" href="#n520.7" name="n520.7src">154</a> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 892) speaks of Fazl, the son of -Máhán, in the reign of the greatest of the Abbási -Khalífáhs Al-Mámún (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 813–833), taking Sindán and sending -Al Mámún the rare present of “an elephant and the -longest and largest <i>sáj</i> or turban or teak spar ever -seen.” Fazl built an assembly mosque that was spared by the -Hindus on their recapture of the town. Ibni Khurdádbah -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 912) includes this Kachh -Sindán with Broach and other places in Gujarát among the -cities of Sindh. In his itinerary starting from Bakkar, he places -Sindán seventy-two miles<a class="noteref" id="n520.8src" href="#n520.8" name="n520.8src">155</a> (18 <i>farsakhs</i>) from Kol. Al -Masúdi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 915–944) states -that Indian emeralds from (the Kachh) Sindán and the -neighbourhood of Kambáyat (Cambay) approached those of the first -water in the intensity of their green and in brilliance. As they found -a market in Makkah they were called Makkan emeralds.<a class="noteref" -id="n520.9src" href="#n520.9" name="n520.9src">156</a> Al Istakhri -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 951) under cities of Hind places the -Konkan Sindán five days from <i>Surabáya</i> -(Surabára or Surat) and as many from -<i>Saimúr</i><a class="noteref" id="n520.10src" href="#n520.10" -name="n520.10src">157</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb521" href="#pb521" name="pb521">521</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix V.<br> -<span class="sc">Arab References</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–1350.</span> (Chewal). Ibni Haukal -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 968) mentions (the Kachh) -Sindán among the cities of Hind, which have a large -Musalmán population and a Jámá Masjid<a class="noteref" id="n521.1src" href="#n521.1" name="n521.1src">158</a> or -assembly mosque. Al Bírúni (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 970–1031)<a class="noteref" id="n521.2src" -href="#n521.2" name="n521.2src">159</a> in his itinerary from Debal in -Sindh places the Kokan 200 miles (50 <i>farsakhs</i>) from that port -and between Broach and Supára. At the end of the eleventh -century probably the Kachh Sindán was a large commercial town -rich both in exports and imports with an intelligent and warlike, -industrious, and rich population. Al Idrísi gives the situation -of the Konkan Sindán as a mile and a half from the sea and five -days from Saimúr (Cheval).<a class="noteref" id="n521.3src" -href="#n521.3" name="n521.3src">160</a> Apparently Abul Fida<a class="noteref" id="n521.4src" href="#n521.4" name="n521.4src">161</a> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1324) confused Sindán with -Sindábúr or Goa which Ibni Batúta (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1340) rightly describes as an island.<a class="noteref" id="n521.5src" href="#n521.5" name="n521.5src">162</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Port or Coast Towns.<br> -<i>Sindábúr or -Sindápúr.</i></span><b>Sindábúr or -Sindápúr.</b> Al Masúdi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 943) places <i>Sindápúr</i> he -writes it Sindábúra or Goa in the country of the Bughara -(Balhára) in India.<a class="noteref" id="n521.6src" href="#n521.6" name="n521.6src">163</a> Al Bírúni -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1021) places Sindápúr -or Sindábúr that is Goa as the first of coast towns in -Malabár the next being Fáknúr.<a class="noteref" -id="n521.7src" href="#n521.7" name="n521.7src">164</a> Al Idrísi -(end of the eleventh century) describes Sindábúr as a -commercial town with fine buildings and rich bazaars in a great gulf -where ships cast anchor, four days along the coast<a class="noteref" -id="n521.8src" href="#n521.8" name="n521.8src">165</a> from -Thána.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Somnáth.</i></span><b>Somnáth.</b> Al -Bírúni (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 970–1031) -is the first of the Arab writers to notice Somnáth. He calls -Somnáth and Kachh the capital of the Bawárij pirates who -commit their depredations in boats called <i>baira</i>.<a class="noteref" id="n521.9src" href="#n521.9" name="n521.9src">166</a> He -places Somnáth (14 <i>farsakhs</i>) fifty-six miles from Debal -or Karáchi 200 miles (50 <i>farsakhs</i>) from Anhilwára -and 180 miles (60 <i>yojánas</i>) from Broach. He notes that the -river Sarsút falls into the sea an arrow-shot from the town. He -speaks of Somnáth as an important place of Hindu worship and as -a centre of pilgrimage from all parts of India. He tells of votaries -and pilgrims performing the last stage of their journey crawling on -their sides or on their ankles, never touching the sacred ground with -the soles of their feet, even progressing on their heads.<a class="noteref" id="n521.10src" href="#n521.10" name="n521.10src">167</a> Al -Bírúni gives<a class="noteref" id="n521.11src" href="#n521.11" name="n521.11src">168</a> the legendary origin of the -Somnáth idol: how the moon loved the daughters of -Prajápati; how his surpassing love for one of them the fair -Rohini kindled the jealousy of her slighted sisters; how their angry -sire punished the partiality of the moon by pronouncing a curse which -caused the pallor of leprosy to overspread his face; how the penitent -moon sued for forgiveness to the saint and how the saint unable to -recall his curse showed him the way of salvation by the worship of the -<i>Liṅgam</i>; how he set up and called the Moon-Lord a stone -which<a class="noteref" id="n521.12src" href="#n521.12" name="n521.12src">169</a> for ages had lain on the sea shore less than three -miles to the west of the mouth of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e43887" title="Source: Sarasvati">Sarasvatí</span>, and to -the east of the site of the golden castle of <i>Bárwi</i> -(Verával) the residence of Básúdeo and near the -scene of his death and of the destruction of his people the -Yádavas. The waxing and the waning of the moon caused the flood -that hid the <i>Liṅgam</i> and the ebb that showed it and proved -that the Moon was its servant who bathed it regularly. Al -Bírúni notices<a class="noteref" id="n521.13src" href="#n521.13" name="n521.13src">170</a> that in his time the castellated -walls and other fortifications round the temple were not more than a -hundred <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb522" href="#pb522" name="pb522">522</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix V.<br> -<span class="sc">Arab References</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–1350.<br> -Port or Coast Towns.<br> -<i>Somnáth.</i></span> years old. Al Bírúni -represents the upper part of the <i>Liṅgam</i> as hung with -massive and bejewelled gold chains. These chains together with the -upper half of the idol were, he observes, carried away by the -Emir<a class="noteref" id="n522.1src" href="#n522.1" name="n522.1src">171</a> Mahmúd to Ghazna, where a part of the idol -was used to form one of the steps of the Assembly Mosque and the other -part was left to lie with <i>Chakra Swám</i>, the -Thánesar idol, in the <i>maidán</i> or hippodrome of -Mahmúd’s capital. Somnáth, says Al -Bírúni,<a class="noteref" id="n522.2src" href="#n522.2" -name="n522.2src">172</a> was the greatest of the <i>Liṅgams</i> -worshipped in India where in the countries to the south-west of Sindh -the worship of these emblems abounds. A jar of Ganges water and a -basket of Kashmir flowers were brought daily to Somnáth. Its -worshippers believed the stone to possess the power of curing all -diseases, and the mariners and the wanderers over the deep between -Sofálá and China addressed their prayers to it as their -patron deity.<a class="noteref" id="n522.3src" href="#n522.3" name="n522.3src">173</a> Ibni Asír<a class="noteref" id="n522.4src" -href="#n522.4" name="n522.4src">174</a> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1121) gives a detailed account of the temple of -Somnáth and its ancient grandeur. He says Somnáth was the -greatest of all the idols of Hind. Pilgrims by the hundred thousand met -at the temple especially at the times of eclipses and believed that the -ebb and flow of the tide was the homage paid by the sea to the god. -Everything of the most precious was brought to Somnáth and the -temple was endowed with more than 10,000 villages. Jewels of -incalculable value were stored in the temple and to wash the idol water -from the sacred stream of the Ganga was brought every day over a -distance of two hundred <i>farsangs</i> (1200 miles). A thousand -Bráhmans were on duty every day in the temple, three hundred and -fifty singers and dancers performed before the image, and three hundred -barbers shaved the pilgrims who intended to pay their devotions at the -shrine. Every one of these servants had a settled allowance. The temple -of Somnáth was built upon fifty pillars of teakwood covered with -lead. The idol, which did not appear to be sculptured,<a class="noteref" id="n522.5src" href="#n522.5" name="n522.5src">175</a> stood -three cubits out of the ground and had a girth of three cubits. The -idol was by itself in a dark chamber lighted by most exquisitely -jewelled chandeliers. Near the idol was a chain of gold to which bells -were hung weighing 200 <i>mans</i>. The chain was shaken at certain -intervals during the night that the bells might rouse fresh parties of -worshipping Bráhmans. The treasury containing many gold and -silver idols, with doors hung with curtains set with valuable jewels, -was near the chamber of the idol. The worth of what was found in the -temple exceeded two millions of <i>dínárs</i> -(<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 1,00,00,000). According to Ibni -Asír Mahmúd reached Somnáth on a Thursday in the -middle of <i>Zilkaáda</i> H. 414 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> December 1023). On the approach of Mahmúd -Bhím the ruler of Anhilváḍ fled abandoning his -capital and took refuge in a fort to prepare for war. From -Anhilváḍ Mahmúd started for Somnáth taking -several forts with images which, Ibni Asír says, were the -heralds <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb523" href="#pb523" name="pb523">523</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix V.<br> -<span class="sc">Arab References</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–1350.<br> -Port or Coast Towns.<br> -<i>Somnáth.</i></span> or chamberlains of Somnáth. -Resuming his march he crossed a desert with little water. Here he was -encountered by an army of 20,000 fighting men under chiefs who had -determined not to submit to the invader. These forces were defeated and -put to flight by a detachment sent against them by Mahmúd. -Mahmúd himself marched to Dabalwárah a place said by Ibni -Asír to be two days journey from Somnáth. When he reached -Somnáth Mahmúd beheld a strong fortress whose base was -washed by the waves of the sea. The assault began on the next day -Friday. During nearly two days of hard fighting the invaders seemed -doomed to defeat. On the third the Musalmáns drove the Hindus -from the town to the temple. A terrible carnage took place at the -temple-gate. Those of the defenders that survived took themselves to -the sea in boats but were overtaken and some slain and the rest -drowned.<a class="noteref" id="n523.1src" href="#n523.1" name="n523.1src">176</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Supára.</i></span><b>Supára</b> -(<span class="sc">Subárá</span>, <span class="sc">Sufára</span>, or <span class="sc">Surbáráh</span>.)—The references to -Subárá are doubtful as some seem to belong to -Surabára the Tápti mouth and others to Sopára six -miles north of Bassein. The first Arab reference to Subára -belongs to Sopára. Al Masúdi’s (<span class="corr" -id="xd25e44019" title="Source: A.C."><span class="sc">a.d.</span></span> 915)<a class="noteref" id="n523.2src" -href="#n523.2" name="n523.2src">177</a> reference is that in -<i>Saimúr</i> (Cheval), <i>Subára</i> (Sopára), -and <i>Tána</i> (Thána) the people speak the -Láriyáh language, so called from the sea which washes the -coast. On this coast Al Istakhri (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 951)<a class="noteref" id="n523.3src" href="#n523.3" name="n523.3src">178</a> refers to <i>Subára</i> that -is apparently to Surabára or Surat a city of Hind, four days -from Kambáyah (Cambay).<a class="noteref" id="n523.4src" href="#n523.4" name="n523.4src">179</a></p> -<p>Ibni Haukal (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 968–976) -mentions<a class="noteref" id="n523.5src" href="#n523.5" name="n523.5src">180</a> <i>Surbárah</i> apparently the Tápti -mouth or Surat as one of the cities of Hind four <i>farsakhs</i>, -correctly days, from <i>Kambáyah</i> and two miles (half -<i>farsakh</i>) from the sea. From Surbára to -<i>Sindán</i>, perhaps the Kachh Sanján, he makes ten -days. Al Bírúni (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 970–1031) makes <i>Subára</i> -perhaps the Thána Sopára six days’ journey from -<i>Debal</i><a class="noteref" id="n523.6src" href="#n523.6" name="n523.6src">181</a> (perhaps Diu). Al Idrísi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1100) mentions Subára apparently -Sopára as a town in the second climate, a mile and a half from -the sea and five days (an excessive allowance) from Sindán. It -was a populous busy town, one of the entrepôts of India and a -pearl fishery. Near <i>Subára</i> he places Bára, a small -island with a growth of cactus and cocoanut trees.<a class="noteref" -id="n523.7src" href="#n523.7" name="n523.7src">182</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Surábára.</i></span><b>Surábára.</b> -See <span class="sc">Supára</span>.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Capitals.<br> -<i>Thána.</i></span><b>Thána</b> (<span class="sc">Tána</span>).—That Thána was known to the -Arabs in pre-Islám times is shown by one of the first -Musalmán expeditions to the coast of India being directed -against it. As early as the reign of the second Khalifah Umar Ibnal -Khattáb (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 634–643; H. -13–23) mention is made<a class="noteref" id="n523.8src" href="#n523.8" name="n523.8src">183</a> of Usmán, Umar’s -governor of Umán (the Persian Gulf) and Bahrein, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb524" href="#pb524" name="pb524">524</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix V.<br> -<span class="sc">Arab References</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–1350.<br> -Capitals.<br> -<i>Thána.</i></span> sending a successful expedition against -Thána. Al Masúdi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 943) -refers to Thána on the shore of the Lárwi sea or Indian -Ocean, as one of the coast towns in which the Lárwi language is -spoken.<a class="noteref" id="n524.1src" href="#n524.1" name="n524.1src">184</a> Al Bírúni (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 970–1031) gives<a class="noteref" id="n524.2src" href="#n524.2" name="n524.2src">185</a> the distance from -<i>Mahrat Desh</i> (the Marátha country) to the Konkan -“with its capital Tána on the sea-shore” as 100 -miles (25 <i>farsakhs</i>) and locates the <i>Lár Desh</i> -(south Gujarát) capitals of <i>Báhrûj</i> and -<i>Rahanjur</i> (Broach and Ránder) to the east of Thána. -He places Thána with Somnáth Konkan and Kambáya in -Gujarát and notices that from Thána the Lár -country begins. Al Idrísi (end of the eleventh century) -describes<a class="noteref" id="n524.3src" href="#n524.3" name="n524.3src">186</a> Thána as a pretty town upon a great gulf -where vessels anchor and from where they set sail. He gives the -distance from Sindábur (or Goa) to Thána as four -days’ sail. From the neighbourhood of Thána he says the -<i>kana</i> or bamboo and the <i>tabáshír</i> or bamboo -pith are transported to the east and west.<a class="noteref" id="n524.4src" href="#n524.4" name="n524.4src">187</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Vála or -Valabhi.</i></span><b>Baráda</b> (<span class="sc">Porbandar</span>).—Of the Arab attacks on the great sea-port -Vala or Valabhi, twenty miles west of Bhávnagar, during the -eighth and ninth centuries details are given Above pages 94–96. -The manner of writing the name of the city attacked leaves it doubtful -whether Balaba that is Valabhi or Baráda near Porbandar is -meant. But the importance of the town destroyed and the agreement in -dates with other accounts leaves little doubt that the reference is to -Valabhi.<a class="noteref" id="n524.5src" href="#n524.5" name="n524.5src">188</a></p> -<p>In the fourth year of his reign about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 758 the Khalífah -Jaâfar-al-Mansúr<a class="noteref" id="n524.6src" href="#n524.6" name="n524.6src">189</a> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 754–775) the second ruler of the house of -Abbás appointed Hishám governor of Sindh. Hishám -despatched a fleet to the coast of Barádah, which may generally -be read Balabha, under the command of Amru bin Jamál Taghlabi. -Tabari (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 838–932) and Ibni -Asír (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1160–1232)<a class="noteref" id="n524.7src" -href="#n524.7" name="n524.7src">190</a> state that another expedition -was sent to this coast in <span class="sc">a.h.</span> 160 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 776) in which though the Arabs -succeeded in taking the town, disease thinned the ranks of the party -stationed to garrison the port, a thousand of them died, and the -remaining troops while returning to their country were shipwrecked on -the coast of Persia. This he adds deterred <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb525" href="#pb525" name="pb525">525</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix V.<br> -<span class="sc">Arab References</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–1350.<br> -Capitals.<br> -<i>Vála or Valabhi.</i></span> Al Mahdi<a class="noteref" id="n525.1src" href="#n525.1" name="n525.1src">191</a> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 775–785) the succeeding Khalífah -from extending the eastern limits of his empire. Besides against Balaba -the Sindhi Arabs sent a fleet against Kandhár apparently, though -somewhat doubtfully,<a class="noteref" id="n525.2src" href="#n525.2" -name="n525.2src">192</a> the town of that name to the north of Broach -where they destroyed a temple or <i>budd</i> and built a mosque. Al -Bírúni<a class="noteref" id="n525.3src" href="#n525.3" -name="n525.3src">193</a> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1030) -writing of the Valabhi era describes the city of Balabah <span class="Arabic" lang="ar">بلبہ‎</span> as nearly -thirty <i>jauzhans</i> (<i>yojanas</i>) that is ninety miles to the -south of Anhilvára<span class="corr" id="xd25e44389" title="Not in source">.</span> In another passage<a class="noteref" id="n525.4src" href="#n525.4" name="n525.4src">194</a> he describes how -the Bánia Ránka sued for and obtained the aid of an Arab -fleet from the Arab lord of Mansúrah (built <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 750) for the destruction of Balaba. A land grant -by a Valabhi chief remains as late as <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 766. For this reason and as the invaders of that -expedition fled panic-struck by sickness Valabhi seems to have -continued as a place of consequence if the expedition of <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 830 against Bala king of the east refers to the -final attack on Valabhi an identification which is supported by a Jain -authority which places the final overthrow of Valabhi at 888 Samvat -that is <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 830.<a class="noteref" id="n525.5src" href="#n525.5" name="n525.5src">195</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Kings.</span>Of the rulers of -Gujarát between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 850 and -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1250 the only dynasty which impressed -the Arabs was the Balháras of Málkhet or -Mányakheta (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 630–972) -sixty miles south-east of Sholápúr. From about -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 736 to about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 978, at first through a more or less independent -local branch and afterwards (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 914) -direct the Ráshṭrakúṭas continued overlords -of most of Gujarát. The Arabs knew the -Ráshṭrakúṭas by their title <i>Vallabha</i> -or Beloved in the case of Govind III. (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 803–814), <span class="corr" id="xd25e44443" title="Source: Prithvivallabha">Pṛithivívallabha</span><span class="corr" -id="xd25e44445" title="Not in source">,</span> Beloved by the Earth, -and of his successor the long beloved Amoghavarsha Vallabhaskanda, the -Beloved of Śiva. Al Masúdi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 915–944) said: Bálárái -is a name which he who follows takes. So entirely did the Arabs believe -in the overlordship of the Ráshṭrakúṭas in -Gujarát that Al Idrísi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1100, but probably quoting Al Jauhari -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 950) describes Nehrwalla as the -capital of the Balarás. Until Dr. <span class="corr" id="xd25e44458" title="Source: Bhándárkar">Bhandárkar</span> discovered -its origin in Vallabha, the ease with which meanings could be tortured -out of the word and in Gujarát its apparent connection with the -Valabhi kings (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 509–770) made -the word Balarái a cause of matchless confusion.<a class="noteref" id="n525.6src" href="#n525.6" name="n525.6src">196</a></p> -<p>The merchant Sulaimán (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851) -ranks the Balhára, the lord of Mánkír, as the -fourth of the great rulers of the world. Every prince in India even in -his own land paid him homage. He was the owner of many elephants and of -great wealth. He refrained from wine and paid his troops and servants -regularly. Their favour to Arabs was famous. Abu Zaid (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 913) says that though the Indian kings -acknowledge the supremacy of no one, yet the Balháras or -<span class="corr" id="xd25e44475" title="Source: Rashṭrakúṭas">Ráshṭrakúṭas</span> -by virtue of the title Balhára are kings of kings. Ibni -Khurdádbah (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 912) describes the -Balháras as the greatest of Indian kings being as the name -imports the king of kings. Al Masúdi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 915) described Balhára as a dynastic name -which he who followed took. Though he introduces two other potentates -the king of Jurz and the Baûra or Parmár king of Kanauj -fighting with each other and with the Balhára he makes the -Balhára, the lord of the Mánkír or the great -centre, the greatest king <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb526" href="#pb526" name="pb526">526</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix V.<br> -<span class="sc">Arab References</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–1350.<br> -Kings.</span> of India<a class="noteref" id="n526.1src" href="#n526.1" -name="n526.1src">197</a> to whom the kings of India bow in their -prayers and whose emissaries they honour. He notices that the -Balhára favours and honours Musalmáns and allows them to -have mosques and assembly mosques. When Al Masúdi was in Cambay -the town was ruled by Bánia, the deputy of the Balhára. -Al Istakhri (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 951) describes the land -from Kambáyah to Saimúr (Cheul) as the land of the -Balhára of Mánkír. In the Konkan were many -Musalmáns over whom the Balhára appointed no one but a -Musalmán to rule. Ibni Haukal (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 970) describes the Balhára as holding sway -over a land in which are several Indian kings.<a class="noteref" id="n526.2src" href="#n526.2" name="n526.2src">198</a> Al Idrísi -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1100 but quoting Al Jauhari -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 950) agrees with Ibni -Khurdádbah that Balhára is a title meaning King of Kings. -He says the title is hereditary in this country, where when a king -ascends the throne he takes the name of his predecessor and transmits -it to his heirs.<a class="noteref" id="n526.3src" href="#n526.3" name="n526.3src">199</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Condition.</i></span>That the Arabs -found the Ráshṭrakúṭas kind and liberal -rulers there is ample evidence. In their territories property was -secure,<a class="noteref" id="n526.4src" href="#n526.4" name="n526.4src">200</a> theft or robbery was unknown, commerce was -encouraged, foreigners were treated with consideration and respect. The -Arabs especially were honoured not only with a marked and delicate -regard, but magistrates from among themselves were appointed to -adjudicate their disputes according to the Musalmán law.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>The Gurjjaras.</i></span>The ruler next -in importance to the Balhára was the Jurz that is the Gurjjara -king. It is remarkable, though natural, that the Arabs should preserve -the true name of the rulers of Anhilváḍa which the three -tribe or dynastic names Chápa or Chaura (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 720–956), Solaṅki or Cáulukya -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242), and Vághela -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1240–1290) should so long have -concealed. Sulaimán (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851) -notices that the Jurz king hated Musalmáns while the -Balhára king loved Musalmáns. He may not have known what -excellent reasons the Gurjjaras had for hating the Arab raiders from -sea and from Sindh. Nor would it strike him that the main reason why -the Balhára fostered the Moslem was the hope of Arab help in his -struggles with the Gurjjaras.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Jurz.</i></span>According to the -merchant Sulaimán<a class="noteref" id="n526.5src" href="#n526.5" name="n526.5src">201</a> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851) the kingdom next after the -Balhára’s was that of Jurz the Gurjjara king whose -territories “consisted of a tongue of land.” The king of -Jurz maintained a large force: his cavalry was the best in India. He -was unfriendly to the Arabs. His territories were very rich and -abounded in horses and camels. In his realms exchanges were carried on -in silver and gold dust of which metals mines were said to be -worked.</p> -<p>The king of Jurz was at war with the Balháras as well as with -the neighbouring kingdom of Táfak or the Panjáb. The -details given under Bhínmál page 468 show that -Sulaimán’s tongue of land, by which he apparently meant -either Káthiáváḍ or Gujarát was an -imperfect idea of the extent of Gurjjara rule. At the beginning of the -tenth century <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 916 -Sulaimán’s editor Abu Zaid describes Kanauj as a large -country <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb527" href="#pb527" name="pb527">527</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix V.<br> -<span class="sc">Arab References</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–1350.<br> -Kings.<br> -<i>Jurz.</i></span> forming the empire of Jurz,<a class="noteref" id="n527.1src" href="#n527.1" name="n527.1src">202</a> a description which -the Gurjjara Vatsarája’s success in Bengal about a century -before shows not to be impossible. Ibni Khurdádbah (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 912) ranks the king of Juzr as fourth in -importance among Indian kings. According to him “the -Tátariya dirhams were in use in the Juzr kingdom.” Al -Masúdi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 943) speaks of the -Konkan country of the Balhára as on one side exposed to the -attacks of the king of Juzr a monarch rich in men horses and camels. He -speaks of the Juzr kingdom bordering on Táfán apparently -the Panjáb and Táfán as bounded by Rahma<a class="noteref" id="n527.2src" href="#n527.2" name="n527.2src">203</a> -apparently Burma and Sumátra. Ibni Haukal (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 968–976) notices that several kingdoms -existed, including the domain of the Śiláháras of -the north Konkan within the land of the Balhára between -Kambáyah and Saimúr.<a class="noteref" id="n527.3src" -href="#n527.3" name="n527.3src">204</a> Al Bírúni -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 970–1031) uses not Juzr, but -Gujarát.<a class="noteref" id="n527.4src" href="#n527.4" name="n527.4src">205</a> Beyond that is to the south of Gujarát he -places Konkan and Tána. In Al Bírúni’s time -Náráyan near Jaipúr, the former capital of -Gujarát, had been taken and the inhabitants removed to a town on -the frontier.<a class="noteref" id="n527.5src" href="#n527.5" name="n527.5src">206</a> Al Idrísi (end of the eleventh century -really from tenth century materials) ranks the king of Juzr as the -fourth and the king of Sáfán or <span class="corr" id="xd25e44615" title="Source: Táfan">Táfán</span> as -the second in greatness to the Balhára.<a class="noteref" id="n527.6src" href="#n527.6" name="n527.6src">207</a> In another passage -in a list of titular sovereigns Al Idrísi enters the names of -Sáfir (Táfán) Hazr (Jazr-Juzr) and Dumi -(Rahmi).<a class="noteref" id="n527.7src" href="#n527.7" name="n527.7src">208</a> By the side of Juzr was Táfak (doubtfully -the Panjáb) a small state producing the whitest and most -beautiful women in India; the king having few soldiers; living at peace -with his neighbours and like the Balháras highly esteeming the -Arabs.<a class="noteref" id="n527.8src" href="#n527.8" name="n527.8src">209</a> Ibni Khurdádbah (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 912) calls Tában the king next in eminence -to the Balhára.<a class="noteref" id="n527.9src" href="#n527.9" -name="n527.9src">210</a> Al Masúdi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 943) calls Táfak the ruler of a -mountainous country like Kashmír<a class="noteref" id="n527.10src" href="#n527.10" name="n527.10src">211</a> with small -forces living on friendly terms with neighbouring sovereigns and well -disposed to the Moslims.<a class="noteref" id="n527.11src" href="#n527.11" name="n527.11src">212</a> Al Idrísi (end of eleventh -century but materials of the tenth century) notices Sáfán -(Táfán) as the principality that ranks next to the Konkan -that is to the <span class="corr" id="xd25e44646" title="Source: Ráshtrakúṭas">Ráshṭrakúṭas</span>.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Rahma or Ruhmi.</i></span><b>Rahma</b> -or <b>Ruhmi</b>, according to the merchant Sulaimán -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851) borders the land of the -Balháras, the Juzr, and Táfán. The king who was -not much respected was at war with both the Juzr and the -Balhára. He had the most numerous army in India and a following -of 50,000 elephants when he took the field. <span class="corr" id="xd25e44662" title="Source: Suláimán">Sulaimán</span> notices a -cotton fabric made in Rahma, so delicate that a dress of it could pass -through a signet-ring. The medium of exchange was <i>cowries</i> -Cypræa moneta shell money. The country produced gold silver and -aloes and the whisk of the <i>sámara</i> or <i>yák</i> -Bos poëphagus the bushy-tailed ox. Ibni <span class="corr" id="xd25e44675" title="Source: Khurdádbáh">Khurdádbah</span><a class="noteref" id="n527.12src" href="#n527.12" name="n527.12src">213</a> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 912) places Rahmi as the sixth -kingdom. He apparently identified it with Al Rahmi or north -Sumátra as he notes that between it and the other kingdoms -communication is kept up by ships. He notices that the ruler had five -thousand elephants and that cotton cloth and aloes probably the -well-known Kumári <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb528" href="#pb528" name="pb528">528</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix V.<br> -<span class="sc">Arab References</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–1350.<br> -Kings.<br> -<i>Rahma or Ruhmi.</i></span> or Cambodian aloes, were the staple -produce. Al Masúdi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 943) after -stating that former accounts of Rahma’s<a class="noteref" id="n528.1src" href="#n528.1" name="n528.1src">214</a> -elephants<span class="corr" id="xd25e44713" title="Not in source">,</span> troops and horses were probably exaggerated, -adds that the kingdom of Rahma extends both along the sea and the -continent and that it is bounded by an inland state called Káman -(probably Kámarup that is Assam). He describes the inhabitants -as fair and handsome and notices that both men and women had their ears -pierced. This description of the people still more the extension of the -country both along the sea and along the continent suggests that -Masúdi’s Al Rahmi is a combination of Burma which by -dropping the B he has mixed with Al Rahma. Lane identifies -Rahmi<a class="noteref" id="n528.2src" href="#n528.2" name="n528.2src">215</a> with Sumátra on the authority of an Account -of India and China by two Muhammadan Travellers of the Ninth Century. -This identification is supported by Al Masúdi’s<a class="noteref" id="n528.3src" href="#n528.3" name="n528.3src">216</a> -mention of Rámi as one of the islands of the Java group, the -kingdom of the Indian Mihráj. The absence of reference to Bengal -in these accounts agrees with the view that during the ninth century -Bengal was under Tibet.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Products.</span>In the middle of the ninth -century mines of gold and silver are said to be worked in -Gujarát.<a class="noteref" id="n528.4src" href="#n528.4" name="n528.4src">217</a> Abu Zaid (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 916) -represents pearls as in great demand. The Tártáriyah, or -according to Al Masúdi the Táhiriyah <i><span class="corr" id="xd25e44733" title="Source: dínars">dínárs</span></i> of Sindh, -fluctuating<a class="noteref" id="n528.5src" href="#n528.5" name="n528.5src">218</a> in price from one and a half to three and a -fraction of the Baghdád <i><span class="corr" id="xd25e44740" -title="Source: dínars">dínárs</span></i>, were the -current coin in the Gujarát ports. Emeralds also were imported -from Egypt mounted as seals.<a class="noteref" id="n528.6src" href="#n528.6" name="n528.6src">219</a></p> -<p>Ibni Khurdádbah<a class="noteref" id="n528.7src" href="#n528.7" name="n528.7src">220</a> (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 912) mentions teakwood and the bamboo as products -of Sindán that is the Konkan Sanjan.<a class="noteref" id="n528.8src" href="#n528.8" name="n528.8src">221</a> Al Masúdi -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 943) notes that at the great fair of -Multán the people of Sindh and Hind offered Kumar that is -Cambodian aloe-wood of the purest quality worth twenty <i><span class="corr" id="xd25e44762" title="Source: dínars">dínárs</span></i> a -<i>man</i>.<a class="noteref" id="n528.9src" href="#n528.9" name="n528.9src">222</a> Among other articles of trade he mentions an -inferior emerald exported from Cambay and Saimúr to -Makkah,<a class="noteref" id="n528.10src" href="#n528.10" name="n528.10src">223</a> the lance shafts of Broach,<a class="noteref" id="n528.11src" href="#n528.11" name="n528.11src">224</a> the shoes of -Cambay,<a class="noteref" id="n528.12src" href="#n528.12" name="n528.12src">225</a> and the white and handsome maidens of <span class="corr" id="xd25e44781" title="Source: Táfan">Táfán</span><a class="noteref" id="n528.13src" href="#n528.13" name="n528.13src">226</a> who were in -great demand in Arab countries. Ibni Haukal (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 968–976) states that the country comprising -Fámhal, Sindán, Saimúr, and Kambáyah -produced mangoes cocoanuts lemons and rice in abundance. That honey -could be had in great quantities, but no date palms were to be -found.<a class="noteref" id="n528.14src" href="#n528.14" name="n528.14src">227</a></p> -<p>Al Bírúni (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1031) -notices that its import of horses from Mekran and the islands of the -Persian Gulf was a leading portion of Cambay trade.<a class="noteref" -id="n528.15src" href="#n528.15" name="n528.15src">228</a> According to -Al Idrísi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1100) the people of -Mámhal<a class="noteref" id="n528.16src" href="#n528.16" name="n528.16src">229</a> (Anhilwára) had many horses and -camels.<a class="noteref" id="n528.17src" href="#n528.17" name="n528.17src">230</a> One of the peculiarities of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb529" href="#pb529" name="pb529">529</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix V.<br> -<span class="sc">Arab References</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–1350.<br> -Products.</span> the Nahrwála country was that all journeys were -made and all merchandise was carried in bullock waggons. -Kambáyah was rich in wheat and rice and its mountains yielded -the Indian <i>kaná</i> or bamboo. At Subára<a class="noteref" id="n529.1src" href="#n529.1" name="n529.1src">231</a> -(Sopára) they fished for pearls and Bára a small island -close to Subára produced the cocoanut and the costus. -Sindán according to Al Idrísi produced the cocoa palm, -the ratan, and the bamboo. Saimúr had many cocoa palms, much -henna (<span lang="la">Lawsonia inermis</span>), and a number of -aromatic plants.<a class="noteref" id="n529.2src" href="#n529.2" name="n529.2src">232</a> The hills of Thána yielded the bamboo and -<i>tabáshír</i><a class="noteref" id="n529.3src" href="#n529.3" name="n529.3src">233</a> or bamboo pith. From Saimúr -according to Al Kazwíni (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1236, -but from tenth century materials) came aloes. -Rashíd-ud-dín (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1310) -states that in Kambáyah, Somnáth, Kankan, and Tána -the vines yield twice a year and such is the strength of the soil that -cotton-plants grow like willow or plane trees and yield produce for ten -years. He refers to the betel leaf, to which he and other Arab writers -and physicians ascribe strange virtues as the produce of the whole -country of Malabár. The exports from the Gujarát coasts -are said to be sugar (the staple product of Málwa), -<i>bádrúd</i> that is bezoar, and <i>haldi</i> that is -turmeric.<a class="noteref" id="n529.4src" href="#n529.4" name="n529.4src">234</a></p> -<p>According to Ibni Haukal (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 170) -from Kambáya to Saimúr the villages lay close to one -another and much land was under cultivation.<a class="noteref" id="n529.5src" href="#n529.5" name="n529.5src">235</a> At the end<a class="noteref" id="n529.6src" href="#n529.6" name="n529.6src">236</a> of the -eleventh century trade was brisk merchandise from every country finding -its way to the ports of Gujarát whose local products were in -turn exported all over the east.<a class="noteref" id="n529.7src" href="#n529.7" name="n529.7src">237</a> The -Ráshṭrakúṭa dominion was vast, well-peopled, -commercial, and fertile.<a class="noteref" id="n529.8src" href="#n529.8" name="n529.8src">238</a> The people lived mostly on a -vegetable diet, rice peas beans haricots and lentils being their daily -food.<a class="noteref" id="n529.9src" href="#n529.9" name="n529.9src">239</a> Al Idrísi speaks of certain Hindus eating -animals whose deaths had been caused by falls or by being -gored,<a class="noteref" id="n529.10src" href="#n529.10" name="n529.10src">240</a> but Al Masúdi states that the higher -classes who wore the “baldric like yellow thread” (the -Janoi) abstained from flesh. According to Ibni Haukal (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 968–970) the ordinary dress of the kings of -Hind was trousers and a tunic.<a class="noteref" id="n529.11src" href="#n529.11" name="n529.11src">241</a> He also notices that between -Kambáyah and Saimúr the Muslims and infidels wear the -same cool fine muslin dress and let their beards grow in the same -fashion.<a class="noteref" id="n529.12src" href="#n529.12" name="n529.12src">242</a> During the tenth century on high days the -Balhára wore a crown of gold and a dress of rich stuff. The -attendant women were richly clad, wearing rings of gold and silver upon -their feet and hands and having their hair in curls.<a class="noteref" -id="n529.13src" href="#n529.13" name="n529.13src">243</a> At the close -of the Hindu period (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1300) -Rashíd-ud-dín describes Gujarát as a flourishing -country with no less than 80,000 villages and hamlets the people happy -the soil rich growing in the four seasons seventy varieties of flowers. -Two harvests repaid the husbandman, the earlier crop refreshed by the -dew of the cold season the late crop enriched by a certain -rainfall.<a class="noteref" id="n529.14src" href="#n529.14" name="n529.14src">244</a></p> -<p><span class="marginnote">Review.</span>In their intercourse with -Western India nothing struck the Arabs more than the toleration shown -to their religion both by chief and peoples. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb530" href="#pb530" name="pb530">530</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix V.<br> -<span class="sc">Arab References</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–1350.<br> -Review.</span> This was specially marked in the -Ráshṭrakúṭa towns where besides free use of -mosques and Jámá mosques Musalmán magistrates or -<i>kázis</i> were appointed to settle disputes among -Musalmáns according to their own laws.<a class="noteref" id="n530.1src" href="#n530.1" name="n530.1src">245</a> Toleration was not -peculiar to the Balháras. Al Bírúni -records<a class="noteref" id="n530.2src" href="#n530.2" name="n530.2src">246</a> that in the ninth century (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 581), when the Hindus recovered Sindán -(Sanján in Kachh) they spared the assembly mosque where long -after the Faithful congregated on Fridays praying for their -Khalífah without hindrance. In the Balhára country so -strongly did the people believe in the power of Islám or which -is perhaps more likely so courteous were they that they said that our -king enjoys a long life and long reign is solely due to the favour -shown by him to the Musalmáns. So far as the merchant -Sulaimán saw in the ninth century the chief religion in -Gujarát was Buddhism. He notices that the principles of the -religion of China were brought from India and that the Chinese ascribe -to the Indians the introduction of Buddhas into their country. Of -religious beliefs metempsychoses or re-birth and of religious practices -widow-burning or <i>satti</i> and self-torture seem to have struck him -most.<a class="noteref" id="n530.3src" href="#n530.3" name="n530.3src">247</a> As a rule the dead were burned.<a class="noteref" -id="n530.4src" href="#n530.4" name="n530.4src">248</a> Sulaimán -represents the people of Gujarát as steady abstemious and sober -abstaining from wine as well as from vinegar, ‘not’ he adds -‘from religious motives but from their disdain of it.’ -Among their sovereigns the desire of conquest was seldom the cause of -war.<a class="noteref" id="n530.5src" href="#n530.5" name="n530.5src">249</a> Abu Zaid (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 916) -describes the Bráhmans as Hindus devoted to religion and -science. Among Bráhmans were poets who lived at kings’ -courts, astronomers, philosophers, diviners, and drawers of omens from -the flight of crows.<a class="noteref" id="n530.6src" href="#n530.6" -name="n530.6src">250</a> He adds: So sure are the people that after -death they shall return to life upon the earth, that when a person -grows old “he begs some one of his family to throw him into the -fire or to drown him.”<a class="noteref" id="n530.7src" href="#n530.7" name="n530.7src">251</a> In Abu Zaid’s time -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 916) the Hindus did not seclude -their women. Even the wives of the kings used to mix freely with men -and attend courts and places of public resort unveiled.<a class="noteref" id="n530.8src" href="#n530.8" name="n530.8src">252</a> -According to Ibni Khurdádbah (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 912) India has forty-two religious sects -“part of whom believe in God and his Prophet (on whom be peace) -and part who deny his mission.”<a class="noteref" id="n530.9src" -href="#n530.9" name="n530.9src">253</a> Ibni Khurdádbah -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 912) describes the Hindus as divided -into seven classes. Of these the first are Thákarias<a class="noteref" id="n530.10src" href="#n530.10" name="n530.10src">254</a> or -Thákurs men of high caste from whom kings are chosen and to whom -men of the other classes render homage, the second are the -Baráhmas<a class="noteref" id="n530.11src" href="#n530.11" name="n530.11src">255</a> who abstain from wine and fermented liquors; the -third are the Katariya or Kshatrias who drink not more than three cups -of wine; the fourth are the Sudaria or Shudras husbandmen by -profession; the fifth are the Baisura or Vaish artificers and -domestics; the sixth Sandalias or Chandala menials; and the seventh the -‘Lahúd,’ whose women adorn themselves and whose men -are fond of amusements and games of skill. Both among the people and -the kings of Gujarát<a class="noteref" id="n530.12src" href="#n530.12" name="n530.12src">256</a> wine <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb531" href="#pb531" name="pb531">531</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix V.<br> -<span class="sc">Arab References</span>, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–1350.<br> -Review.</span> was “unlawful and lawful” that is it was not -used though no religious rule <span class="corr" id="xd25e45022" title="Source: forbad">forbade</span> its use. According to Al Masúdi -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 943) a general opinion prevailed -that India was the earliest home of order and wisdom. The Indians chose -as their king the great Bráhma who ruled them for 366 years. His -descendants retain the name of Bráhman and are honoured as the -most illustrious caste. They abstain from the flesh of -animals.<a class="noteref" id="n531.1src" href="#n531.1" name="n531.1src">257</a> Hindu kings cannot succeed before the age of forty -nor do they appear in public except on certain occasions for the -conduct of state affairs. Royalty and all the high offices of -state<a class="noteref" id="n531.2src" href="#n531.2" name="n531.2src">258</a> are limited to the descendants of one family. The -Hindus strongly disapprove of the use of wine both in themselves and in -others not from any religious objection but on account of its -intoxicating and reason-clouding qualities.<a class="noteref" id="n531.3src" href="#n531.3" name="n531.3src">259</a> Al -Bírúni (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 970–1031) -quoted by Rashíd-ud-dín (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1310) states that the people of Gujarát -are idolators and notices the great penance-pilgrimages to -Somnáth details of which have already been given.<a class="noteref" id="n531.4src" href="#n531.4" name="n531.4src">260</a> Al -Idrísi (end of the eleventh century) closely follows Ibni -Khurdádbah’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 912) -division of the people of India. The chief exception is that he -represents<a class="noteref" id="n531.5src" href="#n531.5" name="n531.5src">261</a> the second class, the Bráhmans, as wearing -the skins of tigers and going about staff in hand collecting crowds and -from morn till eve proclaiming to their hearers the glory and power of -God. He makes out that the Kastariás or Kshatriyas are able to -drink three <i>ratl</i> (a <i>ratl</i> being one pound troy) of wine -and are allowed to marry Bráhman women. The Sabdaliya or Chandal -women, he says, are noted for beauty. Of the forty-two sects he -enumerates worshippers of trees and adorers of serpents, which they -keep in stables and feed as well as they can, deeming it to be a -meritorious work. He says that the inhabitants of Kambáya are -Buddhists (idolators)<a class="noteref" id="n531.6src" href="#n531.6" -name="n531.6src">262</a> and that the Balhára also worships the -idol Buddha.<a class="noteref" id="n531.7src" href="#n531.7" name="n531.7src">263</a> The Indians, says Al Idrísi<a class="noteref" id="n531.8src" href="#n531.8" name="n531.8src">264</a> (end -of the eleventh century) are naturally inclined to justice and in their -actions never depart from it. Their reputation for good faith, honesty, -and fidelity to their engagements brings strangers flocking to their -country and aids its prosperity. In illustration of the peaceable -disposition of the Hindus, he quotes the ancient practice of -<i>duhái</i> or conjuring in the name of the king, a rite which -is still in vogue in some native states. When a man has a rightful -claim he draws a circle on the ground and asks his debtor to step into -the circle in the name of the king. The debtor never fails to step in -nor does he ever leave the circle without paying his debts. Al -Idrísi describes the people of Nahrwára as having so high -a respect for oxen that when an ox dies they bury it. “When -enfeebled by age or if unable to work they provide their oxen with food -without exacting any return.”<a class="noteref" id="n531.9src" -href="#n531.9" name="n531.9src">265</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb532" href="#pb532" name="pb532">532</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n505.1" -href="#n505.1src" name="n505.1">1</a></span> Contributed by Khán -Sáheb Fazlulláh Lutfulláh Farídi of -Surat. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n505.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n505.2" -href="#n505.2src" name="n505.2">2</a></span> This account which is in -two parts is named Silsilát-ut-Tawáríkh, that is -the Chain of History. The first part was written in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 851–52 by Sulaimán and has the -advantage of being the work of a traveller who himself knew the -countries he describes. The second part was written by Abu -Zeid-al-Hasan of Siráf on the Persian Gulf about sixty years -after Sulaimán’s account. Though Abu Zeid never visited -India, he made it his business to read and question travellers who had -been in India. Abul Hasan-el-Masúdi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 915–943) who met him at Basrah is said to -have imparted to and derived much information from Abu Zeid. Sir Henry -Elliot’s History of India, I. 2. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n505.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n505.3" -href="#n505.3src" name="n505.3">3</a></span> Ahmed bin Yahyâ, -surnamed Abu Jaâfar and called Biláduri or Bilázuri -from his addiction to the electuary of the Malacca bean -(<i>bilázur</i> <span class="Arabic" lang="ar">بلازر‎</span>) or anacardium, -lived about the middle of the ninth century of the Christian era at the -court of Al-Mutawakkil the Abbási, as an instructor to one of -the royal princes. He died <span class="sc">a.h.</span> 279 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 892–93). His work is styled -the Futúh-ul-Buldán The Conquest of Countries. He did not -visit Sindh, but was in personal communication with men who had -travelled far and wide. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n505.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n505.4" -href="#n505.4src" name="n505.4">4</a></span> Sir Henry Elliot’s -History of India, I. 115–116. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n505.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n505.5" -href="#n505.5src" name="n505.5">5</a></span> The reason of Umar’s -dislike for India is described by Al Masúdi (Murúj Arabic -Text, Cairo Edition, III. 166–171), to have originated from the -description of the country by a philosopher to whom Umar had referred -on the first spread of Islám in his reign. The philosopher said: -India is a distant and remote land peopled by rebellious infidels. -Immediately after the battle of Kadesiah (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 636) when sending out Utbah, his first governor -to the newly-founded camp-town of Basrah Umar is reported to have said: -I am sending thee to the land of Al-Hind (India) as governor. Remember -it is a field of the fields of the enemy. The third Khalífah -Usmán (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 643–655) ordered -his governor of Irák to depute a special officer to visit India -and wait upon the Khalífah to report his opinion of that -country. His report of India was not encouraging. He said: Its water is -scarce, its fruits are poor, and its robbers bold. If the troops sent -there are few they will be slain; if many they will starve. -(Al-Biláduri in Elliot, I. 116.) <a class="fnarrow" href="#n505.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n505.6" -href="#n505.6src" name="n505.6">6</a></span> Sir H. Elliot’s -History of India, I. 116. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n505.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n506.1" -href="#n506.1src" name="n506.1">7</a></span> Sir H. Elliot (Hist. of -India) transliterates this as <i>Básia</i>. But neither -<i>Básea</i> nor his other supposition (Note 4 Ditto) -<i>Budha</i> seem to have any sense. The original is probably -<i>Bátiah</i>, a form in which other Arab historians and -geographers also allude to <i>Baet</i>, the residence of the notorious -<i>Bawárij</i> who are referred to a little farther on as -seafarers and pirates. Ditto, I. 123. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n506.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n506.2" -href="#n506.2src" name="n506.2">8</a></span> This important expedition -extended to Ujjain. Details Above page 109 and also under -Bhínmál. Raids by sea from Sindh were repeated in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 758, 760, 755, and perhaps -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 830. Reinaud’s Fragments, 212. -See Above Bhagvánlál’s Early History page 96 note -3. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n506.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n506.3" -href="#n506.3src" name="n506.3">9</a></span> Details Above pages -94–96. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n506.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n506.4" -href="#n506.4src" name="n506.4">10</a></span> Sir Henry Elliot’s -History of India, I. 129. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n506.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n506.5" -href="#n506.5src" name="n506.5">11</a></span> Sir Henry Elliot (History -of India, I. 129) calls it Kállari though (Ditto note 3) he says -the text has Máli. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n506.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n506.6" -href="#n506.6src" name="n506.6">12</a></span> Sir H. Elliot’s -History of India, I. 129. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n506.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n506.7" -href="#n506.7src" name="n506.7">13</a></span> Ibni Khurdádbah a -Musalmán of Magian descent as his name signifies, died H. 300 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 912). He held high office under the -Abbási Khalífahs at Baghdád (Elliot’s -History of India, I. 13). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n506.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n506.8" -href="#n506.8src" name="n506.8">14</a></span> Abul Hasan Al Masudi, a -native of Baghdád, who visited India about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 915 and wrote his “Meadows of Gold” -(Murúj-uz-zahab) about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 950–51 and died <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 956 in Egypt. (Sir Henry Elliot’s History -of India, I. 23–25.) <a class="fnarrow" href="#n506.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n506.9" -href="#n506.9src" name="n506.9">15</a></span> Abu Is-hák Al -Istakhri, a native (as his cognomen signifies) of Persepolis who -flourished about the middle of the tenth century and wrote his Book of -Climes (Kitábul Akálím) about <span class="sc">a.h.</span> 340 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 951). -Elliot’s History of India, I. 26. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n506.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n507.1" -href="#n507.1src" name="n507.1">16</a></span> See Appendix A. Volume I. -Sir Henry Elliot’s History of India. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n507.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n507.2" -href="#n507.2src" name="n507.2">17</a></span> Elliot’s History of -India, 394, where Sir Henry Elliot calculates a <i>parsang</i> or -<i>farsang</i> (Arabic <i>farsakh</i>) to be 3½ miles. Al -Bírúni, however, counts four <i>kroh</i> or miles to a -<i>farsakh</i>. Sachau’s Al Bírúni Arabic Text, -chapter 18 page 97. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n507.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n507.3" -href="#n507.3src" name="n507.3">18</a></span> Sir Henry Elliot (History -of India, I. 403) locates Surabáya somewhere near Surat. The -mouth of the Tápti is still known in Surat as the -Bára. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n507.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n507.4" -href="#n507.4src" name="n507.4">19</a></span> Ibni Haukal (Muhammad -Abul Kásim) a native of Baghdád, left that city in H. 331 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 943), returned to it H. 358 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 968), and finished his work about H. -366 (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 976). Sir Henry Elliot’s -History of India, I. 31. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n507.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n507.5" -href="#n507.5src" name="n507.5">20</a></span> Elliot, I. -34. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n507.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n507.6" -href="#n507.6src" name="n507.6">21</a></span> Sir Henry Elliot (History -of India, I. 363) correctly takes Fámhal to be a misreading for -Anhal that is Anhilwára. Al Bírúni (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 970–1039) uses the name Anhilwára -without any Arab peculiarity of transliteration or pronunciation. -Sachau’s Arabic Text, 100. Al Idrísi (end of the eleventh -century) styles Anhilwára “Nahrwára” (Elliot, -I. 84) an equally well known name. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n507.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n507.7" -href="#n507.7src" name="n507.7">22</a></span> Sir Henry Elliot’s -History of India, I. 34. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n507.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n507.8" -href="#n507.8src" name="n507.8">23</a></span> M. Gildemeister’s -Latin translation of Ibni Haukal’s Ashkál-ul-Bilád -(Sir Henry Elliot’s History of India, I. 39). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n507.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n507.9" -href="#n507.9src" name="n507.9">24</a></span> Abu Rihán Al -Bírúni was a native of Balkh in Central Asia. He -accompanied Mahmúd of Ghazni to India in his expeditions and -acquired an accurate knowledge of Sanskrit. His acquaintance with this -language and Greek and his love of enquiry and research together with -his fairness and impartiality, make his Indica a most valuable -contribution to our information on India in the end of the tenth and -beginning of the eleventh centuries. He finished his work after the -death of his patron in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1030–31. -See Sachau’s Preface to the Arabic Text of the Indica, -ix. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n507.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n507.10" -href="#n507.10src" name="n507.10">25</a></span> Al Bírúni -makes his <i>farsakh</i> of four miles. Sachau’s Arabic Text, -97. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n507.10src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n507.11" -href="#n507.11src" name="n507.11">26</a></span> Sir Henry -Elliot’s translation and transliteration of Rahanjúr -(History of India, I. 61) are, be it said with all respect to the -memory of that great scholar, inaccurate. He cannot make anything of -the word (note 3) while in the Arabic Text of Sachau (page 100) the -first letter is a plain <span class="Arabic" lang="ar">ر‎</span> = <i>r</i> and not <span class="Arabic" lang="ar">د‎</span> = <i>d</i>. From the context also the ancient -town of Rándir seems to be meant. It is plainly written -(<span class="Arabic" lang="ar">رهنجور‎</span>) -Rahanjúr and is very likely the copyist’s mistake for the -very similar form <span class="Arabic" lang="ar">رهندور‎</span> or -Ráhandúr. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n507.11src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n508.1" -href="#n508.1src" name="n508.1">27</a></span> Sachau’s Arabic -Text of Al Bírúni, 98 and Sir Henry Elliot’s -History of India, I. 61. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n508.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n508.2" -href="#n508.2src" name="n508.2">28</a></span> Elphinstone’s -History of India, Book V. Chapter I. 263 Note 25 (John Murray’s -1849 Edition) on the authority of Captain MacMurdo and Captain -Alexander Burnes inclines to the opinion that Debal was somewhere near -the site of the modern Karáchi. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n508.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n508.3" -href="#n508.3src" name="n508.3">29</a></span> Sir Henry Elliot’s -History of India, I. 65. Sachau’s Text of Al -Bírúni, chapter 18 page 102. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n508.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n508.4" -href="#n508.4src" name="n508.4">30</a></span> Al Biláduri uses -the word Barija for a strong built war vessel. Sir Henry Elliot derives -the word from the Arabic and gives an interesting note on the subject -in his Appendix I. 539. The word is still used in <span class="corr" -id="xd25e42078" title="Source: Hindustani">Hindustáni</span> as -<i>beda</i> (<span lang="ur">بيڈا‎</span>) -to signify a boat or bark. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n508.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n508.5" -href="#n508.5src" name="n508.5">31</a></span> Sachau’s Arabic -Text, 102. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n508.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n508.6" -href="#n508.6src" name="n508.6">32</a></span> According to Richardson -(Arabic Dictionary voce <span class="Arabic" lang="ar">مقل‎</span> myrrh) though rendered gum by -all translators. According to the <i>Makhzan</i> the word <i>mukl</i> -(Urdu <i>gughal</i>) is Balsamodendron and Bádrud the corruption -of <i>Báruz</i> (Urdu <i>biroza</i>) is balsam or -bezoar. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n508.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n508.7" -href="#n508.7src" name="n508.7">33</a></span> Sachau’s Arabic -Text page 99 chapter 18. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n508.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n508.8" -href="#n508.8src" name="n508.8">34</a></span> After giving the -distances in days or journeys the Text (page 102 Sachau’s Text of -Al Bírúni) does not particularise the distances of the -places that follow in journeys or <i>farsakhs</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n508.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n508.9" -href="#n508.9src" name="n508.9">35</a></span> Elliot’s History of -India, I. 67. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n508.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n508.10" -href="#n508.10src" name="n508.10">36</a></span> Abu Abdallah Muhammad -Al Idrísi, a native of Ceuta in Morocco and descended from the -royal family of the Idrísis of that country, settled at the -court of Roger II. of Sicily, where and at whose desire he wrote his -book The Nuzhat-ul-Mushták or The Seeker’s Delight. -Elliot’s History of India, I: 74. Almost all Al -Idrísi’s special information regarding Sindh and Western -India is from Al-Jauhari governor of Khurásán -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 892–999), whose knowledge of -Sindh and the Indus valley is unusually complete and accurate. Compare -Reinaud’s Abulfeda, lxiii. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n508.10src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n508.11" -href="#n508.11src" name="n508.11">37</a></span> Sir Henry -Elliot’s History of India, I. 77. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n508.11src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n508.12" -href="#n508.12src" name="n508.12">38</a></span> Bombay Gazetteer, II. -69. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n508.12src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n508.13" -href="#n508.13src" name="n508.13">39</a></span> Elliot’s History -of India, I. 76. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n508.13src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n508.14" -href="#n508.14src" name="n508.14">40</a></span> Elliot’s History -of India, I. 79. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n508.14src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n508.15" -href="#n508.15src" name="n508.15">41</a></span> Elliot’s History -of India, I. 79. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n508.15src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n509.1" -href="#n509.1src" name="n509.1">42</a></span> Elliot’s History of -India, I. 84. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n509.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n509.2" -href="#n509.2src" name="n509.2">43</a></span> The details of -Kulámmali given by Al Kazwíni (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1263–1275) seem to show it is Quilon on the -Malabár Coast. When a ruler died his successor was always chosen -from China. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n509.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n509.3" -href="#n509.3src" name="n509.3">44</a></span> Elliot (I. 363–364) -on the authority of Al Istakhri thinks that all the names Ámhal, -Fámhal, Kámhal, and Mámhal are faulty readings of -Anhal (Anhil)wára owing to irregularity in the position or -absence of diacritical points. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n509.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n509.4" -href="#n509.4src" name="n509.4">45</a></span> This is probably -Ránder, a very natural Arab corruption. Instance Al -Bírúni’s Ranjhur. See page 507 note 11 and page -520. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n509.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n509.5" -href="#n509.5src" name="n509.5">46</a></span> Rumála is -mentioned at pages 14, 87, 92 and 93 volume I. of Elliot. It is first -mentioned (page 14) by Ibni Khurdádbah (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 912) as one of the countries of Sindh. It is next -mentioned by Al <span class="corr" id="xd25e42211" title="Source: Idrisi">Idrísi</span> (end of the eleventh century -according to Elliot, I. 74) as one of the places of the eighth section -describing the coast of India, but is mentioned along with -Nahrwára, Kandhár, and Kalbata (?). At page 92 (Ditto) -the same writer (<span class="corr" id="xd25e42214" title="Source: Idrìsi">Idrísi</span>) says that Kalbata and -<span class="corr" id="xd25e42217" title="Source: Rûmála">Rumála</span> are on the borders -of the desert which separates <span class="corr" id="xd25e42220" title="Source: Mûltán">Multán</span> from -Sijistán. Again at page 93 (Ditto) Idrísi gives the -distance between Kalbata and Rumála as a distance of three -days. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n509.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n509.6" -href="#n509.6src" name="n509.6">47</a></span> Elliot’s History of -India, I. 84. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n509.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n509.7" -href="#n509.7src" name="n509.7">48</a></span> Sir H. Elliot’s -History of India, I. 85. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n509.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n509.8" -href="#n509.8src" name="n509.8">49</a></span> Elliot, I. -90–93. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n509.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n509.9" -href="#n509.9src" name="n509.9">50</a></span> Elliot’s History of -India, I. 89. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n509.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n510.1" -href="#n510.1src" name="n510.1">51</a></span> Zakariah Ibni Muhammad Al -Kazwíni, a native of Kazwín (Kasbin) in Persia, wrote his -Ásár-ul-Bilád or “Signs or Monuments of -Countries” about <span class="sc">a.h.</span> 661 -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1263) compiling it chiefly from the -writings of Al Istakhri (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 951) and -Ibni Haukal (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 976). He also frequently -quotes Misâr bin Muhalhil, a traveller who (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 942) visited India and China. Sir Henry -Elliot’s History of India, I. 94. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n510.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n510.2" -href="#n510.2src" name="n510.2">52</a></span> Barbier De -Meynard’s Text of Al Masúdi’s Les Prairies -D’Or, I. 382. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n510.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n510.3" -href="#n510.3src" name="n510.3">53</a></span> Sir Henry Elliot misreads -Tamraz for Al Bírúni’s Arabic form of -<i>Narmaza</i>. He says: It comes from the city of Tamraz and the -eastern hills; it has a south-easterly course till it falls into the -sea near Báhruch about 60 <i>yojanas</i> to the east of -Somnáth. The literal translation of the text of Al -Bírúni (see Sachau’s Al -Bírúni’s India, 130) is that given above: It is -hard to believe that the accurate Al Bírúni while in one -place (see Sachau’s Text, 99) giving the name of the Narbada -faultlessly, should in another place fall into the error of tracing it -from <i>Tirmiz</i> a city of Central Asia. A comparison of -Elliot’s version with the text sets the difficulty at rest. -Compare Sir Henry Elliot’s History of India, I. 49 and note 3 -ditto and Sachau’s Arabic Text of Al Bírúni, 180 -chapter 25. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n510.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n510.4" -href="#n510.4src" name="n510.4">54</a></span> Compare Sachau’s Al -Bírúni with Sir Henry Elliot, I. 49, who is silent as to -the distance. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n510.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n511.1" -href="#n511.1src" name="n511.1">55</a></span> See -Ahmedábád Gazetteer, IV. 338; also Elliot’s History -of India, I. 356–357. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n511.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n511.2" -href="#n511.2src" name="n511.2">56</a></span> See Appendix -Elliot’s History of India, I. 363. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n511.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n511.3" -href="#n511.3src" name="n511.3">57</a></span> Al Istakhri in Elliot -(History of India), I. 27. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n511.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n511.4" -href="#n511.4src" name="n511.4">58</a></span> Al Istakhri in Elliot -(History of India), I. 30. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n511.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n511.5" -href="#n511.5src" name="n511.5">59</a></span> Ibni Haukal in Elliot -(History of India), I. 32–34. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n511.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n511.6" -href="#n511.6src" name="n511.6">60</a></span> Ibni Haukal in Elliot -(History of India), I. 34–38. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n511.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n511.7" -href="#n511.7src" name="n511.7">61</a></span> Ibni Haukal in Elliot -(History of India), I. 39. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n511.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n511.8" -href="#n511.8src" name="n511.8">62</a></span> Ibni Haukal in Elliot -(History of India), I. 40. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n511.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n511.9" -href="#n511.9src" name="n511.9">63</a></span> Al Bírúni -in Elliot (History of India), I. 61. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n511.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n511.10" -href="#n511.10src" name="n511.10">64</a></span> Al Idrísi in -Elliot (History of India), I. 77. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n511.10src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n511.11" -href="#n511.11src" name="n511.11">65</a></span> Al Idrísi in -Elliot (History of India), I. 79. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n511.11src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n511.12" -href="#n511.12src" name="n511.12">66</a></span> Bánia seems to -be a copyist’s error for Bazána or Náráyana. -The distances agree and the fact that to this day the neighbourhood of -Jaipur is noted for its flocks of sheep bears additional testimony to -the correctness of the supposition. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n511.12src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n511.13" -href="#n511.13src" name="n511.13">67</a></span> Al Idrísi in -Elliot’s History of India, I. 84. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n511.13src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n512.1" -href="#n512.1src" name="n512.1">68</a></span> Al Idrísi in -Elliot’s History of India, I. 9. The Balháras or -Ráshṭrakúṭas lost their power in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 974. The only explanation of -Idrísi’s (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1100) -Balháras at Anhilwára is that Idrísi is quoting -from Al Bírúni <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 950. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n512.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n512.2" -href="#n512.2src" name="n512.2">69</a></span> Farishtah Persian Text -Lithographed Bombay Edition, I. 57. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n512.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n512.3" -href="#n512.3src" name="n512.3">70</a></span> Farishtah Persian Text -Lithographed Bombay Edition, IV. 48. The Rauzat-us-Safa states that it -was at Somnáth the Ghaznavide wanted to fix his capital (IV. 42 -Persian Text, Lakhnau Edition). <span class="corr" id="xd25e42509" -title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -seems more likely. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n512.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n512.4" -href="#n512.4src" name="n512.4">71</a></span> Sir Henry Elliot’s -History of India, II. 155. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n512.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n512.5" -href="#n512.5src" name="n512.5">72</a></span> The -Jámi-ûl-Hikáyát in Elliot (History of -India), II. 162. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n512.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n512.6" -href="#n512.6src" name="n512.6">73</a></span> Elliot’s History of -India, II. 200. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n512.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n512.7" -href="#n512.7src" name="n512.7">74</a></span> Elliot’s History of -India, II. 229–30. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n512.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n512.8" -href="#n512.8src" name="n512.8">75</a></span> Sir Henry Elliot’s -History of India, III. 74. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n512.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n513.1" -href="#n513.1src" name="n513.1">76</a></span> Sachau’s Text, -102. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n513.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n513.2" -href="#n513.2src" name="n513.2">77</a></span> Al Idrísi in -Elliot (History of India), I. 87. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n513.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n513.3" -href="#n513.3src" name="n513.3">78</a></span> Al Idrísi in -Elliot (History of India), I. 88. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n513.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n513.4" -href="#n513.4src" name="n513.4">79</a></span> Elliot’s History of -India, III. 260. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n513.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n513.5" -href="#n513.5src" name="n513.5">80</a></span> Bayley’s -Gujarát, 81. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n513.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n513.6" -href="#n513.6src" name="n513.6">81</a></span> Elliot’s History of -India, IV. 39; History of Gujarát, 81. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n513.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n513.7" -href="#n513.7src" name="n513.7">82</a></span> Bayley’s -Gujarát, 90. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n513.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n513.8" -href="#n513.8src" name="n513.8">83</a></span> Al Biláduri -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 892) in Elliot’s History of -India, I. 116. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n513.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n513.9" -href="#n513.9src" name="n513.9">84</a></span> Al Biláduri -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 892) in Elliot’s History of -India, I. 126. Details of this far-stretching affliction of Sindh, -Kachh, the Chávaḍás, Chitor, Bhínmál, -and Ujjain are given above, History 109. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n513.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n513.10" -href="#n513.10src" name="n513.10">85</a></span> Ibni Khurdádbah -in Elliot (History of India), I. 14. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n513.10src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n513.11" -href="#n513.11src" name="n513.11">86</a></span> Al Bírúni -in Elliot (History of India, I. 49–66), and Sachau’s Arabic -Text, 100. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n513.11src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n513.12" -href="#n513.12src" name="n513.12">87</a></span> Barbier -DeMeynard’s Arabic Text of Les Prairies D’Or, I. -239. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n513.12src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n513.13" -href="#n513.13src" name="n513.13">88</a></span> Al Idrísi in -Elliot (History of India), I. 87. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n513.13src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n514.1" -href="#n514.1src" name="n514.1">89</a></span> Elliot’s History of -India, III. 256–260. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n514.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n514.2" -href="#n514.2src" name="n514.2">90</a></span> Al Istakhri in Elliot -(History of India), I. 27. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n514.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n514.3" -href="#n514.3src" name="n514.3">91</a></span> Al Istakhri in Elliot -(History of India), I. 30. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n514.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n514.4" -href="#n514.4src" name="n514.4">92</a></span> Prairies D’Or -(Barbier DeMeynard’s Arabic Text), I. -253–54. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n514.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n514.5" -href="#n514.5src" name="n514.5">93</a></span> Prairies D’Or -(Arabic Text), III. 47. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n514.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n514.6" -href="#n514.6src" name="n514.6">94</a></span> Ibni Haukal in Elliot -(History of India), I. 34. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n514.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n514.7" -href="#n514.7src" name="n514.7">95</a></span> Ibni Haukal in Elliot -(History of India), I. 38. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n514.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n514.8" -href="#n514.8src" name="n514.8">96</a></span> Ibni Haukal in Elliot -(History of India), I. 39. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n514.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n514.9" -href="#n514.9src" name="n514.9">97</a></span> -Rashíd-ud-dín from Al Bírúni in -Elliot’s History of India, I. 66 and Sachau’s Arabic Text, -chapter 18 pages 99–102. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n514.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n514.10" -href="#n514.10src" name="n514.10">98</a></span> Sir Henry -Elliot’s History of India, I. 67. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n514.10src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n515.1" -href="#n515.1src" name="n515.1">99</a></span> Sir Henry Elliot’s -History of India, I. 77. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n515.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n515.2" -href="#n515.2src" name="n515.2">100</a></span> Sir Henry Elliot’s -History of India, I. 84. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n515.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n515.3" -href="#n515.3src" name="n515.3">101</a></span> Tazjiyat-ul-Amsar in -Elliot, III. 32. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n515.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n515.4" -href="#n515.4src" name="n515.4">102</a></span> Saâdi’s -patron mentioned by him in his Garden of Roses. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n515.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n515.5" -href="#n515.5src" name="n515.5">103</a></span> The word -<i>dínár</i> is from the Latin <i>denarius</i> (a silver -coin worth 10 oz. of brass) through the Greek <span class="corr" id="xd25e42889" title="Source: δηναρνονdēnarnon"><span class="trans" -title="dēnarion"><span class="Greek" lang="grc">δηναριον</span></span></span>. -It is a Kuráanic word, the ancient Arabic equivalent being -<span class="Arabic" lang="ar">متقال‎</span> -<i>mithkál</i>. The dínár sequin or ducat varied -in value in different times. In Abu Haúfah’s (the greatest -of the four Sunni Jurisconsults’) time (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 749) its value ranged from 10 to 12 dirhams. Then -from 20 to 25 dirhams or drachmas. As a weight it represented a drachma -and a half. Though generally fluctuating, its value may be assessed at -9s. or 10 francs to half a sovereign. For an elaborate article on the -Dínár see Yule’s Cathay, II. 439; Burton’s -Alf Leilah, I. 32. The word Dirham is used in Arabic in the sense of -“silver” (vulg. siller) the Greek <span class="trans" -title="drachmē"><span class="Greek" lang="grc">δραχμη</span></span> and the drachuma -of Plautus. This silver piece was 9¾d. and as a weight -66½ grains. Sir Henry Elliot does not speak <span class="corr" -id="xd25e42925" title="Source: nore">more</span> at length of the -<i>dínár</i> and the <i>dirham</i> than to say (History -of India, I. 461) <span class="corr" id="xd25e42934" title="Source: tha">that</span> they were introduced in Sindh in the reign of -Abdul Malik (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 685) and Elliot, VII. -31) that the <i>dínár</i> was a Rúm and the -<i>dirham</i> a Persian coin. The value of the -<i>dínár</i> in modern Indian currency may be said to be -<abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 5 and that of the <i>dirham</i> nearly -annas 4. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n515.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n515.6" -href="#n515.6src" name="n515.6">104</a></span> Wassáf gives the -date of this event as <span class="corr" id="xd25e42962" title="Source: A.C."><span class="sc">a.d.</span></span> 1298, but the -Tárikh-i-Alái of Amír Khusrao places it at -<span class="corr" id="xd25e42970" title="Source: A.C."><span class="sc">a.d.</span></span> 1300. See Elliot’s History of India, III. -43 and 74. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n515.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n515.7" -href="#n515.7src" name="n515.7">105</a></span> Elliot’s History -of India, III. 256–57. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n515.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n516.1" -href="#n516.1src" name="n516.1">106</a></span> Al Masúdi in -Elliot (History of India), I. 24. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n516.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n516.2" -href="#n516.2src" name="n516.2">107</a></span> Prairies D’Or, II. -85. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n516.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n516.3" -href="#n516.3src" name="n516.3">108</a></span> He was called a Hairam -or Hairamah in the language of the country. Al Masúdi’s -Murúj Arabic Text Cairo Edition, II. 56. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n516.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n516.4" -href="#n516.4src" name="n516.4">109</a></span> Al Masúdi’s -Murúj Arabic Text Cairo Edition, II. 56–57. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n516.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n516.5" -href="#n516.5src" name="n516.5">110</a></span> One born in India of an -Arab father and an Indian mother probably from the Gujaráti word -<i>Ádh-besra</i> meaning mixed blood. This seems the origin of -the Bais <span class="corr" id="xd25e43069" title="Source: Rajpút">Rájput</span>. The performer in the case -in the text was a Hindu. Al Masúdi (Murúj Arabic Text II. -57 Cairo Edition) says that the singular of Bayásirah is -Besar. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n516.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n516.6" -href="#n516.6src" name="n516.6">111</a></span> Al Istakhri in Elliot -(History of India), I. 27. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n516.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n516.7" -href="#n516.7src" name="n516.7">112</a></span> Al Istakhri in Elliot -(History of India), I. 30. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n516.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n516.8" -href="#n516.8src" name="n516.8">113</a></span> Ibni Haukal in Elliot -(History of India), I. 33–34. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n516.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n516.9" -href="#n516.9src" name="n516.9">114</a></span> Ibni Haukal in Elliot -(History of India), I. 38. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n516.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n516.10" -href="#n516.10src" name="n516.10">115</a></span> Ibni Haukal in Elliot -(History of India), I. 38. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n516.10src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n516.11" -href="#n516.11src" name="n516.11">116</a></span> Al -Bírúni Sachau’s Arabic Text, 102; Elliot’s -History of India, I. 39, 66. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n516.11src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n516.12" -href="#n516.12src" name="n516.12">117</a></span> Al Idrísi in -Elliot (History of India), I. 77. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n516.12src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n516.13" -href="#n516.13src" name="n516.13">118</a></span> Al Idrísi in -Elliot (History of India), I. 77, 85. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n516.13src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n516.14" -href="#n516.14src" name="n516.14">119</a></span> Al Kazwíni in -Elliot (History of India), I. 97. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n516.14src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n517.1" -href="#n517.1src" name="n517.1">120</a></span> Though Al Kazwíni -wrote in the thirteenth century, he derives his information of India -from Misâar bin Muhalhil, who visited India about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 942. Elliot (History of India), I. -94. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n517.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n517.2" -href="#n517.2src" name="n517.2">121</a></span> Al Idrísi in -Elliot (History of India), I. 87. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n517.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n517.3" -href="#n517.3src" name="n517.3">122</a></span> -Tárikh-i-Fírúz Sháhi by Ziá Barni -(Elliot’s History of India), III. 264–65. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n517.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n517.4" -href="#n517.4src" name="n517.4">123</a></span> -Rashíd-ud-dín (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1310) -from Al Birúni in Elliot’s History of India, I. -65. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n517.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n517.5" -href="#n517.5src" name="n517.5">124</a></span> -Rashíd-ud-dín (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1310) -from Al Birúni in Elliot’s History of India, I. -49. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n517.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n517.6" -href="#n517.6src" name="n517.6">125</a></span> -Rashíd-ud-dín (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1310) -from Al Birúni in Elliot’s History of India, I. -66. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n517.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n517.7" -href="#n517.7src" name="n517.7">126</a></span> Written <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1600 (Elliot, I. 213). <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n517.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n517.8" -href="#n517.8src" name="n517.8">127</a></span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e43289" title="Source: Tarikh-i-Maâsumi">Táríkh-i-Maâsumi</span> -in Elliot, I. 16. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n517.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n517.9" -href="#n517.9src" name="n517.9">128</a></span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e43294" title="Source: Tuhfatul Kirám">Tuhfat-ul-Kirám</span> in -Elliot, I. 344. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n517.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n517.10" -href="#n517.10src" name="n517.10">129</a></span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e43299" title="Source: Tarikh-i-Maâsumi">Táríkh-i-Maâsumi</span> -in Elliot, I. 217. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n517.10src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n517.11" -href="#n517.11src" name="n517.11">130</a></span> -Tárikh-i-Maâsumi in Elliot, I. 218. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n517.11src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n517.12" -href="#n517.12src" name="n517.12">131</a></span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e43311" title="Source: Táríkh-i-Táhiri">Tárikh-i-Táhiri</span> -(Elliot’s History of India), I. 267–68. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n517.12src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n518.1" -href="#n518.1src" name="n518.1">132</a></span> Journal Asiatic Society -of Bengal for February 1838, 102. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n518.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n518.2" -href="#n518.2src" name="n518.2">133</a></span> Sir Henry Elliot’s -History of India, I. 268. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n518.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n518.3" -href="#n518.3src" name="n518.3">134</a></span> -Tárikh-i-Fírúz Sháhi in Elliot, II. -260. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n518.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n518.4" -href="#n518.4src" name="n518.4">135</a></span> In his Arabic Text of -the Murúj (Prairies D’Or, Cairo Edition) Al <span class="corr" id="xd25e43408" title="Source: Masùdi">Masúdi</span> writes the name of the -Kanauj king as Farwarah. (If the <i>F</i> stands for <i>P</i> and the -<i>w</i> for <i>m</i>, as is quite possible in Arab writing, then this -can be Parmárah the Arab plural for Parmár.) At volume I. -page 240 the word Farwarah is twice used. Once: “And the king of -Kanauj, of the kings of Sindh (India) is Farwarah.” Again at the -same page (240): “And Farwarah he who is king of Kanauj is -opposed to Balhara.” Then at page 241: Farwarah is again used in -the beginning of the account quoted by Elliot in I. 23. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n518.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n518.5" -href="#n518.5src" name="n518.5">136</a></span> Elliot’s History -of India, I. 23. In the Cairo Edition of the Arabic Text of Al -Masúdi’s Murúj (Prairies D’Or) vol. I. page -241 is the original of this account. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n518.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n518.6" -href="#n518.6src" name="n518.6">137</a></span> Elliot’s History -of India, I. 33. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n518.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n518.7" -href="#n518.7src" name="n518.7">138</a></span> Elliot’s History -of India. I. 45. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n518.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n518.8" -href="#n518.8src" name="n518.8">139</a></span> Elliot’s History -of India, I. 49. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n518.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n519.1" -href="#n519.1src" name="n519.1">140</a></span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e43483" title="Source: Eliot">Elliot</span>, I. 90. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n519.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n519.2" -href="#n519.2src" name="n519.2">141</a></span> Elliot’s History -of India, I. 147. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n519.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n519.3" -href="#n519.3src" name="n519.3">142</a></span> Sir Henry Elliot’s -History of India, I. 15. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n519.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n519.4" -href="#n519.4src" name="n519.4">143</a></span> -Táj-ul-Mâásir in Sir Henry Elliot’s History -of India, II. 222. ‘After staying some time at Dehli he -(Kutb-ud-dín) marched in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1194 -(<span class="sc">H.</span> 590) towards Kol and Banâras passing -the Jumna which from its exceeding purity resembled a mirror.’ It -would seem to place Kol near Banâras. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n519.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n519.5" -href="#n519.5src" name="n519.5">144</a></span> Al Masúdi’s -Prairies D’Or (Arabic Text), I. 168. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n519.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n519.6" -href="#n519.6src" name="n519.6">145</a></span> Al Masúdi in -Elliot (History of India), I. 19, 20, 21 and Prairies D’Or, I. -178. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n519.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n519.7" -href="#n519.7src" name="n519.7">146</a></span> Al Masúdi Arabic -Text Prairies D’Or, (I. 381); Al Masúdi in Elliot (History -of India), I. 24. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n519.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n519.8" -href="#n519.8src" name="n519.8">147</a></span> That is an Arab dirhem -and a half. Al Istakhri in Elliot (History of India), I. 27. These -<i>Tártariyya</i> dirhems are mentioned by almost all Arab -writers. Al Idrísi says they were current in Mansúrah in -Sindh and in the Malay archipelago. See Elliot, I. 3 note 4. According -to <i>Sulaimán</i> (<span class="corr" id="xd25e43582" title="Source: A.C."><span class="sc">a.d.</span></span> 851) the -Tártariya dirham weighed “a dirham and a half of the -coinage of the king.” Elliot, I. 3. Al Masúdi (Prairies -D’Or, I. 382) calls these “Tátiriyyah” -dirhams, giving them the same weight as that given by -<i>Sulaimán</i> to the Tártariyah dirhams. <i>Ibni -Haukal</i> calls it the Titari dirhem and makes its weight equal to -“a dirham and a third” (Elliot, I. 85). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n519.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n520.1" -href="#n520.1src" name="n520.1">148</a></span> Kumlah is <i>rauma</i> -salt land. There is a Rúm near <span class="corr" id="xd25e43641" title="Source: Karúr">Kárur</span> about -sixty miles south-east of Multán. Al Idrísi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1135) has a Rumálah three days from -Kalbata the salt range. Elliot, I. 92. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n520.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n520.2" -href="#n520.2src" name="n520.2">149</a></span> Probably -Okhámandal. See Appendix vol. I. page 390 Elliot’s History -of India. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n520.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n520.3" -href="#n520.3src" name="n520.3">150</a></span> Sachau’s Arabic -Text of Al Bírúni’s Indica, 99. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n520.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n520.4" -href="#n520.4src" name="n520.4">151</a></span> Persian Text Bombay -Edition of 1832, I. 53. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n520.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n520.5" -href="#n520.5src" name="n520.5">152</a></span> Sachau’s Arabic -Text of Al <span class="corr" id="xd25e43708" title="Source: Bíruni">Bírúni</span>, -100. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n520.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n520.6" -href="#n520.6src" name="n520.6">153</a></span> Elliot’s History -of India, I. 84. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n520.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n520.7" -href="#n520.7src" name="n520.7">154</a></span> Al Biláduri in -Elliot (History of India), I. 129. The word <i>sáj</i> in the -Arabic text means besides a teak-spar (which seems to be an improbable -present to be sent to a Khalifáh), a large black or green turban -or sash. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n520.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n520.8" -href="#n520.8src" name="n520.8">155</a></span> Ibni Khurdádbha -in Elliot (History of India), I. 14 and 15. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n520.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n520.9" -href="#n520.9src" name="n520.9">156</a></span> De Meynard’s -Arabic Text of Les Prairies D’Or, III. -47–48. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n520.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n520.10" -href="#n520.10src" name="n520.10">157</a></span> Al Istakhri in Elliot -(History of India), I. 27 and 30. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n520.10src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n521.1" -href="#n521.1src" name="n521.1">158</a></span> Ibni Haukal in Elliot -(History of India), I. 34 and 38. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n521.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n521.2" -href="#n521.2src" name="n521.2">159</a></span> Al Bírúni -in Elliot, I. 66. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n521.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n521.3" -href="#n521.3src" name="n521.3">160</a></span> Al Idrísi in -Elliot, I. 77–85. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n521.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n521.4" -href="#n521.4src" name="n521.4">161</a></span> Sir Henry Elliot’s -History of India, I. 403 Appendix. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n521.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n521.5" -href="#n521.5src" name="n521.5">162</a></span> Lee’s Ibni Batuta, -166. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n521.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n521.6" -href="#n521.6src" name="n521.6">163</a></span> Al Masúdi in -Elliot (History of India), I. 21. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n521.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n521.7" -href="#n521.7src" name="n521.7">164</a></span> Rashid-ud-dín -from Al Bírúni in Elliot, I. 68. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n521.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n521.8" -href="#n521.8src" name="n521.8">165</a></span> Al Idrísi in -Elliot, I. 89. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n521.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n521.9" -href="#n521.9src" name="n521.9">166</a></span> Sir Henry Elliot’s -History of India, I. 65; Sachau’s Arabic Text of Al -Bírúni, 102. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n521.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n521.10" -href="#n521.10src" name="n521.10">167</a></span> Elliot’s History -of India, I. 67. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n521.10src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n521.11" -href="#n521.11src" name="n521.11">168</a></span> Sachau’s Text of -Al Bírúni, 252. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n521.11src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n521.12" -href="#n521.12src" name="n521.12">169</a></span> Sachau’s Arabic -Text, 253. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n521.12src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n521.13" -href="#n521.13src" name="n521.13">170</a></span> Sachau’s Arabic -Text, 253 chapter 58. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n521.13src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n522.1" -href="#n522.1src" name="n522.1">171</a></span> It appears that at the -time of his expedition to Somnáth Mahmúd had not adopted -the title of Sultán. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n522.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n522.2" -href="#n522.2src" name="n522.2">172</a></span> Sachau’s Arabic -Text, 253 chapter 58. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n522.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n522.3" -href="#n522.3src" name="n522.3">173</a></span> Sachau’s Text, 253 -chapter 58. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n522.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n522.4" -href="#n522.4src" name="n522.4">174</a></span> The -Táríkh-i-Kámil. Ibni Asír (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1160–1232) is a voluminous and reliable -historian. Ibni Khallikán, the author of the famous biographical -dictionary, knew and respected <span class="corr" id="xd25e43947" -title="Source: Asìr">Asír</span> always alluding to him -as “our Sheikh.” See Elliot, II. 245. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n522.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n522.5" -href="#n522.5src" name="n522.5">175</a></span> From the term -‘sculptured’ it would seem the idol was of stone. It is -curious how Ibni Asír states a little further that a part of the -idol was “burned by Mehmúd.” See Elliot, II. 471. -The Tárikh-i-Alfi says (Elliot, II. 471) that the idol was cut -of solid stone. It however represents it as hollow and containing -jewels, in repeating the somewhat hackneyed words of Mahmúd when -breaking the idol regardless of the handsome offer of the -Bráhmans, and finding it full of jewels. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n522.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n523.1" -href="#n523.1src" name="n523.1">176</a></span> The Rauzat-us-Safa -(Lithgd. Edition, IV. 48) speaks of Mahmúd’s project of -making Somnáth his capital and not Anhilwára as stated by -Farishtah (I. 57, Original Persian Text). The Rauzát-us-Safa -says that when Mahmúd had conquered <span class="corr" id="xd25e43999" title="Source: Somnath">Somnáth</span> he wished to -fix his residence there for some years as the country was very large -and had a great many advantages including mines of pure gold and rubies -brought from Sarandíb or Ceylon which he represents as a -dependency of Gujarát. At last he yielded to his -minister’s advice and agreed to return to -Khurásán. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n523.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n523.2" -href="#n523.2src" name="n523.2">177</a></span> Prairies D’Or -(DeMeynard’s Arabic Text, I. 381<span class="corr" id="xd25e44030" title="Not in source">)</span>; also Al Masúdi in -Elliot (History of India. I. 24). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n523.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n523.3" -href="#n523.3src" name="n523.3">178</a></span> Al Istakhri in Elliot -(History of India), I. 27. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n523.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n523.4" -href="#n523.4src" name="n523.4">179</a></span> Al Istakhri in Elliot -(History of India), I. 30. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n523.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n523.5" -href="#n523.5src" name="n523.5">180</a></span> Ibni Haukal in Elliot -(History of India), I. 34, 39. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n523.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n523.6" -href="#n523.6src" name="n523.6">181</a></span> Thus in Sachau’s -Arabic Text page 102, but Elliot (I. 66) spells the word Sufára -in his translation. It might have assumed that form in coming from the -Arabic through Rashíd-ud-dín’s Persian version from -which Sir Henry Elliot derives his account. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n523.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n523.7" -href="#n523.7src" name="n523.7">182</a></span> Al Idrísi in -Elliot (History of India), I. 77 and 85. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n523.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n523.8" -href="#n523.8src" name="n523.8">183</a></span> Al Bilázuri in -Elliot, I. 116. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n523.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n524.1" -href="#n524.1src" name="n524.1">184</a></span> Barbier -DeMeynard’s Text of Masúdi’s Prairies D’Or, I. -330 and 381. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n524.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n524.2" -href="#n524.2src" name="n524.2">185</a></span> Sachau’s Arabic -Text of Al Bírúni, chapters 18, 99, 102 and -Elliot’s History of India, I. 60–61, -66–67. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n524.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n524.3" -href="#n524.3src" name="n524.3">186</a></span> Al Idrísi in -Elliot, 1–89. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n524.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n524.4" -href="#n524.4src" name="n524.4">187</a></span> Al Idrísi says -the real <i>tabáshír</i> is extracted from the root of -the reed called <i>sharki</i>. <i>Sarki</i> is Gujaráti for -reed. It is generally applied to the reeds growing on river banks used -by the poor for thatching their cottages. <i>Tabáshír</i> -is a drug obtained from the pith of the bamboo and prescribed by Indian -physicians as a cooling drink good for fever. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n524.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n524.5" -href="#n524.5src" name="n524.5">188</a></span> The name -<i>Barádah</i> <span class="Arabic" lang="ar">برادة‎</span> in Arabic -orthography bears a close resemblance to <span class="Arabic" lang="ar">برابہ‎</span> -<i>Barâbah</i>, <span class="Arabic" lang="ar">بارلبہ‎</span> -<i>Bárlabah</i>, <span class="Arabic" lang="ar">برلبہ‎</span> <i>Barlabah</i>, -all three being the forms or nearly the forms in which the word -<span class="Arabic" lang="ar">ولبہ‎</span> -<i>Walabah</i> or <span class="Arabic" lang="ar">وَلَبي‎</span> -<i>Walabi</i> would be written by an Arab, supposing the diacritical -points to be, as they often are, omitted. Besides as Barádah the -word has been read and miswritten <span class="Arabic" lang="ar">نارند‎</span> -<i>Nárand</i> or <i>Bárand</i> and <span class="Arabic" -lang="ar">بارد‎</span> <i>Bárad</i> -or <i>Barid</i>. In the <i>shikastah</i> or broken hand -<i>Nárand</i> or <i>Bárand</i> <span class="Arabic" lang="ar">بارند‎</span> would closely -resemble <span class="Arabic" lang="ar">بارلبہ‎</span> -<i>Bárlabah</i> or <i>Báradah</i> <span class="Arabic" -lang="ar">باردة‎</span>. Al -Bilázuri in Elliot’s History of India I. 127, writes the -word <i>Nárand</i> or <i>Bárand</i>. Sir Henry Elliot -(History, I. 444) reads the word Barada and would identify the place -with the Barda hills inland from Porbandar in south-west -Káthiáváḍ. The objection to this is that the -word used by the Arab writers was the name of a town as well as of a -coast tract, while the name of Barda is applied solely to a range of -hills. On the other hand Balaba the coast and town meets all -requirements. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n524.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n524.6" -href="#n524.6src" name="n524.6">189</a></span> Reigned <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 754–775. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n524.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n524.7" -href="#n524.7src" name="n524.7">190</a></span> Sir Henry Elliot’s -History of India, II. 246 and Frag. Arabes 3, 120, 212; Weil’s -<span lang="de">Geschichte der Chalifen</span>, II. 115. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n524.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n525.1" -href="#n525.1src" name="n525.1">191</a></span> Sir Henry Elliot’s -History of India, I. 444. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n525.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n525.2" -href="#n525.2src" name="n525.2">192</a></span> Sir Henry Elliot -(History of India, I. 445) identifies Kandhár with -Kandadár in north-west <span class="corr" id="xd25e44366" title="Source: Káthiaváḍ">Káthiáváḍ</span>. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n525.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n525.3" -href="#n525.3src" name="n525.3">193</a></span> Sachau’s Original -Text, 205. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n525.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n525.4" -href="#n525.4src" name="n525.4">194</a></span> Sachau’s Original -Text, 17–94. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n525.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n525.5" -href="#n525.5src" name="n525.5">195</a></span> Details above in Dr. -<span class="corr" id="xd25e44410" title="Source: Bhagvanlál’s">Bhagvánlál’s</span> -History, 96 note 3. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n525.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n525.6" -href="#n525.6src" name="n525.6">196</a></span> Elliot’s History -of India, I. 7. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n525.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n526.1" -href="#n526.1src" name="n526.1">197</a></span> Elliot’s History -of India, I. 22, 24, 25. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n526.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n526.2" -href="#n526.2src" name="n526.2">198</a></span> Elliot’s History -of India, I. 34. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n526.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n526.3" -href="#n526.3src" name="n526.3">199</a></span> Elliot’s History -of India, I. 86. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n526.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n526.4" -href="#n526.4src" name="n526.4">200</a></span> Al Masúdi Les -Prairies D’Or, II. chapter 18 page 85. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n526.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n526.5" -href="#n526.5src" name="n526.5">201</a></span> Giving an account of the -diviners and jugglers of India Abu Zaid says: These observations are -especially applicable to Kanauj, a large country forming the empire of -Jurz. Abu Zaid in Elliot’s History of India, I. 10. References -given in the History of Bhínmál show that the Gurjjara -power spread not only to Kanauj but to Bengal. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n526.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n527.1" -href="#n527.1src" name="n527.1">202</a></span> Ibni Khurdádbah -in Elliot’s History of India, I. 13. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n527.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n527.2" -href="#n527.2src" name="n527.2">203</a></span> Al Masúdi in -Elliot (History of India), I. 25. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n527.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n527.3" -href="#n527.3src" name="n527.3">204</a></span> Ibni Haukal in Elliot -(History of India), I. 34. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n527.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n527.4" -href="#n527.4src" name="n527.4">205</a></span> Al Bírúni -in Elliot (History of India), I. 67. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n527.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n527.5" -href="#n527.5src" name="n527.5">206</a></span> Al Bírúni -in Elliot (History of India), I. 59. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n527.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n527.6" -href="#n527.6src" name="n527.6">207</a></span> Al Idrísi in -Elliot (History of India), I. 76. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n527.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n527.7" -href="#n527.7src" name="n527.7">208</a></span> Al Idrísi in -Elliot (History of India), I. 86. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n527.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n527.8" -href="#n527.8src" name="n527.8">209</a></span> The merchant -Sulaimán (851 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>) in Elliot’s -History of India, I. 5. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n527.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n527.9" -href="#n527.9src" name="n527.9">210</a></span> Ibni Khurdádbah -in Elliot (History of India), I. 13. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n527.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n527.10" -href="#n527.10src" name="n527.10">211</a></span> Al Masúdi in -Elliot (History of India), I. 23. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n527.10src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n527.11" -href="#n527.11src" name="n527.11">212</a></span> Al Masúdi in -Elliot (History of India), I. 25. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n527.11src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n527.12" -href="#n527.12src" name="n527.12">213</a></span> Ibni <span class="corr" id="xd25e44679" title="Source: Khurdádbáh">Khurdádbah</span> in -Elliot’s History of India, I. 14. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n527.12src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n528.1" -href="#n528.1src" name="n528.1">214</a></span> Al Masúdi in -History of India by Sir Henry Elliot, I. 25. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n528.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n528.2" -href="#n528.2src" name="n528.2">215</a></span> Lane’s Notes on -his Translation of the Alf Leilah, III. 80. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n528.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n528.3" -href="#n528.3src" name="n528.3">216</a></span> Al Masúdi’s -Murúj (Arabic Text Cairo Edition, I. 221). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n528.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n528.4" -href="#n528.4src" name="n528.4">217</a></span> The merchant -Sulaimán (Elliot’s History of India), I. 4 and -5. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n528.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n528.5" -href="#n528.5src" name="n528.5">218</a></span> See page 519 note -8. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n528.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n528.6" -href="#n528.6src" name="n528.6">219</a></span> Sir Henry Elliot’s -History of India, I. 11. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n528.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n528.7" -href="#n528.7src" name="n528.7">220</a></span> Ibni Khurdádbah -in Elliot’s History of India, I. 14. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n528.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n528.8" -href="#n528.8src" name="n528.8">221</a></span> Ibni Khurdádbah -in Elliot’s History of India, I. 15. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n528.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n528.9" -href="#n528.9src" name="n528.9">222</a></span> Al Masúdi -(Elliot’s History of India), I. 23. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n528.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n528.10" -href="#n528.10src" name="n528.10">223</a></span> Barbier De -Meynard’s Arabic Text of Les Prairies D’Or, III. -47–48. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n528.10src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n528.11" -href="#n528.11src" name="n528.11">224</a></span> Barbier De -Meynard’s Arabic Text of Les Prairies D’Or, I. -239. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n528.11src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n528.12" -href="#n528.12src" name="n528.12">225</a></span> Barbier De -Meynard’s Arabic Text of Les Prairies D’Or, I. -253. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n528.12src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n528.13" -href="#n528.13src" name="n528.13">226</a></span> Barbier De -Meynard’s Arabic Text of <span lang="fr">Les Prairies -D’Or</span>, I. 384. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n528.13src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n528.14" -href="#n528.14src" name="n528.14">227</a></span> Ibni Haukal -(Ashkál-ul-Bilád) and Elliot’s History of India, I. -39. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n528.14src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n528.15" -href="#n528.15src" name="n528.15">228</a></span> Elliot’s History -of India, III. 33. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n528.15src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n528.16" -href="#n528.16src" name="n528.16">229</a></span> Mámhal is by -some numbered among the cities of India. Al Idrísi in Elliot, I. -84. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n528.16src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n528.17" -href="#n528.17src" name="n528.17">230</a></span> Al Idrísi in -Elliot, I. 79. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n528.17src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n529.1" -href="#n529.1src" name="n529.1">231</a></span> Al Idrísi in -Elliot, I. 85. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n529.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n529.2" -href="#n529.2src" name="n529.2">232</a></span> Al Idrísi in -Elliot’s History of India, I. 85. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n529.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n529.3" -href="#n529.3src" name="n529.3">233</a></span> Al Idrísi in -Elliot’s History of India, I. 85. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n529.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n529.4" -href="#n529.4src" name="n529.4">234</a></span> -Rashíd-ud-dín in Elliot’s History of India, I. -67–68. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n529.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n529.5" -href="#n529.5src" name="n529.5">235</a></span> Ibni Haukal -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 968) in Elliot, I. -39. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n529.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n529.6" -href="#n529.6src" name="n529.6">236</a></span> Al Idrísi -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 968) in Elliot, I. 84 and -87. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n529.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n529.7" -href="#n529.7src" name="n529.7">237</a></span> Al Idrísi -speaking of Cambay in Elliot’s History of India, I. -84. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n529.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n529.8" -href="#n529.8src" name="n529.8">238</a></span> Al Idrísi in -Elliot, I. 85. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n529.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n529.9" -href="#n529.9src" name="n529.9">239</a></span> Al Idrísi in -Elliot, I. 88. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n529.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n529.10" -href="#n529.10src" name="n529.10">240</a></span> Al Masúdi in -Elliot’s History of India, I. 9. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n529.10src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n529.11" -href="#n529.11src" name="n529.11">241</a></span> Ibni Haukal in Elliot, -I. 35. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n529.11src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n529.12" -href="#n529.12src" name="n529.12">242</a></span> Ibni Haukal in Elliot, -I. 39. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n529.12src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n529.13" -href="#n529.13src" name="n529.13">243</a></span> Al Idrísi in -Elliot’s History of India, I. 88. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n529.13src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n529.14" -href="#n529.14src" name="n529.14">244</a></span> -Rashíd-ud-dín (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1310) in -Elliot’s History of India, I. 67. The passage seems to be a -quotation from Al Bírúni (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1031). <a class="fnarrow" href="#n529.14src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n530.1" -href="#n530.1src" name="n530.1">245</a></span> Ibni Haukal in -Elliot’s History of India, I. 34–38, also Al -Kazwíni, I. 97. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n530.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n530.2" -href="#n530.2src" name="n530.2">246</a></span> Sir Henry Elliot’s -History of India, I. 29. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n530.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n530.3" -href="#n530.3src" name="n530.3">247</a></span> The merchant -Sulaimán in Elliot’s History of India, I. -7. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n530.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n530.4" -href="#n530.4src" name="n530.4">248</a></span> The merchant -Sulaimán in Elliot’s History of India, I. -6. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n530.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n530.5" -href="#n530.5src" name="n530.5">249</a></span> The merchant -Sulaimán in Elliot’s History of India, I. -7. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n530.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n530.6" -href="#n530.6src" name="n530.6">250</a></span> Abu Zaid in -Elliot’s History of India, I. 10. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n530.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n530.7" -href="#n530.7src" name="n530.7">251</a></span> Abu Zaid in -Elliot’s History of India, I. 9–10. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#n530.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n530.8" -href="#n530.8src" name="n530.8">252</a></span> Abu Zaid in -Elliot’s History of India, I. 11. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n530.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n530.9" -href="#n530.9src" name="n530.9">253</a></span> Ibni Khurdádbah -in Elliot, I. 17. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n530.9src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n530.10" -href="#n530.10src" name="n530.10">254</a></span> See Elliot, I. 76, -where Al Idrísi calls the first class -‘<i>Sákariá</i>’ the word being a -transliteration of the Arabic Thákariyah or -Thákurs. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n530.10src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n530.11" -href="#n530.11src" name="n530.11">255</a></span> The Arabic plural of -the word Barahman. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n530.11src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n530.12" -href="#n530.12src" name="n530.12">256</a></span> Ibni Khurdádbah -in Elliot’s History of India, I. 13–17. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n530.12src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n531.1" -href="#n531.1src" name="n531.1">257</a></span> Text <span lang="fr">Les -Prairies D’Or</span>, I. 149–154 and Elliot’s History -of India, I. 19. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n531.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n531.2" -href="#n531.2src" name="n531.2">258</a></span> Arabic Text Les Prairies -D’Or, I. 149–154, and Elliot’s History of India, I. -20. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n531.2src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n531.3" -href="#n531.3src" name="n531.3">259</a></span> Al Masúdi’s -Prairies D’Or, I. 169, and Elliot’s History of India, I. -20. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n531.3src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n531.4" -href="#n531.4src" name="n531.4">260</a></span> -Rashíd-ud-dín from Al Bírúni in -Elliot’s History of India, I. 67–68. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n531.4src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n531.5" -href="#n531.5src" name="n531.5">261</a></span> Al Idrísi in -Elliot (History of India), I. 76. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n531.5src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n531.6" -href="#n531.6src" name="n531.6">262</a></span> Al Idrísi in -Elliot (History of India), I. 85. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n531.6src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n531.7" -href="#n531.7src" name="n531.7">263</a></span> Al Idrísi in -Elliot (History of India), I. 87. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n531.7src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n531.8" -href="#n531.8src" name="n531.8">264</a></span> Sir Henry Elliot’s -History of India, I. 88. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n531.8src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n531.9" -href="#n531.9src" name="n531.9">265</a></span> Al Idrísi in -Elliot (History of India), I. 88. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n531.9src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="app6" class="div1 appendix"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">APPENDIX VI.</h2> -<h2 class="main">WESTERN INDIA AS KNOWN TO THE GREEKS AND -ROMANS.<a class="noteref" id="n532.1src" href="#n532.1" name="n532.1src">1</a></h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix VI.<br> -<span class="sc">Early Greeks and Romans.</span></span> <b><span class="corr" id="xd25e45103" title="Source: Hérodotos">Hêrodotos</span></b> and -<b>Hekataios</b>, the earliest Greek writers who make mention of India, -give no information in regard to Western India in particular.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Ktêsias.</i></span><b><span class="corr" id="xd25e45114" title="Source: Ktésias">Ktêsias</span></b> (c. -400 <span class="sc">b.c.</span>) learnt in Persia that a race of -Pygmies lived in India in the neighbourhood of the silver mines, which -Lassen places near Udaipur (Mewar). From the description of these -Pygmies (Phôtios. Bibl. LXXII. 11–12) it is evident that -they represent the Bhíls. Ktêsias also mentions -(Phôtios. Bibl. LXXII. 8) that there is a place in an uninhabited -region fifteen days from Mount Sardous, where they venerate the sun and -moon and where for thirty-five days in each year the sun remits his -heat for the comfort of his worshippers. This place must apparently -have been somewhere in <span class="corr" id="xd25e45120" title="Source: Marwar">Mârwâr</span>, and perhaps Mount Âbu -is the place referred to.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Alexander.</i></span><b>Alexander</b> -(<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 326–25) did not reach -Gujarát, and his companions have nothing to tell of this part of -the country. It is otherwise with</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Megasthenês.</i></span><b><span class="corr" id="xd25e45138" title="Source: Megasthenés">Megasthenês</span></b> (c. -300 <span class="sc">b.c.</span>) who resided with Candragupta as -the ambassador of Seleukos Nikator and wrote an account of India in -four books, of which considerable fragments are preserved, chiefly by -Strabo, Pliny, and Arrian. His general account of the manners of the -Indians relates chiefly to those of northern India, of whom he had -personal knowledge. But he also gave a geographical description of -India, for Arrian informs us (Ind. VII) that he gave the total number -of Indian tribes as 118, and Pliny (VI. 17ff) does in fact enumerate -about 90, to whom may be added some seven or eight more mentioned by -Arrian. It is true that Pliny does not distinctly state that he takes -his geographical details from Megasthenês, and that he quotes -Seneca as having written a book on India. But Seneca also (Pliny, VI. -17) gave the number of the tribes as 118 in which he must have followed -Megasthenês. Further, Pliny says (<i>ibid</i><span class="corr" -id="xd25e45146" title="Not in source">.</span>) that accounts of the -military forces of each nation were given by writers such as -Megasthenês and Dionysius who stayed with Indian kings: and as he -does not mention Dionysius in his list of authorities for his Book VI., -it follows that it was from Megasthenês that he drew his accounts -of the forces of the Gangaridæ, Modogalinga, Andaræ, Prasi, -Megallæ, Asmagi, Oratæ, Suarataratæ, Automula, -Charmæ, and Pandæ (VI. 19), names which, as will be shown -below, betray a knowledge of all parts of India. It is a fair inference -that the remaining names mentioned by Pliny were taken by him from -Megasthenês, perhaps through the medium of Seneca’s work. -The corruption of Pliny’s text <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb533" href="#pb533" name="pb533">533</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix VI.<br> -<span class="sc">Early Greeks and Romans.</span><br> -<i>Megasthenês.</i></span> and the fact that Megasthenês -learnt the tribal names in their Prakrit forms, make it extremely -difficult to identify many of the races referred to.</p> -<p>That part of Pliny’s account of India which may with some -certainty be traced back to Megasthenês begins with a statement -of the stages of the royal road from the Hypasis (Biás) to -Palibothra (Patna) (Nat. Hist. VI. 17). The next chapter gives an -account of the Ganges and its tributaries and mentions the -Gangaridæ of Kalinga with their capital Pertalis as the most -distant nation on its banks. In the 19th chapter, after an account of -the forces of the Gangaridæ, Pliny gives a list of thirteen -tribes, of which the only ones that can be said to be satisfactorily -identified are Modogalinga (the three Calingas: Caldwell Drav. Gr.), -Molindæ (compare Mount Mâlindya of Varâha Mihira Br. -S. XIV.), and Thalutæ (McCrindle reads Taluctæ and -identifies with the Tâmraliptakas of Tamluk on the lower Ganges). -He next mentions the Andaræ (Andhras of Telingana) with thirty -cities 100,000 foot 2000 horse and 1000 elephants. He then digresses to -speak of the Dardæ (Dards of the Upper Indus) as rich in gold and -the Setæ (of Mêwâr, Lassen) in silver, and next -introduces the Prasi (Prâcyas) of Palibothra (<span class="corr" -id="xd25e45165" title="Source: Pâtaliputra">Pâṭaliputra</span>) as the most -famous and powerful of all the tribes, having 600,000 foot 30,000 horse -and 8000 elephants. Inland from these he names the Monædes -(Muṇḍa of Singbhúm) and Suari (Śavaras of -Central India) among whom is Mount Maleus (Mahendra Male?). Then after -some account of the Iomanes (Yamunâ) running between Methora -(Mathurâ) and Chrysobora (McCrindle reads Carisobora, Arrian Ind. -VIII. Kleisobora = Kṛishṇapura?) he turns to the Indus, of -some of whose nineteen tributaries he gives some account in chapter 20. -He then digresses to give an account of the coast of India, starting -from the mouth of the Ganges, whence to Point Calingon (Point -Godâvari) and the city of Dandaguda (Cunningham’s -Râja Mahendri, but more probably the Dhanakaṭaka or -Dhenukâkaṭa of the Western cave inscriptions) he reckons -625 miles. The distance thence to Tropina (Tirupanatara near Kochin -according to Burgess) is 1225 miles. Next at a distance of 750 miles is -the cape of Perimula, where is the most famous mart of India. Further -on in the same chapter is mentioned a city named Automula on the sea -shore among the Arabastræ (or Salabastræ and Oratæ, -McCrindle) a noble mart where five rivers together flow into the sea. -There can hardly be a doubt that the two places are the same, the two -names being taken from different authorities, and that the place meant -is Chemula or Cheul (Ptolemy’s Simulla) the five rivers being -those that flow into Bombay Harbour northward of Cheul. The distance -from Perimula to the Island of Patala in the Indus is 620 miles. Pliny -next enumerates as hill tribes between the Indus and Jamna, shut in a -ring of mountains and deserts for a space of 625 miles, the Cæsi -(the Kekiọi of Arr. Ind. IV. and Kêkayas of the -Purâṇas, about the head waters of the Sutlej), the -Cetriboni of the woods (… Vana?), the Megallæ -(Mêkalas) with 500 elephants and unknown numbers of horse and -foot, the Chrysei (Karûsha) Parasangæ (Pâraśava, -corrupted by the likeness of its first three syllables to the word -<span class="trans" title="parasanga"><span class="Greek" lang="grc">παρασαγγα</span></span>, -the Asmagi (Aśmaka of Varâha Mihira) with 30,000 foot 300 -elephants and 800 horse. These are shut in by the Indus and surrounded -by a circle of mountains and deserts for 625 miles. Next come the Dari -and Suræ and then deserts again for 187 miles. Whether these are -or are not correctly identified with the Dhars and Saurs of Sindh, they -must be placed somewhere to the north of the Ran. Below them come five -kingless tribes living in the hills along the sea-coast—the -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb534" href="#pb534" name="pb534">534</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix VI.<br> -<span class="sc">Early Greeks and Romans.</span><br> -<i>Megasthenês.</i></span> Maltecoræ, Singhæ, -Marohæ, Rarungæ, and Moruni—none of whom are -satisfactorily identified, but who may be placed in Kachh. Next follow -the Nareæ, enclosed by Mount Capitalia (Âbu) the highest -mountain in India, on the other side of which are mines of gold and -silver. The identification of Capitalia with Âbu is probable -enough, but the name given to the mountain must be connected with the -Kapishṭhala of the <i>Purâṇas</i>, who have given -their name to one of the recensions of the Yajur Veda, though Kaithal, -their modern representative, lies far away from Âbu in the -Karnâl district of the Panjâb, and Arrian places his -<span class="trans" title="kambistholoi"><span class="Greek" lang="grc">καμβισθολοι</span></span> -(Ind. IV) about the head waters of the Hydraôtês -(Râvî). After Capitalia and the Nareæ come the -Oratæ with but ten elephants but numerous infantry. These must be -the Aparântakas of the inscriptions and -<i>purâṇas</i>, Megasthenês having learnt the name in -a <span class="corr" id="xd25e45205" title="Source: Prakṛit">Prâkṛit</span> form (Avarâta, -Orâta). The name of the next tribe, who have no elephants but -horse and foot only, is commonly read Suarataratæ (Nobbe) but the -preferable reading is Varetatæ (McCrindle) which when corrected -to Varelatæ represents Varalatta, the sixth of the seven Konkans -in the purâṇic lists (Wilson <abbr title="Asiatic Researches">As. Res.</abbr> XV. 47), which occupied the centre -of the Thána district and the country of the wild tribe of the -Varlîs. Next are the Odonbæores, whose name is connected -with the <i>udumbara</i> Ficus glomerata tree, and who are not the -Audumbari Sâlvas of <span class="corr" id="xd25e45214" title="Source: Pâniṇi">Pâṇini</span> (IV. i. 173) but -must be placed in Southern Thána. Next come the Arabastræ -Oratæ (so read for Arabastræ Thorace of Nobbe, and -Salabastræ Horatæ of McCrindle) or Arabastra division of -the Oratæ or Koṅkaṇîs. Arabastra may be -connected with the Ârava of Varâha-Mihira’s -South-Western Division (<abbr>Br. S.</abbr> XIV. 17) where they are -mentioned along with Barbara (the seventh or northernmost -Koṅkaṇ). This tribe had a fine city in a marsh infested by -crocodiles and also the great mart of Automula (Cheul) at the -confluence of five rivers, and the king had 1600 elephants 150,000 foot -and 5000 horse, and must therefore have held a large part of the Dakhan -as well as of the sea coast. Next to this kingdom is that of the -Charmæ, whose forces are small, and next to them the Pandæ -(Pâṇḍya of Travancor) with 300 cities 150,000 foot -and 500 elephants. Next follows a list of thirteen tribes, some of -which St. Martin has identified with modern <span class="corr" id="xd25e45221" title="Source: Rajput">Râjput</span> tribes about -the Indus, because the last name of the thirteen is Orostræ, -“who reach to the island of Patala,” and may be confidently -identified with the <span class="corr" id="xd25e45224" title="Source: Sâurâshṭra">Saurâshṭra</span> of -Kâthiâvâḍa. We must however assume that -Megasthenês after naming the tribes of the west coast enumerates -the inland tribes of the Dakhan until he arrives at the point from -which he started. But the only identification that seems plausible is -that of the Derangæ with the Telingas or Telugus. Next to the -Orostræ follows a list of tribes on the east of the Indus from -south to north—the Mathoæ (compare Mânthava, a -Bâhîka town Pân. IV. ii. 117), Bolingæ -(Bhâulingi, a Sâlva tribe Pân. IV. i. 173), -Gallitalutæ (perhaps a corruption of Tâilakhali, another -Sâlva tribe, <i>ib.</i>), Dimuri, Megari, Ardabæ, -Mesæ (Matsya of Jaipur?), Abi, Suri, (v. 1. Abhis Uri), -Silæ, and then deserts for 250 miles. Next come three more tribes -and then again deserts, then four or five (according to the reading) -more tribes, and the Asini whose capital is Bucephala (Jalâlpur) -(Cunningham <abbr title="Ancient Geography">Anc. Geog.</abbr> 177). -Megasthenês then gives two mountain tribes and ten beyond the -Indus including the Orsi (Uraśâ) Taxilæ -(Takshaśilâ) and Peucolitæ (people of -Pushkâlavatî). Of the work of Dêïmachos, who -went on an embassy to Allitrochadês (Bindusâra) son of -Candragupta, nothing is known except that it was in two books and was -reckoned the most untrustworthy of all accounts of India (Strabo, II. -i. 9). <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb535" href="#pb535" name="pb535">535</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix VI.<br> -<span class="sc">Early Greeks and Romans.</span><br> -<i>Ptolemy II.</i></span> <span class="marginnote"><i>Ptolemy -II.</i></span><b>Ptolemy II. Philadelphos</b> (died 247 <span class="sc">b.c.</span>) interested himself in the trade with India and opened -a caravan road from Koptos on the Nile to Berenikê on the Red Sea -(Strabo, XVII. i. 45) and for centuries the Indian trade resorted -either to this port or to the neighbouring Myos Hormos. He also sent to -India (apparently to Aśoka) an envoy named Dionysius, who is said -by Pliny (VI. 17) to have written an account of things Indian of which -no certain fragments appear to remain. But we know from the fragments -of</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Agatharkhides.</i></span><b>Agatharkhides</b> (born c. -250 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>) who wrote in old age an account of -the Red Sea of which we have considerable extracts in Diodôros -(III. 12–48) and Phôtios (Müller’s Geogr. Gr. -Min. I. 111ff), states that in his time the Indian trade with Potana -(Patala) was in the hands of the Sabæans of Yemen. (Müller, -I. 191.) In fact it was not until the voyages of Eudoxos (see below) -that any direct trade sprang up between India and Egypt. The mention of -Patala as the mart resorted to by the Arabs shows that we are still in -Pliny’s first period (see below).</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>The Baktrian Greeks.</i></span><b>The -Baktrian Greeks</b> extended their power into India after the fall of -the Mâurya empire (c. 180 <span class="sc">b.c.</span>) their -leader being Dêmêtrios son of Euthydêmos, whose -conquests are referred to by Justin (XLI. 6) and Strabo (XI. ii. 1). -But the most extensive conquests to the east and south were made by -Menandros (c. 110 <span class="sc">b.c.</span>) who advanced to the -Jumna and conquered the whole coast from Pattalênê (lower -Sindh) to the kingdoms of Saraostos (<span class="corr" id="xd25e45279" -title="Source: Ṣurâshṭra">Surâshṭra</span>) and -Sigertis (Pliny’s Sigerus?) (Strabo, XI. ii. 1). These statements -of Strabo are confirmed by the author of the Periplus (c. 250 -<span class="sc">a.d.</span>) who says that in his time <i>drakhmai</i> -with Greek inscriptions of Menandros and Apollodotos were still current -at Barygaza (Per. 47). Apollodotos is now generally thought to have -been the successor of Menandros (<span class="sc">C.</span> 100 -<span class="sc">b.c.</span>) (Brit. Museum Cat. of Bactrian Coins page -xxxiii.). Plutarch (<span lang="la">Reip. Ger. Princ.</span>) tells us -that Menandros’ rule was so mild, that on his death his towns -disputed the possession of his ashes and finally divided them.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Eudoxos of Cyzicus.</i></span><b>Eudoxos -of Cyzicus</b> (c. 117 <span class="sc">b.c.</span>) made in company -with others two very successful voyages to India, in the first of which -the company were guided by an Indian who had been shipwrecked on the -Egyptian coast. Strabo (II. iii. 4), in quoting the story of his doings -from Poseidônios, lays more stress upon his attempt to -circumnavigate Africa than upon these two Indian voyages, but they are -of very great importance as the beginnings of the direct trade with -India.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i><span class="corr" id="xd25e45312" -title="Source: Eratokthenês">Eratosthenês</span>.</i></span><b>The -Geographers</b> down to Ptolemy drew their knowledge of India almost -entirely from the works of Megasthenês and of the companions of -Alexander. Among them Eratosthenês (c. 275–194 <span class="sc">b.c.</span>), the founder of scientific geography, deserves -mention as having first given wide currency to the notion that the -width of India from west to east was greater than its length from north -to south, an error which lies at the root of Ptolemy’s distortion -of the map. Eratosthenês’ critic Hipparkhos (c. 130 -<span class="sc">b.c.</span>) on this point followed the more correct -account of Megasthenês, and is otherwise notable as the first to -make use of astronomy for the determination of the geographical -position of places.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Strabo.</i></span><b>Strabo</b> (c. 63 -<span class="sc">b.c.</span>–23 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>) -drew his knowledge of India, like his predecessors, chiefly from -Megasthenês and from Alexander’s followers, but adds (XV. -i. 72) on the authority of Nikolaos of Damascus (tutor to the children -of Antony and Cleopatra, and envoy of Herod) (an account of three -Indian envoys from a certain king Pôros to Augustus (<i>ob.</i> -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 14), <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb536" href="#pb536" name="pb536">536</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix VI.<br> -<span class="sc">Early Greeks and Romans.</span><br> -<i>Strabo.</i></span> who brought presents consisting of an armless -man, snakes, a huge turtle and a large partridge, with a letter in -Greek written on parchment offering free passage and traffic through -his dominions to the emperor’s subjects. With these envoys came a -certain Zarmanokhêgas (Śramaṇâcârya, -Lassen) from Bargosê (Broach, the earliest mention of the name) -who afterwards burnt himself at Athens, “according to the -ancestral custom of the Indians.” The fact that the embassy came -from Broach and passed through Antioch shows that they took the route -by the Persian Gulf, which long remained one of the chief lines of -trade (<abbr>Per.</abbr> <abbr title="chapter">chap.</abbr> 36). If the -embassy was not a purely commercial speculation on the part of -merchants of Broach, it is hard to see how king Pôros, who had -600 under-kings, can be other than the Indo-Skythian Kozolakadaphes, -who held Pôros’ old kingdom as well as much other territory -in North-West India. This if correct would show that as early as the -beginning of our era the Indo-Skythian power reached as far south as -Broach. The fact that the embassy took the Persian Gulf route and that -their object was to open commercial relations with the Roman empire -seems to show that at this period there was no direct trade between -Broach and the Egyptian ports of the Red Sea. Strabo however mentions -that in his time Arabian and Indian wares were carried on camels from -Myos Hormos (near Râs Abu Somer) on the Red Sea to Koptos on the -Nile (XVII. i. 45 and XVI. iv. 24) and dilates upon the increase of the -Indian trade since the days of the Ptolemies when not so many as twenty -ships dared pass through the Red Sea “to peer out of the -Straits,” whereas in his time whole fleets of as many as 120 -vessels voyaged to India and the headlands of Ethiopia from Myos Hormos -(II. v. 12 and XV. i. 13). It would seem that we have here to do with -Pliny’s second period of Indian trade, when Sigerus (probably -Janjira) was the goal of the Egyptian shipmasters (see below). Strabo -learnt these particulars during his stay in Egypt with Aelius Gallus, -but they were unknown to his contemporary Diodôros who drew his -account of India entirely from Megasthenês (Diod. II. -31–42) and had no knowledge of the East beyond the stories told -by Jamboulos a person of uncertain date of an island in the Indian -Archipelago (Bali, according to Lassen) (Diod. II. 57–60). -Pomponius Mela (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 43) also had no -recent information as regards India.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Pliny.</i></span><b>Pliny</b> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 23–79) who published his -Natural History in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 77 gives a fairly -full account of India, chiefly drawn from Megasthenês (see -above). He also gives two valuable pieces of contemporary -information:</p> -<p>(i) An account of Ceylon (Taprobanê) to which a freedman of -Annius Plocamus, farmer of the Red Sea tribute, was carried by stress -of weather in the reign of Claudius (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 41–54). On his return the king sent to the -emperor four envoys, headed by one Rachias (VI. 22).</p> -<p>(ii) An account of the voyage from Alexandria to India by a course -which had only lately been made known (VI. 23). Pliny divides the -history of navigation from the time of Nearchus to his own age into -three periods:</p> -<ul> -<li>(<i>a</i>) the period of sailing from Syagrus (Râs Fartak) in -Arabia to Patalê (Indus delta) by the south-west wind called -Hippalus, 1332 miles;</li> -<li>(<i>b</i>) the period of sailing from Syagrus (Râs Fartak) to -Sigerus (<i>Ptol.</i> Milizêgyris, <i>Peripl.</i> Melizeigara, -probably Janjíra, and perhaps the same as Strabo’s -Sigertis);</li> -<li>(<i>c</i>) the modern period, when traffic went on from Alexandria -to Koptos up the Nile, and thence by camels across the desert to -Berenice (in Foul Bay), 257 miles. Thence the merchants start in the -middle of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb537" href="#pb537" name="pb537">537</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix VI.<br> -<span class="sc">Early Greeks and Romans.</span><br> -<i>Pliny.</i></span> summer before the rising of the dogstar and in -thirty days reach Okelis (Ghalla) or Cane (Hisn Ghorab), the former -port being most frequented by the Indian trade. From Okelis it is a -forty days’ voyage to Muziris (Muyyiri, Kranganur) which is -dangerous on account of the neighbouring pirates of Nitrias (Mangalor) -and inconvenient by reason of the distance of the roads from the shore. -Another better port is Becare (Kallaḍa, Yule) belonging to the -tribe Neacyndon (<i>Ptol.</i> Melkynda, <i>Peripl.</i> Nelkynda) of the -kingdom of Pandion (Pâṇḍya) whose capital is Modura -(Madura). Here pepper is brought in canoes from Cottonara -(Kaḍattanâḍu). The ships return to the Red Sea in -December or January.</li> -</ul> -<p>It is clear that the modern improvement in navigation on which Pliny -lays so much stress consisted, not in making use of the monsoon wind, -but in striking straight across the Indian ocean to the Malabar coast. -The fact that the ships which took this course carried a guard of -archers in Pliny’s time, but not in that of the Periplus, is -another indication that the direct route to Malabar was new and -unfamiliar in the first century <span class="sc">a.d.</span> The name -Hippalus given to the monsoon wind will be discussed below in dealing -with the Periplus.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Dionysios -Periégétés.</i></span><b>Dionysios -Periégétés</b> who has lately been proved to have -written under Hadrian (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 117–138) -(Christ’s <span lang="de">Griech<span class="corr" id="xd25e45447" title="Source: ,">.</span> Litteratur Gesch<span class="corr" id="xd25e45450" title="Not in source">.</span></span>, page 507) -gives a very superficial description of India but has a valuable notice -of the Southern Skythians who live along the river Indus to the east of -the Gedrôsoi (I. 1087–88).</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Klaudios -Ptolemaios.</i></span><b>Klaudios Ptolemaios</b> of Alexandria lived -according to Suidas under Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 161–180). He compiled his account of India -as part of a geographical description of the then known world, and drew -much of his materials from Marinos of Tyre, whose work is lost, but who -must have written about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 130. Ptolemy -(or Marinos before him) had a very wide knowledge of India, drawn -partly from the relations of shipmasters and traders and partly from -Indian lists similar to those of the <i><span class="corr" id="xd25e45467" title="Source: Purânas">Purâṇas</span></i> but drawn up in -Prâkṛit. He seems to have made little if any use of -Megasthenês and the companions of Alexander. But his map of India -is distorted by the erroneous idea, which he took from -Eratosthenês, that the width of India from west to east greatly -exceeded its length from north to south. Ptolemy begins his description -of India with the first chapter of his seventh book, which deals with -India within the Ganges. He gives first the names of rivers, countries, -towns, and capes along the whole coast of India from the westernmost -mouth of the Indus to the easternmost mouth of the Ganges. He next -mentions in detail the mountains and the rivers with their tributaries, -and then proceeds to enumerate the various nations of India and the -cities belonging to each, beginning with the north-west and working -southwards: and he finally gives a list of the islands lying off the -coast. In dealing with his account of western India it will be -convenient to notice together the cities of each nation which he -mentions separately under the heads of coast and inland towns.</p> -<p>He gives the name of Indo-Skythia to the whole country on both sides -of the lower course of the Indus from its junction with the Koa -(Kábul river), and gives its three divisions as -Patalênê (lower Sindh) Abiria (read Sabiria, that is -Sauvîra or upper Sindh and <span class="corr" id="xd25e45472" -title="Source: Multan">Multân</span>) and Surastrênê -(Surâshṭra or <span class="corr" id="xd25e45475" title="Source: Kâthiâvâda">Kâthiâvâḍa</span>). -We have seen that Dionysios knew the southern Skythians of the Indus, -and we shall meet with them again in the Periplus (chapter 38ff). -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb538" href="#pb538" name="pb538">538</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix VI.<br> -<span class="sc">Early Greeks and Romans.</span><br> -<i>Klaudios Ptolemaios.</i></span> He enumerates seven mouths of the -Indus, but the river is so constantly changing its course that it is -hopeless to expect to identify all the names given by him (Sagapa, -Sinthôn, Khariphron, Sapara, Sabalaessa, and Lônibare) with -the existing channels. Only it may be noted that Sinthôn -preserves the Indian name of the river (Sindhu) and that the -easternmost mouth (Lônibare) probably represents both the present -Korî or Launî and the Lûnî river of -Mârwâr, a fact which goes some way to explain why Ptolemy -had no idea of the existence of Kachh, though he knows the Ran as the -gulf of Kanthi. Hence he misplaces Surastrênê -(Surâshṭra or Kâthiâvâḍa) in the -Indus delta instead of south of the Ran. Ptolemy enumerates a group of -five towns in the north-western part of Indo-Skythia (Kohat, Bannu, and -Dera Ismail Khân) of which Cunningham (<abbr title="Ancient Geography">Anc. Geog.</abbr> pages 84ff) has identified -Banagara with Bannu, and Andrapana with Daraban, while the sites of -Artoarta, Sabana, and Kodrana are unknown. Ptolemy next gives a list of -twelve towns along the western bank of the Indus to the sea. Of these -Embolima has been identified by Cunningham (<abbr title="Ancient Geography">Anc. Geog.</abbr> page 52) with Amb sixty miles -above Attok, and Pasipêda is identified by St. Martin with the -Besmaid of the Arab geographers and placed near Mithankot at the -junction of the Chenab with the Indus. Sousikana, which comes next in -the list to Pasipêḍa, is generally thought to be a -corruption of Mousikanos, and is placed by the latest authority -(General Haig, <i>The Indus Delta Country</i>, page 130) in -<span class="corr" id="xd25e45502" title="Source: Bahawalpur">Bahâwalpur</span>, though Cunningham -(<abbr title="Ancient Geography">Anc. Geog.</abbr> page 257) puts it at -Alor, which is somewhat more in accordance with Ptolemy’s -distances. Kôlaka the most southerly town of the list, cannot -well be the Krôkala of Arrian (Karâchi) as McCrindle -supposes, for Ptolemy puts it nearly a degree north of the western -mouth of the Indus.</p> -<p>The two great towns of the delta which Ptolemy next mentions, are -placed by General Haig, Patala at a point thirty-five miles south-east -of Haidarâbâd (<i>op. cit.</i> page 19) and Barbarei near -Shâh Bandar (<i>op. cit.</i> page 31). Barbarei is mentioned -again in the Periplus (chapter 38) under the name of Barbarikon. -Ptolemy gives the names of nine towns on the left bank of the Indus -from the confluence to the sea, but very few of them can be -satisfactorily identified. Panasa can only be Osanpur (St. Martin) on -Fluellen’s principles. Boudaia must represent the Budhîya -of the Arabs, though it is on the wrong side of the river (see Haig, -<i>op. cit.</i> page 57ff). Naagramma may with Yule be placed at -Naushahro. Kamigara cannot be Aror (McCrindle), if that place -represents Sousikana. Binagara is commonly thought to be a corrupt -reading of Minnagara (compare Periplus chapter 38). Haig (<i>op. -cit.</i> page 32 note 47) refers to the Tuhfatu’l Kirâm as -mentioning a Minnagar in pargana Shâhdâdpur (north-east of -Haidarâbâd). Parabali, Sydros, and Epitausa have not been -identified, but must be looked for either in Haidarâbâd or -in Thar and Pârkar. Xoana may with Yule be identified with Siwana -in the bend of the Lûnî and gives another indication that -Ptolemy confounded the Lûnî with the eastern mouth of the -Indus.</p> -<p>On the coast of Surastrênê -(Kâthiâvâḍa) Ptolemy mentions, first, the -island of Barakê (Dvârakâ Bêt): then the city -Bardaxêma which must be Porbandar (Yule), in front of the Barada -hills: then the village of Surastra, which perhaps represents -Verâval, though it is placed too far north. Surastra cannot well -be Junâgad (Lassen) which is not on the coast and in -Ptolemy’s time was not a village, but a city, though it is -certainly strange that Ptolemy does not anywhere mention it. Further -south Ptolemy places the mart of Monoglôsson (Mangrol). The -eastern <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb539" href="#pb539" name="pb539">539</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix VI.<br> -<span class="sc">Early Greeks and Romans.</span><br> -<i>Klaudios Ptolemaios.</i></span> boundary of the coast of -Indo-Skythia seems to have been the mouth of the Môphis -(Mahî). Ptolemy’s account of Indo-Skythia may be completed -by mentioning the list of places, which he puts to the east of the -Indus (<i>i. e.</i> the Lûnî) and at some distance from -it.</p> -<p>These are: Xodrakê, which has not been identified, but which -must be placed somewhere in Mewâr, perhaps at the old city of -Pûr, seventy-two miles north-east of Udaipur, or possibly at the -old city of Ahar, two miles from Udaipur itself (Tod’s -Râjasthân, I. 677–78).</p> -<p>Sarbana, which is marked in Ptolemy’s map at the head-waters -of the Mahî in the Apokopa mountains (Aravallis), must be -identified with Sarwan about ten miles north-west of Ratlâm. -There is also a place called Sarwanio close to Nimach, which Ptolemy -may have confused with Sarwan.</p> -<p>Auxoamis, which St. Martin identifies with Sûmî, and -Yule with Ajmir, but neither place suits the distance and direction -from Sarwan. If Ptolemy, as above suggested, confused Sarwan and -Sarwanio, Auxoamis may be Ahar near Udaipur, Pûr being then -Xodrakê: otherwise Auxoamis may be Ídar. The question can -only be settled by more exact knowledge of the age of Ahar and of -Ídar. Orbadarou may provisionally with Yule be placed at -Âbu.</p> -<p>Asinda must be looked for near Sidhpur, though it cannot with St. -Martin be identified with that place. Perhaps Vadnagar (formerly -Ânandapura and a very old town) may be its modern -representative.</p> -<p>Theophila may be Devaliya (Yule) or Thân (Burgess) in -north-east Kâthiâvâḍa.</p> -<p>Astakapra is admitted to be Hastakavapra or Hâthab near -Bhâvnagar (Bühler).</p> -<p><i>Larikê</i> is described by Ptolemy next after Indo-Skythia -on his way down the West Coast. The northern limit of its coast was the -mouth of the river Môphis (Mahî). Its name is the -Lâṭa of <i>purâṇas</i> and inscriptions. -Ptolemy mentions as on its coast the village of Pakidarê, which -may be a misreading for Kâpidarê and represent -Kâvî (Kâpikâ of inscriptions) a holy place just -south of the Mahî. Next comes Cape Maleô, which Ptolemy -both in his text and in his map includes in Larikê, though there -is no prominent headland in a suitable position on the east side of the -Gulf of Cambay. As he puts it 2¼ degrees west of Broach, it may -probably be identified with <span class="corr" id="xd25e45561" title="Source: Gôpnâth">Gopnâth</span> Point in -Kâthiâvâḍa on the other side of the gulf (the -Pâpikê of the Periplus), his name for it surviving in the -neighbouring shoals known as the Malai banks. It is in agreement with -this that Ptolemy puts the mouth of the river Namados (Narmadâ) -to the north of Cape Maleô. South of the river is Kamanê -which may be identified with the Kamanijja or Karmaṇêya of -inscriptions, that is with Kamlej on the Taptî above Surat. It -has been supposed to be the Kammôni of the Periplus (chapter 43), -which was the village opposite to the reef called -Hêrônê on the right (east) of the gulf of Barygaza: -but it is perhaps best to separate the two and to identify -Kammôni with Kim, north of Olpâd. The next town mentioned -is Nousaripa, which should probably be read Nousarika, being the -Navasârikâ of inscriptions and the modern -Nausârî. The most southerly town of Larikê is -Poulipoula, which has been identified with Phulpâdâ or old -Surat, but is too far south. Bilimora is perhaps the most likely -position for it, though the names do not correspond (unless Pouli is -the Dravidian <i>Puli</i> or <i>poli</i> = a tiger, afterwards replaced -by <i>Bili</i> = a cat). Ptolemy begins his list of the inland cities -of Larikê with Agrinagara, which may with Yule be identified with -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb540" href="#pb540" name="pb540">540</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix VI.<br> -<span class="sc">Early Greeks and Romans.</span><br> -<i>Klaudios Ptolemaios.</i></span> Âgar, thirty-five miles -north-east of Ujjain, and the Âkara of inscriptions. The next -town is Siripalla, which has not been identified, but should be looked -for about thirty miles to the south-east of Agar, not far from -Shâhjahânpur. The modern name would probably be Shirol. -Bammogoura must be identified, not with Pawangad (Yule), but with Hiuen -Tsiang’s “city of the Brâhmans” (Beal, -Si-yu-ki, II. 262), 200 <i>li</i> (about 33 miles) to the north-west of -the capital of Mâlava in his time. The distance and direction -bring us nearly to Jaora. Sazantion and Zerogerei have not been -satisfactorily identified but may provisionally be placed at -Ratlâm and Badnawar respectively, or Zêrogerei may be -Dhâr as Yule suggested. Ozênê the capital of -Tiastanês is Ujjain the capital of the Kshatrapa Cashṭana -who reigned c. 130 <span class="sc">a.d.</span> His kingdom included -Western Mâlwâ, West <span class="corr" id="xd25e45594" -title="Source: Khandesh">Khándesh</span>, and the whole of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e45597" title="Source: Gujárat">Gujarát</span> south of the Mahî. -His grandson Rudradâman (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 150) -tells us in his Girnâr inscription (I. A. VII. 259) that his own -kingdom included also Mârwâr Sindh and the lower -Panjâb. Next to Ujjain Ptolemy mentions Minnagara, which must -have been somewhere near Mânpur. Then we come to Tiatoura or -Chândor (Yule) on the ridge which separates <span class="corr" -id="xd25e45604" title="Source: Khandesh">Khándesh</span> from -the valley of the Godâvari, and finally on that river itself -Nasika the modern Nâsik. It is very doubtful whether Nâsik -at any time formed part of the dominions of Cashṭana, since we -know from the inscriptions in the Nâsik caves that the Kshatrapas -were driven out of that part of the country by Gautamîputra -Śâtakarṇi, the father of Ptolemy’s contemporary -Pulumâyi. Ptolemy probably found Nâsik mentioned in one of -his lists as on a road leading from Ujjain southwards and he concluded -that they belonged to the same kingdom.</p> -<p><i>Ariakê</i> of the Sadinoi included the coast of the Konkan -as far south as Baltipatna (near Mahâd) and the Deccan between -the Godâvari and the Kṛishṇa. The name occurs in -Varâha Mihira’s Bṛihat Saṁhitâ XIV. in -the form Âryaka. The tribal name Sadinoi is less easy to explain. -The suggested connection with the word <i>Sâdhana</i> as meaning -an agent (Lassen) and its application to the Kshatrapas of <span class="corr" id="xd25e45614" title="Source: Gujarat">Gujarát</span>, -are not tenable. The only authority for this meaning of -<i>Sâdhana</i> is Wilson’s Sanskrit Dictionary, and at this -time it is certain that Ariakê belonged, not to the Kshatrapas of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e45620" title="Source: Gujarat">Gujarát</span>, but to the -Śâtakarṇis of Paithan on the Godâvari. -Bhândârkar’s identification of the Sadinoi with -Varâha Mihira’s Śântikas seems also somewhat -unsatisfactory. Ptolemy’s name may possibly be a corruption of -Śâtakarṇi or Śâtavâhana. The coast -towns of this region were Soupara (Supârâ near Bassein), -south of which Ptolemy places the river Goaris (Vaitaraṇî), -Dounga (perhaps Dugáḍ ten miles north of Bhiwndi) south of -which is the Bênda river (Bhiwndî Creek), Simylla, a mart -and a cape, the Automula and Perimula of Pliny and the modern Cheul -(Chemula); Milizêgyris an island, the same as the -Melizêigara of the Periplus and (probably) as the Sigerus of -Pliny and the modern Janjîra; Hippokoura, either Ghodegâon -or Kuḍâ (Yule) in Kolâbâ district; Baltipatna, -probably the Palaipatmai of the Periplus and the same as Pâl near -Mahâd.</p> -<p>The inland dominions of the Sadinoi were much more extensive than -their coast line. Ptolemy gives two lists of cities, one of those lying -to the west (<i>i. e.</i> north) of the Bênda, whose course in -the Deccan represents the Bhîmâ river, and the other of -those between the Bênda and the Pseudostomos (here the -Mâlprabhâ and Kṛishṇa or possibly the -Tungabhadra with its tributaries). The most easterly towns in the first -list, Malippala and Sarisabis, are not satisfactorily identified, but -must be looked for in the Nizâm’s country to the south-east -of <span class="corr" id="xd25e45628" title="Source: Haidârâbâd">Haidarâbâd</span><span class="corr" -id="xd25e45630" title="Source: ,">.</span> Next comes Tagara mentioned -in the Periplus (chapter 51) as ten days east from Paithan, and -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb541" href="#pb541" name="pb541">541</a>]</span> <span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix VI.<br> -<span class="sc">Early Greeks and Romans.</span><br> -<i>Klaudios Ptolemaios.</i></span> therefore about the latitude of -Kulbarga, with which it is identified by Yule. The distance and -direction make its identification with Deogir (Wilford and others), -Junnar (Bhagwanlâl), or Kolhâpur (Fleet) impossible. The -best suggestion hitherto made is that it is Dârur or Dhârur -(Bhândârkar), but Dârur in the Bhîr district is -too far north, so Dhârur fifty miles west of -Haidarâbâd must be taken as the most likely site. Next to -Tagara Ptolemy mentions Baithana, which is the Paithana of the Periplus -and the modern Paithan on the Godâvari. It is called by our -author the capital of Siroptolemaios, who is the -Śrî-Pulumâyi of the Nâsik cave inscriptions. -Next to Baithana comes Deopali, which may safely be identified with the -modern Deoli in the suburbs of Ahmadnagar. Gamaliba, the next stage, -must be placed somewhere on the line between Ahmednagar and Junnar, -which latter ancient town is to be identified with Ptolemy’s -Omênogara, although this name is not easy to explain.</p> -<p>The second list of towns in Ariakê begins with Nagarouris -(Nagarapurî) which probably represents Poona which even then must -have been a place of importance, being at the head of the great road -down the Bhorghat. Tabasô (compare Varâha Mihira’s -Tâpasâśrâmâḥ and Ptolemy’s own -Tabasoi) may be the holy city of Pandharpur. Indê has retained -its ancient name (Indî in the north of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e45649" title="Source: Bijapur">Bîjâpur</span> -district). Next follows Tiripangalida (Tîkota in the -Kurundwâd State ?) and then Hippokoura, the capital of -Baleokuros. Dr. Bhândârkar has identified this king with -the Vilivâyakûra of coins found in the Kolhápur -state. His capital may possibly be Hippargi in the Sindgi taluka of the -Bîjâpur district. Soubouttou, the next town on -Ptolemy’s list, is not identifiable, but the name which follows, -Sirimalaga, must be Sirnâl in the Bîjâpur taluka of -the same district.</p> -<p>Kalligeris may be identified not with Kaṇhagiri (McCrindle) -but with Galgali at the crossing of the Kṛishṇa, and -Modogoulla is not Mûdgal (McCrindle) but Mudhol on the -Ghâtprabhâ. Petirgala should probably read Penengala, and -would then represent the old town of Panangala or Hongal in the -Dhârvâḍ district. The last name on the list is -Banaouasei, which is Vanavâsî, about ten miles from Sirsi -in Kanara, a very old town where a separate branch of the -Śâtakarṇis once ruled.</p> -<p><i>The Pirate Coast</i> is the next division of Western India -described by Ptolemy, who mentions five sea-ports but only two inland -cities. It is clear that the pirates were hemmed in on the land side by -the dominions of the Śâtakarṇis, and that they held -but little territory above the ghâts, though their capital -Mousopallê was in that region. The places on the coast from north -to south were Mandagara, the Mandagara of the Periplus (chapter 53) -which has been satisfactorily identified with Mandangaḍ to the -south of the Bânkot creek.</p> -<p>Byzantion, which, as Dr. Bhândârkar first pointed out, -is the Vaijayantî of inscriptions may be placed either at Chiplun -or at <span class="corr" id="xd25e45661" title="Source: Dabhol">Dábhol</span> at the mouth of the -Vâsishṭhî river. Chiplun is the only town of great -antiquity in this part of the Koṅkaṇ, and if it is not -Vaijayantî Ptolemy has passed over it altogether. The similarity -of the names has suggested the identification of Byzantion with -Jaygaḍ (Bhândârkar) or Vijayadrug (Vincent), but both -these places are comparatively modern. There are indeed no very ancient -towns in the Koṅkaṇ between Saṅgamêshvar and -the Sâvantvâḍi border.</p> -<p>Khersonêsos is generally admitted to be the peninsula of Goa. -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb542" href="#pb542" name="pb542">542</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix VI.<br> -<span class="sc">Early Greeks and Romans.</span><br> -<i>Klaudios Ptolemaios.</i></span> Armagara is placed a little to the -north of the river Nanagouna and may be represented by Cape Ramas in -Portuguese territory.</p> -<p>The river Nanagouna here is generally supposed to be the -Kâlînadî, though in its upper course it seems to -represent the Taptî, and a confusion with the Nânâ -pass led Ptolemy to bring it into connection with the rivers Goaris and -Bênda (Campbell).</p> -<p>Nitra, the southernmost mart on the pirate coast, is the Nitrias of -Pliny, and has been satisfactorily identified by Yule with Mangalor on -the Nêtravatî.</p> -<p>The inland cities of the Pirates are Olokhoira and Mousopallê -the capital, both of which must be sought for in the rugged country -about the sources of the Kṛishṇa and may provisionally be -identified with the ancient towns of Karâḍ and Karvîr -(Kolhápur) respectively. To complete Ptolemy’s account of -this coast it is only necessary to mention the islands of -Heptanêsia (Burnt Islands ?) Trikadiba and Peperinê. -We are not here concerned with his account of the rest of India.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Bardesanês.</i></span><b><span class="corr" id="xd25e45692" title="Source: Bardesanés">Bardesanês</span></b> met at Babylon -certain envoys sent from India to the emperor Antoninus Pius -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 154–181) and received from -Damadamis and Sandanês, who were of their number, accounts of the -customs of the Brâhmans and of a rock temple containing a statue -of Śiva in the Ardhanârî form. Lassen (III. 62 and -348) connects Sandanês with the Sadinoi and places the temple in -Western India, but neither of these conclusions is necessary. The -object of the embassy is unknown.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Periplus.</i></span><b>The Periplus of -the Erythrean Sea</b>, formerly though wrongly attributed to Arrian -(150 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>), is an account of the Egyptian -trade with East Africa and India, written by a merchant of Alexandria -for the use of his fellows. It is preserved in a single manuscript -which in some places is very corrupt. The age of this work has been -much disputed: the chief views as to this matter are,</p> -<ul> -<li>(i) that the Periplus was written before Pliny and made use of by -him (Vincent, Schwanbeck, and Glaser). The arguments of Vincent and -Schwanbeck are refuted by Müller (Geogr. Gr. Min. I. xcviii.) -Glaser’s case is (<span lang="de">Ausland</span> 1891, page 45) -that the Malikhas of the Periplus is Malchos III. of Nabathæa -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 49–71), that the Periplus -knows Meroê as capital of Ethiopia, while at the time of -Nero’s expedition to East Africa (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 68), it had almost vanished, and lastly that the -author of the Periplus is Basilis or Basilês, whom Pliny names as -an authority for his Book VI. It may be replied that Malikhas is the -title Malik and may have been applied to any Arab Sheikh (Reinaud): -that the Periplus does not with certainty mention Meroê at all: -and that Basilis whether or not a contemporary of Ptolemy Philadelphos -was at any rate earlier than Agatharkhidês (c. 200 <span class="sc">b.c.</span>), who quotes him (<abbr>Geog. Gr. Min.</abbr> I. -156);</li> -<li>(ii) that the Periplus was written at the same time as -Pliny’s work, but neither used the other (Salmasius). This view -is refuted by Müller (<i>op. cit.</i> page 155);</li> -<li>(iii) that the Periplus was written after 161 <span class="sc">a.d.</span> (Dodwell); Müller has shown -(<i>ibid</i><span class="corr" id="xd25e45738" title="Not in source">.</span>) that Dodwell’s arguments are -inconclusive;</li> -<li>(iv) the received view that the Periplus was written between -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 80 and <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 89 (Müller);</li> -<li>(v) that the Periplus was written about the middle of the third -century (Reinaud <span lang="fr">Mém. de l’Ac. des -Inscr.</span> XXIV. Pt. ii. translated in I. A. VIII. pages -330ff).</li> -</ul> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb543" href="#pb543" name="pb543">543</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix VI.<br> -<span class="sc">Early Greeks and Romans.</span><br> -<i>Periplus.</i></span> The only choice lies between the view of -Müller and that of Reinaud. Müller argues for a date between -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 80 and <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 89, because the Periplus knows no more than Pliny -of India beyond the Ganges, whereas Ptolemy’s knowledge is much -greater: because the Periplus calls Ceylon Palaisimoundou, which is to -Ptolemy (VII. iv. 1) an old name: because the Nabathæan kingdom, -which was destroyed <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 105, was still in -existence at the time of the Periplus: because the Periplus account of -Hippalos shows it to be later than Pliny: and because the Periplus -mentions king Zôskalês, who must be the Za Hakalê of -the Abyssinian lists who reigned <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 77–89. It may be replied that the Periplus -is not a geography of Eastern Asia, but a guide book for traders with -certain ports only: that Ptolemy must have found in his lists three -names for Ceylon, Taprobanê, Palaisimoundou, and Salikê, -and that he has wrongly separated Palai from Simoundou, taking it to -mean “formerly” and therefore entered Simoundou as the old -and Salikê as the modern name,<a class="noteref" id="n543.asrc" -href="#n543.a" name="n543.asrc">2</a> whereas all three names were in -use together: that the Nabathæan king Malikhas was simply the -Sheikh of the tribe (Reinaud), and points to no definite date: that the -Periplus’ account of Hippalos is certainly later than Pliny: and -that the Zôskalês of the Periplus is the Za Sâgal or -Za Asgal of the Abyssinian lists, who reigned <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 246–47 (Reinaud).</p> -<p>It follows that Reinaud’s date for the Periplus (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 250) is the only one consistent with the facts -and especially with the Indian facts. As will appear below, the growth -of the Hippalos legend since Pliny’s time, the rival Parthians in -Sindh, the mention of Mambaros and the supplanting of Ozênê -by Minnagara as his capital since Ptolemy’s time, the -independence of Baktria, and the notices of Saraganês and -Sandanês, are all points strongly in favour of Reinaud’s -date.</p> -<p>In the time of the Periplus the ships carrying on the Indian trade -started from Myos Hormos (near Ras Abu Somer) or Berenikê (in -Foul Bay) and sailed down the Red Sea to Mouza (Musa twenty-five miles -north of Mokhâ), and thence to the watering place Okêlis -(Ghalla) at the Straits. They then followed the Arabian coast as far as -Kanê (Hisn Ghurâb in Hadramaut) passing on the way -Eudaimôn Arabia (Aden) once a great mart for Indian traders, but -lately destroyed by king Elisar (Müller’s conjecture for -<span class="sc"><span class="trans" title="KAISAR"><span class="Greek" -lang="grc">ΚΑΙΣΑΡ</span></span></span> -of the <abbr title="Manuscript">MS.</abbr>) From Kanê the routes -to India diverge, some ships sailing to the Indus and on to Barygaza, -and others direct to the ports of Limyrikê (Malabár -Coast). There was also another route to Limyrikê, starting from -Arômata (Cape Guardafui). In all three voyages the ships made use -of the monsoon, starting from Egypt in July. The monsoon was called -Hippalos, according to the Periplus (chapter 57), after the navigator -who first discovered the direct course across the sea, and it has been -inferred from Pliny’s words (VI. 23) that this pilot lived in the -middle of the first century <span class="sc">a.d.</span> But -Pliny’s own account shows that, as we should expect, the progress -from a coasting to a direct voyage was a gradual one, with several -intermediate stages, in all of which the monsoon was more or less made -use of. There was therefore no reason for naming the wind from the -pilot who merely made the last step. Further though Pliny knows -Hippalus as the local name of the monsoon wind in the eastern seas, he -says nothing of its having been the name of the inventor of the direct -course. The inference seems to be that Hippalos the pilot is the child -of a seaman’s yarn arising out of the local name of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb544" href="#pb544" name="pb544">544</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix VI.<br> -<span class="sc">Early Greeks and Romans.</span><br> -<i>Periplus.</i></span> the monsoon wind, and that his presence in the -Periplus and not in Pliny shows that the former writer is much later -than the latter.</p> -<p>The merchant bound for Skythia (Sindh) before he reaches land, which -lies low to the northward, meets the white water from the river Sinthos -(Indus) and water snakes (chapter 38). The river has seven mouths, -small and marshy all but the middle one, on which is the port of -Barbarikon (Shâhbandar, Haig, page 31) whence the -merchants’ wares are carried up by river to the capital Minnagar -(near Shâhdâdpur, Haig, page 32), which is ruled by -Parthians who constantly expel one another (chapter 39). These -contending Parthians must have been the remnant of the Karên -Pahlavs who joined with the Kushâns to attack Ardeshir -Pâpakân (<abbr title="Journal Asiatique">Journ. As.</abbr> -[1866] VII. 134). The imports are clothing, flowered cottons, topazes, -coral, storax, frankincense, glass vessels, silver plate, specie, and -wine: and the exports costus (spice), bdellium (gum), yellow dye, -spikenard, emeralds, sapphires, furs from Tibet, cottons, silk thread, -and indigo. The list of imports shows that the people of Skythia were a -civilised race and by no means wild nomads.</p> -<p>The Periplus next (chapter 40) gives an accurate account of the Ran -(Eirinon) which in those days was probably below sea level (Haig, page -22, Burnes’ Travels into Bokhara, III. 309ff), and was already -divided into the Great and the Little. Both were marshy shallows even -out of sight of land and therefore dangerous to navigators. The Ran was -then as now bounded to south and west by seven islands, and the -headland Barakê (Dvârakâ) a place of special danger -of whose neighbourhood ships were warned by meeting with great black -water-snakes.</p> -<p>The next chapter (41) describes the gulf of Barygaza (gulf of -Cambay) and the adjoining land, but the passage has been much mangled -by the copyist of our only <abbr title="Manuscript">MS.</abbr> and more -still by the guesses of editors. According to the simplest correction -(<span class="trans" title="hērostēs’ Ariakēschōra"><span class="Greek" -lang="grc">ἥροςτης’ -Αριακησχωρα</span></span>) -our author says that next after Barakê (Dvârakâ) -follows the gulf of Barygaza and the country towards Ariakê, -being the beginning of the kingdom of Mambaros and of all India. -Mambaros may possibly be a corruption of Makhatrapos or some similar -Greek form of Mahâkshatrapa, the title of the so-called -“Sâh Kings” who ruled here at this period -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 250). According to the reading of -the <abbr title="Manuscript">MS.</abbr> the author goes on to say that -“the inland part of this country bordering on the Ibêria -(read Sabiria = Sauvîra) district of Skythia is called … -(the name, perhaps Maru, has dropped out of the text), and the -sea-coast Syrastrênê (Surâshṭra).” The -country abounded then as now in cattle, corn, rice, cotton and coarse -cotton cloth, and the people were tall and dark. The capital of the -country was Minnagara whence much cotton was brought down to Barygaza. -This Minnagara is perhaps the city of that name placed by Ptolemy near -Mânpur in the Vindhyas, but it has with more probability been -identified with Junâgad (Bhagvânlâl) which was once -called Manipura (Kath. Gaz. 487). Our author states that in this part -of the country were to be found old temples, ruined camps and large -wells, relics (he says) of Alexander’s march, but more probably -the work of Menandros and Apollodotos. This statement certainly points -to <span class="corr" id="xd25e45852" title="Source: Kâthiâvâda">Kâthiâvâḍa</span> -rather than to Mânpur. The voyage along this coast from -Barbarikon to the headland of Pâpikê (Gopnâth) near -Astakapra (Hâthab) and opposite to Barygaza (Broach) was one of -3000 stadia = 300 miles, which is roughly correct. The next chapter -(42) describes the northern part of the gulf of Cambay as 300 stadia -wide and running northward to the river Maïs (Mahî). Ships -bound for Barygaza steer first northward past the island <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb545" href="#pb545" name="pb545">545</a>]</span> -<span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix VI.<br> -<span class="sc">Early Greeks and Romans.</span><br> -<i>Periplus.</i></span> Baiônes (Peram) and then eastward towards -the mouth of the Namnadios (Narmadâ) the river of Broach. The -navigation (chapter 43) is difficult by reason of rocks and shoals such -as Hêrônê (perhaps named from some wreck) opposite -the village of Kammôni (Kim) on the eastern shore and by reason -of the current on the western near <span class="corr" id="xd25e45870" -title="Source: Pâpiké">Pâpikê</span> (perhaps -a sailor’s name meaning Unlucky). Hence the government sends out -fishermen in long boats called Trappaga or Kotumba (Kotia) to meet the -ships (chapter 44) and pilot them into Barygaza, 300 stadia up the -river, by towing and taking advantage of the tides. In this connection -our author gives a graphic description of the Bore in the Narbadâ -(chapter 45) and of the dangers to which strange ships are exposed -thereby (chapter 46).</p> -<p>Inland from Barygaza (that is, from the whole kingdom, which, as we -have seen, bordered on Sauvîra or Multân) lay (chapter 47) -the Aratrioi (Araṭṭas of the Mahâbhârata and -Purâṇas, who lived in the Panjâb), the -Arakhôsioi (people of eastern Afghanistan), Gandaraioi -(Gandhâra of N.-W. Panjâb), Proklais (near Peshâwar), -and beyond them the Baktrianoi (of Balkh) a most warlike race, governed -by their own independent sovereigns. These last are probably the -Kushâns who, when the Parthian empire fell to pieces in the -second quarter of the third century, joined the Karên Pahlavs in -attacking Ardeshir. It was from these parts, says our author, that -Alexander marched into India as far as the Ganges—an interesting -glimpse of the growth of the Alexander legend since the days of Arrian -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 150). Our author found old -<i>drakhmai</i> of Menandros and Apollodotos still current in -Barygaza.</p> -<p>Eastward in the same kingdom (chapter 48) is the city of -Ozênê; which was formerly the capital, whence onyxes, -porcelain, muslins, and cottons are brought to Barygaza. From the -country beyond Proklais came costus, bdellium, and spikenard of three -kinds, the Kattybourine, the Patropapigic, and the Kabalitic (this last -from Kábul).</p> -<p>We learn incidentally that besides the regular Egyptian trade -Barygaza had commercial relations with Mouza in Arabia (chapter 21) -with the East African coast (chapter 14) and with Apologos (Obollah) at -the head of the Persian Gulf and with Omana on its eastern shore -(chapter 36). The imports of Barygaza were wine, bronze, tin and lead, -coral and gold stone (topaz ?), cloth of all sorts, variegated -sashes (like the horrible Berlin wool comforters of modern days), -storax, sweet clover, white glass, gum sandarac, stibium for the eyes, -and gold and silver coin, and unguents. Besides, there were imported -for the king costly silver plate, musical instruments (musical boxes -are still favoured by Indian royalty), handsome girls for the harem -(these are the famous Yavanî handmaids of the Indian drama), -high-class wine, apparel and choice unguents, a list which shows that -these monarchs lived in considerable luxury. The exports of Barygaza -were spikenard, costus, bdellium, ivory, onyxes, porcelain, box-thorn, -cottons, silk, silk thread, long pepper (chillies), and other wares -from the coast ports.</p> -<p>From Barygaza our author rightly says (chapter 50) that the coast -trends southward and the country is called Dakhinabadês -(Dakshiṇâpatha): much of the inland country is waste and -infested by wild beasts, while populous tribes inhabit other regions as -far as the Ganges. The chief towns in Dakhinabadês (chapter 51) -are Paithana (Paithan) twenty days journey south of Barygaza and Tagara -(Dhârur) a very large city ten days east of Paithana. From -Paithana come onyxes, and from Tagara cottons muslins and other local -wares from the (east) coast. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb546" href="#pb546" name="pb546">546</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix VI.<br> -<span class="sc">Early Greeks and Romans.</span><br> -<i>Periplus.</i></span> The smaller ports south of Barygaza are -Akabarou (perhaps the Khabirun of Mahomedan writers and the modern -Kâvêrî the river of Nâusâri) Souppara -(Supârâ near Bassein) and Kalliena, which was made a mart -by the elder Saraganês, but much injured when Sandanês -became its master, for from his time Greek vessels visiting the port -are sent under guard to Barygaza. This interesting statement is one of -the clearest indications of the date of the Periplus. As -Bhândârkar has shown, the elder Saraganês implies -also a younger, who can be no other than Yajñaśrî -Śâtakarṇi (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 140), and -the Periplus must be later than his time. The Sandanês of the -text must have been a ruler of <span class="corr" id="xd25e45905" -title="Source: Gujarât">Gujarát</span> and may be -identified with the Kshatrapa Saṅghadâman (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 224).</p> -<p>South of Kalliena (chapter 53) were Sêmylla (Chaul) Mandagora -(Mandangaḍ) Palaipatmai (Pâl near Mahâd) Melizeigara -(probably Janjîra) and Byzantion (Chiplun). The words which -follow probably give another name of Byzantion “which was -formerly also called Turannosboas,” the name Toparon being a -misunderstanding (Müller, Geogr. Gr. Min. I. 296). South of this -are the islands of Sêsekreienai (Burnt Islands), Aigidioí -(Angediva), Kaineitai (Island of St. George) near the Khersonêsos -(Goa), and Leukê (Laccadives ?) all pirate haunts. Next -comes Limyrikê (the Tamil country) the first marts of which are -Naoura (Cannanor or Tellichery, rather than Honávar, which is -too far north) and Tyndis (Kaḍaluṇḍi near Bepur) and -south of these Muziris (Kranganur) and Nelkynda (Kallaḍa). Tyndis -and Muziris were subject to Kêprobotras (Keralaputra that is the -Cera king) and Nelkynda to Pandion (the Pâṇḍya king -of Madura). Muziris was a very prosperous mart trading with -Ariakê (North Konkan) as well as Egypt. Nelkynda was up a river -120 stadia from the sea, ships taking in cargo at the village of -Bekarê at the mouth of the river. Our author gives an interesting -account of the trade at these ports and further south as well as on the -east coast, but we are not concerned with this part of his work.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Markianos.</i></span><b>Markianos</b> of -Hîrakleia about the year 400 <span class="sc">a.d.</span> is the -leading geographer of the period following Ptolemy, but his work -consisted chiefly in corrections of Ptolemy’s distances taken -from an obscure geographer named Prôtagoras. He adds no new facts -to Ptolemy’s account of western India.</p> -<p><span class="marginnote"><i>Stephanos.</i></span><b>Stephanos</b> of -Byzantium wrote about 450 <span class="sc">a.d.</span> (or at any rate -later than Markianos, whom he quotes) a huge geographical dictionary of -which we have an epitome by one Hermolaos. The Indian names he gives -are chiefly taken from Hekataios, Arrianos, and especially from a poem -called Bassarika on the exploits of Dionysos, by a certain Dionysos. -But his geography is far from accurate: he calls Barakê -(Dvârakâ) an island, and Barygaza (Broach) a city, of -Gedrôsia. Among the cities he names are Argantê (quoted -from Hekataios), Barygaza (Broach), Boukephala (Jalâlpur), -Byzantion (Chiplun), Gêreia, Gorgippia, Darsania famous for woven -cloths, Dionysopolis (Nysa ?), Kathia (<span class="corr" id="xd25e45934" title="Source: Multan">Multân</span> ?), -Kaspapyros and Kaspeiros (Kaśmîr), Margana, Massaka (in -Swât), Nysa, Palimbothra (<span class="corr" id="xd25e45937" -title="Source: Pâtaliputra">Pâṭaliputra</span>), -Panaioura near the Indus, Patala (thirty-five miles south-east of -Haidarâbâd, Sindh), Rhodoê, Rhôganê, -Rhôn in Gandarikê, Saneia, Sesindion, Sinda on the great -gulf (perhaps Ptolemy’s Asinda, Vaḍnagar), Sôlimna, -and Taxila. He also names a number of tribes, of whom none but the -Orbitai (Makrân) the Pandai (Pâṇḍya) -Bôlingæ (Bhâulingi Sâlvas) and possibly the -Salangoi (Sâlaṅkâyana) belong to the western coast. -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb547" href="#pb547" name="pb547">547</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="fwMargin"><br> -Appendix VI.<br> -<span class="sc">Early Greeks and Romans.</span><br> -<i>Kosmas.</i></span> <span class="marginnote"><i>Kosmas.</i></span><b>Kosmas Indikopleustes</b>, shipman -and monk, who wrote his Topographia Christiana between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 530 and 550, is the last of the ancient writers -who shows independent knowledge of India. He says that Sindu (Sindh), -is where India begins, the Indus being the boundary between it and -Persia. The chief ports of India are Sindu (Debal), which exports musk -and nard: Orrhotha (Surâshṭra that is Verâval) which -had a king of its own: Kalliana (Kalyân) a great port exporting -brass, and sîsam (blackwood) logs and cloth having a king of its -own and a community of Christians under a Persian bishop: Sibor which -also had a king of its own and therefore cannot be Supârâ, -which is too close to Kalliana, but must be Goa, the Sindabur of the -Arabs: Parti, Mangaruth (Mangalor), Salopatana, Nalopatana, and -Pudopatana which are the five marts of Malê the pepper country -(Malabâr), where also there are many Christians. Five days’ -sail south of Malê lay Sielediba or Taprobanê (Ceylon), -divided into two kingdoms in one of which is found the hyacinth-stone. -The island has many temples, and a church of Persian Christians, and is -much resorted to by ships from India Persia and Ethiopia dealing in -silk, aloewood, cloves, sandalwood, &c. On the east coast of India -is Marallo (Morava opposite Ceylon) whence conch-shells are exported: -Then Kaber (Kaveripatam or Pegu. Yule’s Cathay Introd. page -clxxviii.) which exports Alabandinum; further on is the clove country -and furthest of all Tzinista (China) which produces the silk. In India -further up the country, that is further north, are the White Ounoi or -Hûṇas who have a king named Gollas (Mihirakula of -inscriptions) who goes forth to war with 1000 elephants and many -horsemen and tyrannises over India, exacting tribute from the people. -His army is said to be so vast as once to have drunk dry the ditch -surrounding a besieged city and marched in dryshod.</p> -<p>In his book XI. Kosmas gives some account of the wild beasts of -India, but this part of his work does not require notice here.</p> -<p>This is the last glimpse we get of India before the Arabs cut off -the old line of communication with the Empire by the conquest of Egypt -<span class="corr" id="xd25e45967" title="Not in source">(</span><span class="sc">a.d.</span> 641–2). -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb549" href="#pb549" name="pb549">549</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n532.1" -href="#n532.1src" name="n532.1">1</a></span> Contributed by Mr. A. M. -T. Jackson, <abbr title="Master of Arts">M.A.</abbr>, <abbr title="Indian Civil Service">I.C.S.</abbr> <a class="fnarrow" href="#n532.1src">↑</a></p> -<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n543.a" -href="#n543.asrc" name="n543.a">2</a></span> We learn from Pliny (VI. -22) that Palaisimoundou was the name of a town and a river in Ceylon, -whence the name was extended to the whole island. <a class="fnarrow" href="#n543.asrc">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="back"> -<div id="ix" class="div1 index"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd25e3067">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">INDEX</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><span class="sc">Ába Shelukar</span>: -Peshwa’s Subhedár of Gujarát, levies contributions -on the Gáikwár’s villages, <a href="#pb411" class="pageref">411</a>; is made over to the British Government (1807), -<a href="#pb416" class="pageref">416</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Abdul Aziz Khán</span>: of Junnar, becomes -viceroy by a forged order and appoints Jawán Mard Khán -his deputy in Gujarát, <a href="#pb326" class="pageref">326</a>; -his defeat and death at Kim Kathodra, <a href="#pb328" class="pageref">328</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Abdul Kádir</span>: son and prime minister -of <span class="corr" id="xd25e46002" title="Source: Ghiásuddin">Ghiás-ud-dín</span> Khilji, -<a href="#pb362" class="pageref">362</a>, <a href="#pb364" class="pageref">364</a>. See <span class="corr" id="xd25e46011" title="Source: Násiruddin">Násir-ud-dín</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Abdul <span class="corr" id="xd25e46017" title="Source: Karim">Karím</span></span>: engineer of the emperor -Jehángir, repairs buildings at Mándu (1617), <a href="#pb373" class="pageref">373</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Abdulláh Khán Uzbak</span>: -Akbar’s general, reconquers Málwa (1563), <a href="#pb369" -class="pageref">369</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Abdullah Wassáf</span>: author of -Taziyat-ul-Amsár,515 and note 6.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e46036" title="Source: Abhaisingh">Abhai Singh</span> Ráhtor</span>: <a href="#pb464" class="pageref">464</a>. See Abheysingh.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e46045" title="Source: Abhayatilakagani">Abhayatilakagaṇi</span></span>: Jain -monk (1255), revised the Dvyáśraya, <a href="#pb156" class="pageref">156</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Abheysingh</span>: Mahárája: -fifty-third viceroy of Gujarát (1730–1733), <a href="#pb310" class="pageref">310</a>; his defeat by Mubáriz-ul-Mulk, -<a href="#pb311" class="pageref">311</a>; procures assassination of -Piláji Gáikwár and takes Baroda (1732), <a href="#pb313" class="pageref">313</a>; is re-appointed fifty-fifth viceroy -of Gujarát, <a href="#pb319" class="pageref">319</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e46069" title="Source: Abhidhána Chintámani">Abhidhánachintámaṇi</span></span>: -work, written by Hemachandra, <a href="#pb192" class="pageref">192</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Abhimanyu</span>: early -Ráshṭrakúṭa prince, hiscopperplate grant, -<a href="#pb120" class="pageref">120</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e46085" title="Source: Ábhira">Ábhíra</span></span>: name of a -tribe, and province, <a href="#pb52" class="pageref">52</a>, <a href="#pb64" class="pageref">64</a>, note 3. See Áhir and -<span class="corr" id="xd25e46094" title="Source: Chudásama">Chúḍásamá</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e46099" title="Source: Abhiras">Ábhíras</span></span>: tribe, <a href="#pb137" class="pageref">137</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Abi</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Abiria</span>: name of a province, <a href="#pb52" -class="pageref">52</a>, <a href="#n53.1">53 note 1</a>, <a href="#pb137" class="pageref">137</a>; Upper Sindh and <span class="corr" -id="xd25e46125" title="Source: Multan">Multán</span>, <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>. See <span class="corr" id="xd25e46132" title="Source: Abhira">Ábhíra</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ábu</span>: king of, present with -<span class="corr" id="xd25e46139" title="Source: Mularája">Múlarája</span> in the battle -with Graharipu, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>; magnificent -temple of Nemináth built by Vastupála and -Tejahpála on, <a href="#pb199" class="pageref">199</a>, <a href="#pb202" class="pageref">202</a>; inscription on the temple of -Vastupála at, <a href="#pb204" class="pageref">204</a>; Mutiny -at, <a href="#pb439" class="pageref">439</a>; Paramára -possession, <a href="#pb470" class="pageref">470</a>; Mount, <a href="#pb532" class="pageref">532</a>, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e46169" title="Source: Abuláma">Abulámá</span></span>: perhaps -Obollah, <a href="#pb35" class="pageref">35</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Abul Fazl</span>: Akbar’s historian (1590), -his account of Sultán Bahádur’s death, <a href="#pb349" class="pageref">349</a>, <a href="#pb371" class="pageref">371</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Abu Rihán</span>: <a href="#pb508" class="pageref">508</a>, <a href="#pb520" class="pageref">520</a>. See Al -Biruni.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Abu Zaid</span>: Arab writer (913), <a href="#pb525" class="pageref">525</a>, <a href="#n526.5">526 note 5</a>, -<a href="#pb528" class="pageref">528</a>, <a href="#pb530" class="pageref">530</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ábu <span class="corr" id="xd25e46214" -title="Source: Zeidal Hasan">Zeid-al-Hasan</span></span>: author of the -second part of Silsilát-ut-Tawárikh, <a href="#n505.2">505 note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Accad</span>: early race, <a href="#pb174" class="pageref">174</a> and note 1.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ácháryas</span>: funeral -Bráhmans, <a href="#pb451" class="pageref">451</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Adálaj</span>: battle of (1730), <a href="#pb311" class="pageref">311</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Aden</span>: <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>, <a href="#pb543" class="pageref">543</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Adhyátmopanishad</span>: religious work -compiled by Hemachandra, <a href="#pb193" class="pageref">193</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ádinátha</span>: temple on -<span class="corr" id="xd25e46266" title="Source: Satrunjaya">Śatruñjaya</span> of, <a href="#n79.3">79 note 3</a>. See Ádnátha.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e46274" title="Source: Ádiśvara">Ádíśvara</span></span>: -Jain god on <span class="corr" id="xd25e46277" title="Source: Satrunjaya">Śatruñjaya</span> hill, <a href="#pb177" class="pageref">177</a>, <a href="#pb186" class="pageref">186</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Administration</span>: of the Valabhis (500 to -700), <a href="#pb81" class="pageref">81</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e46295" title="Source: Ádnáth">Ádnátha</span></span>: -temple of, completed, <a href="#pb186" class="pageref">186</a>. See -Ádinátha.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Aelius Gallus</span>: <a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Afghanistán</span>: <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Africa</span>: <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Agatharkhides</span>: (born 250 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>) <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>, <a href="#pb542" class="pageref">542</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Agnikulas</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e46340" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span>, <a href="#pb463" class="pageref">463</a>, <a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e46351" title="Source: Agha">Ágha</span> Muhammad Hussain</span>: commander of -the fort of Petlád, his surrender, <a href="#pb327" class="pageref">327</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ágra</span>: fort, <a href="#pb368" class="pageref">368</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Agreement</span>: between the Peshwa and the -Dábháde, <a href="#pb393" class="pageref">393</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Agrinagara</span>: identified with <span class="corr" id="xd25e46376" title="Source: Ágar">Âgar</span>, -<a href="#pb539" class="pageref">539</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e46384" title="Source: Ahada">Áhaḍa</span></span>: son of Udaya Vania, -high officer in the reign of Kumárapála, <a href="#pb170" -class="pageref">170</a>; not acknowledging Kumárapála -goes to Arnorája, <a href="#pb184" class="pageref">184</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ahar</span>: city, <a href="#pb539" class="pageref">539</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Áhir</span>: <a href="#pb175" class="pageref">175</a>. See <span class="corr" id="xd25e46407" title="Source: Chudásama">Chúḍásamá</span> -and <span class="corr" id="xd25e46410" title="Source: Ábhira">Ábhíra</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ahirs</span>: settlement of, <a href="#pb137" -class="pageref">137</a>, <a href="#pb138" class="pageref">138</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ahmad</span>: <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>. See Ahmed.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ahmadábád</span>: built (1413), -<a href="#pb236" class="pageref">236</a>, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>; sacked (1583), <a href="#pb224" class="pageref">224</a>, <a href="#pb225" class="pageref">225</a>; manuscript -found at, <a href="#pb205" class="pageref">205</a>; riot at -(1681)<span class="corr" id="xd25e46451" title="Source: ,">;</span> -death of the leader Abu Bakr by poison, <a href="#pb286" class="pageref">286</a>, <a href="#pb287" class="pageref">287</a>; riots at -(1730), <a href="#pb310" class="pageref">310</a>; Umábái, -widow of Khanderáv Dábháde marches upon, <a href="#pb314" class="pageref">314</a>; siege of and capture by the -Maráthás and <span class="corr" id="xd25e46466" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán (1737–1738), -<a href="#pb320" class="pageref">320</a>; prosperity of, <a href="#pb320" class="pageref">320</a>; disputes about the government of, -between Rangoji and <span class="corr" id="xd25e46476" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán (1738), <a href="#pb322" class="pageref">322</a>; disturbances at, between the -Musalmáns and the Maráthás, <a href="#pb325" -class="pageref">325</a>; mutiny of troops at, confinement of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e46485" title="Source: Fida-ud-din">Fidá-ud-dín</span> and Muftakhir -Khán at, capture of the city of, by Jawán Mard -Khán, <a href="#pb327" class="pageref">327</a>; -Maráthás in (1743–44), <a href="#pb327" class="pageref">327</a>; siege of by Fakhr-ud-daulah and Ráisinghji of -Idar and defeat and capture of the viceroy at, by Jawán Mard -Khan, <a href="#pb329" class="pageref">329</a>; expulsion of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e46498" title="Source: Khánderáv">Khanderáv</span> -Gáikwár’s deputy Trimbak from, by <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb550" href="#pb550" name="pb550">550</a>]</span>Rangoji, <a href="#pb329" class="pageref">329</a>; siege and capture of, by the Maráthás -under Raghunáthráo, <a href="#pb337" class="pageref">337</a>; minting of coins in the emperor’s name stopped -at, (1753), <a href="#pb338" class="pageref">338</a>; assassination of -Rághoji the Marátha deputy at and expulsion of the -Maráthás from, by <span class="corr" id="xd25e46513" -title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán; Kolis attempt to -plunder the Dutch factory at, <a href="#pb339" class="pageref">339–340</a>; siege of, by the Maráthás, -Sháh Nur intercedes with the Peshwa to settle the affairs of, -and fails, surrender of (1758), <a href="#pb341" class="pageref">341</a>, <a href="#pb342" class="pageref">342</a>; -Sadáshiv Rámchandra is appointed viceroy at (1760), -<a href="#pb344" class="pageref">344</a>; state of the parties at, -<a href="#pb390" class="pageref">390</a>; riots at (1738), <a href="#pb394" class="pageref">394</a>; captured by General Goddard (1780), -<a href="#pb409" class="pageref">409</a>; surrendered to -Govindráv Gáikwár by Ába Shelukar, <a href="#pb411" class="pageref">411</a>; cession of the fort of, to the -English by Gáikwár in 1817, <a href="#pb428" class="pageref">428</a>; mutiny at (1857), <a href="#pb438" class="pageref">438</a>; disturbances at (14th September 1857), <a href="#pb440" class="pageref">440</a>; suppression of the mutiny at, -<a href="#pb442" class="pageref">442</a>. See -Ahmedábád.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Áhmad Ayáz</span>: governor of -Gujarát, <a href="#pb230" class="pageref">230</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ahmed I.</span>: Ahmadábád king -(1411–1441), builds Ahmadábád (1413); defeats the -Ídar chief (1414); suppresses a revolt, spreads Islám, -sends expedition against Málwa (1417); attacks -Chámpáner (1418); his war with Málwa (1422); -defeats the Ídar chief (1425); recovers Máhim (1429) and -Báglán (1431), <a href="#n207.1">207 note 1</a>, <a href="#pb215" class="pageref">215</a>, <a href="#pb219" class="pageref">219</a>, <a href="#pb235" class="pageref">235–240</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ahmedábád</span>: <a href="#pb513" -class="pageref">513</a>. See Ahmadábád.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ahmedábád kings</span>: rule of -(1403–1573), <a href="#pb207" class="pageref">207</a>, <a href="#pb209" class="pageref">209</a>, <a href="#pb210" class="pageref">210</a>, <a href="#pb234" class="pageref">234</a>, <a href="#pb264" class="pageref">264</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ahmed Khán</span>: see Ahmed I.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ahmed Khán Habshi</span>: commandant of the -Surat fort, expelled by the English (1759), <a href="#pb343" class="pageref">343</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ahmednagar</span>: fort, built (1427), <a href="#pb238" class="pageref">238</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ahmed Sháh</span>: son and successor of -Emperor Muhammad Sháh, <a href="#pb332" class="pageref">332</a>; -deposed (1754), <a href="#pb339" class="pageref">339</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ahmed Sháh</span>: grandson and successor of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e46635" title="Source: Muzzaffar">Muzaffar</span> I. of Gujarát -(1399–1411), besieges Mándu twice between <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1418 and 1422, <a href="#pb359" class="pageref">359</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Aigidioi</span>: Angediva, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Aihole</span>: inscription at, <a href="#pb107" -class="pageref">107</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ain-ul-Mulk <span class="corr" id="xd25e46662" -title="Source: Multani">Multáni</span></span>: Gujarát -governor (1318), <a href="#pb229" class="pageref">229</a>, <a href="#pb230" class="pageref">230</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ajayapála</span>: Chohán king (840), -<a href="#pb157" class="pageref">157</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ajayapála</span>: Chaulukya king -(1174–1177), successor of Kumárapála persecuted -Jain officers and scholars, is murdered by the doorkeeper, <a href="#pb194" class="pageref">194–195</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ajipál</span>: monarch of <span class="corr" -id="xd25e46689" title="Source: Kaṇauj">Kanauj</span>, killed by -<span class="corr" id="xd25e46692" title="Source: Nainpál">Nain -Pál</span>, <a href="#pb120" class="pageref">120</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e46700" title="Source: Ajitsingh">Ajítsingh</span></span>: son of -Mahárája Jasvantsingh of Márwár, causes -disturbance (1689–1692), <a href="#pb288" class="pageref">288</a>, <a href="#pb289" class="pageref">289</a>; his plans -of rebellion checked (1705), <a href="#pb294" class="pageref">294</a>; -recovers Jodhpur (1709), <a href="#pb295" class="pageref">295</a>, -<a href="#pb296" class="pageref">296</a>; is reconciled with the -emperor (1714), gives his daughter to him in marriage, <a href="#pb297" -class="pageref">297</a>; is appointed forty-seventh viceroy of -Gujarát, disagrees with Haidar Kuli Khán, <a href="#pb299" class="pageref">299–300</a>; is appointed forty-ninth -viceroy of Gujarát (1719–1721), <a href="#pb301" class="pageref">301</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ajmir</span>: Mher settlement at, <a href="#pb136" -class="pageref">136</a>; capital of Chohán kings, <a href="#pb157" class="pageref">157</a>, <a href="#pb180" class="pageref">180</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Akabarou</span>: perhaps Khabirun, <a href="#pb518" -class="pageref">518</a>, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Akálavarsha</span>: -Ráshṭrakúṭa king of the Gujarát -branch, re-establishes himself in the territory of his father Dhruva, -<a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Akálavarsha</span>: another name of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e46762" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span>, the Dakhan -Ráshṭrakúṭa king, recovers the disputed area -to the south of the Tápti; his grants, <a href="#pb127" class="pageref">127–128</a>. See <span class="corr" id="xd25e46768" -title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ákarávanti</span>: ancient name of -Málwa, <a href="#pb36" class="pageref">36</a> and <a href="#n36.1">note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Akbar</span>, Dehli emperor (1573–1604), -struggles with the Sesodiás, <a href="#pb140" class="pageref">140</a>, <a href="#pb207" class="pageref">207</a>, <a href="#pb211" class="pageref">211</a>, <a href="#pb220" class="pageref">220</a>; marries <span class="corr" id="xd25e46798" title="Source: Miran">Mirán</span> Mubárak Khán’s -daughter at Mándu (1564), <a href="#pb369" class="pageref">369</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Akbar</span>: Aurangzib’s son, rebels (1697), -<a href="#pb290" class="pageref">290</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Akbarpur</span>: the palace at, built by -<span class="corr" id="xd25e46816" title="Source: Nasir-ud-din">Násir-ud-dín</span> of -Málwa (1500–1512), <a href="#pb365" class="pageref">365</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Akham Lobána</span>: of -Brahmanábád, asks help of the king of Hindustán, -<a href="#pb519" class="pageref">519</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Akkuka</span>: brother of Prachanda, <a href="#pb129" class="pageref">129</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ákota</span>: <a href="#pb125" class="pageref">125</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Akrureśvara</span>: Ankleśvara, <a href="#pb115" class="pageref">115</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Alaf Khán</span>: <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>; brother of <span class="corr" id="xd25e46857" title="Source: Alá-ud-din">Alá-ud-dín</span> Khilji -leads an expedition against Gujarát and conquers it (1297), -invades Somanáth; constructs a Jáma mosque at -<span class="corr" id="xd25e46860" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -with white marble pillars taken from Jain temples, <a href="#pb205" -class="pageref">205</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Alakhána</span>: Gurjjara king (890), -<a href="#pb3" class="pageref">3</a>; cedes Takkadeśa, <a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Alamgir</span> II.: Azizuddin, son of <span class="corr" id="xd25e46880" title="Source: Jahándar">Jahándár</span> Sháh, -succeeds to the throne of Dehli (1754–1759), <a href="#pb339" -class="pageref">339</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Al Ási</span>: father of Usmán, -<a href="#pb505" class="pageref">505</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Alankára Chudámani</span>: work on -rhetoric compiled by Hemachandra, <a href="#pb193" class="pageref">193</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Álam Ali Khán</span>: deputy viceroy -of the Dakhan, pursues the Nizám, is defeated and slain at -Bálápur (1720), <a href="#pb301" class="pageref">301</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e46910" title="Source: Alá-ud-din">Alá-ud-dín</span> -Khilji</span>: Dehli emperor (1296–1315), desecrates the -Somanáth temple, <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>, -<a href="#pb207" class="pageref">207</a>, <a href="#pb229" class="pageref">229</a>, <a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a>, <a href="#pb515" class="pageref">515</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Al Bailámán</span>: identified with -Bhinmál, expedition against, <a href="#pb109" class="pageref">109</a>, <a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Alban</span>: Lieutenant, disarms and shoots -Mustaphákhán, the Arab leader in revolt at Sunth, -<a href="#pb441" class="pageref">441</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Alberuni</span>: <a href="#pb78" class="pageref">78</a> and note, <a href="#pb81" class="pageref">81</a>, -<a href="#n167.1">167 note 1</a>. See Al Biruni.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Al Biládur</span>i: Ahmed bin Yáhya, -surnamed Abu Jáfer, writer of Futuh-ul-Buldán (892), -<a href="#pb505" class="pageref">505</a> and <a href="#n505.3">note -3</a>, <a href="#pb506" class="pageref">506</a>, <a href="#pb513" -class="pageref">513</a>, and notes 8 and 9, <a href="#pb520" class="pageref">520</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Al Biruni</span>: Abu Rihán, Arab traveller -(970–1039), <a href="#pb453" class="pageref">453</a>, <a href="#pb500" class="pageref">500</a>, <a href="#pb507" class="pageref">507</a> and <a href="#n507.9">note 9</a>, <a href="#pb508" -class="pageref">508</a> and <a href="#n508.8">note 8</a>, <a href="#pb510" class="pageref">510</a> and <a href="#n510.3">note 3</a>, -<a href="#pb511" class="pageref">511</a> and <a href="#n511.9">note -9</a>, <a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a> and <a href="#n512.1">note 1</a>, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a> and -<a href="#n513.11">note 11</a>, <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>, <a href="#pb516" class="pageref">516</a> and -<a href="#n516.11">note 11</a>, <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>, <a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a>, <a href="#pb520" class="pageref">520</a>, <a href="#pb521" class="pageref">521</a>, <a href="#pb522" class="pageref">522</a>, <a href="#pb523" class="pageref">523</a>, <a href="#pb524" class="pageref">524</a>, <a href="#pb525" class="pageref">525</a>, <a href="#pb527" class="pageref">527</a>, <a href="#pb528" class="pageref">528</a>, <span class="corr" id="xd25e47067" title="Source: 730">530</span>, <a href="#pb531" class="pageref">531</a>. See -Al Biruni and Abu Rihán.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Alexander</span>: the Great, Macedonian emperor -(<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 326–325), <a href="#n164.5">164 note 5</a>, <a href="#pb497" class="pageref">497</a>, -<a href="#pb532" class="pageref">532</a>, <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>, <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>, <a href="#pb544" class="pageref">544</a>, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Alexandria</span>: town, <a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Al Hajjáj</span>: (714), <a href="#pb506" -class="pageref">506</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Al Hind</span>: India, <a href="#n505.5">505 note -5</a>, <a href="#pb507" class="pageref">507</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb551" href="#pb551" name="pb551">551</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Ali Akbar</span>: of Ispahán, governor of -Surat and Cambay, <a href="#pb280" class="pageref">280</a>; his -assassination (1646), <a href="#pb280" class="pageref">280</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Al <span class="corr" id="xd25e47141" title="Source: Idrisi">Idrísi</span></span>: Abu Abdallah Muhammad, -author of Nuzhat-ul-Mushták (1100), <a href="#pb508" class="pageref">508</a> and <a href="#n508.10">note 10</a>, <a href="#n509.5">509 note 5</a>, <a href="#pb510" class="pageref">510</a>, -<a href="#pb511" class="pageref">511</a>, <a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a> and <a href="#n512.1">note 1</a>, <a href="#pb516" -class="pageref">516</a>, <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a> and -<a href="#n517.2">note 2</a>, <a href="#pb519" class="pageref">519</a>, -<a href="#pb521" class="pageref">521</a>, <a href="#pb523" class="pageref">523</a>, <a href="#pb524" class="pageref">524</a>, <a href="#pb525" class="pageref">525</a>, <a href="#pb526" class="pageref">526</a>, <a href="#pb527" class="pageref">527</a>, <a href="#pb528" class="pageref">528</a>, <a href="#pb529" class="pageref">529</a>, <a href="#pb531" class="pageref">531</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Alibág</span>: <a href="#pb386" class="pageref">386</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e47216" title="Source: Alinga">Aliṅga</span></span>: appointed second -counsellor, <a href="#pb184" class="pageref">184</a>. See Sajjana.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Al Istakhri</span>: Abu Is-hák, author of -Kitáb-ul-Akálim (951), <a href="#n509.3">509 note 3</a>, -<a href="#n510.1">510 note 1</a>, <a href="#pb511" class="pageref">511</a> and notes 3 and 4, <a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a>, <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a> and notes 2 -and 3, <a href="#pb516" class="pageref">516</a> notes 6 and 7, <a href="#pb520" class="pageref">520</a> and <a href="#n520.10">note 10</a>, -<a href="#pb523" class="pageref">523</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Al Jauhari</span>: Arab writer (982–999), -<a href="#n508.10">508 note 10</a>, <a href="#pb525" class="pageref">525</a>, <a href="#pb526" class="pageref">526</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Al <span class="corr" id="xd25e47270" title="Source: Kazwini">Kazwíni</span></span>: Zakariah Ibn Muhammad, -author of Ásar-ul-Bilád (1263–1275), <a href="#n509.2">509 note 2</a>, <a href="#pb510" class="pageref">510</a> and -<a href="#n510.1">note 1</a>, <a href="#pb516" class="pageref">516</a> -and <a href="#n516.14">note 14</a>, <a href="#n517.1">517 note 1</a>, -<a href="#pb529" class="pageref">529</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Allahábád</span>: inscription of -Samudragupta at, <a href="#pb63" class="pageref">63</a>, <a href="#pb65" class="pageref">65</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Allitrochades</span>: Bindusárá, son -of Chandragupta, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Al Mahdi</span>: Khalífah (775–785), -<a href="#pb525" class="pageref">525</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Al Mámun</span>: Abbási Khalifah -(813–833), <a href="#pb506" class="pageref">506</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e47326" title="Not in source">,</span> <a href="#pb520" -class="pageref">520</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Al Masudi</span>: Abul Hasan, Arab traveller -(915–944), <a href="#n505.5">505 note 5</a>, <a href="#n506.8">506 note 8</a>, <a href="#pb510" class="pageref">510</a>, -<a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a>, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>, <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>, <a href="#pb516" class="pageref">516</a>, <a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a> and <a href="#n518.4">note 4</a>, <a href="#pb520" -class="pageref">520</a>, <a href="#pb521" class="pageref">521</a>, -<a href="#pb523" class="pageref">523</a>, <a href="#pb524" class="pageref">524</a>, <a href="#pb525" class="pageref">525</a>, <a href="#pb526" class="pageref">526</a>, <a href="#pb527" class="pageref">527</a>, <a href="#pb528" class="pageref">528</a>, <a href="#pb529" class="pageref">529</a>, <a href="#pb531" class="pageref">531</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Al Murri</span>: Abdur Rahmán, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Al Mutawakkil</span>: <a href="#n505.3">505 note -3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Alor</span>: town, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Alp Khán</span><span class="corr" id="xd25e47420" title="Source: ,">:</span> governor of Gujarát -(1310), <a href="#n229.6">229 note 6</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Amánat Khán</span>: military governor -of Surat (1690), <a href="#pb288" class="pageref">288</a>. See -<span class="corr" id="xd25e47433" title="Source: Itimád">Ítimád</span> Khán.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Amarabhata</span>: Sanskrit form of Ámbada, -<a href="#n185.3">185 note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ámardáka</span>: branch of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e47447" title="Source: Saivism">Śaivism</span>, <a href="#pb138" class="pageref">138</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Amarji</span>: Dewán of -Junágaḍh (1759–1784), <a href="#pb70" class="pageref">70</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ambá Bhaváni</span>: rugged land -beyond, owned by a branch of the Vághelás, <a href="#pb206" class="pageref">206</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ámbada</span>: son of Udayana, rises to -eminence in the reign of Kumárapála, <a href="#pb170" -class="pageref">170</a>; fights with Mallikárjuna and in a -second fight kills him for which he is honoured with the title of -Rájápitámaha, <a href="#pb185" class="pageref">185–186</a>, <a href="#pb186" class="pageref">186</a>, -<a href="#pb194" class="pageref">194</a>; refuses submission to -Ajayapála in religious matters and is killed in a fight, -<a href="#pb195" class="pageref">195</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ambaka</span>: Sanskrit form of Ámbada, -<a href="#n185.3">185 note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ambápátaka</span>: village, grant of, -to a Jain temple at Navasári, <a href="#pb125" class="pageref">125</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ambiká</span>: goddess, temple of, at -Kodinár, <a href="#pb182" class="pageref">182</a> and note.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ámhal</span>: <a href="#pb511" class="pageref">511</a>. See <span class="corr" id="xd25e47515" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ámil</span>: sub-divisional officer, -<a href="#pb210" class="pageref">210</a>, <a href="#pb212" class="pageref">212</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Amin</span>: chief treasurer, <a href="#pb212" -class="pageref">212</a>, <a href="#pb214" class="pageref">214</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Amiráni Sadah</span>: insurrection of -(1346); <a href="#pb230" class="pageref">230</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Amirkhán</span>: Rághoba’s -general, <a href="#pb405" class="pageref">405</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Amir Khusrao</span>: author of <span class="corr" -id="xd25e47556" title="Source: Tarikh-i-Alai">Tárikh-i-Alái</span>, <a href="#pb515" class="pageref">515</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Amjera</span>: rising at, <a href="#pb439" class="pageref">439</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Amoghavarsha</span> I.: Dakhan -Ráshṭrakúṭa king, <a href="#pb123" class="pageref">123</a>, <a href="#pb124" class="pageref">124</a>; invades -Gujarát, <a href="#pb125" class="pageref">125</a>, <a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>, <a href="#pb128" class="pageref">128</a>, <a href="#pb525" class="pageref">525</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e47595" title="Source: Ámrabhata">Ámrabhaṭa</span></span>: see -Ámbada.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e47600" title="Source: Amrakárdava">Ámrakárdava</span></span>: -Gupta chief, <a href="#pb66" class="pageref">66</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Amreli</span>: battle at (1730), <a href="#pb312" -class="pageref">312</a>; Maháls, <a href="#pb418" class="pageref">418</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Amru bin Jamál Taghlabi</span>: <a href="#pb524" class="pageref">524</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Amśuvarman</span>: inscription of, <a href="#pb81" class="pageref">81</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e47632" title="Source: Anahila">Aṇahila</span></span>: Bharvád; shows -Vanarája the site of <span class="corr" id="xd25e47635" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>, -<a href="#pb151" class="pageref">151</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e47643" title="Source: Anahilapura">Aṇahilapura</span></span>: city, <a href="#pb151" class="pageref">151</a>; Vanarája’s installation -at, <a href="#pb152" class="pageref">152</a>; Ámbada returns -victorious to, after his fight with Mallikárjuna, <a href="#pb186" class="pageref">186</a>. See <span class="corr" id="xd25e47655" title="Source: Anahilváḍa">Aṇahilváḍa</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e47660" title="Source: Anahilaváda">Aṇahilaváḍa</span></span>: -<span class="corr" id="xd25e47663" title="Source: Chávaḍas">Chávaḍás</span> of, -<a href="#pb124" class="pageref">124</a>; foundation of (746), <a href="#pb466" class="pageref">466</a>; removal of the capital of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e47672" title="Source: Mularája">Múlarája</span> Solaṅki -to, <a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>; named after a -Bharvád who shows its site; founding of Jain temple at, <a href="#pb151" class="pageref">151–152</a>; chroniclers, <a href="#pb156" class="pageref">156</a>; <span class="corr" id="xd25e47685" -title="Source: Mularája’s">Múlarája’s</span> -father and uncles stop at, <a href="#pb156" class="pageref">156</a>; -cavalry parade at, <a href="#pb157" class="pageref">157</a>; Jain and -Mahádev temples at, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>, -<a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>; lake built by Durlabha at, -<a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163</a>; invasion by Kulachandra of, -<a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163–164</a>; <span class="corr" -id="xd25e47707" title="Source: Bhima">Bhíma</span> I. king of, -at Mahmúd’s advance abandons it and flies away, <a href="#pb166" class="pageref">166</a>; proposed capital of Mahmúd of -Ghazni, <a href="#n168.1">168 note 1</a>; <span class="corr" id="xd25e47717" title="Source: Karnameru">Karṇameru</span> temple -at, <a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>; <span class="corr" id="xd25e47723" title="Source: Vikramasiṁha">Vikramasiṃha</span> imprisoned at, -<a href="#pb185" class="pageref">185</a>; louse-temple at, <a href="#pb193" class="pageref">193</a>; sack of (1194), <a href="#pb229" -class="pageref">229</a>, its different names, <a href="#pb511" class="pageref">511</a>. See <span class="corr" id="xd25e47739" title="Source: Anahilapura">Aṇahilapura</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e47744" title="Source: Anahilaváta">Aṇahilaváta</span></span>: -Sanskrit form of <span class="corr" id="xd25e47747" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>, -<a href="#pb151" class="pageref">151</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e47756" title="Source: Ánahillapátaka">Aṇahillapáṭaka</span></span>: -<a href="#pb204" class="pageref">204</a>. See -Aṇahilaváḍa.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ánáka</span>: see -Arnorája.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ánalde</span>: name of Arnorája, -father of <span class="corr" id="xd25e47770" title="Source: Lavanaprasáda">Lavaṇaprasáda</span>, as -given in an inscription, <a href="#pb200" class="pageref">200</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ánalladeva</span>: name of Anarája as -given in the Hammíramahákávya, <a href="#pb182" -class="pageref">182</a>. See Arnorája.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ánandapura</span>: ancient name of -Vadanagara, <a href="#pb6" class="pageref">6</a> and <a href="#n6.2">note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Anandráv Gáikwád</span>: heir -of Govindráo, <a href="#pb412" class="pageref">412</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Anandráv Pavár</span>: settles at -Dhár (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1734), <a href="#pb382" -class="pageref">382</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e47809" title="Source: .">;</span> His Highness Sir, <abbr title="Knight Commander, Order of the Star of India">K.C.S.I.</abbr>, -<abbr title="Companion, Order of the Indian Empire">C.I.E.</abbr>, the -present Mahárája of Dhár, <a href="#pb383" class="pageref">383</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ánantapura</span>: fort of, <a href="#n180.2">180 note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Anarája</span>: king of <span class="corr" -id="xd25e47833" title="Source: Śáḳambhari">Śákambhari</span>, -<a href="#pb181" class="pageref">181</a> and <a href="#n181.3">note -3</a>, <a href="#pb182" class="pageref">182</a>. See -Arnorája.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ánartta</span>: ancient division of -Gujarát, <a href="#pb6" class="pageref">6</a>, <a href="#pb35" -class="pageref">35</a>, <a href="#pb36" class="pageref">36</a>; -legendary Gujarát king, <a href="#pb8" class="pageref">8</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ánarttapura</span>: see -Ánandapura.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ándaræ</span>: Andhras, <a href="#pb532" class="pageref">532</a>, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ándhras</span>: the (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 138), <a href="#pb32" class="pageref">32</a>, -<a href="#pb52" class="pageref">52</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e47888" title="Source: ,">;</span> king of, at the -bridegroom-choosing of Durlabhadevi, <a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163</a>, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Andrapana</span>: identified with Darban, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e47907" title="Source: Ándhrabhrityas">Ándhrabhṛityas</span></span>: -see Ándhras and <span class="corr" id="xd25e47910" title="Source: Sátakarnis">Śátakarṇis</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Anekárthanámamálá</span>: Collection -of words of more than one meaning, compiled by Hemachandra, <a href="#pb192" class="pageref">192</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Anga</span>: king of, at the bridegroom-choosing of -Durlabhadevi, <a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Angar</span>: village, destruction of, by Mr. -Ashburner, <a href="#pb443" class="pageref">443</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Angediva</span>: island, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Anhilawára</span>: <a href="#pb516" class="pageref">516</a>. See <span class="corr" id="xd25e47948" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Anhilwára</span>: <a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a>, <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>. See -<span class="corr" id="xd25e47961" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ankleśvara</span>: Akálavarsha -<span class="corr" id="xd25e47968" title="Source: Krishna’s">Kṛishṇa’s</span> Bagumra -grant from, <a href="#pb128" class="pageref">128</a>; -Maráthás defeated at (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1711), <a href="#pb297" class="pageref">297</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Angkor</span>: capital of Cambodia, <a href="#pb499" class="pageref">499</a>, <a href="#pb500" class="pageref">500</a>, <a href="#pb502" class="pageref">502</a>. -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb552" href="#pb552" name="pb552">552</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Annius Plocamus</span>: <a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ankottáka</span>: modern <span class="corr" -id="xd25e48006" title="Source: Ákota">Ákotá</span>, <a href="#pb125" -class="pageref">125</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ano</span>: Prákrit local name of -Anarája, <a href="#n181.3">181 note 3</a>. See -Arnorája.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Anopsingh Bhandári</span>: deputy of the -viceroy <span class="corr" id="xd25e48023" title="Source: Ajitsingh">Ajítsingh</span>, <a href="#pb301" class="pageref">301</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Anrája</span>: statue of, <a href="#pb153" -class="pageref">153</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Antáji <span class="corr" id="xd25e48039" -title="Source: Bhásker">Bháskar</span></span>: -Marátha leader in Gujarát, <a href="#pb391" class="pageref">391</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Antioch</span>: <a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Antonio de <span class="corr" id="xd25e48055" -title="Source: Sylveria">Sylveira</span></span>: Portuguese commander -in India, <a href="#pb349" class="pageref">349</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Antoninus Pius</span>: Roman emperor -(154–181), <a href="#pb542" class="pageref">542</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e48070" title="Source: Antroli">Ántroli</span></span>: plate at, <a href="#pb122" class="pageref">122</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e48079" title="Source: Antroli-Chároli">Ántroli-Chároli</span></span>: -Kakka, the Ráshṭrakúṭa prince’s grant -at, <a href="#pb121" class="pageref">121</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e48087" title="Source: Anupa">Anúpa</span></span>: name of country, <a href="#n36.2">36 note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e48095" title="Source: Anupama">Anupamá</span></span>: wife of -Tejahpála, <a href="#pb202" class="pageref">202</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ápa Ganesh</span>: Peshwa’s viceroy of -Gujarát, <a href="#pb345" class="pageref">345</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Aparáditya</span>: successor of -Mallikárjuna, <a href="#pb186" class="pageref">186</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Aparánta</span>, the western seaboard, -<a href="#pb36" class="pageref">36</a> and <a href="#n36.8">note -8</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e48127" title="Source: Aparantakas">Aparântakas</span></span>: <a href="#pb534" -class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Apokopa</span>: the <span class="corr" id="xd25e48137" title="Source: Arávallis">Aravallis</span>, -<a href="#pb539" class="pageref">539</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Apollodotus</span>: Baktrian-Greek king, <a href="#pb17" class="pageref">17</a>, <a href="#pb18" class="pageref">18</a>; -his inscriptions, <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>, <a href="#pb544" class="pageref">544</a>, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Apologos</span>: modern <span class="corr" id="xd25e48166" title="Source: Obolláh">Obollah</span>, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Arabastra</span>: <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Arabastræ</span>: <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Arabia</span>: <a href="#pb543" class="pageref">543</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Arab guard</span>: at Baroda, disbanded (1803), -<a href="#pb413" class="pageref">413</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e48206" title="Source: Arabhatta">Árabhaṭṭa</span></span>: see -Ahada.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Arabs</span>: invasion by, <a href="#pb117" class="pageref">117</a>; raids of, <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>; -advance of, by sea and land (637) and through Persia, (650–660), -<a href="#pb497" class="pageref">497</a>, <a href="#pb525" class="pageref">525</a>, <a href="#pb527" class="pageref">527</a>, <a href="#pb529" class="pageref">529</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e48234" title="Source: Arakhosioi">Arakhôsioi</span></span>: people of eastern -Afghanistán, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Aratrioi</span>: Araṭṭas of the -Mahábhárata, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e48249" title="Source: Arattas">Araṭṭas</span></span>: <a href="#pb545" -class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Arás</span>: battle of (1723), <a href="#pb305" class="pageref">305</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Arbuda</span>: see Ábu.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Archipelago</span>: Malay, <a href="#pb492" class="pageref">492</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ardabæ</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ardeshir <span class="corr" id="xd25e48284" title="Source: Papakán">Pâpakân</span></span>: <a href="#pb544" class="pageref">544</a>, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e48295" title="Source: Ardháshtama">Ardháshṭama</span></span>: -district, <a href="#pb191" class="pageref">191</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e48303" title="Source: Ardivijaya">Ardivijáya</span></span>: grandson of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e48306" title="Source: Bruvijaya">Bhruvijáya</span> (660), <a href="#pb489" -class="pageref">489</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e48314" title="Source: Argante">Argantê</span></span>: city, <a href="#pb546" -class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e48322" title="Source: Arháí-Dinká">Aṛháí-Dinká</span> -<span class="corr" id="xd25e48325" title="Source: Jhopdá">Jhopḍá</span></span>: mosque in -Ajmir, originally Sanskrit school, <a href="#pb180" class="pageref">180</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Arhat Áchára</span>: great monastery -built by, <a href="#pb79" class="pageref">79</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ariake</span>: north Konkan, <a href="#pb540" -class="pageref">540</a>, <a href="#pb544" class="pageref">544</a>, -<a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Arikesari</span>: <a href="#pb466" class="pageref">466</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e48360" title="Source: Arishtanemi">Arishṭanemi</span></span>: Jain temple of, -<a href="#pb181" class="pageref">181</a>, modern -Ahmadábád.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Arjuna</span>, visit of, to <span class="corr" id="xd25e48370" title="Source: Káthiaváḍa">Káthiáváḍa</span>, -<a href="#pb9" class="pageref">9</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e48379" title="Source: Arjunadeva">Arjuṇadeva</span></span>: Vághela -chief (1262–1274), <a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176</a>; -succeeds <span class="corr" id="xd25e48385" title="Source: Viśaladeva">Vísaladeva</span>; extension of his -kingdom and his inscriptions, <a href="#pb203" class="pageref">203–204</a>, <a href="#pb206" class="pageref">206</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Arjunáyana</span>: Kshatriya tribe, <a href="#n64.3">64 note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Armagara</span>: probably Cape Ramas, <a href="#pb542" class="pageref">542</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Arnorája</span>: king of Sámbhar, -<a href="#pb179" class="pageref">179</a>, <a href="#pb182" class="pageref">182</a>, <a href="#pb184" class="pageref">184</a>; fights -with Kumárapála and is defeated, <a href="#pb184" class="pageref">184</a>, <a href="#pb188" class="pageref">188</a>. See -Anarája.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Arnorája</span>: son of Dhavala, king of -Bhimapalli; helps <span class="corr" id="xd25e48431" title="Source: Bhima">Bhíma</span> II. in resisting the power of his -nobles (1170–1200), <a href="#pb196" class="pageref">196</a>, -<a href="#pb197" class="pageref">197</a>, <a href="#pb198" class="pageref">198</a>, <a href="#pb206" class="pageref">206</a>. See -Ánáka.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e48448" title="Source: Aromata">Arômata</span></span>: Cape Guardafui, <a href="#pb543" class="pageref">543</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Aror dominions</span>: spread of, <a href="#pb495" -class="pageref">495</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Arrian</span>: (150 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>), -<a href="#pb532" class="pageref">532</a>, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>, <a href="#pb542" class="pageref">542</a>, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Arrianos</span>: <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Artoarta</span>: town, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e48500" title="Source: Aryaka">Âryaka</span></span>: country, <a href="#pb540" -class="pageref">540</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e48509" title="Source: Áśa">Ása</span> Bhil</span>, defeat of -(1413–14), <a href="#pb235" class="pageref">235</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e48518" title="Source: Áśápála">Ásapála</span></span>: -prince, <a href="#pb172" class="pageref">172</a> and <a href="#n172.1">note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Áśápalli</span>: modern -Ahmedábád, <a href="#pb205" class="pageref">205</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ásaph <span class="corr" id="xd25e48537" -title="Source: Jah">Jáh</span> Nizám-ul-mulk</span>: -governor of Málwa (1717–1721), <a href="#pb382" class="pageref">382</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ásár-ul-Bilád</span>: work by -Al <span class="corr" id="xd25e48548" title="Source: Kazwini">Kazwíni</span>, <a href="#pb510" class="pageref">510</a> and <a href="#n510.1">note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Asárva</span>: village, <a href="#pb329" -class="pageref">329</a>, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Asával</span>: village, temples at, <a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Asáwal</span>: Ahmadábád, -<a href="#pb231" class="pageref">231</a>, <a href="#pb234" class="pageref">234</a>, <a href="#pb235" class="pageref">235</a>, <a href="#pb508" class="pageref">508</a>, <a href="#pb509" class="pageref">509</a>, <a href="#pb510" class="pageref">510</a>, <a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a>, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>, <a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e48608" title="Source: Ásha">Áshá</span></span>: Bhil chief, -slain by <span class="corr" id="xd25e48611" title="Source: Karna">Karṇa</span>, <a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e48619" title="Source: Áshápalli">Áshápallí</span></span>: -modern Asával, seat of Bhil chief, <span class="corr" id="xd25e48622" title="Source: Ásha">Áshá</span>, -<a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ashburner</span>: Mr., Assistant Magistrate, Kaira, -raises a fort for the protection of the district, <a href="#pb439" -class="pageref">439</a>; suppresses a rising of Thákors at -Partábpur, <a href="#pb443" class="pageref">443</a>, <a href="#pb444" class="pageref">444</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ashkál-ul-Bilád</span>: work by Ibni -Haukal, <a href="#pb511" class="pageref">511</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ashrafis</span>: coins, <a href="#pb342" class="pageref">342</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Asinda</span>: identification of, <a href="#pb539" -class="pageref">539</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Asini</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Asmagi</span>: the <span class="corr" id="xd25e48674" title="Source: Aśmakás">Aśmakas</span>, -<a href="#pb532" class="pageref">532</a>, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e48685" title="Source: Asmakas">Aśmakas</span></span>: <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Aśoka</span>: Mauryan emperor (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 250), <a href="#pb13" class="pageref">13</a>, -<a href="#pb14" class="pageref">14</a>; raises monuments in -Buddha’s places of rest, <a href="#pb79" class="pageref">79</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Áśramas</span>: Bráhman stages -of life, <a href="#pb116" class="pageref">116</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Assam</span>: <a href="#pb528" class="pageref">528</a>. See Káman.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Assigned lands</span>: during Musalmán -period, <a href="#pb209" class="pageref">209</a>, <a href="#pb210" -class="pageref">210</a>, <a href="#pb211" class="pageref">211</a>, -<a href="#pb213" class="pageref">213</a>, <a href="#pb214" class="pageref">214</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">As Sindh</span>: Indus valley, <a href="#pb507" -class="pageref">507</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Astakapra</span>: town, identified with -Hastakavapra or Háthab, <a href="#pb539" class="pageref">539</a>, <a href="#pb544" class="pageref">544</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e48760" title="Source: Asthada">Asthaḍa</span></span>: son of Udaya, rises to a -high position under Kumárapála, <a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e48768" title="Source: Ásthana">Ásthána</span></span>: -darbár hall, built by Siddharája, <a href="#pb179" class="pageref">179</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Atábak Abu Bakr</span>: king -(1154–1159), Saádi’s patron, <a href="#n515.4">515 -note 4</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Athva</span>: village, on the Tápti, -<a href="#pb309" class="pageref">309</a>; fort, built at (1730), -<a href="#pb310" class="pageref">310</a>, <a href="#pb331" class="pageref">331</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e48796" title="Source: Atita">Atíts</span></span>: <a href="#pb84" class="pageref">84</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Atri</span>: sage, <a href="#pb461" class="pageref">461</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Attok</span>: town, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Aubkin</span>: Piram, <a href="#pb509" class="pageref">509</a>, <a href="#pb515" class="pageref">515</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e48828" title="Source: Audichyas">Audíchyas</span></span>: subdivision of -Bráhmans, originally northerners, <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>; grants to, <a href="#pb172" class="pageref">172</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Audumbari <span class="corr" id="xd25e48840" title="Source: Śalvas">Sâlvas</span></span>: tribe, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Augustus</span>: (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 14) <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Aurangzib</span>: Mughal emperor<span class="corr" -id="xd25e48861" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb226" class="pageref">226</a>; Prince Muhammad, twenty-fifth viceroy of -Gujarát (1644–1646), <a href="#pb280" class="pageref">280</a>; his rule marked by religious disputes, is recalled, -<a href="#pb280" class="pageref">280</a>; joins with Murád, -defeats Jasvantsingh and <span class="corr" id="xd25e48873" title="Source: Dáráh">Dárá</span> Shikoh, -confines Murád and ascends the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb553" href="#pb553" name="pb553">553</a>]</span>throne (1658), -<a href="#pb282" class="pageref">282</a>; appoints Sidi Yákut of -Janjira Mughal admiral (1670), <a href="#pb285" class="pageref">285</a>; his campaigns against Udepur and -Márwár; imposes jazyah tax in Gujarát (1679), -<a href="#pb286" class="pageref">286</a>; his death (1707), <a href="#pb295" class="pageref">295</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Automula</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb532" class="pageref">532</a>; modern Chaul, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>, <a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Auxoamis</span>: town, identification of, <a href="#pb539" class="pageref">539</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Avalokita</span>: father of Yogeśvara, -<a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Avanti</span>: king of, at the bridegroom-choosing -of Durlabhadevi, <a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Avar</span>: <a href="#pb144" class="pageref">144</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Avars</span>, tribe, <a href="#pb75" class="pageref">75</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Avasarpini</span>: age, <a href="#pb193" class="pageref">193</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ayodhya</span>: capital of Assam, <a href="#pb491" -class="pageref">491</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ázam Khán</span>: viceroy of -Gujarát (1635–1642), <a href="#pb278" class="pageref">278</a>; subdues Kolis and Káthis, robbers in -Jháláváḍa, <span class="corr" id="xd25e48963" title="Source: Kathiáváḍa">Káthiáváḍa</span>, -Navánagar and Kachh (1639) <a href="#pb278" class="pageref">278</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e48968" title="Source: , and">;</span> marches against Navánagar (1640); is -recalled (1642), <a href="#pb279" class="pageref">279</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ázam Sháh</span>: prince, defeated -and slain (1707), <a href="#pb296" class="pageref">296</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bábal</span>: Babylon, <a href="#pb506" -class="pageref">506</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bábáji</span>: military minister of -Gáikwár: leaves the command of the forces in -Káthiáváḍa and takes part in the civil -administration at Baroda, <a href="#pb416" class="pageref">416</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bába Piárah</span>: ford, defeat of -the Musalmáns at (1705), <a href="#pb294" class="pageref">294</a>; advance of the Maráthás to (1711), -<a href="#pb297" class="pageref">297</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bábaria Váda</span>: <a href="#pb175" -class="pageref">175</a>, <a href="#pb187" class="pageref">187</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bábaro</span>: demon, helps -Siddharája in his magical feats, <a href="#pb174" class="pageref">174</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bábi family</span>: power of the, <a href="#pb286" class="pageref">286</a>; disagreement with Haidar Kuli -Khán, <a href="#pb300" class="pageref">300</a>, <a href="#pb301" -class="pageref">301</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Babranagar</span>: fort, invested by <span class="corr" id="xd25e49040" title="Source: Cháhada">Cháhaḍa</span>, <a href="#pb187" -class="pageref">187</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Báburáv</span>: guardian of -Yashvantráv, infant son of Umábái -Dábháde, <a href="#pb396" class="pageref">396</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bádámi</span>: town in Bijápur -district, <a href="#pb125" class="pageref">125</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Badarasidhi</span>: apparently Borsad, <a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bad Gujjars</span>: high Gujjars, <a href="#pb464" -class="pageref">464</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bádmer</span>: town, <a href="#pb470" class="pageref">470</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bádner</span>: Mher settlement at, <a href="#pb136" class="pageref">136</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Baghdád</span>: <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>, <a href="#pb516" class="pageref">516</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Baglán</span>: hills, hiding place of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e49103" title="Source: Karnadeva">Karṇadeva</span>, <a href="#pb205" class="pageref">205</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bagumra</span>: village, copperplate grant from, -<a href="#pb117" class="pageref">117</a>; plate of Akálavarsha -at, <a href="#pb125" class="pageref">125</a>; grant of Dhruva II. at, -<a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>; Akálavarsha -<span class="corr" id="xd25e49122" title="Source: Krishna’s">Kṛishṇa’s</span> grant at, -<a href="#pb127" class="pageref">127</a>; <span class="corr" id="xd25e49129" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span>, the -Gujarát Ráshṭrakúṭa king’s grant -at, <a href="#pb129" class="pageref">129</a>; Dhruva II.’s plate -at, <a href="#pb130" class="pageref">130</a>, <a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bagváda</span>: fort, capture of, by -Shiváji (1672), <a href="#pb387" class="pageref">387</a>; by -Lieutenant Welsh in 1780, <a href="#pb409" class="pageref">409</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Báhada</span>: son of Udaya, rises to high -position under Kumárapála, <a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>; is made chief counsellor, <a href="#pb184" class="pageref">184</a>; establishes Báhadapura, <a href="#pb186" -class="pageref">186</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Báhadapura</span>: town established by -Báhada, <a href="#n186.4">186 note 4</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bahádur</span>: Sultán of -Gujarát (1526–1536); captures Mándu and sends -Mehmud II. of Málwa prisoner to Gujarát; incorporates -Málwa with Gujarát (1526), <a href="#pb367" class="pageref">367</a>; takes refuge at Mándu after his defeat at -Mandasor, flees from Mandu to Chámpánir, <a href="#pb367" -class="pageref">367</a>, <a href="#pb368" class="pageref">368</a>; -cedes the town of Bassein to the Portuguese, <a href="#pb347" class="pageref">347</a>; his death (1536), <a href="#pb348" class="pageref">348–351</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bahádur Khán</span>: son of a slave -girl, claims the chiefship of <span class="corr" id="xd25e49194" title="Source: Junágáḍh">Junágaḍh</span> -(1811), <a href="#pb425" class="pageref">425</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bahádur Khán</span>: Khán -Jehán, thirty-fourth viceroy of Gujarát -(1668–1671); sent as viceroy of the Dakhan (1671–1674), -<a href="#pb285" class="pageref">285</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bahádur Sháh</span> I.: -(1707–1712) emperor of Dehli, <a href="#pb296" class="pageref">296</a>; his death, <a href="#pb297" class="pageref">297</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Báhalim</span>: Indian viceroy of the Ghazni -king, <a href="#n174.1">174 note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Baharimad</span>: (Mevád?), <a href="#pb109" -class="pageref">109</a>, <a href="#pb492" class="pageref">492</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Baháwalpur</span>: <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Báhirji Náik</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e49246" title="Source: Shivaji’s">Shiváji’s</span> spy in -Gujarát in 1664, <a href="#pb386" class="pageref">386</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bahrám Sháh</span>: Ghazni king -(1116–1157), <a href="#n174.1">174 note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bahrein</span>: <a href="#pb505" class="pageref">505</a>, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>, <a href="#pb515" class="pageref">515</a>, <a href="#pb523" class="pageref">523</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bahruch</span>: <a href="#pb510" class="pageref">510</a>. See Broach.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bahruj</span>: <a href="#pb508" class="pageref">508</a>, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>. See -Broach.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bahrus</span>: <a href="#pb520" class="pageref">520</a>. See Broach.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Báhuloda</span>: apparently the modern -village of Bholáda, remission of pilgrim tax at, <a href="#pb172" class="pageref">172</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e49309" title="Source: Bahusahaya">Báhusaháya</span></span>: see Dadda -III.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Baidjadak</span>: Arabic for ruby, <a href="#pb517" -class="pageref">517</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e49321" title="Source: Baiones">Baiônes</span></span>: Peram, <a href="#pb545" -class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Baira</span>: pirate boats, <a href="#n508.4">508 -note 4</a>, <a href="#pb521" class="pageref">521</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Baisura</span>: Vaishyás<span class="corr" -id="xd25e49341" title="Not in source">,</span> <a href="#pb530" class="pageref">530</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Baithana</span>: Paithan, <a href="#pb37" class="pageref">37</a>, <a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Báiza Bái</span>: daughter of Sirji -Ráo Ghátke and widow of Dowlatráv Sindia of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e49361" title="Source: Gwalior">Gwálior</span>, <a href="#pb437" class="pageref">437</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bájiráv Ballál</span>: Peshwa -(1720–1740), sends <span class="corr" id="xd25e49371" title="Source: Udaji">Udáji</span> Pavár to Gujarát to -drive away Piláji Gáikwár; carried on negotiations -with the Gujarát viceroy and promises to exclude Piláji, -Kántáji, and other freebooters from Gujarát, -<a href="#pb308" class="pageref">308</a>; discovers the intrigues of -Trimbakráv Dábháde; advances to Baroda and -besieges it; raises the siege and on his way to the Dakhan defeats the -forces of Trimbakráv and Piláji and kills -Trimbakráv (1731), <a href="#pb393" class="pageref">393</a>; his -negotiations with the Nizám (1731), <a href="#pb312" class="pageref">312</a>, <a href="#pb313" class="pageref">313</a>; is -appointed governor of Málwa with Anandráv <span class="corr" id="xd25e49387" title="Source: Pavar">Pavár</span> as his -deputy, <a href="#pb382" class="pageref">382</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bájiráo</span> II.: Peshwa, son of -Raghunáthráo (1796–1818), appoints his younger -brother governor of Gujarát, <a href="#pb411" class="pageref">411</a>; appoints Trimbakji Dengle Sar Subha of -Ahmedábád, <a href="#pb427" class="pageref">427</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bakkar</span>: place, <a href="#pb520" class="pageref">520</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bakshi</span>: military paymaster, <a href="#pb214" -class="pageref">214</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Baktria</span>: independence of, <a href="#pb543" -class="pageref">543</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Baktrian Greeks</span>: <a href="#n456.1">456 note -1</a>, <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Baktrianoi</span>: warlike race, <a href="#pb545" -class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bakuládevi</span>: queen of Bhim I. (1169), -<a href="#pb169" class="pageref">169</a>; concubine, <a href="#pb181" -class="pageref">181</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Balabha</span>: town, <a href="#pb524" class="pageref">524</a>, <a href="#pb525" class="pageref">525</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Báladevas</span>: Jain saints, <a href="#n451.3">451 note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e49471" title="Source: Baláditya">Báláditya</span></span>: of -Magadha, <a href="#pb75" class="pageref">75</a> notes 2 and 5.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Balah</span>: Alberuni’s era of, <a href="#n78.1">78 note 1</a>; starting of era, <a href="#pb81" class="pageref">81</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Balai</span>: Ptolemy’s name for -Gopnáth, <a href="#n78.1">78 note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Báláji Bájirao</span>: Peshwa -(1740–1761), sends an army to Gujarát and frees Rangoji, -<a href="#pb333" class="pageref">333</a>; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb554" href="#pb554" name="pb554">554</a>]</span>his negotiations with -Jawán Mard Khán (1750); imprisons Dámáji -and compels him to surrender half his rights and conquests (1751); -includes Cambay in his share at the request of <span class="corr" id="xd25e49503" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán; -imprisons all the members of the Gáikwár and -Dábháde families and sends Raghunáthráo to -Surat, <a href="#pb334" class="pageref">334</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Báláji <span class="corr" id="xd25e49513" title="Source: Vishwanáth">Vishvanáth</span></span>: Peshwa -(1714–1720), advances to Ahmadábád and levies -tribute, <a href="#pb295" class="pageref">295</a>, <a href="#pb296" -class="pageref">296</a>; his negotiations at Dehli respecting the -Gujarát tribute (1717), <a href="#pb389" class="pageref">389</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Baleokuros</span>: king, identified with -Viliváyakura, <a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Balhára</span>: <a href="#pb505" class="pageref">505</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Balháras</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e49543" title="Source: Rashṭrakúṭas">Ráshṭrakúṭas</span>, -<a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a>, <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>, <a href="#pb506" class="pageref">506</a>, <a href="#pb509" class="pageref">509</a>, <a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a>, <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>, <a href="#pb516" class="pageref">516</a>, <a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a>; rulers of Málkhet, <a href="#pb519" class="pageref">519</a>, <a href="#pb525" class="pageref">525</a>, -<span class="corr" id="xd25e49578" title="Source: 526, 526"><a href="#pb526" class="pageref">526</a></span>, <a href="#pb527" class="pageref">527</a>, <a href="#pb529" class="pageref">529</a>, <a href="#pb530" class="pageref">530</a>, <a href="#pb531" class="pageref">531</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e49596" title="Source: Bál">Bála</span></span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e49599" title="Source: Mularája">Múlarája</span>: see -<span class="corr" id="xd25e49602" title="Source: Mularája">Múlarája</span> II.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bálápur</span>: battle of (1720), -<a href="#pb301" class="pageref">301</a>, <a href="#pb389" class="pageref">389</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bálásinor</span>: residence of the -Bábi family, <a href="#pb314" class="pageref">314</a>; captured -by Bhagvantráv from Sardár Muhammad Khán -Bábi, <a href="#pb344" class="pageref">344</a>; recaptured by -Sardár Muhammad Khán (1761), <a href="#pb345" class="pageref">345</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Baleh</span>: see Vaḷeh.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Balesar</span>: village, <a href="#pb127" class="pageref">127</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Balisa</span>: village, identified with Wanesa, -gift of, <a href="#pb111" class="pageref">111</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Balkh</span>: <a href="#pb144" class="pageref">144</a>, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ballála</span>: king of Málwa, -defeated by Kumárapála, <a href="#pb185" class="pageref">185</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bálmer</span>: <a href="#pb188" class="pageref">188</a>, <a href="#pb196" class="pageref">196</a>, <a href="#pb466" class="pageref">466</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Balsár</span>: grant of Vinayáditya -Mangalarája at, <a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>, -<a href="#pb123" class="pageref">123</a>; sacked by the Portuguese in -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1531, <a href="#pb347" class="pageref">347</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Baltipatna</span>: modern Pal, <a href="#pb540" -class="pageref">540</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bálya <span class="corr" id="xd25e49703" -title="Source: Acha">Achá</span></span>: Kasamachitra, ruler of -Gujarát, <a href="#pb489" class="pageref">489</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bamian</span>: <a href="#pb497" class="pageref">497</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bammogoura</span>: town, <a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e49725" title="Source: Bána">Báṇa</span></span>: poet, <a href="#pb114" class="pageref">114</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Banagara</span>: identified with Bannu, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Banaouasei</span>: Vanavási, <a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bándhárás</span>: -calico-printers, <a href="#pb450" class="pageref">450</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bandhuvarman</span>: <a href="#pb76" class="pageref">76</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bania</span>: Bazána or -Náráyan, <a href="#pb511" class="pageref">511</a> and -<a href="#n511.12">note 12</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bania</span>: Bráhman, lord of Mankir, -<a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bánia Ránka</span>: <a href="#pb525" -class="pageref">525</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bannu</span>: town, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bansarovar</span>: desert sea, <a href="#pb455" -class="pageref">455</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bappa</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e49802" -title="Source: Shaivite">Śaivite</span> or Vaishnava pontiffs, -<a href="#pb84" class="pageref">84–85</a>, <a href="#n85.1">85 -note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bápu Gáikwár</span>: -half-brother of the Gáikwár, a political refugee at -Ahmedábád (1857), <a href="#pb442" class="pageref">442</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bára</span>: island, <a href="#pb529" class="pageref">529</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e49827" title="Source: Bárada">Baráda</span></span>: Porbandar, -<a href="#pb524" class="pageref">524</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Baradwáj</span>: sage, <a href="#pb461" -class="pageref">461</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Barági</span>: Varáha the Boar, -temple of, <a href="#pb451" class="pageref">451</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Baráhmas</span>: Bráhmans, <a href="#pb530" class="pageref">530</a> and <a href="#n530.11">note -11</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Báráji</span>: rest-house of, -<a href="#pb471" class="pageref">471</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e49867" title="Source: Baráke">Barakê</span></span>: <span class="corr" -id="xd25e49870" title="Source: Dvarka">Dvârakâ</span>, -<a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>, <a href="#pb544" class="pageref">544</a>, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bárappa</span>: Tailapa’s general and -king of Láṭa or south Gujarát, killed by -<span class="corr" id="xd25e49886" title="Source: Mularája">Múlarája</span>, <a href="#pb157" class="pageref">157</a>, <a href="#pb158" class="pageref">158</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Báráuz</span>: Broach, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Barbara</span>: <a href="#pb174" class="pageref">174</a>, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>. See -Barbaraka.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Barbaraka</span>: demon, <a href="#pb173" class="pageref">173</a> and <a href="#n173.3">note 3</a>; non-Áryan -tribe, <a href="#pb174" class="pageref">174</a> and <a href="#n174.1">note 1</a>, <a href="#pb175" class="pageref">175</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Barbarei</span>: town, <a href="#n174.1">174 note -1</a>, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Barbarikon</span>: Sháhbandar, <a href="#n174.1">174 note 1</a>, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e49950" title="Not in source">,</span> <a href="#pb544" class="pageref">544</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Barbariás</span>: ancient Barbaraka, -<a href="#pb175" class="pageref">175</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Barbosa</span>: traveller (1511–1514), -<a href="#pb219" class="pageref">219</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Barda</span>: hills, <a href="#pb87" class="pageref">87</a>, <a href="#pb135" class="pageref">135</a>, <a href="#pb136" class="pageref">136</a>; town, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bardai</span>: main division of Mher chiefships, -<a href="#pb136" class="pageref">136</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bárdoli</span>: <a href="#pb130" class="pageref">130</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bardaxema</span>: Porbandar, <a href="#pb538" -class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bardesanes</span>: <a href="#pb542" class="pageref">542</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bargose</span>: Broach, <a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bári</span>: city, <a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Baroda</span>: Karka’s grant at, <a href="#pb122" class="pageref">122</a>, <a href="#pb124" class="pageref">124</a>, <a href="#pb125" class="pageref">125</a>; -Dhruva’s grant at, <a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>, -<a href="#pb127" class="pageref">127</a>; -Kumárapála’s visit to, <a href="#pb183" class="pageref">183</a>; granted by Kumárapála to Katuka, -<a href="#pb184" class="pageref">184</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e50054" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb235" class="pageref">235</a>; one-fourth revenue of, assigned to Piláji -Gáikwár by Hamid Khán, <a href="#pb306" class="pageref">306</a>; capture of, by the Maráthás under -Mahádaji Gáikwár (1734), <a href="#pb314" class="pageref">314–315</a>; invested by Govindráv -Gáikwár (1775), <a href="#pb401" class="pageref">401</a>; -affairs at, managed by Rávji and Bábáji -<span class="corr" id="xd25e50070" title="Source: Appa">Áppa</span>, <a href="#pb412" class="pageref">412</a>; affairs of (1803), <a href="#pb413" class="pageref">413</a>; Marátha conspiracy at (1857), <a href="#pb442" class="pageref">442–443</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Barugaza</span>: ancient name of Broach, <a href="#pb18" class="pageref">18</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Báruh</span>: Broach, <a href="#pb506" -class="pageref">506</a>, <a href="#pb509" class="pageref">509</a>, -<a href="#pb510" class="pageref">510</a>, <a href="#pb511" class="pageref">511</a>, <a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a>, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>, <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>, <a href="#pb520" class="pageref">520</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Barus</span>: identified with Bharuch, expedition -against, <a href="#pb109" class="pageref">109</a>, <a href="#pb465" -class="pageref">465</a>, <a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>, -<a href="#pb506" class="pageref">506</a>, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Barusi</span>: Arabic for lance shafts, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Baruz</span>: Broach, <a href="#pb505" class="pageref">505</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bárwi</span>: Verával, <a href="#pb521" class="pageref">521</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Barygaza</span>: Broach, <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>; gulf of, <a href="#pb539" class="pageref">539</a>, -<a href="#pb544" class="pageref">544</a>; exports and imports of, -<a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Básdev</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e50182" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span>, -<a href="#pb519" class="pageref">519</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Basiles</span>: reputed author of the Periplus, -<a href="#pb542" class="pageref">542</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Basráh</span>: <a href="#pb505" class="pageref">505</a> notes 2 and 5, <a href="#pb516" class="pageref">516</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bassarika</span><span class="corr" id="xd25e50208" -title="Source: ;">:</span> poem, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bassein</span>: Mallikárjuna’s -inscription at, <a href="#pb186" class="pageref">186</a>; destroyed by -the Portuguese (1532), <a href="#pb347" class="pageref">347</a>; ceded -to the Portuguese by Sultán Bahádur of Gujarát -(1534), <a href="#pb347" class="pageref">347</a>; captured by the -Maráthás (1739), <a href="#pb322" class="pageref">322</a>; besieged by General Goddard (1780), <a href="#pb409" -class="pageref">409</a>; treaty of (1802), <a href="#pb413" class="pageref">413</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e50236" title="Not in source">,</span> <a href="#pb523" class="pageref">523</a>, -<a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Básúdeo</span>: <a href="#pb521" -class="pageref">521</a>. See Básdev.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Batia</span>: Bet, <a href="#pb506" class="pageref">506</a> and <a href="#n506.1">note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Báva</span>: <a href="#n85.1">85 note 1</a>. -See Bappa.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bawárij</span>: people of Kachh and -Somnáth, <a href="#pb508" class="pageref">508</a>; Medh pirates, -<a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>, <a href="#pb521" class="pageref">521</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bazána</span>: Bánia or -Náráyan, <a href="#n511.12">511 note 12</a>, <a href="#pb520" class="pageref">520</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Báz Bahádur</span>: the last of the -independent chiefs of Mándu, <a href="#pb355" class="pageref">355</a>; Malik <span class="corr" id="xd25e50300" title="Source: Báyázid">Báyazíd</span> kills his -brother Daulat Khán; the defeat of, by the Gonds; his poetic -love of Rupmati or Rupmani; expulsion of, by Pir Muhammad, -Akbar’s general (1560); his restoration and the death of Pir -Muhammad in 1561; recapture of Mándu by the Mughals under -Abdullah (1562); the retirement of, to Gondwal (1562); accepts service -under the Mughals (1570), <a href="#pb369" class="pageref">369–371</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Becare</span>: village <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Benda</span>: Bhiwndi creek, <a href="#pb540" -class="pageref">540</a>, <a href="#pb542" class="pageref">542</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bengál</span>: <a href="#pb124" class="pageref">124</a>; original place of <span class="corr" id="xd25e50333" -title="Source: Srigaudas">Śrigaudas</span>, <a href="#pb161" -class="pageref">161</a>, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb555" href="#pb555" name="pb555">555</a>]</span>468, <a href="#pb494" class="pageref">494</a>; Gurjjara Vatsarája’s success in -<a href="#pb527" class="pageref">527</a>; under Tibet, <a href="#pb528" -class="pageref">528</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Berenice</span>: <a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>, <a href="#pb543" class="pageref">543</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Berenike</span>: town on the Red Sea, <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Beruni</span>: <a href="#pb81" class="pageref">81</a>. See Al Biruni.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Besar</span>: <a href="#pb516" class="pageref">516</a> and <a href="#n516.5">note 5</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bet</span>: island and fort, seized by -Vághers, captured and destroyed by the English (1859), <a href="#pb446" class="pageref">446–447</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhábhuya</span>: minister of <span class="corr" id="xd25e50397" title="Source: Bhima">Bhíma</span> II., -<a href="#pb200" class="pageref">200</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhadhar</span>: river, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhadrakáli</span>: inscription in the temple -of, <a href="#n79.3">79 note 3</a>, <a href="#pb81" class="pageref">81</a>; shrine of, at Pátan, <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhadresar</span>: inscription in a temple near, -<a href="#pb172" class="pageref">172</a>; in Kachh, expedition against -the chief of, <a href="#pb201" class="pageref">201</a>; inscription -slab at, <a href="#pb204" class="pageref">204</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhadreśvara</span>: see Bhadresar.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhádula</span>: <a href="#n180.2">180 note -2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhagvánlál</span>: Dr., <a href="#pb111" class="pageref">111</a>, <a href="#pb117" class="pageref">117</a> note, <a href="#pb124" class="pageref">124</a>, -<a href="#pb127" class="pageref">127</a>, <a href="#n129.3">129 note -3</a>, <a href="#pb137" class="pageref">137</a>, <a href="#pb138" -class="pageref">138</a>, <a href="#pb141" class="pageref">141</a>, -<a href="#pb144" class="pageref">144</a>, <a href="#pb145" class="pageref">145</a>, <a href="#n167.1">167 note 1</a>, <a href="#pb465" -class="pageref">465</a>, <a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>, -<a href="#pb544" class="pageref">544</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhagvantráv</span>: Peshwa’s deputy, -marches on Cambay; is surrounded and taken prisoner by <span class="corr" id="xd25e50499" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> -Khán; his release, <a href="#pb338" class="pageref">338</a>; his -engagements with <span class="corr" id="xd25e50505" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán (1754), <a href="#pb339" class="pageref">339</a>; conquers Bálásinor and -levies Peshwa’s share of the revenue, <a href="#pb344" class="pageref">344</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhágvatái</span>: share system of -levying land revenue in kind, <a href="#pb279" class="pageref">279</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhairav</span>: shrine of, <a href="#pb454" class="pageref">454</a>; Buddhistic guardian, <a href="#pb458" class="pageref">458</a> and <a href="#n458.1">note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e50537" title="Source: Bhándárkar">Bhandárkar</span></span>: -Professor, <a href="#pb110" class="pageref">110</a>, <a href="#pb127" -class="pageref">127</a>, <a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>, -<a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhánugupta</span>: Gupta ruler (511), -<a href="#pb72" class="pageref">72</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhárods</span>: <a href="#pb464" class="pageref">464</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e50568" title="Source: Bharttridáman">Bharttṛidáman</span></span>: -nineteenth Kshatrapa (278–294), coins of, <a href="#pb48" class="pageref">48</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bharuch</span>: see Bárus.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e50580" title="Source: Bhata">Bhaṭa</span></span>: military officer, <a href="#pb125" class="pageref">125</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e50588" title="Source: Bhatárka">Bhaṭárka</span></span>: <a href="#pb80" class="pageref">80</a>; founder of the Valabhi dynasty of -Gurjjara descent, coins ascribed to him (509–520), <a href="#pb85" class="pageref">85</a>, <a href="#pb86" class="pageref">86</a>, -<a href="#pb87" class="pageref">87</a>, <a href="#pb136" class="pageref">136</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhátia</span>: reduced by Mahmúd of -Ghazni, <a href="#pb168" class="pageref">168</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e50615" title="Source: Bhatkárka">Bhaṭkárka</span></span>: -settlement of, <a href="#pb135" class="pageref">135</a>. See -<span class="corr" id="xd25e50621" title="Source: Bhatârka">Bhaṭárka</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bháts</span>: genealogists, <a href="#pb451" -class="pageref">451</a> and <a href="#n451.1">note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e50637" title="Source: Bhattáraka">Bhaṭṭáraka</span></span>: -attribute of priests of Digámbara Jain sect, <a href="#pb85" -class="pageref">85</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhattis</span>: <a href="#pb137" class="pageref">137</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e50652" title="Source: Bhaulingi">Bhâulingi</span></span>: Sálva tribe, -<a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bháva Brihaspati</span>: state officer at -Somanátha, <a href="#pb193" class="pageref">193</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhavishya</span>: early -Ráshṭrakúṭa prince, <a href="#pb120" class="pageref">120</a>; Purán, <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bháu Sáheb Pavár</span>: -Baroda officer, his intrigues (1857), <a href="#pb442" class="pageref">442</a>, <a href="#pb445" class="pageref">445</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhávnagar</span>: town and creek, <a href="#pb78" class="pageref">78</a>; state collection, <a href="#pb471" -class="pageref">471</a>, <a href="#pb524" class="pageref">524</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhávsingh</span>: of Viramgám, -invites the Maráthás to Viramgám and expels the -Kasbátis from the town (1735), <a href="#pb317" class="pageref">317</a>; attacks the fort and expels the -Maráthás, <a href="#pb323" class="pageref">323</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhilmál</span>: <a href="#pb466" class="pageref">466</a>. See Bhinmál.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhils</span>: <a href="#pb451" class="pageref">451</a>, <a href="#pb532" class="pageref">532</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e50730" title="Source: Bhima">Bhíma</span> I.</span>: Chaulukya king -(1022–1064) succeeds Durlabha, leads victorious expeditions -against the kings of Sindh and Chêdi; Kulachandra attacks his -capital <span class="corr" id="xd25e50734" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>; -he escapes at the advance of Mahmúd of Ghazni (1024), his -plates, <a href="#n79.2">79 note 2</a>, <a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163–170</a>, <a href="#pb181" class="pageref">181</a>; -builds the Somanátha temple, <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>, <a href="#pb522" class="pageref">522</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e50756" title="Source: Bhima">Bhíma</span> II.</span>: Chaulukya king -(1179–1242) succeeds <span class="corr" id="xd25e50760" title="Source: Mularája">Múlarája</span> II; his grants, -<a href="#pb195" class="pageref">195</a> and <a href="#n195.3">note -3</a>; his nickname Bholo (Simpleton) <a href="#pb196" class="pageref">196</a>, <a href="#pb470" class="pageref">470</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e50777" title="Source: Bhimadeva">Bhímadeva</span> I.</span>: <a href="#n79.2">79 note 2</a>, <a href="#pb181" class="pageref">181</a>, -<a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>. See <span class="corr" id="xd25e50790" title="Source: Bhima">Bhíma</span> I.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e50795" title="Source: Bhimádeva">Bhímadeva</span> II.</span>: -Chaulukya ruler, <a href="#pb229" class="pageref">229</a>. See -<span class="corr" id="xd25e50802" title="Source: Bhima">Bhíma</span> II.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhimapalli</span>: town, <a href="#pb196" class="pageref">196</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e50814" title="Source: Bhimasen">Bhímasena</span></span>: (953), <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e50822" title="Source: Bhima Simha">Bhímasiṃha</span></span>: -husbandman, concealed Kumárapála, <a href="#pb182" class="pageref">182</a>; is appointed head of the royal bodyguard, <a href="#pb184" class="pageref">184</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhimpor</span>: temple of, near Dumas, <a href="#pb403" class="pageref">403</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhinmál</span>: Shrimál town, -<a href="#pb3" class="pageref">3</a> and <a href="#n3.5">note 5</a>; -expedition against, <a href="#pb109" class="pageref">109</a> and -<a href="#n109.2">note 2</a>; Gurjjars of, <a href="#pb115" class="pageref">115</a>, <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>; -Chávaḍás connected with Chápas of, <a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>, <a href="#pb155" class="pageref">155</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e50866" title="Source: ,">;</span> its king sides with <span class="corr" id="xd25e50869" title="Source: Mularája">Múlarája</span>, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>; description of, <a href="#pb449" -class="pageref">449</a>; people of, <a href="#pb450" class="pageref">450</a>; objects in the town, <a href="#pb451" class="pageref">451–52</a>; surroundings, <a href="#pb452" class="pageref">452–456</a>; of Jaikop, <a href="#pb456" class="pageref">456–458</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e50890" title="Source: ,">;</span> sun temple at, <a href="#pb459" class="pageref">459–461</a>; legends, <a href="#pb461" class="pageref">461–463</a>; caste legends of, <a href="#pb463" class="pageref">463–465</a>; history, <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465–471</a>; origin of the name of, <a href="#n466.6">466 note 6</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e50908" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e50914" title="Source: ,">;</span> inscriptions at, <a href="#pb471" class="pageref">471–488</a>; <span class="corr" id="xd25e50920" title="Source: Gurjjar">Gurjjara</span> chief of, <a href="#pb489" class="pageref">489</a>; affliction of, <a href="#n513.9">513 note 9</a>, -<a href="#pb526" class="pageref">526</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhoja</span>: king of Málwa, <a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163</a>, <a href="#pb164" class="pageref">164</a>, <a href="#pb180" class="pageref">180</a>, <a href="#n453.1">453 note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhonsla Rája</span>: Sardár and -kinsman of the Gáikwár (1857), his intrigues, <a href="#pb442" class="pageref">442</a>; obtains pardon at the intercession of -the Gáikwár, <a href="#pb443" class="pageref">443</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhopál</span>: town, <a href="#pb438" class="pageref">438</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhopaladevi</span>: installed as Pattaráni -or queen-regnant of Kumárapála, <a href="#pb184" class="pageref">184</a>. See Bhupáladevi.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhragurishi</span>: sage, <a href="#pb461" class="pageref">461</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhrigukachha</span>: modern Broach, <a href="#pb127" class="pageref">127</a>; Kumárapála meets a -soothsayer at, <a href="#pb183" class="pageref">183</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhruvijaya Savelachála</span>: son of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e50995" title="Source: Kasamchitra">Kasamachitra</span>, king of Gujarát, -<a href="#pb489" class="pageref">489</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhuiyada</span>: <a href="#pb156" class="pageref">156</a>. See Bhuvada.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhumiás</span>: <a href="#n215.2">215 note -2</a>, <a href="#n451.3">451 note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhumilika</span>: <a href="#pb137" class="pageref">137</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhumli</span>: fort, capital of Mhers, <a href="#pb136" class="pageref">136</a>, <a href="#pb137" class="pageref">137</a>, <a href="#pb138" class="pageref">138</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhupaladevi</span>: wife of -Kumárapála, <a href="#pb182" class="pageref">182</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e51044" title="Source: ,">.</span> See Bhopaládevi.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhuvada</span>: Chaulukya king, kills <span class="corr" id="xd25e51051" title="Source: Jayasekhara">Jayaśekhara</span>, <a href="#pb150" class="pageref">150</a>, <a href="#pb157" class="pageref">157</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bhuvanáditya</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e51064" title="Source: Mularája’s">Múlarája’s</span> -ancestor, <a href="#pb157" class="pageref">157</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e51073" title="Source: Bhuyada">Bhúyada</span></span>: another name of -Chámuṇḍa, <a href="#pb154" class="pageref">154</a>, -<a href="#pb155" class="pageref">155</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bija</span>: uncle of <span class="corr" id="xd25e51086" title="Source: Mularája">Múlarája</span>, <a href="#pb156" class="pageref">156</a>, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bijápur</span>: <a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>. See Vijayapura.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bilhana</span>: poet (c. 1050 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>), <a href="#pb156" class="pageref">156</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bihruch</span>: Broach, <a href="#pb507" class="pageref">507</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Binagara</span>: town, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bilsad</span>: Gupta inscription at, <a href="#pb67" class="pageref">67</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Black</span>: Captain, political agent, -Rádhanpur, <a href="#pb441" class="pageref">441</a>. -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb556" href="#pb556" name="pb556">556</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Bolingæ</span>: <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>. See -<span class="corr" id="xd25e51151" title="Source: Bhaulingi">Bhâulingi</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bombaro</span>: name of a well, <a href="#pb453" -class="pageref">453</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bombay</span>: island, burned by the Portuguese -(1532), <a href="#pb347" class="pageref">347</a>; harbour, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e51174" title="Source: Bombiás">Bombias</span></span>: leather-workers, -<a href="#pb451" class="pageref">451</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bore</span>: <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Boro Buddor</span>: Javan town, <a href="#pb489" -class="pageref">489</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Borsad</span>: <a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>; fort, built by Jagjivan Pavár, Marátha -leader (1742), <a href="#pb325" class="pageref">325</a>; given up by -Rangoji to the Musalmáns, <a href="#pb326" class="pageref">326</a>; siege and fall of, <a href="#pb332" class="pageref">332</a>; besieged by <span class="corr" id="xd25e51210" -title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán, <a href="#pb339" -class="pageref">339</a>; recovered by Rangoji from Hariba, adopted son -of Khanderáv Gáikwár; retaken by Khanderáo -and Dámáji Gáikwár (1748), <a href="#pb396" -class="pageref">396</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bosari</span>: Kumárapála’s -companion in exile, <a href="#pb182" class="pageref">182</a>; appointed -viceroy of Láṭa or south Gujarát, <a href="#pb184" -class="pageref">184</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Borta</span>: hill range, <a href="#pb456" class="pageref">456</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Boudaia</span>: town, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Boukephala</span>: Jalálpur, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bourchier</span>: Mr., Governor of Bombay (1759), -<a href="#pb343" class="pageref">343</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Brahma</span>: inscription in the temple of, on the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e51262" title="Source: Chitoda">Chitoḍa</span> fort, <a href="#pb188" class="pageref">188</a>; king of the Indians, <a href="#pb531" class="pageref">531</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Brahmagupta</span>: astronomer (628), his work on -astronomy called Brahmagupta Siddhánta, <a href="#pb138" class="pageref">138</a>, <a href="#n453.1">453 note 1</a>, <a href="#pb467" -class="pageref">467</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Brahmakund</span>: Brahma’s pool, <a href="#pb452" class="pageref">452</a>, <a href="#pb462" class="pageref">462</a>, <a href="#pb463" class="pageref">463</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bráhman</span>: <a href="#pb530" class="pageref">530</a>, <a href="#pb531" class="pageref">531</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Brahmanábád</span>: town, <a href="#pb519" class="pageref">519</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Brahmasarovar</span>: lake, <a href="#pb454" class="pageref">454</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Brahamsiddhánta</span>: work on astronomy by -Brahmagupta, <a href="#n453.1">453 note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bráhmavaka</span>: family name of Prachanda, -<a href="#pb129" class="pageref">129</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Brambanum</span>: capital of Bhruvijaya, king of -Jáva, <a href="#pb489" class="pageref">489</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Briggs</span>: Colonel (1827), <a href="#pb383" -class="pageref">383</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Brihaspati</span>: Ganda Bháva, repairs the -Somanátha temple, <a href="#pb189" class="pageref">189</a>, -<a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e51359" title="Source: .">;</span> God, <a href="#pb461" class="pageref">461</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e51367" title="Source: Brihatsamhita">Bṛihat -Saṁhitá</span></span>: work by Varáha Mihira, -<a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">British</span>: the, intervention for protection of -the chiefs of Káthiáváḍa against the -Mulakgiri system, <a href="#pb421" class="pageref">421–422</a>; -secret treaty of the, with Rávji; reward Rávji with a -village, <a href="#pb413" class="pageref">413</a>; make a fresh treaty -with the Gáikwár, consolidating all previous engagements -into a single treaty and constitute themselves arbiters in all disputes -of the Gáikwár with foreign powers and the Peshwa (1805), -<a href="#pb415" class="pageref">415</a>. See English.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Broach</span>: Valabhi grants in, <a href="#pb86" -class="pageref">86</a>; district, <span class="corr" id="xd25e51394" -title="Source: Gurjjar">Gurjjara</span> dynasty of, <a href="#pb107" -class="pageref">107</a>, <a href="#pb113" class="pageref">113</a>; -Valabhi king’s camp of victory at, <a href="#pb114" class="pageref">114</a>; described by Hiuen <span class="corr" id="xd25e51407" title="Source: Tsang">Tsiang</span>; port, submitted to -Pulakeśi II.; grant at, <a href="#pb116" class="pageref">116</a>, -<a href="#pb117" class="pageref">117</a>, <a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>; Dhruva II.’s Bágumra and Baroda grants -made at, <a href="#pb127" class="pageref">127</a>; a soothsayer at, -promises Kumárapála the throne, <a href="#pb183" class="pageref">183</a>; <span class="corr" id="xd25e51426" title="Source: Lavanaprasáda’s">Lavaṇaprasáda’s</span> -fight with Singhana at, <a href="#pb199" class="pageref">199</a>; -insurrection at (1325), <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513–514</a>; siege and relief of (1347), <a href="#pb230" class="pageref">230</a>; (1412), <a href="#pb235" class="pageref">235</a>; plundered by the Maráthás (1675), -<a href="#pb387" class="pageref">387</a>; plundered second time by the -Maráthás (1685), <a href="#pb387" class="pageref">387–388</a>; capture of, by the <span class="corr" id="xd25e51448" title="Source: Mátiás">Matiás</span> -and Momnás (1691), <a href="#pb288" class="pageref">288</a>; -siege of, by Damáji and the Maráthás (1741), -<a href="#pb324" class="pageref">324</a>, <a href="#pb395" class="pageref">395</a>; defended by the Nizám’s lieutenant Nek -Alum Khán; raising of the siege by Damáji; concessions of -a share in the customs revenues of, to Damáji by the -Nizám, <a href="#pb324" class="pageref">324</a>; governor of, -becomes independent (1752), <a href="#pb334" class="pageref">334</a>; -capture of, by the English (1772), <a href="#pb401" class="pageref">401</a>; given over to Sindia in 1802, <a href="#pb410" -class="pageref">410</a>; captured by the English from Sindia (1803), -ceded to the English by the treaty of Sirje Anjangaon (1803), <a href="#pb414" class="pageref">414</a>; its different names, <a href="#pb513" -class="pageref">513</a>, <a href="#pb521" class="pageref">521</a>, -<a href="#pb528" class="pageref">528</a>, <a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Brocade</span>: weaving of, at -Ahmedábád, encouraged by emperor Aurangzib (1703), -<a href="#pb292" class="pageref">292</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bucephala</span>: Jalálpur, capital of the -Asini, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Buckle</span>: Captain, political agent of Rewa -Kántha (1857), <a href="#pb439" class="pageref">439</a>, -<a href="#pb443" class="pageref">443</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Buddha</span>: idol of, <a href="#pb531" class="pageref">531</a>; introduction of, in China, <a href="#pb530" class="pageref">530</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Buddhavarmman</span>: ruler of Kaira, <a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>, <a href="#pb110" class="pageref">110</a>, <a href="#pb111" class="pageref">111</a>; Kalachuri -prince, <a href="#pb114" class="pageref">114</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Budhagupta</span>: Gupta king (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 494–500), <a href="#pb71" class="pageref">71</a>, <a href="#pb72" class="pageref">72</a>, <a href="#pb135" class="pageref">135</a>; overthrown by <span class="corr" id="xd25e51561" title="Source: Toramána">Toramáṇa</span>, <a href="#pb136" class="pageref">136</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Buddhism</span>: state religion in Cambodia, -<a href="#pb502" class="pageref">502</a>; religion in Gujarát, -<a href="#pb530" class="pageref">530</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Buddhists</span>: <a href="#pb531" class="pageref">531</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Budhiya</span>: town, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e51594" title="Source: Buhler">Bühler</span></span>: Dr., <a href="#pb79" class="pageref">79</a>, <a href="#pb111" class="pageref">111</a>, <a href="#pb113" class="pageref">113</a>, <a href="#pb117" class="pageref">117</a> note, <a href="#pb155" class="pageref">155</a>, -<a href="#pb156" class="pageref">156</a>, <a href="#pb157" class="pageref">157</a>, <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>, <a href="#n174.1">174 note 1</a>, <a href="#n195.4">195 note 4</a>, <a href="#pb466" class="pageref">466</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Buildings</span>: constructed in -Siddharája’s time, <a href="#pb179" class="pageref">179–180</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bundelkhand</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e51643" title="Source: Krishna’s">Kṛishṇa’s</span> son -Jagattuṅga, lived at, <a href="#pb130" class="pageref">130</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Burgess</span>: <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Burhánpur</span>: plundered by the -Maráthás in 1675, <a href="#pb387" class="pageref">387</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Burma</span>: <a href="#pb527" class="pageref">527</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Burnes’ Travels into Bokhara</span>: <a href="#pb544" class="pageref">544</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Byzantion</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e51681" title="Source: Vaijayanti">Vaijayantî</span>, -<span class="corr" id="xd25e51684" title="Source: 546">541</span>; -Chiplún, <span class="corr" id="xd25e51687" title="Source: 540"><a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a></span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Byzantium</span>: <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e51703" title="Source: Caciga">Cáciga</span></span>: <a href="#pb471" class="pageref">471</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Cæsi</span>: Kêkayas, <a href="#pb533" -class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Calingon</span>: Point Godávari, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Cambay</span>: Stambhatirtha, <a href="#pb123" -class="pageref">123</a>; Kumárapála, repairs to, <a href="#pb182" class="pageref">182</a>; Jain temple at, repaired by -Kumárapála, <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>; -plundered by <span class="corr" id="xd25e51737" title="Source: Alafkhán’s">Alaf Khán’s</span> army, -<a href="#pb205" class="pageref">205</a>; sack of (1573), <a href="#pb220" class="pageref">220</a> and <a href="#n220.2">note 2</a>, -<a href="#pb224" class="pageref">224</a> and <a href="#n224.2">note -2</a>, <a href="#pb225" class="pageref">225</a> and <a href="#n225.2">note 2</a>; sack of (1347), <a href="#pb230" class="pageref">230</a>, <a href="#pb232" class="pageref">232</a>, <a href="#pb235" class="pageref">235</a>; siege of, by <span class="corr" id="xd25e51772" title="Source: Trimbakráo">Trimbakráv</span> -Dábháde, <a href="#pb306" class="pageref">306</a>; -<span class="corr" id="xd25e51778" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán appointed governor of, -<a href="#pb311" class="pageref">311</a>, <a href="#pb317" class="pageref">317</a>; customs house at, <a href="#pb323" class="pageref">323</a>; included in the Peshwa’s share of tribute -(1752), <a href="#pb334" class="pageref">334</a>; failure of a -Marátha attempt on (1753), <a href="#pb338" class="pageref">338</a>, <a href="#pb398" class="pageref">398</a>; -<span class="corr" id="xd25e51801" title="Source: intervew">interview</span> of Rávji of Baroda with -Governor Duncan at (1800), <a href="#pb412" class="pageref">412</a>; -Musalmán preacher of, <a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a>, -<a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>; its different names, <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>; importation of horses into, <a href="#pb515" class="pageref">515</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Cambodia</span>: <a href="#pb498" class="pageref">498–504</a>; origin of the name Kamboja, <a href="#n498.4">498 note 4</a>; <span class="corr" id="xd25e51829" title="Source: Brahmanic">Bráhmanic</span> dynasty of; inscriptions, -king of, an embassy from to China (617), <a href="#pb499" class="pageref">499</a>; aloes, <a href="#pb528" class="pageref">528</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e51840" title="Source: Cámunda">Cámuṇḍa</span></span>: -<a href="#pb471" class="pageref">471</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Candragupta</span>: <a href="#pb532" class="pageref">532</a>. See Chandragupta.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Cane</span>: port, Hisn <span class="corr" id="xd25e51857" title="Source: Ghoráb">Ghorab</span>, <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb557" -href="#pb557" name="pb557">557</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Capitalia</span>: identified with Mount Ábu, -<a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Carnelians</span>: <a href="#n78.1">78 note -1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Cashtan</span>: <a href="#pb530" class="pageref">530</a>. See <span class="corr" id="xd25e51885" title="Source: Chasṭana">Chashṭana</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Castanedas</span>: history of the Portuguese in -India up to <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1538, <a href="#pb349" -class="pageref">349</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Castes</span>: Gujar underlayer in Gujarát, -<a href="#pb4" class="pageref">4</a>; legends of, <a href="#pb463" -class="pageref">463–465</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Caulukya</span>: <a href="#pb526" class="pageref">526</a>. See Chaulukya.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ceylon</span>: <a href="#pb509" class="pageref">509</a>, <a href="#pb516" class="pageref">516</a>, <a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chách</span>: (631–670), <a href="#pb519" class="pageref">519</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chách Námah</span>: Arabic history of -Chách, <a href="#pb519" class="pageref">519</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e51945" title="Source: Chachiga">Cháchiga</span></span>: Modh Vánia of -Dhandhuka, father of Hemachandra, <a href="#pb191" class="pageref">191</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chaganjang</span>: white people, <a href="#pb501" -class="pageref">501</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e51960" title="Source: Cháhada">Cháhaḍa</span></span>: son of -Udaya and younger brother of Báhada rises to a high position -under Kumárapála, <a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>; leads an expedition against Sámbhar; title of -Rájagharatta conferred on him, grants half a village, <a href="#pb187" class="pageref">187</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chakravartis</span>: Jain saints, <a href="#n451.3">451 note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chalukya</span>: grant of, <a href="#pb466" class="pageref">466</a>, <a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chálikya</span> or <span class="sc">Chálkya</span>: see Chaulukya.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chalukya</span>: Dakhan dynasty (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 552–973), <a href="#pb156" class="pageref">156</a>; early trace in Gujarát of its rule, come from -the Dakhan and establish themselves in Gujarát; their grants, -genealogy, <a href="#pb107" class="pageref">107–112</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chámpáner</span>: attacked by Ahmed -I. (1418), <a href="#pb237" class="pageref">237</a>; taken by Mahmud -Begada and made his capital under the name of -Muhammadábád (1484) <a href="#pb247" class="pageref">247</a>; captured by the Maráthás (1728), -<a href="#pb308" class="pageref">308</a>; <a href="#pb367" class="pageref">367</a>; <a href="#pb368" class="pageref">368</a>; <a href="#pb391" class="pageref">391–392</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e52032" title="Source: Chámunda">Chámuṇḍa</span></span>: -Chávaḍá king (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 880–908), <a href="#pb154" class="pageref">154</a>, <a href="#pb155" class="pageref">155</a>; son of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e52044" title="Source: Mularája">Múlarája</span> Chaulukya, -slays in fight Dvárappa and Bárappa, <a href="#pb159" -class="pageref">159</a>; his reign (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 997–1010); instals his son Vallabha; goes -on pilgrimage to Banáras, is insulted by the Málwa king, -<a href="#pb162" class="pageref">162</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e52056" title="Source: .">;</span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e52059" title="Source: The">the</span> family stock of -Hemachandra, <a href="#pb191" class="pageref">191</a><span class="corr" -id="xd25e52064" title="Source: .">;</span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e52067" title="Source: Ruler">ruler</span> of Vanthali, killed by -his brother-in-law <span class="corr" id="xd25e52071" title="Source: Viradhaval">Víradhavala</span> Vághela, <a href="#pb200" class="pageref">200</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e52079" title="Source: Chámunda">Chámuṇḍa</span></span>: -shrine of, <a href="#pb449" class="pageref">449</a>, <a href="#pb457" -class="pageref">457</a>, <a href="#pb458" class="pageref">458</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chandálá</span>: menials, <a href="#pb531" class="pageref">531</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chandela</span>: dynasty in Bundelkhand, <a href="#pb178" class="pageref">178</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chandeshwar</span>: shrine of, <a href="#pb452" -class="pageref">452</a> and <a href="#n452.1">note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chandis</span>: <a href="#pb461" class="pageref">461</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e52124" title="Source: Chandidevi">Chandi Devi</span></span>: shrine of, <a href="#pb452" class="pageref">452</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chandish Mahádev</span>: <a href="#pb462" -class="pageref">462</a>, <a href="#pb463" class="pageref">463</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e52142" title="Source: Chandadanda">Chaṇḍadaṇḍa</span></span>: -officer of Pulikeśi II. takes Puri, <a href="#pb107" class="pageref">107</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chánd Khán</span>: illegitimate -brother of Sultán Bahádur of Gujarát, is supported -by the Portuguese (1532), <a href="#pb347" class="pageref">347</a>, -<a href="#pb367" class="pageref">367</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chandráditya</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e52162" title="Source: Mularája’s">Múlarája’s</span> -ancestor, <a href="#pb157" class="pageref">157</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chandragupta</span>: founder of Maurya dynasty -(<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 319), <a href="#pb13" class="pageref">13–14</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chandragupta I.</span>: third Gupta king -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 349–369), <a href="#pb61" -class="pageref">61</a>, <a href="#pb67" class="pageref">67</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chandragupta II.</span>: fifth Gupta king -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 396–415), inscriptions, coins, -founded Gupta era (291), <a href="#pb65" class="pageref">65–67</a>, <a href="#pb86" class="pageref">86</a>, -<a href="#pb129" class="pageref">129</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chandrapura</span>: identified with -Chandávar near Gokarna, <a href="#pb171" class="pageref">171</a> -and <a href="#n171.1">note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chandrávati</span>: visited by -Kumárapála, <a href="#pb185" class="pageref">185</a>, -<a href="#pb188" class="pageref">188</a>; capital of <span class="corr" -id="xd25e52228" title="Source: Visaladeva">Vísaladeva</span>, -<a href="#pb204" class="pageref">204</a>; Parmára possession, -<a href="#pb470" class="pageref">470</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e52239" title="Source: Changizi">Changízi</span></span>: coin, <a href="#n222.2">222 note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Changodeva</span>: original name of -Hemachandra<span class="corr" id="xd25e52249" title="Not in source">,</span> <a href="#pb191" class="pageref">191</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chápa</span>: dynasty, <a href="#pb138" -class="pageref">138</a> and <a href="#n138.1">note 1</a>, family of -Bhinmál, <a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>, <a href="#n463.2">463 note 2</a>, <a href="#pb526" class="pageref">526</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e52276" title="Source: Chápotkata">Chápoṭkaṭa</span></span>: -Gurjjara origin of, <a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>; Sanskrit -form of <span class="corr" id="xd25e52282" title="Source: Chávaḍa">Chávaḍá</span>, -<a href="#pb150" class="pageref">150</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Character</span>: of Valabhi copperplates, <a href="#pb80" class="pageref">80</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e52297" title="Source: Chashtana">Chashṭana</span></span>: second Kshatrapa -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 130), coins of, <a href="#pb29" -class="pageref">29–31</a>, <a href="#pb32" class="pageref">32</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Charmæ</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb532" class="pageref">532</a>, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chatris</span>: pavilion works, <a href="#pb453" -class="pageref">453</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chaturapana</span>: Ándhra king, <a href="#pb38" class="pageref">38</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chauháns</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e52338" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span> of -Sámbhar, <a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a>, <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>. See <span class="corr" id="xd25e52347" title="Source: Chohans">Choháns</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chaul</span>: <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>. See Cheul.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chaulukya</span>: Sanskrit form of Chalkya, -<a href="#pb156" class="pageref">156</a>, ruling dynasty of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e52364" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 961–1242); invasion of -Somanátha by Máhmud of Ghazni, remission of pilgrim-tax; -architectural buildings, ascendancy of Jainism and division of the -kingdom among the nobles under the, <a href="#pb156" class="pageref">156–197</a>; kingdom of, <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Cháuras</span>: masters of Kachh after the -fall of the Sumrás, <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>; -dynasty, <a href="#pb526" class="pageref">526</a>. See -Chávaḍás.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chauth</span>: contribution, <a href="#pb388" -class="pageref">388</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e52395" title="Source: Chávadás">Chávaḍás</span></span>: -of <span class="corr" id="xd25e52398" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -(720–956), <a href="#pb124" class="pageref">124</a>; of Gurjjara -race establish a small chiefship at <span class="corr" id="xd25e52404" -title="Source: Panchásar">Pañchásar</span> which -falls in <span class="sc">A.D</span> 696; establish a kingdom at -<span class="corr" id="xd25e52414" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>, -their genealogy, <a href="#pb149" class="pageref">149–155</a>, -<a href="#n463.2">463 note 2</a>; their settlements, <a href="#pb464" -class="pageref">464</a>, <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>, -<a href="#pb466" class="pageref">466</a>; feudatories of -Bhinmál, <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>; their -affliction, <a href="#n513.9">513 note 9</a>. See Chápas, -Cháurás, Chápoṭkaṭas, -Chávoṭakas, and Cháwarás.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chaván</span>: Gurjjara surname, <a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e52448" title="Source: Chávotaka">Chávoṭaka</span></span>: -kingdom of the Chávaḍás, afflicted by Arab army, -<a href="#pb109" class="pageref">109</a>. See -Chávaḍás.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e52457" title="Source: Chávotakas">Chávoṭakas</span></span>: -identified with Chávaḍás of <span class="corr" id="xd25e52460" title="Source: Panchásar">Pañchásar</span>, <a href="#pb150" class="pageref">150</a>, <a href="#pb151" class="pageref">151</a>, <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>, <a href="#pb466" class="pageref">466</a>, <a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>. See Chávaḍás.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Cháwarás</span>: identified with -Chápas of Bhinmál, <a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>. See Chávaḍás.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chedi</span>: era, <a href="#pb57" class="pageref">57</a>, <a href="#pb58" class="pageref">58</a> and <a href="#n58.1">note 1</a>, <a href="#pb114" class="pageref">114</a>; dynasty, -<a href="#pb114" class="pageref">114</a>; modern Bundelkhand, <a href="#pb130" class="pageref">130</a>, <a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163</a>; its king, present at the bridegroom-choosing of -Durlabhadevi, <a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163</a>; its king -strangled, <a href="#pb186" class="pageref">186–187</a>, <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>. See Traikúṭaka and -Kalachuri.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chemula</span>: modern Chaul, <a href="#pb533" -class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chenáb</span>: river, <a href="#pb538" -class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chera</span>: kingdom of, conquered by -Pulikeśi II., <a href="#pb111" class="pageref">111</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Cheul</span>: port, <a href="#pb351" class="pageref">351</a>, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>, <a href="#pb516" class="pageref">516</a>. See Chaul.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chhagalaga</span>: <a href="#n64.3">64 note 3</a>, -<a href="#pb65" class="pageref">65</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chhandánuśásana</span>: work on -Prosody, compiled by Hemachandra, <a href="#pb193" class="pageref">193</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chikhli</span>: given to the English, <a href="#pb412" class="pageref">412</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chimanájiráv</span>: brother of -Bájiráo Peshwa, captures Chámpáner, -<a href="#pb309" class="pageref">309</a>, <a href="#pb322" class="pageref">322</a>, <a href="#pb391" class="pageref">391</a>, <a href="#pb392" class="pageref">392</a>; is appointed Peshwa’s -Subhedár of Gujarát, <a href="#pb411" class="pageref">411</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">China</span>: army of, marching from Magadha to -Bamian, <a href="#pb497" class="pageref">497</a>; vessels coming from, -<a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>, <a href="#pb522" class="pageref">522</a>, <a href="#pb528" class="pageref">528</a>; religion -of, <a href="#pb530" class="pageref">530</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chiplun</span>: Mallikárjuna’s -inscription at, <a href="#pb186" class="pageref">186</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e52624" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb540" -class="pageref">540</a>, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chirikya</span>: see Chaulukyas. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb558" href="#pb558" name="pb558">558</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Chitoda</span>: fort, <a href="#pb184" class="pageref">184</a>; inscription of Kumárapála at, <a href="#pb188" class="pageref">188</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chitor</span>: Mauryas of, afflicted by Arab army, -<a href="#n109.1">109 note 1</a>, <a href="#n513.9">513 note 9</a>; -visited by Kumárapála in his exile, <a href="#pb183" -class="pageref">183</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e52663" title="Source: Chitrakantha">Chitrakaṇṭha</span></span>: breed of -horses, <a href="#pb111" class="pageref">111</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e52671" title="Source: Chitrakuta">Chitrakúṭa</span></span>: peak of -Ábu, <a href="#pb169" class="pageref">169</a><span class="corr" -id="xd25e52676" title="Source: :">;</span> modern Chitor, <a href="#pb183" class="pageref">183</a>, <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Choháns</span>: tribe, Ajmir kings, <a href="#pb157" class="pageref">157</a>, <a href="#n463.2">463 note 2</a>, -<a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>, <a href="#pb470" class="pageref">470</a>; lose Bhinmál, <a href="#pb471" class="pageref">471</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chola</span>: kingdom, conquered by Pulakeśi -II., <a href="#pb111" class="pageref">111</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chorvád</span>: Velári betel vine -cultivators’ settlement at, <a href="#pb113" class="pageref">113</a> and <a href="#n113.3">note 3</a>; zillah in -Káthiáváḍa, <a href="#pb208" class="pageref">208</a> and <a href="#n208.3">note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e52729" title="Source: Chotá">Chhota</span> Udepur</span>: defeat of -Tátya Topi at, <a href="#pb445" class="pageref">445</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Christians</span>: in <span class="corr" id="xd25e52741" title="Source: Saimur">Saimúr</span>, <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chroniclers</span>: Jain, <a href="#pb156" class="pageref">156</a>; <span class="corr" id="xd25e52754" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>, -<a href="#pb156" class="pageref">156</a>; Jain, <a href="#pb179" class="pageref">179</a>, <a href="#pb201" class="pageref">201</a>, <a href="#pb202" class="pageref">202</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chṛysei</span>: Karusha, <a href="#pb533" -class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chrysobora</span>: <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chubári</span>: fort, <a href="#n180.2">180 -note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e52793" title="Source: Chudáchandra">Chuḍáchandra</span></span>: -first ruler of Vanthali, <a href="#pb138" class="pageref">138</a>, -<a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e52804" title="Source: Chudásamas">Chúḍásamás</span></span>: -invading tribe, originally of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e52807" -title="Source: Ábhira">Ábhíra</span> tribe, -<a href="#pb137" class="pageref">137</a>; foreigners (900–940), -<a href="#pb138" class="pageref">138–139</a>, <a href="#pb175" -class="pageref">175</a>. See Ahir.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chunvál</span>: <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>, <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Cintra</span>: in Portugal, inscription from -Somanátha found at, <a href="#pb205" class="pageref">205</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Claudius</span>: reign of (41–54), <a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Code</span>: a civil and criminal enacted by Mr. -Mountstuart Elphinstone (1827), <a href="#pb436" class="pageref">436</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Coins</span>: of Eucratides (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 155), <a href="#pb16" class="pageref">16–17</a>; of Apollodotus, <a href="#pb18" class="pageref">18–19</a>; of Menander, <a href="#pb18" class="pageref">18–19</a>; of Nahapána, <a href="#pb24" class="pageref">24–25</a>; Gupta, <a href="#pb29" class="pageref">29</a>; of Chashṭana (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 130), <a href="#pb29" class="pageref">29–30</a>; Sopára stupa or mound, <a href="#pb38" class="pageref">38</a>; hoards of, <a href="#pb48" class="pageref">48–49</a>, <a href="#pb57" class="pageref">57</a>, -<a href="#pb60" class="pageref">60</a>; of Samudragupta, five varieties -of, <a href="#pb62" class="pageref">62–63</a>, <a href="#pb66" -class="pageref">66</a>, <a href="#pb67" class="pageref">67–68</a>; Gupta, <a href="#pb70" class="pageref">70</a>, <a href="#pb71" class="pageref">71</a>; of king -Mahipála, <a href="#pb138" class="pageref">138</a>; Hindu sun, -<a href="#pb142" class="pageref">142</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Combose</span>: Cambodia, <a href="#pb499" class="pageref">499</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Condition</span>: of Gujarát -(1297–1760), <a href="#pb217" class="pageref">217–228</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Conjeveram</span>: visited by -Kumárapála in his exile, <a href="#pb183" class="pageref">183</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Copperplates</span>: Valabhi, description of, -<a href="#pb79" class="pageref">79–80</a>; of Gujarát -Chálukyas, <a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>; of the -Gurjjaras, <a href="#pb113" class="pageref">113</a>, <a href="#pb114" -class="pageref">114</a>; three forged, <a href="#pb117" class="pageref">117</a> note, <a href="#pb118" class="pageref">118</a>, -<a href="#pb121" class="pageref">121</a>; of <span class="corr" id="xd25e52962" title="Source: Bhima">Bhíma</span> I., <a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Copper coinage</span>: (1668) introduced into -Gujarát by the viceroy Mahábat Khán -(1662–1668), <a href="#pb284" class="pageref">284</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Correa</span>: Portuguese historian -(1512–1550) died at Goa (1550), <a href="#pb349" class="pageref">349</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Coryat</span>: English traveller (1670), <a href="#pb377" class="pageref">377</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Cosmas</span>: Indikopleustes, <a href="#pb86" -class="pageref">86</a>, <a href="#pb143" class="pageref">143</a>, -<a href="#pb146" class="pageref">146</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Cottonara</span>: Kadattanádu, <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Cowries</span>: shell money, <a href="#pb527" -class="pageref">527</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Crown lands</span>: under Mughal administration, -<a href="#pb211" class="pageref">211</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Cunha</span>: Nono da, Portuguese viceroy in India -(1529) sends an expedition against the island of Diu; his defeat; -supports Chánd Khán; sends an embassy to the Court of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e53028" title="Source: Humáyun">Humáyún</span>; makes peace with -Sultán Bahádur (1534); comes to Diu in 1536; murder of -Sultán Bahádur at a meeting with (1536), <a href="#pb347" -class="pageref">347</a>, <a href="#pb348" class="pageref">348</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Cunningham</span>: General, <a href="#pb86" class="pageref">86</a>, <a href="#pb144" class="pageref">144</a>, <a href="#pb178" class="pageref">178</a>, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Currency</span>: under Musalmáns, <a href="#n222.2">222 note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Cutch</span>: Gupta conquest of, <a href="#pb70" -class="pageref">70</a>. See Kachh.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dabala</span>: see Chedi.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dabalwárah</span>: plundered by -Mahmúd of Ghazni, apparently Delváda, <a href="#pb166" -class="pageref">166</a> and <a href="#n166.2">note 2</a>, <a href="#pb523" class="pageref">523</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dabhoi</span>: fort, its building ascribed to -Siddharája, <a href="#pb179" class="pageref">179</a>; in south -Gujarát, its fortifications repaired by <span class="corr" id="xd25e53098" title="Source: Visaladeva">Vísaladeva</span>, -<a href="#pb203" class="pageref">203</a>; Gáikwár’s -station in Gujarát (1732), <a href="#pb394" class="pageref">394</a>; surrendered to Rághoba and Colonel Keating, -<a href="#pb405" class="pageref">405</a>; occupied by General Goddard -(1780), <a href="#pb408" class="pageref">408</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e53116" title="Source: Dábshilims">Dábshilíms</span></span>: -ancient royal family, <a href="#pb168" class="pageref">168</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dádáka</span>: minister of -Siddharája, <a href="#pb172" class="pageref">172</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dadda I.</span>: Gurjjara king of -Nándoḍ (580), <a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>, -<a href="#pb114" class="pageref">114</a>; first Gurjjara feudatory of -Bhinmál Gurjjara kingdom, <a href="#pb115" class="pageref">115</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dadda II.</span>: Gurjjara king (620–650), -<a href="#pb56" class="pageref">56</a>; Gurjjara chief of -Nándoḍ, helps the Valabhis, <a href="#pb85" class="pageref">85</a>; his grant, <a href="#pb111" class="pageref">111</a>, -<a href="#pb114" class="pageref">114</a>, <a href="#pb115" class="pageref">115</a>, <a href="#pb116" class="pageref">116</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dadda III.</span>: Gurjjara king (680), <a href="#pb114" class="pageref">114</a>; feudatory of Jayasiṃha, the -Chálukya; first <span class="corr" id="xd25e53173" title="Source: Saiva">Śaiva</span> of his family, adopts the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e53176" title="Source: Puránic">Puráṇic</span> pedigree traced to -<span class="corr" id="xd25e53179" title="Source: Karna">Karṇa</span>, <a href="#pb116" class="pageref">116–117</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dadeli well</span>: <a href="#pb455" class="pageref">455</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dadharapur</span>: fort, <a href="#n180.2">180 note -2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e53201" title="Source: Dahithali">Dahithalí</span></span>: village, granted to -Devaprasáda, son of Kshemarája, for maintenance, <a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>; residence of -Kumárapála’s ancestors, <a href="#pb181" class="pageref">181</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dahnaj</span>: perhaps Kamlej, <a href="#pb520" -class="pageref">520</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dahrasena</span>: Traikúṭaka king -(457), <a href="#pb55" class="pageref">55</a>, <a href="#pb58" class="pageref">58</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dakhan</span>: <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dakhinabades</span>: Dakshinápatha, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dákor</span>: Piláji -Gáikwár assassinated at (1732), <a href="#pb313" class="pageref">313</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dakshina</span>: founded by Khanderáv -Dábháde, renewed by Bájiráv I. (1731), -<a href="#pb393" class="pageref">393</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dakshinápatha</span>: Dakkhan, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dalmaj</span>: <a href="#pb109" class="pageref">109</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Damadamis</span>: envoy, <a href="#pb542" class="pageref">542</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dámájadaśri</span>: twelfth -Kshatrapa (236), coins of, <a href="#pb45" class="pageref">45</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e53283" title="Source: .">;</span> Sixteenth Kshatrapa (250–255), coins of, -<a href="#pb47" class="pageref">47</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dámáji</span>: founder of the -Gáikwár family; distinguishes himself at the battle of -Bálápur (1720), <a href="#pb389" class="pageref">389</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dámáji</span>: Gáikwár, -son of Piláji, stirs Bhils and Kolis to revolt (1733), <a href="#pb394" class="pageref">394</a>; levies tribute from the chiefs of -Sorath (1738), <a href="#pb321" class="pageref">321</a>; attacks -Chunvál Kolis and burns the Chhaniar village, <a href="#pb321" -class="pageref">321–322</a>; appoints Rangoji as his deputy in -place of Malhárrao Khuni (1741), <a href="#pb323" class="pageref">323</a>; besieges Broach and receives a share in its customs -revenues (1741), <a href="#pb324" class="pageref">324</a>, <a href="#pb395" class="pageref">395</a>; goes to Cambay from -Sátára, <a href="#pb326" class="pageref">326</a>; defeats -Peshwa’s army but is treacherously seized by the Peshwa and -imprisoned (1751), <a href="#pb397" class="pageref">397</a>; is -released; his negotiations with the Peshwa (1752), <a href="#pb397" -class="pageref">397</a>, <a href="#pb398" class="pageref">398</a>; -returns to Gujarát and is reconciled to his brother -Khanderáo, <a href="#pb330" class="pageref">330</a>, <a href="#pb396" class="pageref">396</a>; captures Kapadvanj and appoints his -deputy <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb559" href="#pb559" name="pb559">559</a>]</span>Shevakrái to collect his share of -revenue, <a href="#pb338" class="pageref">338</a>; joins the -Peshwa’s deputy to invest Ahmedábád (1756), -<a href="#pb340" class="pageref">340</a>; helps the Ráo of Kachh -in his expedition against Sindh, <a href="#pb342" class="pageref">342</a>; defeats <span class="corr" id="xd25e53349" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán at Cambay and recovers -Visalnagar, Kheralu, Vadnagar, Bijápur, and Patan, <a href="#pb345" class="pageref">345</a>; captures Bálásinor -(1761), <a href="#pb399" class="pageref">399</a>; accompanies the -Peshwa to Dehli and escapes from Pánipat (1761), <a href="#pb399" class="pageref">399</a>; marries a daughter of the Gohil chief -of Láthi whose dowry in land gives him the standpoint in the -heart of Káthiáváḍa, <a href="#pb418" class="pageref">418</a>; his death (1768), <a href="#pb400" class="pageref">400</a>; quarrels for succession in his family, <a href="#pb400" class="pageref">400</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Daman</span>: coins found at, <a href="#pb58" -class="pageref">58</a>; burned by the Portuguese (1532), <a href="#pb347" class="pageref">347</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dámara</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e53385" title="Source: Bhima">Bhíma</span> I.’s -general, takes <span class="corr" id="xd25e53388" title="Source: Karna">Karṇa</span> captive, <a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dámasena</span>: eleventh Kshatrapa -(<span class="sc">A.D</span> <a href="#pb226" class="pageref">226–236</a>) coins of, <a href="#pb45" class="pageref">45</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dámasiri</span>: twenty-third Kshatrapa -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 320), coins of, <a href="#pb50" -class="pageref">50</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e53419" title="Source: Damazada">Dámázaḍa</span></span>: fifth -Kshatrapa (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 158–168), coins of, -<a href="#pb39" class="pageref">39–40</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dám</span>: coin, <a href="#n222.2">222 note -2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dandaguda</span>: city, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dandáhi</span>: village, <a href="#pb169" -class="pageref">169</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dandái</span>: local name of Kadi district, -<a href="#n208.3">208 note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dángs</span>: forests, <a href="#pb508" -class="pageref">508</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dandaka</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e53468" -title="Source: Mularája’s">Múlarája’s</span> -uncle, <a href="#pb156" class="pageref">156</a>, <a href="#pb160" -class="pageref">160</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dánda Rájapuri</span>: <a href="#pb207" class="pageref">207</a> note.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Danta</span>: <a href="#pb464" class="pageref">464</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dantidurga</span>: his inscriptions at Ellura, -<a href="#pb120" class="pageref">120</a>; monarch, <a href="#pb122" -class="pageref">122</a>, <a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dantivarmman</span>: <a href="#pb120" class="pageref">120</a>; son of the Ráshṭrakúṭa -prince Karka, his plates, <a href="#pb125" class="pageref">125</a>, -<a href="#pb127" class="pageref">127</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dárá Shikoh</span>: Prince Muhammad, -twenty-seventh viceroy of Gujarát (1648–1652); sent to -Káthiáváḍa, <a href="#pb280" class="pageref">280</a>; obtains the transfer of Murád from -Gujarát to Berár; is defeated at Dholpur by Murád -and Aurangzib; flies to Delhi and thence to Láhore (1658), -<a href="#pb282" class="pageref">282</a>; his rebellion; is defeated at -Ahmedábád; flies to Sindh; is taken prisoner (1659), -<a href="#pb282" class="pageref">282</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Darbhávati</span>: modern Dabhoi, <a href="#pb203" class="pageref">203</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dardæ</span>: Dards of the Upper Indus, -<a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dari</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Darjis</span>: tailors, <a href="#pb451" class="pageref">451</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Darya Khán</span>: Gujarát governor -(1373), <a href="#pb231" class="pageref">231</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Daroghah</span>: official, <a href="#pb214" class="pageref">214</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dárur</span>: <a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>. See Dhárur.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dasanámis</span>: see Atits.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Daśaratha</span>: Aśoka’s grandson -(<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 210), <a href="#pb14" class="pageref">14–15</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dattadevi</span>: Gupta queen, <a href="#pb65" -class="pageref">65</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dáud Khán Panni</span>: forty-sixth -viceroy of Gujarát (1714–1715); religious riots at -Ahmedábád; his introduction of Dakhan Pandits into -official posts, <a href="#pb298" class="pageref">298</a>, <a href="#pb299" class="pageref">299</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dandu Dátátri</span>: commander of -Ahmedábád garrison (1753), <a href="#pb338" class="pageref">338</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Daulatráv Sindia</span>: treacherously -seizes Nána Phadnavis and Ába Shelukar (1797), <a href="#pb411" class="pageref">411</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Davaka</span>: kingdom of, <a href="#pb64" class="pageref">64</a> and <a href="#n64.2">note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Debal</span>: expedition to, <a href="#pb506" -class="pageref">506</a>, <a href="#pb511" class="pageref">511</a>, -<a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a>, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>; identified with Karáchi or Thatta, <a href="#n508.2">508 note 2</a>, <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>, -<a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>, <a href="#pb521" class="pageref">521</a>; perhaps Diu, <a href="#pb523" class="pageref">523</a>, <a href="#pb547" class="pageref">547</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e53673" title="Source: DeBarros">De Barros</span></span>: Portuguese historian -(1570), <a href="#pb349" class="pageref">349</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Decadas</span>: (1497–1539), a work by De -Barros, a Portuguese historian, his death in 1570, <a href="#pb349" -class="pageref">349</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dedadra</span>: reservoir, <a href="#n180.2">180 -note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Degadi</span>: Prachanda’s ancestor, <a href="#pb129" class="pageref">129</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Deimachos</span>: ambassador, <a href="#pb534" -class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dehli</span>: fall of (28th September 1857); -emperor of, in a treasonable correspondence with the Nawáb of -Rádhanpur, <a href="#pb441" class="pageref">441</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Delasseau</span>: Major, Political Agent of -Dhár (1895), <a href="#pb384" class="pageref">384</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Delváda</span>: town, <a href="#pb233" -class="pageref">233</a> and <a href="#n233.3">note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Demetrius</span>: king of the Indians (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 190–165), <a href="#pb16" class="pageref">16</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">De la Valle</span>: traveller (1623), <a href="#n224.2">224 note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Deoli</span>: grant from <a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a>, <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>, <a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Deopali</span>: town, identified with Deoli, -<a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dera Ismáil Khán</span>: <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Derangæ</span>: identified with the Telingas, -<a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Desáis</span>: position and duties of, -<a href="#pb210" class="pageref">210</a>, <a href="#pb212" class="pageref">212</a>, <a href="#pb223" class="pageref">223</a>, and note -2.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Deshantris</span>: Saturday oil-beggars, <a href="#pb451" class="pageref">451</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Deśinámamála</span>: -Prákrit work on local and provincial words compiled by -Hemachandra, <a href="#pb193" class="pageref">193</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">DeSouza</span>: Emanuel, captain of the fort of Diu -(1536), <a href="#pb347" class="pageref">347</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Devachandra</span>: Jain priest, visits Dhandhuka, -carries Changodeva to <span class="corr" id="xd25e53822" title="Source: Karnávati">Karṇávatí</span>, -changes his name Somachandra to Hemachandra, <a href="#pb191" class="pageref">191</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e53827" title="Not in source">.</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Devaji Tákpar</span>: lieutenant of -Dámáji Gáikwár, defeats Abdul Aziz (1744), -<a href="#pb328" class="pageref">328</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Devaladevi</span>: sister of -Kumárapála, married to Anarája king of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e53841" title="Source: Sákambhari">Śákambhari</span>, <a href="#pb181" class="pageref">181</a>, <a href="#pb182" class="pageref">182</a>. Daughter of <span class="corr" id="xd25e53850" -title="Source: Karnadeva">Karṇadeva</span>, the last -Vághela chief, married Khizar Khán, <a href="#pb205" -class="pageref">205</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Devalás</span>: <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Devanágari</span>: character, <a href="#pb80" class="pageref">80</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Devaprasáda</span>: son of -Kshemarája, <a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>; -recommended by <span class="corr" id="xd25e53877" title="Source: Karna">Karṇa</span> to Siddharája, burns himself -on the funeral pile, <a href="#pb171" class="pageref">171</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Devaputra</span>: Kushán name, <a href="#pb64" class="pageref">64</a> and <a href="#n64.5">note 5</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Devarája</span>: early -Ráshṭrakúṭa prince, <a href="#pb120" class="pageref">120</a>; grantor in Dhruva’s Baroda grant, <a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>, <a href="#pb470" class="pageref">470</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Devaśri</span>: lady of Udambara village, -feeds Kumárapála in exile, <a href="#pb182" class="pageref">182</a>, <a href="#pb184" class="pageref">184</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Devasuri</span>: Śvetámbara Jain -Áchárya, holds a religious discussion with Kumdachandra, -Digámbara Jain Áchárya, <a href="#pb181" class="pageref">181</a> and <a href="#n181.2">note 2</a>; -Hemáchárya’s teacher advises <span class="corr" id="xd25e53926" title="Source: Kumarapála">Kumárapála</span> to rebuild -the Somanátha temple, <a href="#pb189" class="pageref">189</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Devayáni</span>: wife of Yayáti, -<a href="#pb460" class="pageref">460</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Devayo</span>: village, <a href="#pb184" class="pageref">184</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Devgadh</span>: Daulatábád, <a href="#pb229" class="pageref">229</a> and <a href="#n229.4">note 4</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Devotion</span>: exhibition of, to Viradhavala, -<a href="#pb203" class="pageref">203</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dewachabasni</span>: Wagher chief in command of the -fort of Bet, <a href="#pb447" class="pageref">447</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dewla <span class="corr" id="xd25e53974" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span></span>: <a href="#pb462" class="pageref">462</a>, <a href="#pb463" class="pageref">463</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dewar <span class="corr" id="xd25e53986" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span></span>: <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>. See Dewla <span class="corr" id="xd25e53992" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dhammarakhito</span>: Yavan evangelist -(<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 230), <a href="#pb13" class="pageref">13</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb560" href="#pb560" -name="pb560">560</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Dhan</span>: Mehr of Dhandhuka, <a href="#pb87" -class="pageref">87</a> note.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dhanáji Jádhav</span>: enters -Gujarát and defeats the Musalmáns at Ratanpur and -Bába <span class="corr" id="xd25e54017" title="Source: Piaráh">Piárah</span> ford (1705) <a href="#pb294" class="pageref">294</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dhanakataka</span>: <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dhándhár</span>: local name of -Pálanpur zillah, <a href="#n208.3">208 note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dhandhuka</span>: Parmára chief of -Ábu, subdued by Vimala, general of <span class="corr" id="xd25e54042" title="Source: Bhima">Bhíma</span> I., <a href="#pb169" class="pageref">169</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dhandhuká</span>: -Hemáchárya’s birthplace, táluka town, -<a href="#pb191" class="pageref">191</a> and <a href="#n191.1">note -1</a>; district under the Vághelas, <a href="#pb198" class="pageref">198</a>, <a href="#pb470" class="pageref">470</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dhár</span>: plateau, <a href="#pb352" -class="pageref">352</a>; capital of the old Hindu kings of -Málwa, <a href="#pb357" class="pageref">357</a>; Anandráv -Pavár settles at (1754), <a href="#pb382" class="pageref">382</a>; defeat of Sultán Hoshang by his uncle -Muzaffar I. of Gujarát (1408), <a href="#pb358" class="pageref">358</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dhárá</span>: capital of -Málwa, attacked by Siddharája, <a href="#pb178" class="pageref">178</a>; carving on pillars of a mosque at, <a href="#pb180" -class="pageref">180</a>. See Dhár.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dharnidhar</span>: gateway, <a href="#n450.1">450 -note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e54099" title="Source: Dharanivaráha">Dharaṇívaráha</span></span>: -Chápa king of Wadhwán (914), <a href="#pb138" class="pageref">138</a>, <a href="#pb466" class="pageref">466</a>, <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dharapatta</span>: Valabhi king, devotee of the -sun, <a href="#pb83" class="pageref">83</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dháráburi</span>: sacked by -<span class="corr" id="xd25e54122" title="Source: Karna">Karṇa</span>, <a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dharasena I.</span>: Valabhi king, <a href="#pb114" -class="pageref">114</a>, <a href="#pb115" class="pageref">115</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dharasena II.</span>: Valabhi king, copperplate of, -<a href="#n79.1">79 note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dharasena IV.</span>: Valabhi king, <a href="#pb116" class="pageref">116</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dháráśraya <span class="corr" -id="xd25e54156" title="Source: Jayasimha">Jayasiṃha</span></span>: see <span class="corr" id="xd25e54159" title="Source: Jayasimhavarmman">Jayasiṃhavarmman</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dhárávarsha</span>: another name of -Dhruva I., also of Dhruva II., <a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dhars</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dhárur</span>: town, <a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dhavala</span>: king of Bhimapalli, <a href="#pb196" class="pageref">196</a>; Vághela chief (1160), <a href="#pb206" class="pageref">206</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dhawalagadha</span>: see Dholka.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dhavaláppa</span>: Prachanda’s father -and general of <span class="corr" id="xd25e54204" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span> Akálavarsha, -<a href="#pb129" class="pageref">129</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dhenukákata</span>: Dhanakataka, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dhiniki</span>: forged grants at, <a href="#pb87" -class="pageref">87</a>; village, <a href="#pb137" class="pageref">137</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dhoddi</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e54231" -title="Source: Bráhmana">Bráhmaṇa</span>, Tenna -granted to, <a href="#pb131" class="pageref">131</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dholi</span>: village, battle at (1735); defeat and -death of Sohráb Khán at, <a href="#pb316" class="pageref">316</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dholka</span>: Málavya lake at, built by -Siddharája, <a href="#n180.2">180 note 2</a>; district under the -Vághelas, <a href="#pb198" class="pageref">198</a>; assigned to -Ratansing Bhandári (1735), <a href="#pb315" class="pageref">315</a>; defeat of Rangoji by Ratansing Bhandári at -(1736), <a href="#pb317" class="pageref">317</a>; defeat of the -Maráthás at (1741), <a href="#pb324" class="pageref">324</a>, <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dholpur</span>: battle of (1658), <a href="#pb282" -class="pageref">282</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dhorap</span>: fort in the Ajintha range; defeat of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e54279" title="Source: Raghunathráv">Raghunáthráv</span> Peshwa -at (1768), <a href="#pb400" class="pageref">400</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dhruva</span>: feudatory -Ráshṭrakúṭa ruler of Gujarát, <a href="#pb121" class="pageref">121</a>, <a href="#pb122" class="pageref">122</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dhruva I.</span>: (795) Dakhan -Ráshṭrakúṭa king spreads his conquest from -South India to Allahábád, <a href="#pb123" class="pageref">123</a>; Gujarát Ráshṭrakúṭa -king, his war with Dakhan Ráshṭrakúṭa king -Amoghavarsha, <a href="#pb121" class="pageref">121</a>, <a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>, <a href="#pb466" class="pageref">466</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dhruva II.</span>: (867) Gujarát -Ráshṭrakúṭa king, opposed by Dakhan -<span class="corr" id="xd25e54315" title="Source: Ráshṭrakúṭás">Ráshṭrakúṭas</span>, -his relations by the Gurjjaras and by a Mihir king, <a href="#pb121" -class="pageref">121</a>, <a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126–127</a>, <a href="#pb136" class="pageref">136</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dhruva III.</span>: of Broach, his grant, <a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dhruvapatu</span>: Valabhi king, <a href="#pb79" -class="pageref">79</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dhruvasena I.</span>: first Valabhi king (526), -follower of Vaishnava sect, <a href="#pb83" class="pageref">83</a>; his -grant, <a href="#pb86" class="pageref">86</a>, <a href="#pb116" class="pageref">116</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dhulaka</span>: town, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dhumraja</span>: first Paramára sovereign, -<a href="#pb470" class="pageref">470</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dia Bahádur</span>: governor of -Mándu; defeated and slain by Malhárráv Holkar -(1732), <a href="#pb382" class="pageref">382</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Diláwar Khán Ghori</span>: founds an -independent kingdom in Málwa, adorns the hills with buildings -and strengthens the defences (1387–1405), <a href="#pb352" class="pageref">352</a>, <a href="#pb357" class="pageref">357</a>; entertains -Mehmud Tughlak (1398), <a href="#pb358" class="pageref">358</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dimuri</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dinárs</span>: coins, <a href="#pb66" class="pageref">66</a>; found at Somanátha, <a href="#pb167" class="pageref">167</a>, <a href="#pb515" class="pageref">515</a> and -<a href="#n515.5">note 5</a>, <a href="#pb522" class="pageref">522</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Diodoros</span>: <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>, <a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dionysios Periegetes</span>: <a href="#pb537" -class="pageref">537</a>, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dionysius</span>: Greek writer, <a href="#pb532" -class="pageref">532</a>, <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dirhams</span>: coins, <a href="#n469.2">469 note -2</a>, <a href="#n515.5">515 note 5</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Disa</span>: conspiracy at (1857), <a href="#pb441" -class="pageref">441</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Discussions</span>: literary and poetic, held at -Siddharája’s court, <a href="#pb181" class="pageref">181</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Disorder</span>: in Gujarát -(1535–1573), <a href="#pb220" class="pageref">220–221</a>, -<a href="#pb225" class="pageref">225</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Diu</span>: island; attempts of the Portuguese to -obtain a footing on their defeat (1531); fort; Emanual DeSouza the -governor of; meeting of the Portuguese viceroy Nono de Cunha and -Sultán Bahádur and the death of the latter at -(1536–1537), <a href="#pb220" class="pageref">220</a>, <a href="#pb347" class="pageref">347</a>, <a href="#pb349" class="pageref">349</a>, <a href="#pb350" class="pageref">350</a>, <a href="#pb351" class="pageref">351</a>; place of call for China ships, -<a href="#n497.1">497 note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Diván</span>: Mughal chief secretary, -<a href="#pb211" class="pageref">211</a>, <a href="#pb214" class="pageref">214</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Divisions</span>: ancient Gujarát, <a href="#pb6" class="pageref">6–7</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e54522" title="Source: DoCouto">Do Couto</span></span>: Portuguese writer (1600), -<a href="#pb349" class="pageref">349</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dodala</span>: hill range, <a href="#pb456" class="pageref">456</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dohad</span>: <a href="#pb124" class="pageref">124</a>; inscription at, <a href="#pb175" class="pageref">175</a>, <a href="#pb179" class="pageref">179</a>; restored -by the English to Sindia under the treaty of Sirji Anjangaon (1803), -<a href="#pb414" class="pageref">414</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Donovan</span>: Colonel, commander of the -expedition against Bet (1859), <a href="#pb446" class="pageref">446</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dousrong</span>: crushes a revolt in Nepál -and establishes his supremacy in Bengal (703), <a href="#pb501" class="pageref">501</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dounga</span>: perhaps Dugad, <a href="#pb540" -class="pageref">540</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Drachmæ</span>: Greek coins found in -Káthiáváḍa, <a href="#pb16" class="pageref">16</a>, <a href="#pb17" class="pageref">17</a>, <a href="#pb18" class="pageref">18</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dragon worship</span>: <a href="#pb502" class="pageref">502</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Drakhmai</span>: <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dramma</span>: distribution of the coin, <a href="#pb130" class="pageref">130</a>; coin, <a href="#pb151" class="pageref">151</a>, <a href="#pb201" class="pageref">201</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dronamma</span>: military officer, <a href="#pb125" -class="pageref">125</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Duda</span>: quells a Sumra rising, <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Duhai</span>: rite, <a href="#pb531" class="pageref">531</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dulaka</span>: Dholka, <a href="#pb509" class="pageref">509</a>, <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dulka</span>: <a href="#pb511" class="pageref">511</a>. See Dholka.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dumas</span>: village, <a href="#pb403" class="pageref">403</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Duncan</span>: Jonathan, Governor of Bombay (1802), -<a href="#pb405" class="pageref">405</a>; assumes chief authority in -Surat, <a href="#pb411" class="pageref">411</a>; his interview with -Rávji of Baroda, <a href="#pb412" class="pageref">412</a>; -arranges about the collection of tribute in Gujarát and -Káthiáváḍa by the employment of a British -contingent, <a href="#pb414" class="pageref">414</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Durand</span>: Colonel, Resident at Mhow, driven -out by the troops of Holkar; takes refuge in Bhopál, <a href="#pb438" class="pageref">438</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb561" -href="#pb561" name="pb561">561</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e54687" title="Source: Durgabhatta">Durgabhaṭṭa</span></span>: father of -Nemáditya, <a href="#pb125" class="pageref">125</a>; father of -Náráyana, <a href="#pb125" class="pageref">125</a>, -<a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e54702" title="Source: Durgadás">Durgádás</span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e54705" title="Source: Ráthod">Ráthoḍ</span></span>: incites -prince Akbar to rebellion, <a href="#pb288" class="pageref">288</a>; -causes disturbances in Márwár (1672), <a href="#pb289" -class="pageref">289</a>; is reconciled with the emperor (1698), -<a href="#pb290" class="pageref">290</a>; obtains for Ajitsing pardon -and lands in the districts of Jhálor and Sáchor (1699), -<a href="#pb290" class="pageref">290</a>; is appointed governor of -Pátan (1703), <a href="#pb291" class="pageref">291</a>; -intrigues against (1703); his escapes, <a href="#pb291" class="pageref">291–292</a>; joins <span class="corr" id="xd25e54727" -title="Source: Ajitsingh">Ajítsingh</span> in his rebellion; -takes shelter with the Kolis; his disappearance, <a href="#pb295" -class="pageref">295</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Durgapáli</span>: identified with -Junágaḍh, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Durlabha</span>: Chaulukya king (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1010–1022) attends the <i>svayamvara</i> or -choice-marriage of Durlabhadevi and is selected as groom, builds a lake -at <span class="corr" id="xd25e54750" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -and abdicates in favour of his nephew <span class="corr" id="xd25e54753" title="Source: Bhima">Bhíma</span>, <a href="#pb162" class="pageref">162–163</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Durlabhadevi</span>: sister of Mahendra Rája -of Nándol, selected Durlabha Chaulukya king at a -<i>svayamvara</i>, <a href="#pb162" class="pageref">162–163</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Durlabhasarovara</span>: lake, built at -<span class="corr" id="xd25e54773" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -by Durlabha the Chaulukya king, <a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Durlabhassena</span>: <a href="#pb168" class="pageref">168</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Durvásarashi</span>: sage, <a href="#pb461" -class="pageref">461</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dussála</span>: king of <span class="corr" -id="xd25e54797" title="Source: Sákambhari">Śákambhari</span>, <a href="#pb171" class="pageref">171</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e54805" title="Source: Dutaka">Dútaka</span></span>: grantor, <a href="#pb125" -class="pageref">125</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dvárappa</span>: king of <span class="corr" -id="xd25e54815" title="Source: Látadesa">Láṭadeśa</span>, <a href="#pb159" class="pageref">159</a> and <a href="#n159.1">note 1</a>. See -Bárappa.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dvárasamudra</span>: capital of Hoysala -Ballálas, <a href="#n203.3">203 note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dvárka</span>: <a href="#pb6" class="pageref">6</a>, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>; -Musalmán post at, attack on, orders of the emperor to raze to -the ground the temple at, <a href="#pb295" class="pageref">295</a>; is -captured by Vághers of Okhámandal (1859), <a href="#pb446" class="pageref">446</a>; taken by the English, <a href="#pb448" class="pageref">448</a>, <a href="#pb461" class="pageref">461</a>, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dvyáśraya</span>: work compiled by -Hemachandra, <a href="#pb137" class="pageref">137</a>, <a href="#pb156" -class="pageref">156</a>, <a href="#pb159" class="pageref">159</a>, -<a href="#pb162" class="pageref">162</a>, <a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163</a>, <a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>, <a href="#pb171" class="pageref">171</a>, <a href="#pb173" class="pageref">173</a>, <a href="#pb182" class="pageref">182</a>, <a href="#pb185" class="pageref">185</a>, <a href="#pb193" class="pageref">193</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e54898" title="Source: Dvyáśraya Kosha">Dvyáśrayakosha</span></span>: -<a href="#pb180" class="pageref">180</a>, <a href="#pb192" class="pageref">192</a>. See Dvyáśraya.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dwáparyug</span>: third cycle, <a href="#pb461" class="pageref">461</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dwárka</span>: <a href="#pb461" class="pageref">461</a>. See Dvárka.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Eastwick</span>: Captain (1883), <a href="#pb383" -class="pageref">383</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Eclipse</span>: held sacred by Hindus, <a href="#pb165" class="pageref">165</a> and <a href="#n165.2">note 2</a>, -<a href="#pb522" class="pageref">522</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Edicts</span>: of Aśoka (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 250), <a href="#pb14" class="pageref">14</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Egypt</span>: <a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>; trade of, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>, -<a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Eikinon</span>: the Ran, <a href="#pb544" class="pageref">544</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ekalla Vira</span>: shrine, visited by -Vastupála, <a href="#pb200" class="pageref">200</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Elephanta</span>: probably old Puri, <a href="#pb107" class="pageref">107</a>; cave temple at, <a href="#pb458" -class="pageref">458</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Elisar</span>: <a href="#pb543" class="pageref">543</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Elphinstone</span>: Mr. Mountstuart, enacts a civil -and criminal code in 1827, <a href="#pb436" class="pageref">436</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Elphinstone</span>: Lord, Governor of Bombay -(1857), <a href="#pb438" class="pageref">438</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Elura</span>: inscription of Dantidurga at, -<a href="#pb120" class="pageref">120</a>, <a href="#pb122" class="pageref">122</a>, <a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>; Devaladevi -captured near, <a href="#pb205" class="pageref">205</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Embolima</span>: town identified with Amb, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">English</span>: the, their factory at Surat -besieged and plundered, <a href="#pb333" class="pageref">333</a>; -plundered second time, take the fort of Surat with the help of the -Maráthás (1759), <a href="#pb343" class="pageref">343</a>; become chief of the affairs of Surat, and enter into -agreement with Fatesingh Gáikwár (1773), <a href="#pb401" -class="pageref">401</a>; capture Broach (1772), <a href="#pb401" class="pageref">401</a>; capture Thána and Versova fort, <a href="#pb401" class="pageref">401</a>; enter into an alliance offensive and -defensive with Fatesingh Gáikwár (1780), <a href="#pb408" -class="pageref">408</a>; operations of, against Sindia and Holkar, -<a href="#pb409" class="pageref">409</a>; aid Govindráv -Gáikwár’s party (1802), <a href="#pb412" class="pageref">412</a>; settle the treaty of Bassein (1802), <a href="#pb413" class="pageref">413</a>; capture Broach and <span class="corr" -id="xd25e55065" title="Source: Pávágad">Pávágaḍ</span>, -restore <span class="corr" id="xd25e55068" title="Source: Pávágad">Pávágaḍ</span> and -Dohad to Sindhia (1803), <a href="#pb414" class="pageref">414</a>; -enter into a fresh treaty with the Gáikwár, and obtain -the Gáikwár’s share in Ahmedábád, -Surat, and Kaira (1817), <a href="#pb428" class="pageref">428</a>; -sovereignty of Gujarát passes into the hand of (1819), <a href="#pb428" class="pageref">428</a>; capture Bet and Dwárka (1859), -<a href="#pb446" class="pageref">446–448</a>. See British.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ephthalite</span>: ruling class of White -Húṇas, <a href="#pb86" class="pageref">86</a>, <a href="#pb145" class="pageref">145</a>; retreat of to Káshmir -(590–642), <a href="#pb500" class="pageref">500</a>. See -Húṇas.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Epitausa</span>: town, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Era</span>: Of Nahapána; <a href="#pb26" -class="pageref">26</a>, the Málawa, <a href="#pb28" class="pageref">28–29</a>, <a href="#pb67" class="pageref">67</a>; the -Samvat, <a href="#pb29" class="pageref">29</a>; the Gupta, <a href="#pb29" class="pageref">29</a>; Valabhi, <a href="#pb81" class="pageref">81</a>; Traikúṭaka, <a href="#pb113" class="pageref">113</a>; Chedi, <a href="#pb114" class="pageref">114</a>; of -Siddharája, Chaulukya king, <a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176</a> and note.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Eran</span>: Gupta pillar inscription at, <a href="#pb71" class="pageref">71</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Eratosthenes</span>: Greek geographer -(275–194 <span class="sc">b.c.</span>), <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>, <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Erinpur</span>: mutiny at (1857), <a href="#pb439" -class="pageref">439</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Erskine</span>: Mr., the chief of the factory at -Cambay (1759), <a href="#pb343" class="pageref">343</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ethiopia</span>: headlands of, <a href="#pb536" -class="pageref">536</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Eucratides</span>: Baktrian king, <a href="#pb16" -class="pageref">16–17</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Eudaimon Arabia</span>: modern Aden, <a href="#pb543" class="pageref">543</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Eudoxos</span>: of Cyzicus (117 <span class="sc">b.c.</span>) his voyage to India, <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Euphrates</span>: river, <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Euthydemos</span>: <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Exports</span>: from Gujarát coasts, -<a href="#pb529" class="pageref">529</a>; from Skythia, <a href="#pb544" class="pageref">544</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Fa Hian</span>: (400), <a href="#pb502" class="pageref">502</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Fáils</span>: revenue clerks, <a href="#pb212" class="pageref">212</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Fakhr-ud-daulah</span>: attacks -Ahmedábád; is deserted by his supporters Sherkhán -Bábi and Ráisinghji of Idar; is defeated and captured by -Jawán Mard Khán; intrigues with the Marátha leader -Punáji Vithal, <a href="#pb329" class="pageref">329</a>; -besieges Kapadvanj, <a href="#pb330" class="pageref">330</a>; returns -to Dehli (1748), <a href="#pb333" class="pageref">333</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Fakhr-ud-din</span>: son of Mulla Muhammad Ali, -chief of merchants at Surat, is imprisoned by Sayad Acchan, is sent to -Bombay in disguise by the chief of the English factory at Surat, -<a href="#pb332" class="pageref">332</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Fámhal</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e55265" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>, -<a href="#pb511" class="pageref">511</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Family tree</span>: Chálukya, <a href="#pb110" class="pageref">110</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Famine</span>: in Visaldeva’s time, <a href="#pb203" class="pageref">203</a> and <a href="#n203.5">note 5</a>; in -Gujarát (1681), <a href="#pb286" class="pageref">286</a>; -(1684), <a href="#pb287" class="pageref">287</a>; (1698), <a href="#pb290" class="pageref">290</a>; <span class="corr" id="xd25e55298" -title="Not in source">(</span>1719), <a href="#pb300" class="pageref">300</a>; (1732), <a href="#pb313" class="pageref">313</a>; -(1747), <a href="#pb332" class="pageref">332</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Farhat-ul-mulk</span>: Gujarát governor -(1376–1391), <a href="#pb231" class="pageref">231</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Farishtah</span>: Musalmán historian, -<a href="#pb348" class="pageref">348</a>, <a href="#pb361" class="pageref">361</a>, <a href="#pb372" class="pageref">372</a>, <a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a> notes 2 and 3. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb562" href="#pb562" name="pb562">562</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Farrukhsiyar</span>: emperor (1713–1719) -<a href="#pb213" class="pageref">213</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e55340" title="Source: ,">;</span> son of Azim-us-shán, -second son of Aurangzib, marches on Dehli and puts <span class="corr" -id="xd25e55343" title="Source: Jehándar">Jehándár</span> Sháh to -death (1713); remains under the influence of the Sayad brothers; makes -treaty with Ajitsing of Márwár and marries his daughter, -(1715); religious riots in Ahmedábád (1714) <a href="#pb297" class="pageref">297–298</a>; his deposition and death -(1719), <a href="#pb300" class="pageref">300</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Faujdárs</span>: Mughal governors of crown -domains, <a href="#pb211" class="pageref">211</a>; military police, -<a href="#pb214" class="pageref">214</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Fatesingh</span>: son of Dámáji -Gáikwár by his third wife; comes to Poona and gets a -reversal of the recognition of the claims of Govindráv from the -Peshwa in favour of Sayáji; is appointed Sayáji’s -deputy in Gujarát; negotiations of, with the English in Surat, -<a href="#pb400" class="pageref">400</a>, <a href="#pb401" class="pageref">401</a>; shuts himself up in the city of Baroda, <a href="#pb401" class="pageref">401</a>; negotiates with the English (1780), -<a href="#pb408" class="pageref">408</a>; dies (1789), <a href="#pb410" -class="pageref">410</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Fazl</span>: founds a Jáma mosque at -Sindán, <a href="#pb506" class="pageref">506</a>, <a href="#pb520" class="pageref">520</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Fazl-ullah</span>: Maulána, physician of -Mehmud Khilji, <a href="#pb362" class="pageref">362</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Feudatory States</span>: during Musalmán -period<span class="corr" id="xd25e55403" title="Not in source">,</span> -<a href="#pb209" class="pageref">209</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Fergusson</span>: Mr. (1839), <a href="#pb383" -class="pageref">383</a>, <a href="#pb491" class="pageref">491</a>, -<a href="#pb499" class="pageref">499</a>, <a href="#pb500" class="pageref">500</a>, <a href="#pb504" class="pageref">504</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ferozsháh</span>: Nawáb of Kamona and -follower of Tátia Topi, <a href="#pb445" class="pageref">445</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ferryman</span>: Colonel, <a href="#pb440" class="pageref">440</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e55444" title="Source: Fidáuddin">Fidá-ud-dín</span> -Khán</span>: acts as viceroy (1743); schemes of Rangoji for his -assassination; returns to Cambay; defeats Rangoji and becomes sole -master of Gujarát (1743), <a href="#pb326" class="pageref">326</a>; confined by his troops for arrears of pay, escapes -to Agra, <a href="#pb327" class="pageref">327</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Field names</span>: under Valabhis, <a href="#pb83" -class="pageref">83</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Financial reform</span>: of Mirza Isa -Tarkhán, <a href="#pb279" class="pageref">279</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Fire-worshippers</span>: in <span class="corr" id="xd25e55472" title="Source: Saimur">Saimúr</span>, <a href="#pb516" class="pageref">516</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e55480" title="Source: Firuz">Fírúz</span> Sháh</span>: -Sultán, <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>. See Malik -Kabir.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e55490" title="Source: Firuz">Fírúz</span> Tughlak</span>: Emperor -(1351–1388), <a href="#pb231" class="pageref">231</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Fiscal administration</span>: of Gujarát, -during Musalmán period, <a href="#pb210" class="pageref">210</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Fleet</span>: Mr., <a href="#pb81" class="pageref">81</a> notes 1 and 2, <a href="#pb111" class="pageref">111</a>, <a href="#pb117" class="pageref">117</a> note, -<a href="#pb124" class="pageref">124</a>, <a href="#pb142" class="pageref">142</a>, <a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Floods</span>: Sábarmati (1683), <a href="#pb287" class="pageref">287</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Fluellen</span>: <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Forbes</span>: the late Mr., author of the -Rás Mála, <a href="#pb153" class="pageref">153</a>, -<a href="#pb159" class="pageref">159</a>, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>, <a href="#pb188" class="pageref">188</a>, <a href="#pb470" class="pageref">470</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Forbes</span>: Major, <a href="#pb409" class="pageref">409</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Forbes</span>: Mr., on the Mulakgiri systems of the -Maráthás in 1776, <a href="#pb419" class="pageref">419</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Foreigners</span>: settlement of, in -Gujarát, <a href="#pb13" class="pageref">13</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gádaráraghatta</span>: fight of -Naikidevi at, <a href="#pb195" class="pageref">195</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gadhia</span>: coinage, <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gáikwár</span>: <a href="#pb227" -class="pageref">227</a>. See Dámáji -Gáikwár, Fatesingh Gáikwár, -Govindráv Gáikwár, Piláji -Gáikwár, and Sayáji Gáikwár.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gajarábái</span>: mother of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e55607" title="Source: Kanoji">Kánoji</span> son of Govindráv, takes -refuge at Surat; applies for assistance to the English as well as to -Malhár, son of Khanderáo Gáikwár (1800), -<a href="#pb412" class="pageref">412</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gallitalutæ</span>: perhaps Táilakhali -Sálva tribe, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gamaliba</span>: <a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gambhuta</span>: ancient name of Cambay, <a href="#pb123" class="pageref">123</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gambier</span>: Mr., chief of the English at Surat, -<a href="#pb401" class="pageref">401</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gandabhava</span>: see Brahaspati.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gandaraioi</span>: Gandhára, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gandalrit</span>: Gandhárarashta or Yunnan, -<a href="#pb501" class="pageref">501</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gandhára</span>: old town, <a href="#pb75" -class="pageref">75</a>; establishment of the power of Kidáras -in, <a href="#pb144" class="pageref">144</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e55668" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>, <a href="#pb491" class="pageref">491</a>; retreat of -White Húṇas from to Kashmir, <a href="#pb500" class="pageref">500</a>, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ganeśa</span>: image of, <a href="#pb163" -class="pageref">163</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ganga</span>: the river Ganges, <a href="#pb165" -class="pageref">165</a> and <a href="#n165.5">note 5</a>, <a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gangádhar Shástri</span>: -Gáikwár’s envoy to Poona for the settlement of the -Peshwa’s old claims on Gáikwár’s estate -(1814), <a href="#pb427" class="pageref">427</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gangámah</span>: younger brother of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e55716" title="Source: Mularája">Múlarája</span>, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gangaridæ</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb532" -class="pageref">532</a>, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ganges</span>: river, eastern boundary of -Kumárapála’s kingdom, <a href="#pb189" class="pageref">189</a>, <a href="#pb510" class="pageref">510</a>; water of -the, for Somnáth, <a href="#pb522" class="pageref">522</a>, -<a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>, <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e55754" title="Source: ,">.</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Garásiás</span>: position of, -<a href="#pb215" class="pageref">215</a> and <a href="#n215.2">note -2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gárgya</span>: disciple of Nakuliśa, -founder of a branch of Páśupata school, <a href="#pb84" -class="pageref">84</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Garjjanaka</span>: Sanskrit form of Ghaznavi, -<a href="#pb195" class="pageref">195</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Garnier</span>: Lieutenant, <a href="#pb504" class="pageref">504</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Garud</span>: eagle god, <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e55797" title="Source: Gauda">Gauḍa</span></span>: country, <a href="#pb124" -class="pageref">124</a>, <a href="#pb466" class="pageref">466</a>, -<a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a>, <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gaughát</span>: <a href="#pb453" class="pageref">453</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gautama</span>: Buddha (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 560–480), travel through Valabhi country, -<a href="#pb79" class="pageref">79</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e55829" title="Source: .">;</span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e55832" title="Source: Sage">sage</span>, tank and hermitage of, -<a href="#pb454" class="pageref">454</a>, <a href="#pb461" class="pageref">461</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e55844" title="Source: Gautamiputra">Gautamíputra</span></span>: Andhra king -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 138), <a href="#pb32" class="pageref">32</a>, <a href="#pb38" class="pageref">38</a>; <span class="corr" id="xd25e55856" title="Source: Sátakarni">Śátakarṇi</span>, <a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gayákarna</span>: see <span class="corr" id="xd25e55866" title="Source: Karna">Karṇa</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gayakund</span>: see Goni, <a href="#pb453" class="pageref">453</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gedrôsia</span>: <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gedrosor</span>: <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gehlots</span>: name derived from Valabhi king, -<a href="#pb85" class="pageref">85</a>, <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Genealogy</span>: of the Gujarát Kshatrapas, -<a href="#pb54" class="pageref">54</a>; of the Guptas (319–470), -<a href="#pb60" class="pageref">60</a>; of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e55910" title="Source: Chávaḍas">Chávaḍás</span>, -<a href="#pb155" class="pageref">155</a>; of the Vághelas, -<a href="#pb206" class="pageref">206</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">General review</span>: of Marátha supremacy -in Gujarát, <a href="#pb429" class="pageref">429</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ghagada</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e55930" -title="Source: Chávaḍa">Chávaḍá</span> -king (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 908–937), <a href="#pb154" class="pageref">154</a>, <a href="#pb155" class="pageref">155</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ghalla</span>: <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ghánchis</span>: oil-pressers, <a href="#pb450" class="pageref">450</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e55959" title="Source: Ghatotkacha">Ghaṭotkacha</span></span>: second Gupta -chief, <a href="#pb61" class="pageref">61</a>, <a href="#pb67" class="pageref">67</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e55970" title="Source: Gházi-ud-din">Gházi-ud-dín</span></span>: -Khán Bahádur Furuz Jang, forty-third viceroy of -Gujarát (1708–1710); his death; confiscation of his -property, <a href="#pb296" class="pageref">296</a>, <a href="#pb297" -class="pageref">297</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ghazni</span>: capital of Mahmúd, <a href="#pb165" class="pageref">165</a>, <a href="#pb510" class="pageref">510</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ghazni Khán</span>: grave of, <a href="#pb455" class="pageref">455</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ghelo</span>: near Vaḷeh town, probably a -river in Valabhi time, <a href="#pb79" class="pageref">79</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e56005" title="Source: Ghiásuddin">Ghiás-ud-dín</span></span>: -son and successor of Mahmúd Khilji (1469–1499); appoints -his son Abdul Kádir prime minister; builds Mándu -Shádiábád <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb563" -href="#pb563" name="pb563">563</a>]</span>or abode of joy; invasion of -Málwa by Bahlol Lodi (1482); death of, by poison administered by -his son and prime minister <span class="corr" id="xd25e56010" title="Source: Nasir-ud-din">Násir-ud-dín</span>, <a href="#pb362" class="pageref">362–365</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e56018" title="Source: Ghias-ud-din">Ghiás-ud-dín</span> -Tughlak</span>: emperor (1320), <a href="#pb230" class="pageref">230</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ghughula</span>: chief of Godhra, attacked by -Tejahpála, <a href="#pb201" class="pageref">201</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ghumli</span>: see Bhumli.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Girdhar Bahádur</span>: Rája, -Nágar Bráhman, governor of Mándu -(1722–1724); defeat of, by Chimnáji Pandit and -Udáji Pavár, <a href="#pb382" class="pageref">382</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Girinagara</span>: Junágaḍh, <a href="#pb14" class="pageref">14</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Girnár</span>: fair at, <a href="#pb9" -class="pageref">9</a>; Skandagupta’s inscription at, <a href="#pb135" class="pageref">135</a>; Vastupála’s temple at, -<a href="#pb153" class="pageref">153</a>; inscription at, <a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176</a>; temple of Nemináth repaired -at, <a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176</a>, <a href="#pb177" class="pageref">177</a>, <a href="#pb186" class="pageref">186</a>; -inscription at, <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>; visited by -Hemachandra, <a href="#pb192" class="pageref">192</a>; hill, -magnificent temple of Neminátha built on, <a href="#pb199" -class="pageref">199</a>, <a href="#pb202" class="pageref">202</a>, -<a href="#pb231" class="pageref">231</a> and <a href="#n231.2">note -2</a>, <a href="#pb236" class="pageref">236</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Girnára</span>: Bráhmans, <a href="#pb70" class="pageref">70</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Girnár inscription</span>: of Skandagupta, -<a href="#pb69" class="pageref">69–70</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Glaser</span>: <a href="#pb542" class="pageref">542</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Goa</span>: <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Goaris</span>: river Vaitarani, <a href="#pb540" -class="pageref">540</a>, <a href="#pb542" class="pageref">542</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Goddard</span>: General, conducts negotiations with -Poona on behalf of the Supreme Government and the Government of Bombay; -advances against Dabhoi, <a href="#pb408" class="pageref">408</a>; -takes Ahmedábád by storm; besieges the fort of Bassein -(1780), <a href="#pb409" class="pageref">409</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Godhra</span>: chief of, deserts <span class="corr" -id="xd25e56151" title="Source: Lavanaprasada">Lavaṇaprasáda</span> and joins -Málwa chief, <a href="#pb199" class="pageref">199</a>, <a href="#pb201" class="pageref">201</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Godhraha</span> and <span class="sc">Godraha</span>: see Godhra.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gogha</span>: capture of (1347), <a href="#pb230" -class="pageref">230</a>; contest for the government of, <a href="#pb314" class="pageref">314</a>; captured by <span class="corr" id="xd25e56178" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán -(1755), <a href="#pb339" class="pageref">339</a>; delivered to the -Maráthás by <span class="corr" id="xd25e56184" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán (1758), <a href="#pb342" class="pageref">342</a>; port, <a href="#pb440" class="pageref">440</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gohelvadia</span>: main division of Mher -chiefships, <a href="#pb136" class="pageref">136</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gohils</span>: name derived from a Valabhi king, -<a href="#pb85" class="pageref">85</a>, <a href="#pb86" class="pageref">86</a>; <span class="corr" id="xd25e56211" title="Source: Rajput">Rájput</span> tribe, <a href="#n217.3">217 note -3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e56219" title="Source: Gohilváda">Gohilváḍa</span></span>: -zillah, <a href="#pb208" class="pageref">208</a> and <a href="#n208.3">note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gollas</span>: a ruler, <a href="#pb76" class="pageref">76</a>; Hun king, <a href="#pb86" class="pageref">86</a>, -<a href="#pb143" class="pageref">143</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gondal</span>: <a href="#pb231" class="pageref">231</a>, <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Goni</span>: tank, <a href="#pb453" class="pageref">453</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Goodfellow</span>: Lieutenant Charles, R. E., -<a href="#pb447" class="pageref">447</a>, <a href="#pb448" class="pageref">448</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gopnáth</span>: temple, <a href="#pb79" -class="pageref">79</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Goradás</span>: priests, <a href="#pb451" -class="pageref">451</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Govinda</span>: feudatory -Ráshṭrakúṭa prince ruling in Gujarát, -<a href="#pb121" class="pageref">121</a>, <a href="#pb122" class="pageref">122</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e56291" title="Source: .">;</span> Gujarát -Ráshṭrakúṭa king (827), <a href="#pb126" -class="pageref">126</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Govinda I.</span><span class="corr" id="xd25e56301" -title="Source: ;">:</span> Dakhan Ráshṭrakúṭa -king (680), <a href="#pb120" class="pageref">120</a>, <a href="#pb121" -class="pageref">121</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Govinda II.</span>: Dakhan -Ráshṭrakúṭa king, <a href="#pb122" class="pageref">122</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Govinda III.</span>: (827–833) holds the -Gujarát province independently of the Dakhan sway, completes the -conquest of the north and marches to the south, hands the -Gujarát kingdom to his brother Indra, <a href="#pb123" class="pageref">123</a>, <a href="#pb466" class="pageref">466</a>, <a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a>, <a href="#pb528" class="pageref">528</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e56335" title="Source: Govindrája">Govindarája</span></span>: brother -of Dhruva II., <a href="#pb127" class="pageref">127</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Govindráv</span>: Gáikwár, son -of Dámáji by his first wife; sides with -Raghunáthráo and is taken prisoner with him at Dhorap -(1768); promises increased tribute and heavy fine for his conduct and -is invested with his father’s title and estates, <a href="#pb399" -class="pageref">399–400</a>; grant made in his favour is -cancelled (1771); is reinstated by Raghunáthráo (1773), -<a href="#pb401" class="pageref">401</a>; invests Baroda (1775), -<a href="#pb401" class="pageref">401</a>; leads Rághoba’s -army, <a href="#pb403" class="pageref">403</a>; secures the favour of -Mahádji Sindia and applies to him for restoration, <a href="#pb410" class="pageref">410</a>; takes up the office of regent at -Baroda (1793), <a href="#pb411" class="pageref">411</a>; forces -<span class="corr" id="xd25e56364" title="Source: Aba">Ába</span> Shelukar to surrender -Ahmedábád and keeps him in confinement (1797), <a href="#pb411" class="pageref">411</a>; his death (1799), <a href="#pb412" -class="pageref">412</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Grahári</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e56377" title="Source: Mularája’s">Múlarája’s</span> -opponent, <a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Graharipu</span>: king of the <span class="corr" -id="xd25e56387" title="Source: Chudásamás">Chúḍásamás</span>, -<a href="#pb137" class="pageref">137</a>; Mlechcha ruler of -Soráth, wars with <span class="corr" id="xd25e56393" title="Source: Mularája">Múlarája</span> and is made -prisoner, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>, <a href="#pb164" -class="pageref">164</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Grants</span>: copperplate, <a href="#pb55" class="pageref">55</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Grimes</span>: Colonel, <a href="#pb440" class="pageref">440</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Greek</span>: vessels, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Guha</span>: see Guhasena.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Guhasena</span>: follower of Buddha, <a href="#pb83" class="pageref">83</a>; Valabhi king (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 559–567), <a href="#pb85" class="pageref">85</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gujarát</span>: boundaries and extent, -<a href="#pb1" class="pageref">1</a>; the name, <a href="#pb2" class="pageref">2–5</a>; Ráshṭrakúṭas in, -<a href="#pb119" class="pageref">119–134</a>; invaded by Alaf -Khán, <a href="#n205.2">205 note 2</a>; under the Mughals -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1573–1760), <a href="#pb221" -class="pageref">221–225</a>; under the rule of Aurangzib -(1644–1647), <a href="#pb280" class="pageref">280</a>; -Shiváji’s inroads in (1664–1670), <a href="#pb284" -class="pageref">284</a>, <a href="#pb386" class="pageref">386</a>; -predatory inroads of the Maráthás, their growth, their -power, and their supremacy in, <a href="#pb385" class="pageref">385</a>; expeditions of Khanderáo -Dábháde (1700–1711), <a href="#pb388" class="pageref">388</a>; administration of, left entirely in the hands of the -Gáikwár family after the treaty of Sálbái, -<a href="#pb410" class="pageref">410</a>, <a href="#pb411" class="pageref">411</a>; under the management of <span class="corr" id="xd25e56486" title="Source: Aba">Ába</span> Shelukar -(1796–1797), <a href="#pb411" class="pageref">411</a>; farmed to -Gáikwár by the Peshwa (1799), <a href="#pb411" class="pageref">411</a>; renewal of the farm of, to Bhagwantráo -Gáikwár for ten years (1804), <a href="#pb415" class="pageref">415</a>; appointment of Trimbakji Dengle as Sarsubha of -Ahmedábád, <a href="#pb427" class="pageref">427</a>; -Peshwa’s rights passed to the British (1819), <a href="#pb385" -class="pageref">385</a>; disturbances (1857–1859), <a href="#pb433" class="pageref">433–448</a>; disarming (1857), <a href="#pb444" class="pageref">444</a>; gateway, <a href="#pb452" class="pageref">452</a>, <a href="#pb459" class="pageref">459</a>; -Bráhmans, <a href="#pb463" class="pageref">463</a>; Hindu -enterprise by sea to Jáva, <a href="#n492.3">492 note 3</a>; -conquest and settlement of Jáva and Cambodia (603), <a href="#pb496" class="pageref">496</a>; earliest Arab references to, <a href="#pb505" class="pageref">505</a>, <a href="#pb508" class="pageref">508</a>, <a href="#pb511" class="pageref">511</a>; conquest -of (1300), <a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a>, <a href="#pb514" -class="pageref">514</a>, <a href="#pb515" class="pageref">515</a>, -<a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>, <a href="#pb526" class="pageref">526</a>, <a href="#pb529" class="pageref">529</a>; religion -in, <a href="#pb530" class="pageref">530</a>; people of, <a href="#pb531" class="pageref">531</a>, <a href="#pb532" class="pageref">532</a>. See Juzr.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gujars</span>: a tribe, <a href="#pb2" class="pageref">2–3</a>, <a href="#pb58" class="pageref">58</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gulla</span>: <a href="#pb143" class="pageref">143</a>. See Mihirgulla.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gunamati</span>: Bodhisattva, <a href="#pb79" -class="pageref">79</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gunda</span>: Kshatrapa inscription at, <a href="#pb42" class="pageref">42</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Guntri</span>: fort, seized by Sammas, <a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>, <a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gupta</span>: first Gupta king, <a href="#pb60" -class="pageref">60</a>, <a href="#pb61" class="pageref">61</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gupta</span>: era, <a href="#pb29" class="pageref">29</a>, <a href="#pb58" class="pageref">58</a>, <a href="#pb67" class="pageref">67</a>, <a href="#pb81" class="pageref">81</a>, -<a href="#pb87" class="pageref">87</a>, <a href="#pb110" class="pageref">110</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Guptas</span>: in Magadha, <a href="#pb73" class="pageref">73</a>, <a href="#pb77" class="pageref">77</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gurjjara</span>: kingdoms, <a href="#pb3" class="pageref">3–4</a>; foreign tribe, Valabhis believed to be -Gurjjaras, <a href="#pb97" class="pageref">97</a>; defeated by Arabs, -<a href="#pb109" class="pageref">109</a>; establish themselves at -Nándoḍ (580–808), <a href="#pb113" class="pageref">113</a>; territory, <a href="#pb113" class="pageref">113</a>; -copperplate grants, <a href="#pb113" class="pageref">113–114</a>; -family tree, <a href="#pb114" class="pageref">114</a>; give up -sun-worship and their name for Śaivism and <span class="corr" id="xd25e56675" title="Source: Puránic">Puráṇic</span> -pedigree, <a href="#pb116" class="pageref">116</a>; march against -Dhruva II., <a href="#pb127" class="pageref">127</a>; -Chávaḍás said to belong to them, <a href="#n127.2">127 note 2</a>, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb564" href="#pb564" name="pb564">564</a>]</span>458, <a href="#pb463" class="pageref">463</a>; origin of, <a href="#pb464" class="pageref">464</a>; -of Broach, <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>, <a href="#pb466" -class="pageref">466</a>; their appearance in India and earliest notice, -<a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>, <a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a>; migration of, <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>; are defeated by Prabhákaravardhana -(600–606), <a href="#pb490" class="pageref">490</a>; retain -Broach, Valabhi, and Bhinmál, <a href="#pb490" class="pageref">490</a>; their relation with Mihiras or Meds, <a href="#pb490" class="pageref">490</a>, <a href="#pb526" class="pageref">526</a>. See Juzr.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Gurjjararáta</span>: province of -Gujarát, name derived from Valabhi kings, <a href="#pb85" class="pageref">85</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Guvaka</span>: first Chohán king, <a href="#n158.1">158 note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hadálaka</span>: village, <a href="#pb202" -class="pageref">202</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e56748" title="Source: Haddala">Haddálá</span></span>: copperplate -found at, <a href="#pb138" class="pageref">138</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hadow</span>: Mr., Collector of -Ahmedábád, <a href="#pb443" class="pageref">443</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hadrian</span>: Roman emperor (117–138), -<a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Haidarábád</span>: Sindh town, -<a href="#pb511" class="pageref">511</a>, <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Haidar Kuli Khán</span>: fiftieth viceroy of -Gujarát; disorder in Ahmedábád (1721<span class="corr" id="xd25e56788" title="Not in source">)</span>; his leniency to -Bábis of Gujarát; frees the emperor from the tyranny of -the Sayads (1721); is honoured with a title and the governorship of -Gujarát (1721–22), <a href="#pb302" class="pageref">302</a>; subdues Kolis of Chunvál; shows signs of -independence and is recalled (1722), <a href="#pb303" class="pageref">303</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Haig</span>: General, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Haihayas</span>: a Kshatriya tribe, <a href="#pb58" -class="pageref">58</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Haimakhadda</span>: Hema’s pit, <a href="#pb193" class="pageref">193</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Haiminámamálá</span>: string -of names composed by Hemachandra, <a href="#pb192" class="pageref">192</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Haital</span>: <a href="#pb145" class="pageref">145</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hákam</span>: brother of Usmán, -second Khalifáh, <a href="#pb505" class="pageref">505</a>; sends -an expedition to Debal and Broach, <a href="#pb505" class="pageref">505</a>, <a href="#pb506" class="pageref">506</a>, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hálár</span>: zillah, <a href="#pb208" class="pageref">208</a> and <a href="#n208.3">note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hamál Khán</span>: grant of, <a href="#pb455" class="pageref">455</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hambirráv</span>: the title of Hasáji -Mohite, Shiváji’s commander, <a href="#pb387" class="pageref">387</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hamid Beg</span>: is appointed governor of Broach -(1754), <a href="#pb339" class="pageref">339</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hamid Khán</span>: uncle of -Nizám-ul-Mulk, deputy viceroy of Gujarát (1722), <a href="#pb303" class="pageref">303</a>; joins his forces with -Kántáji Kadam, and defeats and kills <span class="corr" -id="xd25e56887" title="Source: Shujâat">Shujáât</span> Khán near -Ahmedábád; takes up his quarters at Sháhi -Bágh and gets possession of all Ahmedábád except -the city; attempt of <span class="corr" id="xd25e56890" title="Source: Ibráhim">Ibráhím</span> Kuli son of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e56893" title="Source: Shujáat">Shujáât</span> Khán to -assassinate him, <a href="#pb304" class="pageref">304–305</a>; -defeated by Rustam Ali at Arás (1723), <a href="#pb305" class="pageref">305</a>, <a href="#pb213" class="pageref">213</a>; assigns -one-fourth share of the territory north of the Mahi to -Kántáji and a corresponding interest in the territory -south of Mahi to Piláji, <a href="#pb305" class="pageref">305</a>; unites his forces with the Maráthás -under Kántáji and Piláji and marches on -Ahmedábád; defeat of, at Sojitra; second defeat, <a href="#pb307" class="pageref">307</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e56914" title="Source: Hammiramahákávya">Hammíramahákávya</span></span>; -<a href="#pb157" class="pageref">157</a>, <a href="#pb159" class="pageref">159</a>, <a href="#pb171" class="pageref">171</a>, <a href="#pb182" class="pageref">182</a>, <a href="#pb184" class="pageref">184</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hammuka</span>: king of Sindh, invaded by -<span class="corr" id="xd25e56936" title="Source: Bhima">Bhíma</span> I., <a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hanawal</span>: Janáwal, apparently -Chunvál or <span class="corr" id="xd25e56946" title="Source: Jháláwar">Jháláwár</span>, -<a href="#pb510" class="pageref">510</a>, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>, <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hanumán</span>: progenitor of Porbandar -chiefs, <a href="#pb135" class="pageref">135</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hárbhánji</span>: chief of -Limbḍi (1753), <a href="#pb337" class="pageref">337</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hariba</span>: adopted son of Khanderáo -<span class="corr" id="xd25e56977" title="Source: Gaikwár">Gáikwár</span>, attacks -Rangoji’s deputy and kills him; his expulsion by Rangoji from -Borsad, <a href="#pb331" class="pageref">331</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Haripála</span>: minister of -Siddharája, <a href="#pb173" class="pageref">173</a>; -grandfather of Kumárapála, <a href="#pb181" class="pageref">181</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Haripant <span class="corr" id="xd25e56996" title="Source: Fadke">Phadke</span></span>: Peshwa’s general, enters -Gujarát and compels Govindráo and Rághoba to raise -the siege of Baroda, <a href="#pb402" class="pageref">402</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hariya Bráhman</span>: <a href="#pb460" -class="pageref">460</a> and <a href="#n460.3">note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Harkárás</span>: messengers, <a href="#pb214" class="pageref">214</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Harsha</span>: <a href="#pb116" class="pageref">116</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Harshacharita</span>: Sanskrit work by the poet -<span class="corr" id="xd25e57030" title="Source: Bána">Báṇa</span>, <a href="#pb114" class="pageref">114</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Harshadeva</span>: Harshavardhana of Kanauj -(607–648), <a href="#pb115" class="pageref">115</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Harshapura</span>: identified with Harsol, <a href="#pb129" class="pageref">129</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Harshavardhana</span>: Kanauj king (629–645), -<a href="#pb56" class="pageref">56</a>, <a href="#pb72" class="pageref">72</a>, <a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Harsutá</span>: temple at Verával of, -<a href="#pb203" class="pageref">203</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hasáji Mohite</span>: plunders Broach -(1675), <a href="#pb387" class="pageref">387</a>. See -Hambirráv.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hasan Muhammad Khán</span>: author of -Mirát-i-Ahmedi (1730), <a href="#pb310" class="pageref">310</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hastinagara</span>: town, <a href="#pb490" class="pageref">490</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e57094" title="Source: Hastinápur">Hastinapura</span></span>: same as -Hastinagara.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hatch</span>: Captain (1857), <a href="#pb440" -class="pageref">440</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hateshvar Mahádev</span>: Nágar -Bráhmans’ special guardian at Vadnagar; destruction of the -temple of, <a href="#pb289" class="pageref">289</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e57113" title="Source: Havaldár">Haváldár</span></span>: Mughal -village officer, <a href="#pb212" class="pageref">212</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e57121" title="Source: Házi">Háji</span> Muhammad Khán</span>: -governor of Mándu, (1568), <a href="#pb370" class="pageref">370</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Head tax</span>: the repeal of (1719), <a href="#pb301" class="pageref">301</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hekataios</span>: Greek writer, <a href="#pb532" -class="pageref">532</a>, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hemachandra</span>: Jain devotee and chronicler -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1089–1173), <a href="#pb156" -class="pageref">156</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e57155" title="Source: ,">;</span> patronised by Siddharája, <a href="#pb180" -class="pageref">180</a>; his teacher, <a href="#n181.2">181 note 2</a>; -tells Kumárapála his future, <a href="#pb182" class="pageref">182–183</a>; birth and education, <a href="#pb191" -class="pageref">191</a>; becomes Kumárapála’s -religious adviser, <a href="#pb192" class="pageref">192–193</a>; -his works and death, <a href="#pb193" class="pageref">193</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hemáchárya</span>: <a href="#pb179" -class="pageref">179</a>, <a href="#pb183" class="pageref">183</a>; his -convent, <a href="#pb188" class="pageref">188</a>. See Hemachandra.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Herbert</span>: Sir Thomas, English traveller in -India (1626), <a href="#pb361" class="pageref">361</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e57196" title="Source: .">;</span> Master Thomas, -<a href="#pb381" class="pageref">381</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Heptanesia</span>: island, <a href="#pb542" class="pageref">542</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hermolaos</span>: geographer, <a href="#pb546" -class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Herodotos</span>: Greek historian, <a href="#pb532" -class="pageref">532</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e57225" title="Source: Heroné">Hêrônê</span></span>: reef, -<a href="#pb539" class="pageref">539</a>, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e57236" title="Source: Himalayas">Himálayas</span></span>: the, <a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hind</span>: <a href="#pb511" class="pageref">511</a>; cities of, <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>, -<a href="#pb516" class="pageref">516</a>, <a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a>; king of <a href="#pb529" class="pageref">529</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hindu</span>: <a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a>, <a href="#pb529" class="pageref">529</a>; classes -of, <a href="#pb530" class="pageref">530</a>; king, <a href="#pb531" -class="pageref">531</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hindu Chiefs</span>: of Mándu, expelled by -Sultán <span class="corr" id="xd25e57282" title="Source: Shams-ud-din">Shams-ud-dín</span> Altamsh (1234), -<a href="#pb357" class="pageref">357</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hippalus</span>: <a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>, <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>, <a href="#pb543" class="pageref">543</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hipparkhos</span>: Eratosthenes’ critic (130 -<span class="sc">b.c.</span>), <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hippokoura</span>: either <span class="corr" id="xd25e57315" title="Source: Godegaon">Ghodegâon</span> or -<span class="corr" id="xd25e57318" title="Source: Kuda">Kuḍâ</span>, <a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>; possibly Hippargi, <a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e57329" title="Source: Herakleia">Hîrakleia</span></span>: <a href="#pb546" -class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e57337" title="Source: Hiranya">Hiraṇya</span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e57340" title="Source: Kasipu">Kasípu</span></span>: demon, -<a href="#pb120" class="pageref">120</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Historians</span>: Solaṅki, <a href="#pb155" -class="pageref">155</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hiuen Tsiang</span>: Chinese traveller and pilgrim -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 612–640), <a href="#pb3" -class="pageref">3</a>, <a href="#pb7" class="pageref">7</a>, <a href="#pb77" class="pageref">77</a>; his description of the Valabhis, -<a href="#pb79" class="pageref">79</a>; <a href="#pb85" class="pageref">85</a>; <a href="#pb111" class="pageref">111</a>; <a href="#pb115" class="pageref">115</a>; notices Broach kingdom, <a href="#pb116" class="pageref">116</a>; <a href="#pb143" class="pageref">143</a>, <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>, <a href="#pb466" class="pageref">466</a>, <a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>, <a href="#pb489" class="pageref">489</a>, <a href="#pb490" class="pageref">490</a>, <a href="#pb499" class="pageref">499</a>, <a href="#pb502" class="pageref">502</a>, <a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hishám bin Abdul Malik</span>: -(724–743), <a href="#pb506" class="pageref">506</a>, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>, <a href="#pb520" class="pageref">520</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb565" href="#pb565" -name="pb565">565</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e57430" title="Source: Hisámuddin">Hisám-ud-dín</span> -Parmár</span>, Gujarát governor, <a href="#pb230" class="pageref">230</a> and <a href="#n230.1">note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hisn Ghorab</span>: <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">History</span>: of Bhinmál, <a href="#pb465" -class="pageref">465–471</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Honots</span>: <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hornby</span>: chief of the council at Bombay -(1779), <a href="#pb408" class="pageref">408</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hoshang Sháh Ghori</span>: Sultán of -Málwa (1405–1432), the establisher of Mándu’s -greatness; goes to <span class="corr" id="xd25e57473" title="Source: Jajnagar">Jájnagar</span> (Jaipur) in Cuttack in Orissa -(1421); returns to Mándu at the news of the siege of -Mándu by Ahmed Sháh of Gujarát in 1422; prosperity -of Málwa and extension of his power by his ministers Malik -Mughis Khilji and Mehmúd Khán his son; his death, -<a href="#pb358" class="pageref">358–359</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hultsch</span>: Dr., <a href="#n129.3">129 note -3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e57488" title="Source: Humáyun">Humáyún</span></span>: emperor -of Dehli (1539–1556), <a href="#pb220" class="pageref">220</a>; -defeats Sultán Bahádur of Gujarát (1534) at -Mandasor; captures the fort of Songad, retires to Mándu from -Gujarát (1535), returns to Agra (1535–36), <a href="#pb367" class="pageref">367</a>, <a href="#pb368" class="pageref">368</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hun</span>: coin variety, <a href="#n219.2">219 -note 2</a>, <a href="#n222.2">222 note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e57512" title="Source: Huna">Húṇa</span></span>: king of, at the -svayamvara or choice-marriage of Durlabhadevi, <a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e57520" title="Source: Hunáls">Húṇáls</span></span>: -<a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e57528" title="Source: Húnas">Húṇas</span></span>: White -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 450–520), <a href="#pb69" -class="pageref">69</a>, <a href="#pb73" class="pageref">73</a>, -<a href="#pb74" class="pageref">74–76</a>, <a href="#pb142" -class="pageref">142–146</a>, <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>, <a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>. See -Huns.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e57555" title="Source: Huni">Huṇi</span></span>: subdivision of -Márwár Kunbis, <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Huns</span>: White, <a href="#pb69" class="pageref">69</a>, <a href="#pb73" class="pageref">73</a>, <a href="#pb86" class="pageref">86</a>. See Húṇas.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hurmuz</span>: horse trade from, <a href="#pb515" -class="pageref">515</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e57584" title="Source: Hursol">Harsol</span></span>: town, capital of Prachanda, -<a href="#pb129" class="pageref">129</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Husain Khán Battangi</span>: <a href="#pb439" class="pageref">439</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hutchinson</span>: Captain, Political Agent of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e57601" title="Source: Bhopáwár">Bhopáwar</span>, hangs the -Rája of Amjera (1857), <a href="#pb439" class="pageref">439</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Huvishka</span>: Kushán king (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 100–123), <a href="#pb37" class="pageref">37</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e57619" title="Source: Hydraotes">Hydraôtês</span></span>: the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e57622" title="Source: Rávi">Râvî</span>, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Hypasis</span>: the <span class="corr" id="xd25e57632" title="Source: Bias">Biás</span>, <a href="#pb533" -class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Iberia</span>: district of Skythia, <a href="#pb544" class="pageref">544</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ibn Khurdádba</span>: <a href="#pb468" -class="pageref">468</a>. See Ibni Khurdádbah.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ibn Ásir</span>: Arab historian, author of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e57656" title="Source: Tárikh-í-Kámil">Tárikh-i-Kámil</span> -(1160–1232), his account of the destruction of Somanátha, -<a href="#pb165" class="pageref">165</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ibni Ásir</span>: <a href="#pb522" class="pageref">522</a> and <a href="#n522.4">note 4</a>, <a href="#pb523" -class="pageref">523</a>, <a href="#pb524" class="pageref">524</a>. See -Ibn Ásir.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ibni Haukal</span>: Muhammad Abul Kásim -(995–996), <a href="#pb507" class="pageref">507</a>, <a href="#pb511" class="pageref">511</a> and notes 5, <a href="#pb6" class="pageref">6</a>, <a href="#pb7" class="pageref">7</a>, <a href="#pb8" -class="pageref">8</a>, <a href="#n510.1">510 note 1</a>, <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a> and notes 6, <a href="#pb7" class="pageref">7</a>, <a href="#pb8" class="pageref">8</a>, <a href="#pb516" -class="pageref">516</a> and notes 8, <a href="#pb9" class="pageref">9</a>, <a href="#pb10" class="pageref">10</a>, <a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a>, <a href="#pb519" class="pageref">519</a>, <a href="#pb521" class="pageref">521</a>, <a href="#pb523" class="pageref">523</a>, <a href="#pb526" class="pageref">526</a>, <a href="#pb527" class="pageref">527</a>, <a href="#pb528" class="pageref">528</a>, <a href="#pb529" class="pageref">529</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ibni <span class="corr" id="xd25e57749" title="Source: Khalli Khán">Khallikán</span></span>: author of -the biographical dictionary, <a href="#n522.4">522 note 4</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ibni Khurdádbah</span>: Arab writer (912), -<a href="#pb506" class="pageref">506</a> and <a href="#n506.7">note -7</a>, <a href="#n509.5">509 note 5</a>, <a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a>, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a> and -<a href="#n513.10">note 10</a>, <a href="#pb519" class="pageref">519</a>, <a href="#pb520" class="pageref">520</a>, <a href="#pb527" class="pageref">527</a>, <a href="#pb528" class="pageref">528</a>, <a href="#pb530" class="pageref">530</a>, <a href="#pb531" class="pageref">531</a>. See Ibn Khurdádba.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e57799" title="Source: Ibráhim">Ibráhím</span> -Khán</span>: fortieth viceroy of Gujarát (1705), <a href="#pb293" class="pageref">293</a>; forty-second viceroy (1706), <a href="#pb295" class="pageref">295</a>; resigns (1708), <a href="#pb296" -class="pageref">296</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e57814" title="Source: Ibráhimi">Ibráhími</span></span>: gold -coin, <a href="#n219.2">219 note 2</a>; <a href="#n222.2">222 note -2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ídar</span>: <a href="#pb218" class="pageref">218</a>, <a href="#pb226" class="pageref">226</a>, <a href="#pb232" class="pageref">232</a>, <a href="#pb233" class="pageref">233</a>, <a href="#pb236" class="pageref">236</a>, <a href="#pb237" class="pageref">237</a>, <a href="#pb238" class="pageref">238</a>; revolt of, capture of, by Mughals, death of the -chief of (1679), <a href="#pb286" class="pageref">286</a>; unsuccessful -attack on, by Jawán Mard Khán, <a href="#pb315" class="pageref">315</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Iláo</span>: copperplate grant found at, -<a href="#n146.3">146 note 3</a>, <a href="#pb117" class="pageref">117</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Imperial power</span>: decay of (1720), <a href="#pb301" class="pageref">301</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Imports</span>: into Skythia, <a href="#pb544" -class="pageref">544</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Improvements</span>: by Akbar, <a href="#pb223" -class="pageref">223</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Inám Commission</span>: fanatical spirit -excited by the proceedings of, <a href="#pb436" class="pageref">436</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Inde</span>: Indi, <a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Indargad</span>: fort taken by Lieut. Welsh in -1780, <a href="#pb409" class="pageref">409</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">India</span>: religious sects of, <a href="#pb530" -class="pageref">530</a>; home of wisdom, <a href="#pb531" class="pageref">531</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Indian Archipelago</span>: <a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Indo-China</span>: conversion of, to Buddhism -(<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 240); immigration to of Śakas -or Yavanas from Tamluk or Ratnavati on the Hughli (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 100), <a href="#pb499" class="pageref">499</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Indo-Skythia</span>: <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>, <a href="#pb539" class="pageref">539</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Indra</span>: Ráshṭrakúṭa -king (about <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 500), <a href="#pb120" -class="pageref">120</a>. Founder of the Gujarát branch, <a href="#pb121" class="pageref">121</a>, <a href="#pb123" class="pageref">123–124</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Indra</span> I.: -Ráshṭrakúṭa king, <a href="#pb120" class="pageref">120</a>, <a href="#pb121" class="pageref">121</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Indra</span> III.: Dakhan -Ráshṭrakúṭa king, his grants found at -Navsári, <a href="#pb128" class="pageref">128</a>; (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 914), <a href="#pb130" class="pageref">130</a>, -<a href="#pb516" class="pageref">516</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Indus</span>: river, <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>, <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Inscriptions</span>: <a href="#pb42" class="pageref">42</a>, <a href="#pb43" class="pageref">43</a>, <a href="#pb65" class="pageref">65–66</a>, <a href="#pb67" class="pageref">67</a>, <a href="#pb69" class="pageref">69</a>, <a href="#pb71" class="pageref">71</a>, of Goa Kádambas, <a href="#n172.3">172 note 3</a>; of Naravarman, <a href="#pb173" class="pageref">173</a>; of Madanavarman, <a href="#pb178" class="pageref">178</a>; <a href="#pb203" class="pageref">203–204</a>; -at Bhinmal, <a href="#pb471" class="pageref">471–488</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Inthapatha-puri</span>: Indraprastha, capital of -Cambodia, <a href="#pb499" class="pageref">499</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Iomanes</span>: the Yamuna, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Iron flail</span>: legend of the, <a href="#pb10" -class="pageref">10</a> and <a href="#n10.2">note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Islám</span>: Mer converts to, <a href="#pb141" class="pageref">141</a>; spread of (1414), <a href="#pb236" -class="pageref">236–237</a>; precepts of, taught in <span class="corr" id="xd25e58085" title="Source: Kambaya">Kambáya</span>, -<a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>, <a href="#pb530" class="pageref">530</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Islámábád</span>: military -post of the Mughals. See Sádra, <a href="#pb285" class="pageref">285</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Islámnagar</span>: see Navánagar.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ismáil Muhammad</span>: the collector of -customs at Cambay in 1741, <a href="#pb323" class="pageref">323</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e58114" title="Source: Iśvaradatta">Íśvaradatta</span></span>: -Kshatrapa ruler <span class="corr" id="xd25e58117" title="Source: (230)–250)">(230–250)</span>, coins of, <a href="#pb51" class="pageref">51–52</a>; ruler, <a href="#pb57" class="pageref">57</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e58128" title="Source: Iśvarásena">Íśvarasena</span></span>: -Ábhíra king, <a href="#pb52" class="pageref">52</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e58136" title="Source: Jaafar-al-Mansur">Jaâfar-al-Mansúr</span></span>: -Abbási Khalifáh (754–775), <a href="#pb524" class="pageref">524</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jabalpur</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e58147" -title="Source: Visaladeva">Vísaladeva</span> retires to, for -help, <a href="#pb203" class="pageref">203</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jabwa</span>: Rája of, shelters Captain -Hutchinson, <a href="#pb439" class="pageref">439</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jáchikadeva</span>: king, copperplate of, -<a href="#pb136" class="pageref">136</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jádam</span>: same as Yádava, -<a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jádeja</span>: corruption of Jaudheja, -<a href="#pb137" class="pageref">137</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e58183" title="Source: Jádejas">Jádejás</span></span>: invading -tribe, <a href="#pb137" class="pageref">137</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jádoji</span>: son of Umábái -Dábháde, <a href="#pb314" class="pageref">314</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jagaddeva</span>: chief, general of -Siddharája, <a href="#pb172" class="pageref">172</a> and -<a href="#n172.3">note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jagatjhampaka</span>: world guardian, another name -of Durlabha, Chaulukya king, <a href="#pb162" class="pageref">162</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jagatsen</span>: gives Shrimál to -Gujarát Bráhmans, <a href="#pb463" class="pageref">463</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e58222" title="Source: Jagatsvami">Jagatsvámi</span></span>: <a href="#pb460" -class="pageref">460</a>, <a href="#pb463" class="pageref">463</a>. See -Jagsvámi.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e58234" title="Source: Jagattunga">Jagattuṅga</span></span>: Dakhan -Ráshṭrakúṭa prince, son of <span class="corr" -id="xd25e58237" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span>, -<a href="#pb128" class="pageref">128</a>, <a href="#pb130" class="pageref">130</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb566" href="#pb566" -name="pb566">566</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Jag Dev</span>: see Jagaddeva.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jageshwar</span>: shrine and cistern of, <a href="#pb453" class="pageref">453</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jágirdárs</span>: Musalmán -landholders, <a href="#pb215" class="pageref">215</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jago</span>: John de St., Portuguese apostate in -the service of Sultán Bahádur of Cambay (1536), <a href="#pb350" class="pageref">350</a>, <span class="corr" id="xd25e58272" -title="Source: 350">351</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jagsom</span>: king, <a href="#pb460" class="pageref">460</a>, <a href="#pb461" class="pageref">461</a>, <a href="#pb464" class="pageref">464</a>; temple of, <a href="#pb460" class="pageref">460</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jagsvámi</span>: sun temple of, <a href="#pb451" class="pageref">451</a>, <a href="#pb456" class="pageref">456</a>, <a href="#pb459" class="pageref">459</a>, <a href="#pb463" class="pageref">463</a>, <a href="#pb471" class="pageref">471</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jahángir</span>: Mughal emperor -(1605–1627), visits Mándu in 1617; receives English -ambassador Sir T. Roe at Mándu, <a href="#pb361" class="pageref">361</a>, <a href="#pb372" class="pageref">372–377</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jaikadeva</span>: copperplate of, <a href="#pb81" -class="pageref">81</a>; Mehr king, his grant, <a href="#pb87" class="pageref">87</a>; another name of Jáchikadeva, <a href="#pb137" -class="pageref">137</a>; his grant at Morbi, <a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jaikop</span>: properly Jakshkop, <a href="#pb454" -class="pageref">454</a> and note; lake, <a href="#pb455" class="pageref">455</a>, <a href="#pb456" class="pageref">456–458</a>, -<a href="#pb471" class="pageref">471</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jaipur</span>: <a href="#n511.12">511 note 12</a>, -<a href="#pb520" class="pageref">520</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jajjaka</span>: minister of Akálavarsha -<span class="corr" id="xd25e58367" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span>, <a href="#pb128" class="pageref">128</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jal</span>: <a href="#pb456" class="pageref">456</a>. See Pilu.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jalhaná</span>: daughter of Arnorája, -marries Kumárapála, <a href="#pb185" class="pageref">185</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jalálpur</span>: town, <a href="#pb534" -class="pageref">534</a>, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jám</span>: <a href="#pb215" class="pageref">215</a> and <a href="#n215.2">note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jama</span>: fixed sum of land revenue, <a href="#pb212" class="pageref">212</a>.</p> -<p>Jamáwal: tribe, <a href="#pb460" class="pageref">460</a>, -<a href="#pb464" class="pageref">464</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jamba</span>: Bania minister of Vanarája, -<a href="#pb152" class="pageref">152</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jambumáli</span>: river, <a href="#pb160" -class="pageref">160</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jambusar</span>: Bráhmans of, mentioned as -grantees, <a href="#pb111" class="pageref">111</a>; attacked and -plundered by <span class="corr" id="xd25e58443" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán in 1755, <a href="#pb339" class="pageref">339</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jambuváda</span>: <a href="#pb125" class="pageref">125</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jambuvávika</span>: modern Jambuváda, -<a href="#pb125" class="pageref">125</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jámdagni</span>: sage, <a href="#pb461" -class="pageref">461</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jámi-ul-Hikáyát</span>: work -of Muhammad Ufi, <a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a> and <a href="#n512.5">note 5</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jai Ráj</span>: king, <a href="#pb512" -class="pageref">512</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jamna</span>: the river Yamuna, <a href="#pb518" -class="pageref">518</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jáms</span>: Gujarát chiefs, <a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jám Sihta</span>: Samma chief of little -Kachh, <a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Janáśraya</span>: <a href="#pb56" -class="pageref">56</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Janáwal</span>: Chunvál, <a href="#pb509" class="pageref">509</a>, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jandur</span>: Rander, <a href="#n509.4">509 note -4</a>, <a href="#pb520" class="pageref">520</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Janjira</span>: identified with Puri, <a href="#pb107" class="pageref">107</a>; island, <a href="#pb207" class="pageref">207</a>, note 1; fort, residence, and stronghold of the Sidi -or Abyssinian admirals of Bijápur, <a href="#pb285" class="pageref">285</a>, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jankojiráo Sindia</span>: adopted son of -Báizábai, widow of Dowlatráv Sindia, <a href="#pb437" class="pageref">437</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jánoji Bhonsle</span>: of Nágpur, -partisan of Rághoba, <a href="#pb399" class="pageref">399</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Janwal</span>: Chunvál or Viramgám, -<a href="#pb509" class="pageref">509</a>. See Janáwal and -Junáwal.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jariya</span>: goldsmiths, origin of, <a href="#pb464" class="pageref">464</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jatiyas</span>: tanners, <a href="#pb451" class="pageref">451</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jasdan</span>: Kshatrapa inscription at, <a href="#pb43" class="pageref">43</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jasvantsingh Ráthor</span>: -Mahárája, viceroy of Málwa (1657), thirty-second -viceroy of Gujarát (1659–1662), <a href="#pb282" class="pageref">282</a>; sent from Gujarát by Aurangzib to join prince -Muázzam against Shiváji in the Dakhan (1662), <a href="#pb283" class="pageref">283</a>, <a href="#pb387" class="pageref">387</a>, thirty-fifth viceroy of Gujarát -(1671–1674<span class="corr" id="xd25e58608" title="Not in source">)</span>; sent to Kábul (1674), <a href="#pb285" -class="pageref">285</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Játs</span>: cultivators, <a href="#pb451" -class="pageref">451</a>; persecution of, by Brahmanist Chách -(642), <a href="#pb498" class="pageref">498</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jatwár</span>: zillah, <a href="#pb208" -class="pageref">208</a> and <a href="#n208.3">note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jaudheja</span>: <a href="#pb137" class="pageref">137</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jauzhans</span>: Yojanas, <a href="#pb525" class="pageref">525</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jáuvla</span>: identified with the tribe -ennobled by <span class="corr" id="xd25e58653" title="Source: Toramaṇa">Toramáṇa</span>, <a href="#pb146" -class="pageref">146</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jáva</span>: island, early Hindu settlements -in, <a href="#pb489" class="pageref">489</a>; traditions of expeditions -by sea to, <a href="#pb490" class="pageref">490</a>, <a href="#n491.5">491 note 5</a>, <a href="#pb492" class="pageref">492</a>; -mention of Gandhára and Laṭa in the legends of, <a href="#pb497" class="pageref">497</a>; emigration to, of refugees from the -defeats of Prabhákaravardhana and Shriharsha of Mágadha -(600–642), <a href="#pb497" class="pageref">497</a>; appearance -and condition of Hindu settlers in, <a href="#pb498" class="pageref">498</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jávada</span>: corruption of <span class="corr" id="xd25e58689" title="Source: Chávaḍa">Chávaḍá</span>, -<a href="#pb150" class="pageref">150</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jawla</span>: see Jháwla.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jawán Mard Khán Bábi</span>: -his unsuccessful attempt on Idar and negotiations with the -Maráthás, <a href="#pb315" class="pageref">315</a>; -proclaims himself deputy viceroy of Gujarát, <a href="#pb326" -class="pageref">326</a>; assumes charge of the city of -Ahmedábád and persuades the troops to release -<span class="corr" id="xd25e58709" title="Source: Fidá-ud-din">Fidá-ud-dín</span>; drives -the viceroy to Cambay and invites Abdul Aziz Khán of Junnar, -<a href="#pb327" class="pageref">327</a>, <a href="#pb328" class="pageref">328</a>; reconciles himself with his brother Safdar -Khán Bábi of Rádhanpur and imprisons <span class="corr" id="xd25e58719" title="Source: Fakhr-ud-dáulah">Fakhr-ud-daulah</span> and his family, -<a href="#pb329" class="pageref">329</a>; appoints Janárdanpant -in place of Rangoji, <a href="#pb331" class="pageref">331</a>; enters -into negotiations with Bálájiráv Peshwa (1750), -<a href="#pb334" class="pageref">334</a>; joins the -Maráthás against <span class="corr" id="xd25e58731" -title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán, <a href="#pb340" -class="pageref">340</a>, <a href="#pb342" class="pageref">342</a>, -<a href="#pb345" class="pageref">345</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Javla</span>: tribal name, <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e58753" title="Source: Jayabhata">Jayabhaṭa</span></span> I.: Gurjjara king -(605–620), <a href="#pb114" class="pageref">114</a>, <a href="#pb115" class="pageref">115</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e58764" title="Source: Jayabhata">Jayabhaṭa</span></span> II.: Gurjjara chief -of Nándoḍ, helps Valabhis, <a href="#pb85" class="pageref">85</a>; (650–675), <a href="#pb116" class="pageref">116</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e58775" title="Source: Jayabhata">Jayabhaṭa</span></span> III.: Gurjjara king -of Nándoḍ, his copperplates, <a href="#pb56" class="pageref">56</a>, <a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>; -(706–734), <a href="#pb114" class="pageref">114</a>, <a href="#pb116" class="pageref">116</a>; his grants, <a href="#pb117" class="pageref">117</a>; deprived of his dominion by Dantidurga, <a href="#pb122" class="pageref">122</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jayadáman</span>: third Kshatrapa -(140–143) coins of, <a href="#pb33" class="pageref">33–34</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jayáditya</span>: sun temple, <a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jayakeśi</span>: Kádamba king of -Chandrapura, marries his daughter to <span class="corr" id="xd25e58816" -title="Source: Karna">Karṇa</span>, burns himself on the funeral -pyre, <a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a> and <a href="#n170.5">note 5</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jayakeśi</span> II.: Goa <span class="corr" -id="xd25e58829" title="Source: Kadamba">Kádamba</span> king, -<a href="#n172.3">172 note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jayantapála</span>: Vastupála’s -son, <a href="#pb202" class="pageref">202</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e58844" title="Source: Jayantasimha">Jayantasiṃha</span></span>: -Chálukya noble (1224), <a href="#pb196" class="pageref">196</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jayantidevi</span>: goddess in <span class="corr" -id="xd25e58854" title="Source: Asaval">Asával</span>, <a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jayasekhara</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e58864" title="Source: Chávaḍa">Chávaḍá</span> king -of <span class="corr" id="xd25e58867" title="Source: Panchásar">Pañchásar</span> (696), killed -by Bhuvada, <a href="#pb150" class="pageref">150</a>, <a href="#pb156" -class="pageref">156</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e58878" title="Source: Jayasimha">Jayasiṃha</span></span>: Chálukya -prince, <a href="#pb111" class="pageref">111</a>, <a href="#pb117" -class="pageref">117</a>. See <span class="corr" id="xd25e58887" title="Source: Jayasimhavarman">Jayasiṃhavarmman</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e58892" title="Source: Jayasimha">Jayasiṃha</span></span> I.: Chálukya -prince, defeats Indra, Ráshṭrakúṭa prince -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 500), <a href="#pb120" class="pageref">120</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e58903" title="Source: Jayasimhavarmman">Jayasiṃhavarmman</span></span>: -Chálukya king, <a href="#pb56" class="pageref">56</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e58908" title="Source: ,">;</span> younger brother of Vikramáditya -<span class="corr" id="xd25e58911" title="Source: Satyásraya">Satyáśraya</span> drives out -the Gurjjars and establishes Chálukya power in south -Gujarát (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 666–693), -<a href="#pb107" class="pageref">107</a>, <a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>, <a href="#pb110" class="pageref">110</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jaziah</span>: capitation tax, <a href="#pb213" -class="pageref">213</a>; imposition of, by Aurangzib<span class="corr" -id="xd25e58934" title="Not in source">,</span> <a href="#pb286" class="pageref">286</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jehándársháh</span>: Abul -Fateh Muiz-ud-din, son and successor of Bahádur Sháh I. -of Dehli (1712–13), <a href="#pb297" class="pageref">297</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jesalmir</span>: Mhers settle at, <a href="#pb136" -class="pageref">136</a>; Jain temple at, <a href="#n161.1">161 note -1</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb567" href="#pb567" name="pb567">567</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Jethvás</span>: Porbandar chiefs, <a href="#pb135" class="pageref">135</a>; <span class="corr" id="xd25e58966" -title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span>, <a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>, foreign tribe, <a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139–140</a>; identified with Játs, <a href="#pb145" class="pageref">145</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jews</span>: in <span class="corr" id="xd25e58982" -title="Source: Saimur">Saimúr</span>, <a href="#pb516" class="pageref">516</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jhálas</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e58992" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span>, <a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>; foreign tribe, <a href="#pb146" -class="pageref">146</a>, <a href="#pb206" class="pageref">206</a> -note.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e59006" title="Source: Jháláváda">Jháláváḍa</span></span>: -established in Rájputána, <a href="#pb140" class="pageref">140</a>, <a href="#n208.3">208 note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jháláwár</span>: local name, -<a href="#pb233" class="pageref">233</a> and <a href="#n233.3">note -3</a>, <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jhalindar</span>: ancient name of Jhálor, -<a href="#pb229" class="pageref">229</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jhálor</span>: in Jodhpur, <a href="#pb229" -class="pageref">229</a> and <a href="#n229.5">note 5</a>, <a href="#pb449" class="pageref">449</a>, <a href="#pb454" class="pageref">454</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e59053" title="Source: Jhaloris">Jháloris</span></span>: <a href="#pb301" -class="pageref">301</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jhanjha</span>: Siláhára king (916), -<a href="#pb129" class="pageref">129</a>, <a href="#pb516" class="pageref">516</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jhaveri Nálchand:</span> agent of the Baroda -conspirators in the Kaira district, <a href="#pb442" class="pageref">442</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jháwla</span>: division of Panjáb -Gujjars, <a href="#pb146" class="pageref">146</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e59086" title="Source: Jhinjhuváda">Jhinjhuváḍa</span></span>: -fort, <a href="#n180.2">180 note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jholikavihára</span>: cradle temple, built -by Kumárapála at Dhandhuka, <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jinaprabhasuri</span>: Jain sage and writer, -<a href="#pb6" class="pageref">6</a>, <a href="#pb15" class="pageref">15</a>, <a href="#pb78" class="pageref">78</a>; author of the -Tirthakalpa, <a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176</a>, <a href="#pb182" -class="pageref">182</a> note.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jirbátan</span>: town, <a href="#pb509" -class="pageref">509</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jishnu</span>: father of Brahmagupta, <a href="#n453.1">453 note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jitpur</span>: battle of (1391), <a href="#pb232" -class="pageref">232</a> and <a href="#n232.2">note 2</a>, <a href="#pb238" class="pageref">238</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jitpur Anantpura</span>: reservoir, <a href="#n180.2">180 note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jivadáman</span><span class="corr" id="xd25e59155" title="Source: ;">:</span> sixth Kshatrapa (178), coins -of, <a href="#pb40" class="pageref">40–41</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jodhpur</span>: town, <a href="#pb463" class="pageref">463</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jogsvámi</span>: <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jumna</span>: <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>. See Jamna.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e59185" title="Source: Junágadh">Junágaḍh</span></span>: Mauryan -capital of Gujarát, <a href="#pb14" class="pageref">14</a>; -establishment of Ahir kingdom at, <a href="#pb138" class="pageref">138</a>; capital of <span class="corr" id="xd25e59194" title="Source: Chudásama">Chúḍásamá</span> -ruler, <a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176</a>; independent ruler of, -<a href="#pb206" class="pageref">206</a>, note, <a href="#pb236" class="pageref">236</a>; taken by Mahmud Begada and made his capital under -the name of Mustafábád (1472), <a href="#pb245" class="pageref">245–246</a>; disputed succession (1811), <a href="#pb425" class="pageref">425</a>; British aid invoked at (1616), -<a href="#pb427" class="pageref">427</a>, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Junaid</span>: Sindh governor of Khalif -Hásham, his expeditions, <a href="#pb109" class="pageref">109</a>, <a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>; sends -expeditions against Gujarát, <a href="#pb506" class="pageref">506</a>, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>, <a href="#pb520" class="pageref">520</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Junawal</span>: <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>. See Janáwal.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Junnaid</span>: see Junaid.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Junnar</span>: perhaps ancient -Trikúṭa, <a href="#pb57" class="pageref">57</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Jurz</span>: see Juzr.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Justice</span>: Mughal administration of, <a href="#pb213" class="pageref">213</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Justin</span>: historian (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 250), <a href="#pb16" class="pageref">16</a>, -<a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Juzr</span>: Gujarát and Gurjjaras, -expedition against, <a href="#pb109" class="pageref">109</a>, <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>, <a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>, <a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a>, <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>, <a href="#pb505" class="pageref">505</a>, <a href="#pb506" class="pageref">506</a>, <a href="#pb508" class="pageref">508</a>, <a href="#pb526" class="pageref">526</a>, <a href="#pb527" class="pageref">527</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kábirun</span>: perhaps a town on the -Káveri, Musalmáns in, <a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kábul valley</span>: <i>stupas</i> or mounds -of, <a href="#pb497" class="pageref">497</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kacch</span>: migration of Sumras to, <a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>; <span class="corr" id="xd25e59340" -title="Source: Bhima’s">Bhíma’s</span> copperplate -in, <a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163</a>; stone inscription from, -<a href="#pb203" class="pageref">203</a>, <a href="#pb508" class="pageref">508</a>; affliction of, <a href="#n513.9">513 note 9</a>; -<a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>, <a href="#pb521" class="pageref">521</a>, <a href="#pb530" class="pageref">530</a>, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>. See Kacchella.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kacchella</span>: identified with Kachh, <a href="#pb109" class="pageref">109</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kácha</span>: coins, <a href="#n62.2">62 -note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kachchha</span>: Kachh, <a href="#pb36" class="pageref">36</a> and <a href="#n36.5">note 5</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kadalundi</span>: near Bepur, <a href="#pb546" -class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kádambari</span>: Bána’s work, -<a href="#pb114" class="pageref">114</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kadesiah</span>: battle of (636), <a href="#n505.5">505 note 5</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kadi</span>: town grant from, <a href="#pb203" -class="pageref">203</a>, <a href="#pb231" class="pageref">231</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kadi</span>: fort, captured by the English (1802), -<a href="#pb412" class="pageref">412</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kadwa</span>: Gujarát Kanbi subdivision, -<a href="#pb4" class="pageref">4–5</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Káfur</span>: Hazár Dinári, -minister and general of <span class="corr" id="xd25e59445" title="Source: Alá-ud-din">Alá-ud-dín</span>, <a href="#pb515" class="pageref">515</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kaineitai</span>: island of St. George, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kaira</span>: grant of, <a href="#pb110" class="pageref">110</a>, <a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>, <a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a> and <a href="#n518.3">note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kaithal</span>: <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Káka</span>: town, <a href="#n64.3">64 note -3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kákara</span>: village, <a href="#pb152" -class="pageref">152</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kakka</span>: founder of -Ráshṭrakúṭa kingdom in Gujarát, -<a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kakka</span> II.: -Ráshṭrakúṭa king, his grants, <a href="#pb122" class="pageref">122</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kakka</span> III.: -Ráshṭrakúṭa king, <a href="#pb120" class="pageref">120</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kakkala</span>: -Ráshṭrakúṭa king, <a href="#pb120" class="pageref">120</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kákrez</span>: name of subdivision, <a href="#n208.3">208 note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kalachuri</span>: era, <a href="#pb57" class="pageref">57</a>; dynasty, <a href="#pb114" class="pageref">114</a>, -<a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>. See Chedi, -Traikúṭaka.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kálambapattana</span>: city, visited by -Kumárapála, <a href="#pb183" class="pageref">183</a> and -note.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kálanjara</span>: city, <a href="#pb57" -class="pageref">57</a> and <a href="#n57.4">note 4</a>; fort, <a href="#pb178" class="pageref">178</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e59566" title="Source: Kalávini">Kaláviní</span></span>: river -identified with Káveri, <a href="#pb185" class="pageref">185</a> -and <a href="#n185.4">note 4</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kálayavana</span>: legendary Dakhan hero, -<a href="#pb9" class="pageref">9</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kálika</span>: Yogi of Ujjain, <a href="#pb174" class="pageref">174</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kalinjar</span>: Kalachuri possession, <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kaliyuga</span>: fourth cycle, <a href="#pb6" -class="pageref">6</a>, <a href="#pb461" class="pageref">461</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kallada</span>: <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kalliana</span>: modern Kalyán, great port, -<a href="#pb547" class="pageref">547</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kalliena</span>: modern Kalyán, <a href="#pb86" class="pageref">86</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kalligeris</span>: probably Galgali, <a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kaluka</span>: father of Jajjaka, <a href="#pb128" -class="pageref">128</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kalyán</span>: <a href="#pb86" class="pageref">86</a>, see Kalliena; capital of Chálukya kingdom, -<a href="#pb150" class="pageref">150</a>; great port, <a href="#pb547" -class="pageref">547</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e59657" title="Source: Kalyánakataka">Kalyánakaṭaka</span></span>: -capital of <span class="corr" id="xd25e59660" title="Source: Buvada">Bhuvaḍa</span><span class="corr" id="xd25e59662" -title="Not in source">,</span> Chaulukya king, <a href="#pb150" class="pageref">150</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e59667" title="Source: .">;</span> Capital of king Permádi, <a href="#pb173" -class="pageref">173</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kámalatá</span>: mother of -Lákha, curses <span class="corr" id="xd25e59677" title="Source: Mularája’s">Múlarája’s</span> -descendants, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Káman</span>: probably -Kámarúpa, that is Assam, inland state, <a href="#pb528" -class="pageref">528</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kamane</span>: identified with Kamlej, <a href="#pb539" class="pageref">539</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e59699" title="Source: Kamavisdár">kamávísdár</span></span>: -revenue official, <a href="#pb212" class="pageref">212</a> note.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kambay</span>: <a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a>. See Cambay.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kambáya</span>: <a href="#pb507" class="pageref">507</a>, <a href="#pb508" class="pageref">508</a>, <a href="#pb509" class="pageref">509</a>, <a href="#pb511" class="pageref">511</a>, <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>, <a href="#pb531" class="pageref">531</a>. See Cambay.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kambáyah</span>: <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>, <a href="#pb523" class="pageref">523</a>, <a href="#pb528" class="pageref">528</a>, <a href="#pb529" class="pageref">529</a>. See Cambay.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kambáyat</span>: <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>, <a href="#pb515" class="pageref">515</a>, <a href="#pb520" class="pageref">520</a>. See Cambay.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kamboja</span>: Kábul, <a href="#pb491" -class="pageref">491</a>, <a href="#pb498" class="pageref">498</a> and -<a href="#n498.4">note 4</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kámhal</span>: <a href="#pb507" class="pageref">507</a>, <a href="#pb511" class="pageref">511</a>, <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>. See <span class="corr" id="xd25e59791" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kamigara</span>: town, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kamkar</span>: Konkan, <a href="#pb519" class="pageref">519</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kámlej</span>: district, <a href="#pb108" -class="pageref">108</a>; expedition against, <a href="#pb109" class="pageref">109</a>, <a href="#pb130" class="pageref">130</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e59820" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb520" -class="pageref">520</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kammanijja</span>: modern Kámlej, <a href="#pb130" class="pageref">130</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kammoni</span>: identified with Kim, <a href="#pb539" class="pageref">539</a>; village, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kámpila</span>: Rája of, <a href="#pb230" class="pageref">230</a> and <a href="#n230.2">note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kamsa</span>: defeated by <span class="corr" id="xd25e59857" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span>, -<a href="#pb178" class="pageref">178</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kámuhul</span>: <a href="#pb511" class="pageref">511</a>, <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>. See -<span class="corr" id="xd25e59873" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kanak</span>: <a href="#n462.3">462 note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kanaksen</span>: founder of the Skythian era (78), -<a href="#pb453" class="pageref">453</a>, <a href="#pb464" class="pageref">464</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kánam</span>: local name for Jambusar, -<a href="#n208.3">208 note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kanauj</span>: <a href="#pb507" class="pageref">507</a>, <a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a>, <a href="#pb519" class="pageref">519</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kanbis</span>: origin of the name, <a href="#pb4" -class="pageref">4</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e59923" title="Source: Kánchi">Káñchí</span></span>: -modern Conjeveram, visited by Kumárapála, <a href="#pb183" class="pageref">183</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb568" -href="#pb568" name="pb568">568</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Kandárina</span>: Gandhár, north of -Broach, <a href="#pb589" class="pageref">589</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kandhár</span>: <a href="#pb525" class="pageref">525</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kandola</span>: palace, <a href="#n180.2">180 note -2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kane</span>: modern Hisn Ghuráb, <a href="#pb543" class="pageref">543</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kanhada</span>: <a href="#pb181" class="pageref">181</a>. See <span class="corr" id="xd25e59965" title="Source: Krishnadeva">Kṛishṇadeva</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e59971" title="Source: Kánheri">Kanheri</span></span>: cave inscription at, -<a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>, <a href="#pb128" class="pageref">128</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kánhoji</span>: Gáikwár, son -of Govindráv by a <span class="corr" id="xd25e59984" title="Source: Rajputáni">Rájputáni</span> princess of -Dharampur, kept in confinement during Govindráo’s time; -manages to secure the government for his idiot brother Anandráo -(1800), again kept in confinement by his Arab guard, <a href="#pb412" -class="pageref">412</a>; collects an army, obtains possession of -Anandráo and is subdued by the English (1803), <a href="#pb413" -class="pageref">413</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kanishka</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e59997" -title="Source: Kushan">Kushán</span> king (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 78), <a href="#pb22" class="pageref">22</a>, -<a href="#pb33" class="pageref">33</a>, <a href="#pb37" class="pageref">37</a>, <a href="#n64.5">64 note 5</a>, <a href="#pb453" -class="pageref">453</a>, <a href="#n462.3">462 note 3</a>. See -Kanak.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kánji</span>: Chunvália Koli robber, -subdued by Ázam Khán viceroy (1635–1642), <a href="#pb278" class="pageref">278</a>; Koli chief of Chhaniar, <a href="#pb321" class="pageref">321</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kánkar</span>: village, -Dámáji’s brother Pratápráv died at -(1737), <a href="#pb318" class="pageref">318</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kánaddeva Rása</span>: <a href="#pb229" class="pageref">229</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kanoj</span>: battle of, <a href="#pb150" class="pageref">150</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kanojiás</span>: Bráhmans, <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kánoji Tákpar</span>: -Gáikwár’s lieutenant, <a href="#pb330" class="pageref">330</a>; goes with Fakhr-ud-daulah into Sorath and captures -the town of Vanthali; retires to Dholka and expels Muhammad -Jánbáz; joins Rangoji and marches on Sánand, -<a href="#pb331" class="pageref">331</a>, <a href="#pb396" class="pageref">396</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kántáji Kadam Bánde</span>: -officer of the Peshwa, enters Gujarát and levies tribute for the -first time (1723), <a href="#pb304" class="pageref">304</a>, <a href="#pb310" class="pageref">310</a>, <a href="#pb317" class="pageref">317</a>, <a href="#pb390" class="pageref">390</a>; takes -Chámpáner, <a href="#pb391" class="pageref">391</a>; -harasses Gujarát, <a href="#pb394" class="pageref">394</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kántelun</span>: see Srinagar.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kanthadi</span>: ascetic, <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kanthádurg</span>: <a href="#pb158" class="pageref">158</a>. See Kanthkot.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kanṭhi</span>: <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kanthika</span>: coast tract, from Balsár -northward, or between Bombay and Cambay, <a href="#pb123" class="pageref">123</a>, <a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kanthkot</span>: fort in Cutch, <a href="#pb158" -class="pageref">158</a>, <a href="#pb204" class="pageref">204</a>, -<a href="#pb235" class="pageref">235</a> and <a href="#n235.2">note -2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kánungos</span>: Mughal accountants, -<a href="#pb212" class="pageref">212</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kanvári</span>: village, <a href="#pb443" -class="pageref">443</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e60164" title="Source: Kányakubja">Kanyákubja</span></span>: <a href="#pb79" class="pageref">79</a>, <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>. See Kanauj.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kapadvanj</span>: grant at, <a href="#pb123" class="pageref">123</a>, <a href="#pb129" class="pageref">129</a>; reservoir -built at, by Siddharája, <a href="#n180.1">180 note 1</a>; -battle of (1725), <a href="#pb307" class="pageref">307</a>; capture of, -by the Maráthás (1736), <a href="#pb317" class="pageref">317</a>; <span class="corr" id="xd25e60193" title="Source: Fakhr-ud-daula">Fakhr-ud-daulah</span> meets Raisingji of Idar -at, <a href="#pb329" class="pageref">329</a>; siege of, raised by -Holkar (1746), <a href="#pb330" class="pageref">330</a>; taken by -Dámáji from Sher Khán (1753), <a href="#pb338" -class="pageref">338</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kapálesvara</span>: <a href="#pb127" class="pageref">127</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kapardi</span>: Kumárapála’s -chief minister after the death of Udayana, <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>; becomes Ajayapála’s minister, is thrown -in a cauldron of boiling oil, <a href="#pb194" class="pageref">194</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kápdi</span>: <a href="#pb156" class="pageref">156</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kápika</span>: identified with Kávi, -<a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kápilakot</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e60241" title="Source: Mularája">Múlarája</span> slew -Lákha in a combat at, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kápishthala</span>: <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kapurchand Bhansáli</span>: leading merchant -of Ahmedábád, murder of, by <span class="corr" id="xd25e60258" title="Source: Anopsing">Anopsingh</span> Bhandári, -<a href="#pb302" class="pageref">302</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Karád</span>: town, coin-hoard found at, -<a href="#pb48" class="pageref">48–49</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Karáda Sarovar</span>: lake, <a href="#pb453" class="pageref">453</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Karaiteshvar</span>: <a href="#pb453" class="pageref">453</a> and <a href="#n453.2">note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kárájang</span>: Yunnán -(1290), <a href="#pb501" class="pageref">501</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Karambaka Vihára</span>: temple, built by -Kumárapála at Pátan, <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Karan</span>: defeat of, by the Musalmáns, -<a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a>. See Karan Ghelo.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Karan Ghelo</span>: Vághela ruler of -Gujarát (1296–1304), <a href="#pb229" class="pageref">229</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kárávana</span>: modern -Kárván, chief shrine of <span class="corr" id="xd25e60321" title="Source: Lakuliśa">Lakulíśa</span> -and temple of Chámuṇḍádevi at, <a href="#pb83" class="pageref">83</a> and note.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e60329" title="Source: Karda">Kardá</span></span>: plate, <a href="#pb128" -class="pageref">128</a>, <a href="#pb130" class="pageref">130</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Karen Pahlavs</span>: <a href="#pb544" class="pageref">544</a>, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kariás</span>: Salávats, <a href="#pb451" class="pageref">451</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Karka I</span>.: -Ráshṭrakúṭa king of Gujarát branch -(812–821), accepts the overlordship of Dakhan dynasty, helps -Amoghavarsha in <span class="corr" id="xd25e60359" title="Source: estab-ing">establishing</span> his supremacy and receives in -return a portion of country south of the Tápti; his grants, -<a href="#pb124" class="pageref">124–125</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Karka II</span>.: grant of (812–813), -<a href="#pb466" class="pageref">466</a>, <a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kármaneya Ahára</span>: district of -Kámlej, <a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e60384" title="Source: Karna">Karṇa</span></span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e60387" title="Source: Puránic">Puráṇic</span> -king, <a href="#pb4" class="pageref">4</a>; Mahábhárata -hero, <a href="#pb85" class="pageref">85</a>, <a href="#pb86" class="pageref">86</a>, <a href="#pb116" class="pageref">116</a>. Son and -successor of <span class="corr" id="xd25e60403" title="Source: Bhima">Bhíma</span> I. (1064–1094), removes his -capital to <span class="corr" id="xd25e60406" title="Source: Karnávati">Karṇávatí</span>, -<a href="#pb169" class="pageref">169</a>, <a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170–171</a>. King of Chedi, pays tribute to -<span class="corr" id="xd25e60415" title="Source: Bhima">Bhíma</span> I., <a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163</a>; marches against Kumárapála and dies on -the way, <a href="#pb186" class="pageref">186</a> and <a href="#n186.5">note 5</a>, <a href="#pb187" class="pageref">187</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e60433" title="Source: Karnadeva">Karṇadeva</span></span>: last Vághela -king (1296–1304): flees before Musalmáns to Devagiri, dies -a fugitive, <a href="#pb205" class="pageref">205–206</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e60441" title="Source: Karnáditya">Karṇáditya</span></span>: -<a href="#pb157" class="pageref">157</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Karnál</span>: district of Panjáb, -<a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e60457" title="Source: Karnameru">Karṇameru</span></span>: temple at -<span class="corr" id="xd25e60460" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>, -built by <span class="corr" id="xd25e60463" title="Source: Karna">Karṇa</span> the Chaulukya king, <a href="#pb170" -class="pageref">170</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e60471" title="Source: Karna">Karṇa</span> Ságara</span>: lake made by -<span class="corr" id="xd25e60475" title="Source: Karna">Karṇa</span> the Chaulukya king, <a href="#pb170" -class="pageref">170</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Karnáta</span>: king of, <a href="#pb203" -class="pageref">203</a> and <a href="#n203.3">note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e60493" title="Source: Karnávati">Karṇávatí</span></span>: -city founded by <span class="corr" id="xd25e60496" title="Source: Karna">Karṇa</span> the Chaulukya king and made his -capital; temple of Udaya Varáha at, <a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>; modern Ahmedábád, <a href="#pb181" -class="pageref">181</a>; Hemachandra’s birthplace, <a href="#pb191" class="pageref">191</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e60510" title="Source: Karneśvara">Karṇeśvara</span></span>: god -Mahádeva in Asával, <a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kárpatika</span>: <a href="#pb156" class="pageref">156</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Karra</span>: Kaira, <a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Karranji Hati</span>: Rána of Nagar -Párkar, rises in revolt, subdued by Colonel Evans, <a href="#pb448" class="pageref">448</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e60539" title="Source: Kartaláb">Kártalab</span> Khán</span>: -viceroy, suppresses the mutiny at Ahmedábád (1688), -<a href="#pb288" class="pageref">288</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Karttrika</span>: <a href="#pb64" class="pageref">64</a> and <a href="#n64.2">note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kárur</span>: battle of, <a href="#pb143" -class="pageref">143</a>, <a href="#pb496" class="pageref">496</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Karusha</span>: disciple of Nakuliśa, <a href="#pb84" class="pageref">84</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kárván</span>: see -Kárávana.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kásákula</span>: division, <a href="#pb110" class="pageref">110</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kasamachitra</span>: ruler of Gujarát, sends -an expedition to Jáva (603), <a href="#pb489" class="pageref">489</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kásam Khán</span>: thirtieth viceroy -of Gujarát (1657–1659), <a href="#pb282" class="pageref">282</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kásárás</span>: brass-smiths, -<a href="#pb450" class="pageref">450</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kasbah</span>: town, <a href="#pb213" class="pageref">213</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kasbátis</span>: of Pátan (1748), -<a href="#pb333" class="pageref">333</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb569" href="#pb569" name="pb569">569</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Káshmir</span>: state, <a href="#pb460" -class="pageref">460</a>, <a href="#pb461" class="pageref">461</a>, -<a href="#pb464" class="pageref">464</a>, <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>, <a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a>, <a href="#pb519" class="pageref">519</a>, <a href="#pb522" class="pageref">522</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e60649" title="Source: Kashyap">Kashyáp</span></span>: sage, <a href="#pb461" -class="pageref">461</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e60658" title="Source: Káśi">Kásí</span></span>: king of, -present with <span class="corr" id="xd25e60661" title="Source: Mularája">Múlarája</span> in the battle -with Graharipu, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>; present at -the <i>svayamvara</i> of Durlabhadevi, <a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Káśmir</span>: <a href="#pb165" class="pageref">165</a>, <a href="#pb527" class="pageref">527</a>, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e60688" title="Source: Káśmiradevi">Kásmíradeví</span></span>: -wife of Tribhuvanapála, <a href="#pb181" class="pageref">181</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e60696" title="Source: Káśmiras">Kásmíras</span></span>: -<a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kaspeiros</span>: Káśmir city, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e60711" title="Source: Kastarias">Kastariás</span></span>: Kshatriyas, -<a href="#pb531" class="pageref">531</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Katariya</span>: Kshatriya, <a href="#pb530" class="pageref">530</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e60726" title="Source: Kathásaritságara">Kathásarit-ságara</span>: -<a href="#pb78" class="pageref">78</a></span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Káthias</span>: woodworkers, <a href="#pb450" class="pageref">450</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e60741" title="Source: Káthiáváda">Káthiáváḍa</span></span>: -the name, <a href="#pb208" class="pageref">208</a>, <a href="#pb209" -class="pageref">209</a>; zillah in Sorath, <a href="#pb208" class="pageref">208</a> and <a href="#n208.3">note 3</a>, <a href="#pb209" -class="pageref">209</a>; Gupta sway in, <a href="#pb135" class="pageref">135</a>; arrival of Mers in, <a href="#pb140" class="pageref">140</a> and <a href="#n140.5">note 5</a>; disturbance in -(1692), <a href="#pb288" class="pageref">288</a>; settlement of tribute -by Colonel Walker, <a href="#pb416" class="pageref">416</a>; state of -(1807), <a href="#pb416" class="pageref">416</a>; the revenue raid -system in, <a href="#pb417" class="pageref">417</a>; Bháts and -Chárans in, <a href="#pb420" class="pageref">420–421</a>; -the habit of taking securities in all engagements in, <a href="#pb420" -class="pageref">420</a>; Peshwa’s share of tribute in, <a href="#pb422" class="pageref">422–423</a>; cession of the share to the -English for military expenses, <a href="#pb423" class="pageref">423–424</a>; disturbances in (1811), <a href="#pb425" -class="pageref">425</a>, <a href="#pb526" class="pageref">526</a>, -<a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Káthis</span>: the tribe, <a href="#pb209" -class="pageref">209</a>, <a href="#n217.3">217 note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Katuka</span>: Bania, gives parched grain to -Kumárapála on credit, <a href="#pb183" class="pageref">183</a>; is given Baroda, <a href="#pb184" class="pageref">184</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e60830" title="Source: Kauládevi">Kauládeví</span></span>: wife -of <span class="corr" id="xd25e60833" title="Source: Karnadeva">Karṇadeva</span>, taken captive by Alaf -Khán and admitted into the Sultán’s harem, <a href="#pb205" class="pageref">205</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kavás <span class="corr" id="xd25e60842" -title="Source: Bhumias">Bhumiás</span></span>: servants, -<a href="#pb451" class="pageref">451</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Káveri</span>: river, <a href="#pb518" -class="pageref">518</a>, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kávi</span>: Govind III.’s grant at, -<a href="#pb123" class="pageref">123</a>, <a href="#pb125" class="pageref">125</a>, <a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e60873" title="Source: Kavithasádhi">Kaviṭhasádhi</span></span>: -modern Kosád, <a href="#pb128" class="pageref">128</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Káyastha</span>: writer, <a href="#pb461" -class="pageref">461</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kázi</span>: position and duties of, -<a href="#pb213" class="pageref">213</a>, <a href="#pb214" class="pageref">214</a>, <a href="#pb530" class="pageref">530</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kázi-ul-kuzzah</span>: Mughal appellate -kázi, <a href="#pb213" class="pageref">213</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Keating</span>: Colonel, sent to help -Rághoba, <a href="#pb402" class="pageref">402</a>; joins -Rághoba at Darmaj or Dara near Cambay (1775), <a href="#pb403" -class="pageref">403</a>; negotiates with Fatesing on behalf of -Rághoba, <a href="#pb405" class="pageref">405</a>; receives -orders to leave Rághoba to himself, <a href="#pb405" class="pageref">405</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kedáreśvara</span>: temple in -Kumáon repaired by Ganda Brihaspati, <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kedarites</span>: retreat of, to Káshmir, -<a href="#pb500" class="pageref">500</a>; settle with Tibetans in -Yunnan in the ninth century, <a href="#pb501" class="pageref">501</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kedárji</span>: Gáikwár, -Dámáji’s cousin, receives one-third of the revenues -of Surat for his aid from Sayad Achchan, <a href="#pb332" class="pageref">332</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kelambapattana</span>: probably modern Kolam or -Quilon, <a href="#pb183" class="pageref">183</a> note.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e60956" title="Source: Kelhapana">Kelhana</span></span>: chief of Nador, <a href="#pb193" class="pageref">193</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e60964" title="Source: Keprobotras">Kêprobotras</span></span>: Keralaputra, -<a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Keradu</span>: inscriptions near the ruined town -of, <a href="#pb188" class="pageref">188</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Keralaputra</span>: Cera king, <a href="#pb546" -class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kerálu</span>: village, inscription at, -<a href="#pb196" class="pageref">196</a>, <a href="#pb470" class="pageref">470</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Keśava</span>: Nágara Bráhman, -minister of <span class="corr" id="xd25e60998" title="Source: Karnadeva">Karṇadeva</span>, slain, <a href="#n205.2">205 note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61006" title="Source: Kevál">Keval</span> Náik</span>: Náikda -Bhil leader, surrender of (1859), <a href="#pb446" class="pageref">446</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61015" title="Source: Khábirun">Khábirún</span></span>: -probably Kávi, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>, -<a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>. See Akabarou.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61027" title="Source: Khafif">Khafíf</span></span>: son of Singhar, <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Khajuráho</span>: inscription from, <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Khalif Hashám</span>: (724–743), -<a href="#pb109" class="pageref">109</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61049" title="Source: Khálsáh">Khálsah</span></span>: crown -domain, <a href="#pb209" class="pageref">209</a>, <a href="#pb214" -class="pageref">214</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Khambáit</span>: <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>. See Cambay.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Khambát</span>: see Cambay.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Khambhália</span>: town, head-quarters of -the Navánagar chiefs between 1671–1707, <a href="#pb285" -class="pageref">285</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Khambhoi</span>: battle of (1391), <a href="#pb232" -class="pageref">232</a> and <a href="#n232.2">note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61088" title="Source: Khanahzád">Khánahzád</span> -Khán</span>: obtains a title of Ghálib Jang, <a href="#pb307" class="pageref">307</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Khandahat</span>: fort, attacked by Mahmúd -of Ghazni, <a href="#pb167" class="pageref">167</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Khanderáv</span>: Dábháde, -Rám Rája’s deputy in Báglán, makes -incursions into the Surat district (1699), <a href="#pb388" class="pageref">388</a>; his expeditions in Gujarát (1700–1711); -his defeat at Ankleshvar by the Mughals (1711), <a href="#pb388" class="pageref">388</a>; defeats the army sent against him under <span class="corr" id="xd25e61112" title="Source: Zulfikár">Zulfikar</span> -Beg by the Dehli authorities (1716), <a href="#pb388" class="pageref">388</a>; his outpost between Surat and Burhánpur -(1713), <a href="#pb388" class="pageref">388</a>; is appointed -Senápati by Rája Sháhu, <a href="#pb389" class="pageref">389</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Khanderáv</span>: Gáikwár, -brother of Dámáji, demands his share; negotiates with -Jawán <span class="corr" id="xd25e61130" title="Source: Murd">Mard</span> Khán; appoints Dádu -Morár his deputy at Ahmedábád and goes to Sorath, -<a href="#pb326" class="pageref">326</a>, <a href="#pb327" class="pageref">327</a>; confines Rangoji and Fakhr-ud-daulah; appoints -Trimbak Pandit his deputy, <a href="#pb329" class="pageref">329</a>; is -appointed his brother’s deputy in Gujarát, <a href="#pb332" class="pageref">332</a>, <a href="#pb340" class="pageref">340</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Khán Jehán Lodi</span>: -unsuccessfully besieges Mándu, <a href="#pb381" class="pageref">381</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kharaosti</span>: prince, <a href="#pb23" class="pageref">23</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Khári Báva</span>: salt well, -<a href="#pb452" class="pageref">452</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Khariphron</span>: mouth of the Indus, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61179" title="Source: Khasa">Khaśa</span></span>: king of Kumaon, <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Khasás</span>: <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Khás Khán</span>: general of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e61196" title="Source: Sultan">Sultán</span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e61199" title="Source: Násir-ud-din">Násir-ud-dín</span> -Kabáchah, <a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Khátiks</span>: butchers, <a href="#pb451" -class="pageref">451</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Khattáb</span>: father of <span class="corr" -id="xd25e61216" title="Source: Umár">Umar</span>, the second -Khalifah, <a href="#pb505" class="pageref">505</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Khavás</span>: family slaves, usurp -government of Navánagar; dispersed by British contingent (1814), -<a href="#pb427" class="pageref">427</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Khazánah-i-ámirah</span>: imperial -treasury, <a href="#pb213" class="pageref">213</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61239" title="Source: Kheda">Kheḍá</span></span>: grant of, <a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>, <a href="#pb115" class="pageref">115</a>, <a href="#pb116" class="pageref">116</a>, <a href="#pb125" class="pageref">125</a>, <a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>, <span class="corr" id="xd25e61258" title="Source: 126">129</span>, <a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Khengár</span>: king of Sorath, killed by -Siddharája, <a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61273" title="Source: Khengar">Khengár</span> IV.</span>: <span class="corr" -id="xd25e61277" title="Source: Chudásama">Chúḍásamá</span> -king of Junágaḍh (1279–1333), repairs -Somanátha after its desecration by <span class="corr" id="xd25e61280" title="Source: Alá-ud-din">Alá-ud-dín</span> Khilji, -<a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61288" title="Source: Khersonesos">Khersonêsos</span></span>: the peninsula of -Goa, <a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Khertalab Khán</span>: brother and successor -of Nek Alum Khán II. of Broach; his death, <a href="#pb338" -class="pageref">338</a>, <a href="#pb339" class="pageref">339</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61309" title="Source: Khetaka">Kheṭaka</span></span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e61312" title="Source: Kheda">Kheḍá</span>, <a href="#pb115" class="pageref">115</a>, <a href="#pb128" class="pageref">128</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Khiláfat</span>: <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Khizar Khán</span>: prince, son of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e61332" title="Source: Alá-ud-din">Alá-ud-dín</span> Khilji and -husband of Devaladevi, <a href="#pb205" class="pageref">205</a>. -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb570" href="#pb570" name="pb570">570</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Khmers</span>: Panjáb and Káshmir -settlers in Jáva and Cambodia, <a href="#n500.6">500 note 6</a>, -<a href="#pb502" class="pageref">502</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Khokhar</span>: village, inscription at, <a href="#pb204" class="pageref">204</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61359" title="Source: Khurasan">Khurásán</span></span>: <a href="#pb168" class="pageref">168</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61367" title="Source: Khurshid">Khurshíd</span> Ráni</span>: mother of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e61371" title="Source: Nasir-ud-din">Násir-ud-dín</span> Khilji -(1500–1512), <a href="#pb365" class="pageref">365</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Khushálchand <span class="corr" id="xd25e61380" title="Source: Shet">Sheth</span></span>: chief merchant -of Ahmedábád, <a href="#pb333" class="pageref">333</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Khushnáwaz</span>: White Húṇa -emperor (460–500), <a href="#pb76" class="pageref">76</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61395" title="Source: Kidaras">Kidáras</span></span>: division of Baktrian -Yuetchi, <a href="#pb144" class="pageref">144</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">K’ie-ch’a</span>: <a href="#pb116" -class="pageref">116</a>. See <span class="corr" id="xd25e61408" title="Source: Kheda">Kheḍá</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kim</span>: <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>. See Kammoni.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kim Kathodra</span>: battle of (1744), <a href="#pb328" class="pageref">328</a>; customs station, its revenue made -over to the English by the Baroda minister Rávji (1803), -<a href="#pb414" class="pageref">414</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kir</span>: Capparis aphylla, <a href="#pb461" -class="pageref">461</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61437" title="Source: Kiratakupa">Kiráṭa-Kúpa</span></span>: see -Keradu.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kiriya</span>: language spoken at Málkhet, -<a href="#pb519" class="pageref">519</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61450" title="Source: Kirtikaumudi">Kírtikaumudí</span></span>: -compiled by Someśvara, <a href="#pb159" class="pageref">159</a>, -<a href="#pb174" class="pageref">174</a>, <a href="#pb178" class="pageref">178</a>, <a href="#pb179" class="pageref">179</a>, <a href="#pb194" class="pageref">194</a>, <a href="#pb195" class="pageref">195</a>, <a href="#pb196" class="pageref">196</a>, <a href="#pb198" class="pageref">198</a>, <a href="#pb199" class="pageref">199</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61483" title="Source: Kirtivarmman">Kírtivarmman</span></span>: -Chálukya king, <a href="#pb107" class="pageref">107</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61491" title="Source: Kirtirája">Kírtirája</span></span>: -grandson of Bárappa and king of Láṭa, his grant at -Surat, <a href="#pb159" class="pageref">159</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61499" title="Source: Kirttipála">Kírttipála</span></span>: -brother of Kumárapála, <a href="#pb181" class="pageref">181</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61507" title="Source: Kirttirája">Kírttirája</span></span>: -Parmár king, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61515" title="Source: Kirttistambha">Kírtti-stambha</span></span>: reservoir, -<a href="#n180.2">180 note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61523" title="Source: Kis">Kís</span></span>: <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>. See Kish.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kish</span>: probably Kich-Makrán, island -of, <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>, <a href="#pb515" class="pageref">515</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kishánbivao</span>: gateway, <a href="#n450.1">450 note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kitábul Akálim</span>: Book of -Climes, work of Al Istakhri, <a href="#n506.9">506 note 9</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kitolo</span>: last Kushán king, <a href="#pb75" class="pageref">75</a>; ruler of Yuetchi, <a href="#pb144" -class="pageref">144</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kiu-che-lo</span>: northern Gurjjara kingdom -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 620), <a href="#pb3" class="pageref">3</a>; Chinese form of Gurjjara, <a href="#pb466" class="pageref">466</a>, <a href="#pb489" class="pageref">489</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Klaudios Ptolemaios</span>: of Alexandria, <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Koa</span>: Kábul river, <a href="#pb537" -class="pageref">537</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kochharva</span>: goddess in Asával, -<a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kochin</span>: <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61610" title="Source: Kodinar">Kodinár</span></span>: town, temple of -Ambiká at, <a href="#pb182" class="pageref">182</a> and -note.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kodrana</span>: town, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kohat</span>: town, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61632" title="Source: Kokalmir">Kokalmír</span></span>: Mher settlement at, -<a href="#pb136" class="pageref">136</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kol</span>: town, <a href="#pb519" class="pageref">519</a> and <a href="#n519.4">note 4</a>, <a href="#pb520" -class="pageref">520</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61653" title="Source: Kolaka">Kôlaka</span></span>: town, <a href="#pb538" -class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kolambapattana</span>: probably modern Quilon, -<a href="#pb183" class="pageref">183</a> note.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kolhápur</span>: -Kumárapála’s visit to, <a href="#pb183" class="pageref">183</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kolis</span>: rebellion of, <a href="#pb338" class="pageref">338</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kondal</span>: Gondal, <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Konkana</span>: northern boundary of (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 888), <a href="#pb5" class="pageref">5</a> note, -<a href="#pb524" class="pageref">524</a>, <a href="#pb527" class="pageref">527</a>, <a href="#pb528" class="pageref">528</a>, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Konvalli</span>: village, <a href="#pb127" class="pageref">127</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kopargaon</span>: the residence of Rághoba -after the treaty of Sálbái, <a href="#pb410" class="pageref">410</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Koptos</span>: town on the Nile, <a href="#pb535" -class="pageref">535</a>, <a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kori</span>: <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61744" title="Source: Kosad">Kosád</span></span>: village, <a href="#pb128" -class="pageref">128</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kosalas</span>: <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kosmas Indikopleustes</span>: shipman and monk, -author of Topographia Christiana (530–550), <a href="#pb547" -class="pageref">547</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kotieba</span>: Arab commander, checks Chinese -advance (709), <a href="#pb501" class="pageref">501</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kotipur</span>: village, <a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kotumba</span>: boats, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kotwal</span>: city police inspector, <a href="#pb214" class="pageref">214</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kozolakadaphes</span>: Indo-Skythian king, <a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kranganur</span>: <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61812" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span></span>: father of -Ráshṭrakúṭa prince, Indra, <a href="#pb120" -class="pageref">120</a>. Dakhan Ráshṭrakúṭa -king (765), <a href="#pb121" class="pageref">121</a>, <a href="#pb122" -class="pageref">122</a>. <span class="corr" id="xd25e61824" title="Source: Akálávarsha">Akálavarsha</span>, last -Gujarát Ráshṭrakúṭa king (888), -<a href="#pb128" class="pageref">128</a>. Akálavarsha, Dakhan -Ráshṭrakúṭa king (888–914), brings -south Gujarát under the sway of the Dakhan, <a href="#pb128" -class="pageref">128–129</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61836" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span></span>: legendary -connection with Dwáriká, <a href="#pb8" class="pageref">8–11</a>; incarnation of <span class="corr" id="xd25e61842" title="Source: Vishnu">Vishṇu</span>, his image at -Verával, <a href="#pb81" class="pageref">81</a>; claimed by the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e61848" title="Source: Chudásamás">Chúḍásamás</span> -as their ancestor, <a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>, <a href="#pb178" class="pageref">178</a>; builds the Somanátha temple, -<a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>; claimed by Gurjjaras as their -ancestor, <a href="#pb464" class="pageref">464</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61866" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span> III.</span>: -Ráshṭrakúṭa king, <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61875" title="Source: Krishnadeva">Kṛishṇadeva</span></span>: cavalry -general of Siddharája and brother-in-law of -Kumárapála, <a href="#pb181" class="pageref">181</a>, -<a href="#pb182" class="pageref">182</a>; helps -Kumárapála to secure the throne, <a href="#pb183" class="pageref">183</a>; insults Kumárapála, <a href="#pb184" -class="pageref">184</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Krishnaji</span>: foster son of -Kántáji, captures the fort of Chámpáner -(1728), <a href="#pb308" class="pageref">308</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61900" title="Source: Krishnarája">Kṛishṇarája</span></span>: -Paramára king, <a href="#pb470" class="pageref">470</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kshatrapas</span>: dynasty of (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 70, <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 398); the -name, <a href="#pb20" class="pageref">20</a> and note, <a href="#pb21" -class="pageref">21</a>; northern and western, <a href="#pb22" class="pageref">22–54</a>, <a href="#pb65" class="pageref">65</a>, -<a href="#pb66" class="pageref">66</a>; dynasty of, <a href="#pb464" -class="pageref">464</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kshatriyás</span>: <a href="#n463.2">463 -note 2</a>, <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>, <a href="#pb530" -class="pageref">530</a>, <a href="#pb531" class="pageref">531</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kshemarája</span>: -Chávaḍá king (841–880) of <span class="corr" -id="xd25e61955" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>, -<a href="#n127.2">127 note 2</a>, <a href="#pb154" class="pageref">154</a>, <a href="#pb155" class="pageref">155</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kshemarája</span>: son of <span class="corr" -id="xd25e61971" title="Source: Bhima">Bhíma</span> I. Chaulukya -king of <span class="corr" id="xd25e61974" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>, -<a href="#pb169" class="pageref">169</a>, <a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>, <a href="#pb181" class="pageref">181</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kshetrapáls</span>: <a href="#pb461" class="pageref">461</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e61995" title="Source: Ktesias">Ktêsias</span></span>: (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 400), <a href="#pb532" class="pageref">532</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kuda</span>: see Kata.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kukura</span>: name of province, <a href="#pb36" -class="pageref">36</a> and <a href="#n36.7">note 7</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kulámmali</span>: Quilon, apparently on the -Malabár coast, maritime island, <a href="#pb509" class="pageref">509</a> and <a href="#n509.2">note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kulachandra</span>: general of the Málwa -king, invades and sacks <span class="corr" id="xd25e62033" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -city, <a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163–164</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kuli</span>: country of Sindh, <a href="#pb520" -class="pageref">520</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kumáon</span>: temple in, repaired by Ganda -Brihaspati, <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e62055" title="Source: Kumáradevi">Kumáradeví</span></span>: -Gupta queen (c. 360 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>), <a href="#pb61" -class="pageref">61</a> and <a href="#n61.4">note 4</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kumáragupta</span>: Gupta king (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 339), <a href="#pb29" class="pageref">29</a>.</p> -<p>Kumáragupta I.: sixth Gupta king (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 416–453), inscriptions, coins, <a href="#pb66" class="pageref">66</a>, <a href="#pb67" class="pageref">67</a>, -<a href="#pb68" class="pageref">68–69</a>, <a href="#pb74" class="pageref">74</a>, <a href="#pb78" class="pageref">78</a> note, <a href="#pb86" class="pageref">86</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kumáragupta II.</span>: Gupta king, <a href="#pb74" class="pageref">74</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kumárapála</span>: local chief, -<a href="#pb172" class="pageref">172</a> and <a href="#n172.1">note -1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kumárapála</span>: Chaulukya king -(1143–1174), <a href="#pb156" class="pageref">156</a>, <a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>, <a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176</a>; his ancestry <a href="#pb179" class="pageref">179</a>, <a href="#pb181" class="pageref">181</a>; his death -planned by Siddharája; goes into exile; his wanderings; coins -issued in his name by Pratápasimha; is chosen king, <a href="#pb182" class="pageref">182–183</a>; rewards his friends in -exile; his wars with the kings of Sámbhar, Málwa, the -Konkan, and <span class="corr" id="xd25e62141" title="Source: Suráshtra">Suráshṭra</span>, <a href="#pb184" class="pageref">184–187</a>; traditions regarding his -<span class="corr" id="xd25e62147" title="Source: Seśodia">Sesodia</span> Ráni, <a href="#pb188" -class="pageref">188</a>; extent of his kingdom; construction of the -temple of Somanátha; his vow to keep apart from women and eschew -flesh and wine, <a href="#pb189" class="pageref">189</a>; his Jain -benefactions; is credited with building 1444 temples; scholars at his -court, <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>; dies, <a href="#pb194" -class="pageref">194</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb571" href="#pb571" name="pb571">571</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Kumárapálacharita</span>: life of -Kumárapála in Sanskrit, <a href="#n149.1">149 note 1</a>, -<a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>, <a href="#n177.1">177 note -1</a>, <a href="#pb178" class="pageref">178</a>, <a href="#pb182" -class="pageref">182</a>, <a href="#pb185" class="pageref">185</a>, -<a href="#pb186" class="pageref">186</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kumárapálaprabandha</span>: history -of Kumárapála in Sanskrit, <a href="#n149.1">149 note -1</a>, <a href="#pb173" class="pageref">173</a>, <a href="#pb183" -class="pageref">183</a>, <a href="#pb194" class="pageref">194</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kumárapáleśvara</span>: temple -of, <a href="#pb172" class="pageref">172</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kumáirs</span>: <a href="#pb500" class="pageref">500</a>. See Khmers.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kumbha</span>: Rána of Chitor, defeated by -Mehmúd Khilji (1443), <a href="#pb361" class="pageref">361</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kumbhárs</span>: potters, <a href="#pb451" -class="pageref">451</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kumkar</span>: Konkan, <a href="#pb506" class="pageref">506</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kumudabhatta</span><span class="corr" id="xd25e62245" title="Source: ;">:</span> grantor in the Kávi -grant, <a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kumudachandra</span>: Digámbara Jain from -Karnátaka, his religious discourse with Devasuri and defeat, -<a href="#pb181" class="pageref">181</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kunkanás</span>: Surat Nágar -Bráhmans, <a href="#pb5" class="pageref">5</a> note.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kuru</span>: king of, present at the svayamvara or -choice marriage of Durlabhadevi, <a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kurukshetra</span>: holy place, <a href="#pb161" -class="pageref">161</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kurus</span>: <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e62289" title="Source: Kurundaka">Kuruṇḍaka</span></span>: investiture -festival at, <a href="#pb130" class="pageref">130</a> and <a href="#n130.3">note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kuśa</span>: son of Ráma of the Solar -race, incarnation of <span class="corr" id="xd25e62302" title="Source: Vishnu">Vishṇu</span>, <a href="#pb119" class="pageref">119</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kuśasthali</span>: name of Dwárika, -<a href="#pb8" class="pageref">8</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kushán</span>: <a href="#n456.1">456 note -1</a>; dynasty, <a href="#pb464" class="pageref">464</a>; warlike race, -<a href="#pb544" class="pageref">544</a>, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kuśika</span>: disciple of <span class="corr" -id="xd25e62335" title="Source: Nakulisa">Nakulíśa</span>, -founder of a branch of Páśupata school, <a href="#pb84" -class="pageref">84</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e62343" title="Source: Kuta">Kúṭa</span></span>: an attribute meaning -prominent, <a href="#pb119" class="pageref">119</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e62351" title="Source: Kutb-ud-din">Kutb-ud-dín</span></span>: Mughal general -in Gujarát, captures Navánagar and annexes the territory -(1664), <a href="#pb283" class="pageref">283</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e62359" title="Source: Kutb-ud-din">Kutb-ud-dín</span> Aibák</span>: -defeats Karan Vághela (1297), <a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e62368" title="Source: Kutb-ud-din">Kutb-ud-dín</span> Eibak</span>: Dehli -emperor (1194), <a href="#pb229" class="pageref">229</a>; advances to -Kol, <a href="#pb519" class="pageref">519</a> and <a href="#n519.4">note 4</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e62383" title="Source: Kutb-ud-din">Kutb-ud-dín</span> Sháh</span>: -king of Gujarát, defeats Mehmud Khilji of Málwa (1453), -<a href="#pb362" class="pageref">362</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e62392" title="Source: Kutumbin">Kuṭumbin</span></span>: old name for -cultivators, <a href="#pb4" class="pageref">4</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Kuvars</span>: princes, <a href="#n215.2">215 note -2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Lae-lih</span>: Toramáṇa’s -father, <a href="#pb74" class="pageref">74–76</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Lahawar</span>: Lahori Bandar, <a href="#pb509" -class="pageref">509</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Lahud</span>: class of Hindus, <a href="#pb530" -class="pageref">530</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Lákha</span>: son of Phula king of Kachh, -slain by <span class="corr" id="xd25e62431" title="Source: Mularája">Múlarája</span>, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Lakshavarmman</span>: <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e62446" title="Source: Lakshmi">Lakshmí</span></span>: daughter of king of -Chedi married to Jagattuṅga son of <span class="corr" id="xd25e62449" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span>, -<a href="#pb130" class="pageref">130</a>. Younger sister of Mahendra -married to Nága Rája, <a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e62460" title="Source: Lakshmi">Lakshmí</span></span>: temple of, <a href="#pb460" class="pageref">460</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e62468" title="Source: Lakshmi">Lakshmí</span></span>: daughter of Braghu, -<a href="#pb461" class="pageref">461</a>, <a href="#pb462" class="pageref">462</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e62479" title="Source: Lakshamithala">Lakshamíthala</span></span>: -<span class="corr" id="xd25e62482" title="Source: Lakshmi’s">Lakshmí’s</span> settlement, -<a href="#pb452" class="pageref">452</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Lakulíśa</span>: founder of -Páśupata sect, chief shrine at Kárávana, -<a href="#pb83" class="pageref">83</a>, <a href="#pb84" class="pageref">84</a>. See Nakulíśa.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e62501" title="Source: Lalitadevi">Lalitádeví</span></span>: wife of -Vastupála, <a href="#pb202" class="pageref">202</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Lalliya</span>: the Śáhi of Ohind near -Swát, <a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Lamb</span>: Mr., chief of the English factory at -Surat; sends Mulla Fakhr-ud-din in disguise to Bombay, <a href="#pb332" -class="pageref">332</a>; his suicide, <a href="#pb333" class="pageref">333</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Land assessment</span>: under Valabhi, <a href="#pb82" class="pageref">82</a> and 83.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Land tax</span>: under Mughals, <a href="#pb212" -class="pageref">212</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Lanja Bijiráo</span>: Bhatti prince, -son-in-law of Siddharája, <a href="#n174.1">174 note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Lár</span>: seat of a Gueber prince; -tribe<span class="corr" id="xd25e62549" title="Source: ;">,</span> -<a href="#n194.1">194 note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Lár Desh</span>: South Gujarát, -<a href="#pb520" class="pageref">520</a>, <a href="#pb524" class="pageref">524</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Lárike</span>: the province <span class="corr" id="xd25e62569" title="Source: Láta">Láṭa</span>, <a href="#pb7" class="pageref">7</a>, <a href="#pb539" class="pageref">539</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Lariyyah</span>: language, <a href="#pb516" class="pageref">516</a>, <a href="#pb523" class="pageref">523</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e62590" title="Source: Larwi">Lárwi</span></span>: Sea (Indian Ocean), -<a href="#pb510" class="pageref">510</a>; language, <a href="#pb524" -class="pageref">524</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Lassen</span>: <a href="#pb532" class="pageref">532</a>, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>, <a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e62615" title="Source: Láta">Láṭa</span></span>: ancient name of -central and southern Gujarát, <a href="#n5.1">5 note 1</a>, -<a href="#pb6" class="pageref">6</a>, <a href="#pb7" class="pageref">7</a> and <a href="#n7.5">note 5</a>, <a href="#pb116" class="pageref">116</a>, <a href="#pb117" class="pageref">117</a>; its -conquest by <span class="corr" id="xd25e62637" title="Source: Dántidurga">Dantidurga</span>, <a href="#pb122" class="pageref">122</a>; its chief deserted Lavanaprasád and joined -Singhana, <a href="#pb199" class="pageref">199</a>, <a href="#pb465" -class="pageref">465</a>, <a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>, -<a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e62658" title="Source: Látas">Láṭas</span></span>: <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>, <a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Latta</span>: same as Raṭṭa, <a href="#pb7" class="pageref">7</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Lattalura</span>: original city of the -Raṭṭas, <a href="#pb7" class="pageref">7</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Launi</span>: <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Laut Mir</span>: Red Sea, <a href="#pb492" class="pageref">492</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e62697" title="Source: Lavanaprasáda">Lavaṇaprasáda</span></span>: -<a href="#pb196" class="pageref">196</a>, <a href="#pb197" class="pageref">197</a>; Vághela chieftain (1200–1233) minister -of Bhim II., rules at <span class="corr" id="xd25e62706" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -in his sovereign’s name, <a href="#pb199" class="pageref">199</a>; his war with the Devgiri Yádavs and the -Márwár chief; his abdication in favour of his son -<span class="corr" id="xd25e62712" title="Source: Viradhavala">Víradhavala</span>, <a href="#pb198" -class="pageref">198</a>, <a href="#pb200" class="pageref">200</a>, -<a href="#pb206" class="pageref">206</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e62727" title="Source: Lávanyaprasáda">Lávaṇyaprasáda</span></span>: -see <span class="corr" id="xd25e62730" title="Source: Lavanaprasáda">Lavaṇaprasáda</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Legendary origin</span>: of Somnáth idol, -<a href="#pb521" class="pageref">521</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Legends</span>: of Gujarát, <a href="#pb8" -class="pageref">8–11</a>; of Bhinmál, <a href="#pb461" -class="pageref">461–463</a>; of Jáva, <a href="#pb497" -class="pageref">497</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Lendas Da Asia</span>: (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1497–1539) work of Correa, a <span class="corr" id="xd25e62761" title="Source: Portugeuse">Portuguese</span> -writer (1512–1550), <a href="#pb349" class="pageref">349</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Leuke</span>: (Laccadives?), pirate haunts, -<a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Lewa</span>: Gujarát Kunbi subdivision, -<a href="#pb4" class="pageref">4</a> and 5.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Li</span>: certain measure of distance, <a href="#pb79" class="pageref">79</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Lichchhavis</span>: dynasty of the, <a href="#pb61" -class="pageref">61</a> and <a href="#n61.4">note 4</a>, <a href="#pb63" -class="pageref">63</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Life-saving</span>: Jain zeal for, <a href="#pb193" -class="pageref">193</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e62810" title="Source: Liládevi">Líládeví</span></span>: -sister of Sámantasiṁha married to Ráji, <a href="#pb157" class="pageref">157</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e62818" title="Source: Liladevi">Líládeví</span></span>: queen -of <span class="corr" id="xd25e62821" title="Source: Bhima">Bhíma</span> II., daughter of Chohán -chief Samarasiṁha, <a href="#pb197" class="pageref">197</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Limits</span>: of the country under -Kumárapála’s sway, <a href="#pb189" class="pageref">189</a> and <a href="#n189.1">note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Limyrike</span>: Malabár coast, <a href="#pb543" class="pageref">543</a>; Támil country, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e62849" title="Source: Lingam">Liṅgam</span></span>: worship of the, <a href="#pb521" class="pageref">521</a>, <a href="#pb522" class="pageref">522</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e62861" title="Source: Lingánuśásana">Liṅgánuśásana</span></span>: -a work on genders compiled by Hemachandra, <a href="#pb193" class="pageref">193</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e62869" title="Source: Lingas">Liṅgas</span></span>: <a href="#pb461" class="pageref">461</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Lingthali</span>: village, place of liṅgas, -<a href="#pb84" class="pageref">84</a> note.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Local chiefs</span>: power of, <a href="#pb228" -class="pageref">228</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Lodra</span>: gathering of Thákurs at -(1857), <a href="#pb443" class="pageref">443</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Lohárs</span>: blacksmiths, <a href="#pb451" -class="pageref">451</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Lonibare</span>: mouth of the Indus, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Louse temple</span>: <a href="#pb193" class="pageref">193</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Luhára</span>: village, engagement of the -Maráthás with the Kolis at, <a href="#pb338" class="pageref">338</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Lunapála</span>: Vastupála’s -chief supporter, shrine, <a href="#n200.2">200 note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Lunáváḍa</span>: disturbance -at, crushed by Lieutenant Alban, <a href="#pb441" class="pageref">441</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Luni</span>: river, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Luniga</span>: chief, <a href="#pb470" class="pageref">470</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb572" href="#pb572" -name="pb572">572</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Madanapála</span>: brother of -Karṇa’s mother, his death, <a href="#pb172" class="pageref">172</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e62963" title="Source: Madanarájni">Madanarájñí</span></span>: -wife of Lavaṇaprasáda, <a href="#pb198" class="pageref">198</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e62971" title="Source: Madanavarmman">Madanavarman</span></span>: Chandela king of -Mahobaka, modern <span class="corr" id="xd25e62974" title="Source: Mahoba">Mahobá</span>, his inscription; his surrender -to Siddharája; his hospitality, <a href="#pb178" class="pageref">178–179</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mádhava</span>: Nágar Bráhman, -minister of Karṇadeva, invites Muhammadans into Gujarát; -is appointed civil minister of Alaf Khán, <a href="#pb205" -class="pageref">205</a> and <a href="#n205.2">note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mádhavráv <span class="corr" id="xd25e62993" title="Source: Gaikwár">Gáikwár</span></span>: brother -of Piláji, takes Baroda (1734) from Sher Khán Bábi -the governor, <a href="#pb394" class="pageref">394</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e63001" title="Source: Madhavráv">Mádhavráv</span></span> -Peshwa: son and successor of Báláji Peshwa -(1762–1772), <a href="#pb399" class="pageref">399</a>; marches -against Rághoba and defeats him at Dhorap (1768), <a href="#pb400" class="pageref">400</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Madhyadeśa</span>: country between the Ganges -and the Yamuná, <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>, -<a href="#pb428" class="pageref">428</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Madina</span>: sacred place of the Muhammadans, -<a href="#pb204" class="pageref">204</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mádrakas</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb64" -class="pageref">64</a> and <a href="#n64.3">note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Madura</span>: <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Maga</span>: Bráhmans, sun-worshippers, -<a href="#pb450" class="pageref">450</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Magadha</span>: Gupta rule in (7th century), -<a href="#pb73" class="pageref">73</a>, <a href="#pb77" class="pageref">77</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Maganlál</span>: agent of Bápu -Gáikwár, a political refugee at Ahmedábád, -<a href="#pb443" class="pageref">443</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Magas</span>: sun-worshippers, <a href="#pb142" -class="pageref">142</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e63078" title="Source: Mágha">Magha</span></span>: Sanskrit poet, <a href="#n453.1">453 note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Magha</span>: Bráhmans, <a href="#pb464" -class="pageref">464</a>, <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>. See -Magas.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mahábat Khán</span>: thirty-third -viceroy of Gujarát (1662–1668), suppresses the rebellion -of the Chunvál Kolis headed by a Beluchi personating -Dárá Shikoh (1664), <a href="#pb283" class="pageref">283</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mahábhárata</span>: <a href="#pb545" -class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mahádáji Sindia</span>: receives the -town of Broach from the English, <a href="#pb410" class="pageref">410</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mahájans</span>: <a href="#pb450" class="pageref">450</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mahálakshmi</span>: temple of, <a href="#pb451" class="pageref">451</a>, <a href="#pb471" class="pageref">471</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e63135" title="Source: Mahánaka">Maháṇaká</span></span>: -Gujarát princess, married to a <span class="corr" id="xd25e63138" title="Source: Kanyakubja">Kanyákubja</span> king, -<a href="#pb151" class="pageref">151</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mahárája</span>: attribute of -priestly Bráhmans, <a href="#pb85" class="pageref">85</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mahárájabhuvana</span>: Jain temple -at Sidhpur, <a href="#pb172" class="pageref">172</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Maháráshtra</span>: southern boundary -of <span class="corr" id="xd25e63162" title="Source: Viradhavala’s">Víradhavala’s</span> -kingdom, <a href="#pb201" class="pageref">201</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mahávíra</span>: <a href="#pb193" -class="pageref">193</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mahendra</span>: Rája of Nadol, holds a -<i>svayamvara</i> or choice-marriage of his sister, <a href="#pb162" -class="pageref">162</a>, <a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Maheshwar Mahádev</span>: shrine of, -<a href="#pb454" class="pageref">454</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Maheśvaráchárya</span>: grantee -in the <span class="corr" id="xd25e63199" title="Source: Haddála">Haddálá</span> copperplate, -<a href="#pb138" class="pageref">138</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Máhi</span>: river, <a href="#pb124" class="pageref">124</a>, <a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mahi Kántha</span>: Colonel Walker’s -tribute system introduced in (1808), <a href="#pb424" class="pageref">424</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Máhim</span>: port, <a href="#n207.1">207 -note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e63235" title="Source: Mahindri">Máhindri</span></span>: the river -Máhi, <a href="#pb510" class="pageref">510</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mahipála</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e63245" title="Source: Chudásamá">Chúḍásamá</span> -ruler of Káthiáváḍa (917), his coins, -<a href="#pb138" class="pageref">138</a>. Brother of -Kumárapála, <a href="#pb181" class="pageref">181</a>; -father of Ajayapála, Chaulukya king, <a href="#pb194" class="pageref">194</a>. King of Gurjjara, <a href="#pb466" class="pageref">466</a>, <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mahipáladeva</span>: see -Mahipála.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e63270" title="Source: Mahipatrám">Mahípatrám</span> -<span class="corr" id="xd25e63273" title="Source: Ruprám">Rúprám</span></span>: Ráo -Sáheb, <a href="#n180.2">180 note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mahmúd</span>: of Ghazni, sacks -Somanátha and attacks <span class="corr" id="xd25e63283" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -and other places, <a href="#pb164" class="pageref">164–168</a>, -<a href="#pb229" class="pageref">229</a>, <a href="#pb498" class="pageref">498</a>, <a href="#pb510" class="pageref">510</a>, <a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a>, <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>, <a href="#pb522" class="pageref">522</a> and -<a href="#n522.1">note 1</a>, <a href="#pb523" class="pageref">523</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mahmud Begada</span>: Ahmedábád king -(1459–1513), <a href="#pb243" class="pageref">243–250</a>; -defeats a conspiracy of his nobles (1459); improves the soldiery -(1459–1461), <a href="#pb243" class="pageref">243–244</a>; -helps the king of the Dakhan against the Sultán of Málwa -(1461), <a href="#pb244" class="pageref">244–245</a>; his -expedition against the pirate <span class="corr" id="xd25e63327" title="Source: Zamindárs">Zamíndárs</span> of the hill -fort of <span class="corr" id="xd25e63330" title="Source: Barúr">Barûr</span> and the wharf of Dun or -<span class="corr" id="xd25e63334" title="Source: Dahánu">Dáhánu</span>; his expedition -against Junágaḍh (1467) and capture of Girnár -(1472), <a href="#pb245" class="pageref">245</a>; repairs the fort of -Jehánpanáh and makes Junágaḍh his capital -under the name of Mustafábád, <a href="#pb245" class="pageref">245–246</a>; expedition against Sindh and defeat of the -Jádejás in Kachh; takes the fort of Jagat or -Dwárka and destroys the idol temples, <a href="#pb246" class="pageref">246</a>; founds the city of Mehmudábád on the -Vátrak; second conspiracy of the nobles (1480) headed by -Khudáwand Khán; his war against Chámpáner -(1482–1484); captures <span class="corr" id="xd25e63346" title="Source: Pávágad">Pávágaḍ</span> -(1484) and makes Chámpáner his capital under the name of -Muhammadábád, <a href="#pb247" class="pageref">247</a>; -invades Somanátha (1490), <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>; places his nephew <span class="corr" id="xd25e63356" -title="Source: Miran">Mirán</span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e63359" title="Source: Muhammadadilkhán">Muhammad -<span class="corr" id="xd25e63361" title="Source: Adil">Ádil</span> Khán</span> <span class="corr" -id="xd25e63365" title="Source: Faruki">Fárúki</span> on -the throne of <span class="corr" id="xd25e63368" title="Source: Asir-Burhánpur">Ásir-Burhánpur</span> -(1508), <a href="#pb248" class="pageref">248</a>; his religious zeal; -his death (1513), <a href="#pb249" class="pageref">249–250</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e63380" title="Source: Mahmudis">Mahmúdis</span></span>: coin, <a href="#n222.2">222 note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e63388" title="Source: Mahoba">Mahobá</span></span>: in Bundelkhand, <a href="#pb178" class="pageref">178</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mahomedan</span>: writers, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mahrat Desh</span>: the Marátha country, -<a href="#pb524" class="pageref">524</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Máhura</span>: <a href="#pb519" class="pageref">519</a>. See Mathura.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e63418" title="Source: Máis">Maïs</span></span>: Máhi river, -<a href="#pb544" class="pageref">544</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Maithilas</span>: <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Maitrakas</span>: tribal name of Mehrs, <a href="#pb75" class="pageref">75</a> and <a href="#n75.6">note 6</a>, -<a href="#pb87" class="pageref">87–88</a>; identified with Mhers, -<a href="#pb135" class="pageref">135</a>, <a href="#pb136" class="pageref">136</a>, <a href="#pb141" class="pageref">141</a>, <a href="#pb142" class="pageref">142</a> and <a href="#n142.2">note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Maitreya</span>: disciple of Nakuliśa, founder -of a branch of Páśupata school, <a href="#pb84" class="pageref">84</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Majevádi</span>: village, <a href="#pb176" -class="pageref">176</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Majmudárs</span>: district accountants, -<a href="#pb212" class="pageref">212</a>, <a href="#n213.2">213 note -2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Makara</span>: fish, tribal badge of the Mehrs, -<a href="#pb87" class="pageref">87</a>, <a href="#pb135" class="pageref">135</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Makaradhvaja</span>: chief of Mehrs, his fights -with Mayuradhvaja, <a href="#pb87" class="pageref">87</a>; ancestor of -Mher chiefs of Porbandar, <a href="#pb135" class="pageref">135</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Makka</span>: <a href="#pb204" class="pageref">204</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Makkah</span>: <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>, <a href="#pb520" class="pageref">520</a>. See -Makka.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Makrán</span>: <a href="#pb508" class="pageref">508</a>, <a href="#pb511" class="pageref">511</a>, <a href="#pb516" class="pageref">516</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Makvánás</span>: same as -Jhálás, <a href="#pb140" class="pageref">140</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Malabár</span>: port of, <a href="#pb515" -class="pageref">515</a>, <a href="#pb529" class="pageref">529</a>, -<a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Máladeva</span>: chief minister of -Arjunadeva and <span class="corr" id="xd25e63559" title="Source: Sárangadeva">Sáraṅgadeva</span>, <a href="#pb204" class="pageref">204</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Málava</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb28" class="pageref">28</a>; kingdom of, <a href="#pb64" class="pageref">64</a>; -era, <a href="#pb67" class="pageref">67</a>, <a href="#pb124" class="pageref">124</a>, <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>, <a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>, <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>. See Málwa.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Málavya</span>: lake at Dholka, built by -Siddharája, <a href="#n180.2">180 note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Malcolm</span>: Sir John, <a href="#n180.3">180 -note 3</a>; (1820), <a href="#pb383" class="pageref">383</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e63610" title="Source: Maleo">Maleô</span></span>: cape of, identification of, -<a href="#pb539" class="pageref">539</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Malet</span>: Mr., chief of the English at Surat, -<a href="#pb402" class="pageref">402</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Maleus</span>: Mount, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Malhárráv</span>: son of -Khanderáv Gáikwár, retires on a pension to -Naḍiád, <a href="#pb412" class="pageref">412</a>; breaks -out in rebellion in Káthiáváḍa; is captured -by Bábáji <span class="corr" id="xd25e63637" title="Source: Appáji">Áppáji</span> and Vithal -Deváji, <a href="#pb413" class="pageref">413</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb573" href="#pb573" name="pb573">573</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Malhárráv -Gáikwár</span>: called <span class="corr" id="xd25e63649" -title="Source: Dádá">Dáda</span> Sáheb, -takes part in the Marátha conspiracy at Baroda (1857); escapes -punishment, is imprisoned, succeeds Khanderáv, is deposed -(1875), <a href="#pb442" class="pageref">442–443</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Malhárráv Holkar</span>: -Bájiráv Peshwa’s officer, plunders Dánta and -Vadnagar and exacts tribute from Pálanpur, <a href="#pb317" -class="pageref">317</a>; defeats Dia Bahádur, governor of -Mándu and captures Mándu, <a href="#pb382" class="pageref">382</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Malhárráv Khuni</span>: -Dámáji Gáikwár’s deputy at -Ahmedábád, collects tribute in Gujarát (1740), -<a href="#pb322" class="pageref">322</a>, <a href="#pb323" class="pageref">323</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Máli</span>: apparently Mália in -north <span class="corr" id="xd25e63679" title="Source: Káthiáváda">Káthiáváḍa</span>, -capture of, <a href="#pb506" class="pageref">506</a> and <a href="#n506.5">note 5</a>; island, <a href="#pb509" class="pageref">509</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mália</span>: temple at, <a href="#pb153" -class="pageref">153</a>; Rája of, plunders Kachh and Sind, -<a href="#pb422" class="pageref">422</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Máliba</span>: identified with Málwa, -expedition against, <a href="#pb109" class="pageref">109</a>, <a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Malik <span class="corr" id="xd25e63714" title="Source: Báyazid">Báyazíd</span></span>: son and -successor of Shujáat Khán, Sultán of Málwa, -with the title of Báz Bahádur (1565–1570), <a href="#pb369" class="pageref">369</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Malikhas</span>: Nabathæan king, <a href="#pb542" class="pageref">542</a>, <a href="#pb543" class="pageref">543</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Malik Kabir</span>: Sultán <span class="corr" id="xd25e63734" title="Source: Firuzsháh">Fírúz Sháh</span>, -deputes <span class="corr" id="xd25e63737" title="Source: Ziá-ud-din">Ziá-ud-dín</span> Barni to -Broach, <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Malik Káfur</span>: Cambay slave, rises in -Dehli emperor’s favour, is sent to subdue the Dakhan, <a href="#pb205" class="pageref">205</a>, <a href="#pb229" class="pageref">229</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Malik Mughis Khilji</span>: minister of -Sultán Hoshang (1405–1434), <a href="#pb359" class="pageref">359</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Malik <span class="corr" id="xd25e63764" title="Source: Muizzuddin">Muîzz-ud-dín</span></span>: conquers -Gujarát and plunders Kambáyat, <a href="#pb515" class="pageref">515</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Malik Mukbil</span>: Gujarát governor, -<a href="#pb230" class="pageref">230</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Malik <span class="corr" id="xd25e63780" title="Source: Tughán">Túghán</span></span>: captain of -freebooters (1347), <a href="#pb230" class="pageref">230–231</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mális</span>: gardeners, <a href="#pb450" -class="pageref">450</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e63795" title="Source: Málindya">Mâlindya</span></span>: Mount, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Malippala</span>: town, <a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Málkhed</span>: capital of the later -Ráshṭrakúṭas, <a href="#pb120" class="pageref">120</a>. See Mányakheta.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Málkhet</span>: Mánkir, <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>; destroyed by Tailappa, -Chálukya king (972), <a href="#pb519" class="pageref">519</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mallikárjuna</span>: Siláhára -king of the Konkan (1160), is killed in battle by -Kumárapála’s general, <a href="#pb185" class="pageref">185</a>; his stone inscriptions, <a href="#pb186" class="pageref">186</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mallu Khán</span>: commandant of -Mándu, assumes the title of <span class="corr" id="xd25e63839" -title="Source: Kádirsháh">Kádir Sháh</span> -Málwi and makes Mándu his capital, indifference of to the -orders of Sher Sháh Sur; does homage to Sher Sháh at -Sárangpur (1542), flies to Gujarát and attacks -Mándu with Gujarát forces; the defeat of, by one of Sher -Sháh’s generals, <a href="#pb368" class="pageref">368</a>, -<a href="#pb369" class="pageref">369</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Maltecoræ</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb534" -class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Málwa</span>: <a href="#pb24" class="pageref">24</a>, <a href="#pb28" class="pageref">28</a>; Gupta -conquest of, <a href="#pb67" class="pageref">67</a>; conquered by -Govinda III. Ráshṭrakúṭa king, <a href="#pb123" class="pageref">123</a>, <a href="#pb124" class="pageref">124</a>; its king taken prisoner by Siddharája, -<a href="#pb175" class="pageref">175</a>; annexed to Chaulukya kingdom -by Siddharája, <a href="#pb178" class="pageref">178</a>; its -king Ballála defeated by Kumárapála, <a href="#pb185" class="pageref">185</a>; its king crushed by -Visáladeva, <a href="#pb203" class="pageref">203</a>; -incorporation of, to Gujarát by Sultán Bahádur of -Gujarát (1526–1536), invasion of, by the emperor -<span class="corr" id="xd25e63888" title="Source: Humáyun">Humáyún</span> (1534), <a href="#pb367" class="pageref">367</a>; under Sher Shah Sur -(1542–1545), <a href="#pb368" class="pageref">368</a>; under his -successor Salim Shah (1545–1553), becomes independent under -Shujáat in 1554, <a href="#pb369" class="pageref">369</a>, -<a href="#pb510" class="pageref">510</a>. See Máliba.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Málwa Sultáns</span>: -(1400–1570), <a href="#pb356" class="pageref">356–371</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mambaros</span>: <a href="#pb543" class="pageref">543</a>, <a href="#pb544" class="pageref">544</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mámhal</span>: <a href="#pb508" class="pageref">508</a>, <a href="#n509.3">509 note 3</a>, <a href="#pb511" -class="pageref">511</a>. See <span class="corr" id="xd25e63934" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mána</span>: see Manna.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mánáji</span>: brother of Fatehsingh -Gáikwár, assumes the government of Baroda, <a href="#pb410" class="pageref">410</a>; his death, <a href="#pb411" class="pageref">411</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e63953" title="Source: Manaji">Mánáji</span> Morár</span>: -Senápati of Rája Sháhu, <a href="#pb389" class="pageref">389</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e63962" title="Source: Mánánka">Mánáṅka</span></span>: -early Ráshṭrakúṭa prince; -Ráshṭrakúṭa family, <a href="#pb120" class="pageref">120</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mánapura</span>: city, <a href="#pb120" -class="pageref">120</a>, <a href="#pb132" class="pageref">132</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e63980" title="Source: Mánasas">Mânas</span></span>: associated with the -introduction of sun-worship, <a href="#pb142" class="pageref">142</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mánd</span>: maritime island, <a href="#pb509" class="pageref">509</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mandagara</span>: identified with Mandangad, -<a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mandagas</span>: Sudra class of sun-worshippers, -<a href="#pb142" class="pageref">142</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mandagora</span>: <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>. See Mandangad.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mándal</span>: village near Viramgám, -expedition against, <a href="#pb109" class="pageref">109</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e64021" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a>, <a href="#pb520" class="pageref">520</a> and <a href="#n520.2">note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mandala</span>: kingdom, <a href="#pb135" class="pageref">135</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mandali</span>: modern Mándal, <span class="corr" id="xd25e64044" title="Source: Mulanáthadev’s">Múlanáthadeva’s</span> -temple at, <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a> and <a href="#n161.2">note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mandalika</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e64057" title="Source: Chudasama">Chúḍásamá</span> ruler -of Junágaḍh, <a href="#pb70" class="pageref">70</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mandali-nagara</span>: temple of Muleśvara at, -<a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a> and <a href="#n161.2">note -2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mandangad</span>: <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e64082" title="Source: Mandapiká">Maṇḍapiká</span></span>: -gold canopy, won from <span class="corr" id="xd25e64085" title="Source: Káma">Karṇa</span> the Chedi king and presented -to Somanátha, <a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mandasor</span>: town in western Málwa, -<a href="#pb77" class="pageref">77</a>; inscription of <span class="corr" id="xd25e64098" title="Source: Amsu Varman">Amśuvarman</span> at, <a href="#pb81" class="pageref">81</a>; defeat of Sultán Bahádur of -Gujarát at (1534), <a href="#pb367" class="pageref">367</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mandelslo</span>: traveller (1623), <a href="#n224.2">224 note 2</a>; at Ahmedábád (1638), <a href="#n279.2">279 note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mánds</span>: identified with Mers, <a href="#pb140" class="pageref">140</a> and <a href="#n140.5">note 5</a>, -<a href="#pb142" class="pageref">142</a> and <a href="#n142.2">note -2</a>, <a href="#pb508" class="pageref">508</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mándu</span>: expedition against (1394) -<a href="#pb233" class="pageref">233</a>, (1419) <a href="#pb237" -class="pageref">237</a>; hill fort, description of, <a href="#pb352" -class="pageref">352–356</a>; is made capital of Málwa by -Sultán Hoshang, <a href="#pb358" class="pageref">358</a>; -besieged by Ahmed Sháh of Gujarát (1418–1422), -<a href="#pb359" class="pageref">359</a>; captured by Mehmud II. of -Málwa and Muzaffar of Gujarát (1519); besieged by -Sultán Bahádur of Gujarát (1526), <a href="#pb367" -class="pageref">367</a>; local Musalmán chiefs attempt to -establish at (1536–1542), Mallu Khán the Sultán of, -<a href="#pb368" class="pageref">368</a>; captured by Akbar’s -general Pir Muhammad (1560); re-taken by Sultán Báz -Bahádur (1561); re-captured by Akbar’s general Abdullah -Khán Uzbak (1562); visited by Akbar (1563); <a href="#pb369" -class="pageref">369</a>; Mughal province (1570–1720) <a href="#pb370" class="pageref">370</a>, <a href="#pb371" class="pageref">371</a>; is given to Muzaffar III. of Gujarát by -Akbar, <a href="#pb371" class="pageref">371</a>; described by Abul Fazl -(1590), Farishtah (1610), emperor Jehángir (1617); the Reverend -Edward Terry (1617) <a href="#pb371" class="pageref">371–381</a>; -besieged by Khán Jehán Lodi, <a href="#pb381" class="pageref">381</a>; captured by <span class="corr" id="xd25e64182" -title="Source: Udaji">Udáji</span> Pavár (1696) and -emperor Bahádur Sháh (1708); <span class="corr" id="xd25e64185" title="Source: Asaph">Ásaph</span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e64188" title="Source: Jah">Jáh</span> -Nizám-ul-Mulk, governor (1717–1721); Rája Girdhar -Bahádur, governor (1722–1724); defeated by Chimnáji -Pandit and Udáji Pavár; Bájiráv Peshwa, -governor of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb574" href="#pb574" name="pb574">574</a>]</span>(1734); included in the Pavár territory; -<span class="corr" id="xd25e64194" title="Source: Minábái">Miná Bái</span>, mother -of Rámchandra Pavár, takes shelter in (1805), <a href="#pb382" class="pageref">382</a>; under the Maráthás, -(1720–1820), <a href="#pb382" class="pageref">382</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mangalapura</span>: establishment of a cess at, -<a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e64212" title="Source: Mangalapuri">Mangalapurí</span></span>: identified with -Puri, <a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mangalarája</span>: Gujarát Chalukya -ruler (698–731), <a href="#pb56" class="pageref">56</a>; his -plates, <a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108–109</a>; at -Navsári, <a href="#pb110" class="pageref">110</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mangalarasaráya</span>: <a href="#pb56" -class="pageref">56</a>. See <span class="corr" id="xd25e64238" title="Source: Mangalarájá">Mangalarája</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e64243" title="Source: Mangaliśa">Mangalíśa</span></span>: -Chálukya king (600), <a href="#pb114" class="pageref">114</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mángrol</span>: Velári betelvine -cultivators’ settlement at, <a href="#n113.3">113 note 3</a>; -village, <span class="corr" id="xd25e64256" title="Source: Siṁha">Siṃha</span> era mentioned in an -inscription at, <a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176</a>. See -Mangalapura.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mangalor</span>: <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mangrul</span>: port, burned by the Portuguese -(1532), <a href="#pb347" class="pageref">347</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mánkir</span>: <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>, <a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a>, <a href="#pb519" class="pageref">519</a>. See Málkhet.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Manoel DeSouza</span>: same as Emanuel DeSouza, -captain of the fleet of Diu, <a href="#pb349" class="pageref">349</a>, -<a href="#pb350" class="pageref">350</a>, <a href="#pb351" class="pageref">351</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mánpur</span>: identification of, <a href="#pb544" class="pageref">544</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mánsa</span>: taken by Dámáji, -<a href="#pb324" class="pageref">324</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e64319" title="Source: Mansura">Mansúra</span></span>: in Central Sind, -invaded by Mahmúd of Ghazni, <a href="#pb167" class="pageref">167</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e64327" title="Source: Mánsurah">Mansúrah</span></span>: <a href="#pb506" class="pageref">506</a>, <a href="#pb507" class="pageref">507</a>, <a href="#pb511" class="pageref">511</a>, <a href="#pb525" class="pageref">525</a>. See <span class="corr" id="xd25e64342" title="Source: Mansura">Mansúra</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e64347" title="Source: Mánthava">Mânthava</span></span>: Báhika -town, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e64355" title="Source: Mantraśástris">Mantrasástris</span></span>: -proficient in charms, <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mantris</span>: agents<span class="corr" id="xd25e64365" title="Source: :">,</span> <a href="#pb209" class="pageref">209</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mányakheta</span>: modern Málkhed, -<a href="#pb120" class="pageref">120</a>; capital of Dakhan -Ráshṭrakúṭas, <a href="#pb128" class="pageref">128</a>, <a href="#pb130" class="pageref">130</a>, <a href="#pb519" class="pageref">519</a>. See Málkhet.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e64389" title="Source: Máráśárva">Márá -Śárva</span></span>: king of east Málwa, submits to -Govind III., <a href="#pb123" class="pageref">123</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e64398" title="Source: Marásthali">Marásthalí</span></span>: -Márwár, <a href="#pb470" class="pageref">470</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Maráthás</span>: their ascendancy in -Gujarát (1760–1802), <a href="#pb227" class="pageref">227</a>; raids on Surat (1664), <a href="#pb284" class="pageref">284</a>; (1699), <a href="#pb291" class="pageref">291</a>; -threaten Surat (1700), <a href="#pb292" class="pageref">292</a>; enter -Gujarát under Dhanáji Jádhav (1705), <a href="#pb293" class="pageref">293</a>; plunder Mahudha, enter -Ahmedábád and levy tribute (1707), <a href="#pb295" -class="pageref">295</a>, <a href="#pb296" class="pageref">296</a>; -defeated at Ankleshvar (1711), <a href="#pb297" class="pageref">297</a>; plunder the treasure escorted by Muhammad -<span class="corr" id="xd25e64433" title="Source: Tabrizi">Tabrízí</span> (1713), <a href="#pb388" -class="pageref">388</a>; yearly raids into Gujarát, <a href="#pb297" class="pageref">297</a>; besiege Vadnagar (1725), <a href="#pb307" class="pageref">307</a>; quarrels between their leaders -Dámáji and Kántáji; under -Dámáji expel the Viramgám Kasbátis; under -Rangoji are defeated at Dholka by Ratansingh, <a href="#pb316" class="pageref">316</a>, <a href="#pb317" class="pageref">317</a>; defeat -Rustam Ali governor of Surat, <a href="#pb305" class="pageref">305</a>; -defeated by <span class="corr" id="xd25e64455" title="Source: Khánahzad">Khánahzád</span> at Sojitra -and Kapadvanj (1725), <a href="#pb307" class="pageref">307</a>; compel -Mubáriz-ul-mulk to confirm his predecessor’s grants in -their favour (1726), <a href="#pb307" class="pageref">307</a>; make -terms with the viceroy of Gujarát, <a href="#pb314" class="pageref">314</a>; driven out of Baroda (1732), <a href="#pb394" class="pageref">394</a>; defeat Sher Khán Bábi and capture -Baroda (1734), <a href="#pb314" class="pageref">314–315</a>; -capture Kapadvanj (1736), <a href="#pb317" class="pageref">317</a>; -expelled from Viramgám fort; call in the aid of <span class="corr" id="xd25e64477" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> -Khán; take Viramgám, <a href="#pb323" class="pageref">323–324</a>; take Petlád, <a href="#pb327" -class="pageref">327</a>; engagements with <span class="corr" id="xd25e64487" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán, -<a href="#pb340" class="pageref">340</a>, <a href="#pb341" class="pageref">341</a>, <a href="#pb342" class="pageref">342</a>; their -arrangements in Ahmedábád (1758); strike coins of their -own at the Ahmedábád mint, <a href="#pb342" class="pageref">342</a>; levy tribute in Umeta, Bálásinor, -<span class="corr" id="xd25e64503" title="Source: Lunaváḍa">Lunáváḍa</span>, -Visalnagar, and Pálanpur (1758), <a href="#pb343" class="pageref">343</a>; their supremacy in Gujarát (1760–1819), -<a href="#pb345" class="pageref">345</a>, <a href="#pb385" class="pageref">385</a>; help the Ráo of Kachh in an expedition -against Thatta in Sind (1758), <a href="#pb398" class="pageref">398</a>; join in a league against the English (1780); driven -from their posts in Ankleshvar, Hánsot, and Ámod by the -English (1780), <a href="#pb408" class="pageref">408</a>; close of -their supremacy (1819), <a href="#pb428" class="pageref">428–429</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Marco Polo</span>: Italian traveller (1290), -<a href="#pb501" class="pageref">501</a>, <a href="#pb504" class="pageref">504</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Marcus Aurelius Antoninus</span>: (161–180), -<a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Marinos</span>: of Tyre, <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Markianos</span>: geographer (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 400), <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Marohæ</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Marriages</span>: <a href="#pb187" class="pageref">187</a> and <a href="#n187.1">note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Maru</span>: ancient name of Márwár, -<a href="#pb36" class="pageref">36</a> and <a href="#n36.4">note 4</a>, -<a href="#pb466" class="pageref">466</a>, <a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Márwád</span>: Márwár, -expedition against, <a href="#pb109" class="pageref">109</a>, <a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Márwár</span>: king of, present with -Graharipu in the battle with <span class="corr" id="xd25e64606" title="Source: Mularája">Múlarája</span>, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>; chiefs of, attack Lavanaprasád -and are defeated, <a href="#pb199" class="pageref">199</a>, <a href="#pb200" class="pageref">200</a>; disturbance in (1692), <a href="#pb289" class="pageref">289</a>, <a href="#pb464" class="pageref">464</a>, <a href="#pb532" class="pageref">532</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e64631" title="Source: Masalwáda">Masálwaḍa</span></span>: local -name, <a href="#n208.3">208 note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Masudi</span>: <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>, <a href="#pb498" class="pageref">498</a>. See Al -Masudi.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Masulipatam</span>: <a href="#pb494" class="pageref">494</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mátar</span>: táluka of the Kaira -district, <a href="#pb122" class="pageref">122</a> and <a href="#n122.3">note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Matarem</span>: in the island of Java, <a href="#pb489" class="pageref">489</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mátar Mahudha</span>: made over to the -English by <span class="corr" id="xd25e64675" title="Source: Ráoji">Rávji</span>, Baroda minister, in payment -of the subsidiary force at Baroda (1803), <a href="#pb414" class="pageref">414</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e64683" title="Source: Mátas">Mátás</span></span>: goddesses, -<a href="#pb461" class="pageref">461</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mathoæ</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mathra</span>: modern Mathura, <a href="#pb519" -class="pageref">519</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mathura</span>: king of, present at the -<i>svayamvara</i> or choice-marriage of Durlabhadevi, <a href="#pb163" -class="pageref">163</a>; Prince Murád confined in (1858), -<a href="#pb282" class="pageref">282</a>, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Matiás</span>: with Momnas march against -Broach, and murder the governor (1691); their defeat and slaughter, -<a href="#pb288" class="pageref">288</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e64729" title="Source: Matri">Mátṛi</span></span>: <a href="#pb122" -class="pageref">122</a>. See Mátar.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Maues</span>: northern Kshatrapa king (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 70), <a href="#pb22" class="pageref">22</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mauna</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e64749" -title="Source: Puránik">Puráṇic</span> name for the -Húṇas, <a href="#n141.2">141 note 2</a>, <a href="#pb143" -class="pageref">143</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Maurya</span>: chiefs, later (500), <a href="#pb15" -class="pageref">15</a>; ruling dynasty of the Konkan, <a href="#pb107" -class="pageref">107</a>; kingdom identified with Mauryas of Chitor, -<a href="#pb109" class="pageref">109</a>; of Chitor, <a href="#pb465" -class="pageref">465</a>; empire (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 180), <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e64783" title="Source: Mayura">Mayúra</span></span>: peacock, symbol of the -Guptás, <a href="#pb135" class="pageref">135</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mayuradhvaja</span>: <a href="#pb135" class="pageref">135</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mayurkhandi</span>: see Morkhand.</p> -<p><span class="sc">McCrindle</span>: Mr., <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>, <a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Meda</span>: see Meva.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Medani Rái</span>: commander-in-chief of -Mehmud II. of Málwa (1512–1530), suppresses the revolt of -Muháfiz Khán; defeats the combination of Muzáffar -II. of Gujarát and Sikandar Sháh of Dehli; attempts of -Mehmud II. of Málwa for the assassination of; expulsion of, with -terrible slaughter by joint forces of Mehmud II. and Sultán -Muzáffar of Gujarát; supported by Rána Sanga of -Chitor, <a href="#pb366" class="pageref">366–367</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e64820" title="Not in source">.</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Medhs</span>: <a href="#pb140" class="pageref">140</a>; <span class="corr" id="xd25e64830" title="Source: Báwárij">Bawárij</span> pirates, <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>. See Mehrs.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Meds</span>: <a href="#pb140" class="pageref">140</a>; Mánds, <a href="#pb508" class="pageref">508</a>, <a href="#pb511" class="pageref">511</a>. See -Mers.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Medus Hydaspes</span>: Virgil’s phrase for -the Jhelum, <a href="#pb144" class="pageref">144</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb575" href="#pb575" name="pb575">575</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Megallæ</span>: the <span class="corr" id="xd25e64862" title="Source: Mekalas">Mêkalas</span>, <a href="#pb532" class="pageref">532</a>, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Megari</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e64880" title="Source: Megasthenes">Megasthenês</span></span>: ambassador of -Seleukos Nikator, his account of India, <a href="#pb532" class="pageref">532</a>, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>, <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>, <a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>, <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mehmud</span> II.: (1512–1530), son and -successor of <span class="corr" id="xd25e64906" title="Source: Násir-ud-din">Násir-ud-dín</span> of -Mándu; revolt of his commandant Muháfiz Khán -crushed by his <span class="corr" id="xd25e64909" title="Source: Rajput">Rájput</span> commander-in-chief Medani -Rái; combination by Muzáffar II. (1511–1526) of -Gujarát and Sikandar Sháh of Dehli (1488–1560) -baffled by Medani Rái; the attempt of, to crush the power of -Medani Rái; siege of Mándu by Sultán -Muzáffar of Gujarát (1511–1526); massacre of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e64912" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span>; capture of Mándu, -defeat and capture of, by Rána Sanga of Chitor; incurs the wrath -of Bahádur Sháh of Gujarát by giving protection to -Chánd Khán and Razi-ul-mulk; invasion and capture of -Mándu by Bahádur Sháh of Gujarát; surrender -and death of, <a href="#pb366" class="pageref">366–367</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mehmud</span> II.: (1526).</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e64924" title="Source: Mehmudabád">Mehmúdábád</span></span>: -town in Gujarát, <a href="#n219.3">219 note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mehmud Khán</span>: son and minister of -Sultán Hoshang of Málwa (1405–1434), <a href="#pb359" class="pageref">359</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mehmud Khilji</span>: becomes Sultán of -Málwa (1436); his victory over Rána Kumbha of Chitor -(1443); builds his tower of victory; is defeated by <span class="corr" -id="xd25e64941" title="Source: Kutb-ud-din">Kutb-ud-dín</span> -Sháh of Gujarát (1453); makes his son <span class="corr" -id="xd25e64944" title="Source: Ghiás-ud-din">Ghiás-ud-dín</span> -minister; his death (1469), <a href="#pb362" class="pageref">362</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mehr</span>: northern tribal name, <a href="#pb87" -class="pageref">87</a>; Hinduising of, <a href="#pb87" class="pageref">87</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mehrán</span>: the Indus, <a href="#pb510" -class="pageref">510</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mehtars</span>: sweepers, <a href="#pb451" class="pageref">451</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mekong</span>: river, <a href="#pb504" class="pageref">504</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Melizeigara</span>: probably Janjira, <a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>, <a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Menander</span>: Baktrian king of India, <a href="#pb16" class="pageref">16</a>, <a href="#pb17" class="pageref">17</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Menandros</span>: (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 110) conquests of, <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>, <a href="#pb544" class="pageref">544</a>, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mendan</span>: town in Java, <a href="#pb490" -class="pageref">490</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mendang</span>: town, built by Bhruvijaya -Savelachála, <a href="#pb489" class="pageref">489</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Meos</span>: Musalmán, identified with Mers, -<a href="#pb140" class="pageref">140</a> and <a href="#n140.8">note -8</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e65047" title="Source: Meræ">Meroê</span></span>: <a href="#pb542" class="pageref">542</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mers</span>: sun-worshipping foreigners -(470–900), passed through Punjáb, Sindh, and north -Gujarát into Káthiáváḍa and ruled -there (770); allied to Jethvás and Jhálás, -descendants of Húṇas, <a href="#pb135" class="pageref">135–147</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mertha</span>: district, conferred upon -Durgádás by the emperor Aurangzib (1697), <a href="#pb290" class="pageref">290</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Merutunga</span>: author of <span class="corr" id="xd25e65072" title="Source: Prabandhachintámani">Prabandhachintámaṇi</span>, -<a href="#pb151" class="pageref">151</a>, <a href="#pb152" class="pageref">152</a>, <a href="#pb155" class="pageref">155</a>, <a href="#pb156" class="pageref">156</a>, <a href="#pb196" class="pageref">196</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mesæ</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Methora</span>: modern Mathura, <a href="#pb533" -class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mevas</span>: name of tribe, <a href="#pb33" class="pageref">33</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e65114" title="Source: Mewád">Mewáḍ</span></span>: origin of the -name, <a href="#pb33" class="pageref">33</a>; -Kumárapála’s conquests extend to, <a href="#pb188" -class="pageref">188</a>; chief of, subdued by <span class="corr" id="xd25e65123" title="Source: Viśáladeva">Vísaladeva</span>, <a href="#pb203" class="pageref">203</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e65131" title="Source: Mewar">Mewár</span></span>: <a href="#pb532" class="pageref">532</a>, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>. See -<span class="corr" id="xd25e65140" title="Source: Mewad">Mewáḍ</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Meyds</span>: <a href="#pb142" class="pageref">142</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e65152" title="Source: Mherváda">Mherváḍa</span></span>: Mher -settlement at, <a href="#pb136" class="pageref">136</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mhow</span>: Colonel Pratt, Captain Fagan, and -Captain Harris murdered at, (1857); Colonel Durand, Resident, expelled -from, <a href="#pb438" class="pageref">438</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Migration</span>: from India to Indo-China, traces -of, <a href="#pb499" class="pageref">499</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mihira</span>: king of -Káthiáváḍa Mehrs; his inroads against Dhruva -II., <a href="#pb127" class="pageref">127</a>; tribe, <a href="#pb135" -class="pageref">135–147</a>, or <span class="corr" id="xd25e65183" title="Source: Gurjjára">Gurjjara</span> conquest -of Valabhi (490), <a href="#pb489" class="pageref">489</a>, <a href="#pb490" class="pageref">490</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mihiragas</span>: <a href="#pb142" class="pageref">142</a> and <a href="#n142.5">note 5</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mihirakula</span>: king of the White -Húṇas (508–530), <a href="#pb72" class="pageref">72</a>, <a href="#pb74" class="pageref">74</a>, <a href="#pb75" class="pageref">75</a>, <a href="#pb76" class="pageref">76</a>, -<a href="#pb142" class="pageref">142</a> and <a href="#n142.2">note -2</a>; son of Toramáṇa (500–540), <a href="#pb146" -class="pageref">146</a>, <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>, -<a href="#pb496" class="pageref">496</a>, <a href="#pb497" class="pageref">497</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mihirgulla</span>: Indian emperor of the White -Húṇas, <a href="#pb143" class="pageref">143</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Milizegyris</span>: modern Janjira, <a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>. See Melizeigara.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mines</span>: of gold and silver in Gujarát, -<a href="#pb528" class="pageref">528</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Minháj-us-Śiráj</span>: <a href="#n195.4">195 note 4</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Minnagara</span>: ancient Greek capital, <a href="#n15.3">15 note 3</a>, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>, -<a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>, <a href="#pb543" class="pageref">543</a>, <a href="#pb544" class="pageref">544</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mins</span>: identified with Mers, <a href="#pb140" -class="pageref">140</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mirát-i-Ahmadi</span>: <a href="#pb205" -class="pageref">205</a>; the author of, suppresses the riots at -Ahmedábád and is rewarded with the title of Hassan -Muhammad Khán (1730), <a href="#pb310" class="pageref">310</a>; -superintendent of customs, <a href="#pb328" class="pageref">328</a>, -<a href="#pb337" class="pageref">337</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mirát-i-Sikandari</span>: Musalmán -history of Gujarát (1536), <a href="#pb348" class="pageref">348</a>, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mir Fakhr-ud-din</span>: obtains the governorship -of <span class="corr" id="xd25e65322" title="Source: Junágḍh">Junágaḍh</span> from the -viceroy Abheysingh (1730), <a href="#pb311" class="pageref">311</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mirkhand</span>: <a href="#pb168" class="pageref">168</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mir Muhammad Látir</span>: minister of -Ázam Khán, viceroy of Gujarát (1635–1642), -<a href="#pb298" class="pageref">298</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mirza Áziz <span class="corr" id="xd25e65345" title="Source: Kokaltash">Kokaltásh</span></span>: -Mughal viceroy, <a href="#pb212" class="pageref">212</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mirza Isa Tarkhán</span>: governor of -Sorath, afterwards twenty-fourth Mughal viceroy of Gujarát -(1642–1644), <a href="#pb212" class="pageref">212</a>, <a href="#pb279" class="pageref">279</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Misáar Muhalhil</span>: Arab traveller and -writer, <a href="#n510.1">510 note 1</a>, <a href="#pb516" class="pageref">516</a>, <a href="#n517.1">517 note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mithankot</span>: town, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Miyánalladevi</span>: daughter of -Jayakeśi, king of the Karnátak, queen of Karṇa and -mother of Siddharája Jayasiṃha; her regency; her -pilgrimage to Somanátha; remits pilgrim tax, <a href="#pb170" -class="pageref">170–172</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mochis</span>: shoemakers, <a href="#pb451" class="pageref">451</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Modása</span>: town, capture of (1414), -<a href="#pb236" class="pageref">236</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Modh Vasahika</span>: Jain monastery at Dhandhuka, -<a href="#pb191" class="pageref">191</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Modogalinga</span>: the Calingas, <a href="#pb532" -class="pageref">532</a>, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Modogoulla</span>: probably Mudhol, <a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Modura</span>: modern Madura, <a href="#pb537" -class="pageref">537</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mokheráji</span>: Gohil chief of Piram -(1347), <a href="#pb87" class="pageref">87</a> note, <a href="#pb230" -class="pageref">230</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Molindæ</span>: Indian tribe, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e65453" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán I.</span>: is appointed -governor of Surat by Nizám-ul-Mulk (1722), <a href="#pb303" -class="pageref">303</a>; is made governor of Cambay by Abheysingh -(1730), <a href="#pb311" class="pageref">311</a>, <a href="#pb313" -class="pageref">313</a>, <a href="#pb315" class="pageref">315</a>, -<a href="#pb316" class="pageref">316</a>; schemes independence at -Cambay (1736), <a href="#pb317" class="pageref">317</a>; is appointed -fifty-fourth viceroy of Gujarát (1737); assumes the title -Najam-ud-dauláh <span class="corr" id="xd25e65476" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán Bahádur -<span class="corr" id="xd25e65479" title="Source: Firúz">Fírúz</span> Jang; asks -Jawán Mard Khán Bábi to help him; his disastrous -alliance with the Maráthás which gives a final blow to -Mughal power in Gujarát, <a href="#pb318" class="pageref">318</a>; receives secret instructions to disregard the -appointment of Abheysingh fifty-fifth viceroy and to drive <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb576" href="#pb576" name="pb576">576</a>]</span>his -<span class="corr" id="xd25e65487" title="Source: Ráthods">Ráthoḍs</span> from -Gujarát, <a href="#pb319" class="pageref">319</a>; captures -Ahmedábád (1738); is appointed fifty-sixth viceroy -(1738–1743), <a href="#pb320" class="pageref">320</a>; is -honoured with a title and dress by the emperor of Dehli (1742), -<a href="#pb325" class="pageref">325</a>; his death (1743); his wife -seeks protection of Rangoji, <a href="#pb326" class="pageref">326</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e65505" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán II.</span>: son of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e65509" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán I., <a href="#pb207" -class="pageref">207</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e65514" title="Source: ,">;</span> is confirmed as governor of Cambay (1748), -<a href="#pb330" class="pageref">330</a>, <a href="#pb331" class="pageref">331</a>; at his request Cambay is included in Peshwa’s -share (1751), <a href="#pb334" class="pageref">334</a>; is compelled by -Raghunáthráv to pay an annual tribute of <abbr title="Rupees">Rs.</abbr> 10,000, <a href="#pb337" class="pageref">337</a>, -<a href="#pb338" class="pageref">338</a>; takes Gogha, attacks Jambusar -and besieges Borsad (1755), <a href="#pb339" class="pageref">339</a>; -captures Ahmedábád (1756), <a href="#pb339" class="pageref">339</a>; receives compliments and a sword from the emperor of -Dehli, <a href="#pb340" class="pageref">340</a>; besieged in -Ahmedábád, receives help from the Rája of Idar; -Sháh Nur’s attempt to make peace between <span class="corr" id="xd25e65546" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> -Khán and the Peshwa fails; Ahmedábád and Gogha -surrendered to the Peshwa (1758), <a href="#pb341" class="pageref">341</a>, <a href="#pb342" class="pageref">342</a>; oppresses -and extorts money from his own followers, <a href="#pb342" class="pageref">342</a>; contracts friendship with the English and visits -Poona (1759), <a href="#pb343" class="pageref">343</a>, <a href="#pb344" class="pageref">344</a>; receives instructions from Dehli to -join in driving the Maráthás out of Gujarát; is -defeated (1761), <a href="#pb345" class="pageref">345</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Momnás</span>: revolt of (1691), <a href="#pb288" class="pageref">288</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Monædes</span>: Munda of Singbhum, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Monoglosson</span>: modern Mangrol, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mophis</span>: river Máhi, <a href="#pb539" -class="pageref">539</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Morbi</span>: copperplate of Jaikadeva at, <a href="#pb81" class="pageref">81</a>, <a href="#pb87" class="pageref">87</a>; -earliest seat of Jethvás, <a href="#pb136" class="pageref">136</a>; grant of Jaikadeva at, <a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Morkhanda</span>: capital of the country ruled by -Govinda, son of Dhruva, Ráshṭrakúṭa king, -<a href="#pb123" class="pageref">123</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Moro Trimal</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e65624" title="Source: Shivaji’s">Shiváji’s</span> general, -captures the fort of Sáler in Báglán (1672), -<a href="#pb387" class="pageref">387</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Moruni</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mostyn</span>: Mr., resident envoy in Poona (1777), -<a href="#pb407" class="pageref">407</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mottaka</span>: Bráhman settlement of, -<a href="#pb127" class="pageref">127</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mousopalle</span>: provisionally identified with -Karvir, <a href="#pb542" class="pageref">542</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mouza</span>: modern Musa, <a href="#pb543" class="pageref">543</a>, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mozaffar</span>: invades Somanátha, <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muazzam</span>: son of Aurangzib and commander of -the Mughal army sent against Shiváji, <a href="#pb387" class="pageref">387</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muazzam Sháh</span>: Prince Muhammad, -<a href="#pb296" class="pageref">296</a>, <a href="#pb297" class="pageref">297</a>. See Bahádur Sháh of Dehli.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mubárak Khilji</span>: emperor, <a href="#pb229" class="pageref">229</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mubáriz-ul-Mulk</span>: <a href="#pb304" -class="pageref">304</a>, <a href="#pb306" class="pageref">306</a>, -<a href="#pb307" class="pageref">307</a>, <a href="#pb308" class="pageref">308</a>, <a href="#pb309" class="pageref">309</a>, <a href="#pb310" class="pageref">310</a>, <a href="#pb311" class="pageref">311</a>. See Sarbuland Khán.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muftkhir Khán</span>: son of <span class="corr" id="xd25e65730" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> -Khán, schemes of Rangoji for the assassination of; unites his -forces with <span class="corr" id="xd25e65733" title="Source: Fidá-ud-din">Fidá-ud-dín</span> -Khán, defeats Rangoji and obtains Borsad and Viramgám -from him, <a href="#pb326" class="pageref">326</a>; fifty-seventh -viceroy (1743–1744), appoints Jawán Mard Khán his -deputy; the house of, besieged by Jawán Mard Khán; his -escape, joins Rangoji and retires to Cambay, <a href="#pb327" class="pageref">327</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mughaira</span>: brother of Hákam, leads an -expedition to Debal, <a href="#pb506" class="pageref">506</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mughals</span>: the administration of, in -Gujarát, (1573–1760), <a href="#pb221" class="pageref">221–227</a>; emperors in Gujarát <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb604" href="#pb604" name="pb604">604</a>]</span>(1573–1760), <a href="#pb207" class="pageref">207</a>, <a href="#pb345" class="pageref">345</a>; at -Mándu (1570–1720), <a href="#pb370" class="pageref">370–382</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muháfiz Khán</span>: commandant of -Mehmúd II. of Málwa (1512–1530), the revolt of, -suppressed by Medani Rái, <a href="#pb366" class="pageref">366</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muhammad</span>: prophet, his era, <a href="#pb204" -class="pageref">204</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muhammad</span>: son of Fazl, sails against the -Meds of Hind and captures Máli, <a href="#pb506" class="pageref">506</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muhammad</span>: son of Kásim, <a href="#pb506" class="pageref">506</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muhammad IV.</span>: (1648–1687) Turkish -Sultán, an ambassador from, lands at Surat, <a href="#pb280" -class="pageref">280</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muhammad <span class="corr" id="xd25e65805" title="Source: Aázam">Aâzam</span> Sháh</span>: -thirty-ninth viceroy of Gujarát (1703–1705), <a href="#pb291" class="pageref">291</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muhammad Amin</span>: poisons Abu Bakr, the leader -and suppresses the riot at Ahmedábád (1681), <a href="#pb286" class="pageref">286–287</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muhammad Amin Khán</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e65824" title="Source: Umadut-ul-Mulk">Umdat-ul-Mulk</span>, thirty-sixth viceroy of -Gujarát (1674–1683), <a href="#pb285" class="pageref">285</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muhammad Bahlol Khán Shirwáni</span>: -Mughal general, captures Idar (1679), <a href="#pb286" class="pageref">286</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muhammad Bidár Bakht</span>: forty-first -viceroy of Gujarát (1705–6), <a href="#pb294" class="pageref">294–295</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muhammad Ghori</span>: raid of, into -Gujarát, <a href="#n195.4">195 note 4</a>, <a href="#pb512" -class="pageref">512</a>; Sultán Ghazni Khán, son and -successor of Sultán Hoshang of Málwa (1434–1436), -poisoned by Mehmud, son of Malik Mughis, <a href="#pb359" class="pageref">359–360</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muhammad Kásim</span>: (712), <a href="#n456.1">456 note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muhammad Sháh I.</span>: (1403–1404), -<a href="#pb234" class="pageref">234</a> and <a href="#n234.1">note -1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muhammad Sháh II.</span>: Raushan Akhtar, -emperor of Dehli (1721–1748), <a href="#pb222" class="pageref">222</a>, <a href="#pb301" class="pageref">301</a>; sends -Mubáriz-ul-Mulk against <span class="corr" id="xd25e65884" -title="Source: Hámed">Hámid</span> Khán and the -Maráthás, <a href="#pb306" class="pageref">306</a>; his -death (1748), <a href="#pb332" class="pageref">332</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muhammad Tughlak</span>: Sultán -(1325–1351), <a href="#pb230" class="pageref">230</a>, <a href="#pb231" class="pageref">231</a>; at Asáwal, <a href="#pb513" -class="pageref">513</a>; quells the insurrection at Broach and Cambay, -<a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>, <a href="#pb515" class="pageref">515</a>; in Gondal (1349), <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>; pursues Tághi, <a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muhammad Tughlak II.</span>: emperor -(1391–1393), <a href="#pb232" class="pageref">232</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muhammad Ufi</span>: <a href="#n195.4">195 note -4</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muharrir</span>: secretary, <a href="#pb214" class="pageref">214</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muhtasib</span>: city censor, <a href="#pb214" -class="pageref">214</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muiz-ud-din</span>: Gujarát governor (1347), -<a href="#pb231" class="pageref">231</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muiz-ud-din Bahrám Sháh</span>: -Sultán of Dehli (1194–1205), defeated by Viradhavala, -<a href="#pb201" class="pageref">201</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mukaddam</span>: <a href="#pb212" class="pageref">212</a>. See Patel.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e65971" title="Source: Mukhtiár">Mukhtár</span> Khán</span>: -thirty-seventh viceroy of Gujarát (1683–84), <a href="#pb287" class="pageref">287</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muktias</span>: crown domain officers, <a href="#pb209" class="pageref">209</a> and <a href="#n209.2">note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mulaka</span>: son of Sahajiga, makes grants to -Somanátha; is mentioned in the inscription at Mangrol, <a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mulakgiri</span>: land-raiding system in -Káthiáváḍa under the Mughals and -Maráthás, <a href="#pb417" class="pageref">417</a>; -special rules, <a href="#pb418" class="pageref">418</a>, <a href="#pb421" class="pageref">421</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Múlanáthadeva</span>: temple of, at -Mandali, <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a> and <a href="#n161.2">note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e66020" title="Source: Mularája">Múlarája</span></span>: -Solaṅki king, <a href="#pb131" class="pageref">131</a>, <a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>, <a href="#pb153" class="pageref">153</a>, <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>, <a href="#pb470" class="pageref">470</a>. See <span class="corr" id="xd25e66039" title="Source: Mularája">Múlarája</span>, Chaulukya -king.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e66045" title="Source: Mularája">Múlarája</span></span>: -Chaulukya king (961–996); his descent and birth; kills his -maternal uncle and ascends the Chávaḍá throne; his -fight with <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb577" href="#pb577" name="pb577">577</a>]</span>Bárappa; his war with Graharipu, ruler of -Sorath; instals his son and retires; builds temples at <span class="corr" id="xd25e66050" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -and Siddhapur; grants villages to Bráhmans, <a href="#pb131" -class="pageref">131</a>, <a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>, -<a href="#pb153" class="pageref">153</a>, <a href="#pb156" class="pageref">156–162</a>, <a href="#pb164" class="pageref">164</a>, -<a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>, <a href="#pb470" class="pageref">470</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e66077" title="Source: Mularája">Múlarája</span></span>: heir -apparent of <span class="corr" id="xd25e66080" title="Source: Bhima">Bhíma</span> I. of <span class="corr" id="xd25e66083" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>, -his mysterious death, <a href="#pb169" class="pageref">169</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e66091" title="Source: Mularája">Múlarája</span> II.</span>: -Chaulukya king (1177–1179), succeeds his father Ajayapála; -disperses the Turushka army, defeats Muhammad Ghori, <a href="#pb195" -class="pageref">195</a>, <a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e66103" title="Source: Mulaśvámi">Múlaśvámi</span></span>: -temple of, at <span class="corr" id="xd25e66106" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>, -<a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mulavasatiká</span>: Jain temple at -<span class="corr" id="xd25e66116" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>, -<a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>, <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muleśvara</span>: temple at <span class="corr" -id="xd25e66129" title="Source: Manḍalinagara">Maṇḍali-nagara</span>, -<a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muliyásar</span>: Kshatrapa inscription at, -<a href="#pb43" class="pageref">43</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mulla Muhammad Ali</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e66146" title="Source: Umdát-ut-tujjar">Ûmdá-tut-tujjár</span> -or chief of merchants, raises a disturbance at Surat (1729), fixes his -head-quarters at <span class="corr" id="xd25e66149" title="Source: Perim">Píram</span>, and afterwards at Athva on the -Tápti, <a href="#pb309" class="pageref">309</a>; builds the fort -of Athva (1730), <a href="#pb310" class="pageref">310</a>; drives -Sohráb Khán, governor, out of Surat (1732); kept in -confinement by Teghbeg Khán, governor of Surat, <a href="#pb313" -class="pageref">313</a>; in correspondence with the Nizám; -letters from the Nizám to Teghbeg Khán for the release -of; the assassination of (1734), <a href="#pb315" class="pageref">315</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Müller</span>: <a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a>, <a href="#pb543" class="pageref">543</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Multán</span>: capital of Húṇa -dynasty, <a href="#pb143" class="pageref">143</a>, <a href="#pb459" -class="pageref">459</a>, <a href="#pb509" class="pageref">509</a>, -<a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a>, <a href="#pb528" class="pageref">528</a>, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muna</span>: lake at Viramgám, <a href="#pb180" class="pageref">180</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mundakeśvara</span>: holy place, <a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e66215" title="Source: Munja">Muñja</span></span>: king of Málwa, -deprives Chámuṇḍa of his marks of royalty, <a href="#pb162" class="pageref">162</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e66223" title="Source: Munjála">Muñjála</span></span>: minister -of <span class="corr" id="xd25e66226" title="Source: Karna">Karṇa</span>, Chaulukya king, <a href="#pb170" -class="pageref">170</a>, <a href="#pb171" class="pageref">171</a>, -<a href="#pb172" class="pageref">172</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Murád Bakhsh</span>: Prince Muhammad, -twenty-ninth viceroy of Gujarát (1654–1657); surrender of -Kánji Chunvália Koli; proclaims himself emperor of -Gujarát (1657); his transfer to the viceroyalty of Berár -through Dárá Shikoh; collects an army and arranges to -meet his brother Aurangzib; fights a battle with Mahárája -<span class="corr" id="xd25e66242" title="Source: Jasvantsing">Jasvatsingh</span> and <span class="corr" id="xd25e66245" title="Source: Kásamkhán">Kásam -Khán</span>, viceroys of Málwa and Gujarát (1658); -Aurangzib and Murád enter Ujjain, meet Dárá Shikoh -at Dholpur and defeat him; confined by Aurangzib at Mathura (1658), -<a href="#pb281" class="pageref">281–282</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e66253" title="Source: Muruj-uz-zaháb">Múruj-uz-zahab</span></span>: -‘Meadows of Gold,’ work of Al Masudi, <a href="#n506.8">506 -note 8</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e66261" title="Source: Murunda">Muruṇḍa</span></span>: tribe, <a href="#pb64" class="pageref">64</a> and <a href="#n64.5">note 5</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Musa bin <span class="corr" id="xd25e66273" title="Source: Ishák">Is-hák</span></span>: <a href="#pb516" -class="pageref">516</a> and <a href="#n516.3">note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Musalmáns</span>: Gujarát -(1297–1760), <a href="#pb207" class="pageref">207–384</a>, -<a href="#pb451" class="pageref">451</a>, <a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a>, <a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a>, <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>, <a href="#pb516" class="pageref">516</a>, <a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a>, <a href="#pb523" class="pageref">523</a>, <a href="#pb526" class="pageref">526</a>, <a href="#pb530" class="pageref">530</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mushaka Vihára</span>: temple at -Pátan, built by Kumárapála, <a href="#pb190" -class="pageref">190</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mushrifs</span>: revenue clerks, <a href="#pb212" -class="pageref">212</a>, <a href="#pb214" class="pageref">214</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muslim</span>: Arabs, first attack Broach, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muslims</span>: dress of, <a href="#pb529" class="pageref">529</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e66351" title="Source: Mustáphá">Mustapha</span> Khán</span>: -head of the Arabs at Sunth, makes the Rája prisoner; disarmed -and shot by Lieutenant Alban, <a href="#pb441" class="pageref">441</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mutasaddi</span>: civil officer, <a href="#pb212" -class="pageref">212</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muter</span>: Captain, arrest of, by Genl. Roberts, -<a href="#pb440" class="pageref">440</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mutiny</span>: at Ahmedábád, -suppression of, by the viceroy (1689) <a href="#pb288" class="pageref">288</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muzgiri</span>: <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muzaffar I.</span>: of Gujarát, -(1407–1419), <a href="#pb210" class="pageref">210</a>, <a href="#pb234" class="pageref">234–235</a>; invades Málwa and -defeats Sultán Hoshang at Dhár (1407); takes -Sultán Hoshang to Gujarát as a prisoner; releases and -reinstates him at Mándu (1408), <a href="#pb358" class="pageref">358</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muzaffar II.</span>: Gujarát king, attacks -Somanátha, <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muzaffar Khán Gárdi</span>: -Peshwa’s captain at Surat (1758–1759), <a href="#pb343" -class="pageref">343</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muzaffarábád</span>: port, burned by -the Portuguese (1532), <a href="#pb347" class="pageref">347</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Muziris</span>: Kranganur, <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Myos Hormos</span>: near Rás Abu Somer, -<a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>, <a href="#pb543" class="pageref">543</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Naagramma</span>: town, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nabathæa</span>: destruction of the kingdom -of (105), <a href="#pb543" class="pageref">543</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e66457" title="Source: Nadiád">Naḍiád</span></span>: battle near -(1412), <a href="#pb235" class="pageref">235</a>; made over to the -British by Rávji Apáji (1803), <a href="#pb413" class="pageref">413</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nádirsháh</span>: Persian emperor -invades Hindustán, <a href="#pb322" class="pageref">322</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nadol</span>: copperplate, <a href="#n181.3">181 -note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nador</span>: state in Márwár, its -chief Kelhana put a man to death for his wife having offered flesh to a -field-god, <a href="#pb193" class="pageref">193</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nadula</span>: modern Nándol, <a href="#pb198" class="pageref">198</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nága Kings</span>: the, <a href="#pb64" -class="pageref">64</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nága</span>: see Nirihullaka, <a href="#pb115" class="pageref">115</a>. Wild tribe identified with -Naikdás of the Panch Maháls and the Talabdás of -Broach, <a href="#pb115" class="pageref">115</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nágada</span>: minister of -Visáladeva, <a href="#pb203" class="pageref">203</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nágána</span>: temple of, in -Meváḍ, <a href="#pb133" class="pageref">133</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nágáne</span>: tribal guardians of -the <span class="corr" id="xd25e66530" title="Source: Rathods">Ráthoḍs</span>, <a href="#pb452" class="pageref">452</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nagar Fárkar</span>: rising in, <a href="#pb448" class="pageref">448</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e66545" title="Source: Naga">Nága</span> Rája</span>: son of -Chamuṇḍa, Chaulukya king, <a href="#pb162" class="pageref">162–163</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nágariká</span>: modern -Navsári, <a href="#pb125" class="pageref">125</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nagarouris</span>: probably Poona, <a href="#pb541" -class="pageref">541</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nágasárika</span>: modern -Navsári, <a href="#pb125" class="pageref">125</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nágavarddhana</span>: Chálukya -prince; king ruling in west Násik; grant of, at Nirpau, <a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>, <a href="#pb110" class="pageref">110</a>, <a href="#pb111" class="pageref">111</a>, <a href="#pb112" class="pageref">112</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nágavarmman</span>: <a href="#pb122" class="pageref">122</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nág worship</span>: legends of, <a href="#n502.3">502 note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nagor</span>: fort of, <a href="#n174.1">174 note -1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nágher</span>: district, <a href="#pb208" -class="pageref">208</a> and <a href="#n208.3">note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nahapána</span>: first Gujarát -Kshatrapa, <a href="#pb24" class="pageref">24</a>, <a href="#pb29" -class="pageref">29</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nahlwára</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e66635" title="Source: Anahilváḍa">Aṇahilváḍa</span>, -<a href="#pb508" class="pageref">508</a>, <a href="#pb509" class="pageref">509</a>, <a href="#pb510" class="pageref">510</a>, <a href="#pb511" class="pageref">511</a>, <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>, <a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a>, <a href="#pb531" class="pageref">531</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nahrwálá</span>: the Rai of -(Bhimdeva), <a href="#pb196" class="pageref">196</a>, <a href="#pb511" -class="pageref">511</a>, <a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nahush</span>: father of Yayati, <a href="#pb460" -class="pageref">460</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Naikda Bhils</span>: in revolt under Rupa and Keval -Naiks (1858), <a href="#pb444" class="pageref">444</a>; joined by -Tátia Topi’s broken force, <a href="#pb445" class="pageref">445</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Náikdás</span>: wild tribe, <a href="#pb115" class="pageref">115</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Náikidevi</span>: wife of Ajayapála -and mother of <span class="corr" id="xd25e66701" title="Source: Mularája">Múlarája</span> II. Chaulukya -kings, her fight at <span class="corr" id="xd25e66704" title="Source: Gádárárághatta">Gádaráraghatta</span>, -<a href="#pb195" class="pageref">195</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Náin Pal</span>, slew <span class="corr" id="xd25e66714" title="Source: Ajipal">Ajipál</span>, Kanuj monarch -(470), <a href="#pb120" class="pageref">120</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Náis</span>: barbers, <a href="#pb451" -class="pageref">451</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Náiyad</span>: district in Sorath, <a href="#pb208" class="pageref">208</a> and <a href="#n208.3">note 3</a>. -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb578" href="#pb578" name="pb578">578</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Nakhonwat</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e66743" title="Source: Naga’s">Nága’s</span> -shrine in Cambodia, begun in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 825 and -completed in <span class="sc">a.d.</span> 950, <a href="#pb499" -class="pageref">499</a>, <a href="#pb500" class="pageref">500</a>, -<a href="#pb504" class="pageref">504</a> and <a href="#n504.1">note -1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nakkabhajja</span>: village, <a href="#pb127" -class="pageref">127</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nakleśvara</span>: temple of Śiva at -Kárván, <a href="#pb83" class="pageref">83</a> note.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nakuliśa</span>: <a href="#pb83" class="pageref">83</a> note and note 1.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nakuliśa Páśupata</span>: sect, -<a href="#pb205" class="pageref">205</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nalkántha</span>: district, <a href="#pb208" -class="pageref">208</a> and <a href="#n208.3">note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Namados</span>: the Narmada, <a href="#pb539" -class="pageref">539</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Námagranth</span>: <a href="#pb464" class="pageref">464</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Namnadios</span>: the Narmada, <a href="#pb545" -class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nánághát</span>: inscription -at, <a href="#pb38" class="pageref">38</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nanagouna</span>: supposed to be the -Kálinadi, <a href="#pb542" class="pageref">542</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nana Phadnis</span>: at the head of affairs in -Poona (1774); drives Rághoba from power <a href="#pb401" class="pageref">401</a>; schemes of, against the English; demands the cession -of Sálsette and the person of Rághoba, <a href="#pb408" -class="pageref">408</a>; his proposals to <span class="corr" id="xd25e66849" title="Source: Govindrao">Govindráo</span> -Gáikwár, <a href="#pb411" class="pageref">411</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nandi</span>: bull, badge of the religion of -Valabha dynasty, <a href="#pb80" class="pageref">80</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nándipuri</span>: modern -Nándoḍ, <a href="#pb4" class="pageref">4</a>, <a href="#pb85" class="pageref">85</a>; capital of Gurjjara dynasty of Broach -district, <a href="#pb107" class="pageref">107</a>; palace of Gurjjara -kings, <a href="#pb111" class="pageref">111</a>; capital of the -Gurjjars, <a href="#pb113" class="pageref">113</a>. See Nándor, -<a href="#pb113" class="pageref">113</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nándod</span>: capital of the Gurjjara -dynasty of Broach district, <a href="#pb107" class="pageref">107</a>, -<a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>; capital of Rájpipla, -<a href="#pb113" class="pageref">113</a>. See Nándipuri and -Nándor.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nandol</span>: in Márwár; its chief -slain by <span class="corr" id="xd25e66902" title="Source: Lavanaprasáda">Lavaṇaprasáda</span>, -<a href="#pb198" class="pageref">198</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nándor</span>: capital of the Gurjjaras, -modern Nándoḍ, <a href="#pb113" class="pageref">113</a> -and <a href="#n113.3">note 3</a>. See Nándipuri and -Nándod.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Naoura</span>: <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Náradji</span>: divine sage, <a href="#pb461" class="pageref">461</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nárána</span>: <a href="#pb507" -class="pageref">507</a>, <a href="#pb520" class="pageref">520</a>. See -Náráyan.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Narasimha III.</span>: Hoysala Ballála king -of Dvárasamudra (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1254), -<a href="#n203.3">203 note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Narasimha</span>: Karnátak king, <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e66962" title="Source: Narasimhagupta">Narasiṃhagupta</span></span>: Gupta -chief, <a href="#pb74" class="pageref">74</a>, <a href="#pb77" class="pageref">77</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Naravarman</span>: king of Málwa, at war -with Siddharája, <a href="#pb177" class="pageref">177</a>; his -inscription, <a href="#pb173" class="pageref">173</a>, <a href="#pb180" -class="pageref">180</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Náráyana</span>: minister of war and -peace; writer of Karka’s Surat grant, <a href="#pb125" class="pageref">125</a>; writer of Dhruva’s Baroda grant, <a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>, <a href="#n511.12">511 note 12</a>, -<a href="#pb520" class="pageref">520</a>; ancient capital of -Gujarát, <a href="#pb527" class="pageref">527</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Náráyan</span>: Bania or -Bazána, battle of (1192), <a href="#n195.4">195 note 4</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Náráyanráv Peshwa</span>: -murder of (1772), <a href="#pb401" class="pageref">401</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e67019" title="Source: Narbáda">Narbadá</span></span>: river, special -holiness of, <a href="#pb84" class="pageref">84</a>; its lower valley -occupied by wild tribes, <a href="#pb114" class="pageref">114</a>; -crossed by the Maráthás for the first time (1675), -<a href="#pb198" class="pageref">198</a>, <a href="#pb387" class="pageref">387</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e67033" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb444" class="pageref">444</a>; estuary -of, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Narbherám</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e67047" title="Source: Gaikwar’s">Gáikwár’s</span> deputy, -<a href="#pb345" class="pageref">345</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nareæ</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Narmada</span>: <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>. See Narbada.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Narmaza</span>: the Narbada, valley of, <a href="#pb510" class="pageref">510</a> and <a href="#n510.3">note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nármukhsarovar</span>: see -Nimbáli.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nasarpur</span>: town, <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Náro Pandit</span>: deputy of -Sadáshiv Rámchandra in Ahmedábád, <a href="#pb342" class="pageref">342</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Narotamdás</span>: Rághoba’s -agent for negotiating the terms of the treaty of Surat, <a href="#pb402" class="pageref">402</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nárukot</span>: Náikda Bhils in -revolt at (1858), <a href="#pb444" class="pageref">444</a>, <a href="#pb445" class="pageref">445</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nasika</span>: modern Násik, <a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Násik</span>: northern Chálukya -capital, <a href="#pb112" class="pageref">112</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e67129" title="Source: Násir-ud-din">Násir-ud-dín</span></span>: -Abdul Kádir, son and successor of <span class="corr" id="xd25e67132" title="Source: Ghiás-ud-din">Ghiás-ud-dín</span> -(1502–1512); poisons his father, becomes Sultán, and -subjects his mother <span class="corr" id="xd25e67135" title="Source: Khurshid">Khurshíd</span> to indignities and torture, -<a href="#pb365" class="pageref">365</a>. See Abdul Kádir.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e67143" title="Source: Násir-ud-din">Násir-ud-dín</span> -Kabáchah</span>: Sultán (1246–1266) deputes his -general to attack Nahrwála, <a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a>, <a href="#pb519" class="pageref">519</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nasmyth</span>, Captain D., <a href="#pb447" class="pageref">447</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nasrat Khán</span>: companion of Alaf -Khán in the Gujarát expedition, <a href="#pb205" class="pageref">205</a>; plunders Cambay, <a href="#pb515" class="pageref">515</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e67172" title="Source: Naulakheshwar">Naulákheshwar</span></span>: shrine of, -<a href="#pb452" class="pageref">452</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Náusári</span>: <a href="#pb546" -class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Naushahro</span>: town, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Navaghani</span>: see Noghan.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Navánagar</span>: town, <a href="#pb226" -class="pageref">226</a>; revolt of the Jám crushed by -Ázam Khán viceroy (1640), <a href="#pb279" class="pageref">279</a>; chiefship of, usurped by Raisinghji, captured and -annexed and the name changed into Islámnagar by <span class="corr" id="xd25e67207" title="Source: Kutb-ud-din">Kutb-ud-dín</span> (1664), <a href="#pb283" class="pageref">283</a>; restored to Tamáchi son of -Raisinghji; the city remains in the hands of the Mughals till 1707, -<a href="#pb285" class="pageref">285</a>; quarrels of the Jám -of, with the Ráo of Kachh, ejects Baroda agents (1807); British -arbitration, <a href="#pb425" class="pageref">425</a>; -Jám’s death, <a href="#pb427" class="pageref">427</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Navsári</span>: inscription of <span class="corr" id="xd25e67227" title="Source: Siláditya">Śíláditya</span> at, -capital of <span class="corr" id="xd25e67230" title="Source: Jayasimhavarmman">Jayasiṃhavarmman</span>, <a href="#pb107" class="pageref">107</a>; copperplate of <span class="corr" id="xd25e67236" title="Source: Jayabhata">Jayabhaṭa</span> at, -<a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>; capital of Pulakeśi; -destruction of the Chálukya kingdom of, <a href="#pb110" class="pageref">110</a>; the great Arab invasion, repulsed by Pulakeśi -<span class="corr" id="xd25e67246" title="Source: Janásraya">Janáśraya</span> at, <a href="#pb117" class="pageref">117</a>; grant of Karka I. at, <a href="#pb124" class="pageref">124</a>, <a href="#pb125" class="pageref">125</a>; copperplate grants found at, <a href="#pb128" class="pageref">128</a>; Indra’s copperplates at, <a href="#pb128" -class="pageref">128</a>, <a href="#pb130" class="pageref">130</a>; -grant of Chálukya king Pulikeśi <span class="corr" id="xd25e67268" title="Source: Janásraya">Janáśraya</span> at, <a href="#pb149" class="pageref">149</a>, <a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nawábs</span>: of Surat and Broach, <a href="#pb214" class="pageref">214</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nazar Ali Khán</span>: governor of Baroda -retakes the fort of Broach from the Matiás and Momnás -(1691), <a href="#pb288" class="pageref">288</a>; nephew of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e67291" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán viceroy of -Gujarát (1738–1743), <a href="#pb325" class="pageref">325</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Neacyndon</span>: Melkynda of Ptolemy and Nelkynda -of the Periplus, <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nearchus</span>: <a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nek Álam Khán</span>: -Nizám’s lieutenant at Broach, <a href="#pb324" class="pageref">324</a>; governor of Broach dies (1754), <a href="#pb338" -class="pageref">338</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Neknám Khán Bahádur</span>: -the title of <span class="corr" id="xd25e67325" title="Source: Hamid-beg">Hamid Beg</span>, governor of Broach, <a href="#pb339" class="pageref">339</a>; supports Sayad Achchan at Surat -(1759), <a href="#pb343" class="pageref">343</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nelkynda</span>: Kallada, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nemáditya</span>: minister of war and peace -of Karka I., <a href="#pb125" class="pageref">125</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Neminátha</span>: stone temples of, on -<span class="corr" id="xd25e67353" title="Source: Satruñjaya">Śatruñjaya</span>, Ábu, -and Girnár hills, <a href="#pb177" class="pageref">177</a>, -<a href="#pb202" class="pageref">202</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nennapa</span>: grantee in Dhruva II.’s -Bagumrá grant, <a href="#pb131" class="pageref">131</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nepál</span>: inscription of <span class="corr" id="xd25e67373" title="Source: Amsuvarman">Amśuvarman</span> in, <a href="#pb81" class="pageref">81</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Netravati</span>: river, <a href="#pb542" class="pageref">542</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nicholas Ufflet</span>: traveller (1610), <a href="#n224.2">224 note 2</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb579" href="#pb579" name="pb579">579</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Nicolo de Conti</span>: traveller (1420–1444) -<a href="#pb220" class="pageref">220</a>, note 2.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nihśankamalla</span>: king of <span class="corr" id="xd25e67405" title="Source: Anahillapataka">Aṇahillapáṭaka</span>, -<a href="#pb204" class="pageref">204</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nikolaos</span>: of Damascus, <a href="#pb535" -class="pageref">535</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nikumbhalla Śakti</span>: Sendraka chief, his -grant, <a href="#pb55" class="pageref">55–56</a>, <a href="#pb111" class="pageref">111</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nilakantha Mahádeva</span>: -Kumárapála’s royal god, <a href="#pb189" class="pageref">189</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nilakantheśvara Mahádeva</span>: image -of, <a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nile</span>: river, <a href="#pb510" class="pageref">510</a>, <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nili</span>: queen of Graharipu, <a href="#pb160" -class="pageref">160</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nilkanth</span>: pleasure-house at Mándu, -visited by Akbar in 1574 and by Jehángir in 1617, <a href="#pb356" class="pageref">356</a>; inscriptions, <a href="#pb370" class="pageref">370–371</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nilkanth Mahádev</span>: shrine of, <a href="#pb455" class="pageref">455</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nimach</span>: <a href="#pb539" class="pageref">539</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nimbáli</span>: tank, <a href="#pb453" -class="pageref">453</a>. See Nármukhsarovar.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nimghoria Bhairav</span>: <a href="#pb454" class="pageref">454</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nirihullaka</span>: grant of, <a href="#n58.1">58 -note 1</a>; chieftain of a wild tribe, <a href="#pb114" class="pageref">114</a>, <a href="#pb115" class="pageref">115</a>. See -Nága.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nirpan</span>: grant of Nágavarddhana -<span class="corr" id="xd25e67515" title="Source: Tribhuvanásraya">Tribhuvanáśraya</span> at, -<a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>, <a href="#pb110" class="pageref">110</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nirupama</span>: another name of Dhruva I. and -Dhruva II., <a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nisháda</span>: country, <a href="#pb36" -class="pageref">36</a> and <a href="#n36.9">note 9</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nitra</span>: identified with Mangalore, <a href="#pb542" class="pageref">542</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nitrias</span>: <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>, <a href="#pb542" class="pageref">542</a>. See -Nitra.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e67561" title="Source: Nityamvarsha">Nityaṃvarsha</span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e67564" title="Source: Rattakandarpa">Raṭṭakandarpa</span></span>: -<a href="#pb130" class="pageref">130</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nizámsháhi rulers</span>: of the -Dakhan (1490–1595), <a href="#pb221" class="pageref">221</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nizám-ul-Mulk</span>: governor of -Gujarát (1351), <a href="#pb231" class="pageref">231</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e67583" title="Source: .">;</span> Asafjáh, viceroy of Ujjain (1720), retires -to the Dakhan, defeats and kills Sayad Diláwar Khán; -retires to Aurangábád, battle of Bálápur in -the Berárs and death of <span class="corr" id="xd25e67586" -title="Source: Alam">Álam</span> Khán, deputy viceroy of -the Dakhan, <a href="#pb301" class="pageref">301</a>; appointed prime -minister of the empire (1721), <a href="#pb302" class="pageref">302</a>; his disagreement with Haidar Kuli Khán -(1722), <a href="#pb303" class="pageref">303</a>; appointed fifty-first -viceroy of Gujarát (1722); appoints Hamid Khán, deputy -viceroy and <span class="corr" id="xd25e67599" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán, governor of Surat, -<a href="#pb303" class="pageref">303</a>; defeats Rustam Ali, <a href="#pb390" class="pageref">390</a>; sends Sayads Mithan and Achhan to -Surat to avenge Mulla Muhammad <span class="corr" id="xd25e67608" -title="Source: Ali">Áli</span> (1748), <a href="#pb331" class="pageref">331</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Noghan</span>: Áhir ruler of <span class="corr" id="xd25e67618" title="Source: Surashtra">Suráshṭra</span>, attacked and slain -by Siddharája, <a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nono da Cunha</span>: Portuguese viceroy in India, -<a href="#pb349" class="pageref">349</a>, <a href="#pb351" class="pageref">351</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Northern India</span>: conquest of, by Timur -(1398–1400), <a href="#pb357" class="pageref">357</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nousaripa</span>: modern Nausari, <a href="#pb539" -class="pageref">539</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nuh</span>: Noah, given as the first ancestor of -the <span class="corr" id="xd25e67653" title="Source: Chudásamma">Chúḍásamá</span>, -<a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nur Jehán</span>: wife of emperor -Jehángir at Mándu, <a href="#pb375" class="pageref">375</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e67668" title="Source: Nur-ud-din">Núr-ud-dín</span> Muhammad -Ufi</span>: author of Jami-ul-Hikáyat (1211), <a href="#pb512" -class="pageref">512</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Nuzhat-ul-Mushták</span>: work of Al -<span class="corr" id="xd25e67679" title="Source: Idrisi">Idrísi</span>, <a href="#n508.10">508 note -10</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Obollah</span>: <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">O-che-lo</span>: Chinese name of the Arhat -Áchára, <a href="#pb79" class="pageref">79</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Odonbœores</span><span class="corr" id="xd25e67702" title="Source: ;">:</span> tribe, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Office-bearers</span>: under the Valabhi -administration (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 500–700), -<a href="#pb81" class="pageref">81</a>, <a href="#pb82" class="pageref">82</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ohind</span>: <a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Okelis</span>: modern Ghalla, <a href="#pb537" -class="pageref">537</a>, <a href="#pb543" class="pageref">543</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e67740" title="Source: Okhagir">Okhágir</span></span>: <a href="#pb208" class="pageref">208</a>; Okhámandal.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Okhámandal</span>: zillah, <a href="#pb208" -class="pageref">208</a> and <a href="#n208.3">note 3</a>; chiefs of, -admit Sundarji Shiváji as resident on behalf of British -Government, <a href="#pb425" class="pageref">425</a>; chiefs of, take -to piracy (1816) and are crushed by a British force; the district of, -made over to the Gáikwár (1816), <a href="#pb427" class="pageref">427</a>; Wághers of, besiege and plunder Dwárka -Barvála and Bet (1859)<span class="corr" id="xd25e67763" title="Source: :">;</span> expedition against Bet; capture of the forts of -Bet and Dwárka, <a href="#pb446" class="pageref">446–448</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ollaiyaka</span>: grantor mentioned in -Akálavarsha <span class="corr" id="xd25e67774" title="Source: Krishna’s">Kṛishṇa’s</span> grant at -Bágumra, <a href="#pb128" class="pageref">128</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Olokhoira</span>: provisionally identified with -Karád, <a href="#pb542" class="pageref">542</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Olpád</span>: <a href="#pb539" class="pageref">539</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Omana</span>: east of the Persian Gulf, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Omenogara</span>: probably Junnar, <a href="#pb541" -class="pageref">541</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Oratæ</span>: the Aparántakas, -<a href="#pb532" class="pageref">532</a>, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Oratura</span>: probably <span class="corr" id="xd25e67825" title="Source: Suráshtra">Suráshṭra</span>, <a href="#pb6" class="pageref">6</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Orbadarou</span>: identification of, <a href="#pb539" class="pageref">539</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Orbitai</span>: Makrán tribe, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Origin</span>: of the name of Gujarát, -<a href="#pb2" class="pageref">2–5</a>; of the Valabhis, <a href="#pb85" class="pageref">85–86</a>; of Bhinmal, <a href="#pb466" -class="pageref">466</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Orisa</span>: <a href="#pb494" class="pageref">494</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ormuz</span>: shipowner of, <a href="#pb204" class="pageref">204</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Orostræ</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb534" -class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Orrhotha</span>: Sorath, <a href="#pb547" class="pageref">547</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Orsi</span>: Urasa tribe, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Osanpur</span>: town, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Osia</span>: town, <a href="#pb463" class="pageref">463</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Osumbhala</span>: village, <a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Osváls</span>: caste, <a href="#pb463" -class="pageref">463</a>, <a href="#pb464" class="pageref">464</a>; -origin of, <a href="#n464.1">464 note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ounia</span>: same as Húṇa, <a href="#pb146" class="pageref">146</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Oxus</span>: river, <a href="#pb144" class="pageref">144</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ozene</span>: Ujjain, <a href="#pb37" class="pageref">37</a>, <a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>, <a href="#pb543" class="pageref">543</a>, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Padmapura</span>: city in Kâshmir, <a href="#pb188" class="pageref">188</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e67968" title="Source: Padmávati">Padmávatí</span></span>: wife -of Kumárapála, <a href="#pb188" class="pageref">188</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pagoda</span>: coin, <a href="#n219.2">219 note -2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pahár Khán Jhálori</span>: -governor of Pálanpur (1744), <a href="#pb328" class="pageref">328</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Páhini</span>: mother of Hemachandra, -<a href="#pb191" class="pageref">191</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pahlavas</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb35" class="pageref">35</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e68001" title="Source: ,">.</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Paithan</span>: town, <a href="#pb37" class="pageref">37</a>, <a href="#pb132" class="pageref">132</a>, <a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>, <a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pakidari</span>: modern Kávi, <a href="#pb539" class="pageref">539</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pál</span>: <a href="#pb216" class="pageref">216</a>. See Vol.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pál</span>: village, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Palai</span>: <a href="#pb543" class="pageref">543</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Palaipatmai</span>: modern Pál, <a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Palaisimoundou</span>: Ceylon, <a href="#pb543" -class="pageref">543</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pálanpur</span>: birth-place of -Siddharája, Chaulukya king, <a href="#pb171" class="pageref">171</a>, <a href="#pb310" class="pageref">310</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Palibothra</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e68083" title="Source: Pátaliputra">Páṭaliputra</span>, modern -Patna, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb580" href="#pb580" name="pb580">580</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e68092" title="Source: Pálimbothra">Palimbothra</span></span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e68095" title="Source: Pataliputra">Páṭaliputra</span>, <a href="#pb546" -class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pálitána</span>: <a href="#pb186" -class="pageref">186</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pallava</span>: dynasty of Dakhan kings, <a href="#pb35" class="pageref">35</a>, <a href="#pb58" class="pageref">58</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e68120" title="Source: Palsana">Palsána</span></span>: village, <a href="#pb127" class="pageref">127</a> and <a href="#n127.3">note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pálwára</span>: local name, <a href="#n208.3">208 note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pampa</span>: Kanarese poet (941), <a href="#pb466" -class="pageref">466</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Panas</span>: town, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Panchál</span>: zillah, <a href="#pb208" -class="pageref">208</a> and <a href="#n208.3">note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e68163" title="Source: Panchásar">Pañchásar</span></span>: -village, Chávaḍá chiefship at its fall (696), -<a href="#pb149" class="pageref">149</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e68168" title="Not in source">,</span> <a href="#pb150" class="pageref">150</a>, <a href="#pb155" class="pageref">155</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e68179" title="Source: Panchásara">Pañchásará</span> -Párasnáth</span>: Jain temple of, <a href="#pb152" class="pageref">152</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Panch Maháls</span>: rising in; siege of -Dohad raised by Captain Buckle’s forces, <a href="#pb439" class="pageref">439</a>; Tátia Topi in, his expulsion from, <a href="#pb445" class="pageref">445</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pandæ</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e68200" title="Source: Pándyas">Páṇḍyas</span>, <a href="#pb532" class="pageref">532</a>, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pandai</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e68213" -title="Source: Pándyas">Páṇḍyas</span>, -<a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pándavas</span>: the, <a href="#pb519" -class="pageref">519</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pandion</span>: kingdom of the <span class="corr" -id="xd25e68230" title="Source: Pándyas">Páṇḍyas</span>, <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pandits</span>: at courts of Gujarát kings, -<a href="#pb180" class="pageref">180</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pándurang Pandit</span>: Peshwa’s -agent in Gujarát, marches on Cambay and Ahmedábád, -makes peace with <span class="corr" id="xd25e68250" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán and Jawan Mard -Khán and retires to Sorath (1752), <a href="#pb335" class="pageref">335</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e68259" title="Source: Pandurang">Pándurang</span> Pant</span>: <a href="#pb398" class="pageref">398</a>. See <span class="corr" id="xd25e68266" title="Source: Pandurang">Pándurang</span> -Pandit.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e68271" title="Source: Pándya">Páṇḍya</span></span>: -kingdom of, conquered by Pulikeśi II., <a href="#pb111" class="pageref">111</a>, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Panjáb</span>: kingdom of, <a href="#pb526" -class="pageref">526</a>, <a href="#pb527" class="pageref">527</a>, -<a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e68301" title="Source: Pánini">Páṇini</span></span>: grammarian, -<a href="#pb36" class="pageref">36</a>, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pánipat</span>: battle of (1761), <a href="#pb345" class="pageref">345</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pánmul</span>: village, assigned to the -author of Mirat-i-Ahmedi, <a href="#pb322" class="pageref">322</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pánoli</span>: village, <a href="#pb328" -class="pageref">328</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Papike</span>: cape of, identification of, <a href="#pb539" class="pageref">539</a>, <a href="#pb544" class="pageref">544</a>, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Parabali</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Párahanaka</span>: village, granted, its -identity with Palsána, <a href="#pb127" class="pageref">127</a> -and <a href="#n127.3">note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Paramadeva</span>: Rája, identified with -Paramára, king of Ábu, <a href="#n168.2">168 note -2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Paramáras</span>: Rájputs, <a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a>; of Málwa, section of the -Gurjjara or Bhinmál empire, <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>; supreme in Marusthali, lose their possession, -<a href="#pb470" class="pageref">470</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Parántij</span>: assigned to the -Maráthás (1737), <a href="#pb110" class="pageref">110</a>, <a href="#pb319" class="pageref">319</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Parasang</span>: lineal measure, <a href="#pb165" -class="pageref">165</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Parasangæ</span>: Páraśava, -<a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="corr" id="xd25e68407" title="Source: Parasnáth">Párasnáth</span>: Jain saint, -<a href="#pb456" class="pageref">456</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Paraśuráma</span>: son of Sajjana, -finishes the temple of Nemináth, <a href="#n177.1">177 note -1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Párdi</span>: <a href="#pb110" class="pageref">110</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Parganáhs</span>: sub-divisions, <a href="#pb210" class="pageref">210</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Parkher</span>: local name of Baroda, <a href="#n208.3">208 note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pariah dog</span>: passing of the (1857), in -Gujarát, <a href="#pb433" class="pageref">433</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Parihárs</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e68452" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span>, <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>, <a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e68464" title="Source: Pariśishtaparvan">Pariśishṭaparvan</span></span>: -work of Hemachandra, <a href="#pb193" class="pageref">193</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pariyaya</span>: village, granted, <a href="#pb110" -class="pageref">110</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Park</span>: Colonel, <a href="#pb445" class="pageref">445</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Párlipur</span>: town, <a href="#pb119" -class="pageref">119</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e68493" title="Source: Parnadatta">Parṇadatta</span></span>: <span class="corr" -id="xd25e68496" title="Source: Suráshtra">Suráshṭra</span> governor of -Skandagupta, <a href="#pb69" class="pageref">69</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Párnera</span>: fort, captured by -Shiváji (1672), <a href="#pb387" class="pageref">387</a>; fort, -<a href="#pb402" class="pageref">402</a>; taken by Lieutenant Welsh -(1780), <a href="#pb409" class="pageref">409</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Párpas</span>: local name, <a href="#n208.3">208 note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pársvanátha</span>: temple of, -<a href="#pb471" class="pageref">471</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pársis</span>: <a href="#n194.1">194 note -1</a>; riot of, in Broach (1857), <a href="#pb437" class="pageref">437</a>, <a href="#pb438" class="pageref">438</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Partábpur</span>: gathering at; destruction -of, <a href="#pb443" class="pageref">443</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e68548" title="Not in source">.</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Parthians</span>: <a href="#pb543" class="pageref">543</a>, <a href="#pb544" class="pageref">544</a>; empire of, -<a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Párvati</span>: Shiv’s wife, <a href="#pb455" class="pageref">455</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pasáitas</span>: see Vartanias.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pasipêda</span>: town identified with -Besmaid, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Páśupata</span>: sect, <a href="#pb83" -class="pageref">83</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e68589" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Páśupatás</span>: take service -in army, <a href="#pb84" class="pageref">84</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Patala</span>: island, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>, <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>; town, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Patale</span>: Indus delta, <a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Patalênê</span>: <a href="#pb537" -class="pageref">537</a>. See Pattalene.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pátáleshwar</span>: <a href="#pb452" -class="pageref">452</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e68644" title="Source: Pátaliputra">Páṭaliputra</span></span>: -city, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pátan</span>: town, <a href="#pb231" class="pageref">231</a>, <a href="#pb232" class="pageref">232</a>, <a href="#pb235" class="pageref">235</a>; inscription at, <a href="#n167.1">167 -note 1</a>, <a href="#pb174" class="pageref">174</a>, <a href="#pb178" -class="pageref">178</a>; <span class="corr" id="xd25e68673" title="Source: Sahasralinga">Sahasraliṅga</span> lake built by -Siddharája at, <a href="#pb179" class="pageref">179</a>; -Sabhá called at, by Siddharája, <a href="#pb181" class="pageref">181</a>; stone inscription at, <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>; vacated by Jháloris and Ráthoḍs -and seized by Jawán Mard Khán (1737), <a href="#pb318" -class="pageref">318</a>, <a href="#pb460" class="pageref">460</a> and -<a href="#n460.4">note 4</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pátan Somnáth</span>: zillah, -<a href="#pb208" class="pageref">208</a> and <a href="#n208.3">note -3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pátálamalla</span>: another name of -Karka I., <a href="#pb124" class="pageref">124</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pátdi</span>: fort, given to -Bhávsingh by the Maráthás, <a href="#pb323" class="pageref">323–324</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Patels</span>: village headmen, <a href="#pb210" -class="pageref">210</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Patika</span>: northern Kshatrapa ruler, <a href="#pb23" class="pageref">23</a> and <a href="#n23.1">note 1</a>, -<a href="#pb33" class="pageref">33</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e68742" title="Source: Patri">Pátri</span></span>: Mándal, <a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Patrias</span>: dancing girls, <a href="#pb451" -class="pageref">451</a> and <a href="#n451.4">note 4</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pattabandh</span>: investiture festival, <a href="#pb130" class="pageref">130</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pattalene</span>: Lower Sindh, <a href="#pb535" -class="pageref">535</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pattan</span>: town, mosque in, <a href="#pb512" -class="pageref">512</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pattan Somnáth</span>: burned by the -Portuguese (1532), <a href="#pb347" class="pageref">347</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pattávale</span>: <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Patwári</span>: Mughal village officer, -<a href="#pb212" class="pageref">212</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pausanias</span>: (170) <a href="#pb499" class="pageref">499</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e68810" title="Source: Pávágad">Pávágaḍ</span></span>: -hill fort, goddess Káli on, <a href="#pb206" class="pageref">206</a> note; taken from and restored to Sindia by the -English (1803), <a href="#pb414" class="pageref">414</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pavár</span>: Gujar surname, <a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pawangad</span>: <a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pearl fisheries</span>: in the gulf of Kachh, -<a href="#pb285" class="pageref">285</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Penth</span>: <a href="#pb110" class="pageref">110</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Peperine</span>: island, <a href="#pb542" class="pageref">542</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Perami</span>: <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Perimula</span>: Chaul, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>, <a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Periplus</span>: the, <a href="#pb7" class="pageref">7</a>, <a href="#pb17" class="pageref">17</a>, <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>, <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>, <a href="#pb539" class="pageref">539</a>, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>; its author a merchant of Alexandria; -the chief views about its age, <a href="#pb542" class="pageref">542–546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Permádi</span>: king, <a href="#pb172" -class="pageref">172</a> and <a href="#n172.3">note 3</a>; Kadamba king, -<a href="#pb195" class="pageref">195</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Persia</span>: country, <a href="#pb497" class="pageref">497</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e68917" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb532" class="pageref">532</a>, <a href="#pb547" class="pageref">547</a>; gulf of, <a href="#pb516" class="pageref">516</a>, <a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pertalis</span>: capital of the -Gangaridæ.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pesháwar</span>: <i>stupas</i> of, <a href="#pb497" class="pageref">497</a>, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e68955" title="Source: Peshawar">Pesháwar</span></span>: Kidáras -established in, <a href="#pb144" class="pageref">144</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Peshkash</span>: Marátha contributions, -<a href="#pb216" class="pageref">216</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Peshwa</span>: opens for the first time direct -negotiations with the Viceroy of Gujarát (1726); <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb581" href="#pb581" name="pb581">581</a>]</span>appoints Udáji Pavár his deputy to -levy tribute in Gujarát and to operate against Piláji; -sends Chimnáji with an army through Gujarát; obtains -tribute on the whole revenue of Gujarát (1728), <a href="#pb307" -class="pageref">307</a>, <a href="#pb309" class="pageref">309</a>, -<a href="#pb391" class="pageref">391</a>; negotiates with the -Nizám and the adherents of Trimbakráv -Dábháde; recognises the Nizám’s rights to -several places in Gujarát and agrees to help him in severing the -Dakhan from the possessions of the emperor, <a href="#pb393" class="pageref">393</a>; negotiates with Jawán Mard Khán -(1750), <a href="#pb397" class="pageref">397</a>; treaty of Bassein -(1802), <a href="#pb413" class="pageref">413</a>; his intrigue in -Baroda, <a href="#pb426" class="pageref">426</a>; treaty of Poona -(1817); his fall (1818), <a href="#pb428" class="pageref">428</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pethapángaraka</span>: Dakshina Śiva -shrine at <a href="#pb132" class="pageref">132</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Petirgala</span>: probably Panagala or Hongal, -<a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Petlád</span>: fort, captured and demolished -by Rangoji (743), <a href="#pb327" class="pageref">327</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Peucolitæ</span>: people of <span class="corr" id="xd25e69025" title="Source: Pushkálavati">Pushkálavatí</span>, -<a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e69033" title="Source: Photios">Phôtios</span></span>: <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Phra Tong</span>: apparently Great Lord, <a href="#pb497" class="pageref">497</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Phula</span>: king of Kachh, <a href="#pb160" -class="pageref">160</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Phulpáda</span>: old Surat, <a href="#pb539" -class="pageref">539</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Phulada</span>: father of Lákha, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Piláji Gáikwár</span>: nephew -and successor of Dámáji Gáikwár, marches on -Surat (1719); defeats Musalmáns; establishes himself at Songad; -is secretly favored by <span class="corr" id="xd25e69071" title="Source: Ájitsingh">Ajítsingh</span>, <a href="#pb301" -class="pageref">301</a>, <a href="#pb390" class="pageref">390</a>; -marches on Surat and defeats <span class="corr" id="xd25e69080" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán; levies contribution; -overruns Surat province and builds forts in Rájpipla, <a href="#pb303" class="pageref">303</a>, <a href="#pb304" class="pageref">304</a>, <a href="#pb390" class="pageref">390</a>; obtains -Baroda and Dabhoi; prevents Udáji Pavár from joining his -forces with the viceroy at Baroda (1727), <a href="#pb308" class="pageref">308</a>, <a href="#pb391" class="pageref">391</a>; negotiates -with Mustafid Khán, governor elect of Surat (1730), <a href="#pb311" class="pageref">311</a>; assassinated (1732), <a href="#pb313" -class="pageref">313</a>, <a href="#pb394" class="pageref">394</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pilgrimages</span>: Vastupála’s, -<a href="#n202.1">202 note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pillar</span>: Allahábád, -inscriptions on, of Samudragupta, <a href="#pb63" class="pageref">63–65</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e69125" title="Source: Pi-lo-molo">Pi-lo-mo-lo</span></span>: Bhilmál or -Bhinmál, <a href="#pb3" class="pageref">3</a>, <a href="#pb466" -class="pageref">466</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pilu</span>: Salvadora persica, <a href="#pb449" -class="pageref">449</a>, <a href="#pb456" class="pageref">456</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pingalika</span>: <a href="#pb174" class="pageref">174</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pipal Duára</span>: <a href="#pb455" class="pageref">455</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Piram</span>: island in the gulf of Cambay, -<a href="#pb309" class="pageref">309</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pirate coast</span>: <a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pirates</span>: <a href="#pb492" class="pageref">492</a>, note 3.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pir Muhammad</span>: Akbar’s general in -Málwa, drives Sultán Báz Bahádur out of -Mándu (1560); his defeat and death (1561), <a href="#pb369" -class="pageref">369</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Piroz</span>: Muhammadan shipowner of Ormuz, builds -a mosque at Somanátha Pátan, <a href="#pb204" class="pageref">204</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Plate</span>: forgery of, <a href="#pb110" class="pageref">110</a>, <a href="#pb111" class="pageref">111</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pliny</span>: (23–79), <a href="#pb6" class="pageref">6</a>, <a href="#pb532" class="pageref">532</a>, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>, <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>, <a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>, <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>, <a href="#pb543" class="pageref">543</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Plutarch</span>: <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pokarn</span>: <a href="#pb464" class="pageref">464</a>. See Pushkar.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Polemaios</span>: <a href="#pb37" class="pageref">37</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pomponius Melo</span>: (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 43), <a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Poona</span>: treaty of, between the English and -the Peshwa (1817), <a href="#pb428" class="pageref">428</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Porbandar</span>: port, <a href="#pb524" class="pageref">524</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Poros</span>: Indian king, <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>, <a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ports</span>: Gujarát (1513–1515), -<a href="#pb220" class="pageref">220</a> and <a href="#n220.2">note -2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Portuguese</span>: affairs of the, in Diu -(1529–1536), <a href="#pb347" class="pageref">347</a>; send an -expedition to south Káthiáváḍa and sack -Tárápur, Balsár, and Surat (1531); burn the ports -of Somnáth<span class="corr" id="xd25e69304" title="Not in source">,</span> Pattan, Mangrul, Talaja, and -Muzaffarábád; destroy Bassein and burn Damán, -Thána, and Bombay; send an embassy to the court of <span class="corr" id="xd25e69307" title="Source: Humáyun">Humáyún</span> to obtain Diu; -treaty with Sultán Bahádur of Gujarát; disputes -with Sultán Bahádur (1536), <a href="#pb347" class="pageref">347</a>, <a href="#pb348" class="pageref">348</a>; in Surat -(1700–1703), <a href="#pb292" class="pageref">292</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Portuguese Asia</span>: historical work by -Faria-e-Souza (1650), <a href="#pb349" class="pageref">349</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Porwáls</span>: caste, origin of, <a href="#pb464" class="pageref">464</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Poseidonios</span>: <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Posina</span>: boundary of the Vághela -kingdom in 1297, <a href="#pb206" class="pageref">206</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Post</span>: in Musalmán period, <a href="#pb214" class="pageref">214</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Postal chaukis</span>: <a href="#pb214" class="pageref">214</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Potana</span>: Patala, <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Poulipoula</span>: identification of, <a href="#pb539" class="pageref">539</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e69379" title="Source: Prabandhachintámani">Prabandhachintámaṇi</span></span>: -historical work dealing with the <span class="corr" id="xd25e69382" -title="Source: Chávaḍa">Chávaḍá</span> -kings, <a href="#pb149" class="pageref">149</a> and <a href="#n149.2">note 2</a>, <a href="#pb151" class="pageref">151</a>, -<a href="#pb152" class="pageref">152</a>, <a href="#pb154" class="pageref">154</a>, <a href="#pb155" class="pageref">155</a>, <a href="#pb156" class="pageref">156</a>, <a href="#pb158" class="pageref">158</a>, <a href="#pb159" class="pageref">159</a>, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>, <a href="#pb162" class="pageref">162</a>, <a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163</a>, <a href="#pb169" class="pageref">169</a>, <a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>, <a href="#pb171" class="pageref">171</a>, <a href="#pb172" class="pageref">172</a>, <a href="#pb173" class="pageref">173</a>, <a href="#pb174" class="pageref">174</a>, <a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176</a>, <a href="#pb178" class="pageref">178</a>, <a href="#pb179" class="pageref">179</a>, <a href="#pb180" class="pageref">180</a>, <a href="#pb183" class="pageref">183</a>, <a href="#pb184" class="pageref">184</a>, <a href="#pb185" class="pageref">185</a>, <a href="#pb186" class="pageref">186</a>, <a href="#pb189" class="pageref">189</a>, <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>, <a href="#pb193" class="pageref">193</a>, <a href="#pb194" class="pageref">194</a>, <a href="#pb195" class="pageref">195</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Prabandhaśata</span>: work of -Rámachandra, Kumárapála’s Pandit, <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Prabhákaravardhana</span>: king of Magadh -(600–606), <a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>, <a href="#pb497" class="pageref">497</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Prabhása</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e69504" title="Source: Mularája’s">Múlarája’s</span> -visit to, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>; holy place, -<a href="#pb164" class="pageref">164</a>; inscription at, <a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176</a>. See Somnáth Pátan.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e69518" title="Source: Prabhutavarsha">Prabhútavarsha</span></span>: another -name of Govind Ráshṭrakúṭa, <a href="#pb126" -class="pageref">126</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Prachanda</span>: noble of <span class="corr" id="xd25e69528" title="Source: Krishna">Kṛishṇa</span>, Dakhan -Ráshṭrakúṭa king, <a href="#pb129" class="pageref">129</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Prajápati</span>: daughter of, loved by the -Moon, <a href="#pb521" class="pageref">521</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Prákrit</span>: dialect, <a href="#pb533" -class="pageref">533</a>, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Prárjunas</span>: a tribe, <a href="#pb64" -class="pageref">64</a> and <a href="#n64.3">note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Praśántarága</span>: title of -Dada II. Gurjjara ruler, <a href="#pb115" class="pageref">115</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Praśasti</span>: poetical eulogium on the -<span class="corr" id="xd25e69573" title="Source: Sahasralinga">Sahasraliṅga</span> lake written by -Śripála, <a href="#pb180" class="pageref">180</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Prasi</span>: Prácyas of Palibothra, -<a href="#pb532" class="pageref">532</a>, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e69588" title="Source: ,">.</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Pratápamalla</span>: son of -Kumárapála’s daughter, <a href="#pb194" class="pageref">194</a>. Second son of Viradhavala, <a href="#pb203" class="pageref">203</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pratápráv</span>: brother of -Dámáji Gáikwár advances with Devaji -Tákpar and exacts tribute and plunders the country; levies -tribute from the chiefs in Sorath, dies of small-pox at Kánkar -near Dholka (1737), <a href="#pb317" class="pageref">317</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pratápasimha</span>: king of Kalumbapattana, -receives Kumárapála, builds a temple, and issues a coin -named after Kumárapála, <a href="#pb183" class="pageref">183</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Prath-Nagri</span>: local name of Dholka, <a href="#n208.3">208 note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Prehistoric references</span>: to Gujarát, -<a href="#n11.2">11 note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Premaládevi</span>: sister of -Kumárapála married to <span class="corr" id="xd25e69633" -title="Source: Krishnadeva">Kṛishṇadeva</span>, -Siddharája’s general, <a href="#pb181" class="pageref">181</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Prithiráj Chohán</span>: king of -Dehli, <a href="#pb470" class="pageref">470</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb582" href="#pb582" name="pb582">582</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e69650" title="Source: Prithivisena">Pṛithivísena</span></span>: ninth -Kshatrapa (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 222), coin of, <a href="#pb43" class="pageref">43</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Proklais</span>: <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Protagoras</span>: geographer, <a href="#pb546" -class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pseudostomos</span>: river, <a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ptolemy</span>: Egyptian geographer (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 150), <a href="#pb6" class="pageref">6</a>, -<a href="#pb7" class="pageref">7</a>, <a href="#n78.1">78 note -1</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e69695" title="Source: ;">,</span> -<a href="#pb137" class="pageref">137</a>, <a href="#pb499" class="pageref">499</a>, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>, <a href="#pb539" class="pageref">539</a>, <a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>, <a href="#pb544" class="pageref">544</a>, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ptolemy II. Philadelphos</span>: (died -247 <span class="sc">b.c.</span>), <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>, <a href="#pb542" class="pageref">542</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pulakeśi</span> II. (610–640), <a href="#pb110" class="pageref">110</a>, <a href="#pb116" class="pageref">116</a>. See Pulakeśi Vallabha Satyáśraya, -<a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pulakeśi Janáśraja</span>: -Gujarát Chálukya king at Navsári (738–739), -<a href="#pb110" class="pageref">110</a>; repulses the great Arab -invasion at Navsári, <a href="#pb117" class="pageref">117</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pulakeśi Vallabha -Satyáśraya</span>: Dakhan Chálukya king -(610–640), <a href="#pb110" class="pageref">110</a>, <a href="#pb111" class="pageref">111</a>. See Pulakeśi II.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pulikeśi</span>: grant of, <a href="#pb109" -class="pageref">109</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pulikeśi</span> II.: <a href="#pb107" class="pageref">107</a>. See Pulakeśi II.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pulikeśi Janáśraya</span>: his -grants, <a href="#pb149" class="pageref">149</a>. See Pulakeśi -Janáśraya.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pulumáyi</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e69796" title="Source: Ándhrabhritya">Ándhrabhṛitya</span> king, -<a href="#pb38" class="pageref">38</a>, <a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e69807" title="Source: Punaji">Punáji</span> Vithal</span>: Peshwa’s -agent in Gujarát, <a href="#pb329" class="pageref">329</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e69816" title="Source: Pur">Pûr</span></span>: town, <a href="#pb539" class="pageref">539</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Puragupta</span>: Gupta chief (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 470), <a href="#pb74" class="pageref">74</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Purána</span>: Bhavishya, <a href="#pb142" -class="pageref">142</a>, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>, -<a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Purandhar</span>: treaty of (1776) between the -Peshwa and the English, <a href="#pb406" class="pageref">406</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Puri</span>: Konkan Mauryas of; its identity with -Janjira or Elephants, <a href="#pb107" class="pageref">107</a>, -<a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>; ancient name of Broach, -<a href="#pb159" class="pageref">159</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pushpamal</span>: <a href="#pb461" class="pageref">461</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pushkar</span>: holy place, <a href="#pb464" class="pageref">464</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pushyagupta</span>: Gujarát governor of -Chandragupta, <a href="#pb14" class="pageref">14</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pushyamitra</span>: name of king or tribe, <a href="#pb69" class="pageref">69</a> and <a href="#n69.4">note 4</a>, -<a href="#pb73" class="pageref">73–74</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pygmies</span>: race of, in India, <a href="#pb532" -class="pageref">532</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Pym</span>: Lieutenant, <a href="#pb483" class="pageref">483</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rachias</span>: envoy, <a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Raddi</span>: <a href="#pb119" class="pageref">119</a>. See Raṭṭa.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rádhanpur</span>: grant of Govind III. at, -<a href="#pb123" class="pageref">123</a>; disloyalty of the -Nawáb of, <a href="#pb441" class="pageref">441</a>; plate from, -<a href="#pb466" class="pageref">466</a>; grant of, <a href="#pb468" -class="pageref">468</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Raffles</span>: Sir Stamford, <a href="#pb489" -class="pageref">489</a>, <a href="#pb491" class="pageref">491</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rafia-ud-Daraját</span>: grandson and -successor of the emperor Farrukhsiyar (1719); his murder by the Sayads, -<a href="#pb301" class="pageref">301</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e69966" title="Source: Raghoba">Rághobá</span></span>: -Báláji Bájiráv Peshwa’s brother, -called also <span class="corr" id="xd25e69969" title="Source: Raghunathráv">Raghunáthráv</span>, levies -tribute in Gujarát, takes possession of Rewa and Mahi -Kántha districts and marches on Surat (1752), <a href="#pb334" -class="pageref">334</a>; takes Ahmedábád (1753), <a href="#pb336" class="pageref">336–337</a>; compels <span class="corr" -id="xd25e69978" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán -to pay tribute; appoints Shripatráv his deputy at -Ahmedábád and collects tribute from <span class="corr" -id="xd25e69981" title="Source: Limbdi">Limbḍi</span> and -Wadhwán chiefs, <a href="#pb337" class="pageref">337</a>; acts -as guardian of his nephew Mádhavráv, is joined in his -intrigues by Jánoji Bhonsle and Govindráv <span class="corr" id="xd25e69988" title="Source: Gaikwár">Gáikwár</span>, is defeated by -the young Peshwa at Dhorap (1768) and confined at Poona, <a href="#pb399" class="pageref">399–400</a>; is invested with the robe -of Peshwa by the titular king of Sátára; reinstates -Govindráv Gáikwár in title and estates of -Dámáji Gáikwár (1774); sets out for -Gujarát and attacks the city of Baroda (1775), <a href="#pb401" -class="pageref">401–402</a>; opens negotiations with the English -through Mr. Gambier the chief at Surat, <a href="#pb401" class="pageref">401</a>; joins Govindráv <span class="corr" id="xd25e70000" title="Source: Gaikwár">Gáikwár</span> (1775); sends an -agent to negotiate with the Bombay Council; flies to Cambay and through -the help of Mr. Malet goes to Surat viâ Bhávnagar, -<a href="#pb402" class="pageref">402</a>; reception of by the -Nawáb of Cambay, <a href="#pb403" class="pageref">403</a>; -abandoned by the English after the treaty of Purandhar (1776); takes -refuge at Surat, <a href="#pb406" class="pageref">406</a>; at Bombay; a -fresh alliance of, with the English (1778), <a href="#pb407" class="pageref">407</a>; handed over to Sindia; flies to Broach (1779), -<a href="#pb408" class="pageref">408</a>; receives a pension and goes -to Kopargaon (1782), <a href="#pb410" class="pageref">410</a>. See -Raghunáthráv.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e70024" title="Source: Raghoji">Rághoji</span></span>: Marátha deputy, -assassination of, at Ahmedábád (1756), <a href="#pb339" -class="pageref">339</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rághoshankar</span>: Marátha leader, -sent to subdue Kolis (1753), <a href="#pb338" class="pageref">338</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Raghoji Bhonsla</span>: of <span class="corr" id="xd25e70042" title="Source: Berar">Berár</span>, joins with -Dámáji in attacking the Peshwa, <a href="#pb395" class="pageref">395</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Raghunáthdás</span>: Rája, -Nizám’s minister, <a href="#pb333" class="pageref">333</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Raghunáthráv</span>: <a href="#pb334" -class="pageref">334</a>, <a href="#pb336" class="pageref">336</a>, -<a href="#pb337" class="pageref">337</a>, <a href="#pb398" class="pageref">398</a>, <a href="#pb399" class="pageref">399</a>, <a href="#pb400" class="pageref">400</a>. See Rághoba.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ráhada</span>: another name of <span class="corr" id="xd25e70082" title="Source: Ghaghada">Ghaghaḍa</span> -the <span class="corr" id="xd25e70085" title="Source: Chavaḍá">Chávaḍá</span> king, -<a href="#pb154" class="pageref">154</a>, <a href="#pb155" class="pageref">155</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rahánjur</span>: Rándir, capital of -Lárdes, <a href="#pb507" class="pageref">507</a> and <a href="#n507.11">note 11</a>, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rahma</span>: Ruhmi, apparently Burma and -Sumátra, <a href="#pb527" class="pageref">527</a>, <a href="#pb528" class="pageref">528</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rahmi</span>: <a href="#pb527" class="pageref">527</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Raht</span>: spine of Indra, <a href="#pb119" -class="pageref">119</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e70130" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb133" class="pageref">133</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ráhtod <span class="corr" id="xd25e70139" -title="Source: Ráshtraśyena">Ráshṭraśyena</span></span>: -image of, <a href="#pb133" class="pageref">133</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ráis</span>: of Alor, <a href="#pb143" -class="pageref">143</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ráis</span> Bhára: Samma chief of -great Kachh, <a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Raisinghji</span>: usurps the chiefship of -Navánagar, is defeated and slain in 1664, <a href="#pb283" -class="pageref">283</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e70166" title="Source: .">;</span> Rája of Idar joins Fakhr-ud-daulah, -<a href="#pb329" class="pageref">329</a>, <a href="#pb331" class="pageref">331</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Raivata</span>: legendary king, <a href="#pb8" -class="pageref">8</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Raivataka</span>: Girnár hill, <a href="#pb177" class="pageref">177</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rája</span>: chief, <a href="#pb215" class="pageref">215</a> and <a href="#n215.2">note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rajagharatta</span>: title conferred on -Cháhaḍa by Kumárapála, <a href="#pb187" -class="pageref">187</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e70208" title="Source: Rájahamsa">Rájahaṃsa</span></span>: -Prachanda’s grandfather, <a href="#pb129" class="pageref">129</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rája Mahendri</span>: <a href="#pb533" -class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rájapitámaha</span>: title of -Siláhára kings, <a href="#pb185" class="pageref">185</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rájapuri</span>: see Puri.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ráji</span>: father of <span class="corr" -id="xd25e70236" title="Source: Mularája">Múlarája</span>, <a href="#pb156" class="pageref">156</a>, <a href="#pb157" class="pageref">157</a>; marries Lákha’s sister -Ráyáji; is slain by Lákha, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rájpipla</span>: <a href="#pb226" class="pageref">226</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ráj-ul-mulak</span>: special rules for -conducting the <i>mulakgiri</i> or land-raiding system, <a href="#pb418" class="pageref">418</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rájavula</span>: northern Kshatrapa, -<a href="#pb23" class="pageref">23</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rákháich</span>: son of Ráji -and Lákha’s sister Ráyáji, <a href="#pb160" -class="pageref">160</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rákshas</span>: division of Parihár -<span class="corr" id="xd25e70284" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span>, <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ráma</span>: ancestor of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e70294" title="Source: Chudásamma">Chúḍásamá</span> -clan, <a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rámachandra</span>: Pandit in -Kumárapála’s court, writes the Prabandhaśata, -<a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>; Jain scholar, ordered by -Ajayapála to sit on a red-hot sheet of copper, <a href="#pb194" -class="pageref">194</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb583" href="#pb583" name="pb583">583</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Rámi</span>: island of the Jáva -group, <a href="#pb528" class="pageref">528</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rám Rája</span>: king of -Sátára, appoints Khanderáv Dábháde -to collect <i>chauth</i> and <i>sardeshmukhi</i> in -Báglán, <a href="#pb388" class="pageref">388</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rámráv Shástri</span>: adviser -of the Peshwa; decides in favour of Sayájiráv, son of -Dámáji by his second wife, <a href="#pb400" class="pageref">400</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rám Sen</span>: hill range, <a href="#pb456" -class="pageref">456</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ran</span>: <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rána</span>: of Chitor, <a href="#pb464" -class="pageref">464</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e70362" title="Source: Ranagraha">Raṇagraha</span></span>: Gurjjara prince -(639), brother of Dadda II., his copperplate grant, <a href="#pb115" -class="pageref">115</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e70370" title="Source: Ránaka">Ráṇaka</span></span>: chieftain, -title of the <span class="corr" id="xd25e70373" title="Source: Vaghelas">Vághelás</span>, <a href="#pb199" -class="pageref">199</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e70381" title="Source: Ránakadevi">Ránakadeví</span></span>: -daughter of a potter sought in marriage by Siddharája, <a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ránder</span>: Ráhanjir or -Rahánjur, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>, <a href="#pb520" class="pageref">520</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e70399" title="Source: Rangárika">Rangáriká</span></span>: -district, <a href="#pb187" class="pageref">187</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rangoji</span>: is appointed agent by -Dámáji Gáikwár in Gujarát; defeats -Kántáji at Ánand-Mogri (1735), <a href="#pb316" -class="pageref">316</a>, <a href="#pb317" class="pageref">317</a>; -agrees to aid <span class="corr" id="xd25e70415" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán on condition of -receiving half the revenues of Gujarát (1737), <a href="#pb318" -class="pageref">318</a>, <a href="#pb394" class="pageref">394</a>; -again appointed deputy by Dámáji to collect tribute in -Gujarát (1741), <a href="#pb323" class="pageref">323</a>, -<a href="#pb325" class="pageref">325</a>; defeated by Muftkhir -Khán and <span class="corr" id="xd25e70431" title="Source: Fidá-ud-din">Fidá-ud-dín</span>; deserted -by Sher Khán Bábi, is taken prisoner, his escape (1743), -<a href="#pb326" class="pageref">326</a>, <a href="#pb395" class="pageref">395</a>; captures and demolishes the fort of Petlád; -employed by the Musalmáns in the quarrels regarding the -viceroyalty of Gujarát (1743–44), <a href="#pb327" class="pageref">327</a>, <a href="#pb395" class="pageref">395</a>; imprisoned -by Khanderáv Gáikwár, is released by -Umábái and appointed her agent (1745)<span class="corr" -id="xd25e70447" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb329" class="pageref">329</a>, <a href="#pb396" class="pageref">396</a>; expels -Trimbakráv from Ahmedábád and himself collects the -Marátha share of the city revenues, <a href="#pb329" class="pageref">329</a>; takes shelter with Sher Khán Bábi in -Kapadvanj; besieged at Kapadvanj by <span class="corr" id="xd25e70459" -title="Source: Fakr-ud-daulah">Fakhr-ud-daulah</span>; requests Holkar -to come to his help; the siege raised at the approach of Holkar; his -interview with Jawán Mard Khán at Ahmedábád -(1747), <a href="#pb330" class="pageref">330</a>; captures Borsad and -forces Hariba to leave the country, <a href="#pb331" class="pageref">331</a>; deserted by his allies and imprisoned (1747), -<a href="#pb332" class="pageref">332</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rangrez</span>: dyers, <a href="#pb451" class="pageref">451</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ranmalji</span>: Navánagar Jám -(1664), <a href="#pb283" class="pageref">283</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ránoji Sindia</span>: at Idar, <a href="#pb315" class="pageref">315</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ráo</span>: title. See Ráv.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rarungæ</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb534" -class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ras Fartak</span>: in Arabia, <a href="#pb536" -class="pageref">536</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rashid-ud-din</span>: Arab geographer (1310), -<a href="#pb501" class="pageref">501</a>; translated Al Biruni, -<a href="#pb508" class="pageref">508</a>, <a href="#n514.9">514 note -9</a>, <a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a>, <a href="#pb529" -class="pageref">529</a>, <a href="#pb531" class="pageref">531</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e70537" title="Source: Ráshtrakútas">Ráshṭrakúṭas</span></span>: -Gujarát branch of the, overthrow Chálukya kingdom, -<a href="#pb117" class="pageref">117</a>; Dakhan Branch of the, -<a href="#pb119" class="pageref">119</a>; dynasty (743–974), -<a href="#pb119" class="pageref">119–134</a>; their origin and -name <a href="#pb119" class="pageref">119–120</a>; their early -dynasty (450–500), their main dynasty (630–972), <a href="#pb120" class="pageref">120</a>; their conquest of Gujarát -(750–760), <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>; their -grants, <a href="#pb466" class="pageref">466</a>, <a href="#pb467" -class="pageref">467</a>, <a href="#pb506" class="pageref">506</a>, -<a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a> and <a href="#n512.1">note -1</a>; in Gujarát, <a href="#pb525" class="pageref">525</a>, -<a href="#pb526" class="pageref">526</a>, <a href="#pb527" class="pageref">527</a>; their dominions, <a href="#pb529" class="pageref">529</a>; their towns, <a href="#pb530" class="pageref">530</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rás Mála</span>: <a href="#pb146" -class="pageref">146</a>, <a href="#pb153" class="pageref">153</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e70602" title="Source: Rasulnagar">Rasúlnagar</span></span>: name given by -Aurangzib to Visalnagar, <a href="#pb286" class="pageref">286</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e70610" title="Source: Ratanlál">Ratan Lall</span> Pandit</span>: Mr., -<a href="#n463.1">463 note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ratanmál</span>: <a href="#pb461" class="pageref">461</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ratanpur</span>: town, <a href="#pb471" class="pageref">471</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ratansingh Bhandári</span>: deputy viceroy -of Gujarát (1733–1737), <a href="#pb314" class="pageref">314</a>; receives Dholka; defeats Sohráb Khán -at Dholi near Dhandhuka, <a href="#pb315" class="pageref">315–316</a>; enmity of, with <span class="corr" id="xd25e70641" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán, -<a href="#pb316" class="pageref">316</a>, <a href="#pb319" class="pageref">319</a>; his attempts to oppose the Gáikwár, -<a href="#pb317" class="pageref">317</a>; defends -Ahmedábád, <a href="#pb319" class="pageref">319</a>; -leaves Ahmedábád, <a href="#pb320" class="pageref">320</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ratha</span>: <a href="#pb119" class="pageref">119</a>. See Raṭṭa.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e70670" title="Source: Ráthod">Ráthoḍ</span></span>: chief, at -Idar, <a href="#n217.3">217 note 3</a>; dynasty, identified with -Ráshṭrakúṭas, their origin, <a href="#pb119" -class="pageref">119</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ratl</span>: pound (troy), <a href="#pb531" class="pageref">531</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ratnáditya</span>: -Chávaḍá king, <a href="#pb154" class="pageref">154</a>, <a href="#pb155" class="pageref">155</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ratnágar</span>: hill range, <a href="#pb456" class="pageref">456</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e70705" title="Source: Ratnamála">Ratnamálá</span></span>: -poetic history, <a href="#n149.2">149 note 2</a>, <a href="#pb150" -class="pageref">150</a>, <a href="#pb151" class="pageref">151</a>, -<a href="#pb157" class="pageref">157</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ratnávate</span>: Tamluk, port on the Hugli, -<a href="#pb499" class="pageref">499</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ratta</span>: dynasty of kings, <a href="#pb7" -class="pageref">7</a>, <a href="#pb119" class="pageref">119</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rauzat-us-safá</span>: <a href="#pb168" -class="pageref">168</a>, <a href="#n512.3">512 note 3</a>, <a href="#pb523" class="pageref">523</a> and <a href="#n523.1">note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rav</span>: village, inscription and stone well at, -<a href="#pb204" class="pageref">204</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ráv</span>: title, <a href="#pb215" class="pageref">215</a> and <a href="#n215.2">note 2</a>; of Kachh, makes an -expedition against Sindh (1758), <a href="#pb342" class="pageref">342</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rával</span>: title, <a href="#pb215" class="pageref">215</a> and <a href="#n215.2">note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rávana</span>: demon king of Lanka, builder -of the silver temple of Somanáth, <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>, <a href="#n454.1">454 note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ravel</span>: perhaps Ránder, <a href="#n220.2">220 note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rávji</span>: brought with his brother -Bábáji Ápa to Baroda (1793) by Govindráv -Gáikwár, <a href="#pb412" class="pageref">412</a>; both -the brothers receive from the Bombay Government the assistance of an -auxiliary force under Major Walker, take the fort of Kadi by storm and -compel <span class="corr" id="xd25e70808" title="Source: Mulhárráv">Mulháráv</span> to -surrender, <a href="#pb412" class="pageref">412</a>; his interview with -Governor Duncan at Cambay, <a href="#pb412" class="pageref">412</a>; -death of Rávji Ápa (1803), <a href="#pb414" class="pageref">414</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ráyáji</span>: sister of -Lákha, married to Ráji, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ráygad</span>: fort, <a href="#pb284" class="pageref">284</a>; stronghold of Shiváji, <a href="#pb386" -class="pageref">386</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Reddi</span>: Kánarese caste name, <a href="#pb119" class="pageref">119</a>. See Raddi.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Red Sea</span>: <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>, <a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Refugees</span>: in Gujarát, <a href="#pb1" -class="pageref">1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Reforms</span>: of Aurangzib, <a href="#pb283" -class="pageref">283</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rehbáris</span>: herdsmen, <a href="#pb451" -class="pageref">451</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Reinaud</span>: <a href="#pb542" class="pageref">542–543</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Religion</span>: of the Valabhi kings, <a href="#pb83" class="pageref">83–85</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Religious disputes</span>: <a href="#pb280" class="pageref">280</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Reva</span>: Narbada river, <a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e70906" title="Source: Revatimitra">Revatímitra</span></span>: present with -<span class="corr" id="xd25e70909" title="Source: Mularája">Múlarája</span> in the battle -with Graharipu, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Revenue</span>: under Ahmedábád -kings, <a href="#pb219" class="pageref">219</a> and <a href="#n219.2">note 2</a>; in 1571, <a href="#pb221" class="pageref">221</a>; in 1760, <a href="#n222.2">222 note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e70933" title="Source: Riayat">Riáyat</span> Khán</span>: minister of -Ázam Khán, Gujarát viceroy (1635–1642), -<a href="#pb278" class="pageref">278</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Roberts</span>: General, <a href="#pb439" class="pageref">439</a>, <a href="#pb443" class="pageref">443</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Roe, Sir Thomas</span>: traveller -(1615–1618), <a href="#n217.2">217 note 2</a>, <a href="#n222.1">222 note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rohini</span>: daughter of Prajápati, loved -by the Moon, <a href="#pb521" class="pageref">521</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Roman</span>: element in the architecture of Java -and Cambodia, <a href="#pb496" class="pageref">496</a>; empire, -<a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rori</span>: <a href="#pb143" class="pageref">143</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rudradáman</span>: fourth Kshatrapa -(143–158), coins and inscriptions of, <a href="#pb6" class="pageref">6</a>, <a href="#n11.2">11 note 2</a>, <a href="#pb13" class="pageref">13</a>, <a href="#pb34" class="pageref">34–36</a>, -<a href="#n80.1">80 note 1</a>; his kingdom, <a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb584" href="#pb584" -name="pb584">584</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e71011" title="Source: Rudragana">Rudragaṇa</span></span>: -Traikúṭaka king, <a href="#pb58" class="pageref">58</a> -and <a href="#n58.1">note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rudramahálaya</span>: great shrine of Rudra -at Siddhapura, <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>; built by -Siddharája, <a href="#pb179" class="pageref">179</a>, <a href="#pb180" class="pageref">180</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rudramálá</span>: <a href="#pb172" -class="pageref">172</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rudrasena I.</span>: eighth Kshatrapa -(203–220), coins and inscription of, <a href="#pb42" class="pageref">42–43</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rudrasena</span>: seventeenth Kshatrapa -(256–272), coins of, <a href="#pb47" class="pageref">47</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rudrasena III.</span>: twenty-fifth Kshatrapa -(378–388), coins of, <a href="#pb51" class="pageref">51</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rudrasena IV.</span>: twenty-fourth Kshatrapa -(348–376); coins of, <a href="#pb50" class="pageref">50–51</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e71070" title="Source: Rudrasimha">Rudrasiṃha</span> I.</span>: seventh -Kshatrapa (181–196), coins and inscription of, <a href="#pb41" -class="pageref">41–42</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e71079" title="Source: Rudrasimha">Rudrasiṃha</span> II.</span>: twenty-first -Kshatrapa (308–311), coins of, <a href="#pb49" class="pageref">49</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e71089" title="Source: Rumi">Rúmi</span></span>: <a href="#pb527" class="pageref">527</a>. See Rahma.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ruins</span>: of Valabhi, <a href="#pb78" class="pageref">78</a>, <a href="#pb79" class="pageref">79</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e71107" title="Source: Rukn-ud-din">Rukn-ud-dín</span> Amir</span>: <a href="#pb204" class="pageref">204</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rumadesa</span>: <a href="#pb490" class="pageref">490</a>; south Panjáb, <a href="#pb491" class="pageref">491</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rumála</span>: perhaps south Panjáb, -<a href="#pb509" class="pageref">509</a> and <a href="#n509.5">note -5</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e71136" title="Source: Rumi">Rúmi</span> Khán</span>: officer of -Sultán Bahádur of Gujarát (1536), <a href="#pb349" -class="pageref">349</a>, <a href="#pb350" class="pageref">350</a>, -<a href="#pb351" class="pageref">351</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e71151" title="Source: Rumla">Rúmla</span></span>: country of Sindh, <a href="#pb520" class="pageref">520</a> and <a href="#n520.1">note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rupa Náik</span>: leader of Náikda -Bhils; surrender of (1859), <a href="#pb446" class="pageref">446</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e71169" title="Source: Rupa Sundari">Rupasundarí</span></span>: wife of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e71172" title="Source: Jayáśekhara">Jayaśekhara</span>, gives birth -to a son in the forest, <a href="#pb150" class="pageref">150</a>, -<a href="#pb151" class="pageref">151</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rupe</span>: quarries of, <a href="#pb455" class="pageref">455</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e71190" title="Source: Rupmati">Rúp Matí</span></span>: same as -<span class="corr" id="xd25e71193" title="Source: Rupmani">Rúp -Mani</span>, wife of Báz Bahádur of Málwa -(1555–1570); her pavilion at Mándu, <a href="#pb353" -class="pageref">353</a>, <a href="#pb356" class="pageref">356</a>, -<a href="#pb371" class="pageref">371</a>; captured by <span class="corr" id="xd25e71205" title="Source: Ádam">Adham</span> -Khán Atkah at Sárangpur, commits suicide (1562), <a href="#pb369" class="pageref">369</a>, <a href="#pb371" class="pageref">371</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rushis</span>: sages, <a href="#pb461" class="pageref">461</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Rustam Ali Khán</span>: marches on Jodhpur -with Shujáat Khán and captures it (1723), <a href="#pb303" class="pageref">303</a>; governor of Surat, asks Piláji -Gáikwár’s aid against Hamid Khán and -Kántáji; defeats Hámid Khán at Arás; -his severe defeat and death by the Maráthás near -Ahmedábád (1723), <a href="#pb305" class="pageref">305</a>, <a href="#pb390" class="pageref">390</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e71238" title="Source: Rustamrav">Rustamráv</span></span>: Marátha -leader in the army of Abdul Aziz, <a href="#pb328" class="pageref">328</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Saádi</span>: Persian poet -(1200–1230), <a href="#n189.2">189 note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sabalaessa</span>: mouth of the Indus, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sabana</span>: town, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sábarmati</span>: river, <a href="#pb159" -class="pageref">159</a>, <a href="#pb198" class="pageref">198</a>, -<a href="#pb206" class="pageref">206</a>; floods, (1683), <a href="#pb287" class="pageref">287</a>; (1739), <a href="#pb322" class="pageref">322</a>, <a href="#pb511" class="pageref">511</a>, <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sabdaliya</span>: Chandal, <a href="#pb531" class="pageref">531</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e71300" title="Source: Śabdánuśasana">Śabdánuśásana</span></span>: -grammatical work of Hemachandra, <a href="#pb193" class="pageref">193</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sabæans</span>: people, <a href="#pb535" -class="pageref">535</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sabiria</span>: <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>. See Abiria.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sadárat</span>: Mughal department of -justice, <a href="#pb213" class="pageref">213</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sadáshiv Rámchandra</span>: -Peshwa’s general, besieges and takes the town of -Ahmedábád from <span class="corr" id="xd25e71332" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán (1758); helps the -Ráv of Kachh, <a href="#pb340" class="pageref">340</a>, <a href="#pb341" class="pageref">341</a>, <a href="#pb342" class="pageref">342</a>; besieges Bálásinor (1758) and levies -tribute, <a href="#pb343" class="pageref">343</a>, <a href="#pb398" -class="pageref">398</a>; defeats the chief of <span class="corr" id="xd25e71351" title="Source: Dhrángdhra">Dhrángadhra</span> at <span class="corr" id="xd25e71354" title="Source: Halvád">Halvad</span> and -captures him, <a href="#pb344" class="pageref">344</a>; appointed -viceroy of Ahmedábád by the Peshwa (1760), <a href="#pb344" class="pageref">344</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sadhara Jesangh</span>: work of the Ráo -Sáheb Mahipatrám Ruprám, <a href="#n180.2">180 -note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sadharo Jesingh</span>: another name of -Siddharája, <a href="#pb173" class="pageref">173</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sadr</span>: Mughal judge, <a href="#pb213" class="pageref">213</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sadinoi</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>, <a href="#pb542" class="pageref">542</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sádra</span>: (Sháhdaráh), -military post of the Mughals in Mahi Kántha (1674), <a href="#pb285" class="pageref">285</a>, <a href="#pb433" class="pageref">433</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sáela</span>: fort, <a href="#n180.2">180 -note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sáfán</span>: Táfán, -principality next to Konkan, <a href="#pb527" class="pageref">527</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Safdar Muhammad Khán</span>: successor of -Teghbeg Khán, governor of Surat, <a href="#pb330" class="pageref">330</a>; expelled by Sayad <span class="corr" id="xd25e71425" -title="Source: Áchchan">Achchan</span>, <a href="#pb331" class="pageref">331</a>; retires to Sind, <a href="#pb332" class="pageref">332</a>; brought back to Surat by the Dutch and other -merchants, <a href="#pb333" class="pageref">333</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sagala-Vasahika</span>: temple at Cambay, <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sagapa</span>: mouth of the Indus, <a href="#pb538" -class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ságbára</span>: forest tract, -<a href="#pb388" class="pageref">388</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sahajiga</span>: father of Mulaka, mentioned in the -inscription at Mangrol, <a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sahajigeśvara</span>: temple at -Prabhása, <a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sahárais</span>: of Aror in the north of -Sindh, rule over south Panjáb and north Sindh, <a href="#pb496" -class="pageref">496</a>; Buddhists, overthrow of, by usurping -Brahmanist Chách (642), <a href="#pb497" class="pageref">497–498</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e71485" title="Source: Sahasralinga">Sahasraliṅga</span></span>: lake, built by -Siddharája, <a href="#pb177" class="pageref">177</a>, <a href="#pb179" class="pageref">179</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Saimhalaka</span>: tribal name, <a href="#pb64" -class="pageref">64</a> and <a href="#n64.5">note 5</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e71506" title="Source: Saimur">Saimúr</span></span>: <a href="#pb507" class="pageref">507</a>, <a href="#pb508" class="pageref">508</a>, <a href="#pb509" class="pageref">509</a>, <a href="#pb510" class="pageref">510</a>, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>, <a href="#pb516" class="pageref">516</a>, <a href="#pb520" class="pageref">520</a>, <a href="#pb523" class="pageref">523</a>, <a href="#pb528" class="pageref">528</a>, <a href="#pb529" class="pageref">529</a>. See Chaul.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śaivism</span>: religion of the Valabhi kings, -<a href="#pb83" class="pageref">83</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sajjana</span>: Siddharája’s viceroy, -in <span class="corr" id="xd25e71551" title="Source: Suráshtra">Suráshṭra</span>, builds a -temple at <span class="corr" id="xd25e71554" title="Source: Girnar">Girnár</span>, his inscription, <a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176–177</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e71559" title="Source: .">;</span> Potter, hides -Kumárapála, <a href="#pb182" class="pageref">182</a>; is -rewarded by Kumárapála with seven hundred villages, -<a href="#pb184" class="pageref">184</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śaka</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb22" class="pageref">22</a>, <a href="#n67.2">67 note 2</a>; era, <a href="#pb29" -class="pageref">29</a>; Yavans, <a href="#pb499" class="pageref">499</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sákás</span>: <a href="#n456.1">456 -note 1</a>; branches of Bhinmál Shevaks, <a href="#pb464" class="pageref">464–465</a>, <a href="#n496.1">496 note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śákambhari</span>: the Sámbhar -lake; goddess; place<span class="corr" id="xd25e71603" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb158" class="pageref">158</a> and -<a href="#n158.1">note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sakæa</span>: Pausanias’ (170) name for -Cochin China, <a href="#pb499" class="pageref">499</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sakastene</span>: land of the Śakas, <a href="#n142.5">142 note 5</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śakuniká Vihára</span>: <a href="#pb186" class="pageref">186</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sakvárbái</span>: widow of -Sháhu, applies to Dámáji Gáikwár and -Rághunáth Bhonslé against the minister (1748), -<a href="#pb396" class="pageref">396</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Salábat Khán</span>: claimant to the -chiefship of Junágaḍh, <a href="#pb425" class="pageref">425</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Salangoi</span>: Sálankáyana, tribe, -<a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sálankáyana</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sálbái</span>: treaty of (1782), -between the English and the Maráthás, <a href="#pb410" -class="pageref">410</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sáler</span>: fort, in Báglán, -captured by Moro Trimal (1672), <a href="#pb387" class="pageref">387</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sálgogah</span>: zillah, <a href="#pb208" -class="pageref">208</a> and <a href="#n208.3">note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Salike</span>: Ceylon, <a href="#pb543" class="pageref">543</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sálim Sháh</span>: (1545–1553) -Sher Sháh Sur’s successor, <a href="#pb369" class="pageref">369</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sálvas</span>: king of <span class="corr" -id="xd25e71704" title="Source: Mriṭṭikávati">Mṛittikávatí</span>, -<a href="#pb10" class="pageref">10</a> and <a href="#n10.1">note -1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sálvas</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb534" -class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc" lang="sa-latn">Samadhigata-panchamaháśabada</span>: title of the -Gurjjars, <a href="#pb113" class="pageref">113</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Samandár</span>: river port town, <a href="#pb519" class="pageref">519</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb585" -href="#pb585" name="pb585">585</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Sámangad</span>: plate, <a href="#pb122" -class="pageref">122</a>; grant from (753–754), <a href="#pb467" -class="pageref">467</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sámanta</span>: feudatory, title of the -Gurjjars, <a href="#pb113" class="pageref">113</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sámantádhipati</span>: title of -Jayabhaṭa III. Gurjjara king, <a href="#pb113" class="pageref">113</a> and <a href="#n113.6">note 6</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sámantasimha</span>: -Chávaḍá king, defeated and slain by <span class="corr" id="xd25e71766" title="Source: Mularája">Múlarája</span>, <a href="#pb157" class="pageref">157</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Samara</span>: king of <span class="corr" id="xd25e71777" title="Source: Suráshtra">Suráshṭra</span>, at war with -Kumárapála, <a href="#pb186" class="pageref">186</a> and -<a href="#n186.1">note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Samarasimha</span>: Chohán chief, <a href="#pb197" class="pageref">197</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Samarasimhadeva</span>: <a href="#pb470" class="pageref">470</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Samatata</span>: name of province, <a href="#pb64" -class="pageref">64</a> and <a href="#n64.2">note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sámbhar</span>: expedition of -Cháhaḍa against, <a href="#pb187" class="pageref">187</a>, -<a href="#pb188" class="pageref">188</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sámda</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e71824" title="Source: Thakor">Thákor</span> of, <a href="#pb441" class="pageref">441</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Samipadraka</span>: village, gift of, <a href="#pb125" class="pageref">125</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Samma</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb138" class="pageref">138</a>; masters of Kachh after the fall of the Chauras, -<a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sammatiya</span>: school, <a href="#pb79" class="pageref">79</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Samprati</span>: grandson of Aśoka, <a href="#pb15" class="pageref">15</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Samsám-ud-daulah</span>: Daurán -Nasrát Jang Bahádur, forty-eighth viceroy of -Gujarát (1716–1719), <a href="#pb300" class="pageref">300</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Samudragupta</span>: fourth Gupta king -(370–395), coins, Allahábád inscription, <a href="#pb62" class="pageref">62–65</a>, <a href="#pb67" class="pageref">67</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Samvat</span>: Vikram era, <a href="#pb204" class="pageref">204</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Samvatasimha</span>: <a href="#pb471" class="pageref">471</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sanakánika</span>: name of province, -<a href="#pb64" class="pageref">64</a> and <a href="#n64.3">note 3</a>, -<a href="#pb65" class="pageref">65</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e71908" title="Source: Sanchi">Sánchi</span> Stúpa</span>: Gupta -inscription on, <a href="#pb66" class="pageref">66</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sanchor</span>: gate name, <a href="#pb449" class="pageref">449</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sandábur</span>: Goa, commercial town, -<a href="#pb510" class="pageref">510</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sandalias</span>: Chandala, menials, <a href="#pb530" class="pageref">530</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sandanes</span>: of the Periplus, <a href="#n44.2">44 note 2</a>; envoy, <a href="#pb542" class="pageref">542</a>, <a href="#pb543" class="pageref">543</a>; ruler of -Gujarát, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sandápur</span>: apparently Goa, <a href="#pb509" class="pageref">509</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sandhán</span>: in Kachh, <a href="#pb509" -class="pageref">509</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sandur</span>: Rándir, <a href="#pb509" -class="pageref">509</a>, <a href="#pb520" class="pageref">520</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e71979" title="Source: Sangana">Sángaṇa</span></span>: ruler of -Vanthali, killed by Viradhavala, <a href="#pb200" class="pageref">200</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sangavada</span>: village, <a href="#pb187" class="pageref">187</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e71994" title="Source: Sanghadáman">Saṅghadáman</span></span>: -tenth Kshatrapa (222–226) coins of, <a href="#pb43" class="pageref">43–44</a>, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sanján</span>: in Thána, <a href="#pb509" class="pageref">509</a>, <a href="#pb520" class="pageref">520</a>; in Kachh, <a href="#pb530" class="pageref">530</a>. -See Sindán.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sanjár</span>: name borne by the Jȧms, -<a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śankaráchárya</span>: <a href="#pb84" class="pageref">84</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śankaradeva</span>: Devagiri Yádava -chief, <a href="#pb205" class="pageref">205</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e72039" title="Source: Śankaragana">Śaṅkaragaṇa</span></span>: -father of Buddhavarmman, Kalachuri prince, <a href="#pb114" class="pageref">114</a>. See <span class="corr" id="xd25e72045" title="Source: Śankarana">Śaṅkaraṇa</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e72050" title="Source: Śankarana">Śaṅkaraṇa</span></span>: -<a href="#pb114" class="pageref">114</a>. See <span class="corr" id="xd25e72056" title="Source: Śankaragana">Śaṅkaragaṇa</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śankaravarman</span>: Káshmir king -(890), <a href="#pb3" class="pageref">3</a>, <a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śankh</span>: claims Cambay; is defeated by -Vastupála, Broach chieftain, <a href="#pb200" class="pageref">200</a> and <a href="#n200.2">note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e72082" title="Source: Sankheda">Saṅkheḍá</span></span>: grant at, -<a href="#pb118" class="pageref">118</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sánoli</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e72092" title="Source: Saonli">Sáonli</span>, burning-place -of Piláji <span class="corr" id="xd25e72095" title="Source: Gáikwar">Gáikwár</span> (1732), <a href="#pb313" class="pageref">313</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śántikas</span>: a Konkan tribe, -<a href="#n44.2">44 note 2</a>, <a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śántinátha</span>: Jain -Tirthankara, <a href="#pb192" class="pageref">192</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śántu</span>: minister of Chaulukya -king <span class="corr" id="xd25e72122" title="Source: Karna">Karṇa</span>, builds a Jain temple, <a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>; Siddharája’s minister, -<a href="#pb172" class="pageref">172</a>; attacks an army of Bhils, -<a href="#pb178" class="pageref">178</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sántuvasahi</span>: Jain temple, built by -Sántu <span class="corr" id="xd25e72138" title="Source: Karna’s">Karṇa’s</span> minister, <a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sapádalaksha</span>: name of the Ajmir -kings, <a href="#pb157" class="pageref">157</a>; Sámbhar -territory, <a href="#pb184" class="pageref">184</a>. See -Sewálik.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sapádalakshiya</span>: <a href="#pb157" -class="pageref">157</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sapara</span>: mouth of the Indus, <a href="#pb538" -class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Saraganes</span>: <a href="#pb543" class="pageref">543</a>; the younger and the elder, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Saráj-ud-din</span>: Maulvi, preaches -<i>jehád</i> or religious war in Ahmedábád (1857), -<a href="#pb434" class="pageref">434</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sarandib</span>: Ceylon, <a href="#pb516" class="pageref">516</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sarandip</span>: dependency of the Gujarát -kingdom, <a href="#pb168" class="pageref">168</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e72205" title="Source: Sárangadeva">Sáraṅgadeva</span></span>: -Vághela king (1275–1296), <a href="#pb203" class="pageref">203</a>; succeeds Arjunadeva, his inscriptions, <a href="#pb204" class="pageref">204–205</a>, <a href="#pb206" class="pageref">206</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e72219" title="Source: Sarangpur">Sárangpur</span></span>: battle of (1422), -<a href="#pb207" class="pageref">207</a> note; town, <a href="#pb368" -class="pageref">368</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Saraostus</span>: probably <span class="corr" id="xd25e72232" title="Source: Suráshtra">Suráshṭra</span>, <a href="#pb6" class="pageref">6</a>, <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e72243" title="Source: Sarasvati">Sarasvatí</span></span>: river, <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>, <a href="#pb173" class="pageref">173</a>; well of talent in Dhára, <a href="#pb180" -class="pageref">180</a>, <a href="#pb511" class="pageref">511</a>, -<a href="#pb521" class="pageref">521</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sarbana</span>: town, identified with Sarwan, -<a href="#pb539" class="pageref">539</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sarbhon</span>: place in Ámod táluka -of Broach, Govind III. halts at, <a href="#pb123" class="pageref">123</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sarbuland Khán</span>: Khán -Bahádur Mubáriz-ul mulk Diláwar Jang; is appointed -deputy viceroy of Gujarát (1712–13), robbed on his way to -Gujarát (1713), <a href="#pb297" class="pageref">297</a>; -appointed fifty-second viceroy (1723–1730); his deputy defeated -(1724), <a href="#pb304" class="pageref">304</a>; ordered to proceed in -person with a strong army to Gujarát (1725), <a href="#pb306" -class="pageref">306</a>; is compelled to pay tribute to the -Maráthás (1726), <a href="#pb307" class="pageref">307</a>; makes alliance with the Peshwa, extorts tribute in -Sorath, and marries the daughter of Jhála -Prátápsingh whom he exempts from tribute (1728), <a href="#pb308" class="pageref">308</a>; grants formally to the Peshwa -one-fourth and one-tenth share of the revenue of the province (1729), -<a href="#pb309" class="pageref">309</a>; levies tribute in -Káthiáváḍa (1730), <a href="#pb310" class="pageref">310</a>; defeats the new viceroy at Adálaj and retires -(1730), <a href="#pb311" class="pageref">311</a>. See -Mubáriz-ul-mulk.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sardár Muhammad Khán</span>: captures -Bálásinor from the Maráthás, <a href="#pb345" class="pageref">345</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sardhár</span>: lake, <a href="#n180.2">180 -note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sardous</span>: Mount, <a href="#pb532" class="pageref">532</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sargaras</span>: Bhil messengers, <a href="#pb451" -class="pageref">451</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sarika</span>: demon, <a href="#pb462" class="pageref">462</a>, <a href="#pb463" class="pageref">463</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sarisabis</span>: town, <a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sarkárs</span>: Gujarát divisions, -<a href="#pb209" class="pageref">209</a>, <a href="#pb218" class="pageref">218–219</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sarkhej</span>: village, <a href="#pb438" class="pageref">438</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sarsut</span>: the river <span class="corr" id="xd25e72371" title="Source: Sarasvati">Sarasvatí</span>, -<a href="#pb510" class="pageref">510</a>, <a href="#pb521" class="pageref">521</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sarusa</span>: apparently the river <span class="corr" id="xd25e72384" title="Source: Sarasvati">Sarasvatí</span>, but perhaps the -Sábarmati, <a href="#pb510" class="pageref">510</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śarvva</span>: -Ráshṭrakúṭa or Gurjjara king, his coins, -<a href="#pb87" class="pageref">87</a>. See Amoghavarsha.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sarvvamangala</span>: village, <a href="#pb126" -class="pageref">126</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e72407" title="Source: Śátakarni">Śátakarṇi</span></span>: -Ándhra dynastic name, <a href="#pb37" class="pageref">37</a>, -<a href="#pb38" class="pageref">38</a>, <a href="#pb49" class="pageref">49</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e72421" title="Source: Sátakarni">Śátakarṇi</span></span>: -<span class="corr" id="xd25e72424" title="Source: Yajnaśri">Yajñaśrí</span> (140), -<a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e72432" title="Source: Sátakarnis">Śátakarṇis</span></span>: -of Paithan, <a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Satbán</span>: son of Rásal, king of -Hindustán that is Kanauj, <a href="#pb519" class="pageref">519</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sati</span>: <a href="#pb454" class="pageref">454</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Satka</span>: evil spirit, <a href="#pb457" class="pageref">457</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Satrapa</span>: same as Kshatrapa, <a href="#pb21" -class="pageref">21</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e72468" title="Source: Śatrunjaya">Śatruñjaya</span></span>: Jain -hill, <a href="#pb78" class="pageref">78</a>, <a href="#n79.3">79 note -3</a>, <a href="#n164.5">164 note 5</a>, <a href="#pb177" class="pageref">177</a>, <a href="#pb186" class="pageref">186</a>; -Hemáchárya’s visits to, <a href="#pb189" class="pageref">189</a>, <a href="#pb199" class="pageref">199</a>; temple of -Neminátha on, <a href="#pb202" class="pageref">202</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Satyasena</span>: Chálukya king, <a href="#pb51" class="pageref">51</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Satyayug</span>: first cycle, <a href="#pb461" -class="pageref">461</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb586" href="#pb586" name="pb586">586</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Saubha</span>: name of country, perhaps -Śvabhra, <a href="#pb10" class="pageref">10</a> and <a href="#n10.1">note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e72524" title="Source: Sauráshtra">Sauráshṭra</span></span>: -afflicted by an Arab army, <a href="#pb109" class="pageref">109</a>; -tribe of Káthiáváḍa, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Saurs</span>: of Sindh, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sausara</span>: king of <span class="corr" id="xd25e72544" title="Source: Suráshtra">Suráshṭra</span>, <a href="#pb186" class="pageref">186</a> and <a href="#n186.1">note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e72555" title="Source: Sauvira">Sauvíra</span></span>: Upper Sindh and -<span class="corr" id="xd25e72558" title="Source: Multan">Multán</span>, <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sávidár</span>: gateway, <a href="#n450.1">450 note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e72576" title="Source: Sávitri">Sávitrí</span></span>: wife of -Brahma, said to be a Gurjjara maiden, <a href="#pb464" class="pageref">464</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sawánihnigárs</span>: news-writers, -<a href="#pb214" class="pageref">214</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sayad</span>: Musalmán trader, arrest of, at -Cambay, <a href="#pb202" class="pageref">202</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sayad Achchan</span>: paymaster at Surat, aspires -to the governorship of Surat, seeks Marátha help (1747), -<a href="#pb396" class="pageref">396</a>; takes the city of Surat and -gets the merchants to sign a deed addressed to the emperor and the -Nizám that he should be appointed governor (1748), <a href="#pb331" class="pageref">331–332</a>; makes over one-third of -Surat revenue to the Maráthás, <a href="#pb332" class="pageref">332</a>; oppresses influential persons, surrenders citadel to -the Habshi and withdraws to Bombay and thence to Poona (1750), <a href="#pb333" class="pageref">333</a>; receives the governorship of Surat -from the Peshwa and establishes himself in the government (1758), -<a href="#pb343" class="pageref">343</a>; receives a bodyguard from the -Peshwa (1759), <a href="#pb399" class="pageref">399</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sayads</span>: brothers Hassan Ali and Abdulla -Khan, king-makers at Delhi, <a href="#pb297" class="pageref">297</a>, -<a href="#pb301" class="pageref">301</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sayad <span class="corr" id="xd25e72632" title="Source: Imám-ud-din">Imám-ud-dín</span></span>: -Ismáiliáh missionary in Gujarát during the reign -of Máhmud Begada (1459–1513), <a href="#pb288" class="pageref">288</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sayad Jelál Bhukhári</span>: chief -law officer or Sadr-us-Sudur for the whole of India (1642–1644), -<a href="#pb279" class="pageref">279</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sayad Miththan</span>: marches on Surat and returns -unsuccessful, his suicide, <a href="#pb331" class="pageref">331</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sayad Sháhji</span>: preceptor of -Matiás of Khándesh and Momnás of Gujarát, -his suicide, <a href="#pb288" class="pageref">288</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sayáji Gáikwár</span>: son of -Dámáji Gáikwár, <a href="#pb342" class="pageref">342</a>, <a href="#pb398" class="pageref">398</a>; collects -tribute in Sorath (1759), <a href="#pb344" class="pageref">344</a>; -appointed successor of Dámáji (1771), <a href="#pb400" -class="pageref">400</a>, <a href="#pb401" class="pageref">401</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sáyan</span>: village, <a href="#pb130" -class="pageref">130</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sáyer</span>: land customs, <a href="#pb213" -class="pageref">213</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sázantion</span>: town, <a href="#pb540" -class="pageref">540</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Schwanbeck</span>: <a href="#pb542" class="pageref">542</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Scobie</span>: Colonel, <a href="#pb447" class="pageref">447</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Seal</span>: Valabhi, <a href="#pb80" class="pageref">80</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sea of Fars</span>: the Indian ocean, <a href="#pb516" class="pageref">516</a>, <a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sella-Vidyádharas</span>: north Konkan -Siláhárás, <a href="#pb129" class="pageref">129</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Seleukos Nikator</span>: <a href="#pb532" class="pageref">532</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Semylla</span>: modern Chaul, <a href="#pb546" -class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Senápati <span class="corr" id="xd25e72756" -title="Source: Bhatárka">Bhaṭárka</span></span>: -see <span class="corr" id="xd25e72759" title="Source: Bhatárka">Bhaṭárka</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sendraka</span>: chief, <a href="#pb55" class="pageref">55</a>; grant, <a href="#pb111" class="pageref">111</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Seneca</span>: his book on India, <a href="#pb532" -class="pageref">532</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sese Kreienai</span>: Burnt islands, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Setæ</span>: tribe of Mewár, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sewálik</span>: hills, <a href="#pb157" -class="pageref">157</a>; king of, <a href="#pb194" class="pageref">194</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sháhdádpur</span>: town, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sháháb-ud-din Ghori</span>: defeat of -(1178), <a href="#pb229" class="pageref">229</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Shadhs</span>: beggars, <a href="#pb451" class="pageref">451</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Shahámat Khán</span>: forty-fifth -viceroy (1713), <a href="#pb297" class="pageref">297</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e72831" title="Source: ,">.</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Sháhánusháhis</span>: -Kushán dynastic name, <a href="#pb64" class="pageref">64</a> and -<a href="#n64.5">note 5</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sháh-bandar</span>: harbour master, <a href="#pb212" class="pageref">212</a>. Town, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Shah <span class="corr" id="xd25e72857" title="Source: Bhikan">Bhíkan</span></span>: Hajrat, son of Saint -Sháh-i-Álam, the tomb of, on the Sábarmati near -Ahmedábád, 337 note 1.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Shah Budágh Khán</span>: is appointed -commandant of Mándu (1568); builds Nilkantha, <a href="#pb370" -class="pageref">370</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sháh Jehán</span>: emperor, stays at -Mándu; is defeated, his brother Sháh Parwiz retreats to -Mándu (1621–1622), <a href="#pb381" class="pageref">381</a>; his death (1666), <a href="#pb284" class="pageref">284</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sháh Nawáz Khán -Safávi</span>: thirty-first viceroy of <span class="corr" id="xd25e72884" title="Source: Gujárát">Gujarát</span>, joins prince -Dára in his rebellion against Aurangzib (1659), <a href="#pb282" -class="pageref">282</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sháh Nur</span>: Hassan Kuli Khán -Bahádur, viceroy of Oudh, sets out for Makkah; his unsuccessful -attempt to arrange matters between <span class="corr" id="xd25e72894" -title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán and the Peshwa, -<a href="#pb341" class="pageref">341</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sháhi</span>: Kushán name, <a href="#pb64" class="pageref">64</a> and <a href="#n64.5">note 5</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sháhu</span>: Rája of -Sátára, appoints Khanderáv Dábháde -Senápati, <a href="#pb389" class="pageref">389</a>; settles the -terms of agreement between the Peshwa and the <span class="corr" id="xd25e72917" title="Source: Dabháde">Dábháde</span>, <a href="#pb393" -class="pageref">393</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sháistah Khán</span>: twenty-sixth -viceroy of Gujarát (1646–1648), <a href="#pb280" class="pageref">280</a>; twenty-eighth viceroy of Gujarát -(1652–1654); his expedition against the Chunvália Kolis, -<a href="#pb281" class="pageref">281</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Shakespeare</span>: Sir Richmond, resident at -Baroda, <a href="#pb443" class="pageref">443</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Shambhurám</span>: Nágar -Bráhman, supporter of <span class="corr" id="xd25e72945" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán at the siege of -Ahmedábád, is taken prisoner by Dámáji and -sent in chains to Baroda, <a href="#pb342" class="pageref">342</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Shámia Aliks</span>: beggars, <a href="#pb451" class="pageref">451</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Shamsher Bahádur</span>: title conferred on -Dámáji by Sháhu after the battle of -Bálápur (1720), <a href="#pb389" class="pageref">389</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e72967" title="Source: Sháms-ud-din">Shams-ud-dín</span> -Altamsh</span>: Sultán, <a href="#n174.1">174 note 1</a>; takes -the fort of Mándu and drives away its Hindu chief (1234), -<a href="#pb357" class="pageref">357</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Shankráji</span>: governor of -Viramgám (1753), <a href="#pb338" class="pageref">338</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sharmistha</span>: wife of Yayáti, <a href="#pb460" class="pageref">460</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sharva</span>: an animal, <a href="#pb508" class="pageref">508</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Shell-money</span>: sowing of, <a href="#pb163" -class="pageref">163</a>, <a href="#pb164" class="pageref">164</a> and -<a href="#n164.1">note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sher Khán Bábi</span>: governor of -Baroda; defeat of; capture of Baroda, <a href="#pb314" class="pageref">314</a>; deputy governor of Sorath (1738), <a href="#pb321" -class="pageref">321</a>; allows Rangoji to escape to Borsad and joins -Khanderáv, Dámáji’s brother, <a href="#pb326" class="pageref">326</a>; joins Rangoji and marches against -Fakhr-ud-daulah; wounded in the battle of Kapadvanj, <a href="#pb330" -class="pageref">330</a>; dispute of, with his Arab mercenaries at -Bálásinor, <a href="#pb338" class="pageref">338</a>; dies -(1758) at Junágaḍh, <a href="#pb343" class="pageref">343</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sher Sháh Sur</span>: revolt of, in Bengal, -<a href="#pb368" class="pageref">368</a>; emperor (1542–1545), -<a href="#pb368" class="pageref">368–369</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Shetuji</span>: commander of the -Ahmedábád garrison (1753), suffers a defeat, <a href="#pb338" class="pageref">338</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Shevaks</span>: <a href="#pb450" class="pageref">450</a>, <a href="#pb464" class="pageref">464</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Shivráj</span>: Rája, commandant of -Mándu (1658), <a href="#pb382" class="pageref">382</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Shivsingh</span>: Rája of Idar, sends Sajan -Singh to help <span class="corr" id="xd25e73073" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán at the siege of -Ahmedábád by the Maráthás -(1757)<span class="corr" id="xd25e73076" title="Not in source">,</span> -<a href="#pb341" class="pageref">341</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb587" href="#pb587" name="pb587">587</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Sholápur</span>: <a href="#pb519" class="pageref">519</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Shri Harsha</span>: king of Magadha -(610–642), defeats the Húṇas, Gurjjaras, -Láṭas and the king of Sindh and Málava, <a href="#pb497" class="pageref">497</a>; drives away White Húṇas, -<a href="#pb500" class="pageref">500</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e73102" title="Source: Shrimal">Shrimál</span></span>: Bráhmans, -<a href="#pb450" class="pageref">450</a>, <a href="#pb462" class="pageref">462</a> and <a href="#n462.2">note 2</a>; Vánis, -<a href="#pb463" class="pageref">463</a>; Bráhmans, their -origin, <a href="#pb44" class="pageref">44</a>. See Bhinmál.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Shrimális</span>: meaning-making of the name -of, <a href="#pb458" class="pageref">458</a>; brought back to -Bhinmál (1694), <a href="#pb464" class="pageref">464</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Shrimál Mahátmya</span>: legendary -account of Shrimál, <a href="#pb461" class="pageref">461</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Shrinagar</span>: Shrimál, <a href="#pb461" -class="pageref">461</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Shripatráv</span>: deputy of the Peshwa in -Gujarát, negotiates with <span class="corr" id="xd25e73149" -title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán for the release -of Bhagvantráv; is recalled, <a href="#pb338" class="pageref">338</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Shripunj</span>: another name of Jagsom, <a href="#pb460" class="pageref">460</a>, <a href="#pb462" class="pageref">462</a>, and note 3.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Shudras</span>: <a href="#pb530" class="pageref">530</a>. See Sudaria.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Shujáat Khán</span>: Kártalab -Khán, thirty-eighth viceroy of Gujarát (1684–1703), -<a href="#pb287" class="pageref">287</a>; his campaign in -Jháláváḍa and Sorath and storming of the -fort of Thán, <a href="#pb288" class="pageref">288</a>; captures -Jodhpur (1722), <a href="#pb303" class="pageref">303</a>. See -<span class="corr" id="xd25e73185" title="Source: Kártaláb">Kártalab</span> Khán. -One of Sher Sháh Sur’s generals in Málwa; defeats -Kádir Khán at Mándu; appointed commandant of -Mándu, <a href="#pb368" class="pageref">368–369</a>; -recovers Málwa (1554), <a href="#pb369" class="pageref">369</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Shujá-ud-daulah</span>: nawáb of -Lacknau, <a href="#pb341" class="pageref">341</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Shute</span>: sailors of Somanáth, <a href="#pb204" class="pageref">204</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e73211" title="Source: Siddhabhatta">Siddhabhaṭṭa</span></span>: grantee -in Indra’s grant, <a href="#pb131" class="pageref">131</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Siddhachakravartin</span>: title of -Siddharája, <a href="#pb173" class="pageref">173</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Siddhahema</span>: grammar by Hemachandra, <a href="#pb180" class="pageref">180</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Siddha Hemachandra</span>: <a href="#pb191" class="pageref">191</a>. See Siddhahema.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Siddhánta</span>: <a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>. See Brahma Siddhánta.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Siddhapur</span>: town, Vanarája’s -image at, <a href="#pb152" class="pageref">152</a>; holy place, -<span class="corr" id="xd25e73253" title="Source: Mularája’s">Múlarája’s</span> -grants at, <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>; Jain temple at, -<a href="#pb172" class="pageref">172</a>; Rudramahálaya temple -at, <a href="#pb179" class="pageref">179</a>; -Kumárapála’s visits to, <a href="#pb183" class="pageref">183</a>; Ahmedsháh’s march against, <a href="#pb237" class="pageref">237</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Siddharája</span>: Chaulukya king -(1094–1143), <a href="#pb156" class="pageref">156</a>, <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>, <a href="#pb162" class="pageref">162</a>, succeeds Karna; regency of his mother; intrigues -regarding his succession; remission of pilgrim tax; his wars with the -kings of <span class="corr" id="xd25e73285" title="Source: Saurashtra">Sauráshṭra</span>, Málwa, and -Sindh; his era; his religious leanings and architectural buildings, -<a href="#pb171" class="pageref">171–181</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sidhpur</span>: <a href="#pb152" class="pageref">152</a>, <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>, <a href="#pb172" class="pageref">172</a>, <a href="#pb237" class="pageref">237</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e73306" title="Source: ,">.</span> See Siddhapur.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sidi Yákut</span>: commandant of Janjira, -offers to become a vassal of the emperor through the governor of Surat -and receives the title of Yákut Khán from the emperor -with an annual subsidy of 1½ lákhs payable from the port -of Surat, <a href="#pb285" class="pageref">285</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sigerdis</span>: perhaps Ságaradvipa or -Cutch, <a href="#pb16" class="pageref">16</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sigertis</span>: kingdom of, <a href="#pb535" -class="pageref">535</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sigerus</span>: probably Janjira, <a href="#pb535" -class="pageref">535</a>, <a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>, -<a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sihi Jagapura</span>: palace, <a href="#n180.2">180 -note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sihor</span>: village in -Káthiáváḍa, <a href="#n64.5">64 note 5</a>, -<a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>; reservoir at, <a href="#n180.2">180 note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e73365" title="Source: Śiláditya">Śíláditya</span></span>: -of Málwa, reigning king of Kánya Kubja, <a href="#pb79" -class="pageref">79</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e73373" title="Source: Śiláditya">Śíláditya</span> -IV.</span>: Valabhi king (691), <a href="#pb117" class="pageref">117</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e73383" title="Source: Śiláditya">Śíláditya</span> -V.</span>: Valabhi king (722), <a href="#pb117" class="pageref">117</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e73392" title="Source: Śiláditya">Śíláditya</span> -<span class="corr" id="xd25e73395" title="Source: Śryásraya">Śryáśraya</span></span>: -Gujarát Chálukya king, <a href="#pb56" class="pageref">56</a>, <a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Silaganasuri</span>: Jain priest, <a href="#pb151" -class="pageref">151</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Siláhárás</span>: of the north -Konkan, <a href="#pb527" class="pageref">527</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Siláprastha</span>: perhaps Sitha in -Jháláváḍa, king of, present with -Múlarája in the battle with Graharipu, <a href="#pb160" -class="pageref">160</a> and <a href="#n160.2">note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Silæ</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Silsilát-ut-Tuwárikh</span>: written -(851–852) by the merchant Sulaiman, <a href="#n505.2">505 note -2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Silveira</span>: James de, Portuguese captain, -burns the ports of Pattan-Somnáth, Mangrul, Talája, and -Muzafarábád; Thána, Bassein, and Bombay, <a href="#pb347" class="pageref">347</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sim</span>: country, king of, imprisoned by -Siddharája, <a href="#pb179" class="pageref">179</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e73458" title="Source: Simha">Siṃha</span></span>: maternal uncle of king -<span class="corr" id="xd25e73461" title="Source: Visaladeva">Vísaladeva</span>, <a href="#pb202" class="pageref">202</a>; era, <a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176</a>, -<a href="#pb204" class="pageref">204</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e73475" title="Source: Simhapura">Siṃhapura</span></span>: see Sihor.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e73481" title="Source: Simhasena">Siṃhasena</span></span>: twenty-sixth -Kshatrapa, coin of, <a href="#pb51" class="pageref">51</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Simulla</span>: modern Chaul, <a href="#pb533" -class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Simylla</span>: modern Chaul, <a href="#pb540" -class="pageref">540</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sinda</span>: Goa Kadamba chief, <a href="#pb173" -class="pageref">173</a> and <a href="#n173.5">note 5</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sinda</span>: perhaps Vadnagar, <a href="#pb546" -class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sindábur</span>: Goa, <a href="#pb517" -class="pageref">517</a>, <a href="#pb521" class="pageref">521</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e73530" title="Source: Sindan">Sindán</span></span>: in Kachh, conquest of, -and Jama mosque founded at, <a href="#pb506" class="pageref">506</a>; -St. John or Sanjan in Thána near Daman, <a href="#pb507" class="pageref">507</a>, <a href="#pb508" class="pageref">508</a>, <a href="#pb509" class="pageref">509</a>, <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>, <a href="#pb516" class="pageref">516</a>, <a href="#pb521" class="pageref">521</a>, <a href="#pb523" class="pageref">523</a>, <a href="#pb528" class="pageref">528</a>, <a href="#pb529" class="pageref">529</a>, <a href="#pb530" class="pageref">530</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sindh</span>: conquered by <span class="corr" id="xd25e73571" title="Source: Chudásamás">Chúḍásamás</span>, -<a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>; expedition against by the -Ráo of Kachh, <a href="#pb342" class="pageref">342</a>; -Bráhmans, <a href="#pb432" class="pageref">432</a> and note 2; -king of, <a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>, <a href="#pb509" -class="pageref">509</a>, <a href="#pb511" class="pageref">511</a>, -<a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>, <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>. See -Sindhu.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sindhu</span>: identified with Sindh, afflicted by -Arab army, <a href="#pb109" class="pageref">109</a>; river, <a href="#pb189" class="pageref">189</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sindhurája</span>: killed by -Siddharája, <a href="#pb175" class="pageref">175</a>, <a href="#pb179" class="pageref">179</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sindia</span>: Marátha leader, his -unsuccessful attack on Sinor (1781), <a href="#pb409" class="pageref">409</a>; at war with the English; his treaty with the English -at Sirji Anjangaon (1803), <a href="#pb414" class="pageref">414</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sindságar</span>: branch of the Indus, -<a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sindu</span>: Debal, <a href="#pb547" class="pageref">547</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Singaldip</span>: Ceylon, <a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Singhæ</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Singhana II.</span>: Devagiri Yádava king -(1209–1247), <a href="#pb198" class="pageref">198</a>; attacks -<span class="corr" id="xd25e73671" title="Source: Lavanaprasáda">Lavaṇaprasáda</span>; his -treaty, <a href="#pb199" class="pageref">199</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Singhar</span>: grandson of Sumra, extends his sway -(1069), <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sinhanadeva</span>: see Singhana.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sinor</span>: attacked by Sindia (1781), <a href="#pb409" class="pageref">409</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sinthon</span>: mouth of the Indus, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sinthos</span>: Indus river, <a href="#pb544" -class="pageref">544</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sirimalaga</span>: modern Sirnál, <a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Siripalla</span>: town, <a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Siri Ptolemaios</span>: Śri Pulumáyi, -Ándhra king, <a href="#pb37" class="pageref">37</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sirishapadraka</span>: Sisodra, village, <a href="#pb115" class="pageref">115</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sirohi</span>: chief of, head of Devra <span class="corr" id="xd25e73742" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span>, -<a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Siroptolemaios</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e73752" title="Source: Sri-Pulumáyi">Śri -Pulumáyi</span>, <a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sirur</span>: Amoghavarsha’s inscription at, -<a href="#pb124" class="pageref">124</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sisodani Ráni</span>: queen of -Kumárapála, <a href="#pb188" class="pageref">188</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sisodia</span>: Rája of Mevád, -struggles with Akbar, <a href="#pb140" class="pageref">140</a>. -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb588" href="#pb588" name="pb588">588</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Sisodra</span>: village, <a href="#pb115" class="pageref">115</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sitha</span>: in <span class="corr" id="xd25e73791" -title="Source: Jháláváda">Jháláváḍa</span>, -<a href="#n160.2">160 note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e73799" title="Source: Sivachitta">Śivachitta</span></span>: Goa Kadamba king -(1147–1175), <a href="#pb173" class="pageref">173</a> and -<a href="#n173.3">note 3</a>, <a href="#pb195" class="pageref">195</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śiváji</span>: <a href="#pb145" class="pageref">145</a>; founder of the Marátha empire, plunders Surat -(1664), <a href="#pb284" class="pageref">284</a>, <a href="#pb386" -class="pageref">386</a>; plunders it for the second time (1670), -<a href="#pb284" class="pageref">284</a>, <a href="#pb386" class="pageref">386</a>; equips his fleet at Alibág, comes to the -mouth of the gulf of Cambay, carries off Mughal pilgrim-ships, <a href="#pb386" class="pageref">386</a>; captures Párnera and -Bagváda forts to the south of Surat (1672), <a href="#pb387" -class="pageref">387</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śivánanda -Kumárapáleśvara</span>: temple of, <a href="#pb183" -class="pageref">183</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sivasána</span>: king of, conquered by -Hammuka, <a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sivrájpur</span>: success of the -Náikdás at, <a href="#pb446" class="pageref">446</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Siwana</span>: town, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Siyájiráv -Gáikwár</span>: <a href="#pb342" class="pageref">342</a>. -See Sayáji Gáikwár.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Skanda</span>: twenty-seventh Kshatrapa, <a href="#pb51" class="pageref">51</a>. Another name of Amoghavarsha, Dakhan -<span class="corr" id="xd25e73880" title="Source: Rashṭrakúṭa">Ráshṭrakúṭa</span> -king, <a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Skandagupta</span>: seventh Gupta king -(454–470), inscription at Bhitári and Girnár, -<a href="#pb69" class="pageref">69</a>; at <span class="corr" id="xd25e73893" title="Source: Junágadh">Junágaḍh</span>, <a href="#pb73" -class="pageref">73</a>, <a href="#pb74" class="pageref">74</a>; coins, -<a href="#pb70" class="pageref">70–71</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e73905" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#n80.1">80 note -1</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e73910" title="Source: ;">,</span> -<a href="#pb86" class="pageref">86</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Skanda Purána</span>: <a href="#pb461" -class="pageref">461</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Skythia</span>: Sindh, <a href="#pb544" class="pageref">544</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sodhali Váv</span>: step-well at Mangrol, -<a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sodha Parmárs</span>: <a href="#n217.3">217 -note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sofála</span>: <a href="#pb522" class="pageref">522</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sohada</span>: ruler of Málwa, <a href="#pb198" class="pageref">198</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sohráb Ali</span>: <a href="#pb313" class="pageref">313</a>. See Sohráb Khán.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sohráb Khán</span>: governor of Surat -(1730), <a href="#pb310" class="pageref">310</a>; confirmed in the -appointment; driven out of Surat (1732); settles at Bhávnagar, -<a href="#pb313" class="pageref">313</a>; appointed governor of -Viramgám (1735); is defeated at Dholi by Ratansingh -Bhandári, <a href="#pb315" class="pageref">315–316</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sojitra</span>: village, battle of (1725), <a href="#pb307" class="pageref">307</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Solaki</span>: see Solaṅki.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e73992" title="Source: Solankis">Solaṅkis</span></span>: <a href="#pb156" -class="pageref">156</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e73997" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb191" class="pageref">191</a>; -<span class="corr" id="xd25e74003" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span>, their settlements, <a href="#pb464" class="pageref">464</a>; their kingdom, <a href="#pb465" -class="pageref">465</a>; their change of faith (743), <a href="#pb463" -class="pageref">463</a> and <a href="#n463.2">note 2</a>, <a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a>; of <span class="corr" id="xd25e74022" -title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>, -section of the Bhinmál empire, <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>; dynasty (961–1242), <a href="#pb526" class="pageref">526</a>. See Chaulukyas.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Solla</span>: son of Udaya Vánia, minister -of Karna, <a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Som</span>: builder of the Sun temple, <a href="#pb452" class="pageref">452</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Soma</span>: builds the gold temple of -Somanátha, <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Somachandra</span>: Hemachandra’s name after -his consecration, <a href="#pb191" class="pageref">191</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Somáditya</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e74065" title="Source: Mularájá’s">Múlarája’s</span> -ancestor, <a href="#pb157" class="pageref">157</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Somanátha</span>: temple, <a href="#n79.3">79 note 3</a>, <a href="#pb154" class="pageref">154</a>, -<a href="#pb164" class="pageref">164</a>; destroyed by Mahmud of Ghazni -(1024), <a href="#pb165" class="pageref">165–168</a>; -Miyánalladevi’s pilgrimage to, <a href="#pb172" class="pageref">172</a>; Kumárapála’s pilgrimage to, -<a href="#pb187" class="pageref">187</a>, <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>; <span class="corr" id="xd25e74097" title="Source: Lavanaprasáda">Lavaṇaprasáda</span> grants -a village to, <a href="#pb200" class="pageref">200</a>; destroyed by -Muhammadans in 1297, <a href="#pb205" class="pageref">205</a>. See -Somnáth.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Somanátha Patan</span>: inscription in -<span class="corr" id="xd25e74110" title="Source: Bhadrakali’s">Bhadrakáli’s</span> temple -at, <a href="#pb81" class="pageref">81</a>; rebuilding of the shrine -at, <a href="#pb189" class="pageref">189</a>; house-tax imposed for the -maintenance of a mosque at, <a href="#pb204" class="pageref">204</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Somarája</span>: son of Sahajiga, builds a -temple at Prabhása, <a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Somaśarmman</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e74133" title="Source: Brahmanic">Bráhmanic</span> king of -Cambodia (610) <a href="#pb499" class="pageref">499</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Someśvara</span>: poet, author of <span class="corr" id="xd25e74143" title="Source: Kirtikaumudi">Kírtikaumudí</span> and -Vastupálacharita, <a href="#pb174" class="pageref">174</a>, -<a href="#pb199" class="pageref">199</a>, <a href="#pb202" class="pageref">202</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Someśvara</span>: shrine, re-built by -Kumárapála, <a href="#pb189" class="pageref">189</a> and -<a href="#n189.2">note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Someśvara</span>: king of the Hoysala -Ballálas of Dvárasamudra (1252), <a href="#n203.3">203 -note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Somnáth</span>: <a href="#pb229" class="pageref">229</a> and <a href="#n229.1">note 1</a>, <a href="#pb232" -class="pageref">232–233</a>, <a href="#pb507" class="pageref">507</a>, <a href="#pb508" class="pageref">508</a>, <a href="#pb510" class="pageref">510</a>; destruction of (1025), <a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a>; pilgrimages to, <a href="#pb531" -class="pageref">531</a>; legendary origin and description of the temple -of, <a href="#pb521" class="pageref">521</a>, <a href="#pb522" class="pageref">522</a>, <a href="#pb523" class="pageref">523</a>, <a href="#pb529" class="pageref">529</a>, <a href="#pb531" class="pageref">531</a>. See Somanátha.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sompuras</span>: <a href="#pb464" class="pageref">464</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sonárs</span>: goldsmiths, <a href="#pb450" -class="pageref">450</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Songad</span>: head-quarters of Piláji -Gáikwár, <a href="#pb304" class="pageref">304</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e74238" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb330" class="pageref">330</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e74243" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb390" class="pageref">390</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e74248" title="Source: .">;</span> Fort, the citadel of Mándu, captured by -<span class="corr" id="xd25e74252" title="Source: Humáyun">Humáyún</span> in 1534, <a href="#pb356" class="pageref">356</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e74257" -title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb367" class="pageref">367–368</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Songara <span class="corr" id="xd25e74266" title="Source: Rajputs">Rájputs</span></span>: <a href="#pb451" class="pageref">451</a> notes 3 and 4.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sonots</span>: <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Soráb Khán</span>: see Sohráb -Khán.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sopára</span>: near Bassein, southern -Mauryan capital, <a href="#pb14" class="pageref">14</a>, <a href="#pb38" class="pageref">38</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sorath</span>: chief of, owes allegiance to Gollas, -<a href="#pb143" class="pageref">143</a>; annexed to the Chaulukya -kingdom of <span class="corr" id="xd25e74300" title="Source: Anahilváḍa">Aṇahilváḍa</span>, -<a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176</a>; name and extent, <a href="#pb208" class="pageref">208</a> and notes 1 and 3, <a href="#pb209" -class="pageref">209</a>; land-raid system of the Maráthás -in, <a href="#pb418" class="pageref">418–419</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Soter Megas</span>: coins of, <a href="#pb19" -class="pageref">19</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Soubouttou</span>: town, <a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Souparu</span>: modern Supára, <a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Souppara</span>: <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>. See Supára.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sousikana</span>: town, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Southern Skythians</span>: <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Souza</span>: Faria-e, Portuguese writer (1650), -<a href="#pb349" class="pageref">349</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Specht</span>: author, <a href="#pb145" class="pageref">145</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Spencer</span>: Mr., chief of the English factory -at and governor of the Castle of Surat, <a href="#pb343" class="pageref">343</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śri Bhavana</span>: identified with Sarbhon, -<a href="#pb123" class="pageref">123</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śri Chápa</span>: dynasty, <a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śri Devi</span>: <a href="#pb152" class="pageref">152</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śri <span class="corr" id="xd25e74404" title="Source: Gaudás">Gauḍas</span></span>: branch of -Gujarát Bráhmans, their origin, <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śri Gupta</span>: see Gupta.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śri Harsha</span>: king of Magadha -(606–641), <a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śri Harshacharita</span>: life of Śri -Harsha, <a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śri Jayatasihadeva</span>: <a href="#pb470" -class="pageref">470</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śri <span class="corr" id="xd25e74439" title="Source: Lakshmi">Lakshmí</span></span>: gate name, <a href="#pb449" class="pageref">449</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śri Mála</span>: identified with -Bhinmál, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śrinagara</span>: seat of Jethva power, -<a href="#pb138" class="pageref">138</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śripála</span>: -Siddharája’s <span class="corr" id="xd25e74463" title="Source: poet laureate">poet-laureate</span>, <a href="#pb180" class="pageref">180</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śristhala-Siddhapura</span>: troubled by -Rákshasás or demons, <a href="#pb174" class="pageref">174</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śri Vallabha</span>: see Amoghavarsha.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Srongdzan-gambo</span>: (640–698), founder of -Tibetan power and civilization, overruns Tarim valley and Western -China, <a href="#pb501" class="pageref">501</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śryáśraya <span class="corr" id="xd25e74490" title="Source: Śiláditya">Śíláditya</span></span>: -(669–691), his plates; <a href="#pb107" class="pageref">107–108</a>; Yuvarája (691–692), <a href="#pb110" class="pageref">110</a>, <a href="#pb111" class="pageref">111</a>, <a href="#pb112" class="pageref">112</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Stambha</span>: king, threatens -Ráshṭrakúṭa kingdom in the Dakhan, <a href="#pb123" class="pageref">123</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Stambhatirtha</span>: modern Cambay, <a href="#pb123" class="pageref">123</a>; granted to Śrigaudás by -<span class="corr" id="xd25e74520" title="Source: Mularája">Múlarája</span>, <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>; temple at, repaired by -Kumárapála, <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Stephanos</span>: of Byzantium, geographer, -<a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sthavirás</span>: <a href="#pb193" class="pageref">193</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb589" href="#pb589" -name="pb589">589</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Sthiramati</span>: name of a Bodhisattva, <a href="#pb79" class="pageref">79</a> and <a href="#n79.1">note 1</a>, -<a href="#pb85" class="pageref">85</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">St. Martin</span>: <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>, <a href="#pb539" class="pageref">539</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Strabo</span>: Roman geographer (<span class="sc">b.c.</span> 50–<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 20), -<a href="#pb16" class="pageref">16</a>, <a href="#pb17" class="pageref">17</a>, <a href="#pb532" class="pageref">532</a>, <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>, <a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Strangers</span>: settlements of, in -Gujarát, <a href="#pb1" class="pageref">1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Suarataratæ</span>: <a href="#pb532" class="pageref">532</a>, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Suari</span>: Sávaras of Central India, -<a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Subah</span>: province, <a href="#pb211" class="pageref">211</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Subahdár</span>: Mughal viceroy, <a href="#pb211" class="pageref">211</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Subára</span>: <a href="#pb508" class="pageref">508</a>, <a href="#pb509" class="pageref">509</a>, <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>, <a href="#pb516" class="pageref">516</a>, <a href="#n523.4">523 note 4</a>, <a href="#pb529" -class="pageref">529</a>. See Supára, Surábara, and -Surat.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Subhadrá</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e74662" title="Source: Krishna’s">Kṛishṇa’s</span> sister, -<a href="#pb9" class="pageref">9</a>, <a href="#pb10" class="pageref">10</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śubhakeśi</span>: king of the -Karnátaka, <a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e74680" title="Source: Subhatavarman">Subhaṭavarman</span></span>: king of -Málwa, <a href="#pb198" class="pageref">198</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śubhatunga</span>: another name of -Akálavarsha, <a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sudaria</span>: Shudars, husbandmen, <a href="#pb530" class="pageref">530</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sudarśana</span>: ancient lake near -<span class="corr" id="xd25e74704" title="Source: Girnar">Girnár</span>, <a href="#pb35" class="pageref">35</a>, <a href="#pb36" class="pageref">36</a>, <a href="#pb69" class="pageref">69</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sudása</span>: northern Kshatrapa king, -<a href="#pb23" class="pageref">23</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Suddhakkumbadi</span>: ancestor of Prachanda, -<a href="#pb129" class="pageref">129</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sufáráh</span>: <a href="#pb514" -class="pageref">514</a>. See Supára.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Suketuvarmman</span>: inscription at Váda -of, <a href="#pb107" class="pageref">107</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śuklatirtha</span>: place on the Narbada, -<a href="#pb162" class="pageref">162</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sukrita Sankirtana</span>: Sanskrit work on -Chávaḍá kings, <a href="#pb149" class="pageref">149</a> and <a href="#n149.2">note 2</a>, <a href="#pb154" -class="pageref">154</a>, <a href="#pb156" class="pageref">156</a>, -<a href="#n159.3">159 note 3</a>, <a href="#pb171" class="pageref">171</a>, <a href="#pb194" class="pageref">194</a>, <a href="#pb195" class="pageref">195</a>, <a href="#pb196" class="pageref">196</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sulaimán</span>: merchant and traveller, -author of Silsilat-ut-Tawárikh, <a href="#pb498" class="pageref">498</a>, <a href="#pb505" class="pageref">505</a> and -<a href="#n505.2">note 2</a>, <a href="#pb525" class="pageref">525</a>, -<a href="#pb526" class="pageref">526</a>, <a href="#pb527" class="pageref">527</a>, <a href="#pb530" class="pageref">530</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sultánganj</span>: Stupa at, <a href="#pb51" -class="pageref">51</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sumátra</span>: Hindu settlements of, -<a href="#pb493" class="pageref">493</a>, <a href="#pb527" class="pageref">527</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e74826" title="Not in source">,</span> <a href="#pb528" class="pageref">528</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sumra</span>: chief, <a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>; king of Sindh, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>; tribe, sovereignty of Sindh passes to, <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sunda</span>: hill range, <a href="#pb456" class="pageref">456</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sunda Máta</span>: shrine of, <a href="#pb455" class="pageref">455</a>, <a href="#pb456" class="pageref">456</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sungyun</span>: Chinese ambassador (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 520)<span class="corr" id="xd25e74869" title="Not in source">,</span> <a href="#pb74" class="pageref">74</a>, -<a href="#pb76" class="pageref">76</a>, <a href="#pb502" class="pageref">502</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sun temple</span>: <a href="#pb455" class="pageref">455</a>; description of, <a href="#pb459" class="pageref">459–460</a>; history, <a href="#pb460" class="pageref">460–461</a>; dates, <a href="#pb463" class="pageref">463</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sunth</span>: Arab outbreak at, <a href="#pb441" -class="pageref">441</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sun-worship</span>: Multán, <a href="#pb142" -class="pageref">142</a> and notes 2 and 5.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Supára</span>: near Bassein, its various -names, <a href="#pb523" class="pageref">523</a>, <a href="#pb529" -class="pageref">529</a>, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>, -<a href="#pb547" class="pageref">547</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Surabára</span>: apparently Surat, <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>, <a href="#pb516" class="pageref">516</a>; Supára, <a href="#pb523" class="pageref">523</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Surabáya</span>: Surabára, Surat, -<a href="#pb507" class="pageref">507</a> and <a href="#n507.3">note -3</a>, <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Suræ</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Surajmal</span>: claimant to the -Lunáváḍa <i>gádi</i> or chiefship, <a href="#pb441" class="pageref">441</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Surajpul</span>: gateway, <a href="#n450.1">450 -note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Surapála</span>: brother-in-law of -Jayaśekhara, <a href="#pb150" class="pageref">150</a>, <a href="#pb151" class="pageref">151</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e74990" title="Source: Suráshtra">Suráshṭra</span></span>: -ancient division of Gujarát, <a href="#pb6" class="pageref">6</a>, <a href="#pb35" class="pageref">35</a>, <a href="#pb36" class="pageref">36</a>, <a href="#pb135" class="pageref">135</a>; lord of, taken prisoner by Siddharája, -<a href="#pb175" class="pageref">175</a>; kingdom of, <a href="#pb535" -class="pageref">535</a>; Verával, <a href="#pb547" class="pageref">547</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Surast</span>: -Káthiáváḍa, <a href="#pb506" class="pageref">506</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Surastra</span>: village, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Surastrene</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e75034" title="Source: Suráshtra">Suráshṭra</span>, <a href="#pb15" class="pageref">15–16</a>, <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Surat</span>: plate of Śryáśraya -<span class="corr" id="xd25e75050" title="Source: Śiláditya">Śíláditya</span> at, -<a href="#pb107" class="pageref">107</a>, <a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>; Karka’s grant at, <a href="#pb124" class="pageref">124</a>; <span class="corr" id="xd25e75062" title="Source: Kirtirája’s">Kírtirája’s</span> -grant at, <a href="#pb159" class="pageref">159</a>, <a href="#pb230" -class="pageref">230</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e75071" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb235" class="pageref">235</a>; sacked -by the Portuguese in 1531, <a href="#pb347" class="pageref">347</a>; -plundered by Malik Ambar in 1609, <a href="#pb224" class="pageref">224</a> and <a href="#n224.2">note 2</a>; by Shiváji -in 1664, <a href="#pb284" class="pageref">284</a>, <a href="#pb386" -class="pageref">386</a>; Shiváji’s second, attack on, in -1670, <a href="#pb284" class="pageref">284</a>, <a href="#pb386" class="pageref">386</a>; Maráthás at; permission granted by the -emperor to let pass the Portuguese ships from (1700–1703), -<a href="#pb292" class="pageref">292</a>; affairs at; Mulla Muhammad -Ali’s success at; his imprisonment and death at, by Tegbeg -Khán, the governor (1732–1734), <a href="#pb313" class="pageref">313</a>; affairs at (1748), <a href="#pb331" class="pageref">331</a>; cession of the revenues of Surat to the -Maráthás under Kedárji Gáikwár -(1747), <a href="#pb332" class="pageref">332</a>; affairs at -(1750)<span class="corr" id="xd25e75112" title="Source: ;">,</span> -<a href="#pb333" class="pageref">333</a>; attacked by -Raghunáthráv (1752), <a href="#pb334" class="pageref">334</a>; affairs at (1758); castle taken by the English -(1759), <a href="#pb343" class="pageref">343</a>; treaty of (1775), -between Rághoba and the Bombay Government, negotiated by -Narotumdás, <a href="#pb402" class="pageref">402</a>; treaty of, -declared invalid by the Supreme Government, <a href="#pb405" class="pageref">405–406</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e75130" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e75135" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb523" class="pageref">523</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Surat</span>: Athávisi, plundered by the -Maráthás (1780), <a href="#pb409" class="pageref">409</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Surbáráh</span>: mouth of the -Tápti, <a href="#pb523" class="pageref">523</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Suri</span>: sage, title conferred on Hemachandra, -<a href="#pb191" class="pageref">191</a>; tribe, <a href="#pb534" -class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Survey</span>: by Todar Mal (1575), <a href="#pb223" class="pageref">223</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Surya</span>: gate name, <a href="#pb449" class="pageref">449</a>; Sun God, <a href="#pb461" class="pageref">461</a>; -Purán, <a href="#pb464" class="pageref">464</a>, <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Suvarnavarsha</span>: another name of Karka I., -<a href="#pb124" class="pageref">124</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Suvrittinátha</span>: installation of, in -Śakunika Vihára, <a href="#pb186" class="pageref">186</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śvabhra</span>: name of country, <a href="#n10.1">10 note 1</a>, <a href="#pb36" class="pageref">36</a> and -<a href="#n36.3">note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Śvabhravati</span>: see Sábarmati.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Svargárohanaprásáda</span>: -shrine, on Śatruñjaya in honour of Vastupála, -<a href="#pb202" class="pageref">202</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Svayamvara</span>: bridegroom-choosing, of -Durlabhadevi, <a href="#pb162" class="pageref">162–163</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Swát</span>: <a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Syagrus</span>: Rás Fartak in Arabia, -<a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sydros</span>: town, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Syrastrene</span>: <a href="#pb544" class="pageref">544</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tabakát-i-Násiri</span>: <a href="#pb196" class="pageref">196</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tában</span>: king of Táfak, <a href="#pb527" class="pageref">527</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tabari</span>: Arab writer (838–932), -<a href="#pb524" class="pageref">524</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tabasô</span>: probably Pandharpur, <a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tabasoi</span>: <a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>. See <span class="corr" id="xd25e75297" title="Source: Tabaso">Tabasô</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tabi</span>: the Tápti, <a href="#pb510" -class="pageref">510</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Táfak</span>: the Panjáb, <a href="#pb526" class="pageref">526</a>; women of, <a href="#pb527" class="pageref">527</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Táfán</span>: apparently the -Panjáb, <a href="#pb527" class="pageref">527</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tagara</span>: town, identification of, <a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540–541</a>, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tághi</span>: rebellious Gujarát -noble, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>, <a href="#pb518" -class="pageref">518</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tahsildar</span>: sub-divisional officer, <a href="#pb210" class="pageref">210</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Táilakhali</span>: Sálva tribe, -<a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tailapa</span>: king of Telingana, <a href="#pb158" -class="pageref">158</a>, <a href="#pb159" class="pageref">159</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tailappa</span>: western Chálukya king, -overthrew the <span class="corr" id="xd25e75373" title="Source: Rashṭrakúṭa">Ráshṭrakúṭa</span> -dynasty (972), <a href="#pb120" class="pageref">120</a>, <a href="#pb131" class="pageref">131</a>, <a href="#pb519" class="pageref">519</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tájikas</span>: Arabs, <a href="#pb149" -class="pageref">149</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tájpur</span>: village, <a href="#pb438" -class="pageref">438</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tájul Maásir</span>: <a href="#pb512" -class="pageref">512</a>, <a href="#pb519" class="pageref">519</a> and -<a href="#n519.4">note 4</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Takhat Bái</span>: wife of Anandráv -Gáikwár, <a href="#pb426" class="pageref">426</a> and -68.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Táj-ul-mulk</span>: Gujarát governor -(1320), <a href="#pb230" class="pageref">230</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb590" href="#pb590" name="pb590">590</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Takkadeśa</span>: tract of country -(Panjáb), <a href="#pb3" class="pageref">3</a>, <a href="#pb468" -class="pageref">468</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Talabdás</span>: wild tribe, <a href="#pb115" class="pageref">115</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Talája port</span>: burned by the Portuguese -(1532), <a href="#pb347" class="pageref">347</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Talbi</span>: lake, <a href="#pb453" class="pageref">453</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tale Sap</span>: lake, <a href="#pb499" class="pageref">499</a>, <a href="#pb504" class="pageref">504</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Talpat</span>: state land, <a href="#pb215" class="pageref">215</a>, <a href="#pb227" class="pageref">227</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tamáchi</span>: name borne by Jáms, -<a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tamáchi</span>: son of Raisingji, restored -to Navánagar (1673), <a href="#pb285" class="pageref">285</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Támbra Barani</span>: apparently the -Tápti, <a href="#pb510" class="pageref">510</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Támhal</span>: Anhilawára, <a href="#pb516" class="pageref">516</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Támbánagri</span>: local name of -Cambay, <a href="#n208.3">208 note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tamluk</span>: port on the Húgli -(<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 100), <a href="#pb499" class="pageref">499</a>, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Támraliptakas</span>: of Tamluk, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tána</span>: modern Thána, expedition -against by Usmán, <a href="#pb505" class="pageref">505</a>, -<a href="#pb508" class="pageref">508</a>, <a href="#pb509" class="pageref">509</a>, <a href="#pb523" class="pageref">523</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tánah</span>: <a href="#pb508" class="pageref">508</a>. See Thána.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tánka</span>: country, <a href="#pb467" -class="pageref">467</a> and <a href="#n467.7">note 7</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tankás</span>: coin, <a href="#n222.1">222 -note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tántriks</span>: proficient in <i>tantra</i> -(charms) branch of learning, <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tappa</span>: Bráhm-Bhát, <a href="#pb457" class="pageref">457</a>, <a href="#pb460" class="pageref">460</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Taprobane</span>: Ceylon, <a href="#pb543" class="pageref">543</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tápti</span>: river, <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>, <a href="#pb523" class="pageref">523</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tárápur</span>: near Cambay, <a href="#pb337" class="pageref">337</a>. In the Thána district, sacked -by the Portuguese (1531), <a href="#pb347" class="pageref">347</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tárikh-i-Alái</span>: work of Amir -Khusrao, <a href="#n515.6">515 note 6</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e75629" title="Source: ,">.</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Tárikh-i-Firuzsháhi</span>: work of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e75636" title="Source: Ziá-ud-din">Ziá-ud-dín</span> Barni, -<a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>, <a href="#pb515" class="pageref">515</a>, <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tárikh-i-kámíl</span>: work of -Ibni Asir, <a href="#n522.4">522 note 4</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tárikh-i-Maásumi</span>: written in -1600 <span class="sc">a.d.</span>, <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a> and notes 7, <a href="#pb8" class="pageref">8</a>, -and 10.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tárikh-i-Mubáraksháhi</span>: -notices Asáwal (1403–1504), <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tárikh-i-Táhiri</span>: written -<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 1521, <a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>, <a href="#n517.12">517 note 12</a>, <a href="#pb518" -class="pageref">518</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tarizakát</span>: sea customs dues, <a href="#n213.1">213 note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tartariyeh-dirham</span>: coin, <a href="#pb469" -class="pageref">469</a> and <a href="#n469.2">note 2</a>, <a href="#pb519" class="pageref">519</a> and <a href="#n519.8">note 8</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tátárkhán</span>: -Sultán of Gujarát, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tathágata</span>: see Gautama.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tátia Topi</span>: rebel, enters the Panch -Maháls, <a href="#pb441" class="pageref">441</a>; corresponds -with the chiefs of Jamkhandi and Nargund; is defeated at Chhota Udepur, -<a href="#pb445" class="pageref">445</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Taxila</span>: town, <a href="#pb490" class="pageref">490</a>, <a href="#pb491" class="pageref">491</a>, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e75748" -title="Source: .">;</span> Takshaśila tribe, <a href="#pb534" -class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Taylor</span>: Captain (1857), <a href="#pb438" -class="pageref">438</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tazjyat-ul-Ansár</span>: work of Abdullah -Wassáf (1300), <a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tegbeg Khán</span>: governor of Surat, -defeats the forces of <span class="corr" id="xd25e75772" title="Source: Momin">Momín</span> Khán and contrives (1733) to -become governor of Surat, <a href="#pb313" class="pageref">313</a>; -cruelties of, at Surat, <a href="#pb315" class="pageref">315</a>; kills -Mulla Muhammad Ali, <a href="#pb331" class="pageref">331</a>; dies -(1746), <a href="#pb330" class="pageref">330</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tejahpála</span>: minister of the first two -Vághelá chieftains and famous temple-builder, <a href="#pb199" class="pageref">199</a>; accompanies Víradhavala in the -expedition against the rulers of Vanthali; defeats Ghughula, chief of -Godhra, <a href="#pb201" class="pageref">201</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Telingana</span>: Ándhras of, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Telingas</span>: Telugus, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Telugus</span>: <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Temples</span>: in Gujarát, of brick and -wood up to ninth century, <a href="#pb79" class="pageref">79</a> and -<a href="#n79.3">note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tenná</span>: village granted, <a href="#pb130" class="pageref">130</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Territorial divisions</span>: under the Valabhis, -their identification with the present, <a href="#pb82" class="pageref">82</a> and <a href="#n82.4">note 4</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Territorial limits</span>: of Gujarát under -Musalmáns, <a href="#pb207" class="pageref">207</a> and <a href="#n207.1">note 1</a>, <a href="#pb208" class="pageref">208</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Terry</span>: <a href="#n221.1">221 note 1</a>, -<a href="#n224.2">224 note 2</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e75868" -title="Source: .">;</span> The Rev. Edward, chaplain to Sir T. Roe -(1617), <a href="#pb376" class="pageref">376</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tetal</span>: <a href="#pb145" class="pageref">145</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Thákarias</span>: caste, <a href="#pb530" -class="pageref">530</a> and <a href="#n530.10">note 10</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Thákurs</span>: petty chieftains, <a href="#n215.2">215 note 2</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e75897" title="Source: .">;</span> High caste men, <a href="#n530.10">530 note -10</a>. See Thákariás.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Thalutæ</span>: identified with -Támraliptakas, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Thán</span>: <a href="#n180.2">180 note -2</a>; fort in <span class="corr" id="xd25e75917" title="Source: Kathiáváḍa">Káthiáváḍa</span>, -headquarters of the Káthis, stormed by Shujáat -Khán (1692), <a href="#pb288" class="pageref">288</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Thána</span>: town, burned by the Portuguese -(1532)<span class="corr" id="xd25e75927" title="Not in source">,</span> -<a href="#pb347" class="pageref">347</a>; captured by the English -(1774), <a href="#pb401" class="pageref">401</a>, <a href="#pb523" -class="pageref">523</a>, <a href="#pb524" class="pageref">524</a>, -<a href="#pb529" class="pageref">529</a>, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Thánádárs</span>: local -officers, <a href="#pb210" class="pageref">210</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Thar and Párkar</span>: district, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Thatcher</span>: Captain, <a href="#pb444" class="pageref">444</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Thánás</span>: fortified outposts, -<a href="#pb210" class="pageref">210</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Thisrong</span>: king of Tibet (803–845), -<a href="#pb501" class="pageref">501</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Thilsongti</span>: king of Tibet (878–901), -<a href="#pb501" class="pageref">501</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Thom</span>: apparently Great Lord<span class="corr" id="xd25e75996" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb497" -class="pageref">497</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Theophila</span>: town, identification of, <a href="#pb539" class="pageref">539</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Thur</span>: hill range, <a href="#pb456" class="pageref">456</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tiastanes</span>: Chashṭana, <a href="#pb37" -class="pageref">37</a>, <a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tiatoura</span>: modern Chándor, <a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tibet</span>: country, ceases to acknowledge the -overlordship of China (729), spreads its power to the Yangtsekiang -valley (750), confederacy formed by the king of China with Indian -chiefs and Arabs against it (787), <a href="#pb501" class="pageref">501</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tigris</span>: river, <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tirgars</span>: arrowmakers, <a href="#pb451" -class="pageref">451</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tirhut</span>: birthplace of Śrigaudas, -<a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>, <a href="#n456.1">456 note -1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tiripangalida</span>: town, <a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tirthakalpa</span>: work, <a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176</a>; written by Jinaprabhasuri, <a href="#n182.1">182 -note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tirthankars</span>: Jain saints, <a href="#n451.3">451 note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tirupanatara</span>: near Kochin, <a href="#pb533" -class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tod</span>: Colonel, <a href="#pb81" class="pageref">81</a>, <a href="#pb145" class="pageref">145</a>, <a href="#pb188" class="pageref">188</a>, <a href="#n203.7">203 note 7</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Toda girás</span>: ready-money payment, -<a href="#pb216" class="pageref">216</a>, <a href="#pb227" class="pageref">227</a> and <a href="#n227.1">note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e76127" title="Source: Toramána">Toramáṇa</span></span>: king -(471), <a href="#pb72" class="pageref">72</a>, <a href="#pb74" class="pageref">74–75</a>; overthrows Budhagupta, <a href="#pb136" -class="pageref">136</a>, <a href="#pb146" class="pageref">146</a>, -<a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>, <a href="#pb496" class="pageref">496</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tower</span>: of victory, built by Mehmud Khilji -(1442) at Mándu, <a href="#pb354" class="pageref">354</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e76159" title="Source: Traikutaka">Traikúṭaka</span></span>: era, -<a href="#pb110" class="pageref">110</a>; era (249–250), <a href="#pb113" class="pageref">113</a>, <a href="#pb114" class="pageref">114</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e76170" title="Source: ,">;</span> dynasty (250–450), <a href="#pb55" class="pageref">55–57</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Trajan</span>: (166), <a href="#pb497" class="pageref">497</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Trambaksarovar</span>: lake, <a href="#pb453" -class="pageref">453</a>. See Talbi.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Transoxiana</span>: country, <a href="#pb139" -class="pageref">139</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Trappaga</span>: boat, <a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Trávancore</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e76208" title="Source: Pándyas">Páṇḍyas</span> of, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Treaties</span>: forms of, <a href="#pb199" class="pageref">199–200</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb591" href="#pb591" name="pb591">591</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Treaty</span>: conditions of, between Singhana and -<span class="corr" id="xd25e76226" title="Source: Lavanaprasáda">Lavaṇaprasáda</span>, -<a href="#pb200" class="pageref">200</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tree</span>: of Gurjjara genealogy, <a href="#pb114" class="pageref">114</a>; of <span class="corr" id="xd25e76239" -title="Source: Ráshṭrakûṭa">Ráshṭrakúṭa</span> -family, <a href="#pb121" class="pageref">121</a>. See Genealogy.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tretayuga</span>: second cycle, <a href="#pb461" -class="pageref">461</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e76255" title="Source: Treyauna">Treyaṇṇa</span></span>: district, -<a href="#pb111" class="pageref">111</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tribes</span>: Indian, <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tribhuvanapála</span>: great grandson of -<span class="corr" id="xd25e76272" title="Source: Bhima">Bhíma</span> I. (1022–1064), and father of -Kumárapála, murdered by Siddharája, <a href="#pb182" class="pageref">182</a>. Representative of <span class="corr" -id="xd25e76278" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -Solaṅkis, <a href="#pb203" class="pageref">203</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tribhuvanapálavasati</span>: temple at -Báhadapura, <a href="#pb186" class="pageref">186</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Trikadiba</span>: island, <a href="#pb542" class="pageref">542</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e76300" title="Source: Trikuta">Trikúṭa</span></span>: perhaps Junnar, -<a href="#pb57" class="pageref">57</a>, <a href="#n58.1">58 note -1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Trimbak</span>: pond, <a href="#pb462" class="pageref">462</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Trimbak</span>: Pandit, deputy of Khanderáv -Gáikwár at Ahmedábád; his intrigues with -Fakhr-ud-daulah, <a href="#pb329" class="pageref">329</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Trimbakeshwar Mahádev</span>: shrine of, -<a href="#pb454" class="pageref">454</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Trimbakji</span>: Dengle, appointed Sarsubhá -of Ahmedábád; causes the assassination of -Gangádhar Shástri (1815), <a href="#pb427" class="pageref">427</a>; his escape from Thána, <a href="#pb428" -class="pageref">428</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Trimbakráv</span>: Dábháde, -son and successor of Khanderáo Dábháde (1720), -<a href="#pb389" class="pageref">389</a>; advances with an army to -Cambay (1725), <a href="#pb306" class="pageref">306</a>, <a href="#pb391" class="pageref">391</a>; his jealousy of the interference of -the Peshwa in Gujarát affairs; intrigues of, against the Peshwa; -intercourse of, with the Nizám; confederacy with Piláji, -Kántáji, and Udáji to rescue the Marátha -rája from the Bráhman minister; defeat of the allies by -the Peshwa (1731) and death of, in battle, <a href="#pb312" class="pageref">312</a>, <a href="#pb392" class="pageref">392–393</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tripura</span>: city, <a href="#n57.4">57 note -4</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tripurántaka</span>: religious benefactions -of, <a href="#pb205" class="pageref">205</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tripurushaprásáda</span>: -Mahadeva’s temple at <span class="corr" id="xd25e76378" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>, -<a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>; new temple of, <a href="#pb169" class="pageref">169</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Trisáshthi -Sálákápurushacharitra</span>: lives of sixty-three -Jain saints, compiled by Hemachandra, <a href="#pb193" class="pageref">193</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tropina</span>: Tirupanatara, <a href="#pb533" -class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tuhfat-ul-Kirám</span>: the, <a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tughlik</span>: name borne by Jáms, <a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tu-lu-h’o-po-tu</span>: Chinese name of -Dhruvapatu Valabhi king, <a href="#pb79" class="pageref">79</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Turks</span>: <a href="#pb189" class="pageref">189</a>; advance of, <a href="#pb497" class="pageref">497</a>, <a href="#pb507" class="pageref">507</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Turushka</span>: Mahomedan army dispersed by -<span class="corr" id="xd25e76442" title="Source: Mularája">Múlarája</span> II. in -childhood, <a href="#pb195" class="pageref">195</a> and <a href="#n195.4">note 4</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Turushkas</span>: <a href="#pb189" class="pageref">189</a>. See Turks.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tusháspa</span>: Yavana governor of -Aśoka in <span class="corr" id="xd25e76463" title="Source: Suráshtra">Suráshṭra</span>, <a href="#pb14" class="pageref">14</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tyndis</span>: Kadalundi, <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e76478" title="Source: Uda">Udá</span></span>: see Udaya, <a href="#pb172" -class="pageref">172</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Udáji Pavár</span>: Peshwa’s -general in Gujarát (1727); is outmanœuvred by -Piláji and Kántáji; his retirement to -Málwa, <a href="#pb308" class="pageref">308</a>; captures -Mándu (1696), <a href="#pb382" class="pageref">382</a>; in -<span class="corr" id="xd25e76494" title="Source: Suráshtra">Suráshṭra</span>, <a href="#pb14" class="pageref">14</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Udaipur</span>: town (Mevád), <a href="#pb532" class="pageref">532</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Udaleśvara</span>: temple, <a href="#pb172" -class="pageref">172</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Udambara</span>: village, <a href="#pb182" class="pageref">182</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Udaya</span>: minister of Chaulukya king -Karṇa and builder of the temple Udaya-Varáha, <a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Udayachandra</span>: one of -Kumárapála’s leading Pandits, <a href="#pb190" -class="pageref">190</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Udayáditya</span>: inscription of, at -Udepur, <a href="#pb164" class="pageref">164</a>; -Kumárapála’s inscription in the temple of, <a href="#pb185" class="pageref">185</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Udayagiri caves</span>: Gupta inscriptions at, -<a href="#pb65" class="pageref">65–66</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e76555" title="Source: Udayámati">Udayámatí</span></span>: queen -of <span class="corr" id="xd25e76558" title="Source: Bhima">Bhíma</span> I., builds a step-well at -<span class="corr" id="xd25e76561" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>, -<a href="#pb169" class="pageref">169</a>; persuades her son Karna to -marry Miyánalladevi, <a href="#pb171" class="pageref">171</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Udayana</span>: Siddharája’s minister, -helps Kumárapála, <a href="#pb183" class="pageref">183</a>; is appointed minister by Kumárapála, -<a href="#pb184" class="pageref">184</a>; and is mortally wounded in -the fight with the king of <span class="corr" id="xd25e76580" title="Source: Suráshtra">Suráshṭra</span>, <a href="#pb186" class="pageref">186</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Udayapura</span>: inscription of Udayáditya -at, <a href="#pb164" class="pageref">164</a>; -Kumárapála’s inscriptions in the temple at, -<a href="#pb185" class="pageref">185</a>; grant to the god of, <a href="#pb187" class="pageref">187</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e76598" -title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#n194.4">194 note 4</a>. See -Udepur.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Udaya Varáha</span>: temple at <span class="corr" id="xd25e76608" title="Source: Karnávati">Karṇávatí</span>, -<a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Udayasimhadeva</span>: Chohán king, captures -Bhinmál, <a href="#pb470" class="pageref">470</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Udepur</span>: <a href="#pb164" class="pageref">164</a>. See Udayapura.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ufflet</span>: Nicholas, English merchant (1611), -<a href="#n224.2">224 note 2</a>, <a href="#pb449" class="pageref">449</a> and <a href="#n449.2">note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ugrasena</span>: legendary Yádava chief of -Dwárka, <a href="#pb9" class="pageref">9</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ujjain</span>: <a href="#pb174" class="pageref">174</a>; visited by Kumárapála in his exile, -<a href="#pb183" class="pageref">183</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e76657" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#n513.9">513 note -9</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ulugh Khán</span>: general (1297), <a href="#pb229" class="pageref">229</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e76669" -title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e76674" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb515" class="pageref">515</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Umábái</span>: widow of -Khanderáv Dábháde, goes to Gujarát to -avenge Piláji’s death and marches upon -Ahmedábád, <a href="#pb314" class="pageref">314</a>, -<a href="#pb393" class="pageref">393</a>; intrigues of, against the -Peshwa; recognises Dámáji as her agent in Gujarát -(1736), <a href="#pb394" class="pageref">394</a>; causes Rangoji to be -set at liberty and reappoints him her agent in Gujarát (1745), -<a href="#pb329" class="pageref">329</a>, <a href="#pb396" class="pageref">396</a>; dies (1748), <a href="#pb332" class="pageref">332</a>, <a href="#pb396" class="pageref">396</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Umán</span>: Persian Gulf, <a href="#pb505" -class="pageref">505</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e76713" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb523" class="pageref">523</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Umar Ibnal Khattáb</span>: Khalifah -(634–643), <a href="#pb505" class="pageref">505</a> and <a href="#n505.5">note 5</a>, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>, -<a href="#pb523" class="pageref">523</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Umeta</span>: copperplate grant from, <a href="#n113.6">113 note 6</a>, <a href="#pb117" class="pageref">117</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Umvárá</span>: identified with Umra, -<a href="#pb130" class="pageref">130</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Undaran</span>: apparently Vindhya mountain, -<a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Upakeságaccha</span>: <a href="#pb469" -class="pageref">469</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e76768" title="Source: Uparavata">Uparavaṭa</span></span>: Viradhavala’s -horse, <a href="#pb201" class="pageref">201</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Upton</span>: Colonel, special envoy deputed by the -Calcutta Government to negotiate with ministers in Poona, <a href="#pb406" class="pageref">406</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ushavadáta</span>: Śaka viceroy -(100–120), gifts of, <a href="#pb25" class="pageref">25–26</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Usmán</span>: governor of Bahrein and -Persian Gulf, <a href="#pb505" class="pageref">505</a>, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>, <a href="#pb523" class="pageref">523</a>. Third Khalifah (643–655), <a href="#pb505" -class="pageref">505</a> and <a href="#n505.5">note 5</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Utbah</span>: governor of Basrah, <a href="#n505.5">505 note 5</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Utsarpini</span>: age, <a href="#pb193" class="pageref">193</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Uttamapurushas</span>: Jain saints, <a href="#n451.3">451 note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Uttamiyár</span>: female demon, <a href="#pb455" class="pageref">455</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Uzain</span>: identified with Ujjaini; expedition -against, <a href="#pb109" class="pageref">109</a>, <a href="#pb467" -class="pageref">467</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb592" href="#pb592" name="pb592">592</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Váda</span>: inscription of Suketuvarmman -at, <a href="#pb107" class="pageref">107</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Váda</span>: religious discussion, <a href="#pb181" class="pageref">181</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vadapadraka</span>: identified with Baroda, -<a href="#pb125" class="pageref">125</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vadgáon</span>: convention of, disavowed by -the Bombay Council (1779), <a href="#pb407" class="pageref">407</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vadhiár</span>: <a href="#pb149" class="pageref">149</a>, <a href="#pb150" class="pageref">150</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vadhván</span>: <a href="#pb469" class="pageref">469</a>. See Vadhwán.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vadhwán</span>: capital of the Chápa -dynasty, <a href="#pb138" class="pageref">138</a>, <a href="#pb139" -class="pageref">139</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e76901" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#n180.2">180 note 2</a><span class="corr" -id="xd25e76906" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb186" class="pageref">186</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vadnagar</span>: town, ancient names of, <a href="#pb6" class="pageref">6</a>; besieged by Antáji Bháskar, -again by Kántáji, burnt (1725), <a href="#pb307" class="pageref">307</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e76922" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e76927" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb546" class="pageref">546</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vágadh</span>: local name, <a href="#n208.3">208 note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vágabhava</span>: see -Báhaḍa.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vaggháchchha</span>: modern Vághodia, -<a href="#pb125" class="pageref">125</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vághela</span>: principality of, <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>; dynasty (1240–1290), <a href="#pb526" class="pageref">526</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vághela hero</span>: see Vira -Vághelá.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vághelás</span>: branch of the -Chaulukyas of <span class="corr" id="xd25e76969" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>, -help the last Chaulukya king and succeed him, <a href="#pb196" class="pageref">196–197</a>; their rule and genealogy, <a href="#pb198" -class="pageref">198–206</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vághodia</span>: <a href="#pb125" class="pageref">125</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vágra</span>: <a href="#pb129" class="pageref">129</a> and <a href="#n129.3">note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Váhadhasimha</span>: <a href="#pb471" class="pageref">471</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e77004" title="Source: Vairisimha">Vairisiṃha</span></span>: <span class="corr" -id="xd25e77007" title="Source: Chávaḍa">Chávaḍá</span> king, -<a href="#pb154" class="pageref">154</a>, <a href="#pb155" class="pageref">155</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vaisha</span>: <a href="#pb530" class="pageref">530</a>. See Baiswia.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vajeshankar Gavrishankar</span>: Mr., Náib -Diván of Bhávnagar; his collection of articles found in -Valabhi, <a href="#n78.1">78 note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vakhatsingh</span>: fifty-ninth or the last viceroy -of Gujarát appointed by the imperial court, <a href="#pb332" -class="pageref">332</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vala</span>: Valabhi, <a href="#pb506" class="pageref">506</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Valabhi</span>: probably Gujars, <a href="#pb4" -class="pageref">4</a>, <a href="#n5.1">5 note 1</a>; capital of Valabhi -dynasty; identified with Valeh, <a href="#pb78" class="pageref">78</a> -and <a href="#n78.1">note 1</a>; history, <a href="#pb78" class="pageref">78–106</a>; year, <a href="#pb204" class="pageref">204</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e77067" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>, <a href="#pb466" class="pageref">466</a>; Mihir or <span class="corr" id="xd25e77076" title="Source: Gurjjára">Gurjjara</span> conquest -of (490), <a href="#pb489" class="pageref">489</a>; its great sea port -and capital overthrown, <a href="#pb506" class="pageref">506</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e77085" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb524" class="pageref">524</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e77090" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb525" class="pageref">525</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Valabhi</span>: Balhára or -Ráshṭrakúṭa king, <a href="#pb516" class="pageref">516</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Valáhaka</span>: province, mentioned by -Jinaprabhasuri, <a href="#pb78" class="pageref">78</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Valahi</span>: Valabhi, mentioned by -Jinaprabhasuri, <a href="#pb78" class="pageref">78</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Valeh</span>: modern name of Valabhi, town, its -site examined (1872), <a href="#pb78" class="pageref">78</a> and -note.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vallabha</span>: head of the Dakhan -Ráshṭrakúṭas, <a href="#pb127" class="pageref">127</a>, <a href="#pb525" class="pageref">525</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vallabharája</span>: is installed by his -father Chámuṇḍa, marches against Málwa, dies -of small-pox, <a href="#pb162" class="pageref">162</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Valle</span>: De la, Italian traveller at -Mándu (1623), <a href="#pb381" class="pageref">381</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vámanasthali</span>: modern Vanthali, -<a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vámaráśi</span>: Pandit in -Kumárapála’s court, insults Hemachandra, loses his -annuity, <a href="#pb193" class="pageref">193</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vanarája</span>: Chávaḍá -king (720–780), born and bred in forest, founded <span class="corr" id="xd25e77167" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span>; -his installation, his image, his successors, <a href="#pb150" class="pageref">150</a>, <a href="#pb151" class="pageref">151–152</a>, -<a href="#pb153" class="pageref">153</a>, <a href="#pb155" class="pageref">155</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e77182" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb512" class="pageref">512</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Van-Dindori</span>: grant of Govind III. at, -<a href="#pb123" class="pageref">123</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e77194" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb466" class="pageref">466</a>, <a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vanga</span>: modern Bengal, <a href="#pb124" -class="pageref">124</a>, <a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vánkáner</span>: <a href="#pb295" -class="pageref">295</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vánki</span>: creek near Balsár, -<a href="#pb125" class="pageref">125</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vankika</span>: <a href="#pb125" class="pageref">125</a>. See Vánki.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vankund</span>: forest pool, <a href="#pb454" -class="pageref">454</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vánta</span>: share, <a href="#pb215" class="pageref">215</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vántádárs</span>: sharers, -<a href="#pb212" class="pageref">212</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vanthali</span>: <a href="#pb136" class="pageref">136</a>; <span class="corr" id="xd25e77263" title="Source: Chudásamas">Chúḍásamás</span> -settle at, <a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>; capital of -Graharipu, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>; its rulers killed -by<a id="xd25e77272" name="xd25e77272"></a> Viradhavala Vághela, -<a href="#pb200" class="pageref">200–204</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Váradapallika</span>: village, <a href="#pb130" class="pageref">130</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Varáha</span>: wild boar coin, <a href="#n219.2">219 note 2</a>; Boar god, <a href="#pb451" class="pageref">451</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Varáha Mihira</span>: astronomer, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>, <a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Varalatta</span>: tribe, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vardhamánapura</span>: modern -Vadhván, <a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176</a>.</p> -<div class="table"> -<table class="itemGroupTable"> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop"><span class="sc">Varelatæ</span>:</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellTop cellBottom"><img src="images/rbrace2.png" alt="" width="12" height="40"></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellRight cellTop cellBottom">see -Varalatta.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="sc">Varetatæ</span>:</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -<p><span class="sc">Variávi</span>: modern Variáv, -<a href="#pb128" class="pageref">128</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Varlis</span>: wild tribe, <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vartaniás</span>: police subordinates, -<a href="#pb212" class="pageref">212</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Varthema</span>: traveller (1503–1508), -<a href="#n220.2">220 note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Varvar</span>: <a href="#pb144" class="pageref">144</a>, <a href="#n174.1">174 note 1</a>. See Barbaraka.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Varvaraka</span>: see Barbaraka.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vásaka</span>: camp, <a href="#pb113" class="pageref">113</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vasantasena</span>: king of Nepál, <a href="#pb84" class="pageref">84</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vashista</span>: sage, <a href="#pb461" class="pageref">461</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vásingapura</span>: <a href="#n180.2">180 -note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vasishthi</span>: river, <a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vastupála</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e77421" title="Source: Lavanaprasáda’s">Lavaṇaprasáda’s</span> -minister builds magnificent Jain temples, <a href="#pb199" class="pageref">199</a> and <a href="#n199.2">note 2</a>, <a href="#pb200" -class="pageref">200</a>, <a href="#pb201" class="pageref">201</a>, -<a href="#pb202" class="pageref">202</a> and <a href="#n202.1">note -1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vastupálacharita</span>: life of -Vastupála by Someśvara, <a href="#pb199" class="pageref">199</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vasudeva</span>: Kushán king (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 123–150), <a href="#pb37" class="pageref">37</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vásudeva</span>: Chohán king (780), -<a href="#pb157" class="pageref">157</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vásudevas</span>: Jain saints, <a href="#n451.3">451 note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vatapadrapura</span>: probably Baroda, <a href="#pb183" class="pageref">183</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vatsarája</span>: <a href="#pb466" class="pageref">466</a>, <a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a>; Gurjjara -king, his success in Bengal, <a href="#pb527" class="pageref">527</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vayajalladeva</span>: manager of -Tripurushaprásáda temple, <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Venuthali</span>: Vania’s Vanthali, <a href="#pb133" class="pageref">133</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Verával</span>: inscription at, <a href="#pb81" class="pageref">81</a>, <a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176</a>, <a href="#pb203" class="pageref">203</a>, <a href="#pb204" class="pageref">204</a>, <a href="#pb521" class="pageref">521</a>, <a href="#pb547" class="pageref">547</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Verisálji</span>: of Rájpipla, -<a href="#pb295" class="pageref">295</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Versova</span>: fort in Sálsette, taken by -the English (1774), <a href="#pb401" class="pageref">401</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e77548" title="Source: Vicháraśreni">Vicháraśreṇi</span></span>: -list of kings, <a href="#pb149" class="pageref">149</a> and <a href="#n149.2">note 2</a>, <a href="#pb152" class="pageref">152</a>, -<a href="#pb154" class="pageref">154</a>, <a href="#pb155" class="pageref">155</a>, <a href="#pb156" class="pageref">156</a>, <a href="#pb162" class="pageref">162</a>, <a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>, <a href="#pb171" class="pageref">171</a>, <a href="#pb183" class="pageref">183</a>, <a href="#pb204" class="pageref">204</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vidya-Sála</span>: Sanskrit college, -<a href="#pb453" class="pageref">453</a> & note 1.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vidisá</span>: Besnagar near Bhilsa, -<a href="#pb65" class="pageref">65</a>, <a href="#pb66" class="pageref">66</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vidyádharás</span>: ancestors of -north Konkan Siláháras, <a href="#pb129" class="pageref">129</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vigraharája</span>: king of Ajmir, <a href="#pb157" class="pageref">157</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vijayáditya</span>: Chálukya king -(696–773), <a href="#pb150" class="pageref">150</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vijayapura</span>: identified with Bijápur -near Parántij, <a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>, -<a href="#pb110" class="pageref">110</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vijayarája</span>: Chálukya prince, -his grant, <a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>, <a href="#pb110" -class="pageref">110</a>, <a href="#pb112" class="pageref">112</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vijayárka</span>: Goa Kadamba king, <a href="#n172.3">172 note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vijayasena</span>: fifteenth Kshatrapa -(238–249)<span class="corr" id="xd25e77658" title="Not in source">,</span> coins of, <a href="#pb46" class="pageref">46–47</a>, <a href="#pb49" class="pageref">49</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vijjaladeva</span>: Ajayapála’s -doorkeeper and murderer, <a href="#pb195" class="pageref">195</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vikrama</span>: era, <a href="#pb204" class="pageref">204</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vikramáditya</span>: Dakhan Chálukya -king, <a href="#pb56" class="pageref">56</a>; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb593" href="#pb593" name="pb593">593</a>]</span>Satyáśraya, Chálukya king -(680), <a href="#pb107" class="pageref">107</a>, <a href="#pb110" -class="pageref">110</a>, <a href="#pb111" class="pageref">111</a>, -<a href="#pb112" class="pageref">112</a>; gives <span class="corr" id="xd25e77703" title="Source: Láta">Láṭa</span> to -his brother <span class="corr" id="xd25e77706" title="Source: Jayasimha">Jayasiṃha</span>, <a href="#pb117" class="pageref">117</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vikramáditya</span>: name of Chandragupta -II., <a href="#pb65" class="pageref">65</a>, <a href="#pb67" class="pageref">67</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e77725" title="Source: Vikramasimha">Vikramasiṃha</span></span>: -Paramára king of Chandrávati, joins the king of -Sámbhara and is dethroned by Kumárapála, <a href="#pb185" class="pageref">185</a>, <a href="#pb188" class="pageref">188</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Village officers</span>: Mughal, in Gujarát, -<a href="#pb212" class="pageref">212</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vimala</span>: general of <span class="corr" id="xd25e77745" title="Source: Bhima">Bhíma</span> I., subdues -Dhandhuka chief of Ábu and builds on Ábu Jain temples, -<a href="#pb169" class="pageref">169</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vimalavasahi</span>: group of Jain temples on -Ábu, <a href="#pb169" class="pageref">169</a> and <a href="#n169.1">note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vinayáditya</span>: Chálukya king, -<a href="#pb56" class="pageref">56</a>, <a href="#pb110" class="pageref">110</a>; his inscriptions, <a href="#pb111" class="pageref">111</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vinayáditya Mangalarája</span>: -copperplate grant at Balsár of, <a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vincent</span>: <a href="#pb542" class="pageref">542</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vindhya</span>: mountain, northern limit of Dadda -I.’s Gurjjara kingdom, <a href="#pb115" class="pageref">115</a>; -its king, <a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163</a>; southern boundary -of Kumárapála’s kingdom, <a href="#pb189" class="pageref">189</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e77800" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb468" class="pageref">468</a><span class="corr" id="xd25e77805" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vindu</span>: the Vindhyas, <a href="#pb510" class="pageref">510</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e77821" title="Source: Viradáman">Víradáman</span></span>: -thirteenth Kshatrapa (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 236–238), -coins of, <a href="#pb46" class="pageref">46</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Viradhavala</span>: Vághela king -(1233–1238), <a href="#pb179" class="pageref">179</a>, <a href="#pb196" class="pageref">196</a>, <a href="#pb197" class="pageref">197</a>; his father abdicates in his favour; his expeditions -against Vanthali, Bhadreśvara, and Godhra, and his treaty with the -Sultán of Dehli, <a href="#pb200" class="pageref">200–201</a>, <a href="#pb206" class="pageref">206</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e77852" title="Source: Viramati">Víramatí</span></span>: Jain nun, -brings up Vanarája, <a href="#pb151" class="pageref">151</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e77860" title="Source: Virama">Vírama</span> <span class="corr" id="xd25e77863" title="Source: Visala">Vísala</span></span>: see -<span class="corr" id="xd25e77866" title="Source: Visaladeva">Vísaladeva</span>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Viramgám</span>: Muna lake at, <a href="#n180.2">180 note 2</a>; disturbance at (1734), <a href="#pb314" -class="pageref">314</a>; Sher Khán Bábi appointed -governor of, <a href="#pb315" class="pageref">315</a>; expulsion of the -Maráthás from, by Bháv Singh, <a href="#pb323" -class="pageref">323</a>; besieged by the Maráthás; -surrendered by Bháv Singh, <a href="#pb323" class="pageref">323</a>, <a href="#pb324" class="pageref">324</a>; given by -Rangoji to the Musalmáns, <a href="#pb326" class="pageref">326</a>, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>, <a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Virpur</span>: <a href="#n180.2">180 note 2</a>, -<a href="#pb206" class="pageref">206</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vira Vághela</span>: <a href="#pb198" class="pageref">198</a> and <a href="#n198.6">note 6</a>. See -Viradhavala.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vísaladeva</span>: Vághela king -(1243–1261), defeats his brother and Tribhuvanapála -Solaṅki; refuses to acknowledge an overlord and lessens the -miseries of a three years’ famine, <a href="#pb203" class="pageref">203</a>, <a href="#pb206" class="pageref">206</a>. Ruler of -Chandrávati, <a href="#pb204" class="pageref">204</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Visalanagara</span>: fortifications of, repaired by -<span class="corr" id="xd25e77938" title="Source: Visaladeva">Vísaladeva</span>, <a href="#pb203" class="pageref">203</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e77946" title="Source: Vishnu">Vishṇu</span></span>: a god, <a href="#pb461" -class="pageref">461</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e77954" title="Source: Vishnudása">Vishṇudása</span></span>: -chief, <a href="#pb65" class="pageref">65</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vishopaka</span>: <a href="#pb169" class="pageref">169</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vishvakarma</span>: divine architect, <a href="#pb461" class="pageref">461</a>, <a href="#pb462" class="pageref">462</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vishvamitra</span>: sage, <a href="#pb461" class="pageref">461</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e77987" title="Source: Viśvaśena">Viśvasena</span></span>: twentieth -Kshatrapa (294–300), coins of, <a href="#pb48" class="pageref">48–49</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e77995" title="Source: Viśvasimha">Viśvasiṃha</span></span>: -eighteenth Kshatrapa (272–278), coins of, <a href="#pb47" class="pageref">47</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Viśvavaráha</span>: father of -Grahári, <a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vitarága</span>: title of <span class="corr" -id="xd25e78012" title="Source: Jayabhata">Jayabhaṭa</span> I., -Gurjjara ruler, <a href="#pb115" class="pageref">115</a>; Jain -Tirthankara, <a href="#pb195" class="pageref">195</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vithal Deváji</span>: -Gáikwár’s officer, captures Malhárráv -Gáikwár (1803), <a href="#pb413" class="pageref">413</a>; -appointed Subha in Káthiáváḍa, <a href="#pb426" class="pageref">426</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vithal Shukdev</span>: lieutenant of -Raghunáthráv in Gujarát, settles peace with -Jawán Mard Khán (1753), <a href="#pb337" class="pageref">337</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vol</span>: exactions, <a href="#pb216" class="pageref">216</a>, <a href="#pb227" class="pageref">227</a> and -<a href="#n227.1">note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vrijjis</span>: <a href="#n456.1">456 note -1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vyághrapalli</span>: Vághela, the -home of Vághelás, <a href="#pb198" class="pageref">198</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vyághramukha</span>: Gurjjara king, <a href="#pb467" class="pageref">467</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vyághrarája</span>: Chápa -king, <a href="#n138.1">138 note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Vyághrása</span>: perhaps -Vágra, <a href="#pb129" class="pageref">129</a> and <a href="#n129.3">note 3</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Wágher</span>: outbreak of (1859), <a href="#pb446" class="pageref">446</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Wághria</span>: castrator, <a href="#pb451" -class="pageref">451</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Waizápur</span>: village, <a href="#pb443" -class="pageref">443</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Wákiáhnigár</span>: -news-writer, <a href="#pb214" class="pageref">214</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Walker</span>: Major, sent by Governor Duncan to -help Govindráv’s party at Baroda, <a href="#pb412" class="pageref">412</a>; resident at Baroda, <a href="#pb413" class="pageref">413</a>, <a href="#pb414" class="pageref">414</a>; Colonel, -settles the Káthiáváḍa tribute question, -<a href="#pb416" class="pageref">416</a>, <a href="#pb422" class="pageref">422</a>, <a href="#pb423" class="pageref">423</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Wallace</span>: Colonel, political agent of Rewa -Kántha, <a href="#pb446" class="pageref">446</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Wanesa</span>: <a href="#pb111" class="pageref">111</a>. See Balisa.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Wathen</span>: Mr., <a href="#pb120" class="pageref">120</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Watson</span>: Colonel, <a href="#pb145" class="pageref">145</a>, <a href="#pb466" class="pageref">466</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Wazifah</span>: land grants, <a href="#pb212" -class="pageref">212</a>; land held on religious tenures by Hindus, -confiscation of, by an order of Aurangzib between 1671 and 1674, -<a href="#pb285" class="pageref">285</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Welsh</span>: Lieut.<span class="corr" id="xd25e78187" title="Source: ;">,</span> takes the forts of -Párnera, Indergad, and Bágvada (1780), <a href="#pb409" -class="pageref">409</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">West</span>: the late Colonel, <a href="#pb110" -class="pageref">110</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">West Násik</span>: connected with south -<span class="corr" id="xd25e78204" title="Source: Gujárát">Gujarát</span> under the -Chálukya rule, <a href="#pb110" class="pageref">110</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">White <span class="corr" id="xd25e78213" title="Source: Húnas">Húṇas</span></span>: foreigners -<a href="#pb142" class="pageref">142–146</a><span class="corr" -id="xd25e78218" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb459" class="pageref">459</a>; in north Sindh and south Panjáb, <a href="#pb496" class="pageref">496</a>; defeat of, by Sassanians and Turks -(550–600), <a href="#pb497" class="pageref">497</a>; settle in -Yannang with Tibetans and Kedarites, <a href="#pb501" class="pageref">501</a>. See Húṇas.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Wigged figures</span>: <a href="#pb458" class="pageref">458</a> and <a href="#n458.2">note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Wilfred</span>: <a href="#pb541" class="pageref">541</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Wilson</span>: Dr. John, <a href="#pb145" class="pageref">145</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Xoana</span>: town, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Xodrake</span>: <a href="#pb539" class="pageref">539</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Yachi</span>: capital of Kárájang or -Yunnan (1290), <a href="#pb501" class="pageref">501</a>, <a href="#pb504" class="pageref">504</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Yádava kingdom</span>: at -Dwáriká, establishment of, <a href="#pb8" class="pageref">8</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Yádavas</span>: <a href="#pb521" class="pageref">521</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Yajanaśila</span>: Bráhman, <a href="#pb461" class="pageref">461</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e78306" title="Source: Yajnaśrí">Yajñaśrí</span></span>: -Andhra king, <a href="#pb38" class="pageref">38</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Yajurveda</span>: <a href="#pb534" class="pageref">534</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Yaksha</span>: king, <a href="#pb454" class="pageref">454</a>, <a href="#pb456" class="pageref">456</a> and -<a href="#n456.1">note 1</a>; statue of, described, <a href="#pb456" -class="pageref">456–458</a>; high day of, <a href="#pb458" class="pageref">458</a>, <a href="#pb465" class="pageref">465</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Yamuna</span>: river, <a href="#pb533" class="pageref">533</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e78351" title="Source: Yaśadaman">Yaśadáman</span> I.</span>: -fourteenth Kshatrapa (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 239), coins of, -<a href="#pb46" class="pageref">46</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e78363" title="Source: Yaśadaman">Yaśadáman</span> II.</span>: -twenty-second Kshatrapa (<span class="sc">a.d.</span> 320), coins -of, <a href="#pb49" class="pageref">49</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Yashvantráv</span>: minor son of -Trimbakráv Dábháde made Senápati by -Bájiráv Peshwa (1731), <a href="#pb393" class="pageref">393</a>, <a href="#pb396" class="pageref">396</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Yaśodharman</span>: king of Málwa, -<a href="#pb76" class="pageref">76</a>, <a href="#pb77" class="pageref">77</a>; defeats Huns, <a href="#pb143" class="pageref">143</a>; defeats Mihirakula the famous White Hun conqueror at -Kárur (530), <a href="#pb496" class="pageref">496</a>. -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb594" href="#pb594" name="pb594">594</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Yaśodhavala</span>: -Kumárapála’s viceroy, <a href="#pb187" class="pageref">187</a>; set on his uncle’s throne by -Kumárapála, <a href="#pb189" class="pageref">189</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Yaśovarman</span>: king of Málwa, -<a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>, <a href="#pb172" class="pageref">172</a>, <a href="#pb173" class="pageref">173</a>, <a href="#pb174" class="pageref">174</a>; his war with Siddharája, is -taken prisoner and kept in a cage, <a href="#pb177" class="pageref">177–178</a>, <a href="#pb496" class="pageref">496</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Yaudheya</span>: Kshatriya tribe, <a href="#pb19" -class="pageref">19</a> and <a href="#n19.3">note 3</a>, <a href="#pb36" -class="pageref">36–37</a>, <a href="#pb64" class="pageref">64</a> -and <a href="#n64.3">note 3</a>, <a href="#pb138" class="pageref">138</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Yavana</span>: 12; people, <a href="#pb119" class="pageref">119</a>; language, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>, -<a href="#n456.1">456 note 1</a>; migration of, to Indo-China (100), -<a href="#pb499" class="pageref">499</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Yavanáśva</span>: Yavana prince of -Párlipur, <a href="#pb119" class="pageref">119</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Yavani</span>: handmaids, of the Indian drama, -<a href="#pb545" class="pageref">545</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Yayáti</span>: king, son of Nahush, asks -boon from the Sun, <a href="#pb460" class="pageref">460</a> and -<a href="#n460.2">note 2</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Yemen</span>: country, <a href="#pb535" class="pageref">535</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Yesodharmman</span>: <a href="#pb143" class="pageref">143</a>. See Yaśodharman.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ye-ta-i-li-to</span>: <a href="#pb145" class="pageref">145</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Ye-tha</span>: White Huns, <a href="#pb75" class="pageref">75</a>, <a href="#pb142" class="pageref">142</a>, <a href="#pb145" class="pageref">145</a>. See Ye-ta-i-li-to.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Yoga</span>: Bráhman donee, <a href="#pb126" -class="pageref">126</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Yogarája</span>: <span class="corr" id="xd25e78546" title="Source: Anahilaváḍa">Aṇahilaváḍa</span> -chief (805–841), <a href="#pb124" class="pageref">124</a>; mounts -funeral pyre, <a href="#pb154" class="pageref">154</a>, <a href="#pb155" class="pageref">155</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Yogaśástra</span>: work compiled by -Hemachandra, <a href="#pb193" class="pageref">193</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Yogeśvara</span>: writer of Govind’s -Kávi grant, <a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Yojana</span>: three miles, <a href="#pb510" class="pageref">510</a>, <a href="#pb521" class="pageref">521</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Yuán-Yuán</span>: <a href="#pb144" -class="pageref">144</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Yuechi</span>: foreign tribe, <a href="#pb144" -class="pageref">144</a>, <a href="#n456.1">456 note 1</a>; little, -<a href="#pb500" class="pageref">500</a>. See Kedarites.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Yuetchi</span>: see <a href="#pb144" class="pageref">144</a>. See Yuechi.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Yugs</span>: cycles, <a href="#pb461" class="pageref">461</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Yukávihára</span>: louse temple, -<a href="#pb193" class="pageref">193</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Yule</span>: Sir H., <a href="#pb499" class="pageref">499</a>, <a href="#pb504" class="pageref">504</a>, <a href="#pb537" class="pageref">537</a>, <a href="#pb538" class="pageref">538</a>, <a href="#pb539" class="pageref">539</a>, <a href="#pb540" class="pageref">540</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Yunnan</span>: settlement in, of Thisrong and his -successor Thi-tsong-ti, <a href="#pb501" class="pageref">501</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Zafar Khán</span>: Gujarát governor -(1371), <a href="#pb230" class="pageref">230</a>, <a href="#pb231" -class="pageref">231</a>, (1391–1403), <a href="#pb232" class="pageref">232</a>, <a href="#pb234" class="pageref">234</a>; confined -by his son Tátár Khán at Asáwal, <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Zakát</span>: a tax, <a href="#n213.1">213 -note 1</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e78682" title="Source: Zamindárs">Zamíndárs</span></span>: -landholders, <a href="#pb215" class="pageref">215</a>, <a href="#n216.1">216 note 1</a>; three classes of, <a href="#pb226" class="pageref">226</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Zamotika</span>: father of Kshatrapa <span class="corr" id="xd25e78698" title="Source: Chasṭana">Chashṭana</span>, <a href="#pb31" class="pageref">31</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Zarmanokhêgas</span>: -Śramanácárya at Athens, <a href="#pb536" class="pageref">536</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Zêrogerei</span>: town, <a href="#pb540" -class="pageref">540</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc"><span class="corr" id="xd25e78720" title="Source: Zia-ud-din">Ziá-ud-dín</span> Barni</span>: -annalist of Muhammad Tughlak’s reign and author of -Tárikh-i-Firuz-Sháhi (1325), <a href="#pb513" class="pageref">513</a>, <a href="#pb514" class="pageref">514</a>, <a href="#pb517" class="pageref">517</a>, <a href="#pb518" class="pageref">518</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Zimmis</span>: infidels, <a href="#pb213" class="pageref">213</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Zôskalês</span>: king Za Sâgal or -Za Asgal or Za Hakalê, <a href="#pb543" class="pageref">543</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Zulfikar Beg</span>: Mughal leader, is defeated by -the Maráthás (1716), <a href="#pb388" class="pageref">388</a>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb641" href="#pb641" -name="pb641">641</a>]</span></p> -<div class="figure mapgujaratwidth"><a href="images/mapGujarath.jpg"><img src="images/mapGujarat.jpg" alt="PROVINCE of GUZERAT" width="720" height="487"></a> -<p class="figureHead">PROVINCE of GUZERAT</p> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb645" href="#pb645" name="pb645">645</a>]</span></p> -<div class="figure bhinmalwidth"><img src="images/bhinmal.png" alt="BHINMÁL" width="496" height="720"> -<p class="figureHead">BHINMÁL</p> -<p class="first">(ŚRIMÁL)</p> -<p><span class="sc">TEMPLE of JAG SVÁMI The SUN</span></p> -<p>(Ruined)</p> -<p><i>B. 1746.</i></p> -<p><i>Drawn and Photozincographed<br> -Gov<sup>t</sup> Photozinco: Office. Poona 1896</i></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="transcribernote"> -<h2 class="main">Colophon</h2> -<h3 class="main">Corrections</h3> -<p>The following corrections have been applied to the text:</p> -<table class="correctiontable" summary="Overview of corrections applied to the text."> -<tr> -<th>Page</th> -<th>Source</th> -<th>Correction</th> -<th>Edit distance</th> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e236">iii</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3192">1</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6409">41</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e12607">95</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e14978">116</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20412">180</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20777">185</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21045">188</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21254">191</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21286">192</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21350">193</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21486">195</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24361">226</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25078">236</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25540">244</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27230">270</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27683">274</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27693">274</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27747">275</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27775">275</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29201">296</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30921">331</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30924">331</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30927">331</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e32209">357</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e32405">360</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e32416">360</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e32432">360</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e32690">363</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e36073">430</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37114">454</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37522">462</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37530">462</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e41400">500</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e42259">510</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e44445">525</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e44713">528</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47326">551</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e49341">553</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e49950">554</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50236">554</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52249">557</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e55403">562</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58934">566</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e59662">567</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e68168">580</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e69304">581</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73076">586</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e74826">589</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e74869">589</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e75927">590</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77658">592</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">,</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e545">vi</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">(<i>a</i>)</td> -<td class="bottom">3</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e552">vi</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">(<i>b</i>)</td> -<td class="bottom">3</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e678">ix</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e681">ix</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5896">36</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6324">40</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhagvánlal</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhagvánlál</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e699">ix</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6114">38</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6351">40</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e8196">55</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e9814">71</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e12106">93</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e12989">98</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e12995">98</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e12998">98</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13485">103</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e15947">122</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17221">135</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20590">182</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27814">276</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e36416">439</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e38324">471</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e39287">479</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e39302">479</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e39920">484</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e42791">514</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e44389">525</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45146">532</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45450">537</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45738">542</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e53827">559</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64820">574</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e68548">580</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">.</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e738">x</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13143">99</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Káthiawár</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Káthiáwár</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e1109">xvii</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3492">4</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3775">8</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3779">8</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3785">8</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3814">8</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6712">N.A.</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e14950">116</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e14975">116</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e53176">558</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e56675">563</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60387">568</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Puránic</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Puráṇic</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e1138">xvii</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kshátrapas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kshatrapas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e1248">xvii</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Traikútakas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Traikúṭakas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e1466">xviii</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> -<td class="width40 bottom"><span class="sc">a.d.</span></td> -<td class="bottom">5</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e1482">xviii</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70537">583</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ráshtrakútas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ráshṭrakúṭas</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e1557">xviii</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17392">138</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17419">139</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chúdásamás</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chúḍásamás</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e1570">xix</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">ANAHILAVÁḌA</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">AṆAHILAVÁḌA</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e1580">xix</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3530">5</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3536">5</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18170">149</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18226">150</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18305">151</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18403">152</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18480">153</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18575">154</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18655">155</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52395">557</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chávadás</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chávaḍás</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e1617">xix</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18516">153</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52282">557</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e55930">562</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58689">566</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58864">566</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e69382">581</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77007">592</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chávaḍa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chávaḍá</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e1627">xix</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3533">5</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73992">588</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Solankis</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Solaṅkis</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e1673">xix</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e2492">xxii</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e2746">xxiv</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> -<td class="width40 bottom"><span class="sc">a.d.</span> </td> -<td class="bottom">5</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e1724">xix</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">MUSALMAN</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">MUSALMÁN</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e1760">xix</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22496">207</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46857">550</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46910">550</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e59445">567</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61280">569</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61332">569</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Alá-ud-din</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Alá-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e1788">xix</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Fíruz</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Fírúz</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e1863">xx</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21536">195</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62351">571</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62359">571</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62368">571</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62383">571</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64941">575</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67207">578</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kutb-ud-din</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kutb-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e1915">xx</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4142">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22335">206</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26204">253</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35535">414</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35544">414</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e55065">561</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e55068">561</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63346">572</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e68810">580</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pávágad</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pávágaḍ</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e2285">xxi</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e11703">90</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e14532">113</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30331">317</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35019">399</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35506">413</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35547">414</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e36755">448</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Káthiávaḍa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Káthiáváḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e2291">xxi</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e2304">xxi</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e2328">xxii</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28748">288</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28816">289</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28857">290</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28861">290</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28911">290</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28920">290</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28967">291</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28978">291</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28981">291</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28996">291</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29021">292</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29077">293</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29155">295</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29159">295</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29334">298</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e54705">561</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70670">583</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ráthod</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ráthoḍ</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e2319">xxii</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29115">294</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Piáráh</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Piárah</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e2424">xxii</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e2503">xxii</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e2545">xxiii</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22505">207</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24415">227</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29355">298</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30025">311</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30113">313</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30294">316</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30351">318</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30400">319</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30481">321</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30531">322</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30883">330</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e31352">342</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46466">549</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46476">549</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46513">550</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e49503">554</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50499">555</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50505">555</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51210">556</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51778">556</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e53349">559</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e56178">563</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e56184">563</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58443">566</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58731">566</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64477">574</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64487">574</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e65453">575</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e65476">575</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e65505">576</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e65509">576</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e65546">576</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e65730">576</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67291">578</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67599">579</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e68250">580</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e69080">581</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e69978">582</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70415">583</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70641">583</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71332">584</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72894">586</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72945">586</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73073">586</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73149">587</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e75772">590</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Momin</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Momín</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e2466">xxii</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pilaji</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Piláji</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e2488">xxii</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6521">43</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6586">43</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19614">167</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60741">569</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63679">573</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Káthiáváda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Káthiáváḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3080">xviii</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">GUJARAT</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">GUJARÁT</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3190">1</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25480">242</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26129">252</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26138">252</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28393">283</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e36067">430</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45597">540</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gujárat</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gujarát</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3195">1</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3200">1</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3406">3</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4677">20</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e12695">95</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13985">109</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22609">208</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22614">208</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24494">227</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28005">278</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e40811">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" -href="#xd25e72524">586</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sauráshtra</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sauráshṭra</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3294">2</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6063">37</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6639">44</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6688">44</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6722">N.A.</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śátakarnis</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śátakarṇis</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3301">2</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ráshtrakuṭas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ráshṭrakúṭas</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3323">2</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3326">2</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3329">2</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3388">3</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4003">11</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4922">22</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13335">101</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17637">141</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Panjab</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Panjáb</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3332">2</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3346">2</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4978">23</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5101">25</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5628">33</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5639">33</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5772">34</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5930">36</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13423">102</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13646">105</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16805">131</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17129">134</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17526">140</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17568">140</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17573">140</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17579">140</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17584">140</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17593">140</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17954">N.A.</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18105">146</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19014">158</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24903">233</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e36196">433</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e36563">444</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37424">460</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37911">466</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e38150">469</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rajputána</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rájputána</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3335">2</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Saharanpur</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Saháranpur</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3372">3</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sriharshacharita</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śríharshacharita</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3378">3</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17250">136</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gurjaras</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gurjjaras</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3420">3</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">thirty miles north-east</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">fifty miles west</td> -<td class="bottom">10</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3423">3</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3575">6</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3606">6</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3615">6</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4399">16</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4460">17</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4489">17</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6583">43</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e10414">77</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e40752">N.A.</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62141">570</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67825">579</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e68496">580</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71551">584</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71777">585</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72232">585</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72544">586</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e74990">589</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e75034">589</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76463">591</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76494">591</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76580">591</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Suráshtra</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Suráshṭra</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3430">3</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhilmal</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhilmál</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3444">N.A.</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Solankhi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Solaṅkhi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3497">4</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6012">37</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13013">98</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13017">98</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e15190">119</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17980">145</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20033">174</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20099">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" -href="#xd25e20108">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28559">285</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28984">291</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35609">416</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35630">417</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35676">418</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35727">420</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35737">420</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35757">421</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35760">421</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e36406">439</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e36888">451</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e36910">451</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e36933">451</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37544">462</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37598">463</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37647">463</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37681">464</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37704">464</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37720">464</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37723">464</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37754">465</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37760">465</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e40895">N.A.</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e40929">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" -href="#xd25e46340">549</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52338">557</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e53974">559</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e53986">559</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e53992">559</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58966">567</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58992">567</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64912">575</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e68452">580</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70284">582</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73742">587</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e74003">588</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e74266">588</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rajputs</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rájputs</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3525">5</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Karad</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Karád</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3580">6</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Junagadh</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Junágaḍh</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3609">6</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4257">14</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4260">14</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4544">18</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5658">33</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5761">34</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7449">53</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e59185">567</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73893">588</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Junágadh</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Junágaḍh</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3612">6</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3696">7</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3817">8</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6095">38</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7395">52</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e8709">60</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19197">161</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37747">465</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Puránas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Puráṇas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3619">6</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -Káthiáváḍá</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Káthiáváḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3685">7</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śatrunjaya-kalpa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śatruñjaya-kalpa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3782">8</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3820">8</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3857">9</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3870">9</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3873">9</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3876">9</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3891">9</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3913">10</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3919">10</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3940">10</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3944">10</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3972">10</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3975">10</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3978">10</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3999">11</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4024">11</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17431">139</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17448">139</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e39151">478</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Krishṇa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kṛishṇa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3788">8</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3794">8</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4184">13</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e8715">60</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e8740">61</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e11135">83</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e11147">N.A.</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17744">142</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18113">146</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19157">160</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19594">167</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19864">171</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21304">192</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37054">453</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37057">453</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37477">461</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37481">461</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37484">461</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37487">461</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37507">462</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37516">462</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37519">462</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37673">464</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e39327">479</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61842">570</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62302">571</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77946">593</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vishnu</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vishṇu</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3823">8</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3882">9</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3894">9</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3949">10</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3952">10</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4006">11</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4114">11</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Krishṇa’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kṛishṇa’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3839">9</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Behar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Behár</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3845">9</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Máhábh.</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mahábh.</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3849">9</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3854">9</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3879">9</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3961">10</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3996">11</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7053">48</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7086">48</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e15450">121</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e15666">121</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e15812">121</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16670">130</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16895">132</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16908">132</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16940">132</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21170">190</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25472">242</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25779">246</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e32933">366</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e32939">366</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e32942">366</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e32946">366</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e40641">492</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e40686">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" -href="#xd25e40746">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e41007">495</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e41044">496</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43476">519</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46762">550</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46768">550</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e49129">553</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50182">554</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e54204">560</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58237">565</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58367">566</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e59857">567</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61812">570</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61836">570</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61866">570</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62449">571</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e69528">581</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Krishna</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kṛishṇa</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3860">9</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Harivansa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Harivanśa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3864">9</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hari-vansa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Harivanśa</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3916">10</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3927">10</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3930">10</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mṛittikávati</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mṛittikávatí</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3936">10</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4408">16</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e40792">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e44410">525</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhagvanlál’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhagvánlál’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e3968">10</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57337">564</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hiranya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hiraṇya</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4012">11</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13271">101</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e23687">219</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48963">553</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e75917">590</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kathiáváḍa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Káthiáváḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4083">11</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4323">15</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67618">579</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Surashtra</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Suráshṭra</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4139">N.A.</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sopara</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sopára</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4181">13</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Suráshtras</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Suráshṭras</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4222">13</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mahávanso</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Maháwanso</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4254">14</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tusáshpa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tusháspa</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4289">15</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18200">149</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18365">151</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18422">152</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18621">154</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18637">154</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77548">592</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vicháraśreni</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vicháraśreṇi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4296">15</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pátaliputra-kalpa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Páṭaliputra-kalpa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4299">15</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4303">15</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e10011">73</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e68083">579</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e68644">580</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pátaliputra</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Páṭaliputra</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4331">15</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4439">17</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhagvanlál</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhagvánlál</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4343">15</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71554">584</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e74704">589</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Girnar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Girnár</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4347">15</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6699">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e9688">70</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e10082">74</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Junagaḍh</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Junágaḍh</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4479">17</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6653">44</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kshatrapás</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kshatrapas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4866">N.A.</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5924">36</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46125">549</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72558">586</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Multan</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Multán</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4869">N.A.</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sákya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śakya</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4910">22</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17331">137</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">connexion</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">connection</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4913">22</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17224">135</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17801">143</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18262">150</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64749">574</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Puránik</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Puráṇic</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4952">23</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5018">24</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5031">24</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5490">31</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5496">31</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5527">31</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5682">34</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5692">34</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5812">35</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Báktro-Páli</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Baktro-Páli</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e4999">24</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ayama</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ayáma</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5145">26</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śátavahana</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śátaváhana</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5213">27</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Andhrabhṛityas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ándhrabhṛityas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5229">27</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17739">142</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e23921">221</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52676">558</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67763">579</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">:</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">;</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5305">28</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Yauddheyas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Yaudheyas</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5566">32</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Junágad</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Junágaḍh</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5578">32</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rudráman’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rudradáman’s</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5585">32</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51885">557</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e78698">594</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chasṭana</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chashṭana</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5591">32</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e65114">575</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mewád</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mewáḍ</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5607">32</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6049">37</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6052">37</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6060">37</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6099">38</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6102">38</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6105">38</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6131">38</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6137">38</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6140">38</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72407">585</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śátakarni</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śátakarṇi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5631">33</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kháraosti</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kharaosti</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5685">34</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Devanágari</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Devanágarí</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5695">34</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5718">34</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Nágari</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Nágarí</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5701">34</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom"><span lang="sa">ञ</span></td> -<td class="width40 bottom"><span lang="sa">ज</span></td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5721">34</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Baktro-Pali</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Baktro-Páli</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5735">34</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">[</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5769">34</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śáṭakarṇi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śátakarṇi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5775">34</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70042">582</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Berar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Berár</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5778">34</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5890">36</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5893">36</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Akara</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ákara</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5837">35</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Áśoka</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aśoka</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5852">35</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Parsis</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pársis</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5887">36</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Akarávanti</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ákarávanti</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5915">36</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e15203">119</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Marwár</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Márwár</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5944">36</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e68301">580</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pánini</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Páṇini</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5971">37</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Yáudheyas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Yaudheyas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5981">37</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom"><span lang="sa">योधैय</span></td> -<td class="width40 bottom"><span lang="sa">यौधेय</span></td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e5993">37</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Yáudheya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Yaudheya</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6000">37</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Saharánpur</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Saháranpur</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6067">37</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7382">52</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rudrádaman</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rudradáman</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6128">38</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śátakarni’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śátakarṇi’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6134">38</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rudrádaman’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rudradáman’s</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6202">39</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dámájaḍaśri</td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -Dámájaḍaśrí</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6211">39</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Diwán</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Díwán</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6254">39</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">’</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6310">40</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e38337">471</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e41442">500</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Srí</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śrí</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6450">42</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Halár</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hálár</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6468">42</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jívadámán</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jivadáman</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6481">42</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rudrasimha’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rudrasiṃha’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6554">43</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hoernle</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hœrnle</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6580">43</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Prithivísena’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pṛithivísena’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6672">44</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e44458">525</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50537">555</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhándárkar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhandárkar</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6776">45</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7784">54</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7865">54</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dámájadaśri</td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -Dámájaḍaśrí</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6923">47</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6945">47</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -Dámájaḍasrí’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -Dámájaḍaśrí’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6942">47</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7407">52</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dámájaḍasrí</td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -Dámájaḍaśrí</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e6948">47</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhagavánlál’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhagvánlál’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7083">48</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bharttiṛdáman</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bharttṛidáman</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7118">49</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śáṭakarnis</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śátakarṇis</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7128">49</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Berars</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Berárs</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7174">49</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Yasadáman</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Yaśadáman</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7199">50</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Damasiri</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dámasiri</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7237">50</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rajño</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rájño</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7316">51</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rajno</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rájño</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7343">52</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Íśvaradátta</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Íśvaradatta</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7433">53</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7629">54</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dámájadaśrí</td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -Dámájaḍaśrí</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7458">53</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">betweed</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">between</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7468">53</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śátákarnis</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śátakarṇis</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7549">54</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52297">557</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chashtana</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chashṭana</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7626">54</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dámázada</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dámázaḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7648">54</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7989">54</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71070">584</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71079">584</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rudrasimha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rudrasiṃha</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7686">54</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jîvadáman</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jivadáman</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7719">54</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71994">585</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sanghadáman</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Saṅghadáman</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7770">54</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Prithivísena</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pṛithivísena</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7821">54</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77821">593</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Viradáman</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Víradáman</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7921">54</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77995">593</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Viśvasimha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Viśvasiṃha</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e7937">54</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50568">555</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bharttridáman</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bharttṛidáman</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e8112">54</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73481">587</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Simhasena</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Siṃhasena</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e8117">54</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mahakshatrapa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mahákshatrapa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e8186">55</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e8481">58</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67019">578</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Narbáda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Narbadá</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e8193">55</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e8207">55</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sáṅkheḍá</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Saṅkheḍá</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e8261">56</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73395">587</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śryásraya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śryáśraya</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e8299">56</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67246">578</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67268">578</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Janásraya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Janáśraya</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e8469">58</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śáṅkhedá</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Saṅkheḍá</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e8485">58</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e8520">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e9835">71</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e11173">84</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Narbádá</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Narbadá</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e8794">61</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kumárádeví</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kumáradeví</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e8803">61</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62055">570</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kumáradevi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kumáradeví</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e8929">62</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37344">458</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37750">465</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Garuda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Garuḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e9173">64</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Yauddheya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Yaudheya</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e9262">65</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tirhut</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tirhút</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e9285">65</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77954">593</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vishnudása</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vishṇudása</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e9410">67</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kumarágupta’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kumáragupta’s</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e9439">67</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Panipat</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pánipat</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e9503">68</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kumarágupta</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kumáragupta</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e9648">69</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sudarsána</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sudarśana</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e9695">70</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19105">159</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chuḍásamá</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chúḍásamá</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e9780">71</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e9861">72</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhudagupta</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Budhagupta</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e10206">75</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13008">98</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17876">144</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17892">144</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kabul</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kábul</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e10218">75</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khushnawáz</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khushnáwaz</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e10343">76</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e33125">368</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e36209">433</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e36338">437</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e36341">437</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e49361">553</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gwalior</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gwálior</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e10385">76</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vishnuvarman</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vishṇuvarman</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e10426">77</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e11535">N.A.</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vishnuvardhana</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vishṇuvardhana</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e10541">78</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20877">186</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21106">189</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22041">202</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67353">578</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Satruñjaya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śatruñjaya</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e10583">78</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pushyâṇa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pushyáṇa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e10664">79</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sátruñjaya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śatruñjaya</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e10667">79</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e53926">559</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kumarapála</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kumárapála</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e10673">79</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e10769">81</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e12626">95</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e12944">98</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16070">123</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16165">124</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16386">127</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16787">131</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17457">139</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18830">155</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19035">158</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19146">160</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20083">N.A.</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20086">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" -href="#xd25e20221">176</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20595">182</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22298">205</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e36919">451</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37592">463</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37776">465</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37785">465</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37841">466</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37854">466</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37899">466</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37902">466</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e38175">469</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e38178">469</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e38211">469</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e38227">469</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e38273">470</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e40783">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e40827">N.A.</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e40877">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" -href="#xd25e42509">512</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e42528">512</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46860">550</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47515">551</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47635">551</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47747">551</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47948">551</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47961">551</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50734">555</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52364">557</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52398">557</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52414">557</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52754">558</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e54750">561</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e54773">561</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e55265">561</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e59791">567</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e59873">567</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60460">568</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61955">570</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61974">570</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62033">570</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62706">571</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63283">572</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63934">573</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66050">577</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66083">577</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66106">577</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66116">577</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e74022">588</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76278">591</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76378">591</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76561">591</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76969">592</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77167">592</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e78546">594</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Anahilaváḍa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aṇahilaváḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e10703">80</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Brahmanical</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bráhmanical</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e10766">81</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16784">131</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Solanki</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Solaṅki</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e10854">81</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kumárápála</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kumárapála</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e10998">82</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">And.</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ant.</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e11192">84</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bava</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Báva</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e11285">85</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17645">141</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Puranic</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Puráṇic</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e11288">85</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13103">99</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22622">208</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48370">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Káthiaváḍa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Káthiáváḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e11295">85</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Nandod</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Nándod</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e11298">85</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58753">566</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58764">566</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58775">566</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67236">578</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e78012">593</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jayabhata</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jayabhaṭa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e11413">87</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16433">127</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18493">153</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37820">465</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37850">466</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ráshtrakúṭa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ráshṭrakúṭa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e11451">87</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13198">N.A.</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rájputana</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rájputána</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e11700">90</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e12744">96</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13643">105</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16799">131</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17729">142</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17765">142</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35734">420</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35763">421</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35808">422</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e36070">430</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e36926">451</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37554">462</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e38056">468</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e38261">470</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e40923">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e40963">N.A.</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e56211">563</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64909">575</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rajput</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rájput</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e11709">90</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rájpút</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rájput</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e11884">91</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -Máhárájádhirája</td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -Mahárájádhirája</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e12097">93</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17684">142</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50588">555</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72756">586</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72759">586</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhatárka</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhaṭárka</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e12131">93</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dronasi<i>m</i>ha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Droṇasiṃha</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e12149">93</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dharapa<i>tt</i>a</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dharapaṭṭa</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e12263">93</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Derabha<i>t</i>a</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Derabhaṭa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e12404">93</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dhrubha<i>t</i>a</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dhrúbhaṭa</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e12469">94</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e15244">120</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rájásthán</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rájasthán</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e12529">94</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sáuráshṭra</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sauráshṭra</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e12750">96</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13074">99</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13161">99</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13388">102</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17515">140</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19655">168</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ain-i-Akbarí</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Áin-i-Akbari</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e12830">96</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30022">311</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30363">318</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30404">319</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e65487">576</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ráthods</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ráthoḍs</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e12859">97</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sándhán</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sandhán</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e12920">97</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bálás</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bálas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13037">98</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37137">454</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sakti</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śakti</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13128">99</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Musalmans</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Musalmáns</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13164">99</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vala</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vála</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13172">99</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13184">99</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17325">137</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chuḍásamás</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chúḍásamás</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13195">N.A.</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Navanagar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Navánagar</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13274">101</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Malwa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Málwa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13277">101</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pánjab</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Panjáb</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13300">101</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47968">551</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e49122">553</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51643">556</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67774">579</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e74662">589</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Krishna’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kṛishṇa’s</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13325">101</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26201">253</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Raja</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rája</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13379">102</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mewaḍ</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mewáḍ</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13401">102</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">(</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13415">102</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kathis</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Káthis</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13468">103</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gandharas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gandháras</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13479">103</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Balhikas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bálhikas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13482">103</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gándháras</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gandháras</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13725">106</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Megasthenes’</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Megasthenês’</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e13891">108</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Párantij</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Parántij</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e14234">110</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e54159">560</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58903">566</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67230">578</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jayasimhavarmman</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jayasiṃhavarmman</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e14351">110</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Janáśrya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Janáśraya</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e14435">111</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">to</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">too</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e14563">113</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Samadhigata-panchamaháśabda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -Samadhigata-panchamaháśabada</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e14880">116</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Praśantarága</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Praśántarága</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e15238">120</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kánauj</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kanauj</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e15267">120</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e38105">468</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45447">537</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45630">540</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51044">555</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e55754">562</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e68001">579</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e69588">581</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72831">586</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73306">587</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e75629">590</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">,</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">.</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e15552">121</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58234">565</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jagattu<i>n</i>ga</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jagattuṅga</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e15561">121</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e15761">121</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Prithivívallabha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pṛithivívallabha</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e15616">121</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ska<i>nd</i>a</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Skaṇḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e15683">121</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -Akálavarsha-K<i>r</i>ish<i>n</i>a</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Akálavarsha-Kṛishṇa</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e15764">121</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67564">579</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ra<i>tt</i>akandarpa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Raṭṭakandarpa</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e15773">121</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67561">579</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Nitya<i>m</i>varsha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Nityaṃvarsha</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e15955">122</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dántidurga’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dantidurga’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16041">123</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kanṭhiká</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kaṇṭhiká</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16057">123</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e38016">467</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73880">588</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e75373">589</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rashṭrakúṭa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ráshṭrakúṭa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16112">124</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Láteśvara</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Láṭeśvara</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16161">124</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e55797">562</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gauda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gauḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16423">127</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e44475">525</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e49543">554</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rashṭrakúṭas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ráshṭrakúṭas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16673">130</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pañchganga</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pañchgangá</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16703">130</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bagumra</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bagumrá</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16766">131</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e38080">468</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Balhará</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Balhára</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16826">132</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16877">132</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Asoka’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aśoka’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16834">132</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17010">132</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ra<i>tt</i>as</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Raṭṭas</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16843">132</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ra<i>d</i>is</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Raḍis</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16852">132</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Go<i>d</i>ávari</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Godávari</td> -<td class="bottom">0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16868">132</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rá<i>t</i>a</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ráṭa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16883">132</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Karahá<i>t</i>aka</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Karaháṭaka</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16920">132</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -Gautamiputra-Śátakar<i>n</i>i</td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -Gautamíputra-Śátakarṇi</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16932">132</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16989">132</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kurandwá<i>d</i></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kurandwáḍ</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16952">132</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Panchgangá</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pañchgangá</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16959">132</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mányakhe<i>t</i>a</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mányakheṭa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16968">132</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rásh<i>t</i>rakú<i>t</i>a</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ráshṭrakúṭa</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16980">132</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62289">571</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kuru<i>nd</i>aka</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kuruṇḍaka</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e16997">132</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -Rásh<i>t</i>rakú<i>t</i>as</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ráshṭrakúṭa</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17093">133</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Solaṇki</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Solaṅki</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17126">134</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">R this</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rathis</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17310">137</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17990">145</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18053">146</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22262">205</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jyeshṭḥa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jyeshṭha</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17320">137</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jáikadev</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jáikadeva</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17328">137</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chúḍasamás</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chúḍásamás</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17374">138</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dharaṇívara’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -Dharaṇívaráha’s</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17381">138</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47447">551</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Saivism</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śaivism</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17399">138</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chúdásamá</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chúḍásamá</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17427">139</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -Chúḍásammá’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -Chúḍásamá’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17531">140</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ain-i-Akbárí</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Áin-i-Akbari</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17541">140</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Baluchistan</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Baluchistán</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17552">140</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khurdadba</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khurdádba</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17558">140</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17628">141</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Idrisí</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Idrísi</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17565">140</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17950">N.A.</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aldjayháni</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aljauhari</td> -<td class="bottom">4 / 3</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17587">140</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhangvánlál</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhagvánlál</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17634">141</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17780">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" -href="#xd25e17807">143</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17846">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17849">N.A.</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21853">199</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Málwá</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Málwa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17648">141</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mákvánas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Makvánás</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17672">142</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20070">N.A.</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Huṇas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Húṇas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17698">142</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Toromaṇa’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Toramáṇa’s</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17707">142</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e59997">568</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kushan</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kushán</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17843">N.A.</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Múltán</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Multán</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17900">144</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chashtaṇa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chashṭana</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17906">144</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46099">549</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Abhiras</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ábhíras</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17939">144</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khurdadbha’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khurdádbha’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17947">N.A.</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Idrisí’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Idrísi’s</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e17984">145</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Siváji</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śiváji</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18008">145</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gúmli</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ghúmli</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18070">146</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58653">566</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Toramaṇa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Toramáṇa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18083">146</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ranas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ránás</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18110">146</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Karnaprávarna</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Karṇaprávarna</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18116">146</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Húṇás</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Húṇas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18142">149</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">AṆAHILAVAḌA</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">AṆAHILAVÁḌA</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18154">149</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">CHÁVADÁS</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">CHÁVAḌÁS</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18185">149</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18197">149</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Prabhandhachintámaṇi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Prabandhachintámaṇi</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18268">150</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chálukyás</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chálukyas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18427">152</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">‘</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">“</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18841">155</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vicharaśreni</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vicháraśreṇi</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18898">156</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18933">156</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19837">171</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19868">171</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21291">192</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21442">194</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Prabandhachintamaṇi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Prabandhachintámaṇi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18911">156</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Puránik-looking</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Puráṇic-looking</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e18984">157</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ájayapála</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ajayapála</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19004">158</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46139">549</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47672">551</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e49599">554</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e49602">554</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e49886">554</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50760">555</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50869">555</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51086">555</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52044">557</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e55716">562</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e56393">563</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60241">568</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60661">569</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62431">571</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64606">574</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66020">604</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66039">604</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66045">604</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66077">577</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66091">577</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66701">577</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70236">582</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70909">583</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71766">585</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e74520">588</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76442">591</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mularája</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Múlarája</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19021">158</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19254">162</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47685">551</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51064">555</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52162">557</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e53468">559</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e56377">563</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e59677">567</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e69504">581</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73253">587</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mularája’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Múlarája’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19029">158</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bárapa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bárappa</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19075">159</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chámunḍa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chámuṇḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19110">159</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19113">159</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e56387">563</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61848">570</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73571">587</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chudásamás</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chúḍásamás</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19184">161</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Múleśvara</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Muleśvara</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19193">161</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Somanatha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Somanátha</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19320">162</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dyváśraya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dvyáśraya</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19416">164</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Prabandachintámaṇi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Prabandhachintámaṇi</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19482">165</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tárikh-i-Alfí</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tárikh-i-Alfi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19485">165</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tabakát-i-Náśiri</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tabakát-i-Násiri</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19500">165</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mahabhárata</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mahábhárata</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19645">168</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21985">201</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21988">201</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61196">569</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sultan</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sultán</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19671">168</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tabakát-i-Akbarí</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tabakát-i-Akbari</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19763">170</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Devaprásáda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Devaprasáda</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19796">170</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66223">577</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Munjála</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Muñjála</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19840">171</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Muñjala</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Muñjála</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19871">171</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20640">183</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22218">204</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vicháraśreṇí</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vicháraśreṇi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19927">172</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jaggaddeva</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jagaddeva</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e19997">173</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e59657">567</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kalyánakataka</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kalyánakaṭaka</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20043">174</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72884">586</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e78204">593</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gujárát</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gujarát</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20046">174</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Journies</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Journeys</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20056">174</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ramáyana</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ramáyaṇa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20064">N.A.</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Avárs</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Avars</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20080">N.A.</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20363">179</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Siddhpur</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sidhpur</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20096">N.A.</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">ad mitted</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">admitted</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20105">N.A.</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Shamsu-ud-din</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Shams-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20112">N.A.</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Babariás</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bábariás</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20115">N.A.</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jetvas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jethvás</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20146">175</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21156">190</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63245">572</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chudásamá</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chúḍásamá</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20195">176</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Surashṭra</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Suráshṭra</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20218">176</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Asháḍha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ásháḍha</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20328">178</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kálañjara</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kálanjara</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20406">180</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kápadvanj</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kapadvanj</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20460">181</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">ácharya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">áchárya</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20463">181</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50637">555</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhattáraka</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhaṭṭáraka</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20469">181</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Karnáṭak</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Karṇáṭak</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20473">181</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Karṇavatí</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Karṇávatí</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20555">181</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Siddháraja</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Siddharája</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20560">181</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20566">181</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20698">184</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hammíramahákavya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hammíramahákávya</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20563">181</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rajásthán</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rajasthán</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20636">183</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20676">184</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20706">184</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kumárapálaprabanda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kumárapálaprabandha</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20668">184</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhopaladeví</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhupáladeví</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20679">184</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vágbhata</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vágbhaṭa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20690">184</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Arabhaṭṭa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Árabhaṭṭa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20693">184</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Analladeva</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ánalladeva</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20740">185</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Árṇorája</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Arṇorája</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20758">185</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Âmbada</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ámbaḍá</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20767">185</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kalaviní</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kaláviní</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20770">185</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kaverí</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Káveri</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20800">186</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aṇahilápura</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aṇahilapura</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20823">186</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kumárápálacharita</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kumárapálacharita</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20844">186</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Prabandachintamaṇi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Prabandhachintámaṇi</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20854">186</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ámrabhaṭṭa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ámrabhaṭa</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e20921">187</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bábariáváda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bábariáváḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21055">188</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">-</td> -<td class="width40 bottom"></td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21159">190</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24543">229</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24552">229</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e36936">451</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ala-ud-din</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Alá-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21212">191</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">gòtra</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">gotra</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21301">192</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Siva</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śiva</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21398">194</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vaishakha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vaishákha</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21407">194</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Islam</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Islám</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21410">194</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62569">571</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62615">571</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77703">593</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Láta</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Láṭa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21430">194</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sukṛitasaṅkírtana</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sukṛitasankírtana</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21505">195</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sukṛitasankírtaṇa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sukṛitasankírtana</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21514">195</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ghorí</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ghori</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21664">196</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">1888</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">1288</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21681">196</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21687">196</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21708">197</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21717">197</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22376">206</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47770">551</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62697">571</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62730">571</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66902">578</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73671">587</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e74097">588</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76226">591</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Lavanaprasáda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Lavaṇaprasáda</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21684">196</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhímapallí</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhimapalli</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21777">198</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">1178–1241</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">1179–1242</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21800">198</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kirtíkaumudí</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kírtikaumudí</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21876">199</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Siṇhana</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sinhaṇa</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e21920">200</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kathavate’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Káthavate’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22080">203</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aṇahilavaḍa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aṇahilaváḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22100">203</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Soṃeśvara</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Someśvara</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22122">203</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dábhoi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dabhoi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22282">205</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22290">205</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ala-u-dín</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Alá-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22293">205</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aláf</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Alaf</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22306">205</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ala-u-dín’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Alá-ud-dín’s</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22309">205</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Yadava</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Yádava</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22529">207</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24562">229</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24570">229</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24583">229</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24594">229</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24610">229</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aṇahiláváḍa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aṇahilaváḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22543">207</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47643">551</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47739">551</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Anahilapura</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aṇahilapura</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22584">208</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Saurâshtra</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Saurâshṭra</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22625">208</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gohilvaḍa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gohilváḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22628">208</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Okhamandal</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Okhámandal</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22631">208</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Víramgam</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Víramgám</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22634">208</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26188">253</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29815">307</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chota</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chhota</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22653">209</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24842">232</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24880">233</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25110">236</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25113">236</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25116">236</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25673">245</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25676">245</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25679">245</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25686">245</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25695">245</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25698">245</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25702">245</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25721">246</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25724">246</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25761">246</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25774">246</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25786">246</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25953">N.A.</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25978">N.A.</a>, <a class="pageref" -href="#xd25e26230">253</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26794">262</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27105">268</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27117">268</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27122">268</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27126">268</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27129">268</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27133">268</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27275">270</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27313">271</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27349">271</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27352">271</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27355">271</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27375">272</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27386">272</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27448">273</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28016">278</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28095">279</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28111">279</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28245">281</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28481">284</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29291">297</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29446">300</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29889">308</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29898">308</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29924">309</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30016">311</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30067">312</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30190">314</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30201">314</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30234">315</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30484">321</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30494">321</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e31390">342</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e31396">342</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e31399">342</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e31424">343</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e31496">344</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e31545">345</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e31623">348</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35784">421</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Júnágaḍh</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Junágaḍh</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22676">209</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Anahilapur</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aṇahilapur</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22793">211</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Elphistone’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Elphinstone’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22877">212</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">n</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">in</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22881">212</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">kamávisdár</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">kamávísdár</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e22963">212</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">desái’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">desáis’</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e23002">212</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ísá</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ísa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e23045">213</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">mujmudárs</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">majmudárs</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e23140">213</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hamid</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hamíd</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e23155">213</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">mukáddams</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">mukaddams</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e23246">214</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">kází’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">kázis’</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e23660">218</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sûnth</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sunth</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e23664">218</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dûngarpur</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dúngarpur</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e23684">219</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dandá-Rájapuri</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Danda-Rájapuri</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e23690">219</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Áhmednagar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ahmednagar</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e23708">219</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mirăt i-Áhmedi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mirăt-i-Áhmedi</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e23858">220</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25321">239</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Áin-i-Akbári</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Áin-i-Akbari</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e23877">220</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">‘</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e23947">221</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Danda-Rájápuri</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Danda-Rájapuri</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24027">222</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Watrak</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vátrak</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24222">224</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Áhmednagar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Amednagar</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24231">N.A.</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24273">225</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24276">225</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e34169">381</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e34181">381</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Haklyt</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hakluyt</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24573">229</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Saraswati</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sarasvatí</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24624">229</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Àlp</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Álp</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24683">230</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tungbhadra</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tungabhadra</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24697">230</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Daulátábád</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Daulatábád</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24738">231</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e55480">562</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e55490">562</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Firuz</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Fírúz</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24745">231</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24777">231</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Túghlak</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tughlak</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24766">231</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57282">564</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Shams-ud-din</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Shams-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24800">232</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Násír-ud-dín</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Násir-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24805">232</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Wajih-ul-Mulk</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Wajíh-ul-Mulk</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24828">232</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tabakát-i-Ákbari</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tabakát-i-Akbari</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24854">232</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ásír</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ásir</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24891">233</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vindhyás</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vindhyas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e24895">233</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mánḍu</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mándu</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25020">235</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jaunpúr</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jaunpur</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25025">235</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25092">236</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tabakát-i-Akbári</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tabakát-i-Akbari</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25048">235</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Áín-i-Akbári</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Áin-i-Akbari</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25087">236</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Suleimán</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sulaimán</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25097">236</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">aginst</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">against</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25138">237</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e42318">510</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e42341">511</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43887">521</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72243">585</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72371">585</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72384">585</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sarasvati</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sarasvatí</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25284">239</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dakhánis</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dakhanis</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25287">239</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Daulatábad</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Daulatábád</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25328">239</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Báḥmani</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Báhmani</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25334">239</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rávál</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rával</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25420">241</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sháh-i-Alam’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sháh-i-Álam’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25464">242</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kumbhámer</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kumbhalmer</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25502">243</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kumbhalṃer</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kumbhalmer</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25610">244</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bahmani</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Báhmani</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25639">245</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">zamíndars</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">zamíndárs</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25642">245</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63334">572</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dahánu</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dáhánu</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25758">246</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pavágad</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pávágaḍ</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25813">247</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jûnágaḍh</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Junágaḍh</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25822">247</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rasúlábad</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rasúlábád</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25866">248</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">raens</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">ráens</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e25921">248</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63361">572</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Adil</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ádil</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26011">249</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Íbráhím</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ibráhím</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26035">250</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Alam’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Álam’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26050">250</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Nágá</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Nága</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26091">251</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Muhammadábad</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Muhammadábád</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26142">252</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sikándar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sikandar</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26227">253</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">againt</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">against</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26281">254</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27869">277</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Shah</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sháh</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26310">255</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhílsa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhilsa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26314">255</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67586">579</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Alam</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Álam</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26438">258</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Champáner</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chámpáner</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26579">259</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71089">584</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71136">584</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rumi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rúmi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26591">259</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Burhan’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Burhán’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26614">259</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26634">260</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Násír-ul-Mulk</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Násir-ul-Mulk</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26655">260</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e59006">567</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73791">588</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jháláváda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jháláváḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26676">260</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Baluch</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Balúch</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26679">260</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Fuládi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Fauládi</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26689">260</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e33041">367</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e53028">558</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57488">565</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63888">573</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e69307">581</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e74252">588</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Humáyun</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Humáyún</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26715">261</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mehmúḍábád</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mehmúdábád</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26735">N.A.</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ídrísi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Idrísi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26738">N.A.</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ídrísi’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Idrísi’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26786">262</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tabákat-i-Akbari</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tabakát-i-Akbari</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26790">262</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Káhán</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khán</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26833">263</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Fauládí</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Fauládi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26872">264</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29499">301</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Áhmedábad</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Áhmedábád</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26915">265</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47433">551</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Itimád</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ítimád</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26925">265</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Àzíz</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Âzíz</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26928">265</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27513">274</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27527">274</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e65345">575</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kokaltash</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kokaltásh</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26945">266</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tabákát-i-Akbari</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tabakát-i-Akbari</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26956">266</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Suleimáni</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sulaimáni</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26959">266</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ídár</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ídar</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e26962">266</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ránpúr</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ránpur</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27002">266</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Azíz</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Âzíz</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27005">266</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27028">267</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hámíd</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hámid</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27025">267</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ikhtyár-ul-Mulk</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ikhtiyár-ul-Mulk</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27041">267</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e34225">382</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jehangír’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jehángír’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27074">267</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Âziz</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Âzíz</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27191">269</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29223">296</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e42686">513</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e42962">515</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e42970">515</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43582">519</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e44019">523</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom"><span class="sc">A.C.</span></td> -<td class="width40 bottom"><span class="sc">a.d.</span></td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27199">269</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tabakat-i-Akbari</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tabakát-i-Akbari</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27226">270</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27239">270</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27253">270</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27272">270</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27294">271</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Abdur-Rahím</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Abdúr-Rahím</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27278">270</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29452">300</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rádhanpúr</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rádhanpur</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27316">271</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Parántej</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Parántij</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27328">271</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ismáil</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ismáíl</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27445">273</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50300">554</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Báyázid</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Báyazíd</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27454">273</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jehángir</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jehángír</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27481">273</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khusráo</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khusrao</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27484">273</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Báyázíd</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Báyazíd</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27507">274</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">1607</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">1627</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27534">274</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kuli</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kúli</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27537">274</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Díván</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Diván</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27613">274</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bánsvada</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bánsváda</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27803">276</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Zamíndars</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Zamíndárs</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27878">277</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Shamsuddín</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Shams-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27884">277</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Thatṭa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Thatta</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27943">277</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sipáhdar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sipáhdár</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e27985">278</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Alám’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Álam’s</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28047">279</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jam</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jám</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28078">279</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom"><span class="sc">a.c.</span></td> -<td class="width40 bottom"><span class="sc">a.d.</span></td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28148">280</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Musálmans</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Musalmáns</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28216">281</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Júnagaḍh</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Junágaḍh</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28238">281</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ahmedábád</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Áhmedábád</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28337">282</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aurangzib</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aurangzíb</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28407">283</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kutb-ub-dín</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kutb-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28440">284</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hársol</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Harsol</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28449">284</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28467">284</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Shívaji</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Shiváji</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28456">284</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28459">284</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28505">284</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28512">284</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Shíváji</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Shiváji</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28496">284</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Alláhábád</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Allahábád</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28621">286</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Júnágádḥ</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Junágaḍh</td> -<td class="bottom">4 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28624">286</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ámín</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Amín</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28638">286</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kasbatis</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kasbátis</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28695">287</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sábarmáti</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sábarmati</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28865">290</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Durgádas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Durgádás</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28900">290</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aín-i-Akbari</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Áin-i-Akbari</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e28993">291</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e54702">561</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Durgadás</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Durgádás</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29035">292</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Naṅdurbár</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Nandurbár</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29208">296</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Áâzam</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aâzam</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29231">296</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ákíl</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Âkil</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29294">297</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khattú</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khattu</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29343">298</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67608">579</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ali</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Áli</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29346">298</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bohra</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bohora</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29350">298</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kapúrchand</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kapurchand</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29358">298</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e34743">392</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Petlad</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Petlád</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29443">300</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">vary</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">very</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29449">300</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Munjpúr</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Munjpur</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29505">301</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gáikwâr</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gáikwár</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29537">302</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kapúrchand’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kapurchand’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29558">302</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Shujaât</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Shujáât</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29625">303</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Udepúr</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Udepur</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29644">303</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Haidarábad</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Haidarábád</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29698">304</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kapadvani</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kapadvanj</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29733">305</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e56890">564</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57799">565</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ibráhim</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ibráhím</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29743">305</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pílaji</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Piláji</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29749">305</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Máratha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Marátha</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29772">306</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29775">306</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e34710">391</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Trimbakrav</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Trimbakráv</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29812">307</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sojítra</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sojitra</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29851">308</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mubáriz ul-Mulk</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mubáriz-ul-Mulk</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29892">308</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29895">308</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Muhy-ud-din</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Muhy-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29971">310</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Síhor</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sihor</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e29975">310</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">máhmúdis</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">mahmúdis</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30012">311</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ismaíl</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ismáíl</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30028">311</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">wtih</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">with</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30045">311</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30699">326</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58709">566</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e65733">576</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70431">583</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Fidá-ud-din</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Fidá-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30071">312</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pálanpúr</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pálanpur</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30123">313</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e56977">564</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62993">572</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e69988">582</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70000">582</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gaikwár</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gáikwár</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30127">313</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Abheysing</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Abheysingh</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30132">313</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bároda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Baroda</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30240">315</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Holkár</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Holkar</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30279">316</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Safdár</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Safdar</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30366">318</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e32179">357</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e32190">357</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e32202">357</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e65479">575</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Firúz</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Fírúz</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30474">321</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Páhar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pahár</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30477">321</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Árás</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Arás</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30547">322</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dábhora</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dabhora</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30570">323</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Malhárrav</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Malhárráv</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30584">323</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Malharráv</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Malhárráv</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30588">323</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhávsíngh</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhávsingh</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30652">325</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30655">325</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Límbdi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Limbḍi</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30723">327</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Muftakir</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Muftakhir</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30739">327</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rangojii</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rangoji</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30804">328</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ahmedábad</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Áhmedábád</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30827">329</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gangádar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gangádhar</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30974">332</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ambika</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ambiká</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e30977">332</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Haríba</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hariba</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e31022">333</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Zoráwár</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Zoráwar</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e31118">335</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e31555">345</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jáwan</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jawán</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e31285">340</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bálájirav</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bálájiráv</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e31323">341</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ramchandar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rámchandar</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e31374">342</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">chosing</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">choosing</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e31393">342</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sayajiráv</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sayájiráv</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e31443">343</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Límbḍi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Limbḍi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e31512">344</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Balásinor</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bálásinor</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e31515">344</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35672">418</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Máráthás</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Maráthás</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e31518">344</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46498">549</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khánderáv</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khanderáv</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e31558">345</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Márátha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Marátha</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e31745">351</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">deMesquita</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">de Mesquita</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e31902">354</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Álá-ud-dín</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Alá-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e32555">361</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">“</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e32647">362</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">”</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e32713">363</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">uttured</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">uttered</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e32857">365</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Akbarpúr</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Akbarpur</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e32881">365</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Saàdulpur</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Saádulpur</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e32964">366</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">thier</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">their</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e32970">366</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">your’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">yours</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e33215">369</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Táríkh-i-Sher</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tárikh-i-Sher</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e33236">369</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e33241">369</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Táríkh-i-Alfi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tárikh-i-Alfi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e33271">369</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Saháranpúr</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Saháranpur</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e33446">371</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sássánian</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sassanian</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e33449">371</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Masüdi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Masúdi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e33482">371</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e33541">372</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e33644">373</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e33740">374</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Áín-i-Akbari</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Áin-i-Akbari</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e33576">372</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Nâalchah</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Naâlchah</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e33583">372</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jehángir’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jehángír’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e33625">373</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">who</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">whose</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e33883">376</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Burhánpúr</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Burhánpur</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e33894">376</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rájpúts</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rájputs</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e33900">376</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Haklyt’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hakluyt’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e33903">376</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45967">547</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e55298">561</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">(</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e33940">377</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -Wákìăt-i-Jehángíri</td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -Wákiăt-i-Jehángíri</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e34012">378</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Wákiăt-i-Jehángiri</td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -Wákiăt-i-Jehángíri</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e34021">378</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">snapt</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">snapped</td> -<td class="bottom">3</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e34282">382</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Malhárao</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Malhárráo</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e34285">382</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Amjhera</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Amjera</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e34623">389</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bálaji</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Báláji</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e34641">389</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Senápáti</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Senápati</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e34747">392</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">sardesmukhi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">sardeshmukhi</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e34845">394</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kantaji</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kántáji</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e34900">396</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">predecesors</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">predecessors</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e34907">396</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">acounts</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">accounts</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e34952">397</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ragunáthráv</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Raghunáthráv</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35026">399</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35135">402</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jámbusar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jambusar</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35054">400</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">independant</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">independent</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35061">400</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dámáj’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dámáji’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35066">400</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sená-Khas-Khel</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sená-Khás-Khel</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35097">401</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sátara</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sátára</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35221">405</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">bagage</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">baggage</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35264">406</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">ome</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">some</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35270">406</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Benáres</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Benares</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35347">409</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">fron</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">from</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35350">409</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Fatesing</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Fatesingh</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35364">409</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Madhávráv</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mádhavráv</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35420">411</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">suceeded</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">succeeded</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35423">411</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Daulatrav</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Daulatráv</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35464">412</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Naḍiad</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Naḍiád</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35475">412</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35550">414</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gáikwar’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gáikwár’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35659">418</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Land-raiding</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">land-raiding</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e35915">425</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">.</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">,</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e36101">431</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">amout</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">amount</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e36219">N.A.</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sitarám</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sitárám</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e36419">439</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63327">572</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e78682">594</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Zamindárs</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Zamíndárs</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e36442">440</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">tho ught</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">thought</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e36494">442</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Idar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ídar</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e36538">443</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Purtábpur</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Partábpur</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e36586">445</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tátiá</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tátia</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e36590">445</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Limḍi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Limbḍi</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e36626">446</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ramilies</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ramillies</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e36740">448</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dwarka</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dwárka</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e36783">449</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhinmal</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhinmál</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37042">453</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Srimáli</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śrímálí</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37051">453</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Nimbali</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Nimbáli</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37214">456</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e68407">580</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Parasnáth</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Párasnáth</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37259">456</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Salvidora</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Salvadora</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37320">458</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Off</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">off</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37325">458</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Nipál</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Nepál</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37410">460</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62482">571</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Lakshmi’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Lakshmí’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37415">460</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62446">571</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62460">571</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62468">571</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e74439">588</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Lakshmi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Lakshmí</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37428">460</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kumarápála</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kumárapála</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37432">460</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kumarápála’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kumárapála’s</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37465">461</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Shrímál</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Shrimál</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37541">462</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhats</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bháts</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37551">462</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Shrimalis</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Shrimális</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37587">463</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mahadev</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mahádev</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37595">463</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pariháras</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Parihárs</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37644">463</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45614">540</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45620">540</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gujarat</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gujarát</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37678">464</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Osvals</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Osváls</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37715">464</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Savitri</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sávitrí</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37766">465</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Toromana</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Toramáṇa</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37795">465</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Indráji</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Indraji</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37889">466</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e38157">469</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dharaṇivaráha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dharaṇívaráha</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37905">466</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kiú-che-lo</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kiu-che-lo</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37938">467</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Prabhâkaravardhana</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Prabhákaravardhana</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e37957">467</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e38221">469</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Above</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">above</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e38048">468</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">pṛaśasti</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">praśasti</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e38092">468</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Takkadesa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Takkadeśa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e38147">469</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e40537">491</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gandhara</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gandhára</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e38167">469</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Narasiṁha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Narasiṃha</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e38331">471</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jódhpur</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jodhpúr</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e38362">471</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chóháns</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Choháns</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e38466">472</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e38472">472</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e38589">473</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e39429">480</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e39551">481</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e39554">481</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e39821">483</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e39830">483</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e40187">486</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Srî</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śrî</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e38469">472</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Krishṇarâjaḥ</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kṛishṇarâjaḥ</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e38498">472</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">-</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">.</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e38559">473</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Krishṇarâja</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kṛishṇarâja</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e39057">477</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ôṃ</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ôṁ</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e39077">477</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Srîmâ-</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śrîmâ-</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e39154">478</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Goviṅda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Govinda</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e39368">479</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">be</td> -<td class="bottom">3</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e39435">480</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">purâṇik</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">purâṇic</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e39500">480</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -Śrîsatya-ratna-pura-Lâṭa-hradâdhikărî</td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -Śrîsatya-ratna-pura-Lâṭa-hradâdhikârî</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e39503">480</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Srî-</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śrî-</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e39562">481</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Caciga</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Câciga</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e39638">482</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e39814">483</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Srîmâlê</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śrîmâlê</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e39666">482</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">..</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">…</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e39850">483</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Srîdêvê-</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śrîdêvê-</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e39907">484</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jàvâlipura</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jâvâlipura</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e40013">485</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">nisprishṭa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">nispṛishṭa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e40123">486</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">naivedya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">naivêdya</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e40223">487</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ásvina</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Âśvina</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e40465">490</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mihirakūla</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mihirakula</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e40506">490</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e68955">580</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Peshawar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pesháwar</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e40530">491</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mahábharáta</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mahábhárata</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e40554">491</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gandhádra</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gandhára</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e40560">491</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">;</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e40723">N.A.</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Samadragupta’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Samudragupta’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e40779">N.A.</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chápás</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chápas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e40833">N.A.</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46094">549</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46407">549</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e59194">567</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61277">569</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chudásama</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chúḍásamá</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e40858">N.A.</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e42211">509</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47141">551</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67679">579</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Idrisi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Idrísi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e40909">N.A.</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Humayun</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Humáyún</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e40939">N.A.</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rahtors</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ráhtors</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e41160">497</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Se)na-fu-ti</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Se-na-fu-ti</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e41228">498</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e41432">500</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57236">564</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Himalayas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Himálayas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e41249">498</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kámbojas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kambojas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e41410">500</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Britanica</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Britannica</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e41540">501</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kandhar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kandhár</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e41560">501</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kandahar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kandahár</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e41615">N.A.</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e44030">523</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e56788">564</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58608">566</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">)</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e41668">504</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">betwen</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">between</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e41905">507</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mansurah</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mansúrah</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e41939">507</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e41970">507</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e41973">507</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52741">558</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e55472">562</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58982">567</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71506">584</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Saimur</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Saimúr</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e42066">508</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">its</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">it</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e42078">508</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hindustani</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hindustáni</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e42154">508</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Siṅdán</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sindán</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e42203">509</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rúmála</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rumála</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e42214">509</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Idrìsi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Idrísi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e42217">509</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rûmála</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rumála</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e42220">509</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mûltán</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Multán</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e42237">509</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Nahrwara</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Nahrwára</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e42255">510</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e56946">564</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jháláwar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jháláwár</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e42296">510</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bírúní</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bírúni</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e42324">510</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tapti</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tápti</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e42738">514</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43364">518</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ziáuddín</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ziá-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e42769">514</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43129">516</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Balhárás</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Balháras</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e42889">515</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom"><span class="trans" title="dēnarnon"><span class="Greek" lang="grc">δηναρνον</span></span></td> -<td class="width40 bottom"><span class="trans" title="dēnarion"><span class="Greek" lang="grc">δηναριον</span></span></td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e42925">515</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">nore</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">more</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e42934">515</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">tha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">that</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e42980">515</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Muîz-zud-dín</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Muîzz-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e42983">515</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e42986">515</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Úlugh</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ulugh</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43056">516</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Nityaṁvarsha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Nityaṃvarsha</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43069">516</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rajpút</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rájput</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43075">516</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Istákhri</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Istakhri</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43103">516</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Swat</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Swát</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43132">516</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Al-Jauharí</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Al-Jauhari</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43223">517</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śháhi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sháhi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43250">517</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bawáríj</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bawárij</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43289">517</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43299">517</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tarikh-i-Maâsumi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Táríkh-i-Maâsumi</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43294">517</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tuhfatul Kirám</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tuhfat-ul-Kirám</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43306">517</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Cháuras</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chauras</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43311">517</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43341">518</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Táríkh-i-Táhiri</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tárikh-i-Táhiri</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43335">518</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gúntri</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gúntrí</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43361">518</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61239">569</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61312">569</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61408">570</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kheda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kheḍá</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43404">518</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Masûdi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Masúdi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43408">518</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Masùdi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Masúdi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43449">518</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Himálayás</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Himálayas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43479">519</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Idrísí</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Idrísi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43483">519</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Eliot</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Elliot</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43491">519</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Násiruddín</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Násir-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43533">519</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kutbuddín</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kutb-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43641">520</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Karúr</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kárur</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43648">520</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khilafat</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khiláfat</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43668">520</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43708">520</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bíruni</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bírúni</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43681">520</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ríhán</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rihán</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43947">522</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Asìr</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Asír</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e43999">523</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Somnath</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Somnáth</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e44366">525</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Káthiaváḍ</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Káthiáváḍ</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e44443">525</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Prithvivallabha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pṛithivívallabha</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e44615">527</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e44781">528</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Táfan</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Táfán</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e44646">527</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ráshtrakúṭas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ráshṭrakúṭas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e44662">527</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Suláimán</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sulaimán</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e44675">527</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e44679">527</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khurdádbáh</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khurdádbah</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e44733">528</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e44740">528</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e44762">528</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">dínars</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">dínárs</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45022">531</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">forbad</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">forbade</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45103">532</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hérodotos</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hêrodotos</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45114">532</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ktésias</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ktêsias</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45120">532</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Marwar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mârwâr</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45138">532</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Megasthenés</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Megasthenês</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45165">533</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45937">546</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pâtaliputra</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pâṭaliputra</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45205">534</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Prakṛit</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Prâkṛit</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45214">534</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pâniṇi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pâṇini</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45221">534</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rajput</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Râjput</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45224">534</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sâurâshṭra</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Saurâshṭra</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45279">535</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ṣurâshṭra</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Surâshṭra</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45312">535</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Eratokthenês</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Eratosthenês</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45467">537</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Purânas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Purâṇas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45472">537</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45934">546</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Multan</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Multân</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45475">537</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45852">544</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kâthiâvâda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kâthiâvâḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45502">538</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bahawalpur</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bahâwalpur</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45561">539</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gôpnâth</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gopnâth</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45594">540</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45604">540</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khandesh</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khándesh</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45628">540</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Haidârâbâd</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Haidarâbâd</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45649">541</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bijapur</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bîjâpur</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45661">541</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dabhol</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dábhol</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45692">542</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bardesanés</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bardesanês</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45870">545</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pâpiké</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pâpikê</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e45905">546</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gujarât</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gujarát</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46002">549</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e56005">562</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ghiásuddin</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ghiás-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46011">549</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Násiruddin</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Násir-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46017">549</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Karim</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Karím</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46036">549</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Abhaisingh</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Abhai Singh</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46045">549</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Abhayatilakagani</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Abhayatilakagaṇi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46069">549</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Abhidhána Chintámani</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Abhidhánachintámaṇi</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46085">549</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46410">549</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52807">558</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ábhira</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ábhíra</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46132">549</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Abhira</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ábhíra</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46169">549</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Abuláma</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Abulámá</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46214">549</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Zeidal Hasan</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Zeid-al-Hasan</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46266">549</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46277">549</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Satrunjaya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śatruñjaya</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46274">549</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ádiśvara</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ádíśvara</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46295">549</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ádnáth</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ádnátha</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46351">549</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Agha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ágha</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46376">549</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ágar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Âgar</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46384">549</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ahada</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Áhaḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46451">549</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47888">551</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50866">555</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50890">555</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50914">555</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e55340">562</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57155">564</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58908">566</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e65514">576</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76170">590</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">,</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">;</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46485">549</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Fida-ud-din</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Fidá-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46635">550</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Muzzaffar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Muzaffar</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46662">550</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Multani</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Multáni</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46689">550</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kaṇauj</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kanauj</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46692">550</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Nainpál</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Nain Pál</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46700">550</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48023">552</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e54727">561</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ajitsingh</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ajítsingh</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46798">550</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63356">572</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Miran</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mirán</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46816">550</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e56010">563</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61371">570</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Nasir-ud-din</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Násir-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e46880">550</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jahándar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jahándár</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47067">550</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">730</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">530</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47216">551</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Alinga</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aliṅga</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47270">551</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48548">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kazwini</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kazwíni</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47420">551</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">,</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">:</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47556">551</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tarikh-i-Alai</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tárikh-i-Alái</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47595">551</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ámrabhata</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ámrabhaṭa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47600">551</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Amrakárdava</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ámrakárdava</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47632">551</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Anahila</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aṇahila</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47655">551</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66635">577</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e74300">588</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Anahilváḍa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aṇahilváḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47660">551</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Anahilaváda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aṇahilaváḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47663">551</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e55910">562</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chávaḍas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chávaḍás</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47707">551</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48431">552</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50397">555</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50730">555</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50756">555</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50790">555</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50802">555</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52962">558</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e53385">559</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e54042">560</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e54753">561</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e56936">564</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60403">568</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60415">568</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61971">570</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62821">571</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66080">577</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76272">591</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76558">591</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77745">593</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhima</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhíma</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47717">551</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60457">568</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Karnameru</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Karṇameru</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47723">551</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vikramasiṁha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vikramasiṃha</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47744">551</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Anahilaváta</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aṇahilaváta</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47756">551</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ánahillapátaka</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aṇahillapáṭaka</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47809">551</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51359">556</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52056">557</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52064">557</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e53283">558</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e55829">562</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e56291">563</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57196">564</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e59667">567</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67583">579</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70166">582</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71559">584</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e74248">588</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e75748">590</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e75868">590</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e75897">590</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">.</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">;</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47833">551</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śáḳambhari</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śákambhari</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47907">551</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ándhrabhrityas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ándhrabhṛityas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e47910">551</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72432">585</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sátakarnis</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śátakarṇis</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48006">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ákota</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ákotá</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48039">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhásker</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bháskar</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48055">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sylveria</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sylveira</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48070">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Antroli</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ántroli</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48079">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Antroli-Chároli</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ántroli-Chároli</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48087">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Anupa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Anúpa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48095">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Anupama</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Anupamá</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48127">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aparantakas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aparântakas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48137">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Arávallis</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aravallis</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48166">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Obolláh</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Obollah</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48206">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Arabhatta</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Árabhaṭṭa</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48234">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Arakhosioi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Arakhôsioi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48249">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Arattas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Araṭṭas</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48284">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Papakán</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pâpakân</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48295">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ardháshtama</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ardháshṭama</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48303">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ardivijaya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ardivijáya</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48306">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bruvijaya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhruvijáya</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48314">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Argante</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Argantê</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48322">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Arháí-Dinká</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aṛháí-Dinká</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48325">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jhopdá</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jhopḍá</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48360">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Arishtanemi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Arishṭanemi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48379">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Arjunadeva</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Arjuṇadeva</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48385">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Viśaladeva</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vísaladeva</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48448">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aromata</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Arômata</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48500">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aryaka</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Âryaka</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48509">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Áśa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ása</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48518">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Áśápála</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ásapála</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48537">552</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64188">573</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jah</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jáh</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48608">552</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48622">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ásha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Áshá</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48611">552</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e53179">558</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e53388">559</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e53877">559</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e54122">560</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e55866">562</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58816">566</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60384">568</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60463">568</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60471">568</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60475">568</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60496">568</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66226">577</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72122">585</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Karna</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Karṇa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48619">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Áshápalli</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Áshápallí</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48674">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aśmakás</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aśmakas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48685">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Asmakas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aśmakas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48760">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Asthada</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Asthaḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48768">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ásthana</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ásthána</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48796">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Atita</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Atíts</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48828">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Audichyas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Audíchyas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48840">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śalvas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sâlvas</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48861">552</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50054">554</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50908">555</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52624">557</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e55668">562</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e59820">567</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62549">571</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64021">573</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67033">578</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e68589">580</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e68917">580</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e69695">582</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70130">582</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70447">583</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71603">584</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73905">588</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73910">588</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73997">588</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e74238">588</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e74243">588</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e74257">588</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e75071">589</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e75112">589</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e75130">589</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e75135">589</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e75996">590</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76598">591</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76657">591</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76669">591</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76674">591</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76713">591</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76901">592</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76906">592</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76922">592</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76927">592</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77067">592</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77085">592</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77090">592</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77182">592</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77194">592</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77800">593</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77805">593</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e78187">593</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e78218">593</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">;</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">,</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48873">552</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dáráh</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dárá</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e48968">553</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">, and</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">;</td> -<td class="bottom">5</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e49040">553</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51960">557</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Cháhada</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Cháhaḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e49103">553</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e53850">559</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60433">568</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60833">569</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60998">569</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Karnadeva</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Karṇadeva</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e49194">553</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Junágáḍh</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Junágaḍh</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e49246">553</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e65624">576</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Shivaji’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Shiváji’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e49309">553</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bahusahaya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Báhusaháya</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e49321">553</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Baiones</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Baiônes</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e49371">553</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64182">573</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Udaji</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Udáji</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e49387">553</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pavar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pavár</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e49471">553</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Baláditya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Báláditya</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e49513">554</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vishwanáth</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vishvanáth</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e49578">554</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">526, 526</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">526</td> -<td class="bottom">5</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e49596">554</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bál</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bála</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e49703">554</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Acha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Achá</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e49725">554</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57030">564</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bána</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Báṇa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e49802">554</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Shaivite</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śaivite</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e49827">554</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bárada</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Baráda</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e49867">554</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Baráke</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Barakê</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e49870">554</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dvarka</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dvârakâ</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50070">554</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Appa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Áppa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50208">554</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e56301">563</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e59155">567</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62245">571</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67702">579</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">;</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">:</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50333">554</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Srigaudas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śrigaudas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50580">555</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhata</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhaṭa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50615">555</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhatkárka</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhaṭkárka</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50621">555</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhatârka</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhaṭárka</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50652">555</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51151">556</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhaulingi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhâulingi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50777">555</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhimadeva</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhímadeva</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50795">555</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhimádeva</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhímadeva</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50814">555</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhimasen</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhímasena</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50822">555</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhima Simha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhímasiṃha</td> -<td class="bottom">4 / 2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50920">555</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51394">556</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gurjjar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gurjjara</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e50995">555</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kasamchitra</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kasamachitra</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51051">555</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jayasekhara</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jayaśekhara</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51073">555</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhuyada</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhúyada</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51174">556</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bombiás</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bombias</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51262">556</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chitoda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chitoḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51367">556</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Brihatsamhita</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bṛihat Saṁhitá</td> -<td class="bottom">5 / 2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51407">556</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tsang</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tsiang</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51426">556</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77421">592</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Lavanaprasáda’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Lavaṇaprasáda’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51448">556</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mátiás</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Matiás</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51561">556</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76127">590</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Toramána</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Toramáṇa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51594">556</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Buhler</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bühler</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51681">556</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vaijayanti</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vaijayantî</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51684">556</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">546</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">541</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51687">556</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">540</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">541, 546</td> -<td class="bottom">6</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51703">556</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Caciga</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Cáciga</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51737">556</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Alafkhán’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Alaf Khán’s</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51772">556</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Trimbakráo</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Trimbakráv</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51801">556</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">intervew</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">interview</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51829">556</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e74133">588</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Brahmanic</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bráhmanic</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51840">556</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Cámunda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Cámuṇḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51857">556</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ghoráb</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ghorab</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e51945">557</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chachiga</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Cháchiga</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52032">557</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52079">557</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chámunda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chámuṇḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52059">557</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">The</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">the</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52067">557</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ruler</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">ruler</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52071">557</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Viradhaval</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Víradhavala</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52124">557</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chandidevi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chandi Devi</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52142">557</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chandadanda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chaṇḍadaṇḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">4 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52228">557</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e53098">558</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58147">565</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73461">587</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77866">593</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77938">593</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Visaladeva</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vísaladeva</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52239">557</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Changizi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Changízi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52276">557</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chápotkata</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chápoṭkaṭa</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52347">557</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chohans</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Choháns</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52404">557</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52460">557</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58867">566</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e68163">580</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Panchásar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pañchásar</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52448">557</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chávotaka</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chávoṭaka</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52457">557</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chávotakas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chávoṭakas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52663">558</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chitrakantha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chitrakaṇṭha</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52671">558</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chitrakuta</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chitrakúṭa</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52729">558</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chotá</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chhota</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52793">558</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chudáchandra</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chuḍáchandra</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e52804">558</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77263">592</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chudásamas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chúḍásamás</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e53116">558</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dábshilims</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dábshilíms</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e53173">558</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Saiva</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śaiva</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e53201">558</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dahithali</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dahithalí</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e53419">559</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Damazada</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dámázaḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e53673">559</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">DeBarros</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">De Barros</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e53822">559</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60406">568</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60493">568</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76608">591</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Karnávati</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Karṇávatí</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e53841">559</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e54797">561</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sákambhari</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śákambhari</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e54017">560</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Piaráh</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Piárah</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e54099">560</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dharanivaráha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dharaṇívaráha</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e54156">560</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58878">566</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58892">566</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77706">593</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jayasimha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jayasiṃha</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e54231">560</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bráhmana</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bráhmaṇa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e54279">560</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e69969">582</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Raghunathráv</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Raghunáthráv</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e54315">560</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -Ráshṭrakúṭás</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ráshṭrakúṭas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e54522">560</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">DoCouto</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Do Couto</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e54687">561</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Durgabhatta</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Durgabhaṭṭa</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e54805">561</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dutaka</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dútaka</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e54815">561</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Látadesa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Láṭadeśa</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e54898">561</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dvyáśraya Kosha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dvyáśrayakosha</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e55343">562</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jehándar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jehándár</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e55444">562</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Fidáuddin</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Fidá-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e55607">562</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kanoji</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kánoji</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e55832">562</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sage</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">sage</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e55844">562</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gautamiputra</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gautamíputra</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e55856">562</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72421">585</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sátakarni</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śátakarṇi</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e55959">562</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ghatotkacha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ghaṭotkacha</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e55970">562</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gházi-ud-din</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gházi-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e56018">563</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ghias-ud-din</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ghiás-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e56151">563</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Lavanaprasada</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Lavaṇaprasáda</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e56219">563</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gohilváda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gohilváḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e56335">563</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Govindrája</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Govindarája</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e56364">563</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e56486">563</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aba</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ába</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e56748">564</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Haddala</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Haddálá</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e56887">564</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Shujâat</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Shujáât</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e56893">564</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Shujáat</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Shujáât</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e56914">564</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hammiramahákávya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hammíramahákávya</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e56996">564</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Fadke</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Phadke</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57094">564</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hastinápur</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hastinapura</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57113">564</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Havaldár</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Haváldár</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57121">564</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Házi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Háji</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57225">564</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Heroné</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hêrônê</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57315">564</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Godegaon</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ghodegâon</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57318">564</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kuda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kuḍâ</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57329">564</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Herakleia</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hîrakleia</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57340">564</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kasipu</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kasípu</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57430">565</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hisámuddin</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hisám-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57473">565</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jajnagar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jájnagar</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57512">565</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Huna</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Húṇa</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57520">565</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hunáls</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Húṇáls</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57528">565</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e78213">593</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Húnas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Húṇas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57555">565</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Huni</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Huṇi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57584">565</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hursol</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Harsol</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57601">565</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhopáwár</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhopáwar</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57619">565</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hydraotes</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hydraôtês</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57622">565</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rávi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Râvî</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57632">565</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bias</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Biás</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57656">565</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tárikh-í-Kámil</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tárikh-i-Kámil</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57749">565</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khalli Khán</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khallikán</td> -<td class="bottom">3</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e57814">565</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ibráhimi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ibráhími</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58085">565</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kambaya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kambáya</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58114">565</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Iśvaradatta</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Íśvaradatta</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58117">565</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">(230)–250)</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">(230–250)</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58128">565</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Iśvarásena</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Íśvarasena</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58136">565</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jaafar-al-Mansur</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jaâfar-al-Mansúr</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58183">565</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jádejas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jádejás</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58222">565</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jagatsvami</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jagatsvámi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58272">566</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">350</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">351</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58719">566</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Fakhr-ud-dáulah</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Fakhr-ud-daulah</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58829">566</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kadamba</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kádamba</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58844">566</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jayantasimha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jayantasiṃha</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58854">566</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Asaval</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Asával</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58887">566</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jayasimhavarman</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jayasiṃhavarmman</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e58911">566</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Satyásraya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Satyáśraya</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e59053">567</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jhaloris</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jháloris</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e59086">567</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jhinjhuváda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jhinjhuváḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e59340">567</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhima’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhíma’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e59566">567</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kalávini</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kaláviní</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e59660">567</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Buvada</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhuvaḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e59699">567</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kamavisdár</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">kamávísdár</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e59923">567</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kánchi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Káñchí</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e59965">568</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61875">570</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e69633">581</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Krishnadeva</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kṛishṇadeva</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e59971">568</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kánheri</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kanheri</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e59984">568</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rajputáni</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rájputáni</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60164">568</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kányakubja</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kanyákubja</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60193">568</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Fakhr-ud-daula</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Fakhr-ud-daulah</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60258">568</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Anopsing</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Anopsingh</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60321">568</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Lakuliśa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Lakulíśa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60329">568</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Karda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kardá</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60359">568</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">estab-ing</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">establishing</td> -<td class="bottom">4</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60441">568</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Karnáditya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Karṇáditya</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60510">568</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Karneśvara</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Karṇeśvara</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60539">568</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kartaláb</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kártalab</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60649">569</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kashyap</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kashyáp</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60658">569</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Káśi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kásí</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60688">569</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Káśmiradevi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kásmíradeví</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60696">569</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Káśmiras</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kásmíras</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60711">569</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kastarias</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kastariás</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60726">569</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kathásaritságara</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kathásarit-ságara</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60830">569</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kauládevi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kauládeví</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60842">569</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhumias</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhumiás</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60873">569</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kavithasádhi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kaviṭhasádhi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60956">569</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kelhapana</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kelhana</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e60964">569</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Keprobotras</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kêprobotras</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61006">569</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kevál</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Keval</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61015">569</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khábirun</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khábirún</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61027">569</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khafif</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khafíf</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61049">569</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khálsáh</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khálsah</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61088">569</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khanahzád</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khánahzád</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61112">569</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Zulfikár</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Zulfikar</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61130">569</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Murd</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mard</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61179">569</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khasa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khaśa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61199">569</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64906">575</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67129">578</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67143">578</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Násir-ud-din</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Násir-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61216">569</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Umár</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Umar</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61258">569</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">126</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">129</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61273">569</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khengar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khengár</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61288">569</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khersonesos</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khersonêsos</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61309">569</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khetaka</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kheṭaka</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61359">570</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khurasan</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khurásán</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61367">570</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67135">578</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khurshid</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khurshíd</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61380">570</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Shet</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sheth</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61395">570</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kidaras</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kidáras</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61437">570</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kiratakupa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kiráṭa-Kúpa</td> -<td class="bottom">5 / 2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61450">570</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e74143">588</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kirtikaumudi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kírtikaumudí</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61483">570</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kirtivarmman</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kírtivarmman</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61491">570</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kirtirája</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kírtirája</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61499">570</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kirttipála</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kírttipála</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61507">570</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kirttirája</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kírttirája</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61515">570</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kirttistambha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kírtti-stambha</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61523">570</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kis</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kís</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61610">570</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kodinar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kodinár</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61632">570</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kokalmir</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kokalmír</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61653">570</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kolaka</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kôlaka</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61744">570</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kosad</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kosád</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61824">570</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Akálávarsha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Akálavarsha</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61900">570</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Krishnarája</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kṛishṇarája</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e61995">570</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ktesias</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ktêsias</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62147">570</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Seśodia</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sesodia</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62335">571</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Nakulisa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Nakulíśa</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62343">571</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kuta</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kúṭa</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62392">571</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kutumbin</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kuṭumbin</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62479">571</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Lakshamithala</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Lakshamíthala</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62501">571</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Lalitadevi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Lalitádeví</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62590">571</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Larwi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Lárwi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62637">571</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dántidurga</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dantidurga</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62658">571</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Látas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Láṭas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62712">571</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Viradhavala</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Víradhavala</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62727">571</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Lávanyaprasáda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Lávaṇyaprasáda</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62761">571</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Portugeuse</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Portuguese</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62810">571</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Liládevi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Líládeví</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62818">571</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Liladevi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Líládeví</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62849">571</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Lingam</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Liṅgam</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62861">571</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Lingánuśásana</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Liṅgánuśásana</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62869">571</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Lingas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Liṅgas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62963">572</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Madanarájni</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Madanarájñí</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62971">572</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Madanavarmman</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Madanavarman</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e62974">572</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63388">572</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mahoba</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mahobá</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63001">572</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Madhavráv</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mádhavráv</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63078">572</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mágha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Magha</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63135">572</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mahánaka</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Maháṇaká</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63138">572</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kanyakubja</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kanyákubja</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63162">572</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Viradhavala’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Víradhavala’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63199">572</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Haddála</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Haddálá</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63235">572</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mahindri</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Máhindri</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63270">572</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mahipatrám</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mahípatrám</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63273">572</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ruprám</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rúprám</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63330">572</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Barúr</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Barûr</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63359">572</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Muhammadadilkhán</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Muhammad <span class="corr" title="Source: Adil">Ádil</span> Khán</td> -<td class="bottom">4</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63365">572</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Faruki</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Fárúki</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63368">572</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Asir-Burhánpur</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ásir-Burhánpur</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63380">572</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mahmudis</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mahmúdis</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63418">572</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Máis</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Maïs</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63559">572</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72205">585</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sárangadeva</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sáraṅgadeva</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63610">572</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Maleo</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Maleô</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63637">572</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Appáji</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Áppáji</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63649">573</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dádá</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dáda</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63714">573</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Báyazid</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Báyazíd</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63734">573</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Firuzsháh</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Fírúz Sháh</td> -<td class="bottom">4 / 2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63737">573</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e75636">590</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ziá-ud-din</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ziá-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63764">573</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Muizzuddin</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Muîzz-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">4 / 2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63780">573</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tughán</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Túghán</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63795">573</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Málindya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mâlindya</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63839">573</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kádirsháh</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kádir Sháh</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63953">573</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Manaji</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mánáji</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63962">573</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mánánka</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mánáṅka</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e63980">573</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mánasas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mânas</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64044">573</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mulanáthadev’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Múlanáthadeva’s</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64057">573</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chudasama</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chúḍásamá</td> -<td class="bottom">4 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64082">573</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mandapiká</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Maṇḍapiká</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64085">573</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Káma</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Karṇa</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64098">573</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Amsu Varman</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Amśuvarman</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64185">573</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Asaph</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ásaph</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64194">574</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Minábái</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Miná Bái</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64212">574</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mangalapuri</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mangalapurí</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64238">574</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mangalarájá</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mangalarája</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64243">574</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mangaliśa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mangalíśa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64256">574</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Siṁha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Siṃha</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64319">574</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64342">574</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mansura</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mansúra</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64327">574</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mánsurah</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mansúrah</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64347">574</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mánthava</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mânthava</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64355">574</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mantraśástris</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mantrasástris</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64365">574</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">:</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">,</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64389">574</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Máráśárva</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Márá Śárva</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64398">574</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Marásthali</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Marásthalí</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64433">574</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tabrizi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tabrízí</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64455">574</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khánahzad</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Khánahzád</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64503">574</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Lunaváḍa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Lunáváḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64631">574</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Masalwáda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Masálwaḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64675">574</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ráoji</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rávji</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64683">574</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mátas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mátás</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64729">574</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Matri</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mátṛi</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64783">574</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mayura</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mayúra</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64830">574</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Báwárij</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bawárij</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64862">575</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mekalas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mêkalas</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64880">575</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Megasthenes</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Megasthenês</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64924">575</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mehmudabád</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mehmúdábád</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e64944">575</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67132">578</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ghiás-ud-din</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ghiás-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e65047">575</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Meræ</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Meroê</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e65072">575</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e69379">581</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Prabandhachintámani</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Prabandhachintámaṇi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e65123">575</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Viśáladeva</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vísaladeva</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e65131">575</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mewar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mewár</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e65140">575</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mewad</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mewáḍ</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e65152">575</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mherváda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mherváḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e65183">575</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77076">592</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gurjjára</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gurjjara</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e65322">575</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Junágḍh</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Junágaḍh</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e65805">604</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aázam</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aâzam</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e65824">604</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Umadut-ul-Mulk</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Umdat-ul-Mulk</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e65884">604</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hámed</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hámid</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e65971">604</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mukhtiár</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mukhtár</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66103">577</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mulaśvámi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Múlaśvámi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66129">577</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Manḍalinagara</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Maṇḍali-nagara</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66146">577</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Umdát-ut-tujjar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ûmdá-tut-tujjár</td> -<td class="bottom">4 / 2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66149">577</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Perim</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Píram</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66215">577</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Munja</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Muñja</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66242">577</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jasvantsing</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jasvatsingh</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66245">577</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kásamkhán</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kásam Khán</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66253">577</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Muruj-uz-zaháb</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Múruj-uz-zahab</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66261">577</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Murunda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Muruṇḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66273">577</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ishák</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Is-hák</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66351">577</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mustáphá</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mustapha</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66457">577</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Nadiád</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Naḍiád</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66530">577</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rathods</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ráthoḍs</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66545">577</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Naga</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Nága</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66704">577</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -Gádárárághatta</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gádaráraghatta</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66714">577</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ajipal</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ajipál</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66743">578</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Naga’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Nága’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66849">578</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Govindrao</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Govindráo</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e66962">578</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Narasimhagupta</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Narasiṃhagupta</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67047">578</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gaikwar’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gáikwár’s</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67172">578</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Naulakheshwar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Naulákheshwar</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67227">578</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Siláditya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śíláditya</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67325">578</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hamid-beg</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Hamid Beg</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67373">578</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Amsuvarman</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Amśuvarman</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67405">579</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Anahillapataka</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Aṇahillapáṭaka</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67515">579</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tribhuvanásraya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tribhuvanáśraya</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67653">579</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70294">582</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chudásamma</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chúḍásamá</td> -<td class="bottom">4 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67668">579</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Nur-ud-din</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Núr-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67740">579</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Okhagir</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Okhágir</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e67968">579</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Padmávati</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Padmávatí</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e68092">580</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pálimbothra</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Palimbothra</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e68095">580</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pataliputra</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Páṭaliputra</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e68120">580</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Palsana</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Palsána</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e68179">580</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Panchásara</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pañchásará</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e68200">580</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e68213">580</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e68230">580</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76208">590</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pándyas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Páṇḍyas</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e68259">580</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e68266">580</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pandurang</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pándurang</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e68271">580</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pándya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Páṇḍya</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e68464">580</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pariśishtaparvan</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pariśishṭaparvan</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e68493">580</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Parnadatta</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Parṇadatta</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e68673">580</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e69573">581</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71485">584</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sahasralinga</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sahasraliṅga</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e68742">580</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Patri</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pátri</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e69025">581</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pushkálavati</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pushkálavatí</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e69033">581</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Photios</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Phôtios</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e69071">581</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ájitsingh</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ajítsingh</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e69125">581</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pi-lo-molo</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pi-lo-mo-lo</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e69518">581</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Prabhutavarsha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Prabhútavarsha</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e69650">582</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Prithivisena</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pṛithivísena</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e69796">582</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ándhrabhritya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ándhrabhṛitya</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e69807">582</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Punaji</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Punáji</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e69816">582</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pur</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Pûr</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e69966">582</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Raghoba</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rághobá</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e69981">582</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Limbdi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Limbḍi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70024">582</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Raghoji</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rághoji</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70082">582</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ghaghada</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ghaghaḍa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70085">582</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chavaḍá</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Chávaḍá</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70139">582</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ráshtraśyena</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ráshṭraśyena</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70208">582</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rájahamsa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rájahaṃsa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70362">583</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ranagraha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Raṇagraha</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70370">583</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ránaka</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ráṇaka</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70373">583</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vaghelas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vághelás</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70381">583</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ránakadevi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ránakadeví</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70399">583</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rangárika</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rangáriká</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70459">583</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Fakr-ud-daulah</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Fakhr-ud-daulah</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70602">583</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rasulnagar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rasúlnagar</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70610">583</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ratanlál</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ratan Lall</td> -<td class="bottom">4 / 3</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70705">583</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ratnamála</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ratnamálá</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70808">583</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mulhárráv</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mulháráv</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70906">583</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Revatimitra</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Revatímitra</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e70933">583</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Riayat</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Riáyat</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71011">584</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rudragana</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rudragaṇa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71107">584</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rukn-ud-din</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rukn-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71151">584</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rumla</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rúmla</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71169">584</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rupa Sundari</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rupasundarí</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71172">584</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jayáśekhara</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jayaśekhara</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71190">584</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rupmati</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rúp Matí</td> -<td class="bottom">4 / 2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71193">584</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rupmani</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rúp Mani</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71205">584</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ádam</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Adham</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71238">584</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rustamrav</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Rustamráv</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71300">584</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śabdánuśasana</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śabdánuśásana</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71351">584</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dhrángdhra</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dhrángadhra</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71354">584</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Halvád</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Halvad</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71425">584</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Áchchan</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Achchan</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71704">584</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mriṭṭikávati</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mṛittikávatí</td> -<td class="bottom">4 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71824">585</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Thakor</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Thákor</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71908">585</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sanchi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sánchi</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e71979">585</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sangana</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sángaṇa</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72039">585</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72056">585</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śankaragana</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śaṅkaragaṇa</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72045">585</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72050">585</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śankarana</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śaṅkaraṇa</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72082">585</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sankheda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Saṅkheḍá</td> -<td class="bottom">3 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72092">585</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Saonli</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sáonli</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72095">585</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gáikwar</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gáikwár</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72138">585</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Karna’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Karṇa’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72219">585</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sarangpur</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sárangpur</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72424">585</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Yajnaśri</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Yajñaśrí</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72468">585</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śatrunjaya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śatruñjaya</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72555">586</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sauvira</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sauvíra</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72576">586</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sávitri</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sávitrí</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72632">586</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Imám-ud-din</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Imám-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72857">586</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhikan</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhíkan</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72917">586</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dabháde</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Dábháde</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e72967">586</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sháms-ud-din</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Shams-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73102">587</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Shrimal</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Shrimál</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73185">587</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kártaláb</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kártalab</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73211">587</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Siddhabhatta</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Siddhabhaṭṭa</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73285">587</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Saurashtra</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sauráshṭra</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73365">587</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73373">587</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73383">587</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73392">587</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e74490">588</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd25e75050">589</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śiláditya</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śíláditya</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73458">587</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Simha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Siṃha</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73475">587</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Simhapura</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Siṃhapura</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73530">587</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sindan</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sindán</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73752">587</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sri-Pulumáyi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śri Pulumáyi</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e73799">588</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Sivachitta</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Śivachitta</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e74065">588</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Mularájá’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Múlarája’s</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e74110">588</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhadrakali’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bhadrakáli’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e74404">588</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gaudás</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Gauḍas</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e74463">588</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">poet laureate</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">poet-laureate</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e74680">589</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Subhatavarman</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Subhaṭavarman</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e75062">589</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kirtirája’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Kírtirája’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e75297">589</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tabaso</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Tabasô</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76159">590</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Traikutaka</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Traikúṭaka</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76239">591</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ráshṭrakûṭa</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ráshṭrakúṭa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76255">591</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Treyauna</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Treyaṇṇa</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76300">591</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Trikuta</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Trikúṭa</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76478">591</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Uda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Udá</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76555">591</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Udayámati</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Udayámatí</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e76768">591</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Uparavata</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Uparavaṭa</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77004">592</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vairisimha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vairisiṃha</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77272">592</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">.</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77725">593</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vikramasimha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vikramasiṃha</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77852">593</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Viramati</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Víramatí</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77860">593</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Virama</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vírama</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77863">593</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Visala</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Vísala</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e77987">593</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Viśvaśena</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Viśvasena</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e78306">593</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Yajnaśrí</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Yajñaśrí</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e78351">593</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd25e78363">593</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Yaśadaman</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Yaśadáman</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd25e78720">594</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Zia-ud-din</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ziá-ud-dín</td> -<td class="bottom">2 / 0</td> -</tr> -</table> -<h3 class="main">Abbreviations</h3> -<p>Overview of abbreviations used.</p> -<table class="abbreviationtable" summary="Overview of abbreviations used."> -<tr> -<th>Abbreviation</th> -<th>Expansion</th> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">An. of Raj.</td> -<td class="bottom">Annals of Rájasthán</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">An. of Ráj.</td> -<td class="bottom">Annals of Rájasthán</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Anc. Geog.</td> -<td class="bottom">Ancient Geography</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Ancient Geog.</td> -<td class="bottom">Ancient Geography</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Arch.</td> -<td class="bottom">Archæological</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Arch. Sur.</td> -<td class="bottom">Archæological Survey</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Arch. Sur. Rep.</td> -<td class="bottom">Archæological Survey Report</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Arch. Surv.</td> -<td class="bottom">Archæological Survey</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Arch. Surv. Rep.</td> -<td class="bottom">Archæological Survey Report</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Arch. Surv. Rept.</td> -<td class="bottom">Archæological Survey Report</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Arch. Surv. West. India</td> -<td class="bottom">Archæological Survey of Western India</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Art.</td> -<td class="bottom">Article</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">As. Res.</td> -<td class="bottom">Asiatic Researches</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">B. B. R. A. S.</td> -<td class="bottom">Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">B. B. R. A. S. Jl.</td> -<td class="bottom">Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society Journal</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">B. B. R. A. S. Jourl.</td> -<td class="bottom">Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society Journal</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">B. B. R. A. Soc.</td> -<td class="bottom">Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">B. B. R. A. Soc<span class="corr" title="Source: ,">.</span> Jourl.</td> -<td class="bottom">Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society Journal</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">B. B. R. A. Society</td> -<td class="bottom">Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">B.A.</td> -<td class="bottom">Bachelor of Arts</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Bháu. Prá<span class="corr" title="Not in source">.</span></td> -<td class="bottom">[<i>Expansion not available</i>]</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Bom. Arch. Sur. Sep.</td> -<td class="bottom">[<i>Expansion not available</i>]</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Bom. Gaz.</td> -<td class="bottom">Bombay Gazetteer</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Bom. Gov. Rec.</td> -<td class="bottom">Bombay Government Records</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Bombay Arch. Survey Sep.</td> -<td class="bottom">Bombay Archæological Survey Separate</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Br. S.</td> -<td class="bottom">[<i>Expansion not available</i>]</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Bṛ. S.</td> -<td class="bottom">Bṛihat Saṁhitá</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">C. I. I.</td> -<td class="bottom">Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">C.I.E.</td> -<td class="bottom">Companion, Order of the Indian Empire</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">C.S.</td> -<td class="bottom">[<i>Expansion not available</i>]</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">C.S.I.</td> -<td class="bottom">Companion, Order of the Star of India</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Calc.</td> -<td class="bottom">Calcutta</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Chap.</td> -<td class="bottom">Chapter</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">chap.</td> -<td class="bottom">chapter</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Corp. Ins. Ind.</td> -<td class="bottom">Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Corp. Insc. Ind.</td> -<td class="bottom">Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Corpus Ins. Ind.</td> -<td class="bottom">Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Ed.</td> -<td class="bottom">Edition</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Ency. Brit.</td> -<td class="bottom">Encyclopædia Britannica</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Ep. Ind.</td> -<td class="bottom">Epigraphia Indica</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Epig. Ind.</td> -<td class="bottom">Epigraphia Indica</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Epig. Indica</td> -<td class="bottom">Epigraphia Indica</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Esq.</td> -<td class="bottom">Esquire</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">F. S.</td> -<td class="bottom">First Series</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">F.R.S.</td> -<td class="bottom">Fellow of the Royal Society</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">G.</td> -<td class="bottom">[<i>Expansion not available</i>]</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Genl.</td> -<td class="bottom">[<i>Expansion not available</i>]</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Geog.</td> -<td class="bottom">[<i>Expansion not available</i>]</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Geog. Gr. Min.</td> -<td class="bottom">[<i>Expansion not available</i>]</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">H.M.’s</td> -<td class="bottom">Her Majesty’s</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Hist.</td> -<td class="bottom">History</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Hist. Nat.</td> -<td class="bottom">[<i>Expansion not available</i>]</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">I.C.S.</td> -<td class="bottom">Indian Civil Service</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">I.S.C<span class="corr" title="Not in source">.</span></td> -<td class="bottom">Imperial Service Corps</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Ind. Ant.</td> -<td class="bottom">Indian Antiquary</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Indian Ant.</td> -<td class="bottom">Indian Antiquary</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">J. A. S. Ben.</td> -<td class="bottom">Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">J. As.</td> -<td class="bottom">Journal Asiatique</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">J. B. A. S.</td> -<td class="bottom">[<i>Expansion not available</i>]</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">J. B. B. R. A. S.</td> -<td class="bottom">Journal Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">J. B. R. A. S.</td> -<td class="bottom">[<i>Expansion not available</i>]</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">J. Beng. A. S.</td> -<td class="bottom">[<i>Expansion not available</i>]</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">J. Bl. As. Soc.</td> -<td class="bottom">[<i>Expansion not available</i>]</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">J. Bl. Soc.</td> -<td class="bottom">[<i>Expansion not available</i>]</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">J. R. A. S.</td> -<td class="bottom">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">J. R. A. Soc.</td> -<td class="bottom">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">J. R. As. Soc.</td> -<td class="bottom">[<i>Expansion not available</i>]</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Jl. B. B. R. A. S.</td> -<td class="bottom">Journal Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Jl. Bombay Geog. Soc.</td> -<td class="bottom">[<i>Expansion not available</i>]</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Jour.</td> -<td class="bottom">Journal</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Jour. As.</td> -<td class="bottom">Journal Asiatique</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Jour. As.</td> -<td class="bottom">Journal Asiatique</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Jour. As. Soc.</td> -<td class="bottom">[<i>Expansion not available</i>]</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Jour. As. Soc. Bl.</td> -<td class="bottom">[<i>Expansion not available</i>]</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Jour. B. A. Soc.</td> -<td class="bottom">[<i>Expansion not available</i>]</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Jour. B. B. R. A. S.</td> -<td class="bottom">Journal Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Jour. B. B. R. A. Soc.</td> -<td class="bottom">Journal Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Jour. B. Br. A. S.</td> -<td class="bottom">Journal Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Jour. Bengal Soc.</td> -<td class="bottom">Journal Bengal Society</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Jour. R. A. S.</td> -<td class="bottom">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Jour. R. A. Soc.</td> -<td class="bottom">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Jour. Roy. As. Soc.</td> -<td class="bottom">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Jour. Royal As. Socy.</td> -<td class="bottom">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Journ. As.</td> -<td class="bottom">Journal Asiatique</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Journ. Beng. A. S.</td> -<td class="bottom">Journal Bengal Asiatic Society</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Jr. R. A. S.</td> -<td class="bottom">[<i>Expansion not available</i>]</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">K.C.I.E.</td> -<td class="bottom">Knight Commander, Order of the Indian Empire</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">K.C.S.I.</td> -<td class="bottom">Knight Commander, Order of the Star of India</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">LL.D.</td> -<td class="bottom">Doctor of Laws</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">M.A.</td> -<td class="bottom">Master of Arts</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">M.S.</td> -<td class="bottom">Manuscript</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom"><span class="corr" title="Source: Máhábh.">Mahábh.</span></td> -<td class="bottom">Mahábhárata</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">MS.</td> -<td class="bottom">Manuscript</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">N. S.</td> -<td class="bottom">New Series</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Num. Chron.</td> -<td class="bottom">[<i>Expansion not available</i>]</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Patr. Gr.</td> -<td class="bottom">Patrologiae Cursus Completus. Series Graeca.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Per.</td> -<td class="bottom">[<i>Expansion not available</i>]</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Pers.</td> -<td class="bottom">Persian</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Ph.D.</td> -<td class="bottom">Doctor of Philosophy</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Pt.</td> -<td class="bottom">Part</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">R. A. S.</td> -<td class="bottom">Royal Asiatic Society</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Rs.</td> -<td class="bottom">Rupees</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">S.</td> -<td class="bottom">Saṃvat</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">S. Ind. Pal.</td> -<td class="bottom">[<i>Expansion not available</i>]</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Saṃ.</td> -<td class="bottom">Saṃvat</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Ser.</td> -<td class="bottom">Series</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Soc.</td> -<td class="bottom">Society</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Tom.</td> -<td class="bottom">Tome</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Trans. Bombay As. Soc.</td> -<td class="bottom">Transactions of the Bombay Asiatic Society</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">V.S.</td> -<td class="bottom">Vikram Saṃvat</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Vi. S.</td> -<td class="bottom">Vikram Saṃvat</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">Ś.</td> -<td class="bottom">[<i>Expansion not available</i>]</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -</div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's History of Gujarát, by James McNabb Campbell - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF GUJARÁT *** - -***** This file should be named 54652-h.htm or 54652-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/6/5/54652/ - -Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (Prepared from -scans made by the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin. 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