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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..232f145 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #54743 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/54743) diff --git a/old/54743-0.txt b/old/54743-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 582baa6..0000000 --- a/old/54743-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,13653 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Memoirs of François René Vicomte de -Chateaubriand sometime Ambassador to Engl, by François René Chateaubriand and Alexander Teixeira de Mattos - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Memoirs of François René Vicomte de Chateaubriand sometime Ambassador to England, Volume 1 (of 6) - Mémoires d'outre-tombe, volume 1 - -Author: François René Chateaubriand - Alexander Teixeira de Mattos - -Release Date: May 18, 2017 [EBook #54743] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MEMOIRS OF FRANÇOIS RENÉ *** - - - - -Produced by Laura Natal Rodriguez & Marc D'Hooghe at Free -Literature (online soon in an extended version, also linking -to free sources for education worldwide ... MOOC's, -educational materials,...) Images generously made available -by the Hathi Trust. - - - - - -THE MEMOIRS OF FRANÇOIS RENÉ - -VICOMTE DE CHATEAUBRIAND - -SOMETIME AMBASSADOR TO ENGLAND - -BEING A TRANSLATION BY ALEXANDER TEIXEIRA DE MATTOS -OF THE MÉMOIRES D'OUTRE-TOMBE WITH ILLUSTRATIONS -FROM CONTEMPORARY SOURCES. In 6 Volumes - -NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY G. P PUTNAM'S -SONS AND IN LONDON BY FREEMANTLE -AND COMPANY -MDCCCCII - - -VOL. I - - "NOTRE SANG A TEINT - LA BANNIÈRE DE FRANCE" - -[Illustration: Le Vicomte de Chateaubriand] - - -CONTENTS - - -The Translator's Note - -The Author's Preface - -The Author's Preface to the First Edition - - -PART THE FIRST - -1768-1800 - -BOOK I - -Birth of my brothers and sisters--My own birth--Plancoët--I -am vowed--Combourg--My father's scheme of education for -me--Villeneuve--Lucile--Mesdemoiselles Couppart--I am a bad pupil--The -life led by my maternal grandmother and her sister at Plancoët--My -uncle, the Comte de Bedée, at Monchoix--I am relieved from my nurse's -vow--Holidays--Saint-Malo--Gesril--Hervine Magon--Fight with two ship's -lads - -BOOK II - -A note from M. Pasquier--Dieppe--Change in my education--Spring in -Brittany--An historic forest--Pelagian fields--The moon setting over -the sea--Departure for Combourg--Description of the castle--Dol -College--Mathematics and languages--An instance of memory--Holidays -at Combourg--Life at a country-seat--Feudal customs--The inhabitants -of Combourg--Second holidays at Combourg--The Conti Regiment--Camp -at Saint-Malo--An abbey--A provincial theatre--Marriage of my two -eldest sisters--Return to college--A revolution begins to take place -in my ideas--Adventure of the magpie--Third holidays at Combourg--The -quack--Return to college--Invasion of France--Games--The Abbé de -Chateaubriand--My First Communion--I leave Dol College--A mission at -Combourg--Rennes College--I meet Gesril--Moreau-Limoëlan--Marriage -of my third sister--I am sent to Brest for my naval examination--The -harbour of Brest--I once more meet Gesril--Lapeyrouse--I return to -Combourg - -BOOK III - -At Montboissier--Reminiscences of Combourg--Dinan College--Broussais--I -return home--Life at Combourg--Our days and evenings--My -donjon--Change from childhood to manhood--Lucile--Last lines written -at the Vallée-aux-Loups--Revelations concerning the mystery of my -life--A phantom of love--Two years of delirium--Occupations and -illusions--My autumn joys--Incantation--Temptation--Illness--I -fear and decline to enter the ecclesiastical state--A moment in my -native town--Recollection of Villeneuve and the tribulations of my -childhood--I am called back to Combourg--Last interview with my -father--I enter the service--I bid farewell to Combourg - -BOOK IV - -Berlin--Potsdam--Frederic the Great--My brother--My cousin -Moreau--My sister, the Comtesse de Farcy--Julie a worldly -woman--Dinner--Pommereul--Madame de Chastenay--Cambrai--The Navarre -Regiment--La Martinière--Death of my father--My regrets--Would my -father have appreciated me?--I return to Brittany--I stay with my -eldest sister--My brother sends for me to Paris--First inspiration of -the muse--My lonely life in Paris--I am presented at Versailles--I hunt -with the King--Adventure with my mare _Heureuse_ - -BOOK V - -Stay in Brittany--In garrison at Dieppe--I return to Paris with Lucile -and Julie--Delisle de Sales--Men of letters--Portraits--The Rosanbo -family--M. de Malesherbes--His predilection for Lucile--Appearance -and change of my sylph--Early political disturbances in Brittany--A -glance at the history of the monarchy--Constitution of the States -of Brittany--The holding of the States--The King's revenue in -Brittany--Private revenue of the province--Hearth-money--I am -present for the first time at a political meeting--A scene--My -mother moves to Saint-Malo--I receive the tonsure--The country -round Saint-Malo--The ghost--The sick man--The States of Brittany -in 1789--Riots--Saint-Riveul, my schoolfellow, is killed--The year -1789--Journey from Brittany to Paris--Movement on the road--Appearance -of Paris--Dismissal of M. Necker--Versailles--Delight of the Royal -Family--General insurrection--Capture of the Bastille--Effect of -the capture of the Bastille on the Court--The heads of Foullon -and Bertier--Recall of M. Necker--Sitting of the 4th of August -1789--The day's work of the 5th of October--The King is taken to -Paris--The Constituent Assembly--Mirabeau--Sittings of the National -Assembly--Robespierre--Society-Aspect of Paris--What I did amidst all -this turmoil--My solitary days--Mademoiselle Monet--I draw up with -M. de Malesherbes the plan of my journey in America--Bonaparte and -I both unknown subalterns--The Marquis de La Rouërie--I embark at -Saint-Malo--Last thoughts on leaving my native land - -BOOK VI - -In London as Ambassador--I cross the ocean--François -Tulloch--Christopher Columbus--Camoëns--The Azores--The isle of -Graciosa--Sports on board ship--The isle of Saint-Pierre--The shores of -Virginia--Sunset--Danger and escape--I land in America--Baltimore--The -passengers separate--Tulloch--Philadelphia--General -Washington--Comparison of Washington and Bonaparte--Journey from -Philadelphia to New York and Boston--Mackenzie--The Hudson River--Song -of the lady passenger--Mr. Swift--I set out for the Falls of Niagara -with a Dutch guide--M. Violet--My savage outfit--Hunting--Wolverine -and Canadian Fox--Musk-rat--Fishing dogs--Insects--Montcalm and -Wolfe--Encampment on the shore of the Onondaga Lake--Arabs--The Indian -woman and her cow--An Iroquois--The Onondaga chief--Velly and the -Franks--Ceremonies of hospitality--The ancient Greeks--Journey from -the Onondaga Lake to the Genesee River--Clearings--Hospitality--My -bed--The enchanted rattle-snake--Niagara Falls--The rattle-snake--I -fall to the edge of the abyss--Twelve days in a hut--Change of -manners among the savages--Birth and death--Montaigne-Song of the -adder--The little Indian girl, the original of Mila--Incidents--Old -Canada--True civilisation spread by religion--False civilisation -introduced by commerce--Traders--Agents--Hunts--Half-breeds or -Burnt-woods--Wars of the companies--The Indian languages dying -out--The old French possessions in America--Regrets--A note from Lord -François Conyngham--The Canadian lakes--A fleet of Indian canoes--The -American rivers--Legends--Muscogulges and Siminoles--Our camp--Two -Floridan beauties--Ruins on the Ohio--What the Muscogulge damsels -were--Arrest of the King at Varennes--I interrupt my journey to go back -to Europe--Dangers for the United States--Return to Europe--Shipwreck - - - - -LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - -VOL. I - - The Vicomte de Chateaubriand - Chateaubriand's Birthplace - Combourg Castle - Louis XVI - Malesherbes - Marie Antoinette - Mirabeau - Washington - - - - -THE TRANSLATOR'S NOTE - - -Many years ago, M. Pierre Louÿs, who had not then achieved his -astonishing successes, and I sat talking literature in a Paris café. -The future author of _Aphrodite_ had praise for none save the moderns, -of whom he has now become a recognized type and leader. I turned to him -suddenly and asked: - -"Is there any nineteenth-century French writer at all whom you others -read nowadays and approve of?" - -"Yes," said Louÿs, "Chateaubriand." - -"How do you mean?" said I. "The novels? _Atala?_ The essays?" - -"Ah no," he answered: "but the _Mémoires d'outre-tombe_, yes. -That--that is monumental; that will live for ever." - -Our talk drifted to other things; I remembered what Louis had said--for -two days: had I come across these Memoirs in the course of my rambles -along the quays, I should have bought them; I did not, and bought other -books instead. - -* - -In the winter of 1898, I spent two months at the house of my kinsman, -David Teixeira de Mattos, in Amsterdam. It stands on one of the oldest -of the canals. It is a quaint, spacious seventeenth-century house, -and the habits of the house are of the same date as the architecture: -there are few books in it. Knowing this, I had brought books with me, -but not enough to last out my stay; and, before very long, I was driven -to rummage in the one small, old-fashioned book-case which contained -David Teixeira's library. I found it to consist in the main of volumes -bearing upon the history of the reigning House of Orange, in whose -restoration my kinsman's near predecessors had been concerned; of -family records; of the Dutch poets of the early nineteenth century: -until, suddenly, I came across a poor little pirated edition of -Chateaubriand's masterpiece, printed in Brussels in twenty small parts, -and bound up into five small volumes. I carried them to my room, spent -three weeks in their perusal, started to read them a second time, and -came back to London determined to find a publisher who would undertake -the risk of an English translation. - -I found one at almost the first asking, and it will ever remain a -mystery to me why no complete translation of this admirable work has -seen the light in England during the more than fifty years that have -elapsed since the _Mémoires d'outre-tombe_ were first published. - -* - -The British Museum Library contains two attempts at a translation. One, -published in the "Parlour Library of Instruction," is entitled, "_An -Autobiography._ By François René, Viscount de Chateaubriand. London -and Belfast: Simms & M'Intyre, 1849." It consists of four slim volumes -containing in all less than half of the work. The other appeared, under -the title of "_Memoirs of Chateaubriand._ Written by Himself. London: -Henry Colburn, 1848-49. To be completed in ten parts," in "Colburn's -Standard Library." Only three parts were published, embracing not more -than a quarter of the _Mémoires d'Outre-tombe._ - -In both cases the translator is anonymous; in both cases the -translation seems careless and hastily made; in both cases the English -version, as I have said, is far from complete. - -* - -The present translation, by arrangement with the publishers, is -complete in so far that no attempt whatever has been made at -compression or condensation; nor has a single passage been omitted -without the insertion of a footnote pointing out exactly where the -omission occurs. The omissions are very few, and consist of the -following: - -1. All that portion of Chateaubriand's account of the career of -Napoleon Bonaparte which touches the period during which the author -was not himself residing in France and which is of historical rather -than autobiographical interest. This portion Messrs. Freemantle hope to -publish later, as a supplemental volume to the Memoirs. Left where it -stood, it hampered the action of the work, and its omission is in no -way noticeable. - -2. Part of the account of the journey to Jerusalem which Chateaubriand -quotes from the Itinerary of his body-servant Julien, side by side with -his own; also some discursive correspondence and quotations following -upon the Itinerary. - -3. A selection from the writings of Chateaubriand's sister Lucile -(Madame de Caud). This selection is a short one; but it is of interest -to none save the author and her brother, and nothing is lost by the -omission. - -4. Some of the longer quotations from the French or Italian poets, -besides a few poems by Chateaubriand himself. - -5. One passage, or at most two, which, without being in any sense -immoral, seemed to me to contain a little too much of the _esprit -gaulois_ to prove acceptable to English taste. I was anxious that not a -line should appear which would prevent the universal reading of so fine -a work. - -* - -For the rest, I have striven to perform my task of translation, which -has taken me over two years to accomplish, conscientiously, correctly, -and above all respectfully. If here and there I have seemed to follow -the original a little too closely, my excuse must be that I had too -great a respect for this great man to take liberties with his writing. -To reproduce his style in another language has been no easy matter: I -have done my best. - -The volumes will be found to be fully annotated. The author's own -notes are so marked; those signed "B." are by M. Edmond Biré, the -accomplished editor of the latest edition of the Memoirs, from which -edition my version has, in the main, been made; those signed "T" are -mine. I claim no merit of erudition for these notes: my aim has been -merely to give the essential details concerning each new person, -belonging to whatever period, mentioned in the work, and, whenever -possible, to add the date of his birth and death. More particularly in -the case of Chateaubriand's contemporaries, I thought it not without -value to furnish a clue to the age and to the stage of their career -which they had attained at the time when they were brought into contact -with the writer. A full index of all persons mentioned in the _Mémoires -d'outre-tombe_ will be found at the end of the last volume. - -* - -My thanks are due to M. Louis Cahen, of Paris, who has read and -collated most of the proofs and suggested a happy solution of many a -difficulty, and to Mr. Frederic J. Simmons for the care with which he -has selected the illustrations to the several volumes. - -A. T. de M. - -Chelsea, _December_ 1901. - - - - -THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE[1] - - - _Sicut nubes ... quasi naves ... velut umbra._--JOB.[2] - -As it is not possible for me to foresee the moment of my end; as at -my age the days accorded to man are but days of grace, or rather -of reprieve, I propose, lest I be taken by surprise, to make an -explanation touching a work with which I intend to cheat the tedium -of those last forlorn hours which we neither desire, nor know how to -employ. - -The Memoirs prefaced by these lines embrace and will embrace the whole -course of my life: they were commenced in the year 1811 and continued -to the present day. I tell in that portion which is already completed, -and shall tell in that which as yet is but roughly sketched, the -story of my childhood, my education, my youth, my entrance into the -service, my arrival in Paris, my presentation to Louis XVI., the early -scenes of the Revolution, my travels in America, my return to Europe, -my emigration to Germany and England, my return to France under the -Consulate, my employment and work under the Empire, my journey to -Jerusalem, my employment and work under the Restoration, and finally -the complete history of the Restoration and of its fall. - -I have met nearly all the men who in my time have played a part, great -or small, in my own country or abroad: from Washington to Napoleon, -from Louis XVIII. to Alexander, from Pius VII. to Gregory XVI., from -Fox, Burke, Pitt, Sheridan, Londonderry, Capo d'Istrias to Malesherbes, -Mirabeau and the rest; from Nelson, Bolivar, Mehemet Pasha of Egypt to -Suffren, Bougainville, La Pérouse, Moreau and so forth. I have been one -of an unprecedented triumvirate: three poets of different interests -and nationality, who filled, within the same decade, the post of -minister of Foreign Affairs--myself in France, Mr. Canning in England, -Señor Martinez de la Rosa in Spain. I have lived successively through -the empty years of my youth and the years filled with the Republican -Era, the annals of Bonaparte and the reign of the Legitimacy. - -I have explored the seas of the Old World and the New, and trod the -soil of the four quarters of the globe. After camping in Iroquois -shelters and Arab tents, in the wigwams of the Hurons, amid the -remains of Athens, Jerusalem, Memphis, Carthage, Grenada, among -Greeks, Turks and Moors, in forests and among ruins; after wearing the -bearskin of the savage and the silken caftan of the mameluke; after -enduring poverty, hunger, thirst and exile, I have sat, as minister -and ambassador, in a gold-laced coat, my breast motley with stars -and ribbons, at the tables of kings, at the feasts of princes and -princesses, only to relapse into indigence and to receive a taste of -prison. - -I have been connected with a host of personages famous in the career -of arms, the Church, politics, law, science and art. I have endless -materials in my possession: more than four thousand private letters, -the diplomatic correspondence of my several embassies, that of my term -at the Foreign Office, including documents of an unique character, -known to none save myself. I have carried the soldier's musket, the -traveller's cudgel, the pilgrim's staff: I have been a sea-farer, and -my destinies have been as fickle as my sails; a halcyon, and made my -nest upon the billows. - -I have meddled with peace and war; I have signed treaties and -protocols, and published numerous works the while. I have been -initiated into secrets of parties, of Court and of State: I have been -a close observer of the rarest miseries, the highest fortunes, the -greatest renowns. I have taken part in sieges, congresses, conclaves, -in the restoration and overturning of thrones. I have made history, and -I could write it. And my life, solitary, dreamy, poetic, has gone on -through this world of realities, catastrophes, tumult, uproar, in the -company of the sons of my dreams, Chactas, René, Eudore, Aben-Hamet, -of the daughters of my imagination, Atala, Amélie, Blanca, Velléda, -Cymodocée. Of my age and not of it, I perhaps exercised upon it, -without either wishing or seeking to do so, a three-fold influence, -religious, political and literary. - -There are left to me but four or five contemporaries of established -fame. Alfieri, Canova and Monti have disappeared; Italy has only -Pindemonte and Manzoni left over from her brilliant days. Pellico has -wasted his best days in the cells of the Spielberg: the talents of -the land that gave Dante birth are condemned to silence or driven to -languish on foreign soil; Lord Byron and Mr. Canning have died young; -Walter Scott is no longer with us; Goethe has left us, full of years -and glory. France has scarce anything remaining from her abundant past; -she is commencing a new era, while I linger behind to bury my period, -like the old priest who, in the sack of Béziers, was to toll the bell -before falling himself when the last citizen had expired. - -When death lowers the curtain between me and the world, it shall be -found that my drama was divided into three acts. - -From my early youth until 1800, I was a soldier and a traveller; from -1800 to 1811, under the Consulate and the Empire, my life was given -to literature; from the Restoration to the present day, it has been -devoted to politics. - -During each of my three successive careers, I have always placed some -great task before myself: as a traveller, I aimed at discovering -the polar world; as a man of letters, I have striven to reconstruct -religion from its ruins; as a statesman, I have endeavoured to give to -the people the true system of representative monarchy, accompanied with -its various liberties: I have at least assisted in winning that liberty -which is worth all the others, which replaces them and serves in stead -of any constitution, the liberty of the press. When, frequently, I -have failed in my enterprises, there has been in my case a failure -of destiny. The foreigners who have succeeded in their designs were -aided by fortune; they had powerful friends behind them and a peaceful -country. I have been less lucky. - -Of the modern French authors of my own period, I may be said to be the -only one whose life resembles his works: a traveller, soldier, poet, -publicist, it is amid forests that I have sung the forest, aboard ship -that I have depicted the sea, in camp that I have spoken of arms, in -exile that I have learnt to know exile, in Courts, in affairs of State, -in Parliament that I have studied princes, politics, law and history. -The orators of Greece and Rome played their part in the republic and -shared its fate. In Italy and Spain, at the end of the Middle Ages and -at the Renascence, the leading intellects in letters and the arts took -part in the social movement. How stormy and how fine were the lives of -Dante, of Tasso, of Camoëns, of Ercilla, of Cervantes! - -In France our ancient poets and historians sang and wrote in the midst -of pilgrimages and battles: Thibaut Count of Champagne, Villehardouin, -Joinville borrow the felicity of their style from their adventurous -careers; Froissart travels the highways in search of history, and -learns it from the mouths of the knights and abbots whom he meets, by -whose side he rides along the roads. But, commencing from the reign -of François I., our writers have been men leading detached lives, and -their talents have perchance expressed the spirit but not the deeds of -their age. If I were destined to live, I should represent in my person, -as represented in my Memoirs, the principles, the ideas, the events, -the catastrophes, the idylls of my time, the more in that I have seen -a world end and a world commence, and that the conflicting characters -of that ending and that commencement lie intermingled in my opinions. -I have found myself caught between two ages as in the conflux of two -rivers, and I have plunged into their waters, turning regretfully from -the old bank upon which I was born, yet swimming hopefully towards the -unknown shore at which the new generations are to land. - -These Memoirs, divided into books and parts, have been written at -different times and in different places: each section naturally entails -a kind of prologue which recalls the occurrences that have arisen since -the last date and describes the place in which I resume the thread -of my narrative. In this way the various events and the changeful -circumstances of my life enter one into the other; it happens that, in -moments of prosperity, I have to tell of times of penury, and that, -in days of tribulation, I retrace my days of happiness. The diverse -opinions formed in diverse periods of my life, my youth penetrating -into my old age, the gravity of my years of experience casting a -shadow over my lighter years, the rays of my sun, from its rise to its -setting, intercrossing and commingling like the scattered reflections -of my existence, all these give a sort of indefinable unity to my work; -my cradle bears the mark of my tomb, my tomb of my cradle; my hardships -become pleasures, my pleasures sorrows, and one no longer knows whether -these Memoirs proceed from a dark or a hoary head. - -I do not say this in self-praise, for I do not know that it is good; -I say what is the fact, what happened without reflection on my part, -through the very fickleness of the tempests loosed against my bark, -which often have left me but the rock that caused my shipwreck upon -which to write this or that fragment of my life. - -I have applied to the writing of these Memoirs a really paternal -predilection; I would wish to be able to rise at the ghostly hour to -correct the proofs: the dead go fast. - -The notes accompanying the text are of three kinds: the first, printed -at the end of each volume, consist of explanatory documents, proofs -and illustrations; the second, printed at the foot of the pages, are -contemporary with the text; the third, also printed as foot-notes, have -been added after the text was written, and bear the date of the time -and place at which they were written. A year or two of solitude spent -in some corner of the earth would suffice to enable me to complete my -Memoirs; but the only period of rest that I have known was the nine -months during which I slept in my mother's womb: it is probable that I -shall not recover this antenatal rest until I lie in the entrails of -our common mother after death. - -Several of my friends have urged me to publish a portion of my story -now: I could not bring myself to accede to their wish. In the first -place, I should be less candid and less veracious, in spite of myself; -and then, I have always imagined myself to be writing seated in my -grave. From this my work has assumed a certain religious character, -which I could not remove without impairing its merit; it would be -painful to me to stifle the distant voice which issues from the tomb, -and which makes itself heard throughout the course of this narrative. -None will be surprised that I should preserve certain weaknesses, that -I should be concerned for the fate of the poor orphan destined to -survive me upon earth. Should Minos judge that I had suffered enough in -this world to become at least a happy Shade in the next, a little light -thrown from the Elysian Fields to illumine my last picture would serve -to make the defects of the painter less prominent. Life does not suit -me; perhaps death will become me better. - -Paris, 1 _December_, 1833. - - -[1] This preface is first printed in the edition of 1899, from which -the present version is made.--T. - -[2] "I am brought to nothing: as a wind thou hast taken away my desire: -and my prosperity hath passed away _like a cloud._"--JOB, XXX. 15. - -"My days have passed by _as ships_ carrying fruits, as an eagle flying -to the prey."--JOB, IX. 26. - -"Man cometh forth like a flower and is destroyed, and fleeth _as a -shadow_, and never continueth in the same state."--JOB, XIV. 2.--T. - - - - -THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE - - -TO THE FIRST EDITION[1] - - - _Sicut nubes ... quasi naves ... velut umbra._--JOB.[2] - - -As it is not possible for me to foresee the moment of my end; as at -my age the days accorded to man are but days of grace, or rather of -reprieve, I propose to make an explanation. - -On the 4th of September next I shall have completed my seventy-eighth -year: it is high time that I should quit a world which is quitting me -and which I do not regret. - -The Memoirs prefaced by these lines follow, in their divisions, the -natural divisions of my several careers. - -The sad necessity which has always held me by the throat has obliged -me to sell my Memoirs. None can know what I have suffered by being -compelled thus to hypothecate my tomb; but I owed this last sacrifice -to my vows and to the consistency of my conduct. With an almost -pusillanimous attachment, I looked upon these Memoirs as confidants -from whom I would not care to part; my intention was to leave them to -Madame de Chateaubriand; she would have published them at will, or -suppressed them, as I would have desired more than ever today. - -Ah, if, before quitting the earth, I could have found some one rich -enough, confiding enough, to buy up the shares of the "Syndicate," -and one who would not, like the Syndicate, be under the necessity of -sending the work to press so soon as my knell had sounded! Some of the -shareholders are my friends; several of them are obliging persons who -have sought to assist me; nevertheless the shares have perhaps been -sold, they will have been transferred to third parties with whom I am -not acquainted, and with whom family interests must take the first -place; to the latter it is natural that the prolongation of my days -should mean to them, if not an annoyance, at least an actual loss. -Lastly, if I were still the owner of these Memoirs, I would either keep -them in manuscript or delay their appearance for fifty years. - -These Memoirs have been put together at different dates and in -different countries. Hence the necessary prologues, which depict the -environments upon which I cast my eyes, the thoughts which occupied me -at the time when I resume the thread of my narrative. The changeful -circumstances of my life have in this way entered one into the other: -it has happened that, in moments of prosperity, I have had to tell -of times of penury; in days of tribulation, to retrace my days of -happiness. My youth penetrating into my old age, the gravity of my -years of experience casting a shadow over my lighter years, the rays of -my sun, from its rise to its setting, intercrossing and commingling: -all these have produced in my recital a sort of confusion, or, if you -will, a sort of indefinable unity; my cradle bears the mark of my tomb, -my tomb of my cradle; my hardships become pleasures, my pleasures -sorrows, and I no longer know, as I finish reading these Memoirs, -whether they proceed from a dark or a hoary head. - -I cannot tell if this medley, to which I can apply no remedy, will -please or displease; it is the fruit of the inconstancy of my fate; -often the tempests have left me no writing-table save the rock that has -caused my shipwreck. - -I have been urged to publish portions of these Memoirs during my life; -I prefer to speak from the depths of my grave: my narrative will then -be accompanied by those voices which are in a measure consecrated, -because they issue from the tomb. If I have suffered enough in this -world to become a happy Shade in the next, a ray escaping from the -Elysian Fields will cast a protecting light over my last pictures. Life -does not suit me; perhaps death will become me better. - -These Memoirs have been the object of my predilection. St. Bonaventure -obtained from Heaven permission to continue his after death; I hope for -no such favour, but I would wish to rise at the ghostly hour at least -to correct the proofs. However, when Eternity shall with its two hands -have stopped my ears, in the dusty family of the deaf, I shall hear -nobody. - -If any part of this work has interested me more than another, it is -that which relates to my youth, the least-known side of my life. There -I have had to reveal to the world what was known to myself alone; in -wandering among that vanished company I have met only remembrances and -silence: of all the persons I have known, how many are alive today? - -The inhabitants of Saint-Malo applied to me, on the 28th of August -1828, through the medium of their mayor, on the subject of a floating -dock they wished to build. I hastened to reply, begging, in exchange -for my good will, a concession of a few feet of ground, for my tomb, -on the Grand-Bé[3]. This encountered some difficulty, owing to the -opposition of the military engineering authorities. At last, on the -27th of October 1831, I received a letter from the mayor, M. Hovius. He -said: - - "The resting-place which you desire by the side of the sea, - at a few steps from your birthplace, will be prepared by the - filial piety of the Malouins. A sad thought is mingled with - this task. Ah, may the monument remain long unoccupied! But - honour and glory survive all that dies upon earth." - -I quote these beautiful words of M. Hovius with gratitude; there is but -one word too much: "glory." - -I shall therefore rest on the shore of the sea which I have loved -so well. If I die out of France, I hope that my body will not be -brought back to the land of my birth until fifty years shall have -been completed since my first burial. Let my remains be spared a -sacrilegious autopsy; let not my chilled brain and my dead heart be -searched for the mystery of my being. Death does not reveal the secrets -of life. A corpse riding post fills me with horror; bones, bleached -and light, are easily moved: they will be less fatigued by this last -journey than when I dragged them hither and thither, laden with the -burden of my cares. - -Paris, 14 _April_, 1846. - -_Revised_ 28 _July_, 1846. - - -[1] 1848-1850.--T. - -[2] "I am brought to nothing: as a wind thou hast taken away my desire: -and my prosperity hath passed away _like a cloud._"--JOB, XXX. 15. - -"My days have passed by _as ships_ carrying fruits, as an eagle flying -to the prey."--JOB, IX. 26. - -"Man cometh forth like a flower and is destroyed, and fleeth _as a -shadow_, and never continueth in the same state."--JOB, XIV. 2.--T. - -[3] A small island situated in the roadstead of Saint-Malo.-_Author's -Note._ - - - - -THE - -MEMOIRS OF CHATEAUBRIAND - - - - -PART THE FIRST - - -1768-1800 - - - - -BOOK I[1] - - -Birth of my brothers and sisters--My own birth-Plancoët--I -am vowed--Combourg--My father's scheme of education for -me--Villeneuve--Lucile--Mesdemoiselles Couppart--I am a bad pupil--The -life led by my maternal grandmother and her sister at Plancoët--My -uncle, the Comte de Bedée, at Monchoix--I am relieved from my nurse's -vow--Holidays--Saint-Malo--Gesril--Hervine Magon--Fight with two ship's -lads. - - -Four years ago, on my return from the Holy Land, I purchased near -the little village of Aulnay, in the neighbourhood of Sceaux[2] and -Châtenay, a small country-house, lying hidden among wooded hills. The -sandy and uneven ground attached to this house consisted of a sort -of wild orchard, at the end of which was a ravine and a coppice of -chestnut-trees. This narrow space seemed to me fitted to contain my -long hopes: _spatio brevi spem longam reseces[3]._ The trees which I -have planted here are thriving. They are still so small that I can -shade them by placing myself between them and the sun. One day they -will give me shade and protect my old age as I have protected their -youth. I have selected them, in so far as I could, from the different -climes in which I have wandered; they recall my travels and foster -other illusions in my heart. - -If ever the Bourbons reascend the throne, I will ask from them no -greater reward for my loyalty than that they should make me rich enough -to add to my fee-simple the skirts of the surrounding woods: I have -grown ambitious, and would wish to expand my walks by a few roods. -Knight-errant though I be, I have the sedentary tastes of a monk: I -doubt whether, since taking up my abode in this retreat, I have thrice -set foot without my boundary. If my pines, my fir-trees, my larches, -my cedars ever keep their promise, the Vallée-aux-Loups will become a -veritable hermitage. When, on the 20th of February 1694,[4] Voltaire -saw the light at Châtenay, what was then the appearance of the hill to -which the author of the _Génie du Christianisme_ was to retire in 1807? - -This spot pleases me; it has taken the place of my paternal acres; I -have bought it with the price of my dreams and my vigils; I owe the -little wilderness of Aulnay to the vast wilderness of Atala; and I have -not, in order to acquire this refuge, imitated the American planter and -despoiled the Indian of the Two Floridas[5]. I am attached to my trees; -I have addressed elegies to them, sonnets, odes. There is not one of -them which I have not tended with my own hands, which I have not rid of -the worm attached to its roots, the caterpillar clinging to its leaves; -I know them all by their names, as though they were my children: they -are my family, I have no other, and I hope to die in their midst. - -Here, I have written the _Martyrs_, the _Abencerages_, the _Itinéraire_ -and _Moïse_; what shall I do now during these autumn evenings? This -4th day of October 1811, the anniversary of my saint's-day[6] and of -my entrance into Jerusalem,[7] tempts me to commence the history of -my life. The man who today is endowing France with the empire of the -world only so that he may trample her under foot, the man whose genius -I admire and whose despotism I abhor, that man surrounds me with his -tyranny as it were with a new solitude; but though he may crush the -present, the past defies him, and I remain free in all that precedes -his glory. - -The greater part of my feelings have remained buried in the recesses -of my soul, or are displayed in my works only as applied to imaginary -beings. To-day, while I still regret, without pursuing, my illusions, I -will reascend the acclivity of my happier years: these Memoirs shall be -a shrine erected to the clearness of my remembrances. - -[Sidenote: My birth and ancestry.] - -Let us commence, then, and speak first of my family. This is essential, -because the character of my father depended in a great measure upon his -position and, in its turn, exercised a great influence upon the nature -of my ideas, by determining the manner of my education[8]. - -* - -I am of noble birth. In my opinion I have improved the hazard of -my cradle and retained that firmer love of liberty which belongs -principally to the aristocracy whose last hour has struck. Aristocracy -has three ages: the age of superiority, the age of privilege, the age -of vanity; issuing from the first, it degenerates in the second to -become extinguished in the third. - -He who is curious for information concerning my family may consult -Moréri's[9] Dictionary, the different Histories of Brittany by -d'Argentré[10], Dom Lobineau[11], Dom Morice, Père Du Paz' _Histoire -généalogique de plusieurs maisons illustres de Bretagne_, Toussaint de -Saint-Luc, Le Borgne, and lastly Père Anselme's _Histoire des grands -officiers de la Couronne._[12] - -My proofs of descent were made out by Chérin[13], for the admission of -my sister Lucile as a canoness of the Chapter of the Argentière, whence -she was to be transferred to that of Remiremont. They were reproduced -for my presentation to Louis XVI., again for my affiliation to the -Order of Malta, and lastly, when my brother was presented to the same -unfortunate Louis XVI. - -My name was first written "Brien," and then "Briant" and "Briand," -following the invasion of French spelling. Guillaume le Breton says -"Castrum-Briani." There is not a French name that does not present -these literal variations. What is the spelling of Du Guesclin? - -About the commencement of the eleventh century, the Briens gave -their name to an important Breton castle, and this castle became -the burgh of the Barony of Chateaubriand. The Chateaubriand arms at -first consisted of fir-cones with the motto, _Je sème l'or._ Geoffrey -Baron of Chateaubriand accompanied St Louis to Palestine. He was -taken prisoner at the battle of the Mansourah[14], but returned, and -his wife Sybil died of joy and surprise at seeing him. St. Louis, in -reward for his services, granted to him and his heirs, in lieu of his -old arms, an escutcheon gules, strewn with fleur-de-lis or: "_Cui et -ejus hæredibus_" a cartulary of the Priory of Bérée bears witness, -"_sanctus Ludovicus turn Francorum rex, propter ejus probitatem in -armis, flores lilii auri, loco pomorum pini auri, contulit._" - -[Sidenote: My proofs of nobility.] - -The Chateaubriands were divided, soon after their origin, into three -branches: the first, that of the Barons of Chateaubriand, was the -stock of the two others, and commenced in the year 1000 in the person -of Thiern, son of Brien, grandson of Alan III., Count or Chief of -Brittany; the second was called the Lords[15] of the Roches Baritaut, -or of the Lion d'Angers; the third bore the title of Lords[16] of -Beaufort. - -When the line of the Lords of Beaufort became extinct in the person of -Dame Renée, one Christopher II., of a collateral branch of that line, -came into possession of the estate of the Guerrande in Morbihan[17]. -At this period, the middle of the seventeenth century, great -confusion prevailed in the order of the nobility. Names and titles -had been usurped. Louis XIV. ordered a visitation, so that each might -be reinstated in his rights. Christopher, upon giving proofs of his -ancient nobility, was confirmed in his title and in the ownership of -his arms, by judgment of the Chamber instituted at Rennes for the -reforming of the nobility of Brittany. This judgment was issued on the -16th of September 1669, and ran as follows: - - "Judgment of the Chamber instituted by the King for the - reforming of the nobility in the Province of Brittany, - delivered the 16th of September 1669: between the King's - Attorney-General and M. Christophe de Chateaubriand, Sieur - de La Guerrande; which declares the said Christophe to - issue from an ancient noble house, permits him to take the - quality of knight, and confirms his right to bear arms gules - strewn with fleur-de-lys or without number, and this after - production by him of his authentic titles, from which it - appears, &c, &c. The said judgment signed Malescot." - -This judgment declares that Christophe de Chateaubriand de La Guerrande -was descended in the direct line from the Chateaubriands, Lords of -Beaufort; the Lords of Beaufort were connected through historical -evidences with the first Barons of Chateaubriand. The Chateaubriands -de Villeneuve, du Plessis and de Combourg were younger branches of the -Chateaubriands de La Guerrande, as is proved by the descent of Amaury, -brother of Michel, the said Michel being the son of the Christophe de -La Guerrande whose descent was confirmed by the above-quoted decree of -the reforming of the nobility of 16 September 1669. - -After my presentation to Louis XVI., my brother proposed to increase my -portion as a younger son by endowing me with some of those benefices -known as _bénéfices simples._ There was but one practical means of -doing this, since I was a layman and a soldier, and that was to have me -received into the Order of Malta. My brother sent my proofs to Malta, -and soon after, he presented a petition, in my name, to the Chapter of -the Grand Priory of Aquitaine, held at Poitiers, with a view to the -appointing of a commission to declare urgency. M. Pontois was at the -time archivist, vice-chancellor and genealogist of the Order of Malta -at the Priory. - -The president of the Chapter was Louis Joseph des Escotais, _bailli_, -Grand Prior of Aquitaine, having with him the Bailli de Freslon, the -Chevalier de La Laurencie, the Chevalier de Murat, the Chevalier de -Lanjamet, the Chevalier de La Bourdonnaye-Montluc and the Chevalier du -Bouëtiez. The petition was allowed at the sittings of the 9th, 10th, -and 11th of September 1789. It is stated, in the terms of admission of -the "Memorial," that I deserved the favour which I solicited "by more -than one title," and that "considerations of the greatest weight" made -me worthy of the satisfaction which I claimed. - -And all this took place after the fall of the Bastille[18], on the eve -of the scenes of the 6th of October 1789[19], and of the removal of the -Royal Family to Paris. And at its sitting of the 7th of August in this -same year 1789, the National Assembly had abolished titles of nobility! -How could the knights, the examiners of my proofs, find that I deserved -"by more than one title the favour which I solicited" and so forth, -I, who was nothing more than a petty sub-lieutenant of Foot, unknown, -without credit, interest or fortune? - -My brother's eldest son (I add this in 1831 to my original text, -written in 1811), the Comte Louis de Chateaubriand, married -Mademoiselle d'Orglandes, by whom he had five daughters and one son, -the latter called Geoffroy. Christian, Louis' younger brother, the -great-grandson and godson of M. de Malesherbes, to whom he bore a -striking resemblance, served with distinction in Spain in 1823 as a -captain of the Dragoons of the Guard. He became a Jesuit in Rome. -The Jesuits supply the place of solitude in proportion as the latter -vanishes from the earth. Christian died recently at Chieri, near Turin: -old and ailing as I am, I should have preceded him; but his virtues -summoned him to Heaven before me, who have yet many faults to deplore. - -In the division of the family patrimony, Christian had received as his -share the property of Malesherbes, and Louis the estate of Combourg. -Christian did not look upon an equal division as just, and on retiring -from the world, determined to disburden himself of a property which did -not belong to him and restore it to his elder brother. - -To judge from my parchments, it would but rest with myself if I -inherited the infatuation of my father and brother, and believed myself -to represent a younger branch of the Dukes of Brittany, descending from -Thiern, grandson of Alan III. - -[Sidenote: Royal alliances.] - -These Chateaubriands aforesaid had twice mixed their blood with the -Blood Royal of England, Geoffrey IV. of Chateaubriand having married -as his second wife Agnes of Laval, grand-daughter of the Count of -Anjou and of Maud, daughter of Henry I., while Margaret of Lusignan, -widow of the King of England and grand-daughter of Louis the Fat[20], -married Geoffrey V., twelfth Baron of Chateaubriand. With respect to -the Royal House of Spain, we find Brien, a younger brother of the -ninth Baron of Chateaubriand, who would seem to have married Joan, -daughter of Alphonsus, King of Aragon. It is stated, moreover, in so -far as the great families of France are concerned, that Edward of Rohan -took Margaret of Chateaubriand to wife; and again that a Croï married -Charlotte of Chateaubriand. Tinténiac, the victor of the Battle of the -Thirty[21], and Du Guesclin, the Constable, allied themselves with our -three branches. Tiphaine Du Guesclin, grand-daughter of Bertrand's -brother, made over the property of the Plessis-Bertrand to Brien of -Chateaubriand, her cousin and heir. In treaties, Chateaubriands are -given as sureties for the peace to the Kings of France, to Clisson[22], -to the Baron of Vitré. The Dukes of Brittany send records of their -assizes to the Chateaubriands. The Chateaubriands become grand officers -of the Crown and _illustres_ in the Court of Nantes; they receive -commissions to defend the safety of their province against the English. -Brien I. is present at the Battle of Hastings: he was the son of Eudon, -Count of Penthièvre. Guy of Chateaubriand is one of the lords whom -Arthur of Brittany appoints to accompany his son upon his embassy to -the Pope in 1309. - -I should never come to an end if I finished stating all that of which -I intended to give only a brief summary: the note[23] which I have at -last determined to write, from consideration for my two nephews, who -doubtless do not hold these bygone trifles as cheaply as I do, will -supply the place of my omissions in the text. Still, nowadays we go -too much to the other extreme; it has become the custom to declare -that one comes of a stock liable to villain service, that one has the -honour to be the son of a man bound to the soil. Are these declarations -as proud as they are philosophical? Is it not taking the side of the -strongest? Are the marquises, the counts, the barons of the present -day, who have neither privileges nor furrows, three-fourths of whom are -starving, blackening one another, refusing to recognize each other, -mutually contesting each other's birth: are these nobles, whose very -names are denied them or only allowed with reserve, able to inspire any -fear? - -For the rest, I ask pardon for being obliged to stoop to this puerile -recital, in order to account for my father's dominant passion, which -forms the key to the drama of my youth. As for myself, I neither boast -nor complain of the old or the new society. If in the first I was the -Chevalier or the Vicomte de Chateaubriand, in the second I am François -de Chateaubriand: I prefer my name to my title. Monsieur my father -would readily, like a certain mighty land-owner of the Middle Ages, -have called God "the gentleman on high" and surnamed Nicodemus (the -Nicodemus of the Gospels) "a holy gentleman." And now, passing over -my immediate progenitor, let us come from Christopher, feudal lord -of the Guerrande, descending in the direct line from the Barons of -Chateaubriand, to me, François, lord without vassals or money of the -Vallée-aux-Loups. - -To trace backwards the line of the Chateaubriands, consisting, as it -did, of three branches: after the two first had failed, the third, that -of the Lords of Beaufort, represented by a branch, the Chateaubriands -of the Guerrande, grew poor, as the inevitable result of the law of -the land; the eldest sons of the nobility received two-thirds of the -property, by virtue of the custom of Brittany, while the younger sons -divided among all of them one-third only of the paternal inheritance. -The degeneration of the frail stock of the latter worked with a -rapidity which became the greater as they married; and as the same -distribution into two-thirds and one-third existed in the case of their -children, these younger sons of younger sons soon came to dividing a -pigeon, a rabbit, a duck or two, and a hound, although they did not -cease to be "high knights and mighty lords" of a dove-cote, a toad-pool -and a rabbit-warren. In the old noble families we see a number of -younger sons; we follow them during two or three generations, and then -they disappear, descending gradually to the plough or absorbed by the -labouring classes, no man knowing what has become of them. - -[Sidenote: My father's family.] - -The head in name and blazon of my family at the commencement of -the eighteenth century was Alexis de Chateaubriand, Seigneur de La -Guerrande, son of Michel, the said Michel having a brother named -Amaury. Michel was the son of the Christophe confirmed in his descent -from the Lords of Beaufort and the Barons of Chateaubriand in the -judgment above-quoted. Alexis de La Guerrande was a widower and a -confirmed drunkard, spent his days in rioting with his maid-servants, -and used his most precious family documents as covers for his -butter-jars. - -Contemporary with this head in name and blazon lived his cousin -François, son of Amaury, Michel's younger brother. François, born -19 February 1683, owned the small lordships of the Touches and the -Villeneuve. He married, on the 27th of August 1713, Pétronille Claude -Lamour, Dame de Lanjégu, by whom he had four sons: François Henri, René -(my father), Pierre Seigneur du Plessis and Joseph Seigneur du Parc. -My grandfather, François, died 28 March 1729; in my grand-mother, whom -I knew in my childhood, lingered a beautiful expression of the eyes, -which seemed to smile in the shade of her many years. At the time of -her husband's death, she was living in the manor of the Villeneuve, -in the neighbourhood of Dinan. My grandmother's whole fortune did not -exceed 5,000 livres a year, of which her eldest son took 3,333 livres, -leaving 1,666 livres a year to be divided among the three younger sons, -of which sum the eldest again first took the largest share. - -To crown the misfortune, my grandmother's plans were thwarted by -the characters of her sons: the eldest, François Henri, to whom the -magnificent heritage of the lordship of the Villeneuve had fallen, -refused to marry and became a priest; but instead of seeking the -benefices which his name would have procured for him, and with which he -could have supported his brothers, prompted by pride and indifference, -he asked for nothing. He buried himself in a country vicarage, and was -successively Rector of Saint-Launeuc and of Madrignac in the Diocese of -Saint-Malo. He had a passion for poetry; I have seen a goodly number -of his verses. The jovial character of this sort of high-born Rabelais, -the cult of the Muses practised by this Christian priest in his -presbytery, aroused no little interest He gave away all he possessed -and died insolvent. - -My father's fourth brother, Joseph, went to Paris and shut himself up -in a library: every year his younger son's portion of 416 livres was -sent to him. He lived unknown amidst his books, occupying himself with -historical research. During his life, which was a short one, he wrote -to his mother on each first of January: the only sign of existence he -ever gave. Strange destiny! There you have my two uncles, one a man of -erudition, the other a poet; my elder brother wrote agreeable verse; -one of my sisters, Madame de Farcy, had a real talent for poetry; -another of my sisters, the Comtesse Lucile, a canoness, might have -become known through a few admirable pages; I myself have blackened no -little paper. My brother died on the scaffold, my two sisters quitted -a life of pain after languishing in the prisons; my two uncles did not -leave enough to pay for the four boards of their coffin; literature has -caused my joys and my sorrows, and I do not despair, God willing, of -ending my days in the alms-house. - -My grandmother, having exhausted her means in doing something for her -eldest and her youngest sons, was unable to do anything for the two -others, René, my father, and Pierre, my uncle. This family, which had -"strewn gold," according to its motto, looked out from its small manor -upon the rich abbeys which it had founded and in which its ancestors -lay entombed. It had presided over the States of Brittany, by virtue -of possessing one of the nine baronies; it had witnessed with its -signature the treaties of sovereigns, had served as surety to Clisson, -and would not have had sufficient credit to obtain an ensigncy for the -heir of its name. - -One resource was left to the poor Breton nobles, the Royal Navy. An -endeavour was made to use this on behalf of my father; but he must -first go to Brest, live there, pay masters, buy his uniform, arms, -books, mathematical instruments: how were all these expenses to be met? -The brevet applied for to the Minister of Marine was not sent, for want -of a protector to solicit its despatch: the Lady of Villeneuve sickened -with grief. - -It was then that my father gave the first sign of that decision of -character for which I have known him. He was about fifteen years of -age; observing his mother's distress, he approached the bed on which -she lay, and said: - -"I will no longer be a burden to you." - -Thereupon my grandmother began to weep: I have heard my father describe -the scene a score of times. - -"René," said she, "what do you wish to do? Till your fields." - -"They will not keep us; let me go away." - -"Well, then," said the mother, "go where God wills that you should go." - -She embraced the child with sobs. That same evening my father left the -maternal farm and arrived at Dinan, where one of our kinswomen gave him -a letter of recommendation to an inhabitant of Saint-Malo. The orphan -adventurer was taken as a volunteer on board an armed schooner, which -set sail a few days later. - -[Sidenote: My father's career.] - -At that time, the little commonwealth of Saint-Malo alone maintained -the honour of the French ensign at sea. The schooner joined the fleet -which the Cardinal de Fleury was dispatching to the assistance of -Stanislaus, who was besieged at Dantzig by the Russians. There my -father landed, and was present at the memorable combat which 1,500 -Frenchmen, commanded by the Breton de Bréhan, Comte de Plélo[24], -delivered, on the 29th of May 1734, against 40,000 Muscovites under -Munich[25]. De Bréhan, diplomatist, warrior and poet, was killed; my -father was twice wounded. He returned to France, and embarked once -more. Wrecked upon the Spanish coast, he was attacked and stripped by -robbers in Galicia, took a passage on board ship to Bayonne, and landed -once again beneath the paternal roof. His courage and his orderly -conduct had brought him into notice. He went to the West Indies, made -money in the colonies, and laid the foundations of a new fortune for -his family. - -My grandmother entrusted to her son René the care of her son Pierre, -M. de Chateaubriand du Plessis[26] whose son, Armand de Chateaubriand, -was shot, by order of Bonaparte, on Good Friday[27] 1809. He was one -of the last of the French nobles to die for the cause of the monarchy. -My father took charge of his brother's fate, although the habit of -suffering had endowed him with a sternness of character that lasted -through his life. _Non ignara mali_ is not always a true saying: -unhappiness has its harsh as well as its gentle side. - -M. de Chateaubriand was tall and spare; he had an aquiline nose and -thin, pale lips; his eyes were deep-set, small, and of a bluish or -sea-green color, like the eyes of lions or of the barbarians of olden -time. I have never seen an expression like theirs: when inflamed with -anger, each flashing pupil seemed to shoot out and strike you like a -bullet. - -My father was governed by one sole passion, that of his name. His -general condition was one of deep sadness, which increased with age, -and of a silence from which he issued only in fits of anger. Avaricious -in the hope of restoring to his family its pristine splendour, haughty -of demeanour with the nobles at the States of Brittany, harsh with his -dependants at Combourg, taciturn, despotic and threatening at home, -the feeling which the sight of him inspired was one of fear. Had he -lived until the Revolution, and had he been younger, he would have -played a great part, or got himself massacred in his castle. He was -certainly possessed of genius: I have no doubt that, at the head of an -administration or an army, he would have been a man out of the ordinary. - -He first thought of marriage on returning from America. Born on the -23rd of September 1718, he was thirty-five years of age when, on the -3rd of July 1753, he married Apolline Jeanne Suzanne de Bedée, born -7 April 1726, and daughter of Messire Ange Annibal Comte de Bedée, -Seigneur de La Bouëtardais. He took up his residence with her at -Saint-Malo, within seven or eight leagues of which both of them had -been born, so that their house commanded the horizon under which they -had first seen the light. My maternal grandmother, Marie Anne de -Ravenel de Boisteilleul, Dame de Bedée, born at Rennes on the 16th of -October 1698, had been brought up at Saint-Cyr during the last years of -Madame de Maintenon: her education had left its mark upon her daughters. - -My mother was endowed with great wit and intelligence, and with -a prodigious imagination; her mind had been formed by the works -of Fénelon, Racine, Madame de Sévigné, and stored with anecdotes -of the Court of Louis XIV.; she knew the whole of _Cyrus_[28] by -heart. Apolline de Bedée was dark, short and ill-favoured, with -large features; the elegance of her manners, the vivacity of her -temperament, formed a contrast with my father's stiffness and calm. -Loving society as much as he loved solitude, as humoursome and animated -as he was cold and unimpassioned, she had no tastes but what were -opposed to her husband's. The antagonism which she encountered saddened -her naturally gay and light-hearted disposition. Obliged to hold her -tongue when she would have wished to speak, she made amends to herself -by a kind of clamorous melancholy broken with sighs which alone -interrupted my father's silent gloom. For piety my mother was an angel. - - -My mother was brought to bed at Saint-Malo of an eldest son, who -died in the cradle and was christened Geoffroy, like almost all the -first-born of my family. This son was followed by another and by two -daughters, none of whom lived more than a few months. - -[Sidenote: My birth and baptism.] - -These four children died of an extravasation of blood on the brain. -At last my mother bore a third son, who was named Jean-Baptiste: it -was he who later married M. de Malesherbes' grand-daughter. After -Jean-Baptiste came four daughters: Marie-Anne, Bénigne, Julie and -Lucile, all four endowed with rare beauty; the two eldest alone -survived the storms of the Revolution. Beauty, that serious trifle, -remains when all the rest has passed away. I was the last of the ten -children. Probably my four sisters owed their existence to my father's -desire to assure the perpetuation of his name through the arrival of a -second boy; I resisted, I had an aversion to life. - -Here is my baptismal certificate[29]: - - "Extract from the civil register of the Commune of Saint-Malo - for the year 1768. - - "François René de Chateaubriand, son of René de Chateaubriand - and of Pauline Jeanne Suzanne de Bedée, his wife, born 4 - September 1768, baptized on the following day by us Pierre - Henri Nouail, grand-vicar of the Bishop of Saint-Malo. - Godfather, Jean-Baptiste de Chateaubriand, his brother, and - godmother, Françoise-Gertrude de Contades, who sign with the - father. Thus signed on the register: Contades de Plouër, - Jean-Baptiste de Chateaubriand, Brignon de Chateaubriand, de - Chateaubriand, and Nouail, vicar-general[30]." - - -It will be observed that I have made a mistake in my Works: I say that -I was born on the 4th of October[31] and not on the 4th of September; -my Christian names are François René and not François Auguste[32]. - -The house in which my parents were then living at Saint-Malo stands -in a dark and narrow street called the Rue des Juifs[33]: it has now -been turned into an inn[34]. The room in which my mother was confined -overlooks a bare portion of the city wall, and from the windows one can -contemplate an endless expanse of sea, which breaks upon the rocks. My -god-father, as appears from my baptismal certificate, was my brother, -and my godmother the Comtesse de Plouër, daughter of the Marshal de -Contades[35]. I was almost dead when I first saw the light. The roaring -of the waves, upheaved by a squall which heralded the autumnal equinox, -deadened my cries: I have often been told these details; their sadness -has never been erased from my memory. A day seldom passes on which, -reflecting on what I have been, I do not see again in thought the rock -upon which I was born, the room in which my mother inflicted life upon -me, the tempest whose sound first lulled me to sleep, the unfortunate -brother who gave me a name which I have nearly always dragged through -misfortune. Heaven seemed to unite these several circumstances in order -to lay within my cradle a symbol of my destiny. - -[Illustration: Chateaubriand's birth place at St. Malo.] - -On leaving my mother's breast I underwent my first exile: I was -banished to Plancoët, a pretty village situated between Dinan, -Saint-Malo and Lamballe. My mother's only brother, the Comte de -Bedée, had built a house near the village, to which he gave the name -of Monchoix. My maternal grand-mother's property stretched from this -neighbourhood to the market-town of Courseul, the Curiosolites of -Cæsar's Commentaries. My grandmother, since many years a widow, -lived with her sister, Mademoiselle de Boisteilleul, in a hamlet -divided from Plancoët by a bridge, and known as the Abbaye, from a -Benedictine abbey dedicated to Our Lady of Nazareth. - -[Sidenote: My nurse's vow.] - -My nurse was sterile; another poor Christian took me to her breast. -She vowed me to the patron of the hamlet, Our Lady of Nazareth, and -promised that I should wear blue and white in her honor for seven -years. I had lived but a few hours, and already the weight of years was -marked upon my brow. Why did they not let me die? God in His wisdom -granted to the prayer of humbleness and innocence the preservation of a -life for which a vain renown was lying in wait. - -This vow of the Breton peasant woman is no longer in the spirit of the -age: yet nothing can be more touching than the intervention of a Divine -Mother coming between Heaven and the child and sharing the terrestrial -mother's solicitude. - -After three years I was brought back to Saint-Malo. Already seven years -had elapsed since my father had recovered the domain of Combourg. -He wished to gain possession of the estates where his ancestors had -lived and died; and unable to treat for the purchase of the manor of -Beaufort, which had passed to the Goyon family, or for the barony of -Chateaubriand, which had fallen into the hands of the House of Condé, -he turned his attention to Combourg, which is spelt "Combour"[36] in -Froissart, and which has been held by various branches of my family -through their inter-marriages with the Coëtquens. Combourg served as -a defense to Brittany in the Norman and English marches: it was built -in 1016 by Junken, Bishop of Dol; the great tower dates to 1100. -The Marshal de Duras[37], who held Combourg by right of his wife, -Maclovie de Coëtquen, whose mother was a Chateaubriand, came to terms -with my father. The Marquis du Hallay[38], an officer in the Mounted -Grenadiers of the Royal Guards, perhaps too well known for his valor, -is the last of the Coëtquen Chateaubriands: M. du Hallay has a brother. -The same Maréchal de Duras, in his quality as our ally, subsequently -presented my brother and myself to Louis XVI. - -I was intended for the Royal Navy: a distaste for Court life was -natural to any Breton, and particularly to my father. This feeling was -strengthened in him by the aristocratic character of our States. - -When I was brought home to Saint-Malo, my father was at Combourg, my -brother at Saint-Brieuc College; my four sisters were living with my -mother. All the latter's affections were centered upon her eldest son: -not that she did not love her other children, but she showed a blind -preference for the young Comte de Combourg. True, I had, as a boy, -as the youngest-born, as the "chevalier," as I was called, certain -privileges not shared by my sisters; but, upon the upshot, I was left -to the care of the servants. Moreover, my mother, full of intelligence -and virtue, was largely taken up with social claims and religious -duties. The Comtesse de Plouër, my godmother, was her intimate friend; -she also saw Maupertuis'[39] family and the Abbé Trublet's[40]. She -loved politics, excitement, society: for people talked politics at -Saint-Malo like the monks in the Cedron hollow[41]; and she threw -herself with ardor into the La Chalotais[42] affair. She would bring -home with her a cross humour, an absent-mindedness, a spirit of -parsimony, which at first prevented one from recognising her admirable -qualities. She was methodical, and showed no method in the management -of her children; generous, and appeared avaricious; gentle, yet ever -scolding: my father was the terror of the servants, my mother their -scourge. - -Such were the dispositions of my parents, whence sprang the earliest -feelings of my life. I attached myself to the woman who took care of -me, an excellent creature called Villeneuve, whose name I write with -a movement of gratitude and with tears in my eyes. Villeneuve was a -sort of superintendent of the household; she carried me in her arms, -gave me, by stealth, anything she could come across, wiped away my -tears, kissed me, pushed me into a corner, took me out, and constantly -muttering: "There's one who won't grow up proud, who has a good heart, -who does not snub poor people! Here, little fellow," she would stuff me -with sugar and wine. - -[Sidenote: My sister Lucile.] - -Soon my childish affection for Villeneuve was controlled by a worthier -friendship. Lucile, my fourth sister, was two years older than I[43]. -Neglected as the youngest, she was given none save her sisters' -left-off clothes to wear. Imagine a little thin girl, too tall for -her age, with loose-jointed arms, shy, speaking with difficulty, and -unable to learn a thing; dress her in a frock taken from a child of a -different size and shape; confine her chest in a quilted corset the -gores of which cut wounds into her ribs; hold up her neck with an iron -collar cased in brown velvet; dress her hair back upon the top of her -head, fasten it with a cap of black stuff, and you see before you the -wretched object that struck my eyes on returning to the paternal roof. -No one would have suspected in the puny Lucile the talent and beauty -with which she was one day to shine. - -She was given me as a plaything; I did not abuse my power; instead -of submitting her to my will, I became her defender. She and I were -taken every morning to the sisters Couppart, two hunch-backed old -women dressed in black, who taught children to read. Lucile read -very badly; I still worse. She was scolded; I scratched the sisters' -faces; great complaints were carried to my mother. I began to pass -for a ne'er-do-well, a rebel, an idler, in short, an ass. These ideas -sank into my parents' heads: my father said that all the Chevaliers -de Chateaubriand had been hare-hunters, drunkards, and brawlers. My -mother sighed and grumbled when she saw the disordered condition of my -jacket. Child though I was, my father's remark revolted me; when my -mother crowned her remonstrances with a panegyric on my brother, whom -she called a Cato, a hero, I felt inclined to do all the ill that they -seemed to expect of me. - -My writing-master, M. Desprès, who wore a pig-tail, was no more -satisfied with me than were my parents; he was eternally making me -copy, from a slip in his own writing, the following couplet, which I -came to detest, not by reason of any error of construction that it may -contain: - - C'est à vous, mon esprit, à qui je veux parler: - Vous avez des défauts que je ne puis celer[44]. - -He accompanied his reprimands with cuffs in my neck, calling me _tête -d'achôcre_: did he mean ἀχὼρ[45]? I do not know what a _tête d'achôcre_ -is, but I take it to be something frightful. - -Saint-Malo is a mere rock. Originally rising from the middle of a -salt marsh, it became an island in 709 through an incursion of the -sea, which hollowed out the gulf and set Mont Saint-Michel amid the -waves. Nowadays the rock of Saint-Malo is attached to the mainland -only by a causeway poetically designated as the Sillon, or Furrow. -The Sillon is on one side assaulted by the open sea, and on the other -washed by the flowing tide, which turns to enter the harbour. In 1730 -it was almost entirely destroyed by a storm. At ebb-tide the harbour -is dry, displaying on its edge east and north of the sea a beach of -the most beautiful sand. It is then possible to walk round my paternal -nest. Near and far are strewn rocks, forts, uninhabited islets: the -Fort-Royal, the Conchée, Césembre, and the Grand-Bé, where my tomb will -be. I unwittingly made a good choice: _bé_, in Breton, means tomb. - -At the end of the Furrow, a Calvary stands upon a sandy knoll jutting -out into the open sea. This knoll is called the Hoguette; it is crowned -with an old gallows: we used to play puss-in-the-corner between its -posts, disputing their possession with the birds of the sea-shore. It -was not, however, without a certain sense of fright that we stopped in -that place. - -There, too, are the Miels, downs on which the sheep used to graze; to -the right are meadows below Paramé, the posting-road to Saint-Servan, -a Calvary, and wind mills standing on rising ground, like those on -Achilles' Tomb at the entrance to the Hellespont. - -I reached my seventh year; my mother took me to Plancoët, to be -released from my nurse's vow; we stayed at my grandmother's. If ever I -have known happiness, it was certainly in that house. - -[Sidenote: My grandmother.] - -My grandmother lived in the Rue du Hameau-de-l'Abbaye, in a house -whose gardens ran terrace-wise into a dale, at the bottom of which -was a spring surrounded by willows. Madame de Bedée could no -longer walk, but with this exception she suffered from none of the -inconveniences attendant upon her age. She was a pleasant old woman, -fat, white-haired, neat, with the grand air and fine and noble manners. -She wore old-fashioned plaited gowns and a head-dress of black lace -fastened under her chin. Her mind was cultivated, her conversation -grave, her mood was serious. She was cared for by her sister, who -resembled her only in kind-heartedness. Mademoiselle de Boisteilleul -was a little lean person, sprightly, talkative, addicted to raillery. -She had been in love with a certain Comte de Trémigon, and the said -count, after becoming engaged to her, had broken his promise. My -great-aunt had consoled herself by singing her love, for she was -poetically inclined. I remember often hearing her hum, in snuffling -fashion, with her glasses on her nose, while embroidering double-rowed -ruffles for her sister, an apologue commencing: - - Un épervier aimait une fauvette - Et, ce dit-on, il en était aimé[46], - -which I always thought strange for a sparrow-hawk. - -The song ended with this refrain: - - Ah! Trémigon, la fable est-elle obscure? - Ture, lure[47]. - -How many things in this world end, like my aunt's love, in "Derry down!" - -My grandmother left the housekeeping to my sister. She dined at eleven -o'clock in the morning, took her _siesta_, woke up at one; she was -carried down the garden terraces and placed under the willows near the -spring, where she sat knitting, surrounded by her sister, her children, -and grandchildren. At that time old age was a distinction; nowadays it -is an encumbrance. At four o'clock, my grandmother was carried back -to her drawing-room; Pierre, the man-servant, set out a card-table; -Mademoiselle de Boisteilleul knocked with the tongs against the back -of the fire-place, and a few minutes later three other old maids would -walk in, who had come from the next house in obedience to my aunt's -summons. - -These three sisters were called the Demoiselles Vildéneux[48]; they -were the daughters of a poor gentleman, and instead of dividing his -slender inheritance, they had enjoyed it in common, had never left -one another, had never been out of their natal village. They had been -intimate with my grandmother since childhood, lived next door to her, -and came every day, at the preconcerted signal in the chimney, to make -up their friend's party at quadrille. The game began; the good ladies -quarrelled; it was the only incident in their lives, the only moment -that spoiled the evenness of their temper. At eight o'clock, supper -restored their serenity. Often my uncle de Bedée[49], with his son and -his three daughters, would be present at my grandmother's supper. The -latter would tell a thousand stories of the old days; my uncle, in his -turn, would describe the battle of Fontenoy, at which he was present, -and crown his boasting with stories which were a little free and which -made the worthy spinsters die with laughing. At nine o'clock, supper -over, the servants entered; all went on their knees, and Mademoiselle -de Boisteilleul said prayers aloud. At ten o'clock all in the house -slept, except my grand-mother, who made her waiting-woman read to her -till one in the morning. - -This society, which was the first I saw in my life, was also the first -to disappear from my eyes. I saw death enter that abode of peace and -bliss, making it gradually lonely, closing first one room and then -another which were never reopened. I saw my grandmother obliged to -forego her quadrille, for want of her accustomed partners; I saw the -number of her constant friends diminish until the day came when my -grand-mother was the last to fall. She and her sister had promised to -call each other so soon as one had preceded the other; they kept their -word, and Madame de Bedée survived Mademoiselle de Boisteilleul but -a few months. I am perhaps the only man living that knows that these -persons existed. Twenty times since that period I have made the same -remark; twenty times have societies been formed and dissolved around -me. The impossibility of long duration in human relations, the profound -forgetfulness that pursues us, the invincible silence that takes -possession of our tomb and spreads thence over our house, constantly -recall me to the necessity of isolation. Any hand will serve to give -us the glass of water which we may need in the fever preceding death. -Ah, that it may not be too dear to us! For how can one forsake without -despair the hand which he has covered with kisses, and which he would -like to hold to his heart for ever? - -[Sidenote: The Bedée family.] - -The Comte de Bedée's house[50] was a league away from Plancoët, in a -high and cheerful position. Everything about it breathed gladness: my -uncle's gaiety was inexhaustible. He had three daughters, Caroline, -Marie and Flore, and one son, the Comte de La Bouëtardais, a counsellor -to the Parliament, all of whom shared his light-heartedness. Monchoix -was filled with cousins from the neighbourhood; they made music, -danced, hunted, and revealed from morning till night. My aunt, Madame -de Bedée[51], who saw my uncle gaily squandering his capital and his -income, was very properly vexed; but no one listened to her, and her -ill-humour but increased the good-humour of her family, the more so -as my aunt herself displayed a number of eccentricities: she always -had a great snarling hound lying in her lap, and was followed by a -tame boar, which filled the house with its grunts. When I came from my -father's house, so sombre and so silent, to this house of noise and -merry-making, I felt myself in a genuine paradise. The contrast became -more striking when my family were settled in the country: the change -from Combourg to Monchoix was a change from the wilderness to the -world, from the castle-keep of a mediæval baron to the villa of a -Roman prince. - -On Ascension Day 1775, I set out from my grandmother's house to -go to Our Lady of Nazareth, accompanied by my mother, my aunt de -Boisteilleul, my uncle de Bedée and his children, my nurse, and my -foster-brother. I wore a white surtout, white shoes, gloves, and hat, -and a blue silk sash. We went up to the Abbaye at ten o'clock in -the morning. The convent, which stood by the road-side, derived an -appearance of age from a quincunx of elms dating back to John V. of -Brittany[52]. The quincunx led to the cemetery; it was only through the -region of the tombstones that the Christian could reach the church: it -is death which admits to the presence of God. - -The monks were already seated in their stalls; the altar was lighted -with a multitude of candles; lamps hung from the different arches: -Gothic edifices offer successive distances and, as it were, horizons. -The bedels met me at the door, in state, and conducted me to the choir. -Three seats had been prepared; I sat down upon the middle one, my nurse -placed herself on my left, my foster-mother on my right. - -The mass commenced; at the Offertory, the celebrant turned to me and -read some prayers; after which my white clothes were taken off and hung -as an _ex voto_ beneath a picture of the Virgin. They then dressed me -in a violet-coloured frock. The Prior delivered a discourse upon the -efficacy of vows; he recalled the history of the Baron of Chateaubriand -who had gone to the East with St Louis; he told me that perhaps I, too, -should go to Palestine and visit that Virgin of Nazareth to whom I owed -my life, thanks to the prayers of the poor, which were always powerful -with God. This monk, who told me the history of my family as Dante's -grandfather told him the history of his ancestors, might also, like -Cacciaguida, have added to it by predicting my exile[53]. - -Since the Benedictine's exhortation, I always dreamt of the pilgrimage -to Jerusalem, and I ended by accomplishing it. - -I was consecrated to religion; the wardrobe of my innocence has lain -upon its altars: it is not my garments that should today be hung within -its temples, but my misfortunes. - -I was taken back to Saint-Malo. Saint-Malo is not the Aleth of the -_Notitia Imperii_: Aleth was better placed by the Romans in what is -now the suburb of Saint-Servan, in the military port known as Solidor, -at the mouth of the Rance. Facing Aleth was a rock, _est in conspectu -Tenedos_[54], not the refuge of the perfidious Greeks, but the retreat -of Aaron the Hermit[55], who took up his abode on that island in 507, -the date of the victory of Clovis over Alaric[56]: one founded a -little convent, the other a great monarchy, two edifices both of which -have perished. - -[Sidenote: Saint-Malo.] - -Malo, in Latin Maclovius, Macutus, or Machutes, became Bishop of Aleth -in 541, and, attracted as he was by Aaron's fame, visited him. As -chaplain of the hermit's oratory, after the saint's death he raised a -cenobitical church, _in prædio Machutis._ Malo's name was given to -the island, and subsequently to the town, Maclovium, Maclopolis. - -Between St. Malo, first Bishop of Aleth, and Blessed John surnamed "of -the Gridiron," who was consecrated in 1140 and built the cathedral, -came five-and-forty bishops. Aleth was already almost wholly abandoned, -and John of the Gridiron transferred the episcopal see from the Roman -to the Breton city which was spreading over Aaron's rock. - -Saint-Malo suffered greatly in the wars waged between the Kings of -France and England. The Earl of Richmond, later Henry VII. of England, -in whom ended the Wars of the Roses, was taken to Saint-Malo. He was -handed over by the Duke of Brittany to the ambassadors of Richard, -who carried him to London to be put to death. He escaped from his -guards, and took refuge in the cathedral, _asylum quod in eâ urbe est -inviolatissimum_: the right of sanctuary dated back to the Druids, the -first priests of Aaron's isle. - -A Bishop of Saint-Malo was one of the three favourites (the others were -Arthur de Montauban and Jean Hingant) who killed the unfortunate Giles -of Brittany, as may be read in the _Histoire lamentable de Gilles, -seigneur de Chateaubriand et de Chantocé prince du sang de France et de -Bretagne, étranglé en prison par les ministres du favori, le 24 avril -1450._ - -There exists a fine capitulation between Henry IV. and Saint-Malo: -the city treats as between Power and Power, protects those who have -taken refuge within its walls, and retains the right, by an order of -Philibert de La Guiche, grand-master of artillery of France, to cast -one hundred pieces of cannon. Nothing more closely resembled Venice -(failing the sun and the pursuit of the arts) than did this little -commonwealth of Saint-Malo in religion, wealth, and prowess at sea. -It supported Charles V.'s expedition to Africa and came to the aid of -Louis XIII. at the Rochelle. It flew its ensign over all the seas, -maintained relations with Mocha, Surat, Pondicherry; a company formed -in its midst explored the South Sea. - -From the reign of Henry IV. onwards, my native city distinguished -itself for its devotion and fidelity to France. The English bombarded -it in 1693; on the 29th of November in that year, they launched against -it an infernal machine, in the wreck of which I have often disported -myself with my play-fellows. They bombarded it again in 1758. - -The Malouins lent considerable sums of money to Louis XIV. during the -war of 1701; in recognition of this service, he confirmed them in their -privilege of guarding their own city, and ordered that the crew of the -first ship in the Royal Navy should consist exclusively of sailors -drawn from Saint-Malo and its territory. In 1771, the Malouins repeated -their sacrifice and lent thirty millions to Louis XV. - -The famous Admiral Anson[57] landed at Cancale in 1758, and burnt -Saint-Servan. In Saint-Malo Castle, La Chalotais wrote upon rags, -with the aid of a tooth-pick, soot and water, the Memoirs which made -so much noise and which nobody remembers. Events efface events; they -are but inscriptions traced upon other inscriptions, making pages of -palimpsestic history. - -Saint-Malo furnished the Royal Navy with its best sailors; the complete -roll may be found in a folio volume published in 1682 with the title: -_Rôle général des officiers, mariniers et matelots de Saint-Malo._ -There is a _Coutume de Saint-Malo_, printed in the collection of the -Customary-General. The city archives contain a fair number of charters -useful to the study of history and maritime law. - -Saint-Malo gave birth to Jacques Cartier[58], the French Christopher -Columbus, who discovered Canada. At the other extremity of America the -Malouins marked out the islands to which they gave their name: Îles -Malouins[59]. It is the native city of Duguay-Trouin[60], one of the -greatest seamen ever known, and more recently, of Surcouf[61]. The -celebrated Mahé de La Bourdonnais[62], Governor of the Isle of France, -was born at Saint-Malo, as were La Mettrie[63], Maupertuis, the Abbé -Trublet, of whom Voltaire made sport: all this is not bad for an area -not so large as that of the Tuileries Gardens. - -Far ahead of these smaller literary lights of my birthplace stands the -Abbé de Lamennais[64]. Broussais[65] also was born at Saint-Malo, as -well as my noble friend, the Comte de La Ferronnays[66]. - -[Sidenote: The dogs of Saint-Malo.] - -Finally, so as to omit nothing, I will mention the mastiffs which -formed the garrison of Saint-Malo, They were descended from the famous -dogs which were regimental pets under the Gauls, and which, according -to Strabo, fought by their masters' side in pitched battles against -the Romans. Albertus Magnus, a monk of the Dominican Order, and as -serious a writer as the Greek geographer, declares that at Saint-Malo -"the safety of this important place was entrusted nightly to the -faithful care of certain dogs, which patrolled well and trustily." They -were condemned to capital punishment for having had the misfortune -inconsiderately to bite a gentleman's legs; which gave rise in our days -to the song, _Bon voyage_: people will laugh at anything. The criminals -were imprisoned; one of them refused to take his food from the hands -of his keeper, who wept; the noble animal elected to die of hunger: -dogs, like men, are punished for their fidelity. In addition to this, -the Capitol was, like my own Delos, guarded by dogs, which did not bark -when Scipio Africanus came to say his morning prayer. - -Saint-Malo is an enclosure of walls of different periods, divided -into "great" and "little" walls, which form walks, and is defended -besides by a castle of which I have spoken, and which the Duchess Anne -fortified with towers, bastions, and moats. Seen from the outside, the -island city resembles a granite citadel. - -The children's meeting-place is the strand of the open sea, between -the Castle and the Fort-Royal; here I was reared, the companion of -the waves and winds. One of my earliest delights was to fight with -the storms, to play with the waves which retired before me or chased -me across the beach. Another diversion was, with the sand on the -sea-shore, to build edifices which my play-fellows called "ovens." -Since that time I have often seen castles, built for eternity, that -have crumbled more swiftly than my sand palaces. - -My lot being irrevocably fixed, I was left to pass an idle childhood. -A few notions of drawing, English, hydrography and mathematics seemed -more than sufficient for the education of a little boy destined -beforehand for the rough life of a sailor. - -I grew up in my family without lessons. We no longer occupied the house -in which I was born: my mother lived in a large house in the Place -Saint-Vincent, almost facing the gate which leads to the Sillon. The -ragamuffins of the town had become my dearest friends: I filled the -yard and the staircases of the house with them. I resembled them in all -things: I spoke their language; I had their ways and their walk; I was -dressed like them, my clothes were as indecent and undone as theirs; my -shirts fell to rags; I had never a pair of stockings but it was full -of holes; I shuffled about in shabby shoes, down at heel, falling off -my feet at every step; I often lost my hat and sometimes my coat. My -face was smudged, scratched, bruised; my hands black. So strange was my -appearance that my mother, in the midst of her anger, could not keep -from laughing and exclaiming, "How ugly he is!" - -Nevertheless I loved, and I have always loved, cleanliness and -elegance. At night I tried to mend my rags. Kind Villeneuve and my -Lucile assisted in repairing my clothes, to save me from scoldings -and punishments; but their patching only served to make my outfit the -odder. I was particularly disconsolate when I appeared in tatters among -children proud of their new clothes and of their finery. - -There was something about my fellow-townsmen that was foreign and -suggested Spain. Families from Saint-Malo had settled at Cadiz; -families from Cadiz lived at Saint-Malo. Saint-Malo's insular position, -its embankment, its architecture, its houses, its tanks, and its -granite walls give it a certain resemblance to Cadiz; when I saw the -latter town it often reminded me of the former. - -Locked up at night in their city under the same key, the Malouins -formed but one family. So primitive were the habits of the place, that -young women who sent to Paris for their ribbons and muslins were -looked upon as worldly creatures from whom their startled acquaintances -held aloof. A frailty was a thing unknown: suspicion having fallen upon -a certain Comtesse d'Abbeville, the result was a ballad in singing -which people crossed themselves. Nevertheless the poet, faithful, in -spite of himself, to the troubadour tradition, took sides against the -husband, whom he called "a barbarous monster." - -On certain days of the year, the townsmen and the country-people met at -fairs called "assemblies," which were held upon the islands and forts -surrounding Saint-Malo; these were reached on foot when the sea was -low, by boat when it was high. The crowd of sailors and peasants; the -covered carts; the caravans of horses, donkeys and mules; the concourse -of dealers; the tents lining the sea-shore; the processions of monks -and brotherhoods winding with their banners and crosses amid the crowd; -the rowing and sailing-boats flitting to and fro; the ships entering -harbor or heaving anchor in the roads; the salutes of artillery, the -pealing of the bells, all combined to fill these gatherings with noise, -movement and variety. - -[Sidenote: Holidays at Saint-Malo.] - -I was the only witness of these holidays who did not share in the -general gaiety. I had no money to buy toys and cakes. In order to avoid -the scorn attached to ill-fortune, I sat far from the crowd, near -those pools of water which the sea keeps up and replenishes in the -hollows of the rocks. There I amused myself by watching the flight of -the gulls and sea-mews, staring at the blue expanse of sky, gathering -shells, listening to the refrain of the waves among the rocks. At -night, at home, I was but little happier; I disliked certain dishes: -I was forced to eat them. I cast beseeching glances at La France, who -cleverly whipped away my plate when my father's head was turned. In -the matter of the fire, the same harshness: I was not permitted to go -near the chimney. It is a far cry from those severe parents to the -spoil-children of to-day. - -But if I had troubles unknown to modern children, I had some pleasures -also of which they know nothing. The very meaning has been forgotten -of those religious and domestic solemnities in which the whole country -and the God of that country seemed to rejoice. Christmas, New Year's -Day, Twelfth Night, Whitsuntide, Midsummer were prosperous days for me. -Possibly the influence of my native rock worked upon my sentiments -and studies. In the year 1015 the Malouins vowed to assist "with their -hands and means" to build the steeples of the cathedral at Chartres: -have I too not labored with my hands to rebuild the stricken spire of -the ancient Christian basilica? "The sun," says Père Maunoir, "never -shone upon canton where more constant and invariable fidelity to the -true Faith was shown than in Brittany. For thirteen centuries no heresy -has stained the tongue which has served as an organ for preaching Jesus -Christ, and the man is as yet unborn who has seen a Breton of Brittany -preach any religion other than the Catholic." - -On the feast-days which I have mentioned, I was taken with my sisters -to perform my stations at the various sanctuaries in the town, at St. -Aaron's Chapel or the Convent of Victory; my ear was struck by the -sweet voices of a hidden choir of women; the harmony of their chant -mingled with the roar of the billows. When, in the winter, at the hour -of Benediction, the Cathedral was filled by the multitude; when old -sailors upon their knees, young women and children read their Hours -with lighted tapers in their hands; when the congregation at the -Benediction joined in singing the _Tantum Ergo_; when, in the intervals -between the hymns, the Christmas squalls dashed against the panes of -the Cathedral and shook the arches of the nave which had resounded with -the manly tones of Jacques Cartier and Duguay-Trouin, I experienced -an extraordinary feeling of religion. I had no need to be told by -Villeneuve to fold my hands and invoke God by all the names which my -mother had taught me; I saw the heavens opening, the angels offering up -our incense and our prayers; I bowed my forehead: it was not yet laden -with those cares which weigh upon us so terribly that we are tempted -not to raise our heads after bending them at the foot of the altar. - -One sailor, the function concluded, would set sail all fortified -against the night, while another would return to harbour and turn his -steps to the illuminated dome of the church: thus religion and danger -were constantly in sight one of the other, and their features were -inseparable in my thoughts. I was hardly born before I heard speak of -death: in the evening, a man went from street to street with a bell, -calling upon Christians to pray for a brother deceased. Scarcely a year -passed but vessels went under before my eyes, and as I played upon the -beach the sea rolled to my feet the corpses of foreign men who had -expired far from their native land. Madame de Chateaubriand said to me, -as St. Monica said to her son: _Nihil longe est a Deo._ My education -had been entrusted to Providence, which spared me none of its lessons. - -[Sidenote: My early love of religion.] - -Vowed as I was to the Virgin, I knew and loved my Protectress, whom I -confused with my Guardian Angel: her portrait, which had cost my kind -Villeneuve a half sou, was fastened with four pins over the head of my -bed. I ought to have lived in the times when one said to Mary: "Sweet -Lady of Heaven and Earth, Mother of Pity, Fountain of all Good, that -carried Jesus Christ in thy precious womb, fair and most sweet Lady, I -thank thee and entreat thee." - -The first thing I knew by heart was a sailors' hymn, which began: - - Je mets ma confiance, - Vierge, en votre secours; - Servez-moi de défense, - Prenez soin de mes jours; - Et quand ma dernière heure - Viendra finir mon sort, - Obtenez que je meure - De la plus sainte mort[67]. - -I have since heard this hymn sung in a shipwreck. To this day I can -repeat these bad rhymes with as much pleasure as Homer's verses. A -statue of Our Lady, adorned with a Gothic crown and clad in a robe of -blue silk trimmed with a silver fringe, inspires me with more devotion -than one of Raphael's Virgins. - -If at least that peaceful _Stella maris_ had been able to calm my -troubled life! But I was doomed to agitation even in my childhood. I -was like the Arab's date-tree: scarce had my stem issued from the rock -before it was stricken by the wind. - -* - -I have told how my premature revolt against Lucile's mistresses began -my bad reputation: a play-fellow completed it. - -My uncle, M. de Chateaubriand du Plessis, lived at Saint-Malo like his -brother, and had, like him, four girls and two boys. Of my two cousins, -Pierre and Armand, who were my first companions, Pierre became one of -the Queen's pages, Armand was sent to college as being destined for -the ecclesiastical state. Pierre, his service as a page ended, entered -the navy and was drowned off the coast of Africa. Armand, after a long -stay at college, left France in 1790, served throughout the emigration, -made a score of intrepid descents in a small vessel upon the coast of -Brittany, and at last, on Good Friday 1809[68], gave his life for the -King on the Plaine de Grenelle, as I have already stated and as I shall -repeat once more when I come to relate the catastrophe[69]. - -Deprived of the society of my two cousins, I made up for it by a new -connection. On the second floor of the house in which we lived, resided -a gentleman called Gesril, who had a son and two daughters. This son -had been brought up differently from myself; a spoilt child, all he -did was thought charming. His one pleasure consisted in fighting, and -especially in raising quarrels in which he appointed himself referee. -He played practical jokes on nursemaids taking children out walking, -and nothing was talked of save his pranks, which were transformed into -the blackest crimes. The father laughed at everything, and "Joson" was -but the more petted for it. - -[Sidenote: My friend Gesril.] - -Gesril became my intimate friend, and acquired an incredible ascendency -over me: I was his apt pupil, although my character was the entire -opposite of his. I liked solitary games, and sought quarrels with -nobody: Gesril doted on pleasures and crowds, and revealed in childish -squabbles. When some ragamuffin addressed me, Gesril would ask, "Do you -allow that?" Thereupon I thought my honour at stake, and struck out at -the rash one's eyes; his age and height made no difference. My friend -would watch the fight and applaud my courage, but did nothing to assist -me. Sometimes he levied an army of all the gutter-snipes he knew, -divided his recruits into two bands, and we skirmished on the sands -with the aid of stones. - -Another game invented by Gesril was still more dangerous. At -high-tide, when there was a storm, the waves, beating at the foot of -the Castle, on the side of the long beach, would leap to the level of -the great towers. Twenty feet above the base of one of these towers -ran a granite parapet, narrow, sloping, and slippery, leading to the -ravelin which defended the moat. The trick was to seize the moment -between two waves and clear the dangerous spot before the surge broke -and covered the tower. You saw a mountain of water approach you, -roaring as it came, which, if you delayed a minute, must either drag -you with it or crush you against the wall. Not one of us refused the -venture, but I have seen children turn pale before attempting it. - -This inclination to urge others to encounters of which he remained a -spectator would lead one to think that, in after life, Gesril did not -display great generosity of character; and yet, although on a smaller -stage, he succeeded perhaps in surpassing the heroism of Regulus: his -glory only needed Rome and Titus Livy. He became a naval officer, and -he was taken prisoner in the engagement of Quiberon[70]. When the -action was decided, seeing that the English continued to fire upon -the Republican troops, Gesril[71] sprang into the sea, swam out to -the ships, and told the English to cease fire, informing them of the -disaster and of the capitulation of the Emigrants. They tried to save -him by throwing a rope to him, and urged him to come on board. "I am a -prisoner on parole," he cried, from the midst of the waves, and swam -back to land: he was shot with Sombreuil and his companions[72]. - -Gesril was my first friend; both of us were misunderstood in childhood, -and we became intimate through an instinct that told us what we might -some day be worth. - -Two adventures put an end to this first part of my story, and produced -a noteworthy change in the system upon which my education was -conducted. We were one Sunday on the beach, in the "fan" of the Porte -Saint-Thomas and along the Sillon, where great stakes sunk into the -sand protect the walls against the swell of the sea. We would generally -climb to the top of these stakes to watch the first waves of the rising -tide flow beneath us. We had taken our places as usual; several little -girls were among us small boys. I was the furthest out at sea, having -none in front of me save a pretty little thing called Hervine Magon, -who was laughing with pleasure and crying with fear. Gesril was at the -further end inland. - -The tide rose; it was blowing; already the nurses and footmen were -crying: "Come down, miss! Come down, sir!" Gesril waited for a big -wave, and as it dashed between the stakes, he pushed the child seated -next to him. This one fell against another, that against a third; the -whole row fell flat like "friars" of cards, but each was saved by his -neighbour; the only exception was the little girl at the extreme end -of the row, against whom I was upset, with the result that, having no -one to support her, she fell off. She was dragged away by the reflux; a -thousand cries arose; all the nurses tucked up their skirts and waded -into the sea, each catching hold of her brat and giving it a smack. -Hervine was fished out, and declared that François had thrown her down. -The nurses made a rush for me; I escaped from them, and ran and shut -myself in the cellar at home, whither the army of females pursued me. -Fortunately my father and mother had gone out Villeneuve valiantly -defended the door, and boxed the ears of the enemy's van-guard. The -real author of the mischief, Gesril, lent me his aid: climbing to his -own floor, with his two sisters he threw pots of water and baked apples -at my assailants from the windows. They raised the siege at nightfall; -but the news spread through the town, and the nine-year-old Chevalier -de Chateaubriand was reputed a monster of iniquity, a survival of those -pirates whom St. Aaron had driven from his rock. - -The other adventure was this: I went with Gesril to Saint-Servan, -the suburb divided from Saint-Malo by the merchant harbor. In order -to reach it at low water, you cross certain currents by means of low -and narrow stepping-stones, which are covered when the sea rises. The -footmen who escorted us had loitered some way behind. At the end of -one of these bridges of stones we saw two ship's lads coming in our -direction. Gesril said to me: "Are we to let those beggars pass?" and -shouted to them: "Into the water, ducks!" Like true salts, refusing to -take chaff, they came on; Gesril retreated; and stationing ourselves at -one end of the bridge, we caught up some pebbles and threw them at the -ship-boys' heads. They rushed upon us, forced us to fall back, armed -themselves with pebbles in their turn, and drove us back, fighting, -upon our reserves, in other words, our servants. I was not, like -Horatius, hit in the eye; but a stone caught me so violently that my -left ear was cut in two and hung down upon my shoulder. - -[Sidenote: Our dangerous pastimes.] - -I did not think of my hurt, but of my return home. When my friend came -back from his excursions with a black eye and a torn coat, he was -pitied, pampered, coddled, dressed up again; while I, under similar -circumstances, was promptly punished. The wound I had received was -dangerous, but La France was unable to persuade me to come indoors, -such was my fright. I went and hid on the second floor with Gesril, who -bound up my head in a napkin. This napkin set him going: it suggested -a mitre to him; he turned me into a bishop and made me sing High Mass -with him and his sisters until supper-time. The dignitary of the Church -was at last obliged to go downstairs: my heart beat. Taken aback by my -face disordered and smeared with blood, my father said not a word; my -mother screamed; La France told my piteous case, and tried to excuse -me; I was nevertheless rated for it. They dressed my ear, and Monsieur -and Madame de Chateaubriand resolved to separate me from Gesril as soon -as possible[73]. - -I am not sure that it was not in this year that the Comte d'Artois[74] -visited Saint-Malo: a sham fight was arranged for him in the roads. -From the top of the bastion of the powder-magazine I watched the young -Prince standing among the crowd on the beach: in his splendour and in -my obscurity how many unknown destinies lay hidden! Thus, if my memory -do not fail me, Saint-Malo has seen two Kings of France only: Charles -IX. and Charles X. - -* - -There you have the picture of my early childhood. I do not know whether -the harsh education I received be sound in principle, but it was -adopted by my relations without purpose and as the natural outcome of -their temperament. What is certain is that it imbued me with ideas -different from those of other men; what is still more certain is -that it impressed upon my sentiments a character of melancholy which -arose from the habit of suffering acquired in the age of weakness, -improvidence and mirth. - -Is it suggested that the manner of my bringing-up might have led me -to abhor the authors of my being? Not at all: the remembrance of -their sternness is almost pleasant to me; I value and honour their -great good qualities. When my father died, my comrades in the Navarre -Regiment witnessed my regret. From my mother I derive the consolation -of my life, since it was she who taught me my religion; I gathered -the Christian verities that issued from her mouth, as Pierre de -Langres studied at night in church, by the light of the lamp burning -before the Blessed Sacrament. Would my intelligence have received a -greater development had I been set earlier to my studies? I doubt it: -the waves, the winds, the solitude which were my first masters were -probably better suited to my native disposition; possibly I owe to -those wild tutors virtues which might have remained unknown to me. -The truth is that no system of education is in itself to be preferred -to any other system: do children love their parents better nowadays -when they say _tu_ and _toi_ to them and no longer fear them? Gesril -was spoilt in the same house in which I was scolded: we have both -been honest men and loving and respectful sons. This thing which you -think bad brings out your child's gifts; that other which you think -good would stifle those same gifts. What God does is well done: it is -Providence that guides us, when it destines us to play a part upon the -world's stage. - - -[1] This book was written at the Vallée-aux-Loups between October 1811 -and June 1812.--T. - -[2] Seven miles south of Paris, in the Department of Seine.--T. - -[3] HORACE, _Od._ I. XI--T. - -[4] Voltaire was not born on the 20th of February 1694, and he was -not born at Châtenay. In 1864, M. A. Jal (_Dictionnaire critique de -biographie et d'histoire_, pp. 1283, _et seq._), after searching the -register of the Parish of Saint-André-des-Arcs, established the fact -that Voltaire was born in Paris on Sunday, 21 November 1694.--B. - -[5] The district now known as Florida was formerly divided into Eastern -and Western Florida, with St. Augustine and Pensacola for their -respective capitals.--T. - -[6] The 4th of October is the feast of St François of Assisi--T. - -[7] Chateaubriand made his entrance into Jerusalem on the 4th of -October 1806.--B. - -[8] Following M. Edmond Biré in his edition of 1899, I have borrowed -this paragraph from the manuscript known as the _Manuscrit_ de 1826, -which was in the handwriting, for the most part, of Madame Récamier, -and which was published by Madame Charles Lenormant in 1874. It is -certainly preferable to the paragraph in all other editions of the -_Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe_, which runs as follows: - -"My father's birth and the trials of his first position caused his -character to become one of the gloomiest ever known. Now this character -influenced my ideas because it terrified me in childhood, saddened me -in youth, and determined the manner of my education." - -The Comte de Marcellus (_Chateaubriand et son temps_, p. 6) remarks -that this paragraph interrupts the narrative and in no way assists -it.--T. - -[9] Louis Moréri (1643-1680) took orders at Lyons, and in 1673 -published in that town his _Dictionnaire historique et géographique_, -which forms the basis of Bayle's _Dictionnaire critique_ -(1697-1702).--T. - -[10] Bertrand d'Argentré (1519-1590), Seneschal of Rennes, and author -of an _Histoire de Bretagne and Commentaires sur la coutume de -Bretagne._--T. - -[11] Père Lobineau of the Benedictines (1666-1727), author of the -_Histoire de Bretagne_ (1707), _Histoire des Saints de la Bretagne_, -and other historical works.--T. - -[12] This genealogy is summarised in the _Histoire généalogique -et héraldique des Pairs de France_, by M. le Chevalier de -Courcelles.--_Author's Note._ - -The full title of the work by Pierre de Gibours, known as Père Anselme, -is _Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison de France et -des grands officiers de la Couronne_ (1674). Its importance is mainly -due to the labours of the compilers who continued it, Du Fourni and -Père Ange de Sainte-Rosalie (1726-1733).--T. - -[13] Bernard Chérin (1718-1785), genealogist and historiographer of the -Orders of St. Lazarus, St. Michael, and the Holy Ghost--B. - -[14] 1250, when St. Louis defeated the Saracens, but was subsequently -taken prisoner, with a number of his knights.--T. - -[15] _Seigneurs._--T. - -[16] _Sires._--T. - -[17] The estate of the Guerrande is situated not in Morbihan, but in -the parish of Hénan-Bihen, now one of the communes of the Canton of -Matignon, Arrondissement of Dinan (Côtes-du-Nord).--B. - -[18] 14 July 1789.--T. - -[19] The massacre of the _gardes-du-corps_ at Versailles.--T. - -[20] The second wife of Edward I. was Margaret, daughter of Philip -the Bold, and grand-daughter of St. Louis, not of Louis the Fat. The -reference is perhaps to Isabella of Angoulême, the affianced bride of -Hugh of Lusignan, Count of the Marche, who was carried off and married -by King John of England.--T. - -[21] The Lord of Beaumanoir in 1351 sent his famous challenge to -the English Lord of Ploërmel. Thirty Bretons and thirty Englishmen -met in mortal combat at the foot of the oak midway between Ploërmel -and Josselin. Eight of the English were killed, and the remainder -surrendered. In the heat of the fight, Beaumanoir, parched with heat -and fatigue, drank the blood flowing from his own wounds.--T. - -[22] Olivier de Clisson, Constable of France, surnamed the Butcher. He -succeeded Du Guesclin as Constable in 1380 and held the office until -1392. He died in his castle of Josselin, in Brittany, in 1407.--T. - -[23] See this note at the end of these Memoirs.--_Authors Note._ - -[24] Louis Robert Hyppolite de Bréhan, Comte de Plélo (1699-1734), -French Ambassador at Copenhagen, a grand-nephew of Madame de Sévigné, -and author of some light poems.--T. - -[25] Christopher Burchard, Count Munich (1683-1767), a native of -Oldenburg and a favourite field-marshal, privy-councillor and -eventually prime-minister of the Empress Anne of Russia. He was exiled -on the accession of Elizabeth, and recalled by Peter III. after -enduring twenty years of banishment.--T. - -[26] Pierre Marie Anne de Chateaubriand, Seigneur du Plessis et -du Val-Guildo (1727-1794), commanded several of his brother's -merchant-ships. On the 12th of February 1760 he married Marie Jeanne -Thérèse Brignon, daughter of Nicolas Jean Brignon, Seigneur de Laher, -merchant, and of Marie Anne Le Tendu. He was imprisoned during the -Terror and died in Saint-Malo jail, 3 Fructidor Year II. (20 August -1794).--B. - -[27] 31 March.--T. - -[28] MADELEINE de SCUDÉRI, _Le Grand Cyrus_, one of the longest of the -old French romances, published 1650, in ten volumes 8vo.--T. - -[29] The full text runs as follows:-- - -"François René de Chateaubriand, son of the high and mighty René -de Chateaubriand, Knight, Comte de Combourg, and of the high and -mighty dame, Apolline Jeanne Suzanne de Bedée, Dame de Chateaubriand, -his wife, born 4 September 1768, baptized on the following day by -us, Messire Pierre Henri Nouail, grand-chanter and canon of the -cathedral church, official and grand-vicar of Monseigneur the Bishop -of Saint-Malo. Godfather, the high and mighty Jean-Baptiste de -Chateaubriand his brother, and godmother, the high and mighty dame, -Françoise Marie Gertrude de Contades, Dame and Comtesse de Plouër, -who sign with the father. Signed: Jean-Baptiste de Chateaubriand, -Brignon de Chateaubriand, Contades de Plouër, de Chateaubriand, Nouail, -vicar-general."--B. - -[30] Twenty days before my birth, on the 15th of August 1768, was -born, in another island, at the other extremity of France, the man who -abolished the old society, Bonaparte.--_Author's Note._ - -[31] In the _Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem._--T. - -[32] _Atala_, the _Génie du Christianisme_, the _Martyrs_ and the -_Itinéraire_ are all signed François Auguste de Chateaubriand. The -author's object in suppressing the name of René on the title-pages of -his early works was to avoid a false interpretation on the part of -those who might have been tempted to identify him with the immortal -episode in his works which has René for its title.--B. - -[33] Now Rue de Chateaubriand.--T. - -[34] The Hôtel de France et de Chateaubriand.--T. - -[35] Louis George Érasme Marquis de Contades (1704-1795), for some -time Commander-in-Chief of the French Army, a marshal of France, and -Governor of Alsace from 1763 to 1788.--T. - -[36] "It was so spelt long after Froissart's time, following the -ancient form, "Comburnium." The final "g" was first added between 1660 -and 1680."--B. - -[37] Emmanuel Félicité de Durfort, Duc de Duras (1715-1789), a peer and -marshal of France. First Lord of the Bedchamber, and a member of the -French Academy. He married in 1736 Louise Françoise Maclovie Céleste de -Coëtloquen, who died 7 January 1802.--B. - -[38] Jean Georges Charles Frédéric Emmanuel Marquis du Hallay-Coëtquen -(1799-1867). He was a captain in the 1st Mounted Grenadiers of the -Royal Guard under the Restoration, and a Lord of the Bedchamber. The -reference to his valor applies to his reputation as a judge in points -of honor and a referee in matters of the duel. His brother, the Comte -du Hallay-Coëtquen, served as a page to Louis XVIII. in 1814, and was -subsequently a guard to Monsieur and a lieutenant in the 4th Mounted -Chasseurs.--B. - -[39] Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (1698-1759), the distinguished -geometrician and French Academician, and President of the Berlin -Academy. Maupertuis was a native of Saint-Malo.--T. - -[40] Nicholas Charles Joseph Trublet (1697-1770), Archdeacon and Canon -of Saint-Malo, his native city. He was a writer of little merit, -although elected a member of the French Academy in 1761, and was the -hero of Voltaire's satire, _Le Pauvre Diable._--T. - -[41] See the _Itinéraire_ for this anecdote.--T. - -[42] Louis René de Caradeuc de La Chalotais (1701-1785) was -Attorney-General to the Parliament of Brittany. He was accused of -instigating the opposition of the States and Parliament of Brittany -to certain financial edicts affecting the Breton liberties. After a -long confinement in the Citadel of Saint-Malo (1765), he was exiled -to Saintes and was not permitted to return to Rennes until ten years -later, on the accession of Louis XVI., when he resumed his functions. -The affair created a great and prolonged local commotion.--T. - -[43] Lucile was four, not two years, older than her brother. She was -born on the 7th of August 1764.--B. - -[44] - - "To you, my mind, I wish to remark, - You have many faults which I cannot keep dark."--T. - - -[45] 'Aχὼρ, scurf.-_Author's Note._ - -[46] - - "A sparrow-hawk loved a warbler fair. - And, it is said, was loved by her."--T. - - - -[47] - - "Is the fable obscure, Trémigon? - Derry down!"--T. - - - -[48] Their correct name was Loisel de La Villedeneu.--B. - -[49] Marie Antoine Bénigne de Bedée, Comte de La Bouëtardais -(1727-1807), younger brother to Madame de Chateaubriand.--B. - -[50] The Château de Monchoix is in the parish of Pluduno, now one of -the communes of the Canton of Plancoët, Arrondissement of Dinan, and is -inhabited by M. du Boishamon, the Comte de Bedée's great-grandson.--B. - -[51] Marie Angélique Fortunée Cécile Ginguené (1729-1823), daughter -of Écuyer François Ginguené and of Dame Thérèse Françoise Jean. She -married the Comte de Bedée on the 23rd of November 1756.--B. - -[52] 1339-1442.--T. - -[53] I omit eleven lines of quotation and their translation.--T. - -[54] VIR., Æn. I. 184.--T. - -[55] St. Aaron the Hermit is honoured on the 22nd of June.--T. - -[56] At the battle of Vouillé, where Clovis killed Alaric II., King of -the Visigoths, with his own hand.--T. - -[57] George Anson, Lord Anson (1697-1762). He received his promotion -and peerage after defeating La Jonguère in 1747.--T. - -[58] Jacques Cartier (1494-_circa_ 1554), discovered the St. Lawrence -in 1534-35, following this up by exploring the greater part of -Canada.--T. - -[59] The Falkland Islands.--T. - -[60] René Duguay-Trouin (1673-1736), the hero of a number of brilliant -naval expeditions, of which the most famous is the capture of Rio de -Janeiro in 1711.--T. - -[61] Robert Surcouf (1773-1827), the celebrated corsair, said to have -been descended on the mother's side from Duguay-Trouin.--T. - -[62] Bertrand François Mahé de La Bourdonnais (1699-1753), -Governor-General of the Isle of France (Mauritius) and Bourbon from -1734 to 1743, when he went to India, defeating the English in Madras in -1746.--T. - -[63] Offroy de La Mettrie (1709-1752), the author of a number of works -of perverted philosophy. Frederic II. appointed him his reader and -composed a eulogy upon his death, which occurred from indigestion.--T. - -[64] The Abbé Félicité Robert de Lamennais (1782-1854), a religious -and royalist writer until the Revolution of 1830, which converted him -to demagogy and irreligion. His later works were condemned by the Holy -See, and he was buried, by his own desire, without funeral rites.--T. - -[65] François Joseph Victor Broussais (1772-1832), a distinguished -physician and adversary of the spiritualistic sects.--T. - -[66] Pierre Louis Auguste Ferron, Comte de La Ferronnays (1772-1842), -occupied a number of prominent diplomatic posts under the Restoration. -He was one of the most honest Frenchmen of his time.--T. - -[67] - - "To thee, O Mother-Maid, - My song of hope I raise; - Be thou my constant aid, - Watch over all my ways; - And when Death's hour is nigh, - When life's long toil shall cease, - Pray, Mother, that I die - In holiness and peace."--T. - - - -[68] This should be 1810: _vide supra._--T. - -[69] He left a son, Frédéric, for whom I first obtained a post in -the Guards of Monsieur, and who afterwards joined a regiment of -Cuirassiers. He married, at Nancy, Mademoiselle de Gastaldi, by whom -he has had two sons, and retired from the service. Armand's elder -sister, my cousin, has for many years been a superior of the Trappist -nuns.--_Authors Note_ (Geneva, 1831). - -[70] 21 July 1795.--T. - -[71] Joseph François Anne Gesril du Papeu (1767-1795) fought in the -American War of Independence as a lad of fourteen.--B. - -[72] 27 August 1795. The Republicans denied the capitulation. But M. -Biré gives a list of nine names which all bear witness to the fact that -Sombreuil and his men laid down their arms only after capitulating.--T. - -[73] I have already spoken of Gesril in my other works. One of his -sisters, Angélique Gesril de La Trochardais wrote to ask me to obtain -leave for her husband and her sister's husband to add the name of -Gesril to their surnames: I failed in my negotiation.--_Author's Note_ -(Geneva, 1831). - -[74] Charles Philippe, Comte d'Artois (1757-1836), afterwards King -Charles X. His visit to Saint-Malo took place on the 11th of May 1777, -and lasted three days.--T. - - - - -BOOK II[75] - - -A note from M. Pasquier--Dieppe--Change in my education--Spring in -Brittany--An historic forest--Pelagian fields--The moon setting over -the sea--Departure for Combourg--Description of the castle--Dol -College--Mathematics and languages--An instance of memory--Holidays -at Combourg--Life at a country-seat--Feudal customs--The inhabitants -of Combourg--Second holidays at Combourg--The Conti Regiment-Camp -at Saint-Malo--An abbey--A provincial theatre--Marriage of my two -eldest sisters--Return to college--A revolution begins to take place -in my ideas--Adventure of the magpie--Third holidays at Combourg--The -quack--Return to college--Invasion of France--Games--The Abbé de -Chateaubriand--My First Communion--I leave Dol College--A mission at -Combourg--Rennes College--I meet Gesril--Moreau-Limoëlan--Marriage -of my third sister--I am sent to Brest for my naval examination--The -harbour of Brest--I once more meet Gesril--Lapeyrouse--I return to -Combourg - - -On the 4th of September 1812[76] I received the following note from M. -Pasquier[77], the Prefect of Police: - - "Prefect's Office. - - "The Prefect of Police begs M. de Chateaubriand kindly - to call at his office, either at about four o'clock this - afternoon or at nine o'clock to-morrow morning." - - -The object of Prefect of Police in sending for me was to serve an order -on me to leave Paris. I withdrew to Dieppe, which was first called -Bertheville and more than a hundred years ago changed its name to -Dieppe, from the English word "deep[78]." In 1788, I was in garrison -here with the second battalion of my regiment: to dwell in this town -of red-brick houses and ivory-white shops, this town of clean streets -and clear atmosphere, was to take shelter in the days of my youth. When -I walked out, I came across the ruins of Arques Castle, standing in the -midst of its rubbish-heaps. It will be remembered that Dieppe was the -birthplace of Duquesne[79]. When I stayed indoors, the sea lay spread -before my view; from the table at which I sat I gazed upon the sea -which saw me born and which bathes the shores of Great Britain, where I -underwent so long an exile: my eyes surveyed the billows which carried -me to America, cast me back upon Europe, and again bore me to the -coasts of Africa and Asia. Hail, O sea, my cradle and my image! I will -relate to thee the sequel of my story: if I lie, thy waves, commingled -with all my days, shall accuse me of imposture to the generations to -come. - -[Sidenote: Change in my education.] - -My mother had constantly desired that I should be given a classical -education. The career of a sailor, for which I was intended, "would -perhaps," she said, "not be to my taste;" she thought that, in any -event, it would be well to make me capable of following another -profession. Her piety led her to hope that I should decide in favour -of the Church. She therefore proposed to send me to a college where I -should learn mathematics, drawing, fencing and English; she did not -mention Greek or Latin for fear of scaring my father; but she intended -to have me taught them, at first in secret, and later openly, when I -should have made progress. My father accepted her proposal: it was -arranged to send me to the college at Dol. This town was selected -because it lay upon the road from Saint-Malo to Combourg. - -In the very cold winter immediately preceding my school-days, the house -in which we lived took fire: I was saved by my eldest sister, who -carried me through the flames in her arms. M. de Chateaubriand, who had -gone to his castle, sent for his wife to join him there: we did so in -the spring. - -Spring in Brittany is milder than in the country round Paris, and the -trees bud three weeks earlier. The five birds that herald its coming, -the swallow, the loriot, the cuckoo, the quail, and the nightingale, -come with the breezes that nestle in the gulfs of the Armorican -Peninsula. The earth grows as thick with daisies, pansies, jonquils, -narcissuses, hyacinths, ranunculuses, anemones as the neglected spaces -around the churches of St. John Lateran and the Holy Cross of Jerusalem -in Rome. Glades deck themselves with tall and graceful ferns; fields -of broom and furze glow with flowers gay as golden butterflies. The -hedgerows at whose feet strawberries, raspberries and violets abound -are adorned with hawthorn, honeysuckle and brambles, whose brown and -twisted shoots bear glorious fruit and leaves. The country is alive -with bees and birds; swarms and nests greet the children at every -step. In sheltered nooks, myrtle and oleander grow in the open as in -Greece; the fig-tree ripens as in Provence; each apple-tree, with its -carmine-tinted blossoms, resembles the large nosegay of a village bride. - -[Sidenote: Spring in Brittany.] - -In the twelfth century, the cantons of Fougères, Rennes, Bécherel, -Dinan, Saint-Malo and Dol were covered by the Forest of Brécheliant, -which had served as a battlefield to the Francs and the races peopling -the Domnonée. Wace[80] tells of the wild man seen there, of the -fountain of Berenton, and a golden basin. An historic document of the -fifteenth century, the _Usemens et coutumes de la forêt de Brécilien_, -confirms the statement of the _Roman du Rou_: it is, say the _Usemens_, -of great and wide extent: "there are four castles, a very great number -of fair pools, fine chaces where are found no venomous beasts nor -insects, two hundred woods, as many springs, notably the fountain of -Belenton, near which Sir Pontus wrought his feats of arms." - -To this day the country-side retains traces of its origin: intersected -by wooded ditches, it presents at a distance the aspect of a forest, -and reminds one of England; it was the abode of the fairies, and you -shall see that I did, in fact, meet a sylph there. Narrow dales are -watered by shallow rivulets. These dales are separated by moors and -by tufts and clusters of holly-trees. The coast presents an array -of beacons, lookouts, dolmens, Roman structures, ruins of mediæval -castles, Renascence steeples: all bordered by the sea. Pliny calls -Brittany, _Peninsula Oceani spectatrix_[81]. - -Between the sea and the land stretch pelagian plains, the fickle -frontier of the two elements: there the field-lark flies with the -sea-lark; the plough and the bark furrow the earth and the water at a -stone's throw one from the other. The sailor and the shepherd borrow -each other's language: the seaman says, "The waves are fleecy;" the -herd speaks of "fleets of sheep." Sands of changing colours, banks -variegated with shells, wreckage, fringes of silver foam line the green -or yellow edge of the corn-fields. I cannot recall the name of the -island in the Mediterranean in which I saw a bas-relief representing -nereids decorating with festoons the hem of Ceres' robe. - -But what is most admirable in Brittany is to see the moon rising on -land and setting upon the sea. The moon, by divine creation governess -of the deep, has her clouds, her mists, her beams, her projected -shadows like the sun; but, unlike the latter, she does not set alone: -a retinue of stars accompanies her. As, upon my native coast, she -descends the vault of heaven, she extends her silence, and communicates -it to the sea; soon she sinks to the horizon, intersects it, shows -but the half of her forehead, which diminishes, dips, and disappears -in the yielding intumescence of the waves. The stars attendant upon -their queen, before plunging in her train, seem to pause suspended upon -the crest of the billows. No sooner has the moon set, than a gust of -wind from the open sea shatters the picture of the stars, like candles -extinguished after a celebration. - -* - -I was to accompany my sisters to Combourg: we set out in the first -fortnight in May. We left Saint-Malo at sunrise, my mother, my four -sisters and I, in a huge, antiquated berlin, with double-gilt panels, -outside steps, and purple tassels at the four corners of the roof. To -this were harnessed eight horses caparisoned like the mules in Spain, -with bells at their collars and bridles, and housings and fringes -of wool of many colours. While my mother was sighing and my sisters -talking themselves out of breath, I looked with all my eyes, listened -with all my ears, was wonderstruck at each turn of the road: the first -steps of a Wandering Jew who was never to stop. Even then, if man -changed only his surroundings! But his days change, and his heart. - -[Sidenote: First view of Combourg.] - -Our horses were rested at a fishing-village on Cancale Beach. We next -went through the marshes and the fever-stricken town of Dol, and -after passing the gate of the college to which I was soon to return, -we plunged inland. For four mortal hours we saw nothing but heaths -wreathed with woods, wastes scarce touched with the hoe, fields sown -with poor, black, stunted corn, and poverty-stricken patches of oats. -Charcoal-burners led teams of small horses with long and shaggy manes; -lank-haired peasants in goat-skin great-coats drove lean bullocks with -shrill cries or tramped behind a heavy plough, like laboring fauns. At -last we caught sight of a valley at the bottom of which, not far from -a pond, ascended the spire of a village church; the towers of a feudal -castle rose amid the trees of a wood illumined by the setting sun. - -I have been obliged to stop: my heart was beating so violently as -almost to push back the table at which I am writing. The recollections -awakened in my memory overpower me with their number and their force: -and yet, what are they to the rest of the world? - -After descending the hill, we forded a stream, drove on for -half-an-hour, and then turned out of the high-road. The carriage -rolled along a quincunx in an avenue of yoke-elms, whose crowns were -interwoven above our heads: I still remember the moment at which I -entered their shade and the feeling of affrighted gladness which I -experienced. - -On emerging from the darkness of the woods, we crossed a fore-court -planted with walnut-trees, adjoining the house and garden of the -steward; thence we passed, through a stone gateway, into a grassy court -called the _Cour Verte._ On the right were a long row of stables and a -clump of chesnut-trees; on the left, another clump of chesnut-trees. -At the end of the court-yard, the lawn of which sloped imperceptibly -upwards, appeared the castle between two clusters of trees. Its severe -and gloomy frontage presented a curtain crowned with a machicolated, -crenulated, covered gallery. This curtain connected two towers unlike -in age, materials, height and thickness, which ended in battlements -surmounted by a peaked roof, like a cap placed upon a Gothic crown. - -Here and there, grated windows broke the bareness of the walls. A wide -flight of steps, straight and steep, twenty-two in number, without -balusters or hand-rail, took the place of the drawbridge across the -moat, which was now filled up: it led to the door of the castle, -pierced in the middle of the curtain. Above the door one saw the arms -of the Lords of Combourg and the apertures through which had formerly -issued the shafts and chains of the drawbridge. - -The carriage drew up at the foot of the steps; my father came down -to welcome us. The meeting with his family so greatly softened his -mood for the moment, that he favoured us with his most gracious -looks. We climbed the steps and entered a resonant vestibule, with a -pointed arch, through which we passed into a small inner court-yard. -From this yard we entered the building looking south over the pond, -and joined to the two smaller towers. The whole castle had the shape -of a four-wheeled cart. We found ourselves on the same floor in a -room formerly known as the Guard-room. A window opened out at either -end; two others were cut into the side-wall. To enlarge these four -windows, it had been necessary to excavate walls of eight to ten feet -in thickness. Two sloping galleries, like the gallery in the Great -Pyramid, issued from the two outer angles and led to the small towers. -A winding staircase in one of these towers formed a communication -between the Guard-room and the upper storey. Such was this portion of -the building. - -That contained within the frontage of the tall and of the thick tower, -commanding a north aspect over the Cour Verte, consisted of a sort -of square and sombre dormitory used as a kitchen, in addition to the -vestibule, the steps, and a chapel. Above these apartments was the -Rolls Hall, or Armoury, or Hall of Birds, or Knights' Hall, so called -from a ceiling strewn with blazoned coats-of-arms and painted birds. -The embrasures of the narrow trefoil windows were so deep as to form -recesses, around which ran a granite seat. Add to this, in different -parts of the building, secret passages and staircases, dungeons and -cells, a labyrinth of covered and open galleries, and walled-up -underground passages, the ramifications of which were unknown; on all -sides gloom, silence, and a face of stone: and you see Combourg Castle. - -[Sidenote: Combourg castle.] - -A supper served in the Guard-room, at which I ate without constraint, -ended the first happy day of my life. True happiness costs little; when -it is dear, it is not the real metal. - -So soon as I awoke the next morning, I set out to visit the castle -grounds and to celebrate my advent to solitude. The steps faced -north-west. Seated in the centre of the top step, one saw before him -the Cour Verte, and beyond this court a kitchen-garden stretching out -between two belts of trees: one, on the right, the quincunx by which -we had come, was called the Little Mall; the other, on the left, the -Great Mall: the latter was a wood of oaks, beeches, sycamores, elms, -and chestnuts. Madame de Sévigné extolled those old shades in her day: -since that time, one hundred and forty years had added to their beauty. - -[Illustration: Château de Combourg] - -In the other direction, south and east, the landscape offered a quite -different view: through the windows of the great hall one saw the -houses of Combourg, a pond, the embankment of the pond along which ran -the Rennes high-road, a water-mill, a meadow covered with herds of cows -and separated from the pond by the embankment. Along the edge of this -meadow stretched a hamlet forming a dependency of a priory founded -in 1149 by Rivallon, Lord of Combourg, and containing his mortuary -statue, recumbent in a knight's armor. Beyond the pond, the ground rose -gradually and formed an amphitheater of trees, whence issued village -belfries and the turrets of country-houses. On the far horizon, between -the west and the south, were outlined the heights of Bécherel. On that -side, a terrace lined with large coppices skirted the foot of the -castle, passed behind the stables, and repeatedly joined the fountain -garden which communicated with the Great Mall. - -If, after this too long description, a painter were to take up his -pencil, would he produce a sketch resembling the castle? I do not think -so; and yet the subject lives in my memory as though I had it before -my eyes: so great is the power of recollection, so small the power of -words in the expression of material things. When I begin to speak of -Combourg, I quote the first couplets of a ballad which will charm none -but myself: ask the Tyrolean herd why he finds pleasure in the three -notes or four which he sings to his goats, notes of the mountain, flung -from echo to echo to resound from one side of a torrent to the other. - -My first appearance at Combourg lasted but a short while. When a -fortnight had passed, the Abbé Porcher arrived, the principal of Dol -College; I was handed over to him, and followed him despite my tears. -I was in a fashion, connected with Dol; my father was a "canon" of the -town, as the descendant and representative of the house of Guillaume de -Chateaubriand, Lord of Beaufort, who in 1529 founded one of the first -stalls in the cathedral choir. The Bishop of Dol was M. de Hercé, a -friend of my family, and a prelate of great moderation in politics, -who, kneeling, and crucifix in hand, was shot at Quiberon on the -Champ du Martyre, together with his brother, the Abbé de Hercé[82]. -On reaching the college, I was entrusted to the special care of M. -l'Abbé Leprince, professor of rhetoric and a thorough geometrician, -a man of intelligence, handsome, devoted to the arts, and a fair -portrait-painter. He undertook to teach me my Bezout[83]; the Abbé -Égault, master of the third form, became my Latin master: I studied -mathematics in my own room, Latin in the common school-room. - -It took some time for an owl of my species to grow accustomed to a -school cage and to measure its flight by the sound of a bell. I was -not able to make those quick friends with whom fortune supplies one, -for there was nothing to be made out of a poor urchin who was not even -endowed with pocket-money; nor did I join any set of hangers-on, for -I hated protectors. In our games, I did not claim to lead others, but -neither did I wish to be led: I was fitted to be neither a tyrant nor a -slave, and so I have always remained. - -And yet it happened that I soon became the centre of a set; later, in -my regiment, I exercised the same power: plain ensign though I were, -the older officers spent their evenings with me, and preferred my -quarters to the coffee-house. I do not know whence this came, unless it -were due to the ease with which I entered into the minds and adopted -the manners of others. I was as fond of hunting and coursing as of -reading and writing. To this day, it is a matter of indifference to me -whether I speak of the most commonplace things or discuss the loftiest -subjects. I am very little attracted by cleverness, and find it almost -disagreeable, although I am not a fool. No imperfection offends me, -except mockery and self-conceit, which I have great difficulty in not -defying. I find that others are always my superiors in some respect, -and if perchance I feel myself to have an advantage, I am quite -embarrassed in consequence. - -[Sidenote: My power of memory.] - -Qualities which my early training had allowed to lie dormant were -awakened at college. My aptitude for work was remarkable, my memory -extraordinary. I made rapid progress in mathematics, to which I brought -a clearness of apprehension that astonished the Abbé Leprince. At the -same time, I displayed a decided taste for languages. The rudiments, -the torture of school-boys, cost me no trouble to learn; I awaited the -time of the Latin lessons with a sort of impatience, as a relief from -my figures and geometrical problems. In less than a year, I was well -ahead in the fifth form. In an odd manner, my Latin sentences shaped -themselves so naturally into pentameters that the Abbé Égault called me -the Elegist, a nickname which long clung to me among my schoolfellows. - -I can quote two instances of my power of memory. I learnt my tables -of logarithms by heart: that is to say, a number being given in -geometrical proportion, I could quote from memory its exponent in -arithmetical proportion, and _vice versâ._ - -After evening prayers, which were said in public in the college chapel, -the principal used to read to us. One of the boys, taken at random, -had to give an account of what had been read. We came to prayers from -our games tired and very sleepy; we flung ourselves upon the forms, -trying to hide in a dark corner so as not to be seen and consequently -questioned. There was a confessional, in particular, which we fought -for, as offering a safe retreat. One evening I had the good fortune to -gain this harbor and thought myself safe from the principal; unluckily -he perceived my stratagem, and resolved to make an example. Slowly and -at great length he read the second head of a sermon; every one went -to sleep. By mere chance, I remained awake in my confessional. The -principal, who could only see the tips of my feet, thought that I had -dropped off like the rest, and suddenly called me by my name and asked -me what he had been reading. - -The second head of the sermon contained an enumeration of the various -ways in which it is possible to offend against God. I not only -related the substance of the matter, but repeated the divisions in -their proper order, and recited almost word for word several pages of -mystical prose, devoid of meaning to a child. A murmur of applause ran -through the chapel: the principal called me to him, gave me a tap on -the cheek, and in reward allowed me to stay in bed next morning till -breakfast-time. I modestly withdrew from my schoolfellows' admiration, -and took good care to avail myself of the favour accorded me. This -memory for words, which I have partly lost, has been replaced in my -case by another and more singular kind of memory, of which I shall -perhaps have occasion to speak. - -One thing I find humiliating: memory is often the one accomplishment -that accompanies stupidity; it belongs generally to ponderous minds, -which it makes yet heavier with the luggage with which it overcharges -them. And yet, without memory, where should we be? We should forget -our friendships, our loves, our pleasures, our business; genius would -be unable to collect its ideas; the fondest heart would lose its -tenderness, if it lost its memory; our existence would be reduced to -the successive moments of an incessantly gliding present; there would -be no longer a past. Alas, unhappy that I am! Our life is so vain as to -be but a reflex of our memory. - -* - -I went to Combourg for the holidays. Country-house life in the -neighbourhood of Paris can give no idea of country-house life in a -distant province. The Combourg property consisted, as its sole domain, -of moorland, a few mills, and the two forests of Bourgouët and Tanoërn, -in a district where timber is of almost no value. But Combourg was -rich in feudal rights. These rights were of different kinds: some -fixed certain dues in exchange for certain concessions, or established -customs sprung from the ancient order of politics; others seemed from -the first to have been sports and nothing more. - -[Sidenote: Rustic sports at Combourg.] - -My father had revived some of the latter rights, so as to prevent -their lapsing by prescription. When the whole family were together, -we took part in these Gothic amusements; the three principal were the -Fishermen's Leap, the Quintain, and a fair called the Foire Angevine. -Peasants in clogs and breeches, men of a France that is past, watched -these sports of a France that is past. There were prizes for the -winners, forfeits for the beaten. - -The Quintain kept up the tradition of the tournaments: it had doubtless -some connection with the old military service of the fiefs. It is very -well described in Du Cange[84] (_voce_ QUINTANA). The forfeits had to -be paid in old copper money, up to the value of two _moutons d'or à la -couronne of 25 sols Parisis_ each[85]. - -The Angevin Fair was held in the meadow by the pond on the 4th of -September of each year, my birthday. The vassals had to take up arms -and come to the castle to raise the liege lord's banner; thence they -went to the fair to establish order and enforce the collection of a -toll due to the Counts of Combourg on each head of cattle, a sort of -royalty. During that time my father kept open house. We danced for -three days: the gentry in the great hall, to the scraping of a fiddle; -the vassals in the Cour Verte, to the squealing of a bag-pipe. We sang, -cheered, fired off arquebuses. These noises mingled with the lowing -of the droves at the fair; the crowd wandered through the woods and -gardens, and at least once in the year one saw at Combourg something -akin to merriment. - -Thus have I been so singularly placed in life as to have assisted at -the tilting at the Quintain and at the proclamation of the Rights -of Man; to have beheld the train-bands of a Breton village and the -National Guard of France, the banner of the Lords of Combourg and the -flag of the Revolution. I am as it were the last surviving witness of -the feudal customs. - -The visitors whom we received at the castle consisted of the -inhabitants of the market-town and the neighboring gentry: these good -people were my first friends. Our vanity attaches too much importance -to the part we play in the world. The citizen of Paris laughs at the -citizen of a small town; the Court noble scoffs at the provincial -noble; the well-known scorns the unknown man, without reflecting -that time does equal justice to their pretensions, and that they are -all equally ridiculous or insignificant in the eyes of successive -generations. - -The principal resident of the place was a M. Potelet[86], a retired -ship's captain of the Indian Company's service, who told us long -stories about Pondicherry. He related them with his elbows resting on -the table, and my father always had a mind to throw his plate in his -face. Next came the bonder of tobacco, M. Launay de La Billardière[87], -the father of a family of twelve, like Jacob, nine girls and three -boys, of whom the youngest, David, was my playmate[88]. The worthy -man bethought himself of aspiring to nobility in 1789: he chose -a good time! In that house there was plenty of gaiety and many -debts. Gesbert[89] the seneschal, Petit[90] the procurator-fiscal, -Corvaisier[91] the receiver, and the Abbé Chalmel[92], the chaplain, -formed the society of Combourg. I did not at Athens meet persons more -celebrated than these. - -Messieurs du Petit-Bois[93], de Château d'Assie[94], de Tinténiac, and -one or two other noblemen would come on Sundays to hear Mass in the -parish church, and afterwards to dine with the owner of the castle. We -were more intimately acquainted with the Trémaudan family, consisting -of the husband[95], the wife, who was extremely beautiful, a natural -sister, and several children. This family lived on a small farm, with -a dove-cote for sole evidence of nobility. The Trémaudans are still -living. Wiser and happier than I, they have not lost sight of the -turrets of the castle which I left thirty years ago; they are still -doing what they did when I went to eat brown bread at their table; they -have never left the port to which I shall never return. Perhaps they -are speaking of me at the very moment at which I write this page: I -reproach myself for dragging their name from its protective obscurity. -They long hesitated to believe that the man of whom they heard speak -was "the little chevalier." The rector or curate of Combourg, the Abbé -Sévin[96], to whose sermons I used to listen, at first displayed the -same incredulity: he could not persuade himself that the urchin, the -peasants' friend, was the same as the defender of religion; he ended -by believing it, and quotes me in his sermons, after having held me on -his knees. Would these good people, who import no foreign idea into -their image of me, who see me as I was in my childhood and in my youth, -would they recognize me today through the disguise of time? I should be -obliged to tell them my name before they would feel a wish to press me -in their arms. - -I bring bad luck to my friends. A game-keeper called Raulx, who -was attached to me, was killed by a poacher. The murder made an -extraordinary impression upon my mind. What a strange mystery lies -in human sacrifice! Why should it be both the greatest crime and the -greatest glory to shed the blood of man? My imagination pictured -Raulx holding his entrails in his hands as he dragged himself to the -cottage where he expired. I conceived the idea of vengeance; I should -have liked to fight his murderer. In this respect I am curiously -constituted: at the first moment of an offense, I hardly feel it; -but it becomes imprinted on my memory; the recollection of it grows -stronger, rather than fainter, with time; it sleeps within my heart for -months, for whole years, and then awakens at the least circumstance -with renewed force, and my wound becomes more painful than on the first -day. But if I do not pardon my enemies, I do them no harm: I bear -ill-will, but am not vindictive. If ever I have the power to revenge -myself, I lose the wish: I should be dangerous only in misfortune. -Those who have tried to make me yield by oppressing me have deceived -themselves; adversity is to me what the earth was to Antæus: I gather -fresh strength in my mother's bosom. If ever Good Fortune had taken me -in her arms, she would have stifled me. - -* - -[Sidenote: Military visitors.] - -I returned to Dol, much to my regret. The next year, a plan was -formed for a descent upon Jersey, and a camp was established at -Saint-Malo. Troops were quartered at Combourg; M. de Chateaubriand, -through courtesy, entertained in succession the colonels of the -Touraine and Conti Regiments. One was the Duc de Saint-Simon[97], the -other the Marquis de Causans[98]. A score of officers were invited -daily to my father's table. The jokes of these strangers displeased -me; their walks disturbed the peacefulness of my woods. It was from -seeing the lieutenant-colonel of the Conti Regiment, the Marquis de -Wignacourt[99], gallop under the trees that the idea of travelling -first passed through my mind. - -When I heard our guests speak of Paris and the Court, I became sad; I -tried to imagine what society was: I discovered a confused and distant -something; but soon I turned giddy. Casting my eyes upon the world from -the tranquil region of innocence, I had a swimming in the head, as when -one looks down upon the earth from the top of a tower lost in the sky. - -One thing, nevertheless, delighted me: the parade. Every day the -soldiers going on guard marched past, to the sound of the drum and -band, at the foot of the steps in the Cour Verte. M. de Causans offered -to show me the camp on the coast: my father gave his leave. I was -taken to Saint-Malo by M. de La Morandais[100], a gentleman of very -good family, whom poverty had reduced to accept the stewardship of the -Combourg property. He wore a coat of grey camlet, with a little silver -lace at the collar, and a helmet-shaped peaked cap with flaps. He set -me astride behind him, on the crupper of his mare Isabelle. I held fast -by the belt of his hunting-knife, which he wore outside his coat: I was -delighted. When Claude de Bullion and the father of the Président de -Lamoignon, as children, went to the country, "they were both carried by -the same donkey, in panniers, one on one side, the other on the other, -and a loaf of bread was placed on Lamoignon's side because he was -lighter than his fellow, to keep the balance." (_Mémoires du président -de Lamoignon[101]._) - -M. de La Morandais took cross-roads: - - Moult volontiers, de grand' manière, - Alloit en bois et en rivière: - Car nulles gens ne vont en bois - Moult volontiers comme François[102]. - -We stopped for dinner at a Benedictine abbey which, for want of a -sufficient number of monks, had just been incorporated in one of the -chief communities of the order. We found only the father procurator, -who had been left behind to dispose of the chattels and sell the -timber. He ordered an excellent fish dinner to be served for us, in -what was formerly the prior's library: we ate a quantity of new-laid -eggs with huge pikes and carps. Through the arch of a cloister, I saw -tall sycamores at the edge of a pond. The woodman's axe struck at their -feet, their tops trembled in the air, and they fell to make a show for -us. Carpenters, come from Saint-Malo, sawed off green branches, which -dropped to the ground like the hair of a child cut for the first time, -or squared the felled trunks. My heart bled at the sight of those -impaired woods and that dismantled monastery. The general sack of the -religious houses has since called up to my mind the spoliation of the -abbey which was to me an omen. - -[Sidenote: The Camp at Saint-Malo.] - -I found the Marquis de Causans at Saint-Malo, and went through the -streets of the camp under his escort. The tents, the stacked arms, the -picketed horses made a fine spectacle in conjunction with the sea, -the ships, the walls, and the distant steeples of the town. I saw -gallop past me at full speed, in an hussar's uniform and mounted on a -Barbary horse, one of those men who marked the end of a world, the Duc -de Lauzun[103]. The Prince de Carignan[104] had come to the camp, and -married the daughter of M. de Boisgarein, a charming creature, though a -little lame: this caused a great sensation and gave rise to a law-suit -in which' M. Lacretelle[105] the Elder is pleading to this day. But -what have these things to do with my life? "It is pitie," says -Montaigne; "I have assayed by the trial of some of my private friends: -according as their memory hath ministered to them a whole and perfect -matter, who recoil their narration so farre-backe, and stuff it with so -many vaine circumstances, that if the story bee good, they smoother the -goodnesse of it: if bad you must needs either curse the good fortune of -their memorie, or blame the misfortune of their judgement.... I have -heard some very pleasant reports become most irkesome and tedious in -the mouth of a certaine Lord[106]." I am afraid of being that certaine -Lord. - -My brother was at Saint-Malo when M. de La Morandais set me down there. -One evening he said to me: - -"I am taking you to the play: get your hat." - -I lost my head; I ran straight to the cellar to fetch my hat which was -in the garret. A company of travelling play-actors had just arrived. I -had seen a Punch and Judy show, and presumed that the puppets at the -theatre were much finer than those in the street. With beating heart I -reached a wooden building in an unfrequented street in the town. I went -through dark passages, not without a certain movement of dread. A small -door was opened, and I found myself with my brother in a half-full box. - -The curtain was up, and the piece had commenced: they were playing -the _Père de famille[107]._ I saw two men walk about the stage -talking, while everybody looked on. I took them for the managers of -the puppet-show, chatting before the time came for Madame Gigogne to -tumble head over heels, awaiting the arrival of the audience: I was -only surprised that they should discuss their business so loudly, and -that they were listened to in silence. My amazement increased when -other persons came upon the stage and began to make great gestures and -shed tears, and when everybody began to cry in sympathy. The curtain -fell without my having understood a word of all this. My brother went -down to the green-room between the acts. I remained in the box among -strangers, in an agony of shyness, and wished myself back at school. -That was the first impression which I received of the art of Sophocles -and Molière. - -The third year of my life at Dol was marked by the wedding of my two -eldest sisters: Marianne married the Comte de Marigny, and Bénigne -the Comte de Québriac. They accompanied their husbands to Fougères: -the first signal for the dispersion of a family whose members were -soon to part. My sisters received the nuptial benediction at Combourg -on the same day, at the same hour, at the same altar, in the castle -chapel[108]. They wept, my mother wept; I was astonished at their -grief: I understand it now. I never assist at a christening or a -wedding without smiling bitterly or feeling anguish of heart. After the -misfortune of being born, I know none greater than that of giving birth -to a human being. - -In this same year began a revolution, not only in my family, but in -my own person. Chance caused to fall into my hands two very different -books: an unexpurgated Horace and a history of _Confessions mal -faites._ An incredible perturbation of ideas was produced in my mind -by these two books: an unknown world arose around me. On the one side, -I suspected the existence of secrets incomprehensible to one of my -age, of a manner of living different from mine, of pleasures beyond my -vision, of charms of an unknown nature in a sex in which I had only -met a mother and sisters; on the other side, spectres dragging chains -and vomiting flames threatened me with eternal torture for one sin -concealed. I could not sleep; at night I thought I saw black hands and -white pass by turns through the curtains of my bed: I began to imagine -that the latter hands were cursed by religion, and this idea increased -my terror of the infernal shades. In vain I sought in Heaven and Hell -for the explanation of a two-fold mystery. Smitten at one and the same -time in my moral and physical being, I continued to struggle with my -innocence against the storms of premature passion and the terrors of -superstition. - -Thenceforward I felt escape from me some sparks of that fire which -is the transmission of life. I was construing the fourth book of the -_Æneid_ and reading _Télémaque_: suddenly I discovered in Dido and -Eucharis beauties that delighted me; I felt the harmony of those -admirable verses and of that classic prose. One day I translated -Lucretius' - - _Æneadum genitrix, hominum divinumque voluptas_[109] - -at sight, with such spirit that M. Égault snatched the poem from my -hands and set me to do my Greek roots. I stole a Tibullus: when I came -to the - - _Quam juvat immites ventos audire cubantem_[110], - -these expressions of voluptuous melancholy seemed to reveal to me my -own nature. The volumes of Massillon[111] which contained the sermons -on the _Pécheresse_ and the _Enfant prodigue_ never left my side. I -was allowed to read them, for no one suspected what I found in them. -I stole short candle-ends from the chapel to enable me at night to -read those alluring descriptions of the disorders of the soul. I fell -asleep stammering incoherent phrases, in which I strove to employ the -sweetness, the rhythm, and the grace of the writer who has been most -successful in transmitting to prose the euphony of Racinian verse. - -If, later, I have with some measure of truthfulness depicted the -impulses which, mingled with Christian remorse, sway the heart, I -am convinced that I owe this success to the chance which made me -acquainted at the same moment with two hostile empires. The ravages -made in my imagination by a bad book found their antidote in the -terrors with which another book inspired me, and the latter were as -it were allayed by the enervating thoughts drawn from pictures of the -unveiled. - -Misfortunes are said never to come singly, and the same may be said -of passions: they come together, like the Muses or the Furies. With -the propensity which began to torture me, there was born in me the -sense of honor, an exaltation of the soul which preserves the heart -uncorrupted in the midst of corruption, a sort of restorative principle -placed beside a devouring principle, as the inexhaustible source of the -prodigies which love demands of youth and of the sacrifices which it -imposes. - -When the weather was fine, the college boarders went out on Thursdays -and Sundays. We were often taken to Mont Dol, on the top of which were -some Gallo-Roman ruins: from the summit of this isolated eminence, the -eye looks down on the sea and on marshes over which by night hovers -the will o' the wisp, the wizard's light that burns in our lamps to -this day. Another object of our walks was the fields in which stood a -seminary of Eudists, after Eudes, brother of Mézeray the historian[112] -and founder of their congregation. One day in May, the Abbé Égault, the -prefect of the week, had taken us to this seminary. We were allowed -full liberty in our games; only we were expressly forbidden to climb -the trees. The master left us in a grassy lane, and walked away to say -his breviary. - -The lane was bordered by elms: right at the top of the tallest, a -magpie's nest was clearly visible. We were all agog at the sight, -pointing out to each other the mother sitting on her eggs, and smitten -with the keenest longing to capture that superb prize. But who would -dare to make the attempt? The orders were so strict, the prefect so -near, the tree so high! Every hope was turned upon me; I climbed like a -cat. I wavered, and then love of glory carried the day: taking off my -coat, I flung my arms around the elm and began the ascent. The trunk -had no branches, except at two-thirds of its height, where it split -into a fork, one of whose extremities bore the nest. - -[Sidenote: A Painful Predicament.] - -Gathered beneath the tree, my friends applauded my efforts, looking up -at me, looking in the direction whence the prefect might come, stamping -with joy in their hope of the eggs, trembling with fear in their -expectation of punishment. I approached the nest; the magpie flew away; -I seized the eggs, put them inside my shirt, and began to climb down. -Unfortunately, I slipped between the twin sections of the trunk and -remained seated astraddle. The tree had been pruned, I could find no -foothold on either side by which to raise myself and recover the outer -limb, and I remained hanging in mid-air, fifty feet from the ground. - -Suddenly a cry arose of "The prefect is coming!" and I saw myself -incontinently abandoned by my friends, as always happens. One boy -alone, called Le Gobbien, tried to assist me, and was soon obliged to -relinquish his generous attempt. There was only one way to extricate -myself from my painful position, which was to hang on outside, by my -hands, to one of the two teeth of the fork, and to try, with my feet, -to seize the trunk below the place where it split in two. I carried out -this operation at the risk of my life. In the midst of my tribulations, -I had not let go of my prize; I should have done better to fling it -away, as I have since done with so many others. In sliding down the -trunk, I rubbed the skin off my hands, bruised my legs and chest, and -smashed the eggs: this last proved my ruin. The prefect had not seen me -in the tree; I contrived to hide the traces of blood, but there was no -concealing the brilliant yellow with which I was smeared. - -"Very well, sir," he said, "you shall have the cane." - -If that man had stated that he would commute this sentence to one of -death, I should have experienced a thrill of joy. The notion of shame -had never yet presented itself to one of my untrammeled upbringing: at -no period of my life would I not have preferred any punishment to the -horror of having to blush before a living creature. My heart filled -with indignation; I answered the Abbé Égault, in the accents not of -a child but of a man, that neither he nor any other should ever lay -a hand upon me. This reply incensed him; he called me a rebel and -promised to make an example of me. - -"We shall see," I retorted, and began to play at ball with a coolness -which confounded him. - -We returned to the college; the prefect took me to his room and ordered -me to prepare for punishment. My exalted sentiments gave place to -floods of tears. I represented to the Abbé Égault that he had taught me -Latin; that I was his scholar, his disciple, his child; that he could -not wish to dishonor his pupil and make the sight of my schoolfellows -unbearable to me; that he could lock me up on bread and water, stop -my recreations, set me impositions; that I would thank him for his -clemency and love him the more for it. I fell upon my knees, I folded -my hands, I besought him in the name of Jesus Christ to spare me; he -remained deaf to my entreaties. I rose in a fit of fury, and aimed at -his legs a kick so violent that he yelled. He limped to the door of his -room, locked it, and came back to me. I entrenched myself behind the -bed; he struck out at me across the bed with a cane. I rolled myself in -the bed-clothes and, heated with the fray, exclaimed: - - _Macte animo, generose puer!_[113] - -This brattish erudition made my enemy laugh in spite of himself; he -suggested an armistice: we concluded a treaty; I agreed to refer the -matter to the arbitration of the principal. Without giving his award in -my favour, the principal consented to cancel the punishment which I had -refused to take. When the excellent priest pronounced his acquittal, -I pressed my lips to the sleeve of his gown with so great a display -of heartfelt gratitude that he could not refrain from giving me his -blessing. Thus ended the first combat which restored to me the honour -which has been the idol of my life and which has so often cost me my -repose, my pleasure, and my fortune. - -[Sidenote: Holidays at Combourg.] - -The holidays in the course of which I entered upon my twelfth year -were sad ones. The Abbé Leprince accompanied me to Combourg. I went -out only with my tutor; we took long rambles together. He was dying -of consumption, and was silent and melancholy; I myself was not much -livelier. We walked for hours without saying a word. One day we lost -our way in the woods; M. Leprince turned to me and asked: - -"Which way shall we go?" - -I answered without hesitation: - -"The sun is setting; it is now striking the window in the big tower; -let us go that way." - -M. Leprince the same evening told the incident to my father: the future -traveller showed himself in that decision. Many a time, when I saw -the sun set in the forests of America, have I recalled the woods of -Combourg: my memories are echoes one of the other. - -The Abbé Leprince wanted them to give me a horse; but according to my -father's notions, the only thing a naval officer need know how to steer -was his ship. I was reduced, therefore, to riding two fat coach-horses -or a big piebald by stealth. The latter was not, like Turenne's _Pie_, -one of those steeds which the Romans called _desultorii equi_[114] -and trained to aid their masters; it was a moon-eyed Pegasus, which -overreached in trotting, and bit my legs when I set it at a ditch. -I never cared much about horses, although I have led the life of a -Tartar; and, contrary to the effect which my early training should have -produced, I ride with an elegant rather than a firm seat. - -A tertiary fever, the germs of which I had brought with me from the -marshes of Dol, rid me of M. Leprince. A quack passed through the -village; my father, who did not believe in doctors, believed in -charlatans: he sent for the empiric, who undertook to cure me in -twenty-four hours. He returned the next day, in a green, gold-laced -coat, a huge, powdered wig, wide ruffles of dirty muslin, false -diamonds on his fingers, worn black satin breeches, bluey-white silk -stockings, and shoes with enormous buckles. He pulled back my curtains, -felt my pulse, made me put out my tongue, jabbered a few words with an -Italian accent on the necessity for purging me, and gave me a little -piece of burnt sugar to eat. My father approved of the treatment, for -he maintained that all sickness came from indigestion, and that for -every kind of ill you should purge your man till the blood came. - -Half-an-hour after swallowing the caramel, I was seized with a -terrible vomiting; they sent to tell M. de Chateaubriand, who wanted -to throw the poor wretch from the window of the tower. The latter, -terrified, took off his coat, tucked back his shirt-sleeves, and made -the most grotesque gestures. At each movement, his wig turned in every -direction; he repeated my cries, adding after each: "_Che, Monsou -Lavandier?_" This Monsieur Lavandier was the village druggist, who -had been called in to lend his aid. I did not know, in the midst of -my pain, whether I should die from taking the man's nostrums or from -bursting with laughter at his behavior. The effects of this overdose of -emetic were stopped in time, and I was set on my legs again. - -The whole of our life is spent in wandering round our tomb: our -illnesses are so many puffs of wind that send us more or less near to -the haven. The first corpse I saw was that of a canon of Saint-Malo: -he lay dead upon his bed, his features distorted with the final -convulsions. Death is beautiful, he is our friend: and yet we do not -recognize him, because he comes to us masked, and his mask frightens us. - -I was sent back to school at the end of autumn. - -* - -I have been permitted to leave Dieppe, whither a police order had -driven me, and to return to the Vallée-aux-Loups, where I continue my -narrative. The soil trembles beneath the steps of the foreign soldier, -who is invading my country at this very moment; I am writing, like the -last of the Romans, to the sound of the Barbarian invasion. By day I -compose pages as agitated as the events of the day[115]; at night, -while the rolling of the distant cannon dies away in my woods, I return -to the silence of years that sleep in the grave, to the peace of my -youngest memories. How short and narrow is a man's past beside the vast -present of the nations and their immeasurable future! - -* - -Mathematics, Greek, and Latin occupied all my winter at school. The -time that was not devoted to study was given up to boyish sports, -which are the same all over the world. The little Englishman, the -little German, the little Italian, the little Spaniard, the little -Iroquois, the little Bedouin, all trundle the hoop and throw the ball. -Brothers of one great family, children do not lose their features of -resemblance until they lose their innocence, everywhere the same. Then -the passions, modified by climates, governments, and customs, make -different nations; the human race ceases to speak and understand the -same language: society is the real Tower of Babel. - -[Sidenote: The Abbé de Chateaubriand.] - -One morning I was taking very energetic part in a game of base in the -playground, when I was told that I was wanted. I followed the servant -to the front gate. There I found a stout, red-faced man, with abrupt -and impatient manners and a fierce voice; he carried a stick in his -hand, wore a black and ill-curled wig, a torn cassock with the ends -tucked into his pockets, dusty shoes, and stockings with holes at the -heels. - -"You little scamp," said he, "are not you the Chevalier de -Chateaubriand de Combourg?" - -"Yes, monsieur," I replied, quite bewildered at his manner of -addressing me. - -"And I," he retorted, almost foaming at the mouth, "am the last senior -of your family; I am the Abbé de Chateaubriand de La Guerrande[116]: -take a good look at me." - -The proud ecclesiastic put his hand into the fob of a pair of old plush -breeches, took out a moldy six-franc crown-piece wrapped in a piece of -dirty paper, flung it at my head, and continued his journey on foot, -muttering his matins as he went, with a furious air. I have since -learnt that the Prince de Condé[117] had offered this rustic rector -the post of tutor to the Duc de Bourbon[118]. The overbearing priest -replied that the Prince, as the owner of the Barony of Chateaubriand, -ought to know that the heirs of that barony could have tutors, but -could not act as such. This haughtiness was the fault of my family; in -my father it was hateful; my brother pushed it to a ridiculous length; -it has descended in a certain measure to his eldest son. I am not sure -that I myself, in spite of my republican inclinations, have entirely -shaken it off, although I have been careful to conceal it. - -* - -The time approached for making my First Communion, when the family used -to decide upon the child's future condition. This religious ceremony -took the place among young Christians of the assumption of the _toga -virilis_ among the Romans. Madame de Chateaubriand had come in order to -be present at the First Communion of her son, who, after being united -to his God, was about to part from his mother. - -My piety seemed to be sincere; I edified the whole college; there was -ardor in my eyes; I was so persistent in my fasting as to make my -masters uneasy. They feared lest I should drive devotion to excess; -their religious enlightenment sought to temper my fervor. My confessor -was the superior of the Eudist Seminary, a man of fifty, of stern -appearance. Each time that I presented myself at the confessional, he -anxiously questioned me. Surprised at the unimportance of my sins, he -did not know how to reconcile my distress with the triviality of the -secrets I confided to his bosom. The nearer Easter approached, the more -pressing did the priest's questions become. "Are you keeping nothing -back?" he would ask. I replied, "No, father." "Have you not committed -such and such a sin?" "No, father." And it was always: "No, father." -He dismissed me doubtfully, sighing, gazing into my very soul, while I -left his presence pale and out of face, like a criminal. - -[Sidenote: Confession and Absolution.] - -I was to receive absolution on the Wednesday in Holy Week. I spent the -night of Tuesday in praying and in reading with terror the _Confessions -mal faites._ At three o'clock on the Wednesday afternoon, we started -for the seminary, accompanied by our parents. All the vain renown that -has since attached itself to my name would not have given Madame de -Chateaubriand one moment of the pride which she felt, as a Christian -and a mother, on beholding her son prepared to participate in the great -mystery of religion. - -On reaching the church, I prostrated myself before the altar, and lay -as though annihilated. When I rose to go to the sacristy, where the -superior awaited me, my knees trembled beneath me. I flung myself at -the priest's feet; it was only in the most broken accents that I was -able to pronounce the _Confiteor._ "Well, have you forgotten nothing?" -asked the messenger of Jesus Christ. I remained silent. He began to -question me again, and the fatal "No, father," came from my lips. -He lapsed into meditation, asked counsel of Him who conferred upon -the Apostles the power of binding and loosing souls. Then, making an -effort, he prepared to give me absolution. - -Had the sky shot a bolt at me, it would have caused me less dread. I -cried: - -"I have not confessed everything!" - -This formidable judge, this deputy of the Sovereign Arbiter, whose -visage inspired me with so much fear, became the tenderest of -shepherds; he took me in his arms and burst into tears: - -"Come, my dear child," said he, "courage!" - -I shall never experience such another moment in my life. Had the weight -of mountains been lifted from me, I should not have been more relieved: -I sobbed with happiness. I venture to say that it was from that day -forward that I became an upright man; I felt that I should never -outlive a remorse: how great must be the remorse for a crime, when I -could suffer so terribly for concealing the little sins of a child! But -also how divine is the religion which can thus take hold of our best -instincts! What precepts of morality can ever take the place of these -Christian institutions? - -The first admission made, the rest cost me nothing. My suppressed -childish offenses, which would have made the world smile, were weighed -in the balance of religion. The superior was very much perplexed; he -would have liked to postpone my Communion; but I was about to leave Dol -College, soon to enter the Navy. With great perspicacity, he discerned -the nature of my proclivities from the very character of my juvenile -faults, insignificant though they were; he was the first man to fathom -the secret of the possibilities of my life. He divined my future -passions; he did not conceal from me what he thought he saw good in me, -but he also predicted the evils to come. - -"After all," he added, "though time is short for your repentance, you -are cleansed of your sins by your courageous, if tardy, confession." - -Raising his hand, he pronounced the Absolution. On this second -occasion, the fulminating hand showered upon my head only the heavenly -dew; I bent my brow to receive it; my feelings partook of the joy of -the angels. I rose and threw myself upon the bosom of my mother, who -was awaiting me at the foot of the altar. I no longer appeared the -same being to my masters and school-fellows; I walked with a light step -my head held high, a radiant air, in all the triumph of repentance. - -On the next day, which was Holy Thursday, I was admitted to the sublime -and touching ceremony which I have vainly endeavored to describe in the -_Génie du Christianisme._[119] I might here have felt again my usual -little humiliations: my nosegay and my clothes were less fine than -those of my companions; but that day everything was of God and for God. -I know exactly what Faith means: the Real Presence of the Victim in the -Blessed Sacrament of the altar was as evident to me as the presence of -my mother by my side. When the Host was laid upon my lips, I felt as -though a light had been kindled within me. I trembled with veneration, -and the only material thing that occupied my thoughts was the dread of -profaning the sacramental bread. - - Le pain que je vous propose - Sert aux anges d'aliment, - Dieu lui-même le compose - De la fleur de son froment[120].--RACINE. - -I conceived besides the courage of the martyrs; at that moment I could -have confessed Christ on the rack or in the midst of the lions. - -I delight in recalling these joys which my soul felt but a little while -before it became filled with the tribulations of the world. Those who -compare these ardours with the transports which I shall presently -depict, who see the same heart experiencing, within a space of three or -four years, all that is sweetest and most wholesome in innocence and in -religion and also all that is most seductive and most baneful in the -passions, will choose one of the two forms of joy; they will see in -which direction to seek happiness and, above all, peace. - -Three weeks after my First Communion, I left Dol College. I retain -a pleasant remembrance of this house: our childhood leaves a trace -of itself upon places it has beautified by its presence, as a flower -communicates a perfume to the objects it has touched. To this day I am -affected when I think of the scattering of my first friends and my -first masters. The Abbé Leprince was appointed to a living near Rouen, -but died soon after; the Abbé Égault received a cure in the Diocese of -Rennes; and I saw the death of the good principal, the Abbé Porcher, -at the commencement of the Revolution: he was a learned, gentle, and -simple-hearted man. The memory of that obscure Rollin[121] will always -be dear and venerable to me. - -* - -At Combourg I found a Mission on which to feed my piety; I followed its -exercises. I received confirmation on the manor steps, with the peasant -lads and lasses, from the hand of the Bishop of Saint-Malo. After that, -a cross was erected; I helped to hold it, while it was being fixed upon -its base. It still exists: it stands in front of the tower in which my -father died. For thirty years, it has seen no one appear at the windows -of that tower; it is no longer saluted by the castle children; every -spring-time it waits for them in vain; it sees none return save the -swallows, the companions of my childhood, more faithful to their nest -than man to his house. How happy should I have been, had my life been -spent at the foot of that mission cross, had my hair been whitened only -by the years which have covered the arms of that cross with moss! - -[Sidenote: I go to Rennes College.] - -I did not long delay my departure for Rennes, where I was to continue -my studies and complete my mathematical course, before submitting -myself for examination as a Naval Guard[122] at Brest. M. de Fayolle -was principal of Rennes College. The staff of that Breton Juilly[123] -included three distinguished professors: the Abbé de Chateaugiron, -master of the second form, the Abbé Germé, master of rhetoric, and -the Abbé Marchand, of physics. There were a large number of boarders -and day-scholars, and the classes were strong. Within living memory, -Geoffroy[124] and Ginguené[125], who were educated at the college, -would have done honour to Sainte-Barbe[126] or the Plessis. The -Chevalier de Parny[127] had also studied at Rennes; I succeeded to his -bed in the room allotted to me. - -Rennes seemed to me a Babylon, the college a world. The crowd of -masters and school-boys, the size of the buildings, garden, and -play-grounds appeared immense to my eyes[128]. I grew accustomed to -it, however. On the saint's-day of the principal, we had a holiday; at -the top of our voices we sang in his praise superb lines of our own -composing, in which we said: - - Ô Terpsichore, ô Polymnie, - Venez, venez remplir nos vœux; - La raison même vous convie[129]. - -At the cost of a few buffets, I assumed over my new schoolfellows -the same ascendant that I had exercised over my old companions at -Dol. The young Bretons are quarrelsome monkeys; on half-holidays we -sent each other challenges to fight in the shrubbery of the garden -of the Benedictines, called "the Thabor." Our arms consisted of -compasses fastened to the end of a walking-stick, which gradually -led to a hand-to-hand fight, more or less treacherous or courteous -according to the gravity of the challenge. We had umpires who decided -if battle was to be waged and how the champions should use their -hands. The combat did not end until one of the two parties owned -himself vanquished. I found my old friend Gesril presiding over these -engagements, as at Saint-Malo. He offered to be my second in an affair -in which I was engaged with Saint-Riveul[130], a young noble who -became the first victim of the Revolution. I fell under my adversary, -refused to surrender, and paid dearly for my pride. I said, like Jean -Desmarets[131] on his road to the scaffold, "I cry mercy to God alone!" - -I met at this college two men who have since become famous in different -ways: Moreau[132], the general, and Limoëlan[133], the author of the -infernal machine, who is now a priest in America. There is only one -portrait of Lucile extant, a bad miniature by Limoëlan, who turned -portrait-painter during the revolutionary troubles. Moreau was a -day-boy, Limoëlan a boarder. Rarely have two such singular destinies -been found at the same time, in the same province, the same small town, -the same school[134]. - -[Sidenote: My intellectual disposition.] - -Although the training at Rennes College was very religious, my fervor -abated: the number of my masters and schoolfellows tended to multiply -the occasions for distraction. I made progress in the study of -languages; I became strong in mathematics, for which I have always had -a decided leaning: I should have made a good naval officer or sapper. -I was born with a generally quick disposition, I was susceptible to -serious and agreeable things alike: I commenced with poetry before -taking up prose; the arts delighted me; I have always passionately -loved music and architecture. Although disposed to be easily bored, I -was capable of grasping the smallest details; gifted with a patience -that was proof against anything, however wearied I might be of the -subject in hand, my perseverance overcame my distaste. I have never -abandoned a matter that was worth completing; there are things which I -have pursued for fifteen or twenty years of my life, as full of ardor -on the last day as on the first. - -This intellectual suppleness was again apparent in matters of secondary -importance. I was good at chess, handy at billiards, a good shot, an -expert swordsman; I drew tolerably; I should have sung well, if my -voice had been trained. All this, added to the manner in which I was -brought up and to the life I led as a soldier and traveller, produced -the result that I have never played the prig nor displayed the stupid -self-sufficiency, the awkwardness, the slovenly habits of the men -of letters of former days, still less the conceited assurance, the -jealousy and the blustering vanity of the new authors. - -I spent two years at Rennes College; Gesril left eighteen months -before I did. He entered the navy. Julie, my third sister, was -married in the course of these two years; she gave her hand to the -Comte de Farcy[135], a captain in the Condé Regiment, and settled -with her husband at Fougères, where my two eldest sisters, Mesdames -de Marigny and de Québriac were already living. Julie's wedding took -place at Combourg, and I was present at it. I there met the Comtesse -de Tronjoli[136], who distinguished herself by her courage on the -scaffold: she was the cousin and close friend of the Marquis de La -Rouërie, and was implicated in his conspiracy. I had never yet seen -beauty except in my own family; I was confused on perceiving it in the -face of a strange woman. Each step in life opened out a new perspective -before me; I heard the distant and alluring voice of the passions which -were coming to me; I hastened towards those sirens, attracted by an -unknown harmony. It appeared that, like the High Priest of Eleusis, I -had a different incense for each divinity. But could the hymns which I -sang while burning that incense be called "balsams," like the poems of -the hierophant[137]? - -* - -After Julie's marriage, I set out for Brest. On leaving the great -College of Rennes, I did not feel the same regret that I had -experienced on bidding farewell to the little College of Dol; perhaps -I had lost the bud of innocence which turns everything into a charm -for us; time was beginning to open it. My mentor in my new position -was one of my maternal uncles, Vice-Admiral the Comte Ravenel de -Boisteilleul[138], one of whose sons[139], a very distinguished -artillery-officer in the armies of Bonaparte, married the only -daughter[140] of my sister the Comtesse de Farcy. - -[Sidenote: My life at Brest.] - -On my arrival at Brest, I did not find my cadet's commission awaiting -me; some accident had delayed it. I remained what was called an -"aspirant," and, as such, was exempt from following the regular -studies. My uncle put me to board in the Rue de Siam, at a cadets' -ordinary, and introduced me to the naval commander, the Comte -d'Hector[141]. Left for the first time to my own resources, instead of -becoming intimate with my future messmates, I indulged in my instinct -for solitude. My usual society was confined to my fencing-master, my -drawing-master, and my mathematical tutor. - -The sea which I was to behold upon so many coasts bathed, at Brest, -the extremity of the Armorican Peninsula: beyond that prominent cape -lay nothing but the boundless ocean and unknown worlds. My imagination -revealed in all this space. Often, seated on some mast lying along the -Quai de Recouvrance, I watched the movements of the crowd: shipwrights, -sailors, soldiers, custom-house officers, convicts passed to and fro -before my eyes. Passengers embarked and disembarked, pilots directed -the steering, carpenters squared blocks of wood, cordwainers twisted -hawsers, ship's boys lit fires under coppers from which issued a thick -smoke and the healthy smell of tar. Bales of merchandise, sacks of -victuals were carried to and from the quay; trains of artillery were -rolled from the sea to the magazines, from the magazines to the sea. -Here, carts were pushed backwards into the water to receive cargoes; -there, loads were hoisted with tackle, while cranes lowered stones and -dredging-machines dug out the alluvium. Forts fired signals, ships' -boats came and went, vessels set sail or returned to harbor. - -My mind became filled with vague ideas on society, its blessings and -its evils. An indefinite sadness overtook me; I left the mast on which -I was sitting, walked up the Penfeld, which runs into the port, and -reached a turn where the port disappeared from view. Here, with nothing -before me except a turfy valley, but with the confused murmur of the -sea and human voices still in my ears, I lay down upon the bank of -the little river. Watching by turns the rippling of the water and the -flight of the sea-mew, enjoying the silence around me or listening to -the strokes of the calker's hammer, I fell into the deepest musing. In -the midst of this reverie, if the wind carried to me the sound of the -gun of a ship leaving port, I started, and tears moistened my eyes. - -One day I had walked in the direction of the outer extremity of the -harbor, to the side of the sea: it was warm; I lay down upon the beach -and fell asleep. Suddenly I was awakened by a grand noise; I opened -my eyes like Augustus to see the triremes in the anchorage of Sicily -after the victory over Sextus Pompey: reports of artillery followed -one upon the other; the roads were crowded with men-of-war; the great -French squadron was returning after the signing of peace[142]. The -ships manœuvred under full sail, bathed themselves in flame, hoisted -ensigns, turned their poops, bows, broadsides towards the shore, -stopped short by dropping anchor while still under sail, or continued -to skim over the billows. Nothing ever gave me a higher idea of the -human intelligence: man seemed at that moment to borrow something from -Him who said to the sea, "Thus far shalt thou go and no further." - -All Brest hastened to the port. Boats left the fleet and landed at the -mole. The officers with whom they were crowded, their faces bronzed -by the sun, had that foreign look which is brought back from another -atmosphere, and the indescribable air of gaiety, of pride, of daring, -worn by men who had restored the honour of the national ensign. -These officers, so deserving, so illustrious, these companions of -Suffren[143], Lamotte-Piquet[144], Couëdic, d'Estaing[145], had escaped -from the blows of the enemy only to fall beneath those of Frenchmen! - -[Sidenote: I meet Gesril.] - -I was watching the gallant troop march by, when one of the officers -disengaged himself from the others and fell upon my neck: it was -Gesril. He seemed taller, but weak and ailing from a sword-thrust he -had received in the chest. He left Brest the same evening to join his -family. I only saw him once since, shortly before his heroic death: I -will tell the occasion of the meeting later. - -Gesril's sudden appearance and departure made me take a resolve which -changed the course of my life: it was written that that young man -should have an absolute empire over my destiny. One can see how my -character was shaping, the turn my ideas were taking, the first attacks -of my genius; for I can speak of that genius as a malady, whatever it -may have been, rare or vulgar, worthy or unworthy of the name I give it -for want of a word wherewith to express myself. Had I been more like -the rest of mankind, I should have been happier: any one who could have -succeeded, without depriving me of my intelligence, in killing what is -called my talent would have treated me as a friend. - -When the Comte de Boisteilleul took me to M. d'Hector, I heard old and -young sailors discuss their campaigns and talk of the countries they -had visited: one had returned from India, another from America; this -one was to set sail to go round the world, the other was about to join -the Mediterranean station, to visit the shores of Greece. My uncle -pointed out La Pérouse[146] to me in the crowd, a new Cook, the manner -of whose death has remained the secret of the tempests. I listened -to everything, I looked at everything, without uttering a word; but -there was no sleep for me that night: I spent it, in imagination, in -delivering combats or discovering unknown lands. - -Be that as it may, on seeing Gesril return to his parents, I thought -that there was nothing to prevent me from going home to my own. I -should have much liked the naval service, if my spirit of independence -had not disinclined me to service of any kind: I was born with an -incapacity for obedience. Voyages tempted me, but I felt that I should -enjoy them only in solitude, left free to follow my own will. At last, -giving my first proof of fickleness, without telling my uncle Ravenel, -without writing to my parents, without asking permission of anybody, -without waiting for my cadet's commission, I left one morning for -Combourg, where I dropped as though from the clouds. - -I am to this day astonished to think how, in view of the terror with -which my father inspired me, I could have dared to take such a resolve; -and what is quite as astonishing is the manner in which I was welcomed. -I had every reason to expect transports of the most furious anger, and -I was gently received. My father was content to shake his head, as -though to say, "Here's a pretty trick!" My mother embraced me with all -her heart, grumbling the while, and my Lucile kissed me in an ecstasy -of joy. - - -[75] This book was written at Dieppe in September and October 1812 and -at the Vallée-aux-Loups in December 1813 and January 1814, and was -revised in June 1846.--T. - -[76] The author's forty-fourth birthday.--B. - -[77] Étienne Denis Duc Pasquier (1767-1862), became Prefect of Police -under Bonaparte in 1810, President of the Chamber of Deputies under -Louis XVIII. in 1816, Foreign Minister in 1819. In 1821, on the fall -of the Villèle Ministry, Pasquier received his peerage. Louis-Philippe -made him President of the Chamber of Peers in 1830, Chancellor in 1837, -and created him a duke in 1844. In his capacity as a peer, therefore, -and also as an Academician, he eventually became Chateaubriand's -colleague.--T. - -[78] The River Arques, which discharges itself at Dieppe, was formerly -called the Deep.--T. - -[79] Abraham Marquis Duquesne (1610-1688), the famous sailor. His -religion--he was a Huguenot--prevented Louis XIV. from making him an -admiral; the highest rank he obtained was that of lieutenant-general. A -statue of Duquesne was erected at Dieppe in 1844.--T. - -[80] Robert Wace, a native of Jersey, author of the _Brut d'Angleterre_ -or _Artus de Bretagne_, the _Roman du Rou_ (Rollo Duke of Normandy), -and the _Chronique ascendante des ducs de Normandie._ He was -reading-clerk to Henry I. and Henry II., later a canon of Bayeux, and -died in England _circa_ 1184.--T. - -[81] Pliny, III. X. 15.--T. - -[82] Urbain René de Hercé (1726-1795), consecrated Bishop of Dol in -1757, was shot not at, but after, Quiberon, at Vannes, 28 July 1795, -together with Sombreuil and fourteen other victims, including his -brother, François de Hercé (1733-1795), Grand-Vicar of Dol, and Gesril -(_vide supra_).--B. - -[83] Étienne Bezout (1730-1783), author of a number of mathematical -works employed in schools in the eighteenth century.--T. - -[84] Charles Dufresne Ducange (1610-1688), a learned expert in -historical research, author of the _Glossarium mediæ et infimœ -Latinitatis_, in which the description of the quintain occurs, and a -number of other works of value.--T. - -[85] The Manuscript of 1826 here contains a short description of the -sport of the quintain: "All the bridegrooms of the year within the -holding of Combourg were obliged, in the month of May, to come and -break a wooden lance against a post placed in a sunk road that ran -above the Great Mall. The tilters were on horseback; the bailiff, who -acted as lord of the lists, examined the lance, and declared that -there was no fraud nor guile in the arms: it was allowed to tilt three -times at the post, but at the third time, if the lance was not broken, -the jibers of the rustic tournament covered the awkward tilter with -pleasantries, who paid a crown-piece to the liege lord."--T. - -[86] Noble Maître François Jean Baptiste Potelet, Seigneur de -Saint-Mahé et de La Durantais.--B. - -[87] Gilles Marie de Launay, Sieur de La Billardière, successively -procurator-fiscal of Bécherel, _sénéchal des juridictions_ of the -Vauruffier, the Viscounty of Besso and the Marquisate of Caradenc, and -bonder of the King's tobacco taxes at Combourg.--B. - -[88] I have met my friend David again since: I shall tell when and -how.--_Author's Note_ (Geneva, 1832). - -[89] Jean Baptiste Gesbert, Seigneur de La Noé-Sécho, seneschal of the -manorial jurisdiction of Combourg.--B. - -[90] Maître René Petit, procurator-fiscal of the County of Combourg.--B. - -[91] Maître Julien Corvaisier or Le Corvaisier, notary and attorney of -the jurisdiction.--B. - -[92] The Abbé Jean François Chalmel, chaplain of Combourg Castle.--B. - -[93] Jean Anne Pinot du Petitbois (1737-1789) lived in the Château du -Grandval at Combourg, still occupied by his descendants.--B. - -[94] Michel Charles Locquet, Comte de Château-d'Assis, lived in the -Château de Triaudin, Combourg, now owned by the Vicomte Roger du -Petitbois.--B. - -[95] Nicolas Pierre Philippes, Seigneur de Trémaudan.--B. - -[96] René Malo Sévin, rector of the parish of Combourg in 1776, refused -to subscribe to the civil constitution of the clergy, and went to -Jersey in 1792. He returned in 1797, was reinstated in his parish in -1803, and died at Combourg in 1817.--B. - -[97] Claude Anne, successively Vicomte, Marquis, and Duc de -Saint-Simon, emigrated to Spain, entered the Spanish service, and -became Captain-General of Old Castile. King Charles IV. created him -a grandee of Spain, King Ferdinand VII. a duke. He died in Madrid in -1819. In 1808, on the capture of Madrid by the French, he was sentenced -to death by court-martial; the sentence was commuted to imprisonment -for life, and he was confined in the Citadel of Besançon until the fall -of the Empire in 1814.--B. - -[98] It gave me a genuine pleasure to renew my acquaintance, during -the Restoration, with this gallant officer, so distinguished for his -loyalty and his Christian virtues.--_Author's Note_ (Geneva, 1831). - -Jacques Vincent Marquis de Causans de Mauléon (1751-1824), was promoted -to the rank of lieutenant-general in 1814, and sat in the Chamber of -Deputies as member for Vaucluse from 1815 until his death.--B. - -[99] Antoine Louis Marquis de Wignacourt, Knight of St. Louis.--B. - -[100] François Placide Maillard, Seigneur de La Morandais. The -Maillards de La Morandais delivered proofs of eight generations of -nobility in 1670. Those who had settled at Combourg had degenerated -through poverty.--B. - -[101] Guillaume de Lamoignon (1617-1677), First President of the -Parliament of Paris, founder of a most distinguished legal family, and -great-grandfather of Lamoignon de Malesherbes.--T. - -[102] - - "Right gladly and in brave array, - By wood and river made his way: - For no folk through the woods advance - Right gladly like the folk of France."--T. - - - -[103] Armand Louis de Gontaut de Biron, Duc de Lauzun (1747-1793), and -Duc de Biron on the death of his father in 1788. He was one of the -handsomest men at the Court of Louis XVI. In 1789 he joined the party -of the Duc d'Orléans, and served as a general in the Republican army, -but was guillotined on the last day of December 1793.--T. - -[104] Prince Eugène de Savoie-Carignan (1753-1785), younger son of -Prince Louis Victor de Savoie-Carignan, and brother of the Princesse de -Lamballe. A scion of the younger branch of the Royal House of Savoy, -he entered the French service under the title of Count of Villafranca, -and was made colonel of the Villefranche Regiment. In 1781 he married -Elizabeth Anne, daughter of Jean François Nicolas Magon, Seigneur -de Boisgarein; but the marriage was annulled by parliament upon the -petition of the Prince's parents. He struggled desperately to obtain a -revision of the decree of annulment. On the accession of the younger -branch to the throne of Sardinia in 1831, the grandson of Prince Eugène -and Mademoiselle de Boisgarein was restored to his ancestral rank, and -in 1888 his morganatic children received from the late King of Italy -the name of Villafranca-Soisson, with the title of count.--B. - -[105] Pierre Louis Lacretelle (1751-1824), known as Lacretelle the -Elder, to distinguish him from his brother, Charles Joseph Lacretelle, -the Younger. He was a member of the French Academy, and author of a -number of legal works and political and philosophical treatises.--T. - -[106] Florio's MONTAIGNE, Booke I. chap. 9: _Of Lyers._--T. - -[107] By Diderot; printed in 1738, and first performed at the Comédie -Française ten years after, when it met with indifferent success, -attaining a total of seven performances.--B. - -[108] 11 January 1780, Marie Anne Françoise married Jean Joseph -Geffelot, Comte de Marigny; Bénigne Jeanne married Jean François Xavier -Comte de Québriac, Seigneur de Patrion.--B. - -[109] LUCRETIUS, I. i.--T. - -[110] TIBULLUS, I. i, 45.--T. - -[111] Jean Baptiste Massillon (1663-1742), Bishop of Clermont, and a -famous Catholic preacher. He left nearly a hundred sermons, in addition -to a great number of other religious works. Massillon was elected an -Academician in 1789.--T. - -[112] François Eudes de Mézeray (1610-1683). The Eudists, founded by -Jean Eudes, hare still a house at Rennes. The community is also known -as the Congregation of Jesus and Mary.--T. - -[113] STAT., _Th._, VII. 280.--T. - -[114] SUET, _Cæs._ 39.--T. - -[115] _De Buonaparte et des Bourbons.--Author's Note_ (Geneva, 1831). - -[116] Charles Hilaire de Chateaubriand (1708-1782), rector successively -of a number of country livings.--B. - -[117] Louis Joseph (Louis V.) Prince de Condé (1736-1818), fourth in -descent from the Great Condé, and Commander-in-Chief of the Army of -the Emigrants, 1789-1800. At the Restoration, King Louis XVIII. made -his kinsman Grand-Master of the Household and Colonel-General of the -Infantry.--T. - -[118] Louis Henri Joseph (Louis VI.) Duc de Bourbon (1756-1830), son -of Louis V. Prince de Condé and of the Princesse Louise d'Orléans, -and father of the unhappy Duc d'Enghien. The Duc de Bourbon was found -strangled-whether by his own hands or those of his mistress, Madame de -Feuchères, is uncertain--a few days after the Revolution of 1830. He -left the greater part of his large fortune to the late Duc d'Aumale.--T. - -[119] Part I. book I. chap. 7: _De la communion._--T. - -[120] - - "The bread I offer for your taking - Is that which the angels eat; - It is bread of God's own baking - From the first fruits of his wheat."--T. - - -[121] Charles Rollin (1661-1741), a famous French professor and -theologian.--T. - -[122] The French Naval Guard (_Garde marine_) was a body of nobles from -which the naval officers were appointed.--T. - -[123] The name of a celebrated Oratorian college, near Meaux, -suppressed by the Revolution of 1789.--T. - -[124] Julien Louis Geoffroy (1743-1814), a distinguished dramatic -critic. He originated the literary _feuilleton_ in the _Journal des -Débats._--T. - -[125] Pierre Louis Ginguené (1748-1815), Ambassador to Turin under the -Directory, and author of the _Histoire littéraire d'Italie_ and some -poems, mostly imitated from the Italian.--T. - -[126] The famous college on the Montagne Sainte-Généviève in Paris, -founded by Jean Hubert in 1430.--T. - -[127] Évariste Désiré Desforges, Chevalier de Parny (1753-1814), the -author of a number of elegies and love-poems, which earned for him the -name of "the French Tibullus."--T. - -[128] Rennes College was one of the most important in France. It was -founded by the Jesuits in 1607. When they left it, in 1762, a communal -college was established in the same buildings. These are now occupied -by the Lycée de Rennes, which, however, is greatly diminished in -size.--B. - -[129] - - "Listen to the vows we offer, - O Terpsichore, Polyhymnia! - Reason herself her prayers doth proffer."--T. - - -[130] André François Jean du Rocher de Saint-Riveul (1772-1789), son -of Henri du Rocher, Comte de Saint-Riveul.--B. The Manuscript of 1826 -mentions that he was killed in the street at Rennes, as he was going -with his father to the Chamber of Nobles.--T. - -[131] Jean Desmarets, advocate-general to the Parliament of Paris, -beheaded in 1382 for his failure to suppress the revolt of the -Maillotins.--T. - -[132] Jean Victor Moreau (1763-1813), one of the greatest generals -of the Revolution, and the victor of the Battles of Hochstädt and -Hohenlinden. He subsequently entered into relations with the Royalist -Generals Pichegru and Cadoudal, was tried and sentenced to two years' -imprisonment, a sentence commuted to exile in the United States. Here -he received offers from the Tsar Alexander to join the army of the -Allies, which he eventually accepted; but was killed by a cannon-ball -immediately after reaching the head-quarters of the Allied Army outside -Dresden.--T. - -[133] Joseph Pierre Picot de Limoëlan de Clorivière (1768-1826) -entered the army, espoused the Royalist cause, and refused to accept -the pacification of 1799. He returned to Paris, and was on the eve -of marrying a charming young lady of Versailles, Mademoiselle Julie -d'Albert, when the explosion of the infernal machine took place in the -Rue Saint-Nicaise (24 December 1799). Limoëlan was one of the principal -agents in the plot. Thanks to the devotion of his betrothed, he escaped -to America, and upon his arrival in New York wrote to Mademoiselle -d'Albert to come out to him and be married there. The reply came as a -shock to him. Mademoiselle d'Albert had taken a vow to devote herself -to God, if her lover succeeded in making good his escape. She besought -him to forget the past and to think only of his eternal future. In 1808 -the young officer entered the seminary at Baltimore. He commenced a -new life, changed his name to Clorivière, was ordained priest in 1812, -and received a curacy at Charleston. He returned to France in 1815 to -collect what remained of his fortune, the whole of which he devoted -to pious works in America, including the re-endowment of the Convent -of the Visitation at Georgetown, founded by Miss Alice Lalor in 1805. -Mademoiselle d'Albert survived Father de Clorivière for many years. -She kept her vow of celibacy, but did not take the veil, for want of -a vocation. At the age of fifty she was relieved by Pope Gregory XVI. -from her vow. She died at Versailles, advanced in years, after a life -devoted entirely to works of piety and charity.--B. - -[134] I omit a short anecdote.--T. - -[135] Annibal Pierre François de Farcy de Montavallon. The wedding took -place in 1782.--B. - -[136] Thérèse Josèphe de Moëlien (1759-1793), daughter of Sébastien -Marie Hyacinthe de Moëlien, Chevalier, Seigneur de Trojolif (not -Tronjoli), Kermoisan, Kerguelenet, &c. She was twenty-three years -of age when Chateaubriand saw her at Combourg, and when writing his -Memoirs he must have recalled her with his school-boy eyes; for -contemporary evidence declares that she was not beautiful, nor even -pretty. The words "and close friend of the Marquis de La Rouërie" do -not occur in the Manuscript of 1826. Thérèse de Moëlien was in love, -not with La Rouërie, but with Major Chafner, an American officer, whom -she was to have married if she outlived the plot in which they were -both engaged. She was guillotined, however, in Paris on the 18th of -June 1793. Major Chafner was in London at the time of the discovery of -the so-called Breton Conspiracy. He returned to Brittany, and perished -at Nantes, after fighting on the side of the Vendeans to revenge the -death of Mademoiselle de Moëlien.--B. - -[137] An allusion to the mystical hymns of Orpheus, which were called -"perfumes" (αρώματα).--B. - -[138] Jean Baptiste Joseph Eugène de Ravenel du Boisteilleul -(1738-1815), first cousin of Chateaubriand's mother, and therefore -uncle in the manner of Brittany of the great writer.--B. - -[139] Hyacinthe Eugène Pierre de Ravenel du Boisteilleul (1784-1868), a -captain of artillery, and decorated on the battle-field at Smolensk, 17 -August 1812.--B. - -[140] Pauline Zoé Marie de Farcy de Montavallon (1784-1850) married -Hyacinthe de Ravenel du Boisteilleul, 16 November 1814.--B. - -[141] Vice-Admiral Charles Jean Comte d'Hector (1722-1808), commander -of the port of Brest from 1780 to 1791. He joined the Princes' Army at -Coblentz, and was made colonel of a regiment consisting exclusively -of naval officers. He died at Reading in Berkshire at the age of -eighty-six.--B. - -[142] The Peace of Versailles, 1783.--T. - -[143] Pierre André de Suffren-Saint-Tropez (1726-1788), known as the -Bailli de Suffren, had fought the English in India by sea and land in -the war of 1782.--T. - -[144] Comte de Lamotte-Piquet (1720-1791), lieutenant-general of -the French Navy. Between 1737 and 1783 he took part in twenty-eight -campaigns, and distinguished himself especially in America.--T. - -[145] Charles Hector Comte d'Estaing (1720-1794), admiral in command -of the combined fleets at Cadiz on the signature of the treaty of -peace. He embraced the principles of the Revolution, and served in the -Republican army and naval forces; but was guillotined in 1794.--T. - -[146] Jean François Galaup, Comte de La Pérouse (1741-1788[?]) set out -on a voyage of discovery in 1785. He was known to have visited Japan -and New Holland when, in 1788, all traces of him were lost. In 1827, -Captain Dillon discovered the wrecks of his ships, the _Boussole_ and -the _Astrolabe_, off the coast of Vanikoro, since called the Pérouse, -one of the Santa Cruz group, between the Solomon Islands and the New -Hebrides.--T. - - - - -BOOK III[147] - - -At Montboissier--Reminiscences of Combourg--Dinan College--Broussais--I -return home--Life at Combourg--Our days and evenings--My -donjon--Change from childhood to manhood--Lucile--Last lines written -at the Vallée-aux-Loups--Revelations concerning the mystery of my -life--A phantom of love--Two years of delirium--Occupations and -illusions--My autumn joys--Incantation--Temptation--Illness--I -fear and decline to enter the ecclesiastical state--A moment in my -native town--Recollection of Villeneuve and the tribulations of my -childhood--I am called back to Combourg--Last interview with my -father--I enter the service--I bid farewell to Combourg - - -Three years and six months have elapsed between the last date attached -to these Memoirs, Vallée-aux-Loups, January 1814, and the date of -today, Montboissier, July 1817. Did you hear the Empire fall? No: -nothing has disturbed the repose of this spot. Nevertheless the Empire -is lost; the immense ruin has crumbled in the course of my life like -Roman remains overturned in the bed of some unknown stream. But events -matter little to one who does not reckon them: a few years escaping -from the hands of the Eternal Father will do justice to all these -reports with an endless silence. - -The previous chapter was written under the expiring tyranny of -Bonaparte and by the light of the last flashes of his glory: I am -commencing the present chapter under the reign of Louis XVIII. I have -been in close proximity to kings, and my political illusions have -vanished, as have the sweeter fancies of which I am continuing the -tale. Let me first say what makes me resume my pen: the human heart is -the toy of everything, nor can we foresee what trivial circumstance -will cause its joys and sorrows. Montaigne remarked this: "There -needeth no cause," he says, "to excite our minde. A doating humour -without body, without substance, overswayeth and tosseth it up and -down[148]." - -I am now at Montboissier, on the borders of the Beauce and the -Perche[149]. The castle situated upon this property, belonging -to Madame la Comtesse de Colbert-Montboissier[150], was sold and -demolished during the Revolution; only two pavilions remain, divided by -a railing, and formerly inhabited by the lodge-keeper. The park, which -is now laid out in the English style, retains some traces of its former -French symmetry: straight walks, copses set within hedges give it a -serious aspect; it has the attraction of a ruin. - -Yesterday evening I was walking alone; the sky was like an autumn sky; -a cold wind blew at intervals. I stopped at an opening in a thicket -to look at the sun: it was sinking into the clouds above the tower of -Alluye, from which Gabrielle[151], occupying that tower, saw the sun -set, as I did, two hundred years ago. What has become of Henry and -Gabrielle? The same that shall have become of me when these Memoirs are -published. - -I was drawn from my reflections by the twittering of a thrush perched -on the topmost branch of a birch-tree. At once that magic sound brought -back before my eyes my father's domain: I forgot the catastrophes which -I had lately witnessed, and suddenly carried back into the past, I saw -once more the fields where I had so often heard the thrush's song. When -I listened to it then, I was sad, as I am today; but that first sadness -was of the kind which springs from a vague longing for happiness, at -a time when we are without experience; the sadness which I now feel -comes from the knowledge of things appreciated and judged. The song of -the bird in the Combourg woods told me of a happiness which I hoped to -achieve; the same song in the park at Montboissier reminded me of days -wasted in the pursuit of that unattainable happiness. I have nothing -more to learn; I have travelled faster than others, and have made the -circuit of life. The hours fly and drag me with them; I have not even -the certainty of being able to complete these Memoirs. In how many -places have I already commenced to write them, and in what place shall -I finish them? How long shall I wander on the edge of the wood? Let me -make the most of the few moments left to me; let me hasten to depict my -youth, while I am still in touch with it: the traveller quitting for -ever an enchanted shore writes his journal in sight of the land which -is withdrawing, soon to disappear from sight. - -I have described my return to Combourg and my reception by my father, -my mother, and my sister Lucile. The reader will perhaps remember -that my three other sisters were married and living on the estates of -their new families in the neighbourhood of Fougères. My brother, whose -ambition was beginning to display itself, was oftener in Paris than at -Rennes. He first bought a post as _maître des requêtes_, which he sold -in order to enter the military service. He entered the Royal Cavalry -Regiment; he then joined the diplomatic service, and accompanied the -Comte de La Luzerne to London, where he met André Chénier[152]; he was -on the point of obtaining the Vienna Embassy, when our troubles broke -out. He asked for Constantinople, but found a formidable competitor -in Mirabeau, who had been promised this embassy as the price of his -alliance with the Court party. My brother had therefore almost taken -leave of Combourg at the time when I came to live there. - -My father entrenched himself in his manor, which he never left, not -even to attend the sittings of the States[153]. My mother went to -Saint-Malo for six weeks in every year, at Eastertide; she looked -forward to that time as the period of her deliverance, for she detested -Combourg. A month before the journey, it was discussed as though -it were a hazardous enterprise; preparations were made; the horses -were rested. On the eve of departure, we went to bed at seven in the -evening, in order to get up at two o'clock in the morning. My mother, -to her great contentment, set out at three, and occupied the whole day -in covering twelve leagues. - -[Sidenote: I am sent to Dinan College.] - -Lucile, who had been received as a canoness to the Chapter of the -Argentière, was about to be transferred to that of Remiremont: while -awaiting this change, she remained buried in the country. As for -myself, after my escapade from Brest, I declared my wish to embrace -the ecclesiastical state: the truth is that I was only seeking to gain -time, for I did not know what I wished. I was sent to the college at -Dinan to complete my humanities. I knew Latin better than my masters; -but I began to learn Hebrew. The Abbé de Rouillac was the principal of -the college, and the Abbé Duhamel my tutor. - -Dinan, adorned with old trees, fortified with old towers, is built -upon a picturesque site, on a high hill at the foot of which flows the -tidal Rance, and overlooks sloping and pleasantly-wooded valleys. The -mineral waters of Dinan have some renown. This historic city, which -gave birth to Duclos[154], displayed among its antiquities the heart of -Du Guesclin: an heroic dust which, stolen during the Revolution, was on -the point of being pounded by a glazier to be used for paint. Was it -intended for pictures of victories won over the enemies of the country? - -M. Broussais, my fellow-townsman, became my fellow-student at Dinan. -The students were taken to bathe on Thursdays, like the clerks under -Pope Adrian I., or on Sundays, like the prisoners under the Emperor -Honorius. Once I was nearly drowned; on another occasion, M. Broussais -was bitten by ungrateful leeches, which failed to foresee the -future[155]. Dinan was at an equal distance from Combourg and Plancoët. -I visited my uncle de Bedée at Monchoix and my own family at Combourg -by turns. - -M. de Chateaubriand, who found it cheaper to keep me at home, my -mother, who wished me to persist in my religious vocation, but who -would have scrupled to urge me, no longer insisted upon my residence -at college, and I found myself imperceptibly settling down under the -paternal roof. - -I should take pleasure in recalling the habits of my parents even if -they were no more to me than a touching remembrance; but I reproduce -them the more readily in that the picture will appear as though traced -from the vignettes in mediæval manuscripts: centuries separate the -present days from those which I am about to depict. - -* - -On my return from Brest the gentry at Combourg Castle consisted -of four: my father, my mother, my sister, and me. A woman-cook, a -waiting-maid, two footmen and a coachman composed the whole household: -two old mares and a sporting-dog were huddled in a corner of the -stable. These twelve living beings were lost to sight in a manor-house -where a hundred knights, their ladies, squires, and varlets, and King -Dagobert's chargers and pack might almost have gone unnoticed. - -All through the year, not a visitor presented himself at the castle, -save a few gentlemen, the Marquis de Montlouet[156], the Comte de -Goyon-Beaufort[157], who begged a night's lodging on their way to plead -their suits before the Parliament. They used to arrive in winter, on -horseback, with pistols in their saddle-bows, hunting-knives at their -sides, and followed by a servant, also on horseback, with a livery -trunk behind him. - -[Sidenote: Visitors to Combourg.] - -My father, always very ceremonious, received them bareheaded on the -steps, in the midst of the wind and rain. Once inside the house, the -country gentlemen would talk of their Hanoverian campaigns, their -family affairs, their law-suits. At night they were conducted to the -North Tower, to Queen Christina's bed-chamber, a state-room containing -a bed seven feet by seven, hung with a double set of curtains in green -muslin and crimson silk, and held up by four gilt Cupids. The next -morning, when I came down to the great hall and looked out through -the windows upon the country covered with floods or hoar-frost, I saw -nothing except two or three travelers on the lonely embankment of the -pond: it was our guests riding away to Rennes. - -These visitors did not know much about the things of life; nevertheless -our view was by their means extended a few miles beyond the horizon of -our woods. When they were gone, we were reduced on week-days to our -family circle, and on Sundays to the company of the village commoners -and the neighboring gentry. - -On Sundays, in fine weather, my mother, Lucile, and I went to the -parish church across the Little Mall and along a country road; when it -rained, we went by the abominable Combourg High Street. We were not -carried, like the Abbé de Marolles[158], in a light chariot drawn by -four white horses, captured from the Turks in Hungary. My father went -but once a year to the parish church to perform his Easter duties; the -rest of the year he heard Mass in the castle chapel. Seated in the -pew of the lord of the manor, we received the incense and the prayers -in front of the black marble sepulchre of Renée de Rohan: a symbol of -mortal honors; a few grains of incense before a tomb! - -Our Sunday diversions vanished with the day; they did not even recur -regularly. During the bad weather, entire months would pass and not a -single human being knock at the gate of our fortress. The sadness was -great that hung over the moors of Combourg, but greater still at the -castle: as one made his way beneath its vaultings, he experienced the -same feeling as on entering the Carthusian Monastery at Grenoble[159]. -When I visited the latter in 1805, I crossed a wilderness which -increased in desolation as I went; I thought it would end at the -monastery, but I was shown, within the very convent walls, the gardens -of the Carthusian Friars even more neglected than the woods. And -at length, in the centre of the monument, I found, shrouded in the -folds of all this solitude, the former graveyard of the community, a -sanctuary from which eternal silence, the genius of the place, spread -its dominion over the mountains and forests around. - -[Sidenote: Life at Combourg Castle.] - -The gloomy stillness of Combourg Castle was increased by my father's -taciturn and unsocial humour. Instead of drawing his family and his -retainers closer to him, he had dispersed them to all the winds of -the building. His bedroom was in the small east tower, his study in -the small west tower. The furniture of this study consisted of three -chairs in black leather and a table covered with parchments and -title-deeds. A genealogical tree of the Chateaubriand family adorned -the chimney-mantel, and in the embrasure of a window hung arms of -all sorts, from a pistol to a blunderbuss. My mother's room extended -over the great hall, between the two small towers; it had a parqueted -flooring and was adorned with faceted Venetian mirrors. My sister -occupied a closet leading out of my mother's room. The waiting-maid -slept far away, on the ground floor between the two great towers. -Myself, I was nestled in a sort of isolated cell at the top of the -turret containing the staircase which led from the inner yard to the -different parts of the castle. At the foot of this staircase, my -father's valet and the other man-servant lay in a vaulted basement, and -the cook kept garrison in the great west tower. - -My father rose at four o'clock in the morning, winter and summer alike: -he went to the inner yard to call and wake his valet at the entrance -to the turret staircase. A cup of coffee was brought to him at five; -he then worked in his study till midday. My mother and sister each -breakfasted in her own chamber at eight o'clock. I had no fixed time -for rising or breakfasting; I was supposed to study till noon: the -greater part of the time I did nothing. - -At half-past eleven, the bell rang for dinner, which was served at -twelve. The great hall did duty as both dining-room and drawing-room: -we dined and supped at one end, on the east side; when the meal was -over, we went and sat at the other end, the west side, before a huge -chimney. The hall was wainscoted, painted whity-grey, and adorned with -old portraits ranging from the reign of François I. to that of Louis -XIV. Among these portraits one recognized those of Condé and Turenne: a -picture representing Achilles slaying Hector beneath the walls of Troy -hung over the chimney-piece. - -After dinner we remained together until two o'clock. Then, if it was -summer, my father went fishing, visited his kitchen-gardens, walked -within the limits of the home park; in the autumn and winter he went -shooting. My mother withdrew to the chapel, where she spent some hours -in prayer. This chapel was a gloomy oratory, adorned with fine pictures -by the greatest masters, such as one would scarcely expect to find in a -feudal castle in the heart of Brittany. I still have in my possession -a Holy Family by Albani, painted on copper, which was taken from this -chapel: it is all that remains to me of Combourg. When my father had -left the house and my mother gone to her prayers, Lucile withdrew to -her room and I either returned to my cell or went out to roam about the -country. - -At eight o'clock the bell rang for supper. After supper, in fine -weather, we sat out on the steps. My father, armed with his gun, shot -at the brown owls which issued from the battlements at nightfall. My -mother, Lucile and I watched the sky, the woods, the dying rays of the -sun, the rising stars. At ten o'clock we went in and retired to bed. - -The autumn and winter evenings were different. Supper over, the four of -us would leave the table and gather round the chimney. My mother flung -herself, with a sigh, upon an old couch covered in imitation Siam; a -stand was put before her with a candle. I sat down with Lucile by the -fire; the servants cleared the table and withdrew. My father then began -a tramp which lasted till he went to bed. He was dressed in a white -ratteen gown, or rather a kind of cloak, which I have seen no one wear -except him. His half-bald head was covered with a big white cap that -stood straight up on end. When he walked away to a distance from the -fire-place, the huge hall was so badly lighted by its solitary candle -that he was no longer visible; we could only hear him still walking -in the darkness: then he would slowly return towards the light and -gradually emerge from the dusk, like a ghost, with his white gown, his -white cap, his long pale face. Lucile and I exchanged a few words in -a low voice when he was at the other end of the hall; we hushed when -he drew nearer to us. He asked, as he passed, "What were you talking -about?" Terror-stricken, we made no reply; he continued his walk. For -the rest of the evening, the ear heard nothing save the measured sound -of his steps, my mother's sighs, and the murmuring of the wind[160]. - -The hour of ten struck on the castle clock: my father stopped; the -same spring which had raised the hammer of the clock seemed to have -arrested his steps. He drew out his watch, wound it, took a great -silver candle-stick holding a tall candle, went for a moment to the -small west tower, then returned, candle in hand, and went towards -his bedroom, which formed part of the small east tower. Lucile and I -placed ourselves on his way; we kissed him and wished him good-night. -He turned his dry, hollow cheek to us without replying, continued -his road, and withdrew inside the tower, the doors of which we heard -closing behind him. - -The spell was broken: my mother, my sister and myself, who had been -changed into statues by my father's presence, recovered the functions -of life. The first effect of our disenchantment took the form of an -overflow of words: silence was made to pay us dear for having so -long oppressed us. When this torrent of words had sped, I called the -waiting-woman and escorted my mother and sister to their rooms. Before -I went, they made me look under the beds, up the chimneys, behind the -doors, and inspect the surrounding stairs, passages and corridors. All -the traditions of the castle concerning robbers and ghosts returned -to their memory. The servants were persuaded that a certain Comte -de Combourg, with a wooden leg, who had been dead three centuries, -appeared at certain intervals, and that he had been seen in the great -staircase of the turret; sometimes also his wooden leg walked alone, -accompanied by a black cat. - -These stories took up the whole of the time occupied by my mother and -sister in preparing for the night: they got into bed dying of fright; I -climbed to the top of my turret; the cook returned to the main tower, -and the men went down to their basement. - -[Sidenote: My lonely nights.] - -The window of my donjon opened upon the inner courtyard; by day I had a -view of the battlements of the curtain opposite, where hart's-tongues -grew and a wild plum-tree. Some martins, which in summer buried -themselves, screeching, in the holes in the walls, were my sole -companions. At night I could see only a small strip of sky and a few -stars. When the moon shone and sank in the east, I knew it by the beams -which struck my bed across the lozenged window-panes. Owls, flitting -from one tower to the other, passed and passed again between the moon -and me, outlining the mobile shadow of their wings upon my curtains. -Banished to the loneliest part, at the opening of the galleries, I -lost not a murmur of the darkness. Sometimes the wind seemed to trip -with light steps; sometimes it uttered wailings; suddenly my door was -violently shaken, groans issued from the basement, and then these -sounds would die away, only to commence anew. At four o'clock in the -morning, the voice of the master of the castle, calling the footman at -the entrance to the venerable vaults, made itself heard like the voice -of the last phantom of the night. This voice supplied for me the place -of the sweet harmony with the sound of which Montaigne's father was -wont to awaken his son[161]. - -The Comte de Chateaubriand's stubbornness in making a child sleep alone -at the top of a tower might have had its inconvenience, but it turned -out to my advantage. This violent manner of treatment left me with -the courage of a man, without taking from me that vivid imagination -of which it is nowadays the tendency to deprive the young. Instead of -seeking to persuade me that ghosts did not exist, they obliged me to -set them at defiance. When my father asked me, with an ironical smile, -"Is monsieur le chevalier afraid?" he could have made me sleep with -a corpse. When my excellent mother said, "My child, nothing happens -without God's leave; you have nothing to fear from evil spirits so -long as you remain a good Christian," I was more reassured than by -all the arguments of philosophy. So complete was my success, that the -night winds, in my uninhabited tower, served but as playthings for my -fancies and wings for my dreams. My imagination, thus kindled, spread -over every object, found nowhere sufficient nourishment, and could have -devoured heaven and earth. It is this moral condition which it is now -my task to describe. Immersed once more in the days of my youth, I will -try to grasp myself in the past, to depict myself such as I was, such -as perhaps I regret that I no longer am, despite the torments which I -then endured. - -* - -Scarcely had I returned from Brest to Combourg when a revolution took -place in my existence; the child vanished and there appeared the man, -with his joys which pass and his troubles which remain. At first all -became passion with me, pending the arrival of the passions themselves. -When, after a silent dinner, at which I had dared neither to eat nor -speak, I succeeded in escaping, my delight was incredible. I could not -descend the steps then and there: I should have flung myself headlong. -I was obliged to sit upon one of the steps to allow my excitement to -subside; but so soon as I had reached the Cour Verte and the woods, I -began to run, to leap, to bound, to skip, to rejoice until I fell down -exhausted, panting, drunk with frolic and liberty. - -My father took me with him shooting. I was seized with the taste for -sport, and carried it to excess; I still see the field where I killed -my first hare. Often, in autumn, I have stood for four or five hours -to my waist in water, waiting at the edge of a pond for wild-duck; to -this very day I lose my composure when I see a dog point. Nevertheless, -my first ardor for sport was built upon a basis of independence; to -leap ditches, to tramp over fields, marshes, moors, to find myself -with a gun in an unfrequented spot, alone and powerful, all this was -my natural manner of being. When out shooting, I would go so far that -I had not the strength to walk back, and the keepers were obliged to -carry me on twisted branches. - -However, the pleasures of the chase no longer satisfied me; I was -fretted with a longing for happiness which I could neither control nor -understand; my mind and my heart ended by forming as it were two empty -temples, without altars or sacrifices; it was not yet known which god -would be worshipped there. I grew up by the side of my sister Lucile: -our friendship was all our life. - -* - -Lucile was tall and endowed with remarkable, but serious, beauty. Her -pale features were shaded with long black tresses; she often fixed her -eyes on heaven or cast looks around her full of sadness or fire. Her -gait, her voice, her smile, her expression showed something pensive and -suffering. - -[Sidenote: Lucile.] - -Lucile and I were mutually useless. When we spoke of the world, it was -of that which we carried within ourselves, a world very unlike the true -world. She saw in me her protector, I in her my friend. She was seized -with gloomy fits of thought which I had difficulty in dispelling: at -the age of seventeen she bewailed the loss of her youth; she wished to -bury herself in a convent. Everything to her was a care, a sorrow, a -hurt: an expression she sought for, an illusion she entertained would -torment her for months on end. I have often seen her, with one arm -thrown over her head, dream without life or movement; the life that was -in her ebbed to her heart, and ceased to show itself without; her very -bosom no longer heaved. Her attitude, her melancholy, her beauty gave -her the air of a funeral Genius. I then endeavored to console her, and -the next moment was myself plunged in inexplicable despair. - -Lucile liked to read some pious book, in the evening, alone: her -favourite oratory was the junction of two country-roads, marked by a -stone cross and a poplar-tree, whose long stylus rose into the sky like -a pencil. My mother, devout and quite charmed, said that her daughter -reminded her of a Christian of the primitive Church, praying at the -stations called _Lauræ._ - -My sister's concentration of mind gave birth to extraordinary -intellectual effects: in her sleep, she dreamt prophetic dreams; -waking, she seemed to read the future. A clock ticked upon a landing of -the staircase in the main tower, and struck the hours amid the silence. -Lucile, when unable to sleep, would go to sit upon a stair opposite -the clock and watch its face by the light of her lamp placed upon the -ground. When the two hands met at midnight and in their formidable -conjunction engendered the hour of disorder and crime, Lucile heard -sounds which revealed distant deaths to her. She was in Paris a few -days before the 10th of August, staying with my other sisters near the -Carmelite Convent, and casting her eyes upon a mirror, she gave a cry, -and said, "I have just seen Death come in." On the moors of Scotland, -Lucile would have been one of the celestial women of Walter Scott, -gifted with second sight; on the moors of Brittany, she was no more -than a lonely creature favoured with beauty, genius and misfortune. - -* - -The life which my sister and I led at Combourg heightened the -exaltation natural to our age and character. Our chief pastime was -to walk side by side in the Great Mall, in spring on a carpet of -primroses, in autumn on a bed of dead leaves, in winter on a sheet -of snow edged by the footprints of birds, squirrels, and weazels. -We were young as the primroses, sad as the dead leaves, pure as the -newly-fallen snow: our recreations were in harmony with ourselves. - -It was during one of these walks that Lucile, hearing me speak -rapturously of solitude, said, "You ought to write all that down." -These words revealed the muse to me; a divine inspiration passed over -me. I began to lisp verses, as though it were my natural language; day -and night I sang my pleasures, in other words my valleys and my woods; -I wrote a multitude of little idylls or pictures of nature[162]. I -wrote in verse long before writing in prose: M. de Fontanes used to -maintain that I had received both instruments. - -Did this talent which friendship foresaw for me ever really come to me? -How many things have I awaited in vain! In the _Agamemnon_ of Æschylus, -a slave is placed as sentry on the roof of the palace of Argos; his -eyes seek to discern the concerted signal for the return of the ships; -he sings to while away his vigils, but the hours speed by and the stars -set, and the torch does not shine forth. When, after many years, its -tardy light appears upon the billows, the slave is bent beneath the -weight of time; there is naught left for him but to reap misfortunes, -and the chorus says to him that "an old man is a shadow that wanders by -day." - - Οναρ ἡμερόϕαντον ἀλαίνει - -Under the first spell of my inspiration, I engaged Lucile to do as I -did. We spent days in mutual consultation, in communicating to each -other what we had done and what we proposed to do. We undertook works -in common; guided by our instincts, we translated the finest and -saddest passages in Job and Lucretius upon life: the _Tædet animam -meam vitæ meæ_[163], the _Homo natus de muliere_[164], the _Tum porro -puer, ut sævis projectus ab undis navita_[165], and so forth. -Lucile's thoughts were sheer feeling; they issued with difficulty from -her soul; but when she succeeded in expressing them, there was nothing -higher. She has left some thirty pages in manuscript; it is impossible -to read them without profound emotion. The elegance, the suavity, -the dreaminess, the passionate tenderness of these pages present a -combination of the Greek and German genius[166]. - -* - -[Sidenote: Lucile's manuscript.] - -My brother sometimes vouchsafed to spend a few moments with the -hermits of Combourg. He was in the habit of bringing with him a young -counsellor of the Parliament of Brittany, M. de Malfilatre[167], -cousin to the unfortunate poet of the same name[168]. I believe that, -unknown to herself, Lucile felt a secret passion for this friend of -my brother's, and that this stifled passion lay at the root of my -sister's melancholy. She possessed, moreover, Rousseau's folly without -his pride: she thought that everybody was in a conspiracy against her. -She came to Paris in 1789, accompanied by her sister Julie, whose loss -she deplored with an affection tinged with the sublime. All who knew -her admired her, from M. de Malesherbes to Chamfort[169]. Thrown into -the revolutionary crypts at Rennes[170], she was on the point of being -imprisoned at Combourg Castle, which had been turned into a gaol during -the Terror. After her release from prison, she married M. de Caud[171], -who left her a widow within a year. I met the friend of my childhood -on my return from my emigration: I will tell how she disappeared, when -it pleased God to afflict me. - -* - -I have returned from Montboissier, and these are the last lines that I -shall trace in my hermitage; I have to leave it, filled with the tall -striplings which already hide and crown their father in their close -ranks. I shall not see again the magnolia which promised its blossom -to the tomb of my fair Floridan, the Jerusalem pine-tree and the cedar -of Lebanon consecrated to the memory of Jerome, the laurel of Granada, -the Greek plane-tree, the Armorican oak, at whose feet I drew Blanca, -sang Cymodocée, invented Velléda. These trees were born and grew with -my dreams, of which they were the hamadryads. They are about to pass -under another's sway: will their new master love them as I have loved -them? He will allow them to wither, he will cut them down perhaps: I am -doomed to keep nothing upon this earth. While bidding farewell to the -woods of Aulnay I shall recall the farewell which long ago I bade to -the woods of Combourg: my days are all farewells. - -* - -The taste for poetry with which Lucile had inspired me was as fuel -added to the flames. My sensations gathered new strength; vain thoughts -of fame passed through my mind; for a moment I believed in my "talent," -but soon recovered a proper mistrust of my own powers, and began to -entertain doubts of that talent, as I have always done. I looked upon -my work as a temptation of the Evil One; I was angry with Lucile for -arousing an unfortunate propensity within me: I ceased writing and -began to mourn my future glory as one might mourn his glory that is -past. - -Returning to my former state of idleness, I felt more strongly what was -lacking to my youth: I was a mystery to myself. I could not see a woman -without feeling confused; I blushed if she spoke to me. My shyness, -already excessive with people in general, became so great in the -presence of a woman that I would have preferred any torture to that of -being left alone with her: no sooner was she gone than I recalled her -with all my wishes. The descriptions of Virgil, Tibullus and Massillon, -it is true, presented themselves to my memory; but the image of my -mother and sister covered all with its purity and made thicker the -veils which nature sought to raise: my filial and brotherly affection -deceived me with respect to an affection less disinterested. Had the -loveliest slaves of the seraglio been handed over to me, I should not -have known what to ask of them. Chance enlightened me. - -A neighbor of the Combourg domain came to spend a few days at the -castle with his wife, a very pretty woman. Something, I know not what, -happened in the village; we ran to one of the windows of the hall to -look. I reached the window first, the fair visitor followed close upon -my heels, I turned to give her my place. Involuntarily she obstructed -my way, and I felt myself pressed between her and the window. I was no -longer conscious of what was happening around me. - -[Sidenote: Vague longings.] - -From that moment I was aware that to love and be loved in a manner -unknown to me must be the supreme happiness. Had I done what other men -do, I should soon have become acquainted with the pains and pleasures -of the passion whose germs I bore within me; but everything in me -assumed an extraordinary character. The ardor of my imagination, my -shyness, the solitude in which I lived caused me, rather than rush -out of doors, to fall back upon myself; for want of a real object, I -evoked, by the strength of my vague longings, a phantom which never -left my side. I do not know whether the history of the human heart -offers another instance of this nature. - -* - -And so I built up a woman out of all the women whom I had seen: she -had the figure, the hair, the smile of the stranger who had pressed -me to her bosom; I gave her the eyes of one of the young girls of the -Village, the complexion of another. The portraits of the fine ladies -of the time of François I., Henry IV. and Louis XIV. which adorned -the drawing-room supplied me with other features, and I even borrowed -graces from the pictures of the Virgins that hung upon the church walls. - -This invisible charmer accompanied me wherever I went; I communed -with her as with a real being; she varied in the measure of my folly: -Aphrodite unveiled; Diana clad in the dew and the blue of heaven; -Thalia with her laughing mask; Hebe bearing the cup of youth; sometimes -she became a fairy who laid nature at my feet. I touched and retouched -my canvas; I took one attraction from my beauty to replace it with -another. I also changed her finery; I borrowed it from every country, -every century, every art, every religion. Then, when I had completed -a masterpiece, I dispersed my drawings and paints again; my one woman -turned into a crowd of women in whom I idolized separately the charms -I had adored when united. - -Pygmalion was less enamored of his statue: my difficulty was how to -please mine. Recognizing in myself none of the qualities calculated -to awaken love, I lavished upon myself all that I lacked. I rode -like Castor and Pollux; I played the lyre like Apollo; Mars wielded -his arms with less power and skill: a hero of romance or history, I -heaped fictitious adventures on fiction itself! The shades of Morven's -daughters, the sultanas of Bagdad and Granada, the ladies of the -castles of olden time; baths, perfumes, dances, Asiatic delights were -all borne to me by a magic wand. - -See this young queen coming, decked in diamonds and flowers (it -was still my sylph): she fetches me at midnight, across gardens of -orange-trees, in the galleries of a palace bathed by the waves of the -sea, on the balmy shore of Naples or Messina, beneath a sky of love -pierced by the light of Endymion's star; she advances, an animated -statue by Praxiteles, amidst motionless statues, pale pictures and -frescoes white and silent in the moonlight: the soft sound of her -progress over the marble mosaic mingles with the imperceptible murmurs -of the deep. The royal jealousy encompasses us. I fall at the knees of -the sovereign of Enna's plains; the silk waves from her loosened diadem -fall caressingly upon my brow as she bends her girlish head over my -face, and her hands rest upon my breast, throbbing with respect and -with desire. - -On emerging from these dreams, when I found myself once more a poor -little obscure Breton lad, without fame, beauty, or talents, who would -attract the looks of none, who would pass unknown, whom no woman would -ever love, I was seized with despair: I no longer dared lift my eyes to -the dazzling image I had attached to my steps. - -This delirium lasted two whole years, during which the faculties of my -soul attained the loftiest pitch of exaltation. I used to speak little, -I now spoke not at all; I used still to study, I flung my books aside; -my taste for solitude redoubled. I had all the symptoms of a violent -passion: my eyes grew hollow; I fell away; I could not sleep; I was -absent, melancholy, ardent, fierce. My days slipped by in a manner that -was wild, odd, insensate, and yet full of delights. - -To the north of the castle stretched a waste land strewn with druidical -stones; I would go and sit upon one of these stones at sunset. The -gilded summit of the woods, the splendor of the earth, the evening -star twinkling through the rosy clouds brought me back to my dreams: -I longed to enjoy this sight with the ideal object of my desires. I -followed in thought the luminary of the day; I gave him my beauty to -escort, so that he might present her all radiant with himself to the -homage of the universe. The evening breeze shattering the web woven by -insects upon the tips of the blades of grass, the field-lark alighting -upon a pebble recalled me to reality: I turned my steps back to the -castle, with heart oppressed and downcast face. - -[Sidenote: The Sylph of my dreams.] - -On stormy days in summer, I climbed to the top of the great west -tower. The thunder roaring beneath the castle lofts, the torrents of -rain which fell dashing upon the cone-shaped roof of the towers, the -lightning which furrowed the clouds and marked the brass weathercocks -with its electric flame aroused my enthusiasm: like Ismen on the -ramparts of Jerusalem, I invoked the thunder, I hoped that it would -bring Armida to me. - -If the sky was clear, I crossed the Great Mall, around which lay -meadows divided by hedges of willow-trees. In one of these willows, I -had contrived a seat, like a nest: here, isolated between heaven and -earth, I spent hours with the singing birds; my nymph was by my side. I -also associated her image with the beauty of those spring nights filled -with the freshness of the dew, the sighs of the nightingale and the -murmuring of the breeze. - -At other times I followed a deserted path, a stream adorned with -its river-side plants; I listened to the sounds that issued from -unfrequented parts; I lent an ear to every tree; I thought I heard -the moonlight singing in the woods: I tried to tell these pleasures, -and the words died upon my lips. I know not how I found my goddess -again in the accents of a voice, the vibration of a harp, the velvety -or liquid sounds of a horn or an harmonica. It would take too long to -describe the fine journeys I took with my flower of love; how, hand -in hand, we visited famous ruins, Venice, Rome, Athens, Jerusalem, -Memphis, Carthage; how we crossed the seas; how we asked happiness of -the palm-trees of Otaheite, of the scented groves of Timor and Amboyna; -how, on the summit of the Himalayas, we went to wake the dawn; how we -descended the sacred rivers whose spreading waves encircle gilt-domed -pagodas; how we slept on the banks of the Ganges, while the Bengali, -perched on the mast of a bamboo wherry, sang his Hindoo boat-song. -Earth and Heaven no longer existed for me; above all, I forgot the -latter; but though it no longer received my prayers, it heard the -voice of my secret misery: for I suffered, and sufferings pray. - -* - -The sadder the season, the greater its harmony with myself; the time of -hoar-frost makes communication less easy and isolates those who dwell -in country-places: one feels more beyond the reach of men. - -A moral character clings to autumn scenery: those leaves which fall -like our years, those flowers which fade like our days, those clouds -which fleet like our illusions, that light which fails like our -intelligence, that sun which cools like our love, those streams which -freeze like our life bear a secret relation to our destinies. - -I beheld with ineffable pleasure the return of the season of storms, -the passing of the swans and the ring-doves, the muster of the crows -on the pond field, and their perching at nightfall on the tallest -oaks in the Great Mall. When the evening raised a bluish vapor in the -cross-roads of the forest, and the plaintive lays of the wind moaned -in the withered moss, I entered into full possession of the sympathies -of my nature. If I met some ploughman at the end of a field, I stopped -to look at that man who had shot up in the shadow of the wheat with -which he was to be reaped, and who, turning over the earth of his tomb -with the plough-share, mingled his burning sweat with the icy rains of -autumn: the furrow which he dug was the monument intended to outlive -him. What did my elegant dæmon then do? By means of her magic, she -wafted me to the banks of the Nile, and showed me the Egyptian pyramid -sunk beneath the dust, as one day the Armorican furrow would lie hidden -beneath the heather: I congratulated myself on having placed the fables -of my felicity beyond the circle of human realities. - -In the evening I embarked upon the pond, and, alone in my boat, rowed -amidst the rushes and the broad floating leaves of the water-lilies. -Overhead was the meeting-place of the swallows preparing to quit -our climes. Not one of their twitterings did I lose; the child -Tavernier[172] followed less closely the traveller's tale. They played -on the water at sundown, chased the flies, darted together into the -air, as though to test their wings, dropped down upon the surface of -the lake, and then perched upon the reeds, which scarcely bent beneath -their weight, and which were filled with their warbling turmoil. - -Night fell; the reeds shook their fields of swords and distaves, among -which the feathered caravan of moor-fowl, teal, kingfishers, snipe -lay silent; the lake washed against its shores; the loud voices of -autumn issued from the woods and marshes; I ran my boat aground and -returned to the castle. Ten o'clock struck. I went to my room, and at -once opened the windows, fixed my eyes upon the sky, and commenced an -incantation. In company with my witch I mounted the clouds: enveloped -in her tresses and her veil, I was swept along by the tempest, shaking -the forest-tops, hustling the mountain-summits, whirling upon the seas. -I plunged into space, I dropped from the Throne of God to the gates of -the abyss, and the worlds were surrendered to the power of my love. -Amid the disorder of the elements, I frenzically wedded the idea of -danger to that of pleasure. The breath of the north wind brought to me -but the sighs of voluptuousness; the murmur of the rain summoned me -to sleep upon a woman's breast. The words which I addressed to that -woman would have revived the senses of old age and warmed the marble -of the tombs. Nothing-knowing and all-knowing, at once maid and lover, -Eve before and after the fall, the enchantress from whom I derived my -madness was a commixture of mystery and passion: I placed her on an -altar and worshipped her. The pride of being loved by her yet further -increased my love. When she walked, I prostrated myself to be trod -beneath her feet or kiss their traces. I grew confused at her smile; I -trembled at the sound of her voice; I thrilled with desire if I touched -what she had touched. The air exhaled from her moist mouth penetrated -into the marrow of my bones, coursed through my veins instead of blood. -At a look from her I would have flown to the ends of the earth: a -desert would have sufficed me with her! With her at my side, the lions' -den would have changed into a palace, and millions of centuries would -have been too short to exhaust the fires with which I felt myself -consumed. - -[Sidenote: Nocturnal incantations.] - -To this madness was added a moral idolatry: by a further play of my -imagination, the Phryne that clasped me in her arms also represented -glory to me and, above all, honour; virtue performing its noblest -sacrifices, genius conceiving the rarest thoughts would scarcely give -an idea of this other kind of happiness. I found at one and the same -time in my marvelous creation all the blandishments of the senses and -all the joys of the soul. Overwhelmed and as it were submerged beneath -these dual delights, I no longer knew which was my true existence: I -was a man and was not a man; I became cloud, wind, sound; I was a -pure spirit, a creature of the air, singing the sovereign felicity. -I divested myself of my nature to become one with the maiden of my -desires, to be transmuted into her, to touch beauty more closely, to -be at once passion given and received, love and the object of love. -Suddenly, struck with my madness, I flung myself upon my couch; I -rolled myself in my grief; I watered my pillow with scalding tears -which none saw, piteous tears which flowed for a nonexistent thing. - -* - -Soon, no longer able to remain in my tower, I climbed down through -the darkness, furtively opened the door leading to the steps, like -a murderer, and went to wander in the great wood. After walking at -random, waving my hands, embracing the winds which escaped me like -the shadow, the object of my pursuit, I leant against the trunk of -a beech-tree; I watched the crows which I made fly from one tree to -settle on another, or the moon lingering over the unclothed summits -of the forest: I would have liked to inhabit this dead world, which -reflected the pallor of the tomb. I felt neither the cold nor the -dampness of the night; not even the icy breath of dawn would have drawn -me from the depth of my thoughts, if at that hour the village bell had -not made itself heard. - -In most of the villages of Brittany, it is the custom at daybreak to -toll the bell for the dead. The peal consists of three repeated notes, -which give a monotonous, melancholy, rustic little tune. Nothing suited -my sick and wounded soul better than to be recalled to the tribulations -of existence by the bell which announced its end. I pictured to myself -the herdsman expiring in his unknown hut, and laid in a graveyard no -less unknown. What had he come to do in the world? And I, what was I -doing in this world? Since I should have to go at last, was it not -better to depart in the cool of morning, to arrive early, than to -complete the journey beneath the weight and in the heat of day? The -blush of longing mantled on my face; the idea of ceasing to exist took -possession of my heart in the manner of a sudden joy. At the period of -the errors of my youth, I often hoped not to outlive happiness: there -lay in the first success a measure of felicity that led me to aspire to -destruction. - -Bound ever more closely to my phantom, unable to enjoy what did not -exist, I was like those mutilated men who contemplate a state of bliss -to them unattainable and conjure up dreams whose pleasures rival the -tortures of hell. I had, moreover, a presentiment of the misery of my -future lot; ingenious in the fabrication of sufferings, I had placed -myself between two forms of despair: sometimes I thought myself a mere -nullity, incapable of rising above the vulgar herd; sometimes I seemed -to feel within myself qualities which would never be appreciated. A -secret instinct warned me that, as I moved onward through the world, I -should find no part of that which I sought. - -Everything furnished food for the bitterness of my disgust: Lucile -was unhappy; my mother did not console me; my father made me feel the -terrors of life. His moroseness increased with years; old age stiffened -his soul as it did his body; he constantly spied upon me to chide me. -When I returned from my wild rounds and saw him sitting on the steps, -one might have killed me rather than make me enter the castle. Yet this -but postponed my torture: obliged as I was to appear at supper, I sat -down sheepishly upon the edge of my chair, my cheeks wet with the rain, -my hair entangled. I sat motionless beneath my father's glances, and -the perspiration stood upon my brow: the last glimmer of reason escaped -me. - -[Sidenote: I attempt my life.] - -I now come to a moment when I shall need some strength to confess my -weakness. The man who attempts to take his own life displays less -the vigor of his soul than the exhaustion of his nature. I owned a -fowling-piece whose worn trigger often went off when uncocked. I loaded -this gun with three bullets, and went to a remote part of the Great -Mall. I cocked the gun, placed the muzzle of the barrel in my mouth, -and struck the butt-end against the ground; I several times repeated -the ordeal; the charge did not go off; the appearance of a keeper -stopped my resolve. Involuntary and unconscious fatalist that I was, -I presumed that my hour had not come, and I deferred the execution of -my project to another day. Had I killed myself, all that I have been -would have been buried with me; none would have known of the history -that led to my catastrophe; I should have swelled the crowd of nameless -unfortunates, I should not have let myself be followed by the traces of -my sorrows as a wounded man is followed by the traces of his blood. - -Those who might be troubled by these descriptions and tempted to -imitate these follies, those who might attach themselves to my memory -through my illusions, must remember that they are listening only to a -dead man's voice. Reader, whom I shall never know, nothing remains: -nought is left of me save that I am in the hands of the living God who -has judged me. - -An illness, the fruits of this unruly life, put an end to the torments -which brought me the first inspirations of the Muse and the first -attacks of the passions. These passions with which my soul was -overwrought, these yet vague passions resembled the storms at sea which -rush from every point of the horizon: inexperienced pilot that I was, I -knew not in which direction to spread my sail to the uncertain winds. -My chest swelled, a fever laid hold of me; they sent to Bazouges, a -small town some five or six leagues from Combourg, for an excellent -doctor called Cheftel, whose son[173] played a part in the affair -of the Marquis de La Rouërie. He examined me attentively, ordered -remedies, and declared that it was essential that I should be removed -from my present mode of life. I lay six weeks in danger. One morning my -mother came and sat on my bed, and said: - -"It is time for you to take a decision; your brother is in a position -to obtain a benefice for you; but before going to the seminary, you -must take good counsel with yourself, for although I wish you to adopt -the ecclesiastical state, I would rather see you a man of the world -than a scandalous priest." - -Those who have read the foregoing pages will be able to judge if the -proposal of my pious mother came at a good moment. I have always, in -the more important events of my life, at once known what to avoid: -I am prompted by a movement of honor. As a priest, I struck myself -as ridiculous. As a bishop, the majesty of the sacerdotal office -overawed me, and I respectfully recoiled before the altar. Should I, -as a bishop, make efforts to acquire virtues, or content myself with -hiding my vices? I felt myself too weak to take the first course, -too candid to adopt the second. They who treat me as a hypocrite and -an ambitious man know me but little; I shall never succeed in the -world, precisely because I lack one passion and one vice: ambition and -hypocrisy. The first of these would with me be at the most a form of -injured self-love; I might sometimes wish to be a minister or king in -order to laugh at my enemies; but in twenty-four hours I should throw -my portfolio or my crown out of window. - -[Sidenote: My new career.] - -I therefore told my mother that my religious vocation was not -sufficiently strong. For the second time I changed my plans: I had -refused to become a sailor, and now I was no longer willing to be a -priest. There remained the military career, which I loved: but how -to suffer the loss of my independence and the restraint of European -discipline? I took an absurd idea into my head: I declared that I would -go to Canada and clear forests, or to India and take service in the -armies of the princes of that country. By one of those contrasts which -we perceive in all men, my father, so reasonable in other respects, was -never greatly shocked by an adventurous project. He chided my mother -for my fickleness, but decided to ship me to India. I was dispatched to -Saint-Malo, where an expedition was being fitted out for Pondicherry. - -* - -Two months elapsed: I found myself back and alone in my maternal -island. Villeneuve had just died there. I went to weep for her beside -the poor, empty bed on which she had breathed her last, and saw the -little wicker go-cart in which I had learnt to stand upright upon this -world of sorrows. I pictured my old nurse lying on her pillow and -fixing her feeble gaze upon that basket on wheels: this first memorial -of my life opposite the last memorial of the life of my second mother, -the thought of the wishes for the happiness of her nursling which the -kind Villeneuve addressed to Heaven on leaving this world, this proof -of an attachment so constant, disinterested and pure broke my heart -with tenderness, gratitude and regret. - -I found nothing else to remind me of my past at Saint-Malo: in the -harbor I sought in vain for the ships in whose rigging I had played; -they were gone or broken up; in the town, the house where I was born -had been turned into an inn. I was scarce out of my cradle, and already -a whole world had fallen into decay. I was a stranger in the parts of -my childhood; people who met me asked who I was, for the sole reason -that my head rose a few inches higher above the ground towards which -it will sink again in a few years. How rapidly and how often we change -our manner of existence and our illusions! Friends leave us, others -take their place; our ties alter: there is always a time at which we -possessed nothing of what we now possess, at which we have nothing of -what we once had. Man has not one self-same life: he has several on -end, and that is his calamity. - -* - -Henceforward friendless and alone, I explored the beach which had -borne my sand-castles: _campos ubi Troja fuit._ I walked on the shore -deserted by the sea. The strand abandoned by the rising tide offered me -the picture of those desolate places which our illusions leave around -us when they go. Abailard, my fellow-Breton[174], like myself watched -these rollers eight hundred years ago, thinking of his Héloïse; like -me, he saw some vessel speed (_ad horizontis undas_), and his ear, -like mine, was lulled with the monotone of the waves. I exposed myself -to the breakers while indulging in the baleful imaginings which I had -brought with me from the woods at Combourg. A head called Cap Lavarde -was the limit of my walks: seated at the extremity of this head, I -remembered with the bitterest reflections that these same rocks had -served to hide me as a child during the fairs; I had there gulped down -my tears, while my playmates elated themselves with joy. I felt neither -better loved nor happier than at that time. Soon I was to leave the -country of my birth to crumble away my days in various climes. These -reflections wounded me to death, and I was tempted to let myself fall -into the waves. - -A letter called me back to Combourg: I arrived, I supped with my -family, monsieur my father did not speak a word, my mother sighed, -Lucile appeared dismayed. At ten o'clock we retired. I questioned my -sister; she knew nothing. At eight o'clock the next morning I was sent -for. I went downstairs: my father was waiting for me in his study. - -"Monsieur le chevalier," he said, "you must renounce your follies. Your -brother has procured you a sub-lieutenant's commission in the Navarre -Regiment. You will go first to Rennes, and thence to Cambrai. Here are -a hundred louis: be sparing with them. I am old and ill; I have not -long to live. Conduct yourself as a good man and never disgrace your -name." - -He kissed me. I felt that severe, wrinkled face press with emotion -against mine: it was the last paternal embrace I was to receive. - -At that moment the Comte de Chateaubriand, a man so formidable in my -eyes, appeared to me only as a father most worthy of my affection. I -flung myself upon his emaciated hand and wept. He was threatened with -an approaching attack of paralysis, which brought him to the grave; his -left arm had a convulsive movement which he was obliged to check with -his right hand. He was thus holding his arm when, after giving me his -old sword, without leaving me time to recover myself, he led me to the -cabriolet which was waiting for me in the Cour Verte. He made me get in -before him. The post-boy drove off, while I with my eyes bade farewell -to my mother and sister, who dissolved into tears on the steps. - -I drove along the road by the pond; I saw the reeds of my swallows, the -mill-stream and the meadow; I cast a look at the castle. Then, like -Adam after his sin, I proceeded towards unknown ground, and "the world -was all before me[175]." - -* - -[Sidenote: Last visits to Combourg.] - -From that day I saw Combourg but three times: after my father's death -we met, in mourning, to share our inheritance and take leave of each -other. On another occasion I accompanied my mother to Combourg: she was -engaged in furnishing the castle, in expectation of the arrival of my -brother, who was to bring my sister-in-law to Brittany. My brother did -not come; he was soon, with his young wife, to receive at the hands of -the executioner a different pillow from that prepared by my mother's -hands. Lastly, I passed through Combourg a third time on my road to -Saint-Malo to embark for America. The castle was abandoned, I had to -put up at the steward's lodge. Wandering through the Great Mall, from -the bottom of a dark avenue I caught sight of the deserted steps, the -closed door and windows, and fainted away. I had difficulty in making -my way back to the village: I sent for my horses and left in the middle -of the night. - -After an absence of fifteen years, and before again leaving France on -my visit to the Holy Land, I went to Fougères to embrace what remained -of my family. I had not the courage to undertake the pilgrimage to the -fields to which the most vivid portion of my existence was attached. It -is in the woods of Combourg that I became what I am, that I began to -feel the first attacks of the weariness which I have dragged with me -through life, of the sadness which has been my torment and my felicity. -There I sought for a heart that could beat in touch with mine; there I -saw my family united only to disperse. My father there dreamt of his -name restored, of the fortunes of his house revived: another illusion -which time and the revolutions have dispelled. Of six children that we -were, we remain but three: my brother, Julie and Lucile are no more, my -mother died of grief, my father's ashes were snatched from his grave. - -If my works survive me, if I am to leave a name behind me, perhaps one -day, prompted by these Memoirs, some traveller will come to visit the -spots I have depicted. He will be able to recognize the castle; but -he will look in vain for the great wood: the cradle of my dreams has -vanished like those dreams. Left standing alone upon its rock, the -ancient keep mourns the oaks, the old friends that surrounded it and -protected it against the storm. Isolated also, I too have seen falling -around me the family which beautified my days and lent me its shelter: -fortunately my life is not built upon the earth so solidly as the -towers in which I spent my youth, nor does man offer to the tempests a -resistance so great as that of the monuments raised by his hands. - - -[147] This book was written at the Château de Montboissier (July-August -1817) and at the Vallée-aux-Loups (November 1817), and revised in -December 1846.--T. - -[148] Florio's MONTAIGNE, Booke III. chap. 5: _Of Diverting and -Diversions._--T. - -[149] In the Orléannais.--T. The castle stands in the commune of -Montboissier, canton of Bonneval, Arrondissement of Châteaudun -(Eure-et-Loire).--B. - -[150] The Comtesse de Colbert-Montboissier, grand-daughter of -Malesherbes, and daughter of the Marquis de Montboissier. In 1803 she -married Édouard Charles Victornien Comte de Colbert de Maulevrier, -who was descended from the Comte de Maulevrier, brother to the great -Colbert.--B. - -[151] Gabrielle d'Estrées (_circa_ 1565-1599), mistress to Henry IV., -who created her Duchesse de Beaufort--T. - -[152] André de Chénier (1762-1794), son of the French Consul at -Constantinople, and elder brother of the better-known Marie Joseph -de Chénier. A poet of some merit, and a courageous antagonist of the -Revolution.--T. He was a secretary at the London Embassy when M. de La -Luzerne took it over in 1788.--B. - -[153] The States of Brittany, which held their sittings at Rennes.--T. - -[154] Charles Pineau Duclos (1704-1772), historiographer of France -(1745), member of the French Academy (1747), and perpetual secretary of -that body (1755).--T. Mayor of his native city from 1744 to 1750.--B. - -[155] Broussais belonged to the school which carried the use of dieting -and leeches to excess.--T. - -[156] François Jean Raphaël de Brunes, Comte (not Marquis) de Montlouet -(1728-1787), Commissary of the States of Brittany.--B. - -[157] Luc Jean Comte de Gouyon-Beaufort (1725-1794), Knight of St -Louis. Guillotined 15 February 1794.--B. - -[158] The Abbé Michel de Marolles (1600-1681), an indifferent but -indefatigable translator, and author of some historical works, -including the Memoirs from which this reference is taken.--T. - -[159] The Grande-Chartreuse is the waste-land near Grenoble which gives -its name to the Carthusian Order.--T. - -[160] "A solitary incident would vary these evenings, which might -figure in a romance of the eleventh century. Sometimes my father would -interrupt his walk and come and sit down by the hearth to tell us -the story of his youthful distress and the crosses of his life. He -described storms and dangers, a journey in Italy, a shipwreck on the -Spanish coast. - -"He had seen Paris; he spoke of it as he might speak of a haunt of -abomination and of a foreign country. The Bretons looked upon China as -being in their neighbourhood, but Paris seemed to them the end of the -world. I eagerly listened to my father. When I heard this man who was -so hard to himself regret that he had not done enough for his family -and complain in short but bitter words of his fate, when I saw him -at the conclusion of his recital rise brusquely, wrap himself in his -cloak, and renew his tramp, first hastening his steps and then slowing -them to correspond with the movements of his heart, filial love would -fill my eyes with tears; I revolved my father's troubles in my mind, -and it seemed to me that the sufferings undergone by the author of my -days should have fallen upon me and me alone."--_Manuscript of_ 1826. - -[161] _Cf_ Florio's MONTAIGNE, Booke I. chap. 25: _Of the Institution -and Education of Children._--T. - -[162] See my Complete Works.-_Author's Note._ - -[163] JOB, X. I.--T. - -[164] JOB, XIV. I.--T. - -[165] LUCR., V. 223.--T. - -[166] I omit three short prose poems by Lucile de Chateaubriand. The -curious will find them in a volume entitled, _Lucile de Chateaubriand, -ses contes, ses poèmes, ses lettres, précédés d'une Étude sur sa vie_, -edited by M. Anatole France (Paris: 1879).--T. - -[167] Alexandre Henri de Malfilatre (1757-1803). He took orders during -the Emigration, and died at Somers Town, London.--B. - -[168] Jacques Charles Louis de Clinchamp de Malfilatre (1733-1767), a -minor poet and translator, who died of hunger and the results of his -excesses at the early age of thirty-four.--T. - -[169] Sebastien Roch Nicolas (1741-1794) adopted the name of Chamfort -on commencing his career as a poet and man of letters. He was private -secretary to the Prince de Condé, and later reader to the Princesse -Élisabeth. On the outbreak of the Revolution he joined Mirabeau's -party. In 1794 he was arrested and tried to commit suicide; he was -subsequently released, but died in a few weeks of his self-inflicted -wounds.--T. - -[170] She was arrested in December 1793, imprisoned in the Convent of -the Good Shepherd, and released in November 1794.--B. - -[171] Lieutenant-Colonel Jacques Louis René Chevalier de Caud -(1727-1797), Knight of St. Louis. He was sixty-nine years of age when -he married Lucile, then thirty-one, in August 1796; and he died seven -months later, 16 March 1797--B. - -[172] Jean Baptiste Tavernier (1605-1686), a great traveller and -linguist, and author of a famous book of Voyages in Turkey, Persia, and -India.--T. - -[173] As I advance in years, I continue to meet persons mentioned in -my Memoirs: the widow of Dr. Cheftel's son has just been admitted -to the Marie-Thérèse Infirmary; this is a further proof of my -veracity.--_Author's Note._ (Paris, 1834). - -Doubtless from pity and from gratitude to the doctor who tended him, -Chateaubriand does not describe the part played by Cheftel the Younger. -He was not content with selling the Marquis de La Rouërie's secrets: he -betrayed the very corpse of him who had been his friend. His perfidious -operations led to the revolutionary tribunal those whose plans he had -pretended to serve; and he was the cause through which three heroic -women mounted the scaffold: Thérèse de Moëlien, Madame de La Motte de -la Guyomarais, and Madame de La Fonchais, sister to André Desilles.--B. - -[174] Pierre Abailard, or Abélard (1079-1142), the hero of the Héloïse -idyll, was a native of Pallet, near Nantes, in Brittany.--T. - -[175] _Cf._ MILTON, Paradise Lost, XII., 646-647: - - "The world was all before them, where to choose - Their place of rest, and Providence their guide."--T. - - - - - -BOOK IV[176] - - -Berlin--Potsdam--Frederic the Great--My brother--My cousin -Moreau--My sister, the Comtesse de Farcy--Julie a worldly -woman--Dinner--Pommereul--Madame de Chastenay--Cambrai--The Navarre -Regiment--La Martinière--Death of my father--My regrets--Would my -father have appreciated me?--I return to Brittany--I stay with my -eldest sister--My brother sends for me to Paris--First inspiration of -the muse--My lonely life in Paris--I am presented at Versailles--I hunt -with the King--Adventure with my mare _Heureuse_ - - -It is a far cry from Combourg to Berlin, from a young dreamer to an -old ambassador. In the foregoing pages I find these words: "In how -many places have I already commenced to write these Memoirs, and in -what place shall I finish them?" Nearly four years have passed between -the date at which I wrote down the facts I have just related and that -at which I resume these Memoirs. A thousand things have happened; -a second man has shown himself in me, the politician: I care very -little for him. I have defended the liberties of France, which alone -can secure the duration of the lawful Throne. With the aid of the -_Conservateur_[177], I have set M. de Villèle in power; I have seen -the Duc de Berry die, and done honor to his memory[178]. In order to -reconcile everybody, I have gone away; I have accepted the Berlin -Embassy[179]. - -Yesterday I was at Potsdam, an ornate barrack, now void of soldiers: -I studied the mock Julian in his mock Athens. At Sans-Souci, I was -shown the table on which a great German monarch turned the maxims of -the Encyclopædists into little French verses; the room occupied by -Voltaire, decorated with carved monkeys and parrots; the mill which he -who laid provinces waste made light of respecting; the tomb of the -horse César and of the greyhounds Diane, Amourette, Biche, Superbe, and -Pax. The royal infidel took pleasure in profaning even the religion -of the tomb by raising mausoleums to his dogs; he had marked out a -burying-place near them for himself, less from contempt of mankind than -an ostentation of annihilation. - -They showed me the New Palace, already falling to pieces. In the old -palace of Potsdam, they preserve the tobacco-stains, the worn and -soiled chairs, in a word, all the traces of the renegade Prince's -uncleanliness. This place immortalizes at once the dirt of the cynic, -the impudence of the atheist, the tyranny of the despot, and the glory -of the soldier. One thing alone attracted my attention: the hands of a -clock fixed at the moment of Frederic's death; I was deceived by the -immobility of the picture: hours never stay their flight; it is not -man that stops the career of time, it is time that stops the career of -man. Besides, it matters little what part we have played in life; the -brilliancy or obscurity of our doctrines, our riches or poverty, our -joys or sorrows in no way influence the length of our days. Whether the -hands of the clock move over a golden or wooden face, whether the face -be large or small, and fill the bezel of a ring or the rose-window of a -cathedral, the hour has but one duration. - -In a vault of the Protestant church, immediately below the pulpit of -the unfrocked schismatic, I saw the coffin of the crowned sophist. The -coffin is of bronze; when you strike it, it resounds. The dragoon who -slumbers in this brassy bed would not even be roused from sleep by the -noise of his fame; he will awake only to the sound of the trumpet which -shall summon him to his last battle-field, face to face with the Lord -of Hosts. - -I had so great a need of a change of impressions that I found relief -in visiting the Marble House. The king who built it once spoke some -flattering words to me when, a poor officer, I passed through his army. -This king at least shared the ordinary failings of mankind: vulgar like -other men, he took refuge in pleasures. Do the two skeletons trouble -themselves today about the difference that once existed between them, -when one was Frederic the Great and the other Frederic William[180]? -Sans-Souci and the Marble House are both ruins without masters. - -Upon the whole, though the immensity of the events of our own time -has lessened past events, though Rosbach, Lissa, Liegnitz, Torgau are -mere skirmishes beside the battles of Marengo, Austerlitz, Jena, the -Moskowa, Frederic suffers less than other personages by comparison with -the giant enchained at St. Helena. The King of Prussia and Voltaire -are two strangely-grouped figures who will live: the second destroyed -a society with a philosophy which assisted the first in founding a -kingdom. - -The Berlin evenings are long. I occupy a house belonging to the -Duchesse de Dino[181]. My secretaries[182] leave me so soon as night -sets in. When there is no entertainment at Court for the wedding of -the Grand-Duke and Grand-Duchess Nicholas[183], I stay at home. Seated -all alone by a cheerless stove, I hear nothing save the call of the -sentry at the Brandenburg Gate and the steps on the snow of the man -who whistles the hours. How shall I spend my time? With books? I have -scarcely any. If I were to continue my Memoirs? - -* - -You last saw me on the road from Combourg to Rennes: I alighted in the -latter place at the house of one of my kinsmen. He informed me with -delight that a lady of his acquaintance, who was going to Paris, had a -seat to give away in her carriage, and that he undertook to persuade -this lady to take me with her. I accepted, cursing my kinsman's -civility as I did so. He settled the matter, and quickly presented me -to my traveling-companion, a sprightly, free-and-easy milliner, who -began to laugh when she saw me. The horses arrived at midnight and we -set out. - -[Sidenote: My first visit to Paris.] - -Behold me in a post-chaise, alone with a woman, in the middle of the -night. How was I, who had never in my life looked at a woman without -blushing, to descend from the height of my dreams to this terrifying -reality? I did not know where I was; I clung to my corner of the -carriage for fear of touching Madame Rose's gown. When she spoke to me, -I stammered without being able to reply. She had to pay the postilion, -to take everything upon herself, for I was capable of nothing. When -day broke, she looked with fresh amazement at this booby with whom she -regretted having saddled herself. - -When the aspect of the landscape began to change and I ceased to -recognize the dress and accent of the Breton peasants, I fell into a -profound despondency, which increased the contempt in which Madame -Rose held me. I noticed the feeling I inspired, and I received from -this first trial of the world an impression which time has not wholly -effaced. I was born shy but not shamefaced; I had the modesty but not -the embarrassment of my years. When I suspected that I was ridiculous -because of my good side, my shyness changed into insurmountable -timidity. I was unable to speak a word: I felt that I had something to -conceal, and that this something was a virtue; I made up my mind to -self-concealment in order to wear my innocence in peace. - -We sped towards Paris. As we came down from Saint-Cyr, I was struck -by the width of the roads and the evenness of the plantations. Soon -we reached Versailles: the orangery with its marble stairs amazed me. -The success of the American War had brought triumphs to Louis XIV.'s -palace; the Queen reigned there in all the splendour of youth and -beauty; the Throne, so near its fall, seemed never to have been more -solidly established. And I, an obscure passer-by, was destined to -outlive this pomp, to survive to see the woods of Trianon as deserted -as those which I was then leaving. - -At last we drove into Paris. I saw a bantering look in every face: -like the Périgord squire, I thought people looked at me to make fun of -me. Madame Rose made them drive to the Hôtel de l'Europe in the Rue -du Mail, and hastened to rid herself of her simpleton. Scarce had I -stepped from the carriage when she said to the porter: - -"Give this gentleman a room. Your servant," she added, with a bob -courtesy. - -I never saw Madame Rose again in my life. - -* - -A woman preceded me up a dark and steep staircase, holding a labelled -key in her hand; a Savoyard followed with my little trunk. When we -reached the third floor, the chamber-maid opened a room; the Savoyard -put the trunk across the arms of a chair. - -The chamber-maid asked: "Does monsieur require anything?" - -I answered, "No." - -[Sidenote: My cousin Moreau.] - -Three whistles sounded; the chamber-maid cried, "Coming!" rushed out, -closed the door, and tumbled downstairs with the Savoyard. When I found -myself alone in my room, my heart became so strangely full that I was -nearly taking the road back to Brittany. All that I had heard tell -of Paris returned to my mind; I was embarrassed in a hundred ways. I -should have liked to go to bed, and the bed was not made; I was hungry, -and did not know how to set about dining. I was afraid of committing -a solecism: ought I to call the people of the hotel? Ought I to go -downstairs? To whom should I apply? I ventured to put my head out of -the window: I saw only a small inner yard, deep as a well, through -which people came and went who would never dream of giving a thought to -the prisoner on the third floor. I went and sat down beside the dirty -recess in which I was to sleep, reduced to examining the figures on the -paper with which its walls were hung. A distant sound of voices reached -my ears, increased, drew nigh; my door opened: in came my brother and -one of my cousins, the son of a sister of my mother's who had made -none too good a marriage. Madame Rose had after all taken pity on the -numskull, and had sent word to my brother, whose address she learnt -at Rennes, that I had arrived in Paris. My brother clasped me in his -arms. My Cousin Moreau was a big fat man, daubed all over with snuff, -who ate like an ogre, talked a great deal, was always trotting about, -puffing, choking, with his mouth half open, his tongue half out, who -knew everybody, and was equally at home in gaming-houses, antechambers, -and drawing-rooms. - -"Come, chevalier," he cried, "so here you are in Paris; I am going to -take you to Madame de Chastenay's!" - -Who was this woman whose name I heard uttered for the first time? This -proposal set me against my Cousin Moreau. - -"The chevalier is no doubt in need of rest," said my brother; "we will -go and see Madame de Farcy, and then he shall come back to dine and -sleep." - -A feeling of gladness entered my heart: the thought of my family amid -an indifferent world was as balm to me. We went out. Cousin Moreau -raised a storm about the badness of the room, and charged my host to -put me at least one floor lower. We stepped into my brother's carriage -and drove to the convent where Madame de Farcy lived. - -Julie had been some time in Paris to consult the physicians. Her -charming appearance, her elegance and her wit had soon caused her to -be sought after. I have already said that she was born with a real -talent for poetry. She became a saint, after having been one of the -most attractive women of her age: the Abbé Carron wrote her life[184]. -The apostles who go everywhere in search of souls feel for her the love -which one of the Fathers of the Church attributes to the Creator: "When -a soul reaches Heaven," says this Father, with the simplicity of heart -of a Primitive Christian and the directness of Greek genius, "God takes -it upon His knees and calls it His daughter." - -Lucile has left a striking lament: _À la sœur que je n'ai plus._ -The Abbé Carron's admiration for Julie explains and justifies Lucile's -words. The narrative of the saintly priest also shows that I said true -in the preface to the _Génie du Christianisme_, and serves as a proof -for some portions of my Memoirs. - -The innocent Julie gave herself up to repentance; she consecrated the -treasures of her austerities to the redemption of her brothers; and -following the example of the illustrious African her patron saint[185], -she became a willing martyr. - -The Abbé Carron, author of the _Vie des justes_, is the ecclesiastic -from my part of the country[186], the Francis of Paula of exile, whose -fame, revealed by the afflicted, pierced even through the fame of -Bonaparte. The voice of a poor proscribed priest was not stifled by -the noise of a revolution which overthrew society; he seems to have -returned expressly from foreign shores to write of my sister's virtues: -he sought among our ruins and found a forgotten victim and tomb. - -When the new hagiographer describes Julie's pious cruelties, it is as -though one heard Bossuet preach his sermon on the profession of faith -of Mademoiselle de la Vallière[187]: - -"Will she dare to touch that body so tender, so dear, so gently -treated? Will she not take pity on that delicate complexion? On the -contrary, it is that principally which the soul arraigns as its most -dangerous seducer; she hems herself round with safeguards; fenced in in -every direction, she can no longer breathe except heavenwards!" - -* - -I cannot suppress a certain confusion at reading my name in the last -lines traced by the hand of Julie's venerable biographer. What have I, -with my weaknesses, to do with such lofty perfections? Have I kept all -that my sister's letter made me promise, when I received it during my -emigration in London? Is a book sufficient for God? Is it not my life -that I ought to offer Him? And is that life, pray, true to the _Génie -du Christianisme?_ What matter that I have drawn more or less brilliant -pictures of religion, if my passions cast a shade over my faith! I have -not gone on to the end; I have not donned the hair-shirt: that tunic of -my viaticum would have drunk up and dried my sweat. Instead, a weary -traveller, I sat down by the roadside: tired or not, I shall have to -get up again in order to arrive where my sister has arrived. - -[Sidenote: My sister Julie.] - -There is nothing wanting to Julie's glory: the Abbé Carron has written -her life; Lucile has mourned her death. - -* - -When I saw Julie again in Paris, she was in all the pomp of -worldliness; she appeared covered with those flowers, adorned with -those necklaces, veiled in those scented fabrics which St. Clement -forbids the early Christian women. St. Basil wishes the middle of the -night to be for the solitary what the morning is for the others, so -that he may profit by the silence of nature. The middle of the night -was the hour at which Julie went to parties at which her verses, -recited with marvelous euphony by herself, formed the principal -attraction. - -Julie was infinitely handsomer than Lucile: she had soft blue eyes -and dark hair, which she wore plaited or in large waves. Her hands -and arms, models of whiteness and shape, added, by their graceful -movements, something yet more charming to her already charming figure. -She was brilliant, lively, laughed much, but without affectation, and, -when she laughed, showed teeth like pearls. A crowd of portraits of -women of the time of Louis XIV. resembled Julie, among others those -of the three Mortemarts; but she had more elegance than Madame de -Montespan[188]. - -Julie received me with the affection which one finds only in a sister. -I had a sense of protection when pressed in her arms, her ribbons, -her bouquet of roses, and her laces. Nothing replaces the attachment, -delicacy and devotion of a woman; a man is forgotten by his brothers -and friends, denied by his companions: but never by his mother, his -sister, or his wife. When Harold was slain at the Battle of Hastings, -none could point him out in the crowd of the dead; they had to seek the -assistance of a young girl whom he loved. She came, and the unfortunate -Prince was recognized by Edith the swan-necked: - - _Editha swaneshales, quod sonat collum cycni._ - -My brother took me back to my hotel; he ordered my dinner and left me. -I dined alone, and went sadly to bed. I passed my first night in Paris -regretting my moors and trembling before the dimness of my future. - -At eight o'clock the next morning, my fat cousin arrived; he had -already done five or six errands: - -"Well, chevalier, we are going to breakfast; we shall dine with -Pommereul, and this evening I shall take you to Madame de Chastenay's." - -This seemed to me a fate, and I resigned myself. Everything happened -as my cousin had proposed. After breakfast he pretended to show me -Paris, and dragged me through the dirtiest streets in the neighbourhood -of the Palais Royal, telling me of the dangers to which a young man -was exposed. We were punctual in keeping our appointment for dinner, -at an eating-house. Everything put before us seemed bad to me. The -conversation and the dinner-guests revealed a new world to me. The talk -turned upon the Court, the financial projects, the Academy sittings, -the women and intrigues of the day, the latest piece, the success of -the actors, actresses and authors. - -Several Bretons were among the guests, including the Chevalier de -Guer[189] and Pommereul[190]. The latter was a good talker, who has -since described some of Bonaparte's campaigns, and who, when I met him -again, was at the head of the Publishing Department. - -Under the Empire, Pommereul achieved a sort of renown by his hatred for -the nobility[191]. And nevertheless Pommereul claimed, and with just -cause, to be of gentle birth himself. He signed his name "Pommereux," -and spoke of his descent from the Pommereux family mentioned in the -letters of Madame de Sévigné[192]. - -[Sidenote: Madame de Chastenay.] - -After dinner my brother wanted to take me to the play, but my cousin -claimed me for Madame de Chastenay, and I went with him to meet my -destiny. I saw a handsome woman, no longer in her first youth, but -still capable of inspiring an attachment. She received me kindly, tried -to put me at my ease, asked me about my part of the country and my -regiment. I was awkward and embarrassed; I made signs to my cousin to -cut short the visit. But he, without looking at me, was inexhaustible -on the subject of my merits, declaring that I had written verses at my -mother's breast, and calling upon me to sing Madame de Chastenay. She -relieved me from this painful situation, begged me to forgive her for -being obliged to go out, and invited me to come back and see her the -next morning, in so gentle a voice that I involuntarily promised to -obey. - -The next day I returned alone: I found her in bed in an elegantly -fitted room. She told me that she was not very well, and that she had -the bad habit of rising late. For the first time I found myself by the -bedside of a woman who was neither my mother nor my sister. She had -observed my shyness on the evening before, and so far conquered it that -I ventured to express myself with some sort of ease. She stretched -towards me a half-bared arm and the most beautiful hand in the world, -and said with a smile: - -"We shall become friends." - -I did not even kiss that beautiful hand; I withdrew quite confused. The -next day I left for Cambrai. Who was this Dame de Chastenay? I have no -idea: she passed like a charming shade across my life. - -* - -The mail-coach brought me to my quarters. One of my brothers-in-law, -the Vicomte de Chateaubourg (he had married my sister Bénigne, widow -of the Comte de Québriac[193]) had given me letters of recommendation -to some of the officers of my regiment. The Chevalier de Guénan, a man -of very good company, introduced me to a mess at which dined officers -distinguished for their talents, Messieurs Achard, des Mahis, La -Martinière. The Marquis de Mortemart[194] was colonel of the regiment; -the Comte d'Andrezel[195] major: I was placed under the special -protection of the latter. I met both of them in after years: one of -them became my colleague in the House of Peers; the other applied to me -for some services which I was happy to show him. There is a melancholy -pleasure in meeting persons whom we have known at different periods of -our life, and in contemplating the changes that have taken place in -their mode of existence and our own. Like landmarks left behind us, -they trace for us the road which we have followed in the desert of the -past. - -I joined my regiment in mufti; within twenty-four hours I had assumed -the military dress, and I felt as though I had worn it always. My -uniform was blue and white, like my vowing-clothes of years before: I -marched under the same colours as a young man and as a child. I was -submitted to none of the trials which the sub-lieutenants were in the -habit of inflicting upon a newcomer; for some reason not known to me, -they did not venture to indulge in this military child's-play with me. -Before I had been a fortnight with the regiment, I was treated like an -"ancient." I learnt the manual exercise and theory with ease; I passed -my steps of corporal and sergeant to the applause of my instructors. -My room became the meeting-place of the old captains as well as of the -young sub-lieutenants; the former went over their campaigns with me, -the latter confided to me their love-affairs. - -La Martinière would come to fetch me to hang about the door of a belle -of Cambrai whom he adored; this happened five or six times a day. He -was very ugly, and his face was pitted with the small-pox. He told me -of his passion while quaffing large glasses of gooseberry-syrup, which -I sometimes paid for. - -[Sidenote: Regimental life.] - -All would have gone wonderfully well, but for my insane rage for dress. -At that time they affected the stiffness of the Prussian uniform: a -small hat, small curls pressed tight to the head, a pig-tail tied very -fast, a closely-buttoned coat. I disliked this greatly; I submitted -to these shackles during the day, but in the evening, when I hoped -to escape the eyes of my superior officers, I put on a larger hat; -the barber lowered the curls of my hair and loosened my pig-tail; -I unbuttoned and turned back the facings of my coat. In this fond -undress, I would go a-wooing on La Martinière's behalf under the cruel -Fleming's windows. But one fine day brought me face to face with M. -d'Andrezel. - -"What is this, sir?" said the terrible major. "Consider yourself under -arrest for three days." - -I felt somewhat humiliated, but recognized the truth of the proverb -that it is an ill wind that blows nobody good: I was delivered from my -messmate's love-affairs. - -I read _Télémaque_ beside Fénelon's tomb[196]: I was not much in the -humour for the philanthropic tale of the cow and the bishop. It amuses -me to recall the beginning of my career. When passing through Cambrai -with the King, after the Hundred Days, I looked for the house I had -lived in and the coffee-house I used to frequent, but could not find -them: all had vanished, men and monuments. - -* - -In the same year in which I was undergoing my military apprenticeship -at Cambrai, we heard of the death of Frederic II.[197]; I am now -ambassador to that great King's nephew[198], and am writing this -portion of my Memoirs in Berlin. Upon that piece of important public -news followed sorrowful news for me: Lucile wrote to me that my father -had been carried off by a fit of apoplexy two days after the Angevin -Fair, one of the delights of my childhood. - -Among the authentic documents which I keep for consultation I find the -death-certificates of my parents. As these documents also in a special -manner mark the death of a century, I place them on record here as -constituting a page of history. - - "Extract from the death-register of the parish of Combourg, - for 1786, upon which is written as follows, page 8, _verso_: - - "The body of the high and mighty Messire René de - Chateaubriand, knight, Count of Combourg, Lord of Gaugres, - the Plessis-l'Épine, Boulet, Malestroit in Dol, and other - places, husband of the high and mighty Dame Appoline Jeanne - Suzanne de Bedée de La Bouëtardais, Lady Countess of - Combourg, aged about sixty-nine years, who died in his castle - of Combourg, on the sixth of September, about eight o'clock - of the evening, was interred on the eighth, in the vault of - the said lordship, situated in the crypt of our church of - Combourg, in presence of messieurs the undersigned noblemen, - officers of the jurisdiction, and other notable burgesses. - Signed in the register: Comte de Petitbois, de Monlouët, de - Chateaudassy, Delaunay, Morault, Noury de Mauny, advocate; - Hermer, procurator; Petit, advocate and procurator-fiscal; - Robion, Portal, le Donarin, de Trevelec, Rector and Dean of - Dingé; Sévin, rector." - - -In the "collated copy" delivered in 1812 by M. Lodin, Mayor of -Combourg, the nineteen words giving the titles "high and mighty -Messire" &c., are struck out. - - "Extract from the death-register of the town of Saint-Servan, - first arrondissement of the Department of Ille-et-Vilaine, - for the Year VI. of the Republic, page 35, _recto_, upon - which is written as follows: - - "On the twelfth of Prairial Year Six of the French Republic, - before me, Jacques Bourdasse, municipal officer of the - commune of Saint-Servan, elected to public office on the - fourth of Floréal last, have appeared Jean Baslé, gardener, - and Joseph Boulin, day-labourer, who have declared to me that - Appoline Jeanne Suzanne de Bedée, widow of René Auguste de - Chateaubriand, died this day, at one o'clock after noon, at - the house of Citizeness Gouyon, situated at the Ballue, in - this commune. After which declaration, of the truth of which - I have made sure, I have drawn up the present deed, which - Jean Baslé alone has signed with me, Joseph Boulin declaring - that he did not know how, after question put. - - "Done at the communal house on the said day and year. Signed: - Jean Baslé and Bourdasse." - - -In the first extract, the old society exists: M. de Chateaubriand is -a "high and mighty lord," &c., &c.; the witnesses are "noblemen" -and "notable burgesses"; among the signatories I find the Marquis de -Monlouët, who used to stop at Combourg Castle in the winter, the Curé -Sévin, who had so much difficulty in believing me to be the author of -the _Génie du Christianisme_: faithful guests of my father even at his -last abode. But my father did riot sleep long in his shroud: he was -cast out of it when Old France was cast into the common sewer. - -In the mortuary extract of my mother, the earth revolves upon another -axis: a new world, a new era; even the computation of the years and the -names of the months are changed. Madame de Chateaubriand is nothing -more than a poor woman who departs this life at the residence of -"Citizeness" Gouyon; a gardener and a day-labourer, who does not know -how to sign his name, alone testify to my mother's death: of friends -and relations there are none; no funeral state; sole by-stander, the -Revolution[199]. - -* - -[Sidenote: Death of my father.] - -I mourned the death of M. de Chateaubriand: it showed him to me better -than he was; I remembered neither his harshness nor his failings. I -seemed to see him as he walked in the evenings in the hall at Combourg; -I was moved by the thought of these family scenes. If my father's -affection for me was affected by his natural severity, it was none -the less deep at heart. The ferocious Marshal de Montluc[200], who, -disfigured by a terrible cut in the nose, was obliged to conceal the -horrible nature of his glory beneath a strip of rag, this man of blood -reproaches himself for his harshness towards a son whom he has lost: - - "This poor lad," he said, "has seen nothing of me save - a frowning face and full of scorn; he has died in this - belief, that I neither knew how to love him nor to esteem - him to his deserts. For whom did I keep it to discover the - singular affection which I bore him in my soul? Was it not - he who should have had all the pleasure of it and all the - obligation? I have constrained and tortured myself to keep - on this vain mask, and in thus doing have lost the pleasure - of his converse, and his will in all things, which he - cannot have borne to me other than very coldly, having never - received from me aught save rudeness, nor been treated save - in tyrannous fashion." - -My "will was not borne very coldly" towards my father, and I do not -doubt that, in spite of his "tyrannous fashion," he loved me tenderly: -he would, I am sure, have regretted me had Providence called me before -him. But would he, had we remained on earth together, have set store -by the fame that has sprung from my life? A literary reputation would -have wounded his nobility; he would have seen nothing but degeneration -in his son's gifts; even the Berlin Embassy, conquered by the pen, -not the sword, would have indifferently satisfied him. His Breton -blood, besides, made him a political malcontent, a great opponent -of taxation and a violent enemy of the Court. He read the _Gazette -de Leyde_, the _Journal de Francfort_, the _Mercure de France_, and -the _Histoire philosophique des deux Indes_, the declamatory style -of which delighted him. He called the Abbé Raynal[201] "a master -man." In diplomacy, he was an anti-Mussulman; he declared that forty -thousand "Russian rascals" would march over the Janissaries' stomachs -and take Constantinople. Hater of the Turks though he were, my father -nevertheless bore a grudge in his heart against the "Russian rascals," -because of his encounter at Dantzic. - -I share M. de Chateaubriand's opinions as regards literary and other -reputations, but for different reasons. I do not know of a fame in -history that tempts me: had I to stoop to pick up at my feet and to -my advantage the greatest glory in the world, I would not take the -trouble. If I had formed my own clay, perhaps I would have created -myself a woman, for love of them; or if I had made myself a man, -I would in the first place have granted myself beauty; next, as a -safeguard against weariness, my stubborn enemy, it would have suited me -fairly well to be a consummate but unknown artist, using my talent only -for the benefit of my solitude. In life, weighed by its light weight, -measured by its short measure, relieved of all its cheating, there are -but two things true: religion with intelligence, love with youth; that -is to say, the future and the present: the rest is not worth while. - -With my father's death ended the first act of my life; the paternal -home became empty; I pitied it, as though it were capable of feeling -desertion and solitude. Thenceforth I was independent and master of my -fortune: this liberty frightened me. What should I do with it? To whom -give it? I mistrusted my strength: I retreated before myself. - -* - -I obtained a furlough. M. d'Andrezel, promoted to Lieutenant-colonel -of the Picardy Regiment, was leaving Paris: I served as his courier. -I passed through Paris, where I refused to stop for a quarter of an -hour; I set eyes upon the moors of my Brittany with more joy than that -with which a Neapolitan, banished to our climes, would gaze again -upon the shores of Portici, the champaign of Sorrento. My family came -together; we settled the division of the property; when that was done, -we dispersed, as birds fly away from the paternal nest. My brother, who -had come from Paris, returned there; my mother established herself at -Saint-Malo; Lucile accompanied Julie; I spent a part of my time with -Mesdames de Marigny, de Chateaubourg and de Farcy. Marigny[202], my -eldest sister's country-seat, is pleasantly situated, three leagues -from Fougères, between two lakes, and amidst woods, rocks and meadows. -I stayed there peacefully for some months; a letter from Paris came to -disturb my repose. - -[Sidenote: Ambitious projects.] - -At the moment of entering the service and marrying Mademoiselle de -Rosanbo, my brother had not yet quitted the long robe; for this reason -he was unable to obtain the privilege of riding in the King's coaches. -His eager ambition suggested to him to make me enjoy Court honors in -order to prepare the way for his own rise. Our proofs of nobility had -been made out for Lucile when she was received into the Chapter of the -Argentière, so that everything was ready; the Marshal de Duras was to -be my sponsor. My brother wrote to me that I was on the high-road to -fortune; that already I was to obtain the rank of a cavalry captain, -an honorary and courtesy rank; that it would be easy to secure my -admission to the Order of Malta, by means of which I should enjoy fat -benefices. - -This letter came upon me like a thunder-bolt: to return to Paris, to -be presented at Court, I who almost swooned away when I met three or -four strangers in a drawing-room! To imbue me with ambition, who only -dreamt of living forgotten! My first impulse was to reply to my brother -that it was his duty, as the eldest, to keep up his name; that, as for -me, a plain Breton younger son, I would not give up the service, as -there was a chance of war; but that, though the King might have need of -a soldier in his army, he had no need of a poor gentleman at his Court. - -I hastened to read this romantic reply to Madame de Marigny, who -uttered loud cries; she sent for Madame de Farcy, who laughed at me; -Lucile would have supported me, but she dared not contend with her -sisters. They tore my letter from me, and, weak as always where I -myself am concerned, I informed my brother that I was ready to go. - -I did go; I went to be presented at the first Court in Europe, to make -the most brilliant start in life; and I looked like a man who is being -dragged to the galleys or expecting a sentence of death. - -* - -I entered Paris by the same road which I had taken the first time; I -went to the same hotel, in the Rue du Mail: I knew no other. I was -taken to a room next door to my old one, but a little larger and -overlooking the street. - -My brother, whether because he felt embarrassed by my manners, or -because he took pity upon my shyness, did not take me with him into -the world, and introduced me to nobody. He lived in the Rue des -Fossés-Montmartre; I went to him at three o'clock every day for dinner; -we then parted and did not see one another till the next day. My fat -Cousin Moreau was no longer in Paris. I walked twice or thrice past -Madame de Chastenay's house, without venturing to ask the porter if she -was still there. - -Autumn set in. I rose at six; went to the riding-school; breakfasted. -Luckily at that time I had a passion for Greek; I translated the -_Odyssey_ and the _Cyropædia_ until two o'clock, interspersing my -labours with the study of history. At two o'clock I dressed and went to -my brother; he asked me what I had done, what I had seen; I replied, -"Nothing." He shrugged his shoulders and turned his back upon me. One -day there was a noise outside; my brother ran to the window and called -to me: I refused to leave the arm-chair in which I lay stretched at -the back of the room. My poor brother prophesied to me that I should -die unknown, useless to myself or my family. At four o'clock I went -home and sat down at my window. Two young girls of fifteen or sixteen -used to come at that hour to sketch at the window of a house opposite, -on the other side of the street. They had noticed my punctuality, as I -had theirs. From time to time they raised their heads to look at their -neighbor; I was infinitely grateful to them for this mark of attention: -they formed my only society in Paris. - -[Sidenote: My life in Paris.] - -When night drew near, I went to the play. I took pleasure in the -desert of the crowd, though it always cost me a little effort to -take my ticket at the door and mix with other men. I corrected the -ideas which I had formed at the Saint-Malo theatre. I saw Madame -Saint-Huberti[203] as Armida; I felt that there had been something -lacking in the sorceress of my creating. When I did not imprison -myself in the Opera-house or at the Français, I wandered from street -to street or along the quays until ten or eleven in the evening. To -this day I cannot see the row of street-lamps from the Place Louis -XV. to the Barrière des Bons-Hommes, without remembering the agonies -which I endured when I followed that road to go to Versailles for my -presentation. - -On returning home, I spent a portion of the night with my head bowed -over my fire, which told me nothing: I had not, like the Persians, -an imagination rich enough to persuade me that the flame resembled -the anemone, the cinders the pomegranate. I listened to the carriages -coming, going, crossing each other; their distant rolling imitated the -murmur of the sea upon the shores of my Brittany or of the wind in -the Combourg woods. These worldly sounds which reminded me of those -of solitude aroused my regrets; I conjured up my old trouble, or -else my imagination would invent the story of the persons whom those -chariots were bearing away: I saw radiant drawing-rooms, balls, loves, -conquests. Soon, relapsing into myself, I saw myself as I was, alone -in an inn, seeing the world through the window and hearing it by the -echoes of my fireside. - -Rousseau considers that he owes it to his sincerity, and to the -instruction of mankind, to confess the covert pleasures of his life; -he even supposes that he is being seriously questioned and asked for -an account of his sins with the _donne pericolante_ of Venice. Had -I prostituted myself to the courtesans of Paris, I should not have -thought myself obliged to inform posterity of the fact; but I was too -shy on the one hand, too much exalted on the other, to allow myself to -be seduced by women of the town. When I passed through groups of these -unfortunates falling upon the passers-by in order to drag them up to -their rooms, like the Saint-Cloud cabmen trying to induce travellers to -enter their flies, I was seized with horror and disgust. The pleasures -of adventure would have suited me only in the days of old. - -In the fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries, -our imperfect civilization, our superstitious beliefs, our strange and -half-barbarous customs mingled romance with everything: characters -were strongly marked, imagination was powerful, existence mysterious -and concealed. At night, around the high walls of the graveyards and -convents, beneath the deserted ramparts of the town, along the chains -and ditches of the market-places, on the skirts of enclosures in -narrow, lampless streets, where robbers and murderers lay in ambush, -where meetings took place sometimes by torchlight, sometimes in the -thick of darkness, it was at the risk of his head that one sought the -trysting-place granted by some Héloïse. To abandon himself to disorder, -one had really to love; to violate public morals, one had to make great -sacrifices. Not only was it a matter of confronting fortuitous dangers -and defying the sword of the law, but one was obliged to overcome the -empire of regular habits, the authority of the family, the tyranny -of domestic customs, the opposition of conscience, the terrors and -duties of the Christian. All these obstacles doubled the energy of the -passions. - -In 1788, I would not have followed a starving wretch who would have -dragged me to the den where she lived under police supervision; but it -is probable that, in 1606, I should have seen the end of an adventure -of the kind which Bassompierre[204] has told so well. - -* - -"Five or six months ago," says the marshal, "each time that I passed -over the Petit Pont"--for in those days the Pont Neuf was not built--"a -pretty woman, a sempstress at the sign of the Two Angels, made me -deep courtesies and followed me with her eyes as far as she could; and -as I had heeded her action, I also looked at her and greeted her with -greater care. - -"It happened that when I arrived from Fontainebleau in Paris, passing -over the Petit Pont, so soon as she saw me coming, she put herself at -the door of her shop, and said, as I passed: - -"'Sir, I am your servant.' - -"I returned her greeting, and turning round from time to time, I saw -that she followed me with her eyes as far as she could." - -Bassompierre obtained an assignation. - -[Sidenote: Bassompierre's adventure.] - -"I found," he says, "a very beautiful woman, twenty years of age, who -had her head dressed for the night, wearing naught but a very fine -shift and a short petticoat of green stuff, and slippers on her feet, -with a wrapper around her. She pleased me mightily. I asked her if I -could not see her once again. - -"'If you wish to see me again,' she replied, 'it shall be at the -house of one of my aunts, who lives in the Rue Bourg-l'Abbé, near -the Markets, next to the Rue aux Ours, the third door on the side of -the Rue Saint-Martin; I will await you there from ten o'clock till -midnight, and later yet; I will leave the door open. At the entrance, -there is a little passage through which you will go quickly, for the -door of my aunt's room opens on it, and you will find a stair which -will bring you to the second floor.' - -"I came at ten o'clock and found the door she had indicated, and a -great light, not only on the second floor, but on the third and the -first too; but the door was closed. I knocked to show that I had come; -but I heard a man's voice ask who I was. I returned to the Rue aux -Ours, and having returned for the second time, finding the door opened, -I climbed to the second floor, where I found that the light was the -straw of the bed which they were burning, and two naked bodies lying -upon the table in the room. Thereupon I retired greatly amazed, and in -going out I met some crows"--buriers of the dead--"who asked me what I -sought; and I, to make them turn aside, took sword in hand and passed -out, returning to my lodging, somewhat moved by this unlooked-for -sight[205]." - -* - -I in my turn went on a voyage of discovery, with the address given, two -hundred and forty years before, by Bassompierre. I crossed the Petit -Pont, passed the Markets, and followed the Rue Saint-Denis as far as -the Rue aux Ours, on the right; the first street on the left, ending in -the Rue aux Ours, is the Rue Bourg-l'Abbé. Its inscription, smoky as -though through time and a fire, gave me good hope. I found the "third -little door on the side of the Rue Saint-Martin," so faithful are the -historian's directions. There, unfortunately, the two centuries and a -half, which at first I thought had lingered in the street, disappear. -The frontage of the house is modern; no light issued from the first, -nor from the second, nor from the third floor. From the attic-windows, -beneath the roof, hung a garland of nasturtiums and sweet peas; on the -ground-floor, a hairdresser's shop displayed a variety of towers of -hair behind the window-panes. - -In great discomfiture, I entered this museum of the Eponines: since the -Roman Conquest, the Gallic women have always sold their yellow tresses -to foreheads less richly decked; my Breton countrywomen still let -themselves be shorn on certain fair-days, and barter the natural veil -of their heads for an Indian kerchief. Addressing a barber, who was -drawing a wig over an iron comb: - -"Sir," said I, "do you happen to have purchased the hair of a young -sempstress who used to live at the sign of the Two Angels, near the -Petit Pont?" - -He stood dumfoundered, unable to say either yes or no. I asked a -thousand pardons, and made my way out through a labyrinth of toupees. - -I wandered next from door to door: no sempstress, twenty years of age, -making me "deep courtesies;" no frank, disinterested, passionate young -woman, "her head dressed for the night, wearing naught but a very fine -shift, a short petticoat of green stuff, and slippers on her feet, with -a wrapper around her." A grumbling old crone, ready to join her teeth -in the tomb, was near to beating me with her crutch: perhaps it was the -aunt of the assignation! - -What a fine story, that story of Bassompierre's! One of the reasons -for which he was so resolutely loved has to be understood. At that -time, the French were divided into two classes, one dominant, the other -semi-servile. The sempstress clasped Bassompierre in her arms like a -demi-god who had descended to the bosom of a slave: he gave her the -illusion of glory, and Frenchwomen alone among women are capable of -intoxicating themselves with that illusion. But who will reveal to us -the unknown causes of the catastrophe? Was the body which lay upon the -table by the side of another body that of the pretty wench of the Two -Angels? Whose was the other body? Was it the husband, or the man whose -voice Bassompierre had heard? Had the plague (for the plague was raging -in Paris) or jealousy reached the Rue Bourg-l'Abbé before love? The -imagination can easily find matter for its exercises in such a subject -as this. Mingle with the poet's inventions the chorus of the populace, -the approaching grave-diggers, the "crows," and Bassompierre's sword, -and a magnificent melodrama springs from the adventure. - -You will also admire the chastity and reserve of my youthful life -in Paris: in that capital I was free to give way to all my whims, -as in the Abbey of Thélème, where each acted according to his wish. -Nevertheless, I did not abuse my independence: I had no commerce except -with a courtesan two hundred and sixty years of age, who had formerly -been smitten with a marshal of France, the rival of the Bearnese[206] -for the affections of Mademoiselle de Montmorency, and the lover of -Mademoiselle d'Entragues, sister to the Marquise de Verneuil[207], who -speaks so ill of Henry IV. Louis XVI., whom I was about to see, had no -suspicion of my secret relations with his family. - -* - -[Sidenote: Versailles.] - -The fatal day arrived; I had to set out for Versailles, more dead -than alive. My brother took me there the day before my presentation, -and carried me to the Maréchal de Duras, a worthy man with a mind -so commonplace that it reflected a certain homeliness over his fine -manners; nevertheless, the good marshal frightened me terribly. - -The next morning I went alone to the palace. He has seen nothing who -has not seen the pomp of Versailles, even after the disbanding of -the old Royal Household: Louis XIV. still lingered there. All went -well so long as I had only to pass through the guard-room: military -display has always pleased and never awed me. But when I entered the -Œil-de-bœuf and found myself among the courtiers, my distress -commenced. I was scrutinized; I heard them ask who I was. One must -remember the former prestige of royalty to realize the importance -of a presentation in those days. A mysterious destiny clung to the -_débutant_; he was spared the contemptuous air of protection which, -coupled with extreme politeness, composed the inimitable manners of -the grandee. Who was to tell that that _débutant_ would not become -the master's favourite? In him was respected the future familiarity -with which he might be honoured. Nowadays we rush to the palace with -even greater eagerness than before, and, strangely enough, with no -illusions: a courtier reduced to living on truths is very near to dying -of hunger. - -When the King's levee was announced, the persons not presented -withdrew; I felt an impulse of vanity: I was not proud of remaining, -but I should have felt humiliated at leaving. The door of the King's -bed-chamber opened; I saw the King, according to custom, complete -his toilet, in other words take his hat from the hand of the first -lord-in-waiting. The King came towards me on his way to Mass; I bowed; -the Marshal de Duras mentioned my name: - -"Sire, the Chevalier de Chateaubriand." - -The King looked at me, returned my bow, hesitated, appeared to wish -to address me. I should have replied boldly: my shyness had vanished. -To speak to the general of the army, to the head of the State, seemed -quite simple to me, though I could not account for what I felt The -King's embarrassment was greater than mine; he could think of nothing -to say to me, and passed on. The vanity of human destinies: this -sovereign whom I saw for the first time, this powerful monarch was -Louis XVI., but six years removed from the scaffold! And the new -courtier at whom he scarcely looked, charged with separating dead bones -from dead bones, after having been presented, upon proof of nobility, -to the majesty of the son of St. Louis, was one day to be presented to -his dust upon proof of fidelity! A two-fold tribute of respect to the -two-fold royalty of the sceptre and the palm. Louis XVI. might have -answered his judges as Christ answered the Jews: "Many good works I -have showed you ... for which of those works do you stone me[208]?" - -We hurried to the gallery to find ourselves in the way of the Queen on -her return from the chapel. She soon appeared in sight, environed with -a glittering and numerous retinue; she made us a stately courtesy; she -seemed enraptured with life. And those beautiful hands, which at that -time carried with such great grace the sceptre of so many kings, were -destined, before being bound by the executioner, to mend the rags of -the widow, a prisoner at the Conciergerie! - -My brother had obtained a sacrifice of me, but it was beyond his power -to make me go through with it. He vainly entreated me to stay at -Versailles in order to assist at the Queen's cards at night: - -"You will be presented to the Queen," he said, "and the King will speak -to you." - -He could have given me no stronger reason for taking to flight. I -hastened to go and hide my glory in my hotel, happy to escape from -Court, but seeing still before me the terrible day of the coaches, of -the 19th of February 1787. - -[Sidenote: Hunt with the King.] - -The Duc de Coigny[209] sent to inform me that I was to hunt with the -King in the forest of Saint-Germain. I set out in the early morning -towards my punishment, in the uniform of a _débutant_, a grey coat, -red waistcoat and breeches, lace tops, Hessian boots, a hunting-knife -in my belt, a small, gold-laced French hat. There were four of us -_débutants_ at the Palace of Versailles, myself, the two Messieurs de -Saint-Marsault, and the Comte d'Hautefeuille[210]. The Duc de Coigny -gave us our instructions: he warned us not to interrupt the hunt, as -the King flew into a passion if any one passed between him and the -quarry. The Duc de Coigny bore a name fatal to the Queen[211]. The meet -was at Val, in the forest of Saint-Germain, a domain leased by the -Crown from the Maréchal de Beauvau[212]. The custom was for the horses -of the first hunt in which the newly-presented men took part to be -supplied from the royal stables[213]. - -The drums beat the salute: a voice gave the order to present arms. -They cried, "The King!" The King left the house and entered his coach: -we rode in the coaches following. It was a long cry from this hunting -expedition with the King of France to my hunting expeditions on the -moors of Brittany; and further still to my hunting expeditions with the -savages of America: my life was to be filled with these contrasts. - -We reached the rallying-point, where a number of saddle-horses, held -in hand under the trees, showed signs of impatience. The coaches drawn -up in the forest with the keepers; the groups of men and women; the -packs held back with difficulty by the huntsmen; the baying of the -hounds, the neighing of the horses, the sound of the horns composed a -very animated scene. The hunting-parties of our kings recalled both the -old and the new customs of the monarchy, the rude pastimes of Clodion, -Chilperic, and Dagobert and the gallantries of François I., Henry IV., -and Louis XIV. - -I was too full of my reading not to behold on every hand Comtesses de -Chateaubriand[214], Duchesses d'Étampes[215], Gabrielles d'Estrées, -La Vallières, and Montespans. My imagination seized upon the historic -aspect of this hunting-party, and I felt at my ease: besides, I was in -a forest, and therefore at home. - -On alighting from the coaches, I handed my ticket to the huntsmen. A -mare called L'_Heureuse_ had been provided for me, a fast animal, but -hard-mouthed, skittish, and full of tricks; a tolerable likeness of my -fortune, which has constantly set back its ears. The King mounted and -rode off; the members of the hunt followed, taking different roads. I -stayed behind, struggling with L'_Heureuse_, who refused to let her new -master get astride of her; I ended, however, in leaping upon her back: -the hunt was already far ahead. - -[Illustration: Louis XVI.] - -At first I mastered L'_Heureuse_ fairly well; compelled to shorten -her stride, she put down her neck, shook her bit, which was white with -foam, and bounded along sideways; but when she drew near the scene of -action, it became impossible to hold her. She bore down her head, drove -my hand down upon the saddlebow, dashed at full gallop into a group of -hunters, clearing everything in her course, and only stopped when she -struck against the horse of a woman whom she nearly knocked over, amid -the roars of laughter of some and the screams of terror of others. I -have made useless efforts today to remember the name of the woman who -received my excuses so politely. There was nothing else talked of than -the _débutant's_ "adventure." - -[Sidenote: Louis XVI.] - -I had not come to the end of my trials. About half-an-hour after my -discomfiture, I was riding through a long opening in a deserted part -of the wood; at the end stood a summer-house: I at once began to think -of the palaces scattered through the Crown forests, in memory of the -origin of the long-haired kings and their mysterious pleasures. A shot -was heard; L'_Heureuse_ turned short, scoured the thicket with lowered -head, and carried me to the exact spot where the roebuck had just been -killed: the King appeared. - -I then remembered, but too late, the Duc de Coigny's injunctions: the -accursed _Heureuse_ had done all I leapt to the ground, pushing my mare -back with one hand, holding my hat low in the other. The King looked -and saw only a _débutant_ who had come in at the death before himself; -he felt a need to speak; instead of flying into a passion, he said, in -a good-natured voice and with a broad laugh: - -"He did not hold out long." - -That is the only word I ever had from Louis XVI. People came up -from every side; they were astonished to find me "talking" with the -King. The _débutant_ Chateaubriand created a sensation with his two -"adventures;" but, as has ever happened to him since, he did not know -how to turn either his good or his bad fortune to account. - -The King hunted three other buck. As the _débutants_ were only allowed -to hunt the first animal, I returned to Val with my companions to await -the return of the hunt. The King came back to Val; he was in spirits -and discussed the accidents of the chase. We drove back to Versailles. -A fresh disappointment for my brother: instead of going to dress in -order to be present at the unbooting, the moment of triumph and favour, -I flung myself into my carriage and drove home to Paris, rejoicing at -being delivered of my honors and my troubles. I told my brother that -I was determined to return to Brittany. Satisfied with having made -his name known, and hoping one day to bring to maturity, by means of -his own presentation, what had proved abortive in mine, he placed no -obstacle in the way of the departure of so eccentric a spirit[216]. - -Such was my first experience of the Town and the Court Society appeared -even more hateful in my eyes than I had imagined it; but, though it -frightened, it did not discourage me; I felt, in a confused fashion, -that I was superior to what I had seen. I took an invincible dislike -to the Court; this dislike, or rather this contempt, which I have been -unable to conceal, will either prevent me from succeeding or will cause -me to fall from the summit of my career. - -For the rest, if I judged the world without knowing it, the world, in -its turn, knew nothing of me. None, at my first entrance, guessed what -I might be good for, and when I came back to Paris, they guessed it no -more. Since attaining my sad celebrity, I have been told by numbers -of people, "How we should have noticed you, if we had met you in your -youth!" This obliging contention is only the illusion attaching to -an established reputation. Outwardly men resemble each other; it is -in vain for Rousseau to tell us that he had a pair of small, quite -charming eyes; it is none the less certain, witness his portraits, that -he had the appearance of a schoolmaster or a cross-grained shoemaker. - -To have done with the Court, I will add that after revisiting Brittany -and coming back to Paris to live with my younger sisters, Lucile and -Julie, I plunged more deeply than ever into my habits of solitude. You -ask what became of the story of my presentation. It remained where it -was. - -"Then you did not hunt with the King again?" - -"No more than with the Emperor of China." - -"And you never went back to Versailles?" - -"I twice went as far as Sèvres; my heart failed me, and I returned to -Paris." - -"So you made nothing of your position?" - -"Nothing at all." - -"What did you do then?" - -"I was bored." - -"So you felt no ambition?" - -[Sidenote: I print my first poem.] - -"Yes, indeed: by means of intrigue and trouble, I attained the glory of -printing in the _Almanack des Muses_ an idyll the appearance of which -almost killed me with hope and fear[217]. I would have given all the -King's coaches to have written the ballad, _Ô ma tendre musette!_ or, -_De mon berger volage._" - -Good for everything where others, good for nothing where I myself am -concerned: there you have me. - - -[176] This book was written in Berlin in March and April 1821 and -revised in July 1846.--T. - -[177] The _Conservateur_ was founded by Chateaubriand in October 1818, -with the motto, _Le Roi, la Charte et les Honnêtes Gens._ Some of -Chateaubriand's most perfect work is to be found in this collection, -and the other writers included the Abbé de Lamennais, the Vicomte de -Bonald, Fiévée, Berryer the Younger, Eugène Genoude, the Vicomte de -Castelbajac, the Marquis d'Herbouville, M. Agier, the Cardinal de La -Luzerne, the Duc de FitzJames, &c. The _Conservateur_ ceased to appear -in March 1820 in consequence of the revival of the censorship.--B. - -[178] _Cf._ the _Mémoires sur la vie et la mort de Monseigneur le Duc -de Berry_ (April 1820).--T. - -[179] Chateaubriand was appointed, by an Order in Council of 28 -November 1820, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the -Court of Prussia.--B. - -[180] Frederic William II. (1744-1797), the nephew and successor of -Frederic the Great--T. - -[181] Dorothea Princess of Courlande (1795-1862) married in 1810 the -Comte Edmond de Périgord, nephew to Talleyrand, who abandoned to him -his title of Duc de Dino. The duke subsequently came into the title of -Duc de Talleyrand-Périgord, by which the duchess was known at the time -of her death.--B. - -[182] The Comte Roger de Caux and the Chevalier de Cussy.--B. - -[183] Now Emperor and Empress of Russia.--_Authors Note_ (Paris, 1832). - -Nicholas I. (1796-1855) married Charlotte, daughter of King Frederick -William III. of Prussia. He ascended the Russian throne in 1825, on -the death of his eldest brother, the Tsar Alexander I., and by virtue -of the renunciation, for himself and his heirs, of the Grand-Duke -Constantine.--T. - -[184] I have inserted the life of my sister Julie in the supplement to -these Memoirs.--_Author's Note._ This life, extracted from the Abbé -Carron's _Vie des justes_, I omit. It will be found in the last series -of the _Vie des justes_, entitled, _Dans les plus hauts rangs de la -société._ The Abbé Guy Toussaint Julien Carron (1760-1820) was the -founder of the Institut Royal de Marie-Thérèse, established under the -patronage of the Duchesse d'Anjoulême for the daughters of families -which had lost their fortune in the Revolution, in addition to a number -of charitable institutions founded during the Emigration at Somers -Town, to which Chateaubriand refers _infra._-T. - -[185] St. Julia, Virgin and Martyr (22 May), was born at Carthage, and -died for the Faith in Corsica, _circa_ 439.--T. - -[186] The Abbé Carron was born at Rennes.--T. - -[187] Louise Françoise de La Baume Le Blanc de La Vallière (1644-1710), -the unselfish mistress of Louis XIV. After twice seeking refuge in a -convent, she definitely withdrew to the Carmelites in the Faubourg -Saint-Jacques in 1674, and took the veil in 1675, from which date -to that of her death she submitted herself to exercises of the most -austere piety.--T. - -[188] The Marquise de Montespan (1641-1707), mistress to Louis XIV. -and successor to Mademoiselle de La Vallière, was one of the three -daughters of Gabriel de Rochechouart, Duc de Mortemart; her sisters -were the Marquise de Thianges and the Abbesse de Fontevrault.--T. - -[189] Julien Hyacinthe de Marnière, Chevalier de Guer (1748-1816), born -at Rennes, an active member of the Royalist party.--B. - -[190] François René Jean, Baron de Pommereul (1745-1823), born at -Fougères, became a general of division in 1796 and director-general of -the State press and publishing department in 1811. The work to which -Chateaubriand alludes is Pommereul's _Campagnes du général Bonaparte en -Italie pendant les années IV, et V. de la République Française._--B. - -[191] I omit a remark of Pommereul's, applied to the nobles who -accepted the post of Chamberlain at the Imperial Court, which is too -indelicate for translation.--T. - -[192] Of 4, 11, and 18 December 1675.--B. - -[193] Bénigne Jeanne de Chateaubriand, Comtesse de Québriac, married -as her second husband, in 1786, Paul François de la Celle, Vicomte de -Chateaubourg, a captain in the Condé Regiment, and a knight of St. -Louis.--B. - -[194] Victurnien Bonaventure Victor de Rochechouart, Marquis de -Mortemart (1753-1823), served in the army of Condé under the -Emigration, and was created a peer of France and lieutenant-general at -the Restoration.--B. - -[195] Christophe François Thérèse Picon, Comte d'Andrezel (1746-1821), -also emigrated and fought in the Princes' Army. On the return of the -Bourbons he exercised the functions of sub-prefect of Saint-Dié from -1815 till the year of his death.--B. - -[196] François de Salignac de La Mothe-Fénelon (1651-1715), author of -the _Aventures de Télémaque_ was Archbishop of Cambrai and is buried in -the cathedral.--T. - -[197] Frederic II., or the Great (1712-1786), King of Prussia, died on -the 17th of August, twenty days before the Comte de Chateaubriand, as -mentioned above.--T. - -[198] Frederic William III. (1770-1840), son of Frederick William -II., and grand-nephew of Frederick the Great, succeeded his father in -1797.--T. - -[199] My nephew, Breton fashion, Frédéric de Chateaubriand, son -of my cousin Armand, has purchased the Ballue, where my mother -died.--_Author's Note._ - -[200] Marshal Blaise de Montluc (_circa_ 1502-1577), a valiant -captain of François I., Henry II. and François II. Under Charles IX. -he defeated the Huguenots in several encounters, and set himself to -extirpate heresy by means of wholesale executions, which earned for him -the nickname of the Royalist Butcher. He received his marshal's baton -at the hands of Henry III.--T. - -[201] Guillaume Thomas François Raynal (1713-1796), editor of the -_Mercure_ and author of, among other works, the _Histoire philosophique -des établissements et du commerce des Européens dans les Deux-Indes_ -(1770). This work is full of political and anti-religious declamations, -and was placed upon the Index in consequence. He published in 1780 a -new and still bolder edition, which was condemned in 1781.--T. - -[202] The Château de Marigny exists in the commune of -Saint-Germain-en-Coglès, canton of Saint-Brice-en-Coglès, -Arrondissement of Fougères (Ille-et-Vilaine). Balzac laid the scene of -his _Chouans_ in the neighbourhood of Fougères, and wrote his novel -at Marigny, where he was staying as the guest of General the Baron -de Pommereul. The Comtesse de Marigny died 18 July 1860, in her one -hundred and first year.--B. - -[203] Antoinette Cécile Clavel (_circa_ 1756-1812), first singer at -the Opera. Her features were not beautiful but exceedingly expressive; -she excelled in Gluck's operas. She was first married to an adventurer -called Saint-Huberti, and later to the Comte d'Entragues, whom she had -followed into the Emigration. They were both assassinated at their -cottage on the Terrace, Barnes, by an Italian servant who had been -dismissed the day before.--T. - -[204] François Maréchal Baron de Bassompierre (1579-1646), figured -at the Court of Henry IV., and in the wars of Henry IV. and Louis -XIII. The latter monarch created him a marshal, and employed him upon -various embassies. He succeeded, however, in incurring the displeasure -of Richelieu, who imprisoned him in the Bastille in 1631, where he -remained until the Cardinal's death in 1643. It was there that he wrote -his famous Memoirs.--T. - -[205] _Mémoires du maréchal de Bassompierre, contenant l'histoire de -sa vie et ce qui s'est fait de plus remarquable à la cour de France -jusqu'en_ 1640, I. 305.--B. - -[206] Henry IV. (1553-1610), King of France and Navarre, born at Pau in -the Province of Béarn.--T. - -[207] Catherine Henriette de Balzac d'Entragues, Marquise de Verneuil -(1583-1633), daughter of François d'Entragues, Governor of Orléans, -and of Marie Touchet, mistress of Charles IX. She became Henry IV.'s -mistress after the death of Gabrielle d'Estrées, and bitterly resented -his marriage to Marie de Médicis, the more so as the King had given -her a written promise of marriage, which was torn up by the Duc de -Sully.--T. - -[208] JOHN, X. 33.--T. - -[209] Marie Henry François Franquetot, Duc de Coigny (1737-1821), the -King's First Equerry. Under the Restoration, he was created a peer of -France in 1814, appointed Governor of the Invalides in 1816, and a -marshal of France in the same year.--B. - -[210] I have met M. le Comte d'Hautefeuille again; he is engaged in -translating selections from Byron; Madame la Comtesse d'Hautefeuille is -the gifted author of the _Âme exilée_, &c.--_Author's Note._ - -Charles Louis Félicité Texier, Comte d'Hautefeuille (1770-1865), after -fighting in the Princes' Army, took service in Sweden, in the Royal -Guards, and did not return to France till 1811. He married, in 1823, -Mademoiselle de Beaurepaire, daughter of one of the bravest officers -in the Vendean Army. The Comtesse d'Hautefeuille published a number of -noteworthy works under the pseudonym of "Anna-Marie."--B. - -[211] The Duc de Coigny was accused by the detractors of Marie -Antoinette of having been in her good graces in the early years of the -reign of Louis XVI.--T. - -[212] Charles Juste Maréchal Duc de Beauvau (1720-1793), member of the -French and Della Cruscan Academies.--T. - -[213] The following appears in the _Gazette de France_ of Tuesday 27 -February 1787: - -"The Comte Charles d'Hautefeuille, the Baron de Saint-Marsault, -the Baron de Saint-Marsault Chatelaillon and the Chevalier de -Chateaubriand, who had previously had the honor of being presented to -the King, had, on the 19th, that of riding in His Majesty's carriages -and following him in the hunt."--_Author's Note._ - -[214] Françoise Comtesse de Chateaubriand (1475-1537), daughter of Jean -de Foix, Vicomte de Narbonne, and sister of the Vicomte de Lautrec -and the Maréchal de Foix. She inspired a passion in François I., but -after a year was supplanted by the Duchesse d'Étampes (_vide infra_), -and remained the victim of the jealousy of her husband, who has been -accused of hastening her death.--T. - -[215] Anne de Pisseleu, Duchesse d'Étampes (_circa_ 1508-_circa_ 1576), -first known as Mademoiselle d'Heilly, maid-of-honour to the Comtesse -d'Angoulême, mother of François I. She became the King's mistress -at the age of eighteen; he married her to a certain Jean de Brosse, -and gave her the county of Étampes, first raising it to a duchy. She -practically governed France for two-and-twenty years, until the King's -death in 1547, when she retired into obscurity and solaced her solitude -by embracing the Reformation.--T. - -[216] The _Mémorial historique de la Noblesse_ has printed a hitherto -unpublished document, annotated in the King's hand, taken from -the Archives of the Kingdom, register M 813 and portfolio M 814; -it contains the "Entrances." My own name and my brother's appear -in it: this shows that my memory has not been at fruit as regards -dates.--_Author's Note_ (Paris, 1840). - -[217] This idyll appears in the _Almanack des Muses_ for 1790, p. -205, under the title: L'_Amour de la campagne_ and the signature: "By -the Chevalier de C<sup>***</sup>." Chateaubriand included it in his -Complete Works.--B. - - - - -BOOK V[218] - - -Stay in Brittany--In garrison at Dieppe--I return to Paris with Lucile -and Julie--Delisle de Sales--Men of letters--Portraits--The Rosanbo -family--M. de Malesherbes--His predilection for Lucile--Appearance -and change of my sylph--Early political disturbances in Brittany--A -glance at the history of the monarchy--Constitution of the States -of Brittany--The holding of the States--The King's revenue in -Brittany--Private revenue of the province--Hearth-money--I am -present for the first time at a political meeting--A scene--My -mother moves to Saint-Malo--I receive the tonsure--The country -round Saint-Malo--The ghost--The sick man--The States of Brittany -in 1789--Riots--Saint-Riveul, my schoolfellow, is killed--The year -1789--Journey from Brittany to Paris--Movement on the road--Appearance -of Paris--Dismissal of M. Necker--Versailles--Delight of the Royal -Family--General insurrection--Capture of the Bastille--Effect of -the capture of the Bastille on the Court--The heads of Foullon -and Bertier--Recall of M. Necker--Sitting of the 4th of August -1789--The day's work of the 5th of October--The King is taken to -Paris--The Constituent Assembly--Mirabeau--Sittings of the National -Assembly--Robespierre--Society-Aspect of Paris--What I did amidst all -this turmoil--My solitary days--Mademoiselle Monet--I draw up with -M. de Malesherbes the plan of my journey in America--Bonaparte and -I both unknown subalterns--The Marquis de La Rouërie--I embark at -Saint-Malo--Last thoughts on leaving my native land. - - -All that has been read in the previous chapter was written in Berlin. I -have returned to Paris for the christening of the Duc de Bordeaux[219], -and have resigned my embassy through political fidelity to M. de -Villèle[220], who has left the Cabinet. Restored to leisure, let me -write. The more these Memoirs become filled with my years that have -passed, the more do they remind me of the lower bulb of an hour-glass -which marks what has fallen from my life: when all the sand shall have -passed through, I would not turn over my glass clock, if God gave me -power to do so. - -* - -The new solitude into which I entered in Brittany, after my -presentation, was no longer that of Combourg; it was not so entire, -nor so serious, nor, to tell the truth, so forced: I was free to -leave it; it lost its value. An old armorial lady of the castle, -an old escutcheoned baron, watching over their last son and their -last daughter in a feudal manor, presented what the English call -"characters:" there was nothing provincial, nothing narrow in that -life, because it was not the common life. - -With my sisters, provincial life went on as usual amid the fields: -neighbours danced at each other's houses or acted plays, in which -I performed occasionally and very badly. In the winter one had, at -Fougères, to submit to the society of a small town, with its balls, -assemblies, and dinners, and I could not live forgotten, as in Paris. - -On the other hand, I had not seen the army, the Court, without -undergoing a certain change in my ideas. In spite of my natural -inclinations, an indefinite something struggled within me against -obscurity, and besought me to emerge from the shadow. Julie detested -country life, and the instinct of genius and beauty impelled Lucile -towards a wider stage. - -I thus felt a discomfort in my existence which warned me that that -existence was not my destiny. - -[Sidenote: Garrison life at Dieppe.] - -Nevertheless, I continued, to love the country, and round about Marigny -it was charming[221]. My regiment had moved its quarters: the first -battalion was garrisoned at the Havre, the second at Dieppe. I joined -the latter; my presentation at Court made a personage of me. I acquired -a taste for my profession; I worked hard at my training; I was placed -in charge of recruits, whom I drilled on the pebbly beach: the sea has -been the background of almost all the scenes of my life. - -La Martinière did not concern himself at Dieppe with his homonym of -Lamartinière[222], nor with the Père Simon[223], who wrote against -Bossuet, Port-Royal, and the Benedictines, nor with Pecquet[224] the -anatomist, whom Madame de Sévigné[225] calls "little Pecquet;" but -La Martinière was in love at Dieppe as at Cambrai: he pined away at -the feet of a lusty woman of Caux[226], whose cap and head-dress were -half a fathom high. She was not young: by an odd chance, her name was -Cauchie, and she was apparently the grand-daughter of that other native -of Dieppe, Anne Cauchie, who, in 1645, was one hundred and fifty years -old. - -In 1647, Anne of Austria, like myself watching the sea from the windows -of her chamber, amused herself by seeing the fire-ships bum for her -diversion. She allowed the nations which had been faithful to Henry IV. -to guard young Louis XIV., and gave endless benisons to those nations -"in spite of their villainous Norman speech." - -At Dieppe there still prevailed some of the feudal fines which I had -seen paid at Combourg: there were due to the burgess Vauquelin three -pigs' heads, each with an orange between its teeth, and three marked -sous of the oldest known coinage. - -I went to spend a week at Fougères. There reigned a noble spinster, -called Mademoiselle de La Belinaye[227], aunt to the Comtesse de -Tronjoli of whom I have spoken. An agreeable, but ugly, sister of an -officer in the Condé Regiment attracted my admiration: I was not bold -enough to raise my eyes to beauty; I dared to risk a respectful tribute -only by favour of a woman's imperfections. - -Madame de Farcy, continuing in ill-health, at last resolved to leave -Brittany. She persuaded Lucile to accompany her; Lucile, in her -turn, overcame my repugnance: we set out for Paris; it was the sweet -partnership of the three youngest birds of the brood. My brother was -married; he lived with his father-in-law, the President de Rosanbo, in -the Rue de Bondy. We agreed to settle in his neighbourhood: through the -good offices of M. Delisle de Sales[228], who lived in the Pavilions -de Saint-Lazare, at the top of the Faubourg Saint-Denis, we secured an -apartment in these same "pavilions[229]." - -[Sidenote: Delisle de Sales.] - -Madame de Farcy had become acquainted, I know not how, with Delisle de -Sales, who had formerly been sent to Vincennes for some philosophical -nonsense or other. At that time, one became a celebrity if he had -scribbled a few lines of prose or published a quatrain in the _Almanack -des Muses._ Delisle de Sales, a very worthy man, most decidedly under -the average, suffered from a serious relaxation of the intellect, and -allowed his years to slip from under him. The old man had got together -a handsome library consisting of his own works, which he dealt in -abroad, and which nobody read in Paris. Every year, in spring, he went -to Germany to renew his stock of ideas. He wore a greasy, unbuttoned -coat, and carried a roll of dirty paper which one saw protruding from -his pocket: on this he would jot down his thoughts of the moment at -the street-corners. On the pedestal of his own bust in marble he had -himself placed the following inscription, borrowed from the bust of -Buffon: "God, man and nature: he explained them all." Delisle de -Sales explaining everything! These boasts are very pleasant, but very -discouraging. Who is in a position to flatter himself that he possesses -real talent? May we not all, such as we are, be under the sway of an -illusion similar to that of Delisle de Sales? I would wager that some -author will read this phrase who believes himself a genius and is none -the less a blockhead. - -If I have expatiated at too great length on the subject of the worthy -man of the Pavilions de Saint-Lazare, the reason is that he was the -first man of letters I met. He introduced me to the company of others. -The presence of my two sisters made life in Paris less unbearable -to me; my love of study still further overcame my distaste. Delisle -de Sales I considered an eagle. I met at his rooms Carbon Flins des -Oliviers[230], who fell in love with Madame de Farcy. She laughed at -him; he put a good face upon it, for he prided himself upon being a man -of breeding. Flins introduced me to his friend Fontanes, who became -mine. - -Flins was the son of an administrator of woods and forests at Rheims, -and had received a neglected education; he was for all that a man of -sense, and sometimes of talent. It was impossible to imagine anything -uglier than he: short and bloated, with large, prominent eyes, -bristling hair, dirty teeth, and yet a not over-vulgar air. His manner -of life, which was that of nearly all the men of letters in Paris at -that time, deserves to be told. Flins occupied a lodging in the Rue -Mazarine, pretty near La Harpe, who lived in the Rue Guénégaud. He -was waited upon by two Savoyards, disguised as flunkeys by means of -livery cloaks; they followed him at night, and opened the door to -his visitors in the day-time. Flins went regularly to the Théâtre -Français, which at that time was situate in the Odéon and excelled -particularly in comedy. Brizard[231] had only just retired; Talma[232] -was commencing; Larive[233], Saint-Phal, Fleury[234], Molé[235], -Dazincourt, Dugazon[236], Grandmesnil[237], Mesdames Contat[238], -Saint-Val[239], Desgarcins, Olivier[240] were in the full vigor of -their talent, pending the arrival of Mademoiselle Mars[241], daughter -of Monvel[242], who was preparing to make her first appearance at -the Théâtre Montansier[243]. The actresses protected the authors, and -sometimes became the occasion of their fortune. - -Flins, who had only a small allowance from his family, lived on credit. -When Parliament was not sitting, he pawned his Savoyards' liveries, -his two watches, his rings and underclothing, paid his debts with the -amount thus raised, went to Rheims, spent three months there, returned -to Paris, redeemed, with the money his father had given him, the -articles which he had pledged at the pawnshops, and resumed his round -of life, ever gay and popular. - -* - -[Sidenote: The Chevalier de Parny.] - -In the course of the two years that elapsed between my settling in -Paris and the opening of the States-General, the circle in which I -moved increased. I knew the elegies of the Chevalier de Parny by heart, -as I know them still I wrote to him to ask leave to set eyes upon a -poet whose works delighted me; I received a civil reply, and called -upon him in the Rue de Cléry. I found a man still fairly young in -years, of very pleasant manners, tall, spare, with a face pitted with -the small-pox. He returned my visit; I introduced him to my sisters. He -cared little for society, and was soon driven from it on account of his -politics: at that time he belonged to the old party. I have never known -a writer who more closely resembled his works: poet and Creole[244] as -he was, all he needed was the Indian sky, a fountain, a palm-tree, and -a woman by his side. He dreaded noise, tried to glide unnoticed through -life, sacrificed everything to his idleness, and, amid the obscurity in -which he dwelt, was betrayed only by his pleasures, which played upon -his lyre as they passed[245]. - -It was this inability to escape from his indolence which turned the -Chevalier de Parny from the furious aristocrat that he was into a -wretched revolutionary, insulting persecuted religion and priests on -the scaffold, purchasing repose at all costs, and foisting upon the -muse that had sung Éléonore the language of the houses where Camille -Desmoulins went to haggle for the pleasures of love. - -The author of the _Histoire de la literature italienne_, who crept into -the Revolution in Chamfort's wake, came to visit us, thanks to the -cousinship that exists among all Bretons. Ginguené lived in society -upon a reputation acquired through a rather graceful set of verses, -the _Confession de Zulmé_, which obtained for him a paltry place in M. -de Necker's[246] offices: hence his article upon his admission to the -office of the Controller-General. Somebody disputed Ginguené's claim -to the authorship of the _Confession de Zulmé_ upon which his fame was -based; but it was, as a matter of fact, his own. - -The Rennes poet was a good musician and wrote ballads. Humble as he -began by being, we saw his pride grow as he succeeded in hanging upon -the skirts of some well-known man. About the time of the summoning of -the States-General, Chamfort employed him to scribble articles for the -newspapers and speeches for the clubs: he then became arrogant. At the -first Federation he said: "There's a fine entertainment! In order to -light it better, we ought to burn an aristocrat at each of the four -corners of the altar!" There was nothing original in this aspiration; -long before him, Louis Dorléans, the Leaguer, had written in his -_Banquet du Comte d'Arète_ that "one ought to fasten the Protestant -ministers by way of faggots to the stake of the Midsummer's Night -bonfires, and put King Henry IV. into the barrel where one put the -cats." - -Ginguené knew of the revolutionary murders before they took place. -Madame Ginguené warned my sisters and my wife of the massacre planned -at the Carmelites, and gave them shelter: she lived in the Cul-de-sac -Férou, near the place where throats were to be cut. - -After the Terror, Ginguené became a sort of head of the department of -Public Instruction; it was then that he sang the _Arbre de la liberté_ -at the Cadran-Bleu, to the air of _Je l'ai planté, je l'ai vu naître._ -He was considered sufficiently pious, philosophically, for an embassy -to the Court of one of the kings who were being discrowned. He wrote -from Turin to M. de Talleyrand that he had "overcome a prejudice:" he -had caused his wife to be received at Court in a _pet-en-l'air?_[247] -After falling from mediocrity to importance, from importance to -silliness, and from silliness to absurdity, he ended his days as a -distinguished critic, and what is better, as an independent writer in -the _Décade_[248]: nature had restored him to the place whence Society -had to such ill purpose taken him. His information is second-hand, his -prose dull, his verse correct and sometimes agreeable. - -[Sidenote: Guinguené and Le Brun.] - -Ginguené had a friend, the poet Le Brun[249]. Ginguené protected -Le Brun, in the way in which a man of talent, who knows the world, -protects the simplicity of a man of genius; Le Brun in his turn cast -his radiancy over Ginguené's eminence. Nothing more comical was seen -than the part played by these two cronies who, by a gentle commerce, -did each other all the services which two men excelling in different -spheres are able to render one to the other. - -Le Brun was simply a mock gentleman of the Empyrean; his poetic spirit -was as cold as his transports were icy. His Parnassus was a top room in -the Rue Montmartre, furnished with a pile of books heaped pell-mell on -the floor, a trestle-bed, the curtains of which consisted of two dirty -towels dangling from a rusty iron rod, and the half of an ewer propped -up against a bottomless chair. It was not that Le Brun was in needy -circumstances; but he was a miser and addicted to loose women. - -At M. de Vaudreuil's "classical supper[250]," he impersonated Pindar. -Among his lyrical poems are to be found energetic or elegant stanzas, -as in the ode on the ship _Vengeur_ or the ode on the _Environs de -Paris._ His elegies issued from his head, rarely from his soul; his -was a labored, not a natural, originality; he created only by sheer -force of art: he toiled to distort the meanings of words and to unite -them in monstrous alliances. Le Brun had only one real talent, that of -satire; his epistle on _La bonne et la mauvaise plaisanterie_ enjoyed a -well-deserved renown. Some of his epigrams are worthy of mention with -J. B. Rousseau's; La Harpe above all inspired him. One more justice -should be done him: he retained his independence under Bonaparte, -and has left trenchant verses directed against the oppressor of our -liberties[251]. - -But unquestionably the most atrabiliary of the men of letters whom I -knew in Paris at that time was Chamfort. Attacked with the disorder -that produced the Jacobins, he was unable to forgive mankind for the -accident of his birth[252]. He betrayed the houses to which he was -admitted; he took the cynicism of his language for a picture of the -manners of the Court. It would not be possible to deny that he had -wit and talent, but wit and talent of the kind which does not reach -posterity. When he saw that he was unable to attain to any position -under the Revolution, he turned against himself the hands which he -had raised against society. No longer to his vanity did the Phrygian -cap appear as but another kind of crown, sans-culottism as a sort of -nobility, of which Marat and Robespierre were the grandees. Furious -at finding inequality of rank in the very world of sorrow and of -tears, condemned to remain no more than a "villein" in the feudality -of executioners, he tried to kill himself in order to escape from -superiority in crime; he failed in his attempt: death laughs at those -who summon it and who mistake it for annihilation. - -I did not meet the Abbé Delille[253] until 1798, in London, and I never -saw Rulhière[254], who lives through Madame d'Egmont[255] and makes her -live, nor Palissot[256], nor Beaumarchais[257], nor Marmontel[258]. -The same with Chénier[259], whom I never met, who has often attacked -me, to whom I never replied, and whose place at the Institute was to be -the cause of one of the crises of my life. - -[Sidenote: Eighteenth-century writers.] - -When I read over again the majority of the writers of the eighteenth -century, I am amazed to think of the renown which they achieved and of -my former admiration for them. Whether it be that the language has made -progress, or that it has gone backward, or that we have advanced in -civilization or retreated towards barbarism, it is certain that I find -something threadbare, antiquated, grizzled, cold, and lifeless in the -authors who were the delight of my youth. I find even in the greatest -writers of the Voltairean age things that are poor in sentiment, -thought, and style. - -Whom am I to blame for my disappointment? I fear the chief guilt -lies with myself; born innovator that I am, I may perhaps have -communicated to younger generations the malady with which I was seized. -Terror-stricken, in vain I cry to my children, "Do not forget your -French!" They reply in the words of the Limosin to Pantagruel, that -they come "from alme, inclyte and celebrate academy, which is vocitated -Lutetia[260]." - -This habit of latinizing and hellenizing our language is not new, as we -see: Rabelais cured it, it reappeared in Ronsard[261]; Boileau attacked -it. In our time it has been revived by science; our revolutionaries, -great Greeks by nature, have compelled our merchants and farmers to -calculate in hectares, hectolitres, kilometers, millimeters, decagrams: -politics have "ronsardized" everything. - -I might have spoken here of M. de La Harpe, whom I knew at that time, -and to whom I will return; I might have added M. de Fontanes' portrait -to my gallery; but although my acquaintance with that excellent man -began in 1789, it was not until we met in England that I became united -to him in a friendship which ever increased with bad, and never -diminished with good fortune: I will tell you of him later in all the -effusion of my heart. I shall have no talents to depict but those which -no longer console the earth. The death of my friend has occurred at the -moment when my recollections were leading me to trace the commencement -of his life[262]. So great a flight is our existence that, if we do not -write down in the evening what has happened in the morning, our work -obstructs us, and we no longer have the time to keep it posted up. This -does not prevent us from wasting our years, from flinging to the winds -the hours which are for men the seeds of eternity. - -* - -While my inclination and that of my two sisters threw me into this -literary society, our position obliged us to frequent another set; the -family of my brother's wife was naturally the centre for us of this -second circle. - -The Président Le Peletier de Rosanbo, who since died with such great -courage[263], was at the time of my arrival in Paris a model of -frivolity. At that period, men's minds and manners were in every way -unsettled, a symptom of a coming revolution. Magistrates were ashamed -to wear the robe, and mocked at the gravity of their fathers. The -Lamoignons, the Molés, the Séguiers, the d'Aguesseaus[264] wished -to fight instead of judging. The Presidents' wives ceased to be -respectable mothers of families and left their gloomy mansions in order -to seek brilliant adventures[265]. The priest in the pulpit avoided -pronouncing the name of Jesus Christ and spoke only of the "Law-giver -of the Christians;" the ministers were falling pell-mell; power slipped -through each one's fingers. The height of fashion was to be American -in town, English at Court, Prussian in the army; to be anything except -French. All that was said, all that was done, was one long series of -inconsistencies. They wished to keep up the commendatory clergy, and -would have none of religion; none could be an officer who was not -of gentle birth, whereas the nobility was railed at; equality was -introduced into the drawing-rooms together with flogging into the camps. - -[Sidenote: M. de Malesherbes.] - -M. de Malesherbes had three daughters[266], Mesdames de Rosanbo, -d'Aulnay, and de Montboissier; he loved Madame de Rosanbo the best, -because her opinions resembled his own. The Président de Rosanbo[267] -also had three daughters, Mesdames de Chateaubriand, d'Aulnay[268], -and de Tocqueville, and one son, whose brilliant mind clothed itself -in Christian perfection. M. de Malesherbes was happy in the midst of -his children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren. Time after time I -have seen him, in the early days of the Revolution, arrive at Madame de -Rosanbo's, all heated with politics, fling off his wig, lie down upon -the carpet of my sister's room, and submit to the uproarious teasing -of the rebellious children. His manners would have been considered -almost vulgar, if he had not possessed a certain brusqueness which -saved him from being commonplace: at the first words he uttered, one -recognized the bearer of an old name and the superior magistrate. His -natural virtues were somewhat tainted with affectation, thanks to -the philosophy which he mingled with them. He was full of knowledge, -honesty, and courage, but impetuous and passionate to such an extent -that he once said to me, speaking of Condorcet: - -"That man was once my friend; today I would not scruple to kill him -like a dog." - -The tide of the Revolution overwhelmed him, and his death established -his glory. This great man would have remained hidden beneath his -merits, if misfortune had not revealed him to the world. A noble -Venetian lost his life at the moment when he discovered his title-deeds -amid the falling ruins of an old palace. - -[Illustration: C. G. Lamoignon de Malesherbes.] - -M. de Malesherbes' free ways removed all my constraint. He found that -I was not without information; this first point gave us something -in common: we spoke of botany and geography, two of his favourite -subjects. It was in the course of my conversations with him that I -first conceived the idea of making a journey in North America, with -the object of discovering the ocean seen by Hearne and later by -Mackenzie[269]. We also held views in common on politics: the generous -sentiments which were at the root of our earlier troubles appealed -to the independence of my character; my natural antipathy to the -Court gave strength to this inclination. I was on the side of M. de -Malesherbes and of Madame de Rosanbo as against M. de Rosanbo and my -brother, who was nicknamed "the raving Chateaubriand." The Revolution -would have carried me away, had it not started in crime: I saw the -first head carried on the end of a pike, and I drew back. Murder will -never to my eyes be an object of admiration or an argument in favour -of liberty; I know nothing more servile, more contemptible, more -cowardly, more shallow than a Terrorist. Have I not in France seen the -whole of this race of Brutus take service with Cæsar and his police? -The levellers, regenerators, cut-throats had been transformed into -lackeys, spies, sycophants, and even less naturally into dukes, counts, -and barons: such a medievalism! - -[Sidenote: My great liking for him.] - -Lastly, what attached me still more to the illustrious old man was his -predilection for my sister: in spite of the Comtesse Lucile's shyness, -we succeeded, with the aid of a glass of champagne, in inducing her -to take a part in a little play on the occasion of M. de Malesherbes' -birthday; her performance was so touching that it turned that good and -great man's head. He was even more eager than my brother in urging her -translation from the Chapter of the Argentière to that of Remiremont, -which insisted upon the rigorous and difficult proofs of the "sixteen -quarterings." For all his philosophy, M. de Malesherbes possessed -principles of birth in an eminent degree. - -This picture of men and society at the time of my entrance into the -world must be spread over a space of about two years, from 25 May -1787, the date of the closing of the first Assembly of Notables, to 5 -May 1789, that of the opening of the States-General. During these two -years, my sisters and I did not continually live in Paris, nor in the -same part of Paris. I will now go back and carry my readers to Brittany. - -I must add that I was still infatuated with my illusions; now -that I no longer had my woods, I had discovered a new solitude in -remote times instead of places. In old Paris, in the enclosures of -Saint-Germain-des-Prés, in the cloisters of the convents, in the vaults -of Saint-Denis, in the Sainte Chapelle, in Notre Dame, in the little -streets of the Cité, at the modest door of Héloïse, I again met my -enchantress; but beneath the Gothic arches and among the tombs she had -assumed a deathlike aspect: she was pale, she looked at me with sad -eyes; she was but the shadow or the manes of the dream which I had -loved. - -* - -My political education commenced with my different visits to Brittany -in 1787 and 1788. The Provincial States furnished the model of the -States-General; also the local troubles which heralded those of the -nation broke out in two districts possessing States, Brittany and -Dauphiné. - -The transformation that had been developing for two centuries was -nearing its termination. France had passed from feudal monarchy to the -monarchy of States-General, from the monarchy of States-General to the -monarchy of parliaments, from the monarchy of parliaments to absolute -monarchy, and was now tending towards representative monarchy, across -the struggle between the magistracy and the royal power. - -The Maupeou Parliament[270], the establishment of provincial -assemblies, coupled with individual voting-power, the first and second -Assemblies of Notables, the Plenary Court, the formation of grand -bailiwicks, the reinstatement of the Protestants in their civil rights, -the partial abolition of torture and of forced labour, the equal -division of taxation were so many successive proofs of the revolution -which was at work. But at that time these facts were not seen as a -whole: each event appeared in the light of an isolated accident. At -every period of history, there exists a guiding thought. Looking only -at one point, one fails to see the rays converging at the centre of -all the other points; one does not go back as far as the secret agency -which gives life and movement to the whole, like water and fire in -machinery: that is why, at the outset of revolutions, so many people -believe that it is enough to break this wheel or that to prevent the -torrent from rushing or the steam from exploding. - -The eighteenth century, a century of intellectual action, not of -material action, would not have succeeded in so promptly altering -the laws, had it not found its vehicle: the parliaments, and notably -the Parliament of Paris, became the instruments of the philosophical -system. Every opinion dies an impotent or distracted death, if it be -not lodged in an assembly which turns it into a power, supplies it with -a will, furnishes it with a tongue and a pair of arms. Revolutions -succeed, and always will succeed, only by means of corporate -assemblies, lawful or unlawful. - -The parliaments had their cause to avenge: absolute monarchy had stolen -from them the authority which they had usurped from the States-General. -Enforced registrations[271], beds of justice, sentences of exile, -while making the magistrates popular, drove them to demand liberties -of which, in their hearts, they were not the sincere upholders. They -called for the restoration of the States-General, not daring to admit -that they wished to secure the legislative and political power for -themselves; and thus they hastened on the resurrection of a body of -which they had gathered the inheritance, a body which, on returning -to life, would at once reduce them to their own department. Men are -almost invariably deceived as to their true interests, whether moved by -wisdom or passion: Louis XVI. restored the parliaments which forced -him to summon the States-General; the States-General, converted into -a National Assembly and soon into a Convention, destroyed the throne -and the parliaments, and sent to their deaths both the judges and the -monarch from whom justice emanated. But Louis XVI. and the parliaments -acted in this manner because they were the unconscious instruments of a -social revolution. - -[Sidenote: State-General.] - -The idea of the States-General was, therefore, in all men's heads; only -they did not see whither it would lead them. It was the question, for -the crowd, how to make up a deficit which the smallest banker of today -would undertake to remove. The application of so violent a remedy to so -small an evil proves that the public was being carried towards unknown -political regions. For the year 1786, the only year of which the -financial state has been affirmed, the revenue amounted to 412,924,000, -the expenditure to 593,542,000 livres, leaving a deficit of 180,618,000 -livres, which was reduced to 140 millions through economies amounting -to 40,618,000 livres. In this budget, the Royal Household figures for -the immense sum of 37,200,000 livres: the Princes' debts, the purchase -of country-seats, and the Court malversations were the cause of this -additional burden. - -It was desired to have the States-General in the form they assumed in -1614. The historians always quote this form as though one had never -heard speak of States-General or of a demand for their convocation -since 1614. And yet in 1651 the orders of the nobility and the clergy, -meeting in Paris, demanded States-General. A bulky collection of acts -passed and speeches delivered on that occasion exists. The Parliament -of Paris, which was then all-powerful, far from seconding the wishes of -the two upper orders, quashed their meetings as illegal: as indeed they -were. - -And since I am treating of this subject, I wish to note another -serious fact which has escaped those who have concerned, and are still -concerning, themselves with writing the history of France, without -knowing it. People talk of "the three orders" as being essential to -the constitution of the States known as States-General. Well, it often -happened that bailiwicks appointed deputies for only one or two orders. -In 1614, the bailiwick of Amboise appointed none for either the clergy -or the nobility; the bailiwick of Châteauneuf-en-Thimerais sent none -for the clergy nor for the third estate; the Puy, the Rochelle, the -Lauraguais, Calais, the Haute-Marche, Châtellerault sent none for the -clergy, and Montdidier and Roye none for the nobility. Nevertheless, -the States of 1614 were called States-General. Thus the ancient -chronicles express themselves more correctly when they say, in speaking -of our national assemblies, "the three estates," or "the burgess -notables," or "the barons and bishops" as the case may be, and they -attribute the same legislative power to the assemblies thus composed. -In the different provinces, the third estate, even though convoked, -often refrained from deputing representatives, and this for an unheeded -but very natural reason. The third estate had taken possession of the -magistracy, from which it had driven out the men-at-arms; it held -absolute sway, except in a few parliaments, in the offices of judge, -advocate, procurator, registrar, clerk, and so forth; it made civil -and criminal laws, and, thanks to its parliamentary usurpation, it -exercised even the political power. The fortune, honour, and lives of -the citizens depended upon the third estate: all obeyed its decrees, -every head fell beneath the sword of its justices. Seeing, therefore, -that it enjoyed unlimited power, to the exclusion of the other -estates, what need had it to go begging for a portion of that power in -assemblies in which it appeared upon its knees? - -The people, metamorphosed into monks, had resorted to the cloisters, -and governed society through the power of religious opinion; the -people, metamorphosed into tax-gatherers and bankers, had resorted to -finance, and governed society through the power of money; the people, -metamorphosed into magistrates, had resorted to the tribunals, and -governed society through the power of the law. This great Realm of -France, so aristocratic in its parties and in its provinces, was -democratic when taken as a whole, under the direction of its King, with -whom it acted in admirable concert and nearly always went hand in hand. -This is the explanation of its long existence. There is an entirely new -history of France to be written, or rather, the history of France has -not yet been written. - -All the above-mentioned important questions were especially vexed -in the years 1786, 1787, and 1788. The heads of my fellow-Bretons -found abundant cause for excitement in their natural vivacity, in -the privileges of the province, the clergy, and the nobles, in the -collisions between the Parliament and the States. M. de Calonne[272], -for a short while Intendant of Brittany, had increased the internal -strife by favouring the cause of the third estate. M. de Montmorin[273] -and M. de Thiard were not sufficiently strong leaders to ensure the -ascendency of the Court party. The nobility entered into a coalition -with the Parliament, which was itself noble; now it opposed M. Necker, -M. de Calonne, the Archbishop of Sens[274]; now it thrust back the -popular movement, which its own early resistance had favoured. It -assembled, deliberated, and protested; the communes or municipalities -assembled, deliberated and protested in opposition. The private -question of hearth-money was mixed up with the general questions and -increased the reigning ill-will. To understand this, it is necessary to -explain the constitution of the Duchy of Brittany. - -[Sidenote: The States of Brittany.] - -The States of Brittany varied more or less in their formation, in -common with all the States of Feudal Europe, which they resembled. -The Kings of France were established into the rights of the Dukes of -Brittany. The marriage-contract of the Duchess Anne[275], in 1491, not -only brought Brittany by way of dower to the crown of Charles VIII. -and Louis XII., but contained a covenant by virtue of which an end was -put to a contention which traced its origin to Charles of Blois[276] -and the Count of Montfort[277]. Brittany contended that daughters were -entitled to inherit the Duchy; France maintained that the succession -could take place only in the main line, and that when this line came -to be extinguished, Brittany, as a great feud, returned to the Crown. -Charles VIII. and Anne, and subsequently Anne and Louis XII., mutually -surrendered their rights or claims to each other. Claudia, daughter -of Anne and Louis XII., who became the wife of François I., on her -death left the Duchy of Brittany to François I., her husband, upon the -petition of the States assembled at Vannes, and by an edict published -at Nantes in 1532 united the Duchy to the Crown of France, guaranteeing -the Duchy's rights and privileges. - -At that time the States of Brittany were summoned every year; but in -1630 the sittings became biennial. The Governor proclaimed the opening -of the States. The three orders sat, according to the place, in a -church or in the halls of a convent. Each order deliberated apart: they -formed three separate assemblies with their various tempests, which -turned into a general hurricane when the clergy, the nobles, and the -third estate came to meet together. The Court breathed discord, and -talents, vanities and ambitions came into play in this restricted field -as in any more extended arena. - -The Père Grégoire de Rostrenen, a Capuchin friar, in the dedication -to his _Dictionnaire françois-breton_, addresses Their Lordships the -States of Brittany as follows: - - "If it was meet for none save the Roman orator worthily to - praise the august assembly of the Roman Senate, was it meet - for me to venture upon the praise of your august assembly, - which so worthily recalls to us the image of all that ancient - and modern Rome possessed that was majestic and venerable?" - - - -Rostrenen proves that Celtic is one of those primitive languages which -Gomer, the eldest son of Japhet, brought to Europe, and that the -Lower Bretons, despite their short stature, descend from the giants. -Unfortunately, Gomer's Breton children, long separated from France, -allowed part of their old title-deeds to perish: their charters, -to which they did not attach sufficient importance as linking them -to general history, too often lack the authenticity to which the -decipherers of diplomas, on their side, attach too high a price. - -The time of the holding of the States in Brittany was a time of -balls and festivals: one dined with M. le Commandant, dined with M. -le Président de la Noblesse, dined with M. le Président du Clergé, -dined with M. le Trésorier des États, dined with M. l'Intendant de -la Province, dined with M. le Président du Parlement; one dined -everywhere: and drank! At long refectory tables sat Du Guesclins who -were husbandmen, Duguay-Trouins who were seamen, wearing at their side -their iron swords with old-fashioned guards or their short cutlasses. -All the gentlemen assisting at the States in person bore no slight -resemblance to a Diet of Poland, of Poland on foot, not on horseback, a -diet of Scythians, not of Sarmatians. - -[Sidenote: Madame de Sévigné.] - -Unfortunately, they played too much. The balls never ended. The Bretons -are noted for their dances and dance-tunes. Madame de Sévigné has -described our political festivals in the midst of the waste-lands, -like the revels of fairies and goblins which were held at night on the -moors: - - "You shall now," she writes[278]," have news about our - States for your pains of being a Breton. M. de Chaulnes made - his entry on Sunday evening, with all the noise that Vitré - could afford: on Monday morning he sent me a letter, which I - answered by going to dine with him. They dine at two tables - in the same room; there are fourteen covers at each table; - Monsieur presides at one, and Madame at the other. The good - cheer is excessive, whole dishes of roast meat are carried - away uncut; and the pyramids of fruit are so tall, that the - doorways have to be made higher. Our forefathers did not - foresee this kind of machines, seeing that they did not even - understand that a door ought to be higher than themselves.... - After dinner, Messieurs de Lomaria and Coëtlogon danced some - marvelous jigs with two Breton ladies, and minuets with - an air which our courtiers cannot approach: they execute - Gipsy and Lower Breton steps with charming daintiness and - precision.... Night and day there reign such play, good - cheer, and freedom as will attract all the world. I had - never seen the States before; it is a pretty thing enough. - I doubt if there is a province whose assembly has so grand - an air as this; it must be very full, I fancy, for there - is not one of the members at the war nor at Court; except - the little cornet[279], who perhaps may return here one day - like the rest.... A multitude of presents, pensions, repairs - of highways and towns, fifteen or twenty large tables, a - continual round of dancing and gaming, plays three times a - week, and a great deal of show and splendor: there you have - the States. I have forgot three or four hundred pipes of wine - which are drank out here." - - -The Bretons find it difficult to forgive Madame de Sévigné for her -raillery. I am less severe; but I do not like to hear her say, "You -speak very pleasantly of our miseries; we are no longer so _roué_[280]: -_one_ in eight days only, to keep justice going. 'Tis true that a -hanging now comes refreshingly to me." This is carrying the agreeable -language of the Court to excess: Barère[281] spoke with the same grace -of the guillotine. In 1793, the drownings at Nantes were called -"republican marriages:" the popular despotism reproduced the amenities -of style of the royal despotism. - -The Paris fops, who accompanied messieurs the King's company to the -States, related that we country squires had our pockets lined with tin -so that we might take home M. le Commandant's fricassees of chicken -to our wives. These jests were dearly paid for. A Comte de Sabran had -erewhile lost his life in return for his idle talk. This descendant of -the troubadours and of the Provencal kings, as big as a Swiss[282], -allowed himself to be killed by a little hare-hunter of Morbihan, no -taller than a Laplander[283]. This "Ker[284]" was not a whit second to -his adversary in pedigree: if St. Elzear of Sabran was a near kinsman -of St. Louis, St. Corentin[285], collateral ancestor of the most noble -Ker, was Bishop of Quimper under King Gallon II., three centuries -before Christ. - -* - -The King's revenue, in Brittany, consisted of the benevolences, which -varied according to needs; the income from the Crown domains, which -might amount to three or four hundred thousand francs; the stamp-duty, -&c. - -Brittany had her own revenues, which served to meet her expenditure: -the "great due" and the "petty due," which were laid on liquor and -the liquor traffic, produced two millions a year; and then there were -the sums raised by hearth-money. One little suspects the important -part played by hearth-money in our history; yet it was to the French -Revolution what the stamp-duties were to the Revolution in America. - -Hearth-money or _fouage_ (_census pro singulis focis exactus_) was a -quit-rent, or a sort of villain tax, charged upon the goods of the -commonalty for each hearth. This hearth-money, which was gradually -increased, went to pay the debts of the province. In time of war, the -expenditure amounted to more than seven millions from one session to -the next, a sum which exceeded the receipts. A plan had been proposed -to create a capital out of the funds provided by hearth-money and to -turn it into stock for the benefit of the payers of hearth-money: in -this way the tax became only a loan. The injustice (although it was an -injustice made legal by the wording of the customary law) lay in making -it bear upon the property of the commonalty alone. The commons never -ceased protesting; the nobles, who set less store by their money than -by their privileges, would not hear of a duty which would have made -them liable to a villain-tax. This was the question when the States of -Brittany, that were to prove so bloody, came together in December 1788. - -Men's minds were at that time excited by various causes: the assembly -of the Notables, the territorial impost, the traffic in corn, the -approaching sittings of the States-General and the affair of the -Necklace, the Plenary Court and the _Mariage de Figaro_, the grand -bailiwicks and Cagliostro[286] and Mesmer[287], a thousand other -serious and trivial matters formed subjects of controversy in every -family. - -[Sidenote: The Breton nobles.] - -The Breton nobility had, at its own instance, assembled at Rennes to -protest against the establishment of the Plenary Court. I went to -this diet: it was the first political meeting I ever attended. I was -bewildered and amused by the cries I heard. The members climbed on the -tables and chairs; they gesticulated, and all spoke at one time. The -Marquis de Trémargat[288], who had a wooden leg, shouted in stentorian -tones: - -"Let us all go to the Commandant, M. de Thiard[289]; we will say to -him, 'The nobles of Brittany are at your door; they ask to speak to -you; the King himself would not deny them!'" - -At this outburst of eloquence, the cheers shook the rafters. He -commenced again: - -"The King himself would not deny them!" - -The shouts and stamping redoubled. We went to M. le Comte de Thiard, -a man of the Court, an erotic poet, a gentle and frivolous spirit, -mortally bored by our uproar; he looked upon us as so many _hou-hous_, -wild-boars, wild beasts; he was burning to be gone from our Armorica, -and had not the slightest desire to deny us the entrance to his house. -Our spokesman told him what he wanted, after which we went back and -drew up the following declaration: - -"We declare infamous those who are capable of accepting any places, -whether in the new administration of justice, or in the administration -of the States, which shall not be approved by the constitutional laws -of Brittany." - -Twelve gentlemen were chosen to carry this document to the King: upon -their arrival in Paris, they were locked up in the Bastille, whence -they soon emerged in the quality of heroes[290]; they were received -with laurel-branches on their return. - -We wore coats with large buttons of mother-of-pearl bedecked with -ermine, round which buttons was inscribed in Latin the motto, "Death -before dishonor." We triumphed over the Court, over which all the world -was triumphing, and we fell with it into the same abyss. - -* - -It was at this period that my brother, continuing to prosecute his -plans, resolved to have me admitted to the Order of Malta. In order -to effect this, it was necessary that I should receive the tonsure: -this could be given me by M. Cortois de Pressigny[291], Bishop of -Saint-Malo. I therefore went to my native city, where my good mother -was living: she no longer had her children with her; she spent her days -at church, her evenings knitting. Her absent-mindedness was incredible: -I met her one day in the street, carrying one of her slippers under -her arm by way of a prayer-book. From time to time some old friends -would find their way to her retreat and talk of the good times that -were past. When she and I were alone, she would improvise beautiful -stories for me in verse. In one of these stories the devil carried off -a chimney with an evil-doer in it, and the poet exclaimed: - - Le diable en l'avenue - Chemina tant et tant, - Qu'on en perdit la vue - En moins d'une heur' de temps[292]. - -"I cannot help thinking," said I, "that the devil does not go very -fast." - -But Madame de Chateaubriand proved to me that I did not know what I was -talking about: my mother was charming. - -[Sidenote: My mother's ballads.] - -She had a long and plaintive ballad on the subject of -the _Récit veritable d'une cane sauvage en la ville de -Montfort-la-Cane-lez-Saint-Malo._ A certain lord had imprisoned a young -and very beautiful girl in the Castle of Montfort, with the intention -of ravishing her. Through a dormer-window she could see the church of -St. Nicholas; she prayed to the saint with eyes full of tears, and was -miraculously wafted outside the castle. But she fell into the hands -of the traitor's servants, who proposed to do by her as they presumed -their master had done. The poor girl, distraught, looking to every side -in search of help, saw only the wild-duck upon the pond of the castle. -Renewing her prayers to St. Nicholas, she besought him to allow these -birds to be the witnesses of her innocence, so that, if she was doomed -to lose her life, and was unable to accomplish the vows which she had -taken to St. Nicholas, the birds themselves would fulfill them in their -own way, in her name and on her behalf. - -The girl died within the year: and behold, on the Feast of the -Translation of the Bones of St. Nicholas, 9 May, a wild-duck, -accompanied by its brood of ducklings, came to St. Nicholas' Church. -She entered the building, fluttered before the statue of the Blessed -Liberator, and acclaimed him by flapping her wings; after which she -returned to the pond, leaving one of her little ones as an offering. -Some time afterwards, the duckling disappeared unobserved. For two -hundred years and more, the duck, always the same duck, returned, on a -fixed day, with her hatch, to the church of the great St. Nicholas at -Montfort. - -The story was written and printed in 1652: the author very justly -observes that "a poor wild-duck is not a very considerable thing in the -eyes of God; that nevertheless she acts her part in doing homage to His -greatness; that St. François' grasshopper was of even less account, and -that nevertheless its trill charmed a seraph's heart." - -But Madame de Chateaubriand followed a false legend: in her ballad, -the maiden imprisoned at Montfort was a princess, who succeeded in -being changed into a duck in order to escape her captor's violence. I -remember only the following lines of one stanza of my mother's ballad: - - Cane la belle est devenue, - Cane la belle est devenue, - Et s'envola par une grille, - Dans un étang plein de lentilles[293]. - -As Madame de Chateaubriand was a real saint, she obtained the Bishop of -Saint-Malo's promise to give me the tonsure, although he had a scruple -on the subject: to bestow the mark of an ecclesiastic upon a layman -and a soldier appeared to him to be a profanation not far removed from -simony. M. Cortois de Pressigny, now Archbishop of Besançon and a peer -of France, is a worthy and deserving man. He was young at that time, -protected by the Queen, and on the high-road to fortune, which he -attained later by a better road: persecution. - -Dressed in uniform, and wearing my sword, I went down on my knees -at the prelate's feet; he cut two or three hairs from the crown of -my head: this was called the tonsure, of which I received a formal -certificate. With this certificate, it was possible for an income of -200,000 livres to fall to me, when my proofs of nobility had been -admitted in Malta: an abuse, no doubt, in the ecclesiastical order, but -a useful thing in the political order of the old constitution. Was it -not better that a kind of military benefice should be attached to the -sword of a soldier than to the cloak of an Abbé who would have spent -the revenues of his fat living on the pavement of Paris? - -The fact that the tonsure was conferred on me for the foregoing reasons -has caused ill-informed biographers to state that I had at one time -entered the Church. - -This happened in 1788. I kept horses, I rode all over the country, -or galloped beside the waves, the moaning friends of my youth: I -alighted from my horse and frolicked with them; the whole barking -family of Scylla sprang to my knees to fondle me: _Nunc vada latrantis -Scyllæ._ I have travelled very far to admire the scenes of nature: I -might have contented myself with those which my native land offered to -my eyes. - -Nothing could be more charming than the country for five or six leagues -round Saint-Malo. The banks of the Rance alone, as one ascends the -river from its mouth to Dinan, ought to attract the traveller, forming -a constant medley of rocks and verdure, of strands and forests, of -creeks and hamlets, of the ancient manors of feudal Brittany and the -modern habitations of commercial Brittany. The latter were built at a -time when the merchants of Saint-Malo were so rich that, on days of -merry-making, they heated piastres and flung them red-hot to the people -through the windows. These dwellings are very luxurious. Bonnaban, -the country-seat of Messieurs de La Saudre[294], is in part built of -marble brought from Genoa, a magnificence of which we in Paris have no -idea. The Briantais[295], the Bosq, the Montmarin[296], the Balue[297], -the Colombier[298] are, or were, adorned with orangeries, fountains, -and statues. In some cases the gardens slope down to the shore behind -the arcade formed by a screen of lime-trees, through a colonnade of -pine-trees, to the end of a lawn; across a bed of tulips, the sea -displays its ships, its calms, and its tempests. - -[Sidenote: Country round Saint-Malo.] - -Every peasant, sailor, and husbandman owns a little white cottage -with a garden; among the vegetables, the currant-bushes, the roses, -the irises, the marigolds of this garden, you find a shoot of Cayenne -tea, a stalk of Virginian tobacco, a Chinese flower, some kind of -souvenir of other shores and another sun: they compose the chart and -the itinerary of the owner. The occupiers of these coast holdings -belong to a fine Norman race; the women are tall, slender, active, and -wear grey-woolen bodices, petticoats of calamanco and striped silk, -white stockings with colored clocks. Their foreheads are shaded by an -ample dimity or cambric head-dress, the flaps of which stand up in the -shape of a cap or float like a veil. A number of silver chains hang -in a bunch at their left side. Every morning, in the spring, these -daughters of the North, stepping from their boats, as though they were -coming once again to invade the land, carry to market baskets of fruit -and shells filled with curds: when, with one hand, they hold on their -heads black jars full of milk or flowers, when the lappets of their -white caps set off their blue eyes, their pink faces, their fair hair -pearled with dew, the Valkyrs of the _Edda_, of whom the youngest is -the Future, or the Basket-bearers of Athens, were less graceful. Does -the picture still resemble the original? Those women, doubtless, no -longer exist; nought remains but my recollection of them. - -* - -I left my mother and went to see my two elder sisters, who lived -near Fougères. I stayed a month with Madame de Chateaubourg. Her -two country-houses, Lascardais[299] and Le Plessis[300], near -Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier, famous for its tower and its battle[301], stood -in a country of rocks, moors, and woods. My sister's steward was M. -Livoret[302], formerly a Jesuit, who had met with a strange adventure. - -When he was made steward at Lascardais, the Comte de Chateaubourg, the -elder, had just died: M. Livoret, who had not known him, was installed -as care-taker of the castle. The first night that he slept there -alone, he saw a pale old man come into his room, in a dressing-gown -and night-cap, and carrying a little light. The apparition went to the -hearth, placed the candlestick on the mantel, lit the fire and sat down -in a chair. M. Livoret trembled all over his body. After two hours -spent in silence, the old man rose, took his light again, and left the -room, closing the door behind him. - -The next day the steward told his adventure to the farm-people, who, -on hearing the description of the spectre, declared that it was their -old master. The matter did not end there: if M. Livoret looked behind -him in a wood, he saw the ghost; if he had to climb over a stile in a -field, the shade set itself astride the stile. One day, the unhappy -haunted man venturing to say, "Monsieur de Chateaubourg, leave me," the -ghost replied, "No." M. Livoret, a cold and practical man, possessed -of very little imagination, repeated his story as often as he was -asked, always in the same way and with the same conviction. - -[Sidenote: A visit to Normandy.] - -A little later I accompanied to Normandy a brave officer attacked with -brain-fever. We were lodged in a farm-house: an old tapestry, lent by -the lord of the manor, separated my bed from the invalid's. Behind this -hanging the patient was bled: to relieve him of his sufferings, they -plunged him into ice-baths; he shivered under this torture, with his -nails turned blue, his violet face haggard, and his teeth clenched. His -head was shaven, and a long beard which came down from his pointed chin -served to clothe his bare, wet, lean chest. - -When the invalid had a fit of crying, he opened an umbrella, thinking -that he was sheltering himself from his tears: if this were a sure -protection against weeping, a statue should be raised to the inventor. - -My only happy moments were those at which I went to wander in the -grave-yard of the village church, built upon a mound. My companions -were the dead, a few birds, and the setting sun. I dreamed of Paris -society, of my early years, of my phantom, of the Combourg woods, to -which I was so near in point of space, though so far removed in point -of time. I returned to my poor sick man: it was the blind leading the -blind. - -Alas, let a blow, a fall, a moral suffering deprive Homer, Newton, -Bossuet of their genius, and those divine men, instead of exciting -profound pity, bitter and eternal regret, would be the object of a -smile! Many people whom I have known and loved have seen their reason -troubled while about me, as though I bore with me the germ of the -contagion. I can explain Cervantes' masterpiece and its cruel gaiety -only by a sad reflection: when one considers existence as a whole, and -weighs its good and evil, one feels tempted to long for any accident -that brings forgetfulness with it, as a means of escaping from one's -self; a joyful drunkard is a happy being. Putting religion aside, -happiness lies in not knowing one's self and in reaching death without -having felt life. - -I brought my friend back completely cured. - -* - -Madame Lucile and Madame de Farcy, who had returned with me to -Brittany, wished to go back to Paris; but I was detained by the -unsettled condition of the province. The States had been summoned for -the end of December 1788. The commune of Rennes and, following in its -wake, the other communes of Brittany had passed a resolution forbidding -their deputies to take part in any business before the question of -hearth-money had been settled. - -The Comte de Boisgelin[303], who was to preside over the order of the -nobles, hurried to Rennes. The gentry were convoked by private letters; -among them were those who, like myself, were still too young to have -votes in the deliberations. We might be attacked, strong arms needed -counting as well as votes: we went to our posts. - -A number of meetings were held at M. de Boisgelin's before the opening -of the States. All the scenes of confusion at which I had assisted were -renewed. The Chevalier de Guer, the Marquis de Trémargat, my uncle -the Comte de Bedée, nicknamed Bedée the Artichoke, because of his -stoutness, as opposed to another Bedée, long and slim, who was called -Bedée the Asparagus, broke a number of chairs in climbing on them to -deliver their harangues. The Marquis de Trémargat, a wooden-legged -naval officer, made many enemies for his order. One day they were -talking of establishing a military school for the education of the sons -of poor nobles; a member of the Third Estate cried: - -"And what are our sons to have?" - -"The almshouse," replied Trémargat. - -The phrase fell among the crowd and soon bore fruit. - -At these meetings I became aware of a disposition of character in -myself which I have since found again in the field of politics and -arms: the more my colleagues or companions grew inflamed, the calmer I -became. I saw the tribune or the gun fired with indifference: I have -never bowed before either words or cannon-balls. - -The result of our deliberations was that the nobles were to treat -general matters first, and not busy themselves with hearth-money until -the other questions had been disposed of; a resolution directly opposed -to that of the commons. The nobles had no great confidence in the -clergy, who often abandoned them, especially when presided over by the -Bishop of Rennes[304], a wheedling, circumspect person, who spoke with -a slight and not ungraceful lisp, and nursed his prospects at Court. -The hatred was fomented by a newspaper, the _Sentinelle du Peuple_, -edited at Rennes by a scribbler newly arrived from Paris. - -The States were held in the Jacobin Convent on the Place du Palais. -We entered the sessions-hall, in the temper which I have described; -we had hardly taken our seats before we were besieged by the mob. The -25th, 26th, 27th, and 28th of January 1789 were unlucky days. The Comte -de Thiard had few troops under his command; he lacked both vigor and -decision, and moved without acting. The School of Law at Rennes, which -had Moreau at its head, had sent for the young men of Nantes; they came -to the number of four hundred, and in spite of his entreaties, the -Commandant was unable to prevent them from invading the town. Meetings -held by various factions in the cafés and on the Champ-Montmorin -resulted in collisions attended with bloodshed. - -[Sidenote: Riots at Rennes.] - -Tired of being blockaded in our hall, we resolved to sally forth -sword in hand; it was a pretty sight enough. At a signal given by our -president, we all drew our swords together, to the cry of "Brittany for -ever!" and, like a forlorn garrison, executed a furious sortie in order -to fight our way through. The mob received us with yells, with showers -of stones, blows of iron-shod sticks, and pistol-shots. We forced a -passage through the surging crowd, which closed in upon us. Several -gentlemen were wounded, dragged along the ground, lacerated, covered -with bruises and contusions. We succeeded with great difficulty in -extricating ourselves and reaching our respective lodgings. - -Duels followed between the nobles and the law-students and their -friends from Nantes. One of these duels took place in public on the -Place Royale; the honors remained with old Keralieu[305], a naval -officer, who was attacked, and who fought with incredible vigor amid -the applause of his youthful adversaries. - -Another mob had formed. The Comte de Montboucher[306] caught sight in -the crowd of a student called Ulliac, and said to him: - -"Monsieur, this concerns you and me!" - -A ring was formed around them; Montboucher disarmed Ulliac and handed -him back his sword: they embraced, and the crowd dispersed. - -At least our Breton nobility did not succumb without honour. It refused -to send deputies to the States-General, because it had not been -convoked in accordance with the fundamental laws of the constitution -of the province; it joined the army of the Princes in vast numbers, -and was decimated in Condé's Army, or with Charette in the wars -of the Vendée. Would it have made any difference in the majority -in the National Assembly if it had joined that assembly? That is -scarcely likely: in great social transformations, cases of individual -resistance, however creditable to personal character, are powerless -against facts. Nevertheless it is difficult to say what might not -have been effected by a man of Mirabeau's genius, but of opposite -principles, if one had been found in the order of the Breton nobility. - -Young Boishue and my schoolfellow Saint-Riveul had been killed in these -encounters, on their way to the chamber of the nobles: the former was -in vain defended by his father, who served as his second[307]. - -Reader, pause: see flow the first drops of blood which the Revolution -was to shed. Heaven decreed that they should issue from the veins of -a companion of my childhood. Suppose that I had fallen instead of -Saint-Riveul; it would have been said of me, merely changing the name, -as was said of the victim with whom commenced the great immolation: - -"A gentleman called Chateaubriand was killed on his way to the -assembly-room of the States." - -Those few words would have taken the place of my long history. Would -Saint-Riveul have played my part on the earth? Was he destined for fame -or for silence? - -And now, reader, pass on; cross the river of blood which for all time -separates the old world, whence you are issuing, from the new, at the -entrance to which you shall die. - -* - -The year 1789, so famous in our history and in the history of the -human race, found me on the moors of my Brittany; I was not even -able to leave the country until rather late, and did not reach Paris -until after the sack of the Maison Reveillon[308], the opening of the -States-General[309], the constitution of the Third Estate into a -National Assembly, the oath of the Tennis Court[310], the Royal Speech -of the 23rd of June, and the joining of the clergy and the nobles to -the commons[311]. - -There was a great stir along my road: in the villages the peasants -stopped the carriages, asked to be shown passports, interrogated -the travelers. The nearer we approached to the capital, the more -the excitement increased. Passing through Versailles, I saw troops -quartered in the orangery, trains of artillery parked in the -court-yards, the provisional hall of the National Assembly erected on -the Place du Palais, and deputies moving to and fro amid sight-seers, -people of the palace, and soldiers. - -[Sidenote: Disturbances in Paris.] - -In Paris the streets were blocked by crowds standing before the bakers' -shops; the passers-by stood discussing at the street corners, the -tradesmen came out of their shops and gave and received the news before -their doors; the agitators gathered together at the Palais-Royal: -Camille Desmoulins began to distinguish himself in the throng[312]. - -I had scarcely alighted[313], together with Madame de Farcy and Madame -Lucile, at a lodging-house in the Rue de Richelieu, when a riot broke -out: the mob proceeded to the Abbaye to deliver some French Guards, who -had been imprisoned by order of their officers. The non-commissioned -officers of an artillery regiment quartered at the Invalides joined the -people. The defection of the army was commencing. - -The Court, alternately yielding and resisting, a mixture of obstinacy -and weakness, of hectoring and fear, allowed itself to be bullied -by Mirabeau[314], who demanded that the troops should be removed to -a distance, and yet did not consent to remove them: it accepted the -affront and did not remove the cause of it. In Paris a rumor spread -that an army was arriving through the Montmartre sewer, that the -dragoons were about to force the barriers. It was suggested to take up -the street pavements, to carry the paving-stones to the top floors of -the houses, in order to hurl them upon the tyrant's satellites: every -one set to work. In the midst of this turmoil M. Necker was ordered -to resign. The new ministry consisted of M. de Breteuil[315], La -Galaizière, the Maréchal de Broglie[316], La Vauguyon, La Porte[317] -and Foullon[318]. These replaced Messieurs de Montmorin[319], de La -Luzerne[320], de Saint-Priest[321] and de Nivernais[322]. - -A Breton poet, newly landed, had asked me to take him to Versailles. -There are people who will go to see gardens and fountains amid the -downfall of empires: scribblers especially possess this faculty of -isolating themselves in their hobby during the course of the greatest -events; with them, their phrase or their strophe fills the place of -everything. - -I took my Pindar to the gallery at Versailles at mass-time. The -Œil-de-Boeuf was radiant: M. Necker's dismissal had raised the -spirits of all; they felt sure of victory: possibly Sanson[323] and -Simon[324] were among the crowd, witnessing the delight of the Royal -Family. - -[Sidenote: Marie Antoinette.] - -The Queen passed by with her two children; their fair hair appeared -to be waiting for crowns: Madame la Duchesse d'Angoulême[325], aged -eleven, drew all eyes through a virginal pride; beautiful through -nobility of birth and maidenly innocence, she seemed to say, like -Corneille's orange-blossom in the _Guirlande de Julie_: - - J'ai la pompe de ma naissance[326]. - -[Illustration: Marie Antoinette.] - -The little Dauphin[327] walked under his sister's protection, and M. -Du Touchet followed his pupil; he noticed me, and obligingly called -the Queen's attention to me. Casting a smiling look in my direction, -she gave me that gracious bow which she had already made me on the -day of my presentation. I shall never forget that look, so soon to be -extinguished. Marie Antoinette, when she smiled, outlined so clearly -the shape of her mouth, that the recollection of that smile (O horror!) -enabled me to recognize the jaw-bone of the daughter of kings when the -head of the unhappy woman was discovered in the exhumations of 1815. - -The counter-stroke to the blow struck at Versailles resounded in Paris. -On my return I came upon a crowd hastening along and carrying the busts -of M. Necker and of M. le Duc d'Orléans[328], covered with crape. They -cried, "Long live Necker! Long live the Duc d'Orléans!" and among those -cries was heard one bolder and more unforeseen: - -"Long live Louis XVII.!" - -Long live the child whose very name would have been forgotten in the -funeral inscription of his family, if I had not recalled it to the -memory of the House of Peers[329]! Had Louis XVI. abdicated, Louis -XVII. been placed upon the throne, M. le Duc d'Orléans declared Regent, -what would have happened? - -On the Place Louis XV., the Prince de Lambesc[330], at the head of the -"Royal German" regiment, drove back the crowd into the gardens of the -Tuileries and wounded an old man: suddenly the tocsin sounded. The -cutlers' shops were broken into, and thirty thousand muskets taken -from the Invalides. The people armed themselves with pikes, cudgels, -pitchforks, sabres, pistols; they sacked Saint-Lazare, burnt down the -barriers. The electors of Paris took in hand the government of the -Capital, and in a night sixty thousand citizens were organized, armed, -equipped into National Guards. - -On the 14th of July came the fall of the Bastille. I was present, as -a spectator, at this assault against a few pensioners and a timid -governor: if the gates had been kept closed, the mob could never -have entered the fortress. I saw two or three guns fired, not by the -pensioners, but by French Guards who had climbed to the towers. - -De Launey[331] was torn from his hiding-place, and after undergoing -a thousand outrages, was struck down on the steps of the Hôtel de -Ville; Flesselles[332], the provost of the merchants, had his brains -blown out by a pistol-shot: this was the spectacle which heartless -enthusiasts thought so fine. In the midst of these murders, the people -gave themselves up to orgies, as in the troubles in Rome under Otho and -Vitellius. "The victors of the Bastille," happy drunkards, declared -conquerors by pot-house votes, were driven about in hackney-coaches; -prostitutes and sans-culottes commenced to reign and escorted them. -The passers-by uncovered, with the respect born of fear, before those -heroes, some of whom died of fatigue amidst their triumph. The keys of -the Bastille multiplied; they were sent to all the important simpletons -in the four quarters of the world. How often have I missed my fortune! -If I, a spectator, had inscribed my name on the list of the victors, I -should be in receipt of a pension today. - -The experts hurried to assist at the _post-mortem_ examination of -the Bastille. Temporary cafés were established under tents; people -hastened thither as to the fair at Saint-Germain or to Longchamp; -numbers of carriages drove slowly past, or stopped at the foot of the -towers, whence the stones were being hurled down amid whirlwinds of -dust. Elegantly-dressed women and fashionable young men stood upon -different points of the Gothic rubbish, and mingled with the half-naked -workmen engaged in demolishing the walls amid the acclamations of the -crowd. At this meeting-place were to be seen the most famous orators, -the best-known men of letters, the most celebrated painters, the most -renowned actors and actresses, the most popular dancers, the most -illustrious foreigners, the nobles of the Court and the ambassadors of -Europe: old France had come there to end, new France to commence, its -existence. - -No event, however wretched or hateful in itself, should be treated -lightly when its circumstances are serious, or when it marks an epoch: -what should have been seen in the capture of the Bastille (and what -was not then seen) was, not the violent act of the emancipation of a -people, but the emancipation itself which resulted from that act. - -[Sidenote: The fall of the Bastille.] - -Men admired what they ought to condemn, the accident, and did not seek -to discover in the future the accomplishment of a peopled destiny, -the changes in morals, ideas, political power, a renovation of the -human race, of which the capture of the Bastille, like a blood-stained -jubilee, inaugurated the era. Brutal anger wrought ruins, and beneath -that anger was concealed the intelligence which laid among those ruins -the foundations of the new edifice. - -But the nation, deceived as to the grandeur of the material fact, was -not deceived as to the grandeur of the moral fact: in the eyes of the -nation, the Bastille was the trophy of its servitude, and seemed to -be erected at the entrance to Paris, opposite the sixteen pillars of -Montfaucon[333], as the gibbet of its liberties[334]. In demolishing a -State fortress, the people considered that it was breaking the military -yoke, and made a tacit engagement to take the place of the army which -it was disbanding: we know what prodigies were wrought by the people -turned soldier. - -* - -Awakened by the sound of the fall of the Bastille, as though by the -premonitory sound of the fall of the throne, Versailles had lapsed -from the heights of self-confidence to the depths of despondency. The -King hurried to the National Assembly, and delivered a speech from the -president's chair; he declared that an order had been given for the -withdrawal of the troops, and returned to his palace amid a shower of -benedictions. A vain parade! Parties do not believe in the conversion -of the opposing parties: the liberty which capitulates, or the power -which degrades itself, receives no mercy from its foes. - -Eighty deputies set out from Versailles to announce the making of -peace to the Capital; illuminations followed. M. de La Fayette[335] -was made Commandant of the National Guard, M. Bailly[336], Mayor of -Paris: I never knew the poor but respectable scholar, save through his -misfortunes. Revolutions possess men for each of their several periods; -some follow these revolutions to their finish, others commence but do -not complete them. - -A general dispersal ensued; the courtiers left for Bâle, Lausanne, -Luxemburg, and Brussels. Madame de Polignac[337] in her flight met -M. Necker returning. The Comte d'Artois, his sons[338], the three -Condés[339] emigrated, drawing after them the higher clergy and a -portion of the nobility. The officers of the army, threatened by their -mutinous soldiers, yielded to the torrent which drifted them down -its stream. Louis XVI. alone remained behind to face the nation with -his two children and a few women: the Queen, "Mesdames[340]," and -Madame Élisabeth[341]. "Monsieur[342]," who stayed until the flight -to Varennes, was of no great assistance to his brother: although, by -declaring himself in the Assembly of Notables in favour of the vote -by heads, he had decided the fate of the Revolution, the Revolution -distrusted him; he, Monsieur, disliked the King, did not understand -the Queen, and was not loved by them. - -Louis XVI. went to the Hôtel de Ville on the 17th: a hundred thousand -men, armed like the monks of the League, received him. He was harangued -by Messrs. Bailly, Moreau de Saint-Méry[343], and Lally-Tolendal[344], -all of whom wept: the last has remained subject to tears. The King -broke down in his turn; he fixed an enormous tricolour cockade on his -hat; he was then and there declared to be "an honest man, Father of the -French, King of a free people," while the said people was preparing, -by virtue of its liberty, to lay low the head of that honest man, its -father and its King. - -[Sidenote: First revolutionary horrors.] - -A few days after this reconciliation, I was at the windows of my -lodgings with my sisters and some Bretons; we heard cries of "Shut the -doors, shut the doors!" A troop of tatterdemalions approached from one -end of the street; from the midst of this troop rose two standards -which we could not see clearly at that distance. As they came nearer, -we distinguished two dishevelled and disfigured heads, which the -forerunners of Marat[345] were carrying, each at the end of a pike: -they were the heads of Messrs. Foullon and Bertier[346]. The others all -drew back from the windows; I remained. The assassins stopped in front -of me, stretched the pikes towards me, singing, capering, jumping up in -order to bring the pale effigies nearer to my face. One eye in one of -these heads had started from its socket, and fell upon the dead man's -lurid face; the pike projected through the open mouth, the teeth of -which bit upon the iron. - -"Brigands!" I cried, filled with indignation which I was unable to -contain. "Is that how you understand liberty?" - -Had I had a gun, I should have fired at those wretches as at a pack -of wolves. They shouted and yelled; they beat long at the doors of -the gate-way, in the hope of breaking them down and adding my head -to those of their victims. My sisters fainted; the poltroons of the -lodging-house overwhelmed me with reproaches. The murderers, who -were being pursued, had not time to break into the house, and passed -on. Those heads, and others which I saw soon afterwards, changed my -political tendencies; I held the banquets of cannibals in abhorrence, -and the idea of leaving France for some distant country began to take -root in my mind. - -* - -Recalled to office on the 25th of July, installed and received with -festivities, M. Necker, the third successor, after Calonne and -Taboureau[347], of Turgot[348], was soon left behind by events, and -lapsed into unpopularity. It is one of the singular facts of the -time that so serious a person should have been raised to the post of -minister through the tact of a man noted for such mediocrity and levity -as the Marquis de Pezay[349]. The _Compte rendu_[350], which replaced -in France the system of taxation by that of loans, stirred people's -ideas: women talked of receipts and expenditure; for the first time one -saw, or thought one saw, something in the mechanism of figures. These -calculations, painted in colours laid on _à la Thomas_[351], had first -established the reputation of the director-general of finance. The -banker was a clever accountant, but a resourceless economist; a noble -but turgid writer; an honest man, but devoid of the loftier virtues. -He was like the character which speaks the prologue in a classical -play, and which disappears at the rise of the curtain, after explaining -the piece to the audience. M. Necker was the father of Madame de -Staël[352]: his vanity hardly permitted him to believe that his true -title to the recollection of posterity lay in the fame achieved by his -daughter. - -The monarchy was demolished, in imitation of the Bastille, at the -evening sitting of the National Assembly on the 4th of August. They -who, from hatred of the past, decry the nobility to this day, forget -that it was a member of that body, the Vicomte de Noailles[353], -supported by the Duc d'Aiguillon[354] and Matthieu de Montmorency[355], -who upset the edifice which was the object of the revolutionary -onslaughts. Upon the motion of the feudal delegate were abolished all -feudal rights: rights of hunting and preserving feathered and ground -game, tithes and champerty, the privileges of the orders, of the towns -and provinces, personal servitude, manorial jurisdiction, purchase of -offices. The severest blows struck against the ancient constitution -of the State were delivered by noblemen. The patricians began the -Revolution, the plebeians completed it: just as old France owed her -glory to the French nobility, even so does young France owe to it her -liberty, if liberty there be for France. - -[Sidenote: "Ô Richard! Ô mon Roi!"] - -The troops encamped around Paris had been sent away, and by one of -those contradictory counsels which vexed the will of the King, the -Flanders Regiment was summoned to Versailles. The Bodyguards invited -the officers of that regiment to dinner[356]; heads grew excited; the -Queen appeared in the middle of the banquet, with the Dauphin; toasts -were drunk to the health of the Royal Family; the King came in his -turn; the military band played the touching and favourite air, "_Ô -Richard! ô mon roi[357]!_" No sooner was this news spread through -Paris, than it was seized upon by the opposite opinion; people cried -that Louis was refusing his sanction to the Declaration of Rights with -the intention of escaping to Metz with the Comte d'Estaing[358]. Marat -propagated this rumour: he was already writing the _Ami du peuple_[359]. - -The 5th of October arrived. I did not witness the events of that day. -The accounts of what had occurred reached the Capital early on the 6th. -We were told at the same time to expect a visit from the King. I was as -bold in public places as I was timid in drawing-rooms: I felt myself -made for solitude or the forum. I hastened to the Champs-Élysées: -first appeared guns, upon which harpies, thieves' doxies, women of -the town rode astride, uttering the most obscene speeches, making the -most filthy gestures. Next, surrounded by a horde of people of every -age and sex, marched on foot the Bodyguards, who had exchanged hats, -swords, and bandoliers with the National Guards: each of their horses -carried two or three fish-fags, dirty bacchantes, drunk and indecently -clad. After them came the deputation from the National Assembly; the -royal carriages followed, rolling in the dusty darkness of a forest of -pikes and bayonets. Tattered rag-men, butchers with their blood-stained -aprons hanging from their thighs, their bare knives from their belts, -their shirtsleeves turned up, walked beside the carriage-doors; other -sinister guards had climbed upon the roof; others hung on to the -foot-board, lolled upon the box. They fired muskets and pistols; they -cried: - -"Here are the baker, the baker's wife, and the baker's boy!" - -By way of oriflamme, they carried before the descendant of St. Louis, -in mid-air, upraised on Swiss halberts, the heads of two Bodyguards, -powdered and curled by a Sèvres hair-dresser. - -[Sidenote: The King brought to Paris.] - -Bailly the astronomer told Louis XVI. at the Hôtel de Ville that the -"humane, respectful and faithful" people had "conquered" its King, and -the King on his side, "greatly touched and greatly pleased," declared -that he had come to Paris "of his free will:" unworthy insincerities -pertaining to the violence and fear which at that time dishonoured -all men and all parties. Louis XVI. was not insincere: he was weak; -weakness is not an insincerity, but it takes its place and fulfills its -functions: the respect with which the virtues and misfortunes of the -sainted and martyred King must needs inspire us render any expression -of human judgment almost sacrilegious. - -* - -The deputies left Versailles and held their first sitting on the 19th -of October in one of the halls of the archbishop's palace. On the 9th -of November they moved into the Riding-hall, near the Tuileries. The -remainder of the year 1789 witnessed the decrees which despoiled the -clergy, destroyed the old magistracy, and created the _assignats_[360]; -the resolution of the Commune of Paris in favour of the first committee -of research; and the order of the judges for the prosecution of the -Marquis de Favras[361]. - -The Constituent Assembly, in spite of all with which it can be -reproached, remains nevertheless the most illustrious popular -assemblage that has ever appeared among the nations of the world, both -because of the magnitude of its transactions' and the immensity of -their results. There is no political question, however lofty, which it -did not discuss and suitably solve. What would it not have been, had it -kept to the _cahiers_[362] of the States-General and not endeavoured -to go beyond them! All that human experience and intelligence had -conceived, discovered and elaborated during three centuries is to be -found in these instructions. The various abuses of the old monarchy -are there pointed out and remedies proposed; every kind of liberty -is claimed, even the liberty of the press; every form of improvement -demanded for industries, manufactures, commerce, public roads, the -army, taxation, finance, the schools, public education, and the rest. -We have passed across abysses of crime and accumulations of glory to -no profit; the Republic and the Empire have served no purpose: the -Empire merely regulated the brute force of the arms which the Republic -had set in motion; it has left us centralization, a vigorous form of -administration which I consider an evil, but which alone, perhaps, was -able to replace the local systems of administration at a time when -these were destroyed, and when anarchy combined with ignorance filled -all men's heads. With that exception, we have not moved a step forward -since the Constituent Assembly: its labours are like those of the great -physician of antiquity, which at the same time extended and settled -the boundaries of science. Let us speak of some of the members of this -Assembly, and in particular of Mirabeau, in whom they are all summed -up, by whom they are all governed. - -* - -Connected, thanks to the disorders and the chances of his life, with -the greatest events and with the lives of malefactors, ravishers, and -adventurers, Mirabeau, the tribune of the aristocracy, the deputy of -the democracy, had in his composition something of Gracchus and Don -Juan, of Catiline and Guzman de Alfarache, of the Cardinal de Richelieu -and the Cardinal de Retz, of the _roué_ of the Regency and the savage -of the Revolution: moreover he had something of the Mirabeaus, the -exiled Florentine family, which retained a trace of those armed palaces -and of those great factionists celebrated by Dante; the naturalized -French family, in which the republican spirit of the Italian -middle-ages and the feudal spirit of our own middle-ages were united in -a succession of uncommon men. - -Mirabeau's ugliness, laid on over the substratum of beauty special to -his race, produced a sort of powerful figure from the "Last Judgment" -of Michael Angelo, the fellow-countryman of the Arrighettis[363]. -The scars dug into the orator's face by the small-pox had rather the -semblance of gaps left by the fire. Nature seemed to have moulded his -head for empire or the gallows, and to have hewn his arms to clasp a -nation or carry off a woman. When he shook his mane as he looked at the -mob, he stopped it; when he raised his paw and showed his claws, the -plebs ran furiously. I have seen him in the tribune, amid the awful -disorder of a sitting, sombre, ugly and motionless: he reminded one -of Milton's Chaos, shapeless and impassive in the centre of his own -confusion. - -[Sidenote: The Comte de Mirabeau.] - -Mirabeau took after his father[364] and his uncle[365], both of whom, -like Saint-Simon[366], wrote, off-hand, pages that became immortal. -Speeches were written for him to deliver from the tribune: he took -from them what his mind was able to amalgamate with its own substance. -If he adopted them in their entirety, he delivered them badly; his -hearers perceived that they were not his own, through words which he -inserted at random and which betrayed him. He derived his energy from -his vices; those vices did not spring from a chilly temperament, but -were supported by deep, burning, tempestuous passions. Cynicism of -manners, by annihilating the moral sense, brings back into society a -sort of barbarians; these barbarians of civilisation, while equipped -for destruction, like the Goths, have not their power of creating: the -latter were the enormous children of a virgin nature, the former are -the monstrous abortions of a nature that is depraved. - -I twice met Mirabeau at a banquet, once at the house of Voltaire's -niece, the Marquise de Villette[367], and on another occasion at -the Palais-Royal, with some members of the Opposition to whom -Chapelier[368] had introduced me: Chapelier went to the scaffold in the -same tumbril with my brother and M. de Malesherbes. - -Mirabeau talked much, and, above all, much of himself. This lion's -whelp, himself a lion with a chimera's head, this man so positive where -facts were concerned, was all romance, all poetry, all enthusiasm in -imagination and language: one recognized the lover of Sophie[369], -exalted in sentiment, capable of sacrifice. - -"I discovered her," he said, "that adorable woman.... I knew what -her soul was, that soul shaped by nature's hands in a moment of -magnificence." - -Mirabeau delighted me with stories of love, with desires for -retirement, among which he interspersed barren discussions. He -interested me, moreover, in another direction: like myself, he had -been treated sternly by his father, who, like mine, had kept up the -inflexible tradition of absolute paternal authority. - -My great table-companion enlarged upon foreign politics, and hardly -spoke of politics at home, although it was the latter which occupied -him; but he let fall a few words of sovereign contempt for those -men who proclaim themselves superior by reason of the indifference -which they affect for misfortunes and crimes. Mirabeau was by -nature generous, sensible to friendship, ready to forgive injuries. -Notwithstanding his immorality, he had not been able to warp his -conscience; he was only corrupt for himself: his firm and upright mind -did not treat murder as a sublime effort of the intelligence; he had no -sort of admiration for the sewer or the slaughter-house. - -Nevertheless, Mirabeau was not wanting in arrogance; he was an -outrageous boaster; although he had become a cloth-merchant in order -to be elected by the Third Estate (the order of the nobility having -committed the honourable folly of rejecting him), he was in love with -his birth: "a refractory hawk," says his father, "whose nest was laid -among four towers." He did not forget that he had figured at Court, -ridden in the coaches, and hunted with the King. He insisted upon being -addressed by his title of count; he adhered to his colours, and put -his servants into livery when every one else ceased to do so. In and -out of season, he referred to "his kinsman," Admiral de Coligny. The -_Moniteur_ having spoken of him as Riquet[370]: - -"Are you aware," he said angrily to the journalist, "that with your -'Riquet' you have set Europe at cross-purposes for three days?" - -He repeated that impudent and well-known jest: - -"In any other family, my brother the viscount would be the wit and the -worthless fellow; in my family, he is the fool and the good man." - -[Illustration: H. G. Mirabeau.] - -Some biographers ascribe the phrase to the viscount, comparing himself -humbly with the other members of the family. - -The ground-work of Mirabeau's opinions was monarchical; he once uttered -these fine words: - -"I have tried to cure the French of the superstition of monarchy and to -substitute its cult." - -In a letter intended to be laid before Louis XVI. he wrote: - -"I should not like to have worked only for a vast destruction." This, -nevertheless, is what happened to him: Heaven, to punish us for making -a bad use of our talents, gives us occasion to repent of our successes. - -[Sidenote: Mirabeau's power.] - -Mirabeau moved public opinion with two levers: on the one side, he -placed his fulcrum in the masses, of whom he had constituted himself -the defender, while despising them; on the other, although he was a -traitor to his order, he retained its sympathy through caste affinity -and common interest. This would not happen to a plebeian who should -become the champion of the privileged classes: he would be abandoned by -his own party, without winning over the aristocracy, which is naturally -ungrateful and not to be won by those not born within its ranks. The -aristocracy, moreover, is not able to make a noble without notice, -since nobility is the daughter of time. - -Mirabeau created a school. Men imagined that by shaking off the moral -shackles they were turning themselves into statesmen. These imitations -produced only petty miscreants: this one who flatters himself that he -is corrupt and a robber is only debauched and a cheat; that other who -thinks himself vicious is only vile; a third who boasts of being a -criminal is merely infamous. - -Too early for himself, too late for the Court, Mirabeau sold himself -to the Court, and the Court bought him. He staked his reputation for -a pension and an embassy: Cromwell was on the verge of bartering his -future for a title and the Order of the Garter. Notwithstanding his -haughtiness, Mirabeau did not rate himself high enough. Nowadays, when -the abundance of cash and places has raised the price of consciences, -there is not a street-boy but costs hundreds of thousands of francs and -the leading honours of the State to buy. The grave released Mirabeau -from his promises, and shielded him from the perils which he would -probably not have been able to conquer: his life would have shown his -weakness in good; his death left him in possession of his strength in -evil. - -At the end of dinner, the discussion turned upon Mirabeau's enemies; I -found myself by his side and had not spoken a word. He looked me in -the face with his eyes of pride, vice and genius, and laying his hand -upon my shoulder, said: - -"They will never forgive me my superiority!" - -I still feel the pressure of that hand, as though Satan had touched me -with his fiery claw. When Mirabeau fixed his look upon a young mute, -had he a presentiment of my future condition? Did he think that he -would one day figure in my recollections? I was destined to become the -historian of great personages: they have defiled before me without my -hanging to their mantles to make them drag me with them to posterity. - -Mirabeau has already undergone the metamorphosis which is wrought in -those whose memory is destined to survive: carried from the Pantheon -to the sewer, and back from the sewer to the Pantheon, he has raised -himself to the full height of that time which today forms his pedestal. -We no longer behold the real Mirabeau, but the idealized Mirabeau, the -Mirabeau as the painters depict him, in order to make him the symbol -or the myth of the period which he represents: he thus becomes both -more false and more true. From among so many reputations, so many -actors, so many events, so many ruins, there will remain but three men, -attached to each of the three great revolutionary epochs: Mirabeau -for the aristocracy, Robespierre for the democracy, Bonaparte for -the despotism; the monarchy has none: France has paid dear for three -reputations which virtue is unable to acknowledge! - -* - -The sittings of the National Assembly offered a spectacle of an -interest which our "Chambers" are far from approaching. One rose early -to find room in the crowded galleries. The deputies arrived eating, -talking, gesticulating; they formed groups in the various parts of -the house, according to their opinions. The orders of the day were -read; after that, the subject agreed upon was set forth, or else an -extraordinary motion. There was no question of any insipid point of -law; rarely did some scheme of destruction fail to form part of the -proceedings. The members spoke for or against; each spoke extempore as -best he could. The debates grew stormy; the galleries joined in the -discussion, applauded and cheered, hissed and hooted the speakers. The -president rang his bell, the deputies apostrophized each other from -bench to bench. Mirabeau the Younger[371] took his competitor by the -collar; Mirabeau the Elder cried: - -"Silence, the 'thirty votes'!" - -One day I was seated behind the royalist opposition; before me was a -Dauphiné nobleman, swarthy of visage, short of stature, who jumped upon -his seat with rage and said to his friends: - -"Let us fall upon those ragamuffins, sword in hand!" - -He pointed in the direction of the majority. The ladies of the markets, -who sat knitting in the galleries, heard him, rose from their seats, -and all cried at once, their stockings in their hands, and foaming at -the mouth: - -"To the lantern with them!" - -The Vicomte de Mirabeau, Lautrec[372], and some younger nobles proposed -to take the galleries by assault. - -Soon this tumult was drowned by another: petitioners, armed with pikes, -appeared at the bar: - -"The people are starving," they said: "it is time to take measures -against the aristocrats and to rise 'to the level of the situation.'" - -The president assured these citizens of his respect: - -"We have our eye upon the traitors," he replied, "and the Assembly will -see justice done." - -[Sidenote: The National Assembly.] - -Thereupon a fresh din; the deputies of the Right cried that they were -making for anarchy; the deputies of the Left replied that the people -was free to express its will, that it had the right to complain of -the abettors of despotism, seated in the very midst of the national -representatives: they spoke thus of their colleagues to that sovereign -people which was waiting for them under the street lamps. - -The evening sittings surpassed the morning sittings in scandalousness: -people speak better and more boldly by candlelight. At such times the -Riding-hall became a veritable playhouse, in which was enacted one -of the greatest tragedies in the world. The leading characters still -belonged to the old order of things: their terrible substitutes, hidden -behind them, spoke little or not at all. At the end of a violent -discussion, I saw a common-looking deputy ascend the tribune, a man -with a grey and impassive face, his hair neatly dressed, decently clad -like the steward in a good house, or like a village attorney careful of -his appearance. He read a long and tedious report; he was not listened -to; I asked his name: it was Robespierre[373]. The men in leathern -shoes were ready to leave the drawing-rooms, and already the wooden -shoes were kicking at the door. - -* - -When, before the Revolution, I read the history of public disturbances -among various nations, I could not conceive how it was possible to live -in those times; I was surprised that Montaigne was able to write with -such spirit in a castle which he could not go round without running the -risk of being taken prisoner by bands of Leaguers or Protestants[374]. - -The Revolution made me understand the possibility of existence under -such conditions. Moments of crisis produce a reduplication of life -in men. In a society which is dissolving and Recomposing itself, the -struggle of two geniuses, the clash of the past and the future, the -mixture of old manners and new manners form a transient combination -which does not leave a moment for weariness. Passions and characters, -when at liberty, display themselves with an energy which they do not -possess in the well-regulated State. The breaches of the laws, the -emancipation from duties, social usages, and seemly manners, the -very dangers, all add to the interest of this disorder. The human -race making holiday perambulates the streets, having got rid of its -schoolmasters and returned for a moment to a state of nature, and does -not begin again to feel the need of social restraint until it bears the -yoke of the new tyrants engendered by license. - -[Sidenote: The theatres.] - -I cannot better depict society in 1789 and 1790 than by comparing it -with the architecture of the time of Louis XII. and François I., when -the Greek orders began to be grafted upon the Gothic style, or rather -by likening it to the collection of ruins and tombs of all ages heaped -pell-mell, after the Terror, in the cloisters of the Petits-Augustins: -only, the ruins of which I speak were alive and constantly changing. -In every corner of Paris were literary sets, political societies, and -spectacles; future celebrities wandered unrecognized in the crowd, -like the souls on the shore of Lethe, before enjoying the light. I saw -Marshal Gouvion-Saint-Cyr[375], play a part in Beaumarchais' _Mère -Coupable_[376] at the Théâtre du Marais. One went from the Club des -Feuillants to the Club des Jacobins, from the public ball-rooms and -gaming-houses to the meetings in the Palais-Royal, from the gallery -of the National Assembly to the gallery in the open air. The streets -were filled with popular deputations, cavalry pickets, infantry patrols -passing to and fro. Behind a man in a French coat, with powdered hair, -a sword, a hat carried under his arm, pumps and silk stockings, walked -a man wearing his hair short and without powder, an English frock -and an American neck-cloth. At the theatres the actors gave out the -news; the pit shouted patriotic ditties. Topical pieces drew crowds: -an Abbé appeared upon the stage; the audience cried, "Jack-priest! -Jack-priest!" and the Abbé answered: - -"Gentlemen, long live the nation!" - -People trooped to hear Mandini and his wife, Viganoni and -Rovedino[377], sing at the _Opera Buffa_ after hearing _Ça ira_ roared -in the streets; they went to admire Madame Dugazon[378], Madame -Saint-Aubin[379], Carline[380], little Olivier[381], Mademoiselle -Contat, Molé, Fleury, Talma at the commencement of his career, after -seeing Favras hanged. - -The walks on the Boulevard du Temple and the Boulevard des Italiens, -or de Coblentz, the paths of the Tuileries Gardens were inundated with -smartly dressed women: three young daughters of Grétry's[382] shone -there, white and pink as their costumes; they soon died, all three. - -"She fell asleep for ever," said Grétry, speaking of his eldest -daughter, "seated on my knees, as beautiful as in life." - -A multitude of carriages ploughed across the muddy spaces in which the -sans-culottes plodded on foot, and one saw the beautiful Madame de -Buffon[383] sitting alone in a phaeton belonging to the Duc d'Orléans, -waiting at the door of some club. - -All that was elegant and in good taste in aristocratic society met -at the Hôtel de La Rochefoucauld[384], at the _soirées_ of Mesdames -de Poix, d'Hénin, de Simiane, de Vaudreuil, in the few _salons_ that -remained open of the upper magisterial circle. At M. Necker's, at M. -le Comte de Montmorin's, at the houses of the different ministers -gathered (in addition to Madame de Staël, the Duchesse d'Aiguillon, -Mesdames de Beaumont[385] and de Sérilly[386]) all the new lights of -France and all the liberties of the new manners. The shoemaker knelt -to take the measure of your foot in the uniform of an officer of the -National Guard; the monk who on Friday trailed his white or black gown -along the ground appeared on Sunday in a round hat and a lay coat; the -shorn Capuchin read the paper in the public-house, and in the midst of -a circle of frivolous women, a nun appeared gravely seated: it was an -aunt or a sister turned out of her monastery. The crowd visited these -convents thrown open to the world like the travellers who, at Grenada, -wander through the deserted halls of the Alhambra, or, at Tivoli, -linger beneath the columns of the Sibyl's temple. - -For the rest, many duels and love-affairs, prison attachments and -political friendships, mysterious meetings among ruins, under a -tranquil sky, amid nature's peace and poetry; silent, remote, solitary -walks, mingled with undying oaths and indefinable affections, to the -dull tumult of a fleeing world, to the distant noise of a crumbling -society, which threatened in its fall to crush the happiness set at the -foot of events. Those who had lost sight of each other for twenty-four -hours were not sure of ever meeting again. Some went the revolutionary -way; others contemplated civil war; others set out for Ohio, sending -ahead plans for country-houses to be built among the savages; others -went to join the Princes: all this cheerfully, often without a sou in -their pockets, the Royalists declaring that the thing would come to -an end one of these mornings by a decree of Parliament, the patriots, -quite as airy in their hopes, foretelling the reign of peace and -happiness together with that of liberty. People sang: - - La sainte chandelle d'Arras, - Le flambeau de la Provence, - S'ils ne nous éclairent pas, - Mettent le feu dans la France; - On ne peut pas les toucher, - Mais on espère les moucher[387]. - -And that was how people spoke of Robespierre and Mirabeau! - -"It is as little within the power of any earthly faculty," wrote -L'Éstoile[388], "to keep the French people from talking as to hide the -sun in the ground or bury it in a hole." - -The Palace of the Tuileries, a great gaol filled with sentenced -prisoners, rose erect amid these festivals of destruction. The -condemned themselves made merry while waiting for the "cart," the -"shears," and the "red shirt" which had been put out to dry; and -through the windows one saw the dazzling illuminations of the Queen's -circle. - -[Sidenote: The newspapers.] - -Pamphlets and newspapers swarmed in thousands; the satires and poems, -the songs of the _Actes des Apôtres_[389] replied to the _Ami du -peuple_, or to the _Modérateur_[390] of the Club Monarchien, edited by -Fontanes; Mallet Du Pan[391], on the political side of the _Mercure_, -was in opposition to La Harpe and Chamfort on the literary side of the -same journal. Champcenetz[392], the Marquis de Bonnay, Rivarol[393], -Mirabeau the Younger (the Holbein of the sword, who levied on the Rhine -the legion of the Hussars of Death), Honoré Mirabeau the Elder amused -themselves by drawing caricatures at dinner and composing the _Petit -almanach des grands hommes_: Honoré would subsequently go off to move -martial law or the seizure of the property of the clergy. He spent the -night at Madame Le Jay's[394], after declaring that he would not leave -the National Assembly unless driven out at the point of the bayonet. -Égalité consulted the devil in the Montrouge stone-quarries, and -returned to the Jardin de Monceau to preside over the orgies prepared -by Laclos[395]. The future regicide proved himself worthy of his race: -he was twice prostituted; debauchery handed him over exhausted to -ambition. Lauzun[396], already worn out, supped in his pleasure-house -at the Barrière du Maine with dancers from the Opera, caressed -indifferently by Messrs. de Noailles, de Dillon[397], de Choiseul, de -Talleyrand[398] and other elegants of the time, of whom two or three -mummies still survive. - -The majority of the courtiers celebrated for their immorality at the -end of the reign of Louis XV., and during the reign of Louis XVI., -were enlisted under the tricolour banner: almost all of them had -been through the American war and had besmirched their ribbons with -the Republican colours. The Revolution employed them so long as it -remained at a middling height; they even became the first generals -of its armies. The Duc de Lauzun, the romantic lover of the Princess -Czartoriska, the woman-hunter of the high-road, the Lovelace who "had" -this one and then "had" that one, in the chaste and noble cant of the -Court; the Duc de Lauzun, becoming Duc de Biron, and commanding the -forces of the Convention in the Vendée: the pity of it! The Baron de -Besenval[399], the lying and cynical revealer of the corruption of -the upper classes, the fly on the wheel of the puerilities of the -expiring old monarchy; that ponderous baron, compromised in the affair -of the Bastille, and saved by M. Necker and Mirabeau only because he -was a Swiss: the disgrace of it! What had such men to do with such -events? When the Revolution had attained its full height, it scornfully -abandoned these frivolous apostates from the throne: it had needed -their vices, it now needed their heads; it disdained no blood, not even -that of the Du Barry[400]. - -* - -The year 1790 brought to completion the measures outlined by the year -1789. The property of the Church, first placed in the hands of the -nation, was confiscated, the civil constitution of the clergy decreed, -the nobility abolished. - -[Sidenote: The Federation of July.] - -I did not attend the Federation of July 1790: a somewhat serious -illness made me keep my bed; but before that I had been much amused by -the sight of the wheel-barrows on the Champ de Mars. Madame de Staël -has written a wonderful description of that scene[401]. I shall always -regret not to have seen M. de Talleyrand say Mass, served by the Abbé -Louis[402], as I regret not to have seen him, sword at side, give -audience to the Ambassador of the Grand Turk. - -Mirabeau forfeited his popularity in the year 1790; his relations with -the Court were obvious. M. Necker resigned office and withdrew into -private life, none caring to restrain him[403]. Mesdames, the King's -aunts, left for Rome with a passport from the National Assembly[404]. -The Duc d'Orléans returned from England and declared himself the King's -most humble and most obedient servant. Societies of Friends of the -Constitution multiplied upon the soil and connected themselves with the -parent society, receiving its suggestions and executing its orders. - -Public life met with a favourable disposition in my character: I was -attracted by what happened in public, because, in the crowd, I beheld -my loneliness and had no occasion to combat my shyness. Nevertheless, -the salons, sharing as they did in the universal agitation, had become -a little less foreign to my mood, and I had made new acquaintances in -spite of myself. - -The Marquise de Villette I had met casually. Her husband[405], who bore -a slandered reputation, wrote with Monsieur, the King's brother, in the -_Journal de Paris._ Madame de Villette, still charming, lost a daughter -of sixteen, more charming than her mother, upon whom the Chevalier de -Parny wrote some verses worthy of the Anthology[406]. - -My regiment, which was in garrison at Rouen, preserved its discipline -pretty late. It had an encounter with the mob on the subject of the -execution of the actor Bordier[407], who underwent the last sentence -pronounced by the parliamentary power; hanged one day, he would have -been a hero the next, had he lived twenty-four hours longer. But at -last the insurrection showed itself among the soldiers of the Navarre -Regiment. The Marquis de Mortemart emigrated; his officers followed -him. I had neither adopted nor rejected the new opinions; I was as -little disposed to attack as to serve them, was unwilling either to -emigrate or to continue in the military career, and I resigned my -commission. - -Freed from all bonds, I had, on the one side, somewhat animated -discussions with my brother and the President de Rosanbo; on the other, -discussions no less embittered with Ginguené, La Harpe, and Chamfort. -From my early youth, my political impartiality pleased nobody. Besides, -I attached importance to the questions then raised only through general -ideas concerning the liberty and dignity of the human race; personal -politics bored me; my real life lay in higher regions. - -The streets of Paris, blocked with people night and day, were no longer -suited to my lounging inclinations. To recover the desert, I took -refuge in the theatre: I ensconced myself at the back of a box and -allowed my thoughts to wander to the sound of Racine's[408] verses, -Sacchini's[409] music, or the Opera ballets. I must have had the -courage to see _Barbe-bleue_[410] and the _Sabot perdu_[411] twenty -times in succession at the Italiens, courting tedium in order to dispel -it, like an owl in a hole in a wall; while the monarchy fell, I heard -neither the cracking of the venerable vaults nor the screeching of the -vaudeville, neither Mirabeau's voice thundering in the tribune nor -Colin's singing to Babet on the stage: - - Qu'il pleuve, qu'il vente ou qu'il neige, - Quand la nuit est longue, ou l'abrège[412]. - -Madame Ginguené sometimes sent M. Monet, the director of mines, and his -young daughter to disturb my unsociable mood: Mademoiselle Monet took -her seat in the front of the box; I sat, half pleased, half grumbling, -behind her. I do not know whether she attracted me, whether I liked -her; but I was very much afraid of her. When she was gone, I regretted -her, while rejoicing at no longer seeing her. Still, I sometimes went, -with the perspiration standing on my brow, to fetch her for a walk: I -gave her my arm, and I believe I pressed hers a little. - -One idea governed me, the idea of going to the United States: a -useful object was wanting for my voyage; I proposed, as I have said -in the Memoirs and in several of my works, to discover the North-West -Passage. This plan was not out of keeping with my poetic nature. No one -troubled himself about me; I was at that time, like Bonaparte, a slim -sub-lieutenant, entirely unknown; both of us emerged from obscurity at -the same period, I to seek renown in solitude, he to seek glory among -mankind. I had not attached myself to any woman, and my sylph still -possessed my imagination. I placed before myself the bliss of realizing -my fantastic wanderings in her company in the forests of the New World. -Through the influence of a new manifestation of nature, my flower of -love, my nameless phantom of the woods of Armorica, grew into _Atala_ -beneath the shady groves of Florida. - -[Sidenote: The North-West passage.] - -M. de Malesherbes excited me on the subject of this voyage. I went -to see him in the mornings: we sat, with our noses glued to maps; -we compared the different plans of the Arctic Circle; we calculated -the distances between Behring's Straits and the furthermost part of -Hudson's Bay; we read the different narratives of the travellers and -navigators, English, Dutch, French, Russian, Swedish, Danish; we -enquired into the roads to be followed on land to reach the shores -of the Polar Sea; we discussed the difficulties to be overcome, the -precautions to be taken against the rigours of the climate, the attacks -of wild animals, the scarcity of food. This illustrious man said to me: - -"If I were younger, I would go with you, I would spare myself the sight -of all the crimes, meannesses and madnesses which I see about me. -But, at my age, a man must die where he stands. Do not fail to write -to me by every ship, to keep me informed of your progress and your -discoveries: I will commend them to the ministers. It is a great pity -that you know no botany." - -After these conversations, I would peruse Tournefort[413], -Duhamel[414], Bernard de Jussieu[415], Grew[416], Jacquin, -Rousseau's[417] Dictionary, the _Flores élementaires_; I ran to the -Jardin du Roi, and before long thought myself a very Linnæus[418]. - -At last, in January 1791, I seriously made up my mind. The chaos -was increasing: it was sufficient to bear an "aristocratic" name -to be exposed to persecution: the more moderate and conscientious -your opinions the more were you liable to suspicion and annoyance. I -therefore resolved to strike my tents: I left my brother and my sisters -in Paris, and made for Brittany. - -At Fougères I met the Marquis de La Rouërie: I asked him to give me -a letter for General Washington[419]. "Colonel Armand" (the name by -which the marquis was known in America) had distinguished himself in -the American War of Independence. He made himself famous in France -through the royalist conspiracy which made such touching victims in the -Desilles[420] family. He having died while organizing this conspiracy, -his body was disinterred and recognized, and caused the misfortune of -his hosts and of his friends. The rival of La Fayette and Lauzun, the -predecessor of La Rochejacquelein, the Marquis de La Rouërie was a -more spirited person than they: he had fought oftener than the first; -he had carried off opera-singers like the second; he would have become -the companion in arms of the third. He swept the woods in Brittany in -company with an American major[421], and with a monkey seated on his -horse's crupper. The Rennes law-students loved him for his boldness of -action and his liberty of ideas: he had been one of the twelve Breton -nobles sent to the Bastille. His figure and manners were elegant, his -appearance smart, his features charming, and he resembled the portraits -of the young lords of the League. - -[Sidenote: I embark for America.] - -I selected Saint-Malo as my port of embarkation, in order to embrace -my mother. I have told you in the third book of these Memoirs how I -passed through Combourg and of the sentiments that oppressed me. I -stayed two months at Saint-Malo, busying myself with preparations for -my departure, as I had done before, when I was thinking of departing -for the Indies. - -I struck a bargain with a captain called Dujardin[422], who was to -carry to Baltimore the Abbé Nagault[423], superior of the seminary of -Saint-Sulpice, and several seminarists under the conduct of their head. -These travelling companions would have been more to my liking four -years earlier: from being a zealous Christian I had become "a man of -strong mind[424]," in other words a man of weak mind. This change in -my religious opinions had been brought about by reading philosophical -books. I believed in good faith that a religious mind was in part -paralyzed, that there existed truths which it was unable to comprehend, -superior though it might be in other respects. This blessed pride -imposed upon me; I inferred in the religious mind that very absence of -a faculty which exists precisely in the philosophic mind: the narrow -intelligence thinks that it sees everything because it keeps its eyes -open; the superior intelligence consents to close its eyes, because it -sees everything within. Lastly, one thing finished me: the groundless -despair which I carried at the bottom of my heart. - -A letter from my brother has fixed the date of my departure in my -memory: he wrote to my mother from Paris, informing her of the death of -Mirabeau[425]. Three days after the arrival of this letter, I joined -the ship lying in the roads[426]; my luggage was already on board. The -anchor was weighed, a solemn moment with mariners. The sun was setting -when the coasting pilot left us, after putting us through the channels. -The weather was overcast, the wind slack, and the swell beat heavily -upon the rocks at a few cables' length from our vessel. - -My eyes remained fixed upon Saint-Malo, where I had left my mother in -tears. I saw the steeples and domes of the churches where I had prayed -with Lucile, the walls, the ramparts, the forts, the towers, the beach -where I had spent my childhood with Gesril and my other play-fellows; I -was abandoning my distracted country at the moment when she had lost a -man who could never be replaced. I was going away in equal uncertainty -as to my country's destinies and my own: which of us was to perish, -France or I? Should I ever see France and my family again? - -With nightfall came a calm which kept us lying at the mouth of the -roads; the lights of the town and the beacons were kindled: those -lights which twinkled beneath my paternal roof seemed at once to smile -to me and bid me farewell, while lighting me amid the rocks, the -darkness of the night, and the blackness of the waves. - -I carried with me only my youth and my illusions: I was deserting a -world whose dust I had trod and whose stars I had counted for a world -of which the soil and the sky were both unknown to me. What was to -become of me if I attained the object of my voyage? While I roamed -upon the polar shores, the years of discord which have crushed so -many generations with so loud a noise would have fallen silently over -my head; society would have renewed its aspect in my absence. It is -probable that I should never have had the misfortune to write; my name -would have remained unknown, or would have won only a peaceful renown -of the kind which is less than glory, which is scorned by envy and left -to happiness. Who knows whether I would have recrossed the Atlantic, -whether I would not have settled down among the solitudes explored and -discovered at my peril and risk, like a conqueror in the midst of his -conquests! - -[Sidenote: We set sail.] - -But no, I was to return to my native land, there to undergo altered -miseries, to become something quite different from what I had been! The -sea in whose lap I was born was about to become the cradle of my second -life; she bore me upon my first voyage as though in the bosom of my -foster-mother, in the arms of the confidant of my first tears and my -first pleasures. - -The ebb-tide, in the absence of the wind, carried us out to sea; -the lights of the shore grew smaller and smaller, and disappeared. -Exhausted with my reflections, with vague regrets, with even vaguer -hopes, I went below to my cabin: I lay down to rest, rocked in my -hammock to the sound of the billows which caressed the side of the -vessel. The wind rose; the unfurled sails, which hung flapping about -the masts, filled out, and when, next morning, I went up on deck, the -land of France was out of sight. - -Here toy destinies changed: "Again to sea!" as Byron sings. - - -[218] This book was written in Paris between June and December 1821, -and revised in December 1846.--T. - -[219] The _Moniteur_ of Sunday 29 April 1821 contains the following, -under the heading, Paris, 28 April: "M. le Vicomte de Chateaubriand, -French Minister Plenipotentiary in Berlin, arrived in Paris on the day -before yesterday." The Duc de Bordeaux was christened at Notre-Dame on -the 1st of May 1821.--B. - -[220] Villèle left the Cabinet on the 27th of July 1821; Chateaubriand -resigned his ambassadorship on the 31st of July.--B. - -[221] Marigny has greatly changed since my sister occupied it. It has -been sold and now belongs to Messieurs de Pommereul, who nave rebuilt -it and much improved it.--_Author's Note._ - -[222] Antoine Auguste Bruzen de Lamartinière (1662-1746), compiler of -the _Dictionnaire géographique, historique et critique._ He was born -and spent his youth at Dieppe, and was the nephew of Richard Simon -(_vide infra_).--T. - -[223] Richard Simon (1638-1712), an early Rationalist, author of a -number of works on the Old and New Testaments, which were promptly -condemned by the Holy See.--T. - -[224] Jean Pecquet (1610-1674), discoverer of the chyle reservoir or -_réservoir de Pecquet._--T. - -[225] See Madame de Sévigné's letters of 22 December 1664, January -1665, 19 November 1670, and 11 July 1672.--B. - -[226] The district of Caux, in Upper Normandy, which includes Dieppe, -is noted for the beauty of its women and the singularity of their -head-dresses.--T. - -[227] Renée Élisabeth de La Belinaye (1728-1816), eldest daughter -of Armand Magdelon Comte de La Belinaye, and sister of Thérèse de -La Belinaye who married Anne Joseph Jacques Tuffin de La Rouërie, -and was the mother of the Marquis Armand de La Rouërie, the famous -conspirator.--B. - -[228] Jean Baptiste Isoard (1743-1816), known as Delisle de Sales, and -nicknamed Diderot's Ape. Nevertheless, and although certain of his -philosophical treatises were indicted and burned, he fought against -Atheism and Materialism. His works ran into scores of volumes and made -no mark whatever.--T. - -[229] Or "villas," as we should say nowadays.--T. - -[230] Claude Marie Louis Emmanuel Carbon de Flins des Oliviers -(1757-1806) edited the _Journal de la Ville et des Provinces, ou le -Modérateur_ with Fontanes, and produced, not without success, a number -of comedies in verse.--B. - -[231] Jean Baptiste Britard (1721-1791), known as Brizard, a well-known -player of heavy fathers and kings. He retired on the 1st of April -1786.--B. - -[232] François Joseph Talma (1763-1826) made his first appearance -in 1787, and is regarded as the greatest actor of his day. Napoleon -Bonaparte admitted him to his intimacy, and twice paid his debts. He -had been educated in England, knew English perfectly, and played in -London on more than one occasion.--T. - -[233] Jean Mauduit de Larive (1749-1827) held the stage at the Français -until eclipsed by Talma, when he retired and opened a school of -declamation. He accompanied Joseph Bonaparte to Naples as reader in -1806, and built the hamlet of Larive on his property at Montlignon, -near Montmorency.--T. - -[234] Joseph Abraham Bénard (1750-1822), known as Fleury, a very -popular light-comedy actor.--T. - -[235] François René Molet (1734-1802), known as Molé, another player -of light-comedy parts, principally those then known as fats and -_petits-maîtres_: fops and dandies. He was an active member of the -Comédie Française for forty-two years, from 1760 to the day of his -death.--T. - -[236] Henri Gourgaud (1714-1809), known as Dugazon, played comic -men-servants' parts. He was the brother of Madame Vestris, the tragic -actress.--T. - -[237] Jean Baptiste Fouchard de Grandménil (1737-1816) gave up the -bar for the stage. He excelled in _rôles à manteaux_ or mysterious -strangers' parts. He was a member of the Academy of Fine Arts, and -professor at the Conservatoire.--T. - -[238] Mademoiselle Contat (1760-1813), a very perfect and versatile -actress, who created the part of Suzanne in Beaumarchais' _Mariage de -Figaro_ in 1784. She married M. de Parny, nephew to the poet.--T. - -[239] Mademoiselle Saint-Val the younger. Her elder sister had left the -Comédie Française in 1779.--B. - -[240] Jeanne Adélaïde Gérardine Olivier (1765-1787), a native of -London. A very charming actress; she was scarcely nineteen when she -created the part of Chérubin in the _Mariage de Figaro_, achieving a -success almost equal to that of Mademoiselle Contat as Suzanne.--B. - -[241] Anne Françoise Hippolyte Boutet (1779-1847), known as -Mademoiselle Mars, one of the most famous of French comic actresses. -She made her first appearance at the Théâtre Montansier when thirteen -years of age, in 1792, and did not definitely leave the stage until -1841, when she was sixty-two. She created over one hundred parts at the -Théâtre Français alone, which she joined in 1798.--T. - -[242] Jacques Marie Boutet (1745-1811), known as Monvel, an exceedingly -intelligent actor. He commenced by playing Mold's parts at the Comédie -Française, and in later life made a successful heavy father at the -Théâtre de la République. He also wrote a number of successful comedies -and comic operas, and under the Empire became a professor at the -Conservatoire and a Member of the Institute.--T. - -Monvel was the father of Mademoiselle Mars by a provincial actress -called Marguerite Salvetat, who acted under the name of Madame Mars, -whence the daughter took her stage-name.--B. - -[243] Now the Théâtre du Palais-Royal.--B. - -[244] Parny was born in the Île Bourbon.--T. - -[245] I here omit some lines quoted from Parny.--T. - -[246] Jacques Necker (1732-1804), Controller-General from 1776 to 1781, -1788 to 1789, and 1789 to 1790.--T. - -[247] Ginguené was accredited as Ambassador of the French Republic at -Turin in the early part of 1798. By affectation of simplicity, and -also doubtless from economy, he caused his wife to be dispensed from -appearing at the audiences in Court dress. He did not lose an hour -before dispatching a special courier to carry the great piece of news -to the Foreign Minister: the Citizeness Ambassadress had appeared -in a _pet-en-l'air!_ Within a very few days, Talleyrand had signed -Ginguené's recall.--B. - -A _pet-en-l'air_ is a very vulgar term for a short morning gown.--T. - -[248] The _Décade philosophique_, founded 10 Floréal Year II. (29 April -1794). Ginguené was its editor-in-chief. In 1804, after the Empire had -been established, it changed its title to that of _Revue philosophique, -littéraire et politique._ It ceased to appear in 1807.--B. - -[249] Ponce Denis Escouchard Le Brun (1729-1807), nicknamed the French -Pindar, a versatile poet and epigrammatist, who sang by turns, and with -equal fervor, the Monarchy, the Republic, and the Empire. Ginguené -edited and published his Collected Works in 1811.--T. - -[250] For an account of this "classical supper," see the Recollections -of Madame Vigée-Lebrun. Le Brun recited imitations of Anacreon, crowned -with Pindar's laurels.--B. - -[251] It is true that Le Brun wrote trenchant versus against Bonaparte, -but he kept them to himself, and took care to publish those in which he -extolled him. Bonaparte awarded him a pension of 6000 francs.--B. - -[252] Chamfort was his adopted name. He never knew his real name nor -that of his father.--T. - -[253] Jacques Delille (1738-1813) translated the _Georgics_, the -_Æneid_, and _Paradise Lost_ into French verse. He had a facile talent -for versification, and was admitted to the French Academy in 1774. He -appears to have been in orders, and undoubtedly for some time held the -abbey of Saint-Séverin, but he never followed an ecclesiastical career, -and he married after the Revolution.--T. - -[254] Claude Carloman de Rulhière (1735-1791) was elected to the -Academy in 1787. He commenced life as aide-de-camp to the Marshal -de Richelieu in Guyenne. He then became secretary to the Baron de -Breteuil, whom he accompanied on his embassy to Russia in 1760. In -1765, having meantime enjoyed a pension of 6000 francs for that -purpose, he completed his _Histoire de la révolution de Russie en -1762._ This work, however, could not be published during the lifetime -of Catherine II., and it eventually saw the light in 1797, six years -after the death of the author. He published some poetry, in addition to -the above and other historical works.--T. - -[255] The Comtesse d'Egmont was the daughter of the Maréchal de -Richelieu, and it was she who urged Rulhière to adopt a literary -career.--B. - -[256] Charles Palissot de Montenoy (1730-1814), author of a number of -more or less polemical comedies, poems, and historical works.--T. - -[257] Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais (1732-1799), author of -the _Barbier de Séville_, the _Folle Journée, ou le Manage do Figaro, -Tarare_, &c.--T. - -[258] Jean François Marmontel (1723-1799), author of the _Contes -moraux_ and a large number of miscellaneous and voluminous works.--T. - -[259] Marie Joseph de Chénier (1764-1811), the poet, brother of André -de Chénier. Chateaubriand succeeded to his chair at the Institute.--T. - -[260] Urquhart and Motteux' RABELAIS, Book II. chap. 6: _How Pantagruel -met with a Limosin, who affected to speak in learned phrase._--T. - -[261] Pierre de Ronsard (1524-1585), the leading French poet of his -day, but also noted for a pedantic affectation of erudition and a -barbarous neologism which made Boileau say of him: - -Que sa muse en français parla grec et latin. - -("That his muse, speaking French, talked in Latin and Greek").--T. - -[262] Chateaubriand wrote this page in June 1821; Fontanes had died on -the 17th of March previous.--B. - -[263] Rosanbo was guillotined on 1 Floréal Year II. (20 April 1794).--B. - -[264] These are the four leading magisterial or parliamentary families -of France under the Old Order. The Lamoignons produced Guillaume de -Lamoignon (1617-1677), First President of the Parliament of Paris -(1658-1677), himself the son of a chief justice; his sons Chrétien -François de Lamoignon, a chief justice (1690) and Nicolas Lamoignon -de Baville (1648-1724), Counsellor to the Parliament (1670), Master -of Requests (1675), and lastly, Intendant of Languedoc; Guillaume de -Lamoignon, Seigneur de Malesherbes, Chancellor of France (1750-1768), -son of Chrétien François; his son, Chrétien Guillaume de Malesherbes -(1721-1794), the famous minister and counsel for Louis XVI. at -the King's trial; and Chrétien François Lamoignon (_d._ 1789), -Chief Justice of the Parliament of Paris (1758) and Chancellor in -1787, great-grandson of the first Guillaume de Lamoignon. His son, -Christian de Lamoignon, was created a peer of France, and died in -1827; in him the family of Lamoignon became extinct. The Molés held -chief-justiceships from 1602 to the Revolution. The more remarkable -members of the family were Édouard Molé (1558-1641), its founder, son -of a counsellor to the Parliament, himself successively a counsellor, -Procurator-General, and Chief Justice of the Parliament of Paris -(1602); Matthieu Molé (1584-1656), his son, counsellor (1606), -Procurator-General (1614), Chief Justice (1641) and Keeper of the -Seals (1650); and more recently Matthieu Louis Molé (1781-1855), son -of the President Molé de Champlatreux, Minister of Justice under -Bonaparte (1813), who created him a count of the Empire, Minister -of Marine (1815-1818) under the Restoration, when he became a peer -of France, Foreign Minister (1830-1836), and Premier (1836-1839) -under Louis Philippe. In 1840 he was elected a member of the French -Academy. Of the Séguiers, Pierre Séguier (1504-1580) was an advocate, -Advocate-General, and Chief Justice; his son, Antoine Séguier -(1552-1626), was a counsellor to the Parliament, Advocate-General, -and Ambassador of Henry IV. at Venice; Pierre Séguier (1588-1672), -grandson of the first Pierre, was Intendant of Guyenne, Keeper of the -Seals (1633), and Chancellor (1635); Antoine Louis Séguier (1726-1791) -was Advocate-General to the Grand Council and subsequently to the -Parliament (1755-1790) and a member of the French Academy (1757); and -his son, Matthieu Séguier (_d._ 1848), was for many years a chief -justice. Henri François d'Aguesseau (1688-1751) was the son of an -intendant of Limousin, and was Chancellor of France from 1717 to 1718, -1720 to 1722, and 1737 to 1750.--T. - -[265] _Cf. inter alia_, the character of the Présidente de Tourvel in -Choderlos de Laclos' _Liaisons dangereuses._--T. - -[266] This must be a slip of the pen. Malesherbes had only two -daughters: Marie Thérèse, born 1756, who married, in 1769, -Louis Le Peletier, Seigneur de Rosanbo, and Françoise Pauline, -born 1758, who married, in 1775, Charles Philippe Simon de -Montboissier-Beaufort-Canillac, commanding the Orléans Regiment of -Dragoons.--B. - -[267] The President de Rosanbo's three daughters married the Comte de -Chateaubriand, the author's brother, the Comte Lepelletier d'Aulnay, -and the Comte de Tocqueville. The last was made a lord of the -Bed-chamber and a peer of France by Charles X., and was the father of -Alexis de Tocqueville, author of the _Démocratie en Amérique._--B. - -[268] Louis Le Peletier, Vicomte de Rosanbo (1777-1858) was created a -peer of France on the same day as Chateaubriand, 17 August 1815, and -together with the latter, retired from the Upper House in August 1830, -refusing to take the oath to the usurper.--B. - -[269] Navigated in recent years by Captain Franklin and Captain -Parry.--(_Author's Note_ Geneva, 1831). - -[270] René Nicolas Maupeou (1714-1792) succeeded his father in 1768 as -Chancellor of France. In 1771 he banished the Parliament of Paris and -installed in its stead the King's Privy Council, which was derisively -nicknamed the "Maupeou Parliament" by the public, and which continued -in power until the death of Louis XV. in 1774, when the Parliament was -restored and Maupeou banished in his turn.--T. - -[271] Of the royal edicts.--T. - -[272] Charles Alexandre de Calonne (1734-1802), Controller-General of -Finance (1783-1787).--T. - -[273] Armand Marc Comte de Montmorin-Saint-Hérem (1746-1792), Minister -of Foreign Affairs under Necker, and killed in the massacres of -September.--T. - -[274] Étienne Charles de Loménie, Comte de Brienne (1727-1794), -successively Bishop of Condom, Archbishop of Toulouse, Archbishop of -Sens, and a cardinal. In 1787 he was appointed Controller-General, and -soon after became Prime Minister. He was arrested in 1793 and died in -prison in 1794.--T. - -[275] Anne of Brittany (1476-1514), daughter and heiress of Duke -François II., was first married by proxy to the Emperor Maximilian I. -The marriage was not consummated, and in 1491 Anne married King Charles -VIII. of France. Charles died in 1498, and in 1499 his widow married -his cousin and successor, Louis XII.--T. - -[276] Charles of Blois, son of Margaret, sister of Philip VI., married -in 1337 Joan of Penthièvre, daughter of Guy, and niece of John III., -Duke of Brittany, on the understanding that he was to succeed to the -latter's estates. Upon the death of John in 1341, a war broke out -between Charles and the Count of Montfort (_vide infra_) which lasted -until 1364, when Charles was slain at the Battle of Auray.--T. - -[277] John Count of Montfort, brother of John III. Duke of Brittany, -assumed the title of John IV. He died in 1345, and was succeeded by his -son John V., who eventually entered into possession of the Duchy.--T. - -[278] Letter to Madame de Grignan, 5 August 1671.--T. - -[279] M. de Sévigné, her son.--_Author's Note._ - -[280] A play upon words: a _roué_ is a rake and also one broken on the -wheel.--T. - -[281] Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac(1755-1841), President of the -Convention during the trial of Louis XVI., and member of the Committee -of Public Safety (1793-1795).--T. - -[282] A Suisse, or porter.--T. - -[283] This duel took place _circa_ 1735 between Jean François de -Kératry, a younger son from Cornouaille, not Morbihan, and the Marquis, -not Comte, de Sabran.--B. - -[284] A large proportion of Breton names commence with Ker: one says a -"Ker" of Brittany as who should say a "Tre, Pol, or Pen" of Cornwall or -a "Thwaite" of Westmoreland.--T. - -[285] St. Corentin was the first titular Bishop of Cornouaille (or -Quimper), which see was created by King Gallon, or Grallon, Mur, or the -Great, not "three centuries before Christ," but towards the close of -the fifth century A.D.--B. - -[286] Giuseppe Balsamo (1743-1795), known as Alessandro Conte di -Cagliostro, the conjurer, and one of the leading spirits in the affair -of the Necklace.--T. - -[287] Friedrich Anton Mesmer (1734-1815), the discoverer of animal -magnetism.--T. - -[288] Louis Anne Pierre Geslin, Comte (not Marquis) de Trémargat (_b._ -1749), a naval officer and knight of St. Louis.--B. - -[289] Henri Charles Comte de Thiard-Bissy (1726-1794), a -lieutenant-general and principal equerry to the Duc d'Orléans. In -February 1787 he succeeded M. de Montmorin in his post of King's -Commandant in Brittany. He was guillotined on the 26th of July 1794.--B. - -[290] The twelve gentlemen sent to the Bastille, 15 July 1788, were -the Marquis de La Rouërie, the Comte de La Fruglaye, the Marquis de -La Bourdonnaye de Montluc, the Comte de Trémargat, the Marquis de -Corné, the Comte Godet de Châtillon, the Vicomte de Champion de Cicé, -the Marquis Alexis de Bedée, the Chevalier de Guer, the Marquis du -Bois de La Feronnière, the Comte Hay des Nétumières, and the Comte -de Becdelièvre-Penhouët. Their captivity was anything but harsh, and -lasted under two months, from 15 July to 12 September 1788.--B. - -[291] Gabriel Comte Cortois de Pressigny (1745-1823). He emigrated in -1791; on the Restoration he was sent as a special envoy to the Holy -See. In 1816 he was created a peer of France, and in 1817 appointed -Archbishop of Besançon.--B. - -[292] - - "Along the avenue - The devil went so fast - That he was lost to view - Before an hour had passed."--T. - - -[293] - - "The beautiful maid became a duck, - Became a duck, became a duck, - And through a lattice off she flew - To a pond where duck-weed grew."--T. - - -[294] Pierre and François Guillaume de La Saudre. The Château de -Bonnaban is still one of the finest seats in the neighbourhood of -Saint-Malo. It is now the property of the Comte de Kergariou.--B. - -[295] The Briantais, at Saint-Servan, on the banks of the Rance, was -at that time the property of the Picot de Prémesnil family, and now -belongs to M. Lachambre, a late member of the Chamber of Deputies.--B. - -[296] The Bosq and the Montmarin faced each other on opposite banks of -the Rance: the former at Saint-Servan, the latter at Pleurtuit. Both -belonged to the opulent family of Magon.--B. - -[297] The Balue, at Saint-Servan, also belonged to the Magons.--B. - -[298] The Colombier, at Paramé, was the property, in 1788, of the Eon -de Carissan family.--B. - -[299] The Château de Lascardais was the principal residence of M. and -Madame de Chateaubourg. It is in the commune of Mézières, canton of -Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier, Arrondissement of Fougères (Ille-et-Vilaine) -and is now occupied by Madame la Vicomtesse de Breil de Pontbriand, the -Comtesse de Chateaubourg's grand-daughter.--B. - -[300] Le Plessis-Pillet is in the commune of Dourdain, canton of -Liffré, Arrondissement of Fougères.--B. - -[301] Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier is twelve miles S.E. of Fougères. The -tower is a very tall one. The battle referred to is that in which -La Trémoille defeated the Bretons and the revolted Duc d'Orléans -(afterwards Louis XII.) in 1488.--T. - -[302] Robert Lambert Livorel (not Livoret) entered the Company of Jesus -in 1753, at the age of eighteen. He was a coadjutor brother at Rennes -College at the time of the suppression of the Company in 1762.--B. - -[303] Louis Bruno Comte de Boisgelin (1734-1794), Knight of St. Louis -and of the Holy Ghost, and holder of several Court and military -appointments. He was guillotined on the 7th of July 1794; his wife, a -sister of the Chevalier de Boufflers, ascended the scaffold on the same -day.--B. - -[304] François Bareau de Girac (1736-1820).--B. - -[305] The name of Keralieu does not figure upon the lists of the States -of 1788-1789, nor is it to be found in the Breton peerages. Doubtless -the name should read Kersalaün. A duel did, in fact, take place between -M. de Kersalaün and a young citizen of Rennes, Joseph Marie Jacques -Blin. Jean Joseph Comte de Kersalaün was the eldest son of the Marquis -de Kersalaün, the senior member of the Parliament. He was forty-five, -and therefore much "older" than his adversary, who was only twenty-four -years of age.--B. - -[306] Captain René François Joseph de Montbourcher (1759-1835). His -name was pronounced Montboucher, as Chateaubriand spells it.--B. - -[307] Louis Pierre de Guehenneuc de Boishue (1767-1789) eldest son of -Jean Baptiste René de Guehenneuc, Comte de Boishue. He was therefore -only twenty-one years of age when he was killed, on the 27th of January -1789, in the streets of Rennes, at the same time as young Saint-Riveul -(on whom see note _ante_).--B. - -[308] The sacking of the house of Reveillon, the paper manufacturer of -the Rue Saint-Antoine, took place 28 April 1789.--T. - -[309] 4 May 1789.--T. - -[310] 20 June 1789.--T. - -[311] 30 June 1789.--T. - -[312] Camille Desmoulins (1760-1794) delivered his famous harangue, at -the conclusion of which he distributed leaves from the trees overhead -to the rioters as a rallying-token, in the Palais-Royal on the 12th of -July 1789. He was guillotined 5 April 1794--T. - -[313] 30 June 1789.--B. - -[314] Honoré Gabriel Riquetti, Comte de Mirabeau (1749-1791), -represented the Third Estate of the town of Aix in the National -Assembly.--T. - -[315] Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier, Baron de Breteuil (_b._ 1733) was -head of the Royal Household and Governor of Paris when placed at the -head of this short-lived ministry.--T. - -[316] Victor François Maréchal Duc de Broglie (1718-1804) became -Minister of War. He was a distinguished soldier, and had been created -a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1759 by the Emperor of Germany in -recognition of his services in the war against Prussia. The title is -still borne by the heads of both branches of the Broglie family.--T. - -[317] Arnaud de La Porte (1737-1792), Intendant-General of the Navy. In -1790 he was appointed Intendant of the Civil List, and distinguished -himself by his fidelity and firmness in the King's cause, notably at -the time of the arrest at Varennes. He perished on the scaffold in -1792.--T. - -[318] Joseph François Foullon (1715-1789) was appointed -Controller-General of Finance on the 12th of July and hanged from a -lantern in the Rue de la Verrerie on the 22nd, thus becoming one of the -first victims of the Revolution.--T. - -[319] Armand Marc Comte de Montmorin-Saint-Hérem (_d._ 1792) was -Minister of Foreign Affairs in Necker's cabinet. In 1791 he received -the portfolio of the Interior. He perished in the massacres of -September 1792.--T. - -[320] César Guillaume de la Luzerne (1738-1821), Bishop of Langres, -created a cardinal in 1817.--T. - -[321] François Emmanuel Guignard, Comte de Saint-Priest (1735-1821), -Minister of the Interior, created a Peer of France in 1815.--T. - -[322] Louis Jules Mancini-Mazarini, Duc de Nivernais (1716-1798).--T. - -[323] Charles Henri Sanson (_b._ 1739), appointed public executioner in -1778 by Louis XVI., who died by his hand fifteen years later.--B. - -[324] Antoine Simon (_d._ 1794), cobbler and member of the Paris -Commune, appointed tutor to Louis XVII., 1 July 1793, guillotined 28 -July 1794.--B. - -[325] Marie Thérèse of France (1778-1851), daughter of Louis XVI., -married in 1799 her cousin the Duc d'Angoulême, second son of the Comte -d'Artois, later Charles X.--T. - -[326] "Of my birth I have the splendour."--T. - -[327] Louis Duc de Normandie (1785-1795), second son of Louis XVI., -became Dauphin on the death of his elder brother, and was recognised -as King of France by the emigrants and the foreign Powers after the -execution of his father. He died a wretched death in the Temple, 8 June -1795.--T. - -[328] Louis Philippe Joseph, fifth Duc d'Orléans (1747-1793), nicknamed -Philippe Égalité, voted for the King's death, and was himself -guillotined, 6 November 1793.--T. - -[329] In a speech made on the 9th of January 1816, preparatory to the -general mourning ordered for the 21st, the anniversary of the execution -of Louis XVT.--B. - -[330] Charles Eugène of Lorraine, Duc d'Elbeuf, Prince de Lambesc -(1754-1825), a kinsman of Marie Antoinette, whom he accompanied to -France, becoming colonel of the regiment known as Royal-Allemand. After -his trial and acquittal for charging the people at the Tuileries, he -emigrated and took service in the Austrian army, rising to the rank -of Lieutenant-Field-Marshal in 1796. He continued to live in Vienna -after the Restoration, and died there, childless, in 1825, one of the -branches of the House of Lorraine dying out with him.--T. - -[331] Bernard René Jourdan, Marquis de Launey (1740-1789), -Captain-Governor of the Bastille.--B. - -[332] Jacques de Flesselles (1721-1789), provost of the merchants of -Paris.--T. - -[333] An unsavoury eminence, between the Faubourg Saint-Martin and the -Faubourg du Temple, on which stood a number of gibbets, erected early -in the fourteenth century.--T. - -[334] After a lapse of fifty-two years, fifteen bastilles are being -built in order to oppress the liberty in whose name the first Bastille -was destroyed.--_Author's Note_ (Paris, 1841). - -[335] Marie Paul Joseph Gilbert de Motier, Marquis de La Fayette -(1757-1834) had taken a leading part in the assistance rendered by the -French to the American Revolution. He was outlawed in 1792, fled, was -captured by the Austrians, and imprisoned, for his complicity in the -French Revolution, in the citadel of Olmütz, until 1797. This foreign -captivity doubtless saved him from the native guillotine. He took -no part in public affairs until the Restoration, when he sat in the -Chamber of Deputies as a member of the opposition. In 1830, after the -Orleanist usurpation he for the second time received the command of the -National Guard.--T. - -[336] Jean Sylvain Bailly (1736-1793) was a member of the -French Academy and of the Academy of Science, and keeper of the -picture-gallery at Versailles. He became the first president of the -National Assembly, having presided at the occasion of the Oath of the -Tennis Court, and was the first Mayor of Paris. His popularity left him -in 1791, after his endeavour to suppress the riotous meetings in the -Champ-de-Mars; he resigned the mayoralty and quitted Paris. In 1793, -he was recognised at Melun, brought back to Paris, and guillotined (11 -November).--T. - -[337] Yolande Martine Gabrielle, Duchesse de Polignac (1749-1793), -_née_ de Polastron, wife of the Comte Jules, later Duc de Polignac, -governess of the Children of France, and favourite of Marie Antoinette. -She was the mother of the Prince de Polignac who became minister to -Charles X.--T. - -[338] Louis Antoine, Duc d'Angoulême (1775-1844), and Charles -Ferdinand, Duc de Berry (1778-1820).--T. - -[339] Louis Joseph Prince de Condé (1736-1818), his son Louis Henri -Joseph Duc de Bourbon (1756-1830), and his grandson Louis Antoine Henri -Duc d'Enghien (1772-1804).--T. - -[340] The King's aunts, daughters of Louis XV.: Madame Adélaïde -(1732-1800) and Madame Victoire (1733-1799). They emigrated in 1791.--T. - -[341] Madame Élisabeth (1764-1794), the King's sister, guillotined 10 -May 1794.--T. - -[342] Louis Stanislas Xavier Comte de Provence (1755-1824); succeeded -to the Crown in 1795 as Louis XVIII. "Monsieur" is the title of the -eldest brother of the King of France.--T. - -[343] Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry (1750-1819), chairman of -the electors of Paris. He was arrested after the 10th of August 1792, -but succeeded in making good his escape.--B. - -[344] Trophine Gérard Marquis de Lally-Tolendal (1751-1830), delegate -of the nobles of Paris to the States-General. He too escaped from the -Abbaye after his arrest in August, and took refuge in England, whence -he wrote to the Convention in order to obtain the honour (eventually -awarded to Malesherbes) of defending Louis XVI. He was created a peer -of France under the Restoration, and made a member of the French -Academy; in 1817 he received his marquisate, the original title of the -family being Comte de Lally and Baron Tollendal in Ireland.--T. - -[345] Jean Paul Marat (1744-1793), the famous demagogue of the -Terror.--T. - -[346] Louis Bénigne François Bertier de Sauvigny (1742-1789), Intendant -of Paris, and son-in-law to Foullon. He was hanged from a lantern after -being made to kiss the head of his father-in-law, who had just met with -the same fate.--T. - -[347] Taboureau des Réaux, Intendant of Valenciennes, was -Controller-General from October 1776 to June 1777.--B. - -[348] Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de L'Aulne (1727-1781), -Controller-General from 1774 to 1776.--T. - -[349] Alexandre Frédéric Jacques Masson, Marquis de Pezay (1741-1777), -commenced life as an officer of Musketeers, and made his name known -by means of some trivial drawing-room verse and of his inferior prose -translations of Tibullus, Catullus, and Propertius. He was charged -with the duty of instructing Louis XVI., then Dauphin, in elementary -tactics, managed to insinuate himself into the Prince's intimacy, and -eventually succeeded in bringing about the fall of Terray and the rise -of Necker.--T. - -[350] The _Compte rendu au Roi_ was a sort of specimen budget published -by Necker in 1780, from which public opinion was for the first time -enabled to form an opinion of the working of the administration of the -public revenues, till then kept secret. The _Compte rendu_ caused a -prodigious sensation.--B. - -[351] Antoine Leonard Thomas (1732-1785), a member of the French -Academy, and a man of letters noted for rhetoric and over-emphasis of -style. Chateaubriand's allusion is to the excessive optimism of the -_Compte rendu_, which showed a very large surplus.--T. - -[352] Anne Louise Germaine Baronne de Staël-Holstein (1766-1817), the -most famous of women-writers. She married the Baron de Staël-Holstein, -Swedish Ambassador to France, in 1786. He died in 1802, and eight years -later she was married for the second time, but secretly, to a young -officer, M. de Rocca. In 1815 she obtained two million francs from -Louis XVIII., by way of a restitution of moneys due to her father.--T. - -[353] Louis Marie Vicomte de Noailles (1756-1804), second son of -Philippe de Noailles, Marshal Duc de Mouchy, and brother-in-law of La -Fayette. He took part in the French expedition to the United States, -and pronounced himself in favour of the Revolution in 1789. He sat -in the States-General as deputy for the nobility of the bailiwick of -Nemours.--T. - -[354] Armand Désiré de Wignerod-Duplessis-Richelieu, Duc d'Aiguillon -(1731-1800), representative of the nobility of the seneschalty of Agen -in the States-General, and son of the Duc d'Aiguillon, Prime Minister -to Louis XV.--T. - -[355] Matthieu Jean Félicité Vicomte, later Duc de Montmorency-Laval -(1767-1826), had also imbibed his revolutionary opinions in the -American Campaign. He abandoned them, however, at the Restoration, -under which he became a peer of France, Minister of Foreign Affairs, -a member of the French Academy, and a duke. In January 1826 he was -appointed governor to the Duc de Bordeaux, but died a few weeks -later.--T. - -[356] In the Opera-house, 1 October 1789.--T. - -[357] When Louis XVI. entered the hall, M. de Canecaude, commissary -of the King's Military Household, ordered the band-master to play -Grétry's "_Où peut-on être mieux qu'au sein de sa famille?_" "Where is -greater happiness found than in one's family circle?" The band-master -replied that he had not the music, and played, "_Ô Richard! ô mon Roi, -l'univers t'abandonne_:" "O Richard, O my King, the world is forsaking -thee," from Richard Cœur-de-Lion by the same composer.--B. - -[358] Vice-Admiral Charles Hector Comte d'Estaing (1729-1794) was a -member of both forces, and had seen much service both on sea and land. -He embraced the side of the Revolution, and was at this time Commandant -of the National Guard. He was guillotined 28 April 1794.--T. - -[359] Marat's paper was first published 12 September 1789, with the -title the _Publiciste parisien._ With the sixth issue, that is, on 17 -September 1789, the title was changed to the _Ami du peuple, ou le -Publiciste parisien._--B. - -[360] The paper money of the French Republic, "assigned" upon the -spoils of the clergy, &c.--T. - -[361] Thomas Mahi, Marquis de Favras (1744-1790), was accused of -conspiring to assassinate La Fayette, Necker, and Bailly, and -to carry off Louis XVI. in order to place him at the head of an -anti-revolutionary army. He was condemned to be hanged, and executed 19 -February 1790--T. - -[362] The so-called cahiers or note-books consisted of the official -instructions of the electors to the deputies to the States-General.--T. - -[363] The original name of the Riquettis de Mirabeau was Arrighetti.--T. - -[364] Victor Riquetti, Marquis de Mirabeau (1715-1789). He joined -the economists, advocated liberty, and called himself the Friend of -Men, after the title of his principal work, the _Ami des hommes_: -nevertheless he proved himself the tyrant of his family, a bad husband, -and a bad father. He died on the eve of the capture of the Bastille, 13 -July 1789.--T. - -[365] Jean Antoine Joseph Charles Elzéar de Riquetti (1717-1794). He -adopted the title of _bailli_ in 1763, on becoming a grand-cross of the -Order of Malta, and was thenceforth known as the Bailli de Mirabeau.--B. - -[366] Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de Saint-Simon (1675-1755), author of the -famous Memoirs.--T. - -[367] Reine Philiberte Marquise de Villette (_d._ 1822), _née_ Roupt -de Varicourt, was adopted by Voltaire at the instance of his niece, -Mme. Denis. She called him uncle; he called her "_Belle et bonne_," -and married her in 1777 to the Marquis de Villette (_vide infra_, p. -178).--T. - -[368] Isaac René Guy Le Chapelier (1754-1794), one of the most capable -members of the Constituent Assembly, and a founder of the Club Breton, -later the Club des Jacobins. He was guillotined 22 April 1794.--T. - -[369] Sophie Marquise de Monnier (1760-1789), _née_ Ruffei. For eloping -with her, Mirabeau was imprisoned for nearly four years, 1777-1780, -at Vincennes by _lettre-de-cachet_ obtained at his father's instance. -His letters to Sophie from Vincennes, written in a style of exalted -sentiment, were published in 1792 in 4 vols. 8vo. The lady herself was -locked up in a convent until the death of her husband, a man very much -her senior. She eventually committed suicide because of the infidelity -of one of her lovers.--T. - -[370] Riquetti, not Riquet, instead of Mirabeau. It was in the account -of the sitting in which titles of nobility were abolished that the -journalist, in conformity with that abolition, dropped Mirabeau's -territorial title, and wrote of him by his patronymic of Riquetti.--B. - -[371] André Boniface Louis Riquetti, Vicomte de Mirabeau (1754-1792), -the Comte de Mirabeau's younger brother, nicknamed Mirabeau-Tonneau, -because of his stoutness, to distinguish him from his brother, -Mirabeau-Tonnerre.--T. - -[372] M. de Lautrec de Saint-Simon was not a member of the Constituent -Assembly, but acted as one of Mirabeau-Tonneau's seconds in his duel -with the Duc de Liancourt.--B. - -[373] Maximilien Marie Isidore Robespierre (1759-1794), the leader of -the Terror.--T. - -[374] The Château de Montaigne stood on a hill near the village of -Saint-Michel, five leagues from Bergerac, in Guyenne. Montaigne was -on one occasion captured by marauders and likely to be shot. His -good-humour won not only his release but the restoration of the -property of which he had been robbed (_Cf._ MONTAIGNE, Booke III. chap. -12: _Of Physiognomy_).--T. - -[375] Laurent Marshal Marquis Gouvion-Saint-Cyr (1764-1830), later a -distinguished officer in the armies of the Republic and the Empire. He -would appear to have achieved no great success as either an amateur or -professional actor.--T. - -[376] L'_Autre Tartufe, ou, la Mère Coupable_, a prose drama in five -acts, produced 6 June 1792.--B. - -[377] The four leading and accomplished singers in the Italian _Opera -Buffa_ company which first played in the Salle des Machines at the -Tuileries and later, when the Royal Family came to occupy the palace, -at the Théâtre de Monsieur, renamed Théâtre de la Rue Feydeau.--B. - -[378] Louise Rosalie Lefèvre (1755-1821), wife of the actor Dugazon, -a brilliant performer of amoureuses or leading ladies at the Théâtre -Italien, later Opéra Comique, in the Rue Favart.--T. - -[379] Jeanne Charlotte Dame d'Herbey (1764-1850), _née_ Schrœder, known -as Madame Saint-Aubin, a player of _ingénues'_ parts at the Opéra -Comique.--B. - -[380] Marie Gabrielle Malagrida (1763-1818), known as Carline, and -married to Nivelon, the dancer at the Opera. She played _soubrettes_ -charmingly at the Théâtre Italien, but her acting was better than her -singing: she had a very small voice.--B. - -[381] Chateaubriand is mistaken here. He is writing of the theatres in -1789 and 1790, whereas Mademoiselle Olivier died in 1787.--B. - -[382] André Ernest Modeste Gréry (1741-1813), the famous composer.--T. - -[383] Marguerite Françoise Comtesse de Buffon (1767-1808), _née_ de -Bouvier de Cépoy, and wife of Georges Louis Marie Leclerc, Comte de -Buffon, son of the great writer. She was the mistress of Philippe -Égalité, to whom she bore a son who was killed when fighting in the -English army in the Peninsula. The Comte de Buffon was guillotined -10 July 1794. In 1798 his widow married M. Renouard de Bussières, a -Strasburg banker.--B. - -[384] The town-house of Louis Alexandre Duc de La Rochefoucauld -(1735-1792).--T. - -[385] Pauline Marie Michelle Frédérique Ulrique Comtesse de Beaumont -(1768-1803), _née_ de Montmorin-Saint-Hérem, wife of the Comte -Christophe François de Beaumont.--B. - -[386] Anne Louise Dame de Shrilly, _née_ Thomas, wife of Antoine Jean -François de Megret de Sérilly. Her husband and brother-in-law were -guillotined in 1794. Her own death-sentence was commuted owing to the -fact that she was pregnant In 1795 she married François de Pange, who -died in September 1796.--B. - -[387] - - "Arras' candle so sacred and bright, - The torch that from far Provence came, - Although they afford us no light, - Are setting our fair France aflame; - We cannot touch them, no doubt. - But hope to snuff both of them out." - -Robespierre was deputy for Arras, Mirabeau for Aix, the old capital of -Provence.--T. - -[388] Pierre de L'Éstoile (1540-1611) Grand-Crier to the French -Chancery, and author of a valuable diary of the times of Henry III. and -Henry IV.--T. - -[389] The _Actes des Apôtres_ was published from November 1789 -to October 1791; 311 numbers were issued in all. Its principal -contributors were Peltier, Rivarol, Champcenetz, Mirabeau the younger, -the Marquis de Bonnay, François Suleau, Montlosier, Bergasse, &c.--B. - -[390] The _Journal de la Ville et des Provinces, ou, le Modérateur_, -edited by M. de Fontanes, first appeared 1 October 1789.--B. - -[391] Jacques Mallet-Dupan (1749-1800), political editor of the -_Mercure de France._ He left France in 1792, returned first to his -native city, Geneva, and then settled in London, where he founded the -Mercure britannique (1799).--T. - -[392] The Chevalier de Champcenetz (1759-1794), one of the wittiest -Royalist partisans under the Revolution; arrested and murdered in -1794.--T. - -[393] Antoine Comte de Rivarol (1753-1801), a brilliant and caustic -wit.--T. - -[394] The wife of Le Jay the bookseller, Mirabeau's publisher.--B. - -[395] Pierre Ambroise François Choderlos de Laclos (1741-1803), author -of _Les Liaisons dangereuses_, editor of the _Journal des amis de la -Constitution_, and secretary to the Duc d'Orléans. He served as an -artillery-general in the Army of Italy.--T. - -[396] Armand Louis de Gontaut-Biron, Duc de Lauzun (1747-1793), son of -the Duc de Biron, to whose title he succeeded in 1788. He fought on -the American side in the War of Independence, and served as a general -in the republican armies until his arrest and execution, 31 December -1793.--T. - -[397] The two brothers Arthur Comte de Dillon and Theobald de Dillon, -both fought in the republican campaigns. Arthur was executed in 1794, -Theobald killed in 1792 by his soldiers, who believed that he was -betraying them.--T. - -[398] Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord (1754-1838), Bishop -of Autun, created Prince de Bénévent by Bonaparte m 1806, Duc de -Talleyrand and Duc de Dino by Louis XVIII. in 1817.--T. - -[399] Pierre Victor Baron de Besenval (1722-1791), whose Memoirs were -published in 1805-1807 by the Vicomte de Ségur, but were disowned by -the baron's family.--T. - -[400] Jeanne Vaubernier, Comtesse Du Barry (1744-1794), the last -mistress of Louis XV., was guillotined 30 June 1794, having ventured -to return to France from England in order to rescue her personal -belongings.--T. - -[401] _Considérations sur les principaux événements de la Revolution -française, II. 16: De la Federation du 14 juillet 1790._--B. - -[402] Joseph Dominique Baron Louis (1755-1837). He had taken minor -orders and served as deacon at Talleyrand's Mass in the Champ de Mars. -He was several times Minister of Finance under the Restoration and -under Louis-Philippe.--T. - -[403] 4 September 1790.--B. - -[404] 20 February 1791.--B. - -[405] Charles Michel Marquis de Villette (1736-1793). At the trial -of Louis XVI., he voted for imprisonment and for banishment at the -conclusion of the war.--B. - -[406] I omit a poetical quotation from Parny.--T. - -[407] Bordier was a comedian well known in Paris for his performances -of the character of Harlequin. He and Jourdain, an advocate from -Lisieux, placed themselves at the head of a riot on the night of 3 -August 1789 and were eventually taken and hanged.--B. - -[408] Jean Racine (1639-1699), the greatest of the French tragic -poets.--T. - -[409] Antoine Marie Gaspard Sacchini (1735-1786), the "Racine of -music," composer of a number of brilliant operas. His merits were never -fully appreciated, owing to the disputes between the adherents of Gluck -and Piccini, which absorbed public attention at the time.--T. - -[410] A comedy in three acts, interspersed with songs; words by Michel -Jean Sedaine (1719-1797).--B. - -[411] A comic opera in one act, words and the greater part of the music -by Jean Cazotte (1720-1792).--B. - -[412] - - "Fall rain, or fell snow, or blow wind, - To shorten long nights we've a mind."--T. - - -[413] Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656-1708), author of an early -classification of botanical _genera_ and species.--T. - -[414] Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau (1700-1782), Inspector-General of -the Navy, and an eminent agricultural and arboricultural expert.--T. - -[415] Bernard de Jussieu (1699-1777), the most learned member of a -family comprising no less than four distinguished botanists.--T. - -[416] Nehemiah Grew (_circa_ 1628-1711), author of the _Anatomy of -Plants_, and an early Fellow of the Royal Society (1673).--T. - -[417] Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778): the work referred to is his -_Dictionnaire botanique._--T. - -[418] Charles Linnæus (1707-1778), the great Swedish botanist.--T. - -[419] George Washington (1732-1799), first President of the United -States (1789-1793 and 1793-1797).--T. - -[420] Angélique Françoise Dame de La Fonchais (1769-1793), sister to -André Desilles, the hero of Nancy, was guillotined 13 June 1793, the -same time as her brother-in-law, Michel Julien Picot de Limoëlan, -displaying admirable courage on the scaffold.--B. - -[421] Major Chafner, _vide supra_, p. 66.--B. - -[422] Captain Dujardin Pinte-de-Vin of the brig _Saint-Pierre_, bound -for the islands of Saint-Pierre and Miguelon, whence she was to make -for Baltimore.--B. - -[423] François Charles Nagot (_d._ 1816), not Nagault, was the -superior, not of the seminary of Saint-Sulpice, but of the community -of Robertines in Paris, one of the annexes of the seminary of -Saint-Sulpice. He left for Baltimore in order to become the superior of -a Sulpician seminary in that city, accompanied by three young priests -of the Company. The Abbé Nagot arrived at Baltimore in July 1791, and -in the September following established St Mary's Seminary, the first -and best-known seminary in the United States. In 1822 Pope Pius VII. -erected St Mary's College into a Catholic university.--B. - -[424] _Esprit fort_, a free-thinker or latitudinarian.--T. - -[425] 2 April 1791.--T. - -[426] 8 April 1791.--B. - - - - -BOOK VI[427] - - -In London as Ambassador--I cross the ocean--François -Tulloch--Christopher Columbus--Camoëns--The Azores--The isle of -Graciosa--Sports on board ship--The isle of Saint-Pierre--The shores of -Virginia--Sunset--Danger and escape--I land in America--Baltimore--The -passengers separate--Tulloch--Philadelphia--General -Washington--Comparison of Washington and Bonaparte--Journey from -Philadelphia to New York and Boston--Mackenzie--The Hudson River--Song -of the lady passenger--Mr. Swift--I set out for the Falls of Niagara -with a Dutch guide--M. Violet--My savage outfit--Hunting--Wolverine -and Canadian Fox--Musk-rat--Fishing dogs--Insects--Montcalm and -Wolfe--Encampment on the shore of the Onondaga Lake--Arabs--The Indian -woman and her cow--An Iroquois--The Onondaga chief--Velly and the -Franks--Ceremonies of hospitality--The ancient Greeks--Journey from -the Onondaga Lake to the Genesee River--Clearings--Hospitality--My -bed--The enchanted rattle-snake--Niagara Falls--The rattle-snake--I -fall to the edge of the abyss--Twelve days in a hut--Change of -manners among the savages--Birth and death--Montaigne-Song of the -adder--The little Indian girl, the original of Mila--Incidents--Old -Canada--True civilisation spread by religion--False civilisation -introduced by commerce--Traders--Agents--Hunts--Half-breeds or -Burnt-woods--Wars of the companies--The Indian languages dying out--The -old French possessions in America--Regrets--A note from Lord François -Conyngham--The Canadian lakes--A fleet of Indian canoes--The American -rivers--Legends--Muscogulges and Siminoles--Our camp--Two Floridan -beauties--Ruins on the Ohio--What the Muscogulge damsels were--Arrest -of the King at Varennes--I interrupt my journey to go back to -Europe--Dangers for the United States--Return to Europe--Shipwreck. - - -One-and-thirty years after embarking, as a simple sub-lieutenant, for -America, I embarked for London with a passport conceived in these terms: - -"Pass His Lordship the Vicomte de Chateaubriand, Peer of France, -Ambassador of the King to His Britannic Majesty," and so on. - -No description: my greatness was such as to make my face known wherever -I went. A steamboat chartered for my sole use conveyed me from Calais -to Dover. On setting foot upon English soil, on the 5th of April -1822[428], I was saluted by the guns of the fort. An officer came on -behalf of the commandant to offer me a guard of honour. On alighting -at the Shipwright Inn[429], the landlord and waiters received me with -hanging arms and bareheaded. The Mayoress invited me to an evening -party in the name of the fairest ladies of the town. M. Billing[430], -who was attached to my embassy, awaited me. A dinner of huge fishes -and enormous pieces of beef restored Monsieur l'Ambassadeur, who had -no appetite and was not at all fatigued. The crowd gathered beneath my -windows rent the air with hurrahs. The officer returned and, despite my -wishes, posted sentries at my door. The next morning, after lavishly -distributing the money of the King my master, I set out for London, to -the roar of artillery, in a light carriage drawn by four fine horses -driven at full trot by two smart postillions. My staff followed in -other coaches; couriers wearing my livery accompanied the cavalcade. We -passed through Canterbury, attracting the eyes of John Bull and of the -occupants of the vehicles we passed. At Blackheath, a common formerly -haunted by highwaymen, I found a newly-built village. Soon there loomed -before me the immense cap of smoke which covers the city of London. - -[Sidenote: In London as Ambassador.] - -Plunging into the gulf of black mist, as though into one of the -jaws of Tartarus, and crossing the entire town, whose streets I -recognized, I reached the Embassy in Portland Place. The _chargé -d'affaires_, M. le Comte Georges de Caraman[431], the secretaries of -embassy, M. le Vicomte de Marcellus[432], M. le Baron E. de Cazes, -M. de Bourqueney[433], and the _attachés_ of the embassy received me -with dignified politeness. All the ushers, doorkeepers, footmen, and -flunkeys of the house stood gathered upon the pavement. I was handed -the cards of the English ministers and of the foreign ambassadors, who -had been informed beforehand of my coming. - -On the 17th of May in the year of grace 1793, I disembarked at -Southampton for London, an obscure and humble traveller from Jersey. -No mayoress took note of my passage; the mayor of the town, William -Smith, handed me on the 18th a way-bill for London to which was added -an extract from the Alien Bill. My description ran in English: - -"François de Chateaubriand, French officer in the emigrant army, five -feet four inches high, thin shape, brown hair and whiskers." - -I modestly shared the cheapest conveyance with some sailors on leave; I -changed horses at the meanest inns; poor, sick, and unknown, I entered -a wealthy and famous city in which Mr. Pitt held sway; I took a lodging -at six shillings a month under the laths of a garret which a cousin -from Brittany had prepared for me at the end of a little street off the -Tottenham Court Road. - - Ah! _Monseigneur_, que votre vie, - D'honneurs aujourd'hui si remplie, - Diffère de ces heureux temps[434]. - -Still an obscurity of another kind envelopes me in London. My political -position casts into shade my literary fame: not a fool in the three -kingdoms but prefers the ambassador of Louis XVIII. to the author of -the _Génie du Christianisme_. I shall see how the matter turns after -my death, or when I shall have ceased to fill M. le Duc Decazes'[435] -place at the Court of George IV.[436], a succession as incongruous as -the rest of my life. - -Now that I have arrived in London as French Ambassador, one of my -chief pleasures is to leave my carriage at the corner of some square, -and on foot to traverse the back-streets which I frequented in former -days, the cheap popular suburbs, where misfortune takes refuge under -the protection of a kindred suffering, the nameless shelters which I -haunted with my companions in distress, not knowing whether I should -have bread to eat on the morrow, I whose table today is covered with -three or four courses. At all those narrow and necessitous doors which -were once open to me, I see none but strange faces. I no longer meet my -fellow-countrymen roaming, recognizable by their gestures, their gait, -the shape and age of their clothes. I no longer perceive those martyred -priests, wearing the clerical collar, the big three-cornered hat, the -long, black, threadbare frock, whom the English used to salute as they -passed. Wide streets, lined with palaces, have been cut, bridges built, -walks planted with trees: Regent's Park, near Portland Place, occupies -the space of the old meadows filled with herds of cows. A cemetery -which formed the prospect from the dormer-window of one of my attics -has disappeared within the circumference of a factory. When I call upon -Lord Liverpool[437], I find it difficult to pick out the spot where -stood the scaffold of Charles I.; new buildings, closing in upon the -statue of Charles II.[438], have come forward, with forgetfulness, to -cover up memorable events. - -[Sidenote: And as an emigrant.] - -How much do I regret, in the midst of my insipid grandeur, that world -of tribulations and tears, those times in which I mingled my sorrows -with those of a colony of unfortunates! It is true, then, that all -changes, that misfortune itself comes to an end, like prosperity! -What has become of my brothers in emigration? Some are dead, others -have undergone various destinies: they have, like me, beheld the loss -of their kinsmen and friends; they are less happy in the land of -their birth than they were on foreign soil. Had we not on that soil -our meetings, our amusements, our merry-makings, and, above all, our -youth? Mothers of families and young girls commencing life in adversity -brought the weekly fruit of their toil, to revel in some dance of -their country. Attachments were formed in the course of the evening -chit-chat after work, on the grass at Hampstead or Primrose Hill. In -chapels adorned with our own hands, in old tumble-down buildings, we -prayed on the 21st of January and on the anniversary of the Queen's -death[439], and were much moved by a funeral oration pronounced by the -emigrant curate of our village. We strolled beside the Thames, now to -see the vessels laden with the world's riches entering dock, and again -to admire the country-houses at Richmond, we so poor, we who had lost -the shelter of the paternal roof-tree: all these things constitute true -happiness! - -When I come home in 1822, instead of being received by my friend, -shivering with cold, who opens the door of our garret to me, calls me -"thee" and "thou," sleeps on a pallet beside mine, covering himself -with his thin coat and having the moonlight for a lamp, I pass by the -light of candles between two rows of lackeys, ending in half-a-dozen -respectful secretaries. Overwhelmed along my road with the words, -"Monseigneur, my Lord, your Excellency, _Monsieur l'Ambassadeur_," I -come to a drawing-room upholstered in silk and gold. - -"I beg you, gentlemen, to leave me! A truce to these my lords! What -use do you think I have for you? Go and laugh in the chancelleries -as though I were not here. Do you imagine you will make me take this -masquerade seriously? Do you think me fool enough to believe that I -have changed my nature by changing my coat? The Marquess of Londonderry -is coming, you say[440]; the Duke of Wellington[441] has asked for me; -Mr. Canning[442] is looking for me; Lady Jersey[443] expects me to -dinner, to meet Mr. Brougham[444]; Lady Gwydyr[445] hopes to see me at -ten o'clock in her box at the Opera; Lady Mansfield[446] at midnight at -Almack's[447]?" - -Mercy! Where can I hide? Who will deliver me? Who will save me from -this persecution? Return to me, fair days of misery and loneliness! -Come back to life, companions of my exile! Come, old comrades of the -pallet and the camp-bed, let us go into the country, into the little -garden of some despised tavern, and drink a cup of bad tea on a wooden -bench, while we talk of our mad hopes and our ungrateful country, -discuss our troubles, and seek means to assist each other or to succour -one of our kinsmen in yet worse plight than ourselves! - -[Sidenote: Kensington Gardens.] - -That is how I feel, that is how I speak to myself in these first days -of my embassy in London. I escape from the melancholy which besets -me beneath my roof only by saturating myself with a less weighty -melancholy in Kensington Gardens. These gardens, at least, have not -changed; the trees alone have grown taller; in them, ever solitary, the -birds build their nests in peace. It is no longer even the fashion to -meet there, as in the days when the loveliest of Frenchwomen, Madame -Récamier[448], used to walk there followed by the crowd. From the edge -of the deserted lawns of Kensington, I love to watch, across Hyde -Park, the crowd of horses, the carriages of the fashionable world, -among which figures my empty tilbury; while I, once more a poor little -emigrant noble, walk along the path in which the exiled confessor was -wont to say his breviary. - -It was in Kensington Gardens that I projected the _Essai historique_; -that, on reading over the diary of my travels beyond sea, I drew from -it the loves of _Atala_; it was there too, after wandering far away -in the fields beneath a lowering sky, which assumed a golden hue and -became, as it were pervaded with polar light, that I jotted down in -pencil the first sketch of the passions of _René._ At night I deposited -in the _Essai historique_ and the _Natchez_ the harvest of my dreams of -the day. The two manuscripts marched abreast, although I often wanted -money to buy paper for them, and was obliged, for lack of thread, to -fasten the sheets together with splinters torn from the mantel-boards -of my garret. - -These spots where I received my first inspirations impress me with a -sense of their power; they reflect upon my present the gentle light of -my recollections; I feel in the mood to resume my pen. So many hours -are wasted in embassies! I have as much spare time here as in Berlin to -continue my Memoirs, the edifice which I am building up out of ruins -and dead bones. My secretaries in London ask leave to go to picnics in -the morning, to balls at night: by all means! The men in their turn, -Peter, Valentine, Lewis, go to the ale-house, and the maids, Rose, -Peggy, Mary, for a walk through the streets: I am delighted. They leave -me the key of the hall-door: _monsieur l'ambassadeur_ is left in charge -of his own house; if any one knocks, he will open the door. Everybody -has gone out; I am alone: let us get to work. - -Twenty-two years ago, as I said, I was sketching, in London, the -outlines of the _Natchez_ and of _Atala_; I have now, in my Memoirs, -come to just the period of my travels in America: that fits in -perfectly. Let us wipe out those two-and-twenty years, as they are, -in fact, wiped out from my life, and start for the forests of the New -World: the story of my embassy shall come at its own date when God -pleases; but provided I remain here a few months, I shall have the -pleasure of coming from the Falls of Niagara to the army of the Princes -in Germany, and from the army of the Princes to my retirement in -England. The Ambassador of the King of France will be able to tell the -story of the French Emigrant in the very spot where the latter spent -his exile. - -* - -The last book ended with my embarkation at Saint-Malo. Soon we left -the Channel, and the immense swell from the west told us that we had -reached the Atlantic. - -It is difficult for people who have never been to sea to imagine the -feelings which one experiences when looking over the side of a ship -and seeing nothing but the grave face of the deep on every hand. The -dangerous life of the sailor has about it an independence which comes -from the absence of land: the passions of mankind are left behind on -shore; between the world which one is quitting and that for which one -is making, one has no love and no country save the element upon which -one is borne. No more duties to fulfill, no more visits to pay, no -more newspapers, no more politics. The very language of the sailors is -not the ordinary language: it is the language spoken by the ocean and -the sky, the calm and the tempest. You inhabit a watery universe among -creatures whose garments, tastes, manners, and faces are different from -those of the auto-chthonic peoples; they combine the rudeness of the -sea-wolf with the lightness of the bird. The cares of society are not -seen upon their brow; the wrinkles which cross it resemble the folds -of the lowered sail and are hollowed out less by age than by the north -wind, as in the waves. The skin of these creatures, impregnated with -salt, is red and hard, like the surface of the surge-swept rock. - -[Sidenote: Nautical talk.] - -The sailors become enamoured of their ship; they weep with regret on -leaving her, with affection on rejoining her. They are unable to stay -at home with their families; after swearing a hundred times that they -will not again expose themselves to the sea, they find it impossible to -live without it, like a youth who is unable to tear himself from the -arms of a moody and faithless mistress. - -In the docks of London and Plymouth, it is not unusual to find sailors -born on board ship: from their childhood to their old age they have -never set foot on shore; spectators of the world which they have never -entered, they have seen the land only from the side of their floating -cradle. In this life reduced to so small a space, beneath the clouds -and upon the depths, all things become life-like to the mariner: an -anchor, a sail, a mast, a gun are persons that excite his attachment -and that have each their history. - -The sail was torn off the coast of Labrador; the master sail-maker put -in that patch which you see there. - -The anchor saved the ship when she had dragged her other anchors among -the coral-reefs of the Sandwich Islands. - -The mast was broken in a squall off the Cape of Good Hope; it was all -in one piece; it is much stronger since it has consisted of two pieces. - -The gun is the only one which was not dismounted in the fight of the -_Chesapeake._ - -The news on board is most interesting: they have just heaved the log; -the ship is making ten knots. - -The sky is clear at mid-day: they have taken the altitude; we are at -latitude so-and-so. - -We have taken our reckoning: we have made so many miles in our course. - -The variation of the compass is so many degrees: we have gone up north. - -The sand is running badly through the hour-glass: we shall have rain. - -They have seen stormy petrels in the wake of the vessel: we must look -out for a squall. - -Flying-fish have been showing in the south: the weather will settle -down. - -A clear spot has formed in the clouds in the west: that's a sign of -wind; the wind will blow from that side tomorrow. - -The water has changed colour; pieces of wood and wrack have been seen -floating by; there were ducks and gulls in sight; a small bird came -and perched on the yards: we must heave to sea, for we are approaching -land, and it is not good to come alongside at night. - -In the hen-coop is a favourite and, so to speak, sacred cock, which has -survived all the others; he is famous for having crowed during a fight, -as though he were in a farm-yard in the midst of his hens. Below decks -lives a cat: a greenish tabby, with a hairless tail and bushy whiskers, -firm on his paws, able to bring a back-balance and side-balance to play -against the pitching and the rolling of the ship; he has been twice -round the world and has saved himself from shipwreck by climbing on a -barrel. The ship-boys give the cock biscuits soaked in wine, and Tom -has the privilege of sleeping, when he pleases, in the second mate's -fur-coat. - -The old sailor is like the old plough-man. True, their manner of -harvesting is different: the sailor has led a wandering life, the -plough-man has never left his fields; but they both know the stars and -foretell the future while ploughing their furrows. Both have their -prophets: one, the lark, the redbreast, the nightingale; the other, -the petrel, the curlew, the halcyon. They retire to rest at night, one -in his cabin, the other in his hut: frail dwelling-houses in which the -hurricane which shakes them does not disturb peaceful consciences. - - If the wind a tempest's blowing, - Still no danger they descry; - The guiltless heart, its boon bestowing, - Soothes them with its lullaby. - -The sailor does not know where Death will overtake him, upon what shore -he will leave his life: perhaps, when he has mingled his last breath -with the wind, he will be cast into the bosom of the waves, fastened -to two oars, to continue his voyage; perhaps he will be buried on a -desert island, which none shall ever see again, and sleep as he slept -in mid-ocean, in his lonely hammock. - -The vessel is a sight in herself: sensible to the smallest movement of -the helm, winged horse or hippogriff that she is, she obeys the hand -of the pilot as a horse does that of its rider. The grace of the masts -and rigging, the nimbleness of the sailors laying out on the yards, the -various aspects under which the ship displays herself, whether listing, -borne down by a contrary blast, or scudding before a favourable wind, -cause this intelligent machine to become one of the marvels of human -genius. At one time the swell and its foam break and burst against -the keel; at another the peaceful waves separate submissively before -the stem. The flags, the pennants, the sails complete the beauty of -this palace of Neptune: the courses, spread in their width, swell out -like huge cylinders; the topsails, confined at their waist, resemble a -siren's breasts. Driven by a stiff breeze, the ship noisily ploughs the -seas with her keel as with a plough-share. - -[Sidenote: Life at sea.] - -On this ocean highway, along which one sees no trees, nor villages, nor -towns, nor towers, nor steeples nor tombstones; on this road without -posts or milestones, which has no boundaries save the waves, no relays -save the winds, no lights save the stars, the finest adventure, when -one is not travelling in search of unknown lands and seas, is the -meeting of two vessels. They are mutually discovered on the horizon -through the spy-glass; they turn each in the direction of the other. -The crew and the passengers hasten on deck. The two ships approach each -other, hoist their ensigns, clew up some of their sails, heave-to. When -all is silence, the two captains take their stand upon the quarter-deck -and hail each other through the speaking-trumpet: - -"The ship's name? From what port? Name of the captain? Where is he -from? How many days out? What is the latitude and longitude? Good-bye, -let go!" - -They let go the reefs; the sails fall down again. The sailors and -passengers of the two ships watch each other flee from sight, without -a word: one crew goes to seek the sun of Asia, the other the sun of -Europe, both of which will see them die. Time carries off and separates -travellers on earth even more rapidly than the wind carries them off -and separates them on the ocean; they make a sign to each other at a -distance: - -"God speed you, and a prosperous journey!" - -The common port is Eternity. - -And what if the vessel encountered were that of Cook[449] or La Pérouse? - -* - -The boatswain of my Saint-Malo ship was an old super-cargo called -Pierre Villeneuve, whose very name pleased me, because of the good -Villeneuve of my childhood. He had served in India, under the Bailli -de Suffren, and in America under the Comte d'Estaing; he had been -present at a number of engagements. Leaning against the bow of the -ship, near the bowsprit, like a veteran seated under the vine-arbour -of his little garden in the moat of the Invalides, Pierre, chewing a -plug of tobacco which filled out his cheek like a swelling, described -to me the clearing of the decks, the effect of the gun-fire below -decks, the damage done by the cannon-balls in ricochetting against -the gun-carriages, the guns, the timber-work. I made him talk of the -Indians, the negroes, the planters. I asked him how the people were -dressed, how the trees were shaped, what was the colour of the earth -and sky, the taste of the fruits; whether pine-apples were better than -peaches, palm-trees finer than oaks. He explained all this by means -of comparisons taken from things I knew: the palm-tree was a large -cabbage; the robe worn by a Hindoo was like my grandmother's; the -camels were like a humpbacked donkey; all the peoples of the East, and -notably the Chinese, were cowards and robbers. Villeneuve came from -Brittany, and we never failed to end with praises of the incomparable -beauty of our native country. - -The bell interrupted our conversations; it struck the watches, the -time for dressing, for the roll-call, for meals. In the morning, at a -signal, the crew mustered on deck, stripped off their blue shirts, and -put on others which were drying in the shrouds. The discarded shirts -were forthwith washed in tubs in which this school of seals also soaped -their brown faces and tarred paws. At the mid-day and evening meals, -the sailors, seated in a circle around the mess-platters, one after -the other, regularly and without any attempt at fraud, dipped their -tin spoons into the soup which splashed to the roll of the ship. Those -who were not hungry sold their ration of biscuit or salt junk to their -messmates for a screw of tobacco. The passengers took their meals in -the captain's room. In fine weather, a sail was spread over the stern -of the vessel, and we dined in sight of a blue sea, flecked here and -there with white marks where it had been struck by the breeze. - -Wrapped in my cloak, I stretched myself at night upon deck. My eyes -contemplated the stars above my head. The inflated sail threw back -upon me the coolness of the breeze which rocked me beneath the dome of -heaven: half dozing and pushed on by the wind, I was wafted towards new -skies and new dreams. - -The passengers on board ship afford a different sort of society from -that of the crew: they belong to another element; their destinies are -of the land. Some travel in search of fortune, others of rest; these -are returning home, those leaving it; others cross the seas in order -to become acquainted with the manners of nations, to study science and -art. People have time to know one another in this wandering hostelry -which travels with the traveller, to have many adventures, to breed -antipathies, to contract friendships. When those young women come and -go, born of mixed English and Indian blood, who add to the beauty of -Clarissa the delicacy of Sacontala, then are formed chains which are -bound and unbound by the fragrant breezes of Ceylon, sweet and light as -themselves. - -* - -[Sidenote: Francis Tulloch.] - -Among my fellow-passengers was an Englishman. François Tulloch[450] had -served in the artillery: he was a painter, a musician, a mathematician; -he spoke several languages. The Abbé Nagault, Superior of the -Sulpicians, had met the Anglican officer and made him a Catholic: he -was taking his neophyte to Baltimore. - -I became intimate with Tulloch: as I was at that time a profound -"Philosopher," I invited him to return to his parents. The spectacle -that lay before our eyes transported him with admiration. We used to -rise at night, when the deck was given up to the officer of the watch -and a few sailors who smoked their pipes in silence: _Tuta aequora -silent._[451] The vessel rolled at the will of the slow and silent -waves, while gleams of fire ran with a white foam along her sides. -Thousands of stars shining in the sombre azure of the celestial dome, -a boundless sea, infinity in the sky and on the waves! Never has God -confused me with His greatness more than during those nights when I had -immensity over my head and immensity beneath my feet. - -Westerly winds, interspersed with calms, delayed our progress. On the -4th of May, we had reached only the level of the Azores. On the 6th, -at about eight o'clock in the morning, we came in sight of the Isle of -the Peak; this volcano long commanded unnavigated seas[452]: a useless -beacon by night, an unseen landmark by day. - -There is something magical in seeing the land rise from the depths of -the sea. Christopher Columbus, surrounded by a mutinous crew, preparing -to return to Europe without having attained the object of his voyage, -perceives a small light upon a beach which the darkness had hidden -from him. The flight of the birds had guided him to America; the gleam -from the hut of a savage reveals to him the presence of a new world. -Columbus must have experienced the sort of feeling which the Scriptures -attribute to the Creator when, having out of nothing brought forth -the world, He saw that His work was good: "And God saw that it was -good[453]." Columbus created a world. One of the first lives of the -Genoese pilot is that which Giustiniani[454], when editing a Hebrew -psalter, placed in the form of a "note" at the foot of the psalm, -_Cœli enarrant gloriam Dei._[455] - -Vasco da Gama must have marvelled no less when, in 1498, he approached -the coast of Malabar. Thereupon all things change on the face of the -globe: a new revelation of nature is given; the curtain which for -thousands of ages has concealed one part of the earth is raised, -discovering the birthplace of the sun, the spot whence he issues each -morning "as a bridegroom, as a giant[456];" we see in all its nudity -the wise and brilliant East, whose mysterious history was intermixed -with the journeys of Pythagoras, the conquests of Alexander, the memory -of the Crusades, and whose perfumes came to us across the plains of -Arabia and the seas of Greece. Europe sent to the East a poet to salute -it: the Swan of Tagus made his sad and beautiful voice heard upon the -shores of India; Camoëns[457] borrowed their lustre, their fame and -their misfortune; he left them only their riches. - -When Gonzalo Villo, Camoëns' maternal grandfather, discovered a portion -of the Archipelago of the Azores, he ought, had he foreseen the future, -to have reserved for himself a concession of six feet of ground to -cover the bones of his grandson. - -We anchored in a bad roadstead, with a rocky bottom, in five-and-forty -fathoms of water. The island of Graciosa, before which we were moored, -displayed its hills a little swollen in outline like the ellipses of -an Etruscan amphora; they were draped in the green of their cornfields -and emitted an agreeable odour of wheat peculiar to the harvests of -the Azores. In the midst of these carpets, one saw the dividing lines -of the fields, formed of volcanic stones, half black and half white, -piled one upon the other. On the summit of a mound stood an abbey, the -monument of an old world upon new soil; at the foot of this mound, the -red roofs of the town of Santa-Cruz were mirrored in a pebbly creek. -The whole island, with its indentations of bays, capes, bights and -promontories, reflected its inverted landscape in the sea. For outer -girdle it had a belt of rocks jutting from the surface of the waves. -In the background of the picture, the cone of the volcano of the Peak, -planted upon a cupola of clouds, pierced the perspective of the air -beyond Graciosa. - -[Sidenote: The isle of Graciosa.] - -Tulloch, the second mate and I decided to go on land; the long-boat was -lowered and rowed towards the shore, which lay about two miles away. -We saw some movement on the beach; a pram put out in our direction. -So soon as she had come within speaking distance, we distinguished a -number of monks. They hailed us in Portuguese, in Italian, in English, -in French, and we replied in all four languages. Alarm prevailed, -our vessel was the first ship of large tonnage that had ventured to -anchor in the dangerous roadstead where we were going with the tide. -On the other hand, the islanders now saw the tricolour flag for the -first time; they did not know whether we hailed from Tunis or Algiers: -Neptune had not recognized the standard so gloriously borne by Cybele. -When they saw that we had human shapes and that we understood what was -said to us, their delight was extreme. The monks took us up in their -boat, and we rowed merrily towards Santa-Cruz, where we landed with -some difficulty because of a rather violent surf. - -The whole island came running up. Four or five _alguazils_, armed with -rusty pikes, took possession of us. His Majesty's uniform attracted -the honours in my direction, and I was taken for the leading member -of the deputation. We were led to the Governor's house, or hovel, -where His Excellency, dressed in a worn green uniform, which had once -been gold-laced, received us in solemn audience: he gave us leave to -replenish our stores of provisions. - -Our monks took us to their convent, a roomy and well-lighted building, -surrounded with balconies. Tulloch had discovered a fellow-countryman: -the principal brother, who did all the bustling about for us, was -a sailor from Jersey whose ship had gone down with all hands off -Graciosa. The solitary survivor of the shipwreck, and not lacking -in intelligence, he had become an apt pupil of the catechists; he -learnt Portuguese and a few words of Latin; the fact of his being an -Englishman militated in his favour, and they converted him and made a -monk of him. The Jersey sailor found it much pleasanter to be lodged, -boarded, and clothed at the altar than to take in the top-gallant sail -in a storm. He had not forgotten his old trade: it was long since he -had heard his language spoken, and he was delighted to meet some one -who knew it; he laughed and swore like a true pilot's apprentice. He -showed us over the island. - -The houses in the villages, built of wood and stone, were adorned -with outer galleries which gave an air of neatness to these cottages, -because of the quantity of light that prevailed. The peasants, almost -all vine-dressers, were half-naked and bronzed by the sun; the women, -short, yellow as mulattoes, but sprightly, were frank coquettes, with -their posies of syringa-blossoms and their beads worn by way of crowns -or chains. - -The hill-slopes glowed with vine-stocks, the wine from which resembled -that of Fayal. Water was scarce, but wherever a spring welled, there -grew a fig-tree, there rose an oratory with a frescoed portico. The -ogives of the portico framed views of the island and portions of the -sea. On one of these fig-trees, I saw a flock of blue teal settle, not -of the web-footed variety. The tree had no leaves, but bore red fruit -set like crystals. When adorned with the cerulean birds, which let fall -their wings, its fruits appeared to be of a brilliant purple, while the -tree seemed suddenly to have shot forth an azure foliage. - -It is probable that the Azores were known to the Carthaginians; it -is certain that Phœnician coins have been dug up in the island of -Corvo. The modern navigators who first landed at this island are said -to have found an equestrian statue pointing with outstretched arm -to the west, provided always that this statue is not the imaginary -engraving which adorns the old books of seaports. - -In the manuscript of the _Natchez_, I have made Chactas, returning -from Europe, land at the island of Corvo, where he comes across the -mysterious statue. He thus expresses the feelings which filled my mind -at Graciosa, when I recalled the legend: - -"I approached that extraordinary monument. On its base, bathed by the -foam of the ocean, were carved unknown characters: the moss and the -saltpetre of the sea corroded the surface of the time-honoured bronze; -the halcyon, perched upon the helmet of the colossus, uttered at -intervals its plaintive note; shell-fish clung to the courser's flanks -and mane of brass, and one's ear, when approached to its open nostrils, -seemed to hear confused murmurs." - -* - -[Sidenote: Supper with the monks.] - -We were served with a good supper by the monks after our excursion, and -we spent the night in drinking with our hosts. The next day, at noon, -our provisions having been taken on board, we returned to the ship. The -monks took charge of our letters for Europe. The vessel had been in -danger through the rising of a stiff south-easterly wind. We heaved the -anchor; but it was caught in the rocks, and we lost it, as we expected. -We set sail: the wind continued to freshen, and we had soon passed the -Azores. - - Fac pelagus me scire probes, quo carbasa laxo. - - - "Muse, help me to show that I know the sea over which I - spread my sails." - - -Thus, six hundred years ago, wrote Guillaume-le-Breton[458], my -fellow-countryman. Restored to the sea, I began anew the contemplation -of my solitude; but across the ideal world of my dreams, stern monitors -appeared to me: France and the events of reality. My lurking-place -during the day, when I wished to avoid my fellow-passengers, was the -main-top, to which I climbed nimbly amid the applause of the sailors. I -there sat and commanded the waves. - -The vast expanse, doubly hung with azure, had the appearance of a -canvas prepared to receive the future creations of a mighty painter. -The colour of the water was like that of liquid glass. Long and steep -undulations opened within their hollows vistas of the ocean deserts: -those wavering landscapes made clear to my eyes the comparison drawn -in the Scriptures of the earth reeling before the Lord, like a drunken -man[459]. Sometimes one might have pronounced the space narrow and -restricted, for want of a vanishing point; but if a wave happened to -raise its crest, a billow to curve in imitation of a distant coast, a -shoal of dog-fish to pass along the horizon, then one had a scale to -measure by. The expanse was revealed still more when a mist, creeping -to the ocean's surface, seemed to enlarge the very immensity. - -On descending from the eyrie of the mast, as when, in former days, ever -reduced to a solitary existence, I climbed down from my nest in the -willow-tree, I supped on a ship-biscuit, a little sugar, and a lemon; I -then lay down, either wrapped in my cloak on deck, or in my cot below: -I had but to stretch my arm to reach from my bed to my coffin. - -The wind compelled us to bear to the North, and we came alongside of -the bank of Newfoundland. Floating icebergs roamed in the midst of a -pale, cold mist. - -The men of the trident have sports which are handed down to them from -their ancestors: when you cross the Line, you must make up your mind -to receive "baptism;" the same ceremony occurs beneath the Tropics, -the same ceremony on the bank of Newfoundland, and whatever the spot, -the leader of the masquerade is always "the Old Man of the Tropics." -To the sailors, tropical and hydropical are interchangeable terms: -the Old Man of the Tropics therefore has an enormous paunch; he is -dressed, even when beneath his native Tropics, in all the sheepskins -and all the furred jackets that the crew can supply. He sits squatting -in the main-top and roaring from time to time. Every one looks at him -from below: he begins to climb down the shrouds, moving heavily like a -bear, and stumbling like Silenus. As he sets foot on deck, he utters -fresh roars, gives a bound, seizes a pail, fills it with sea-water, and -empties it over the chief of those who have not crossed the Equator -or who have not reached the line of ice. You fly beneath the decks, -you spring upon the hatches, you clamber up the masts: Old Father -Tropics is after you; all this ends in a generous gift of drink-money: -games of Amphitrite which Homer would have celebrated, even as he sang -Proteus, if old Oceanus had been known in his entirety in the time of -Ulysses; but, in those days, only his head was visible at the Pillars -of Hercules: his body lay hidden and covered the world. - -We steered for the islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, in search of -a new port. When we came in sight of the former, one morning between -ten and twelve o'clock, we were almost upon it; its coast showed like a -black hump through the fog. - -We anchored in front of the capital of the island: we could not see it, -but we heard the sounds on land. The passengers hastened to disembark; -the Superior of Saint-Sulpice, who had been constantly racked with -sea-sickness, was so weak that he had to be carried on shore. I took a -separate lodging; I waited until a gust of wind tore the mist asunder -and showed me the place in which I was living and, so to speak, the -faces of my hosts in this land of shadows. - -[Sidenote: The Isle of Saint-Pierre.] - -The port and roadstead of Saint-Pierre are situated between the east -coast of the island and a long-shaped islet called the _Île aux -Chiens_, or Isle of Dogs. The port, known as the _Barachois_, or Little -Inlet, cuts into the land and ends in a brackish pool. Small, barren -mountains crowd together in the centre of the island; some are detached -and overhang the coast; others have at their feet a skirt of flat and -turfy moorland. The look-out hill is visible from the market-town. - -The Governor's house faces the wharf. The church, the vicarage, the -provision warehouse are situated at the same spot; next come the houses -of the naval commissary and the harbour-master. From there, the one -street of the town runs over the shingles along the beach. - -I dined two or three times with the Governor, a very polite and -obliging officer. On a sloping bank he grew a few European vegetables. -After dinner he showed me what he called his garden. A delicate -and fragrant odour of heliotrope was exhaled from a small patch of -flowering beans; it was not wafted to us by a gentle breeze from home, -but by a wild Newfoundland wind, having no connection with the exiled -plant, no sympathy of remembrance or delight. In this perfume no longer -inhaled by beauty, purified in its breast, or diffused upon its path, -in this perfume of a changed dawn, cultivation and world, lurked all -the several melancholies of regrets, absence, and youth. - -From the garden we mounted towards the hills, and stopped at the foot -of the flag-staff of the look-out. The new French flag waved over -our heads; like Virgil's women, we looked at the sea, _flentes_: -it separated us from our native land! The Governor was uneasy: he -belonged to the defeated opinion; he was bored, moreover, in this -sequestered spot, which was suited to a visionary like myself, but -which was a thankless habitation for a man interested in affairs and -not endowed with the all-filling passion which causes the rest of the -world to disappear from view. My host inquired after the Revolution; -I asked him for news of the North-West Passage. He was in the van of -the wilderness, but he knew nothing of the Esquimaux and from Canada -received nothing save partridges. - -One morning I had gone alone to the _Cap-à-l'Aigle_, or Eagle Head, to -see the sun rise in the direction of France. There, a wintry brook -formed a cascade which with its last leap reached the sea. I sat down -upon a projecting rock, my feet hanging over the water which broke -into foam at the bottom of the cliff. A young fisher-girl appeared -on the upper slopes of the hill-side; she was bare-legged, in spite -of the cold, and walked in the dew. Her black hair was carelessly -twisted under the figured silk kerchief bound round her head; over this -kerchief she wore a hat made out of the reed-grass of the country and -shaped like a cradle or boat. A bunch of purple heather peeped out from -her bosom, which was outlined beneath the white material of her shift. -From time to time she stooped to gather the leaves of an aromatic plant -known in the island as "homegrown tea." With one hand she dropped -these leaves into a basket which she carried in the other. She saw -me: without being frightened, she came and sat down by me, placed her -basket within reach, and began like myself to look at the sun, her legs -swinging over the sea. - -[Sidenote: The fisher-girl.] - -We remained some minutes without speaking; at last I proved myself the -bolder, and asked: - -"What are you gathering there? The season for bilberries and atocas is -over." - -She opened two large, dark, shy, but proud eyes, and answered: - -"I was picking tea." - -She showed me her basket. - -"Are you taking the tea home to your father and mother?" - -"My father is away fishing with Guillaumy." - -"What do you do in the island in the winter?" - -"We make nets; we fish in the lakes by breaking the ice; on Sundays we -go to Mass and Vespers or we sing hymns; and then we play in the snow -and watch the boys hunting the polar bears." - -"Will your father be back soon?" - -"Oh no: the skipper is taking the ship to Genoa with Guillaumy." - -"But Guillaumy will come home again?" - -"Oh yes, next season, when the fishermen return. He is going to bring -me a striped silk bodice in his stock, a muslin skirt, and a black -necklace." - -"And you will be decked out for the wind, the mountains, and the sea. -Would you like me to send you a bodice, a skirt, and a necklace?" - -"Oh no!" - -She rose, took up her basket, and ran down a steep path, along a -fir-grove. In a loud voice she sang a Mission hymn: - - Tout brillant d'une ardeur immortelle, - C'est vers Dieu que tendent mes désirs[460]. - -She scattered to flight, as she went, those pretty birds called egrets, -from the tuft on their heads; she looked as though she were one of -their number. When she reached the sea, she leapt into a boat, unfurled -the sail, and seated herself at the rudder; one might have taken her -for Fortune; she sailed away from me. - -"Oh yes; oh no; Guillaumy:" the picture of the young sailor seated on -a yard among the winds changed the hideous rock of Saint-Pierre into a -land of delights: - - L'isole di Fortuna, ora vedete[461]. - -We spent a fortnight in the island. From its desolate shores one -discerns the yet more desolate coasts of Newfoundland. The hills in the -interior put out diverging chains of which the highest extends towards -Rodriguez Creek. In the dales, the granite rock, mixed with red and -green mica, is covered with a thick cushion of sphagnum, lichens, and -dicranum. - -Small lakes are nourished by the tribute brought by the streams -from the _Vigie_, or Look-Out; the Courval; the _Pain-de-Sucre_, or -Sugarloaf; the Kergariou; the _Tête-Galante_, or Gallant Head. These -pools are known by the names of the _Étangs-du-Savoyard_, or Savoyard's -Ponds; the _Cap-Noir_, or Black Head; the Ravenel; the _Colombier_, -or Dove-cot; the _Cap-à-l'Aigle_, or Eagle Head. When the whirlwinds -strike upon these pools, they rend the shallow waters, laying bare, in -places, portions of submarine meadows, which are as suddenly covered -over by the newly-woven veil of the waters. - -The _flora_ of Saint-Pierre is the same as that of Lapland and -Magellan's Straits. The number of plants diminishes as one proceeds -towards the Pole; in Spitzbergen we find only forty species of -phanerogamous plants. In changing their habitation, races of plants -become extinct: some which dwell in the frozen steppes in the North -become daughters of the mountain in the South; others which thrive in -the peaceful atmosphere of the thickest forests decrease in strength -and size until at last they expire on the stormy strands of the ocean. -At Saint-Pierre, the marsh myrtle (_vaccinium fugilinosum_) is reduced -to the condition of creeping grasses; it will soon be buried in the -wadding and cushions of the mosses which serve as its soil. Myself -a passenger plant, I have taken my precautions to disappear by the -sea-shore, the site of my birth. - -The slope of the hillocks of Saint-Pierre is laid over with -balsam-trees, medlars, dwarf palms, larches, black firs, the gems of -which are used for brewing an antiscorbutic beer. These trees do not -exceed a man's stature. The ocean wind pollards them, shakes them, -bends them like so many ferns; then, gliding beneath these forests -of shrubs, it raises them again; but it finds no trunks there, nor -branches, nor arches, nor echoes to wail among, and it makes no more -noise than on a heath. - -These rickety woods form a contrast with the great forests of -Newfoundland, whose fir-trees bear a silver lichen (_alectoria -trichodes_): the polar bears seem to have torn their fur against the -branches of those trees, of which they are the strange creepers. The -swamps of Jacques Cartier's[462] island contain roads beaten by these -bears: it is as though one saw rustic footpaths in the neighbourhood of -a sheep-fold. The whole night reechoes with the cries of these famished -beasts; the traveller is comforted only by the no less mournful sound -of the sea: those waves, so unsociable and so rude, become friends and -companions. - -The northernmost point of Newfoundland touches the latitude of Cape -Charles I. in Labrador; a few degrees higher, the polar landscape -commences. If we are to believe the travellers, a charm lies upon -those regions: in the evening the sun, touching the earth, seems to -stay motionless, and subsequently reascends the sky instead of sinking -beneath the horizon. The snow-clad mountains, the valleys carpeted -with white moss upon which the reindeer browse, the seas covered with -whales and strewn with ice-bergs, this whole scene glitters, lighted as -it were at one time by the gleam of the setting sun and the light of -dawn: one knows not whether he is assisting at the creation or the end -of the world. A little bird, similar to that which sings in our woods -at night, utters a plaintive warbling. Then love leads the Esquimaux -to the icy rock where his mate awaits him: those human nuptials at the -extreme boundaries of the earth lack neither dignity nor happiness. - -* - -[Sidenote: We leave Saint-Pierre.] - -When we had shipped stores and replaced the anchor which we had lost -at Graciosa, we left Saint-Pierre. Sailing south before the wind, we -reached the latitude of 38°. The calm delayed us at a short distance -from the coasts of Maryland and Virginia. The misty sky of the -northerly regions had been succeeded by the clearest weather; the land -was not in sight, but the odour of the pine-forests was wafted to our -nostrils. The dawn and the early morning, the rising and setting sun, -the twilight and the night were alike admirable. I was never satisfied -with gazing at Venus, whose rays seemed to envelop me like the tresses -of my sylph of former days. - -One day I was reading in the captain's room; the bell struck for -prayers; I went and mingled my prayers with those of my companions. The -officers and passengers filled the quarter-deck; the chaplain, book -in hand, stood a little before them, near the helm; the sailors were -crowded promiscuously on deck; we stood with our faces turned towards -the ship's bows. All sails were furled. The disk of the sun, preparing -to plunge into the sea, appeared through the rigging of the vessel in -the midst of the boundless space: it was as though, with the rocking of -the poop, the radiant luminary at each moment changed its horizon. When -I drew this picture, which you can see in its entirety in the _Génie du -Christianisme_[463], my religious sentiments were in harmony with the -scene; but alas, when I was present at it in person, I had not yet put -off the old man: it was not God alone that I contemplated in the waves, -in all the magnificence of His works. I beheld an unknown woman and -the miracles worked by her smile; the beauties of the heavens seemed -to open out at her breath; I would have bartered Eternity for one of -her caresses. I pictured her to myself throbbing behind the veil of the -universe which hid her from my gaze. Ah, why was it not in my power to -tear aside that curtain to press the idealized woman to my heart, to -be consumed upon her breast with that love which was the source of my -inspirations, of my despair, and of my life! While I abandoned myself -to these impulses so well suited to my future career as a _coureur des -bois_, an accident occurred which very nearly put an end to my plans -and to my dreams. - -The heat was overpowering; the vessel, lying in a dead calm, with -furled sails and overweighted by the masts, rolled heavily: burning -upon deck and wearied by the motion, I longed to bathe, and although -we had no boat out, I dived into the sea from the bowsprit. All went -well at first, and several passengers followed my example. I swam -without looking at the ship; but when I came to turn my head, I saw -that the current had dragged her some distance. The sailors, alarmed, -had slipped a rope to the other swimmers. Sharks appeared in the ship's -waters, and the men fired at them to drive them away. The swell was so -heavy that it delayed my return by exhausting my strength. I had an -eddy below me, and at any moment the sharks might carry off one of my -arms or legs. On board, the boatswain was trying to lower a boat, but -it was necessary to fix the tackling, and all this took time. - -By the greatest good fortune, an almost imperceptible breeze sprang up; -the vessel answered her helm a little and approached me; I was just -able to catch hold of the rope, but my companions in rashness were -clinging to it; when we were pulled to the ship's side, I was at the -extremity of the line, and they bore upon me with all their weight. We -were thus fished up one by one, which took long. The rolling continued; -at each roll, we were either plunged six or seven feet into the water, -or hung up as many feet in the air, like fish at the end of a line: -at the last immersion, I felt ready to faint away; one roll more and -it would have been over. I was hoisted on deck half dead: had I been -drowned, what a good riddance for me and the rest! - -Two days after this accident, we came in sight of land. My heart beat -fast when the captain pointed it out to me: America! It was barely -indicated by the crowns of a few maple-trees standing above the water. -The palms at the mouth of the Nile have since indicated the coast of -Egypt for me in the same manner. A pilot came on board; we entered -Chesapeake Bay. In the evening a boat was sent on shore to fetch fresh -provisions. - -I joined the party, and soon trod American soil. - -Turning my looks around me, I remained for some moments motionless. -This continent, perhaps unknown during the whole course of antiquity -and a large number of modern centuries; the first wild destinies -of that continent and its second destinies after the arrival of -Christopher Columbus; the sway of the European monarchies shaken in -this new world; the old society ending in young America; a republic of -a hitherto unknown character ushering in a change in the human mind; -the part which my country had played in these events; those seas and -shores owing their independence in part to French blood and the French -flag; a great man issuing from the midst of discord and the desert; -Washington inhabiting a flourishing city in the same spot where William -Penn[464] had bought a patch of forestland; the United States handing -on to France the revolution which France had supported with her arms; -lastly, my own destinies, the virgin muse which I had come to abandon -to the passion of a new revelation of nature; the discoveries which -I desired to attempt in the deserts which still extended their broad -kingdom behind the narrow empire of a foreign civilization: such were -the thoughts that revolved through my mind. - -[Sidenote: Chesapeake Bay.] - -We walked towards a dwelling-house. Woods of balsam-trees and Virginian -cedars, mocking-birds and cardinal-birds proclaimed by their aspect -and shade, their song and colour, that we were in a new clime. The -house, which we reached in half-an-hour, combined the characteristics -of an English farm-house and a West-Indian cabin. Herds of European -cattle grazed in pastures surrounded by glades, in which played -striped squirrels. Blacks were sawing logs of wood, whites cultivating -tobacco-plants. A negress of thirteen or fourteen years of age, nearly -naked and of singular beauty, opened the gate of the enclosure to us, -like a young figure of Night. We bought cakes of Indian corn, chickens, -eggs, milk, and returned to the ship with our demi-johns and baskets. I -gave my silk handkerchief to the little African: a slave welcomed me to -the soil of liberty. - -We weighed anchor in order to make the roads and port of Baltimore: as -we approached, the waters grew narrow; they were smooth and motionless; -we appeared to be ascending a lazy stream lined with avenues. Baltimore -presented itself to us as though at the further end of a lake. Opposite -the town rose a wooded hill, at the foot of which they were commencing -to build. We moored alongside the quay. I slept on board and did not go -on shore till the next day. I went to stay at the inn with my luggage; -the seminarists retired to the establishment prepared for them, whence -they have since dispersed over America. - -What became of François Tulloch? The following letter was handed to me -in London on the 12th of April 1822: - - - "Thirty years have elapsed, my dear viscount, since the - 'epoch' of our journey to Baltimore, and it is very doubtful - whether you will remember as much as my name; but if I may - judge from the feelings of my heart, which has always been - loyal and true to you, this is not so, and I flatter myself - that you would not be displeased to see me again. Although - we are living almost opposite each other (as you will see by - the date of this letter), I am only too well aware how many - things separate us. But should you show the smallest wish - to see me, I shall be eager to prove to you, in so far as I - can, that I am ever, as I always have been, your faithful and - devoted, - - "FRANCIS TULLOCH. - - "P.S.--The distinguished rank which you have won and which - you have earned by so many claims has not escaped me; but - the memory of the Chevalier de Chateaubriand is so dear - to me that I cannot write to you (this time, at least) as - Ambassador, &c., &c. So pardon the style for the sake of our - old alliance. - - "30 Portland Place, - - _Friday_, 12 _April._" - - -And so Tulloch was in London; he did not become a priest; he is -married; his romance ended as did mine. This letter testifies to the -truthfulness of my Memoirs and the faithfulness of my recollections. -Who would have given evidence of the "alliance" and "friendship" formed -thirty years ago upon the sea, if the other contracting party had not -appeared upon the scene? And what a sad and retrogressive perspective -this letter unfolds before me! Tulloch, in 1822, was again living in -the same city as myself, in the same street; the door of his house was -opposite mine, as when we met on the same ship, upon the same deck, -cabin facing cabin. How many of my other friends I shall never meet -again! Every night, on retiring to rest, a man can count his losses: -there is naught save his years that does not leave him, although these -pass; when he reviews them and calls their numbers, they reply, "Here!" -Not one but answers the roll-call. - -* - -Baltimore, like all the other capitals of the United States, had not -the dimensions which it now possesses: it was a pretty little Catholic -town, neat and lively, with customs and a society closely resembling -the customs and society of Europe. I paid the captain my passage-money -and gave him a farewell dinner. I booked my seat in the stage-coach -which ran three times a week to Pennsylvania. I climbed up to it -at four o'clock in the morning, and found myself rolling along the -high-roads of the New World. - -The road we followed was marked out rather than made, and crossed a -somewhat flat tract of country: there were hardly any trees, some -straggling farms, and thinly-scattered villages. The climate was -French: swallows flew over the water as on the pond at Combourg. - -[Sidenote: Philadelphia.] - -As we drew nearer to Philadelphia, we met country-folk going to market, -public carriages and private carriages. Philadelphia struck me as a -fine town, with wide streets, some of which were planted with trees, -intersecting each other at right angles in regular order from north -to south and east to west. The Delaware runs parallel to the street -which follows its west bank. This river would be considered a large -one in Europe: it is not spoken of in America; its banks are low and -unattractive. - -At the period of my journey (1791), Philadelphia had not yet spread as -far as the Schuylkill; the ground running towards that tributary was -divided into lots, upon which houses were being built at intervals. - -Philadelphia presents a monotonous aspect. In general, the Protestant -cities of the United States fall short in great works of architecture: -the Reformation, young in years, and sacrificing nothing to the -imagination, has rarely erected those domes, those aerial naves, those -twin towers with which the old Catholic religion has crowned Europe. No -monument, in Philadelphia, in New York; at Boston, one pyramid rising -above the mass of walls and roofs: the eye is saddened by this uniform -level. - -First alighting at an inn, I next took a room in a boarding-house in -which were staying planters from San Domingo and Frenchmen who had -emigrated with other ideas than mine. A land of liberty offered an -asylum to those who were fleeing from liberty: nothing better proves -the high value of generous institutions than this voluntary exile of -the partisans of absolute power in a pure democracy. - -A man who had landed in the United States as I had, filled with -enthusiasm for the classic races, a colonist who sought on every -side the rigidity of the early Roman manners, was necessarily much -scandalized to find on every hand the luxury of private carriages, -frivolity of conversation, inequality of fortunes, the immorality of -banking and gaming-houses, the excitement of theatres and ball-rooms. -In Philadelphia I might have thought myself in Liverpool or Bristol The -appearance of the inhabitants was agreeable: the Quakeresses with their -grey gowns, their uniform little bonnets and their pale features seemed -attractive. - -At that period of my life, I had a great admiration for republics, -although I did not believe them possible at the stage of the world's -history which we had reached: my idea of liberty was that conceived -by the ancients, liberty the daughter of the manners of a new-born -society; but I knew nothing of the liberty which is the daughter of -enlightenment and of an old civilization, a form of liberty which the -representative republic has proved to be real: God grant that it may be -lasting! A man, to be free, is not obliged himself to plough his small -field, to storm at arts and sciences, to wear hooked nails and a dirty -beard. - -General Washington was not in Philadelphia when I arrived there; I was -obliged to wait a week. I saw him go past in a carriage drawn by four -prancing horses, driven four-in-hand. Washington, according to my then -ideas, was necessarily Cincinnatus; Cincinnatus in a chariot somewhat -upset my republic of 296 B.C. Could Washington the Dictator be anything -save a boor, driving his oxen with a goad and holding the tail of his -plough? But when I went to carry my letter of recommendation to him, I -found once more the simplicity of the ancient Roman. - -A small house, resembling the neighbouring houses, was the palace of -the President of the United States: no sentries, no footmen even. I -knocked, and a young maid-servant opened the door. I asked if the -general was at home; she replied that he was in. I said I had a letter -for him. The servant asked my name, which is difficult to pronounce in -English and which she could not remember. She then said softly, "Walk -in, sir," and led the way down one of those narrow passages which serve -as an entrance-hall to English houses: she showed me into a parlour -where she asked me to wait until the general came. - -I felt no agitation; greatness of mind or fortune in no way overawe -me: I admire the first without being crushed by it; the second calls -forth my pity rather than my respect: no man's countenance will ever -disconcert me. - -[Illustration: General Washington.] - - -After a few minutes, the general entered the room: tall in stature, of -a calm and cold rather than noble bearing, he resembled his engraved -portraits. I handed him my letter in silence; he opened it and -glanced at the signature which he read aloud, exclaiming: - -"Colonel Armand!" - -This was the name by which he knew the Marquis de La Rouërie and by -which the latter had signed himself. - -We sat down. I explained to him as best I could the object of my -journey. He replied in monosyllables in English and French, and -listened to me with a sort of astonishment. I remarked this and said to -him, with some little animation: - -"But it is less difficult to discover the North-West Passage than to -create a people, as you have done." - -"Well, well, young man!" he exclaimed, giving me his hand. - -He invited me to dinner for the next day, and we parted. - -[Sidenote: General Washington.] - -I took care to keep the appointment. We were only five or six guests at -table. The conversation turned upon the French Revolution. The general -showed us a key from the Bastille. These keys, as I have already said, -were rather silly toys which passed from hand to hand at that time. The -consigners of locksmiths' wares might, three years later, have sent -to the President of the United States the bolt of the prison of the -monarch who bestowed liberty upon France and America. If Washington -had seen the "victors of the Bastille" disporting themselves in the -gutters of Paris, he would have felt less respect for his relic. The -seriousness and strength of the Revolution did not spring from those -blood-stained orgies. At the time of the revocation of the Edict -of Nantes, in 1685, the same mob from the Faubourg Saint-Antoine -demolished the Protestant temple at Charenton with as much ardour as -when it laid waste the church of Saint-Denis in 1793. - -I left my host at ten o'clock in the evening, and never saw him again; -he went away the next day, and I continued my journey. - -Such was my meeting with the citizen soldier, the liberator of a -world. Washington descended to the grave before a vestige of fame -had become attached to my footsteps; I passed before him as the most -unknown of beings; he was in all his lustre, I in all my obscurity; my -name perhaps did not linger one whole day in his memory: well for me, -nevertheless, that his looks fell upon me! I have felt warmed by them -for the rest of my life: there is virtue in a great man's looks. - -* - -Bonaparte is but lately dead[465]. As I have just knocked at -Washington's door, it is natural that the parallel between the founder -of the United States and the Emperor of the French should occur to my -mind: the more so since, at the time when I am writing these lines, -Washington himself is no more. Ercilla[466], singing and battling in -Chile, stops in the middle of his journey to describe the death of -Dido; why should not I stop at the commencement of my ramble through -Pennsylvania to compare Washington with Bonaparte? I might have delayed -my notice of them until I came to the time at which I met Napoleon; -but should I happen to sink into the grave before reaching the year -1814 in my chronicle, the reader would never know what I had to say on -the subject of the two mandataries of Providence. I remember the case -of Castelnau[467]: he was Ambassador to England like myself, and like -me wrote a part of his life in London. On the last page of Book VII., -he says to his son, "I will treat of this fact in the Eighth Book," -and the Eighth Book of Castelnau's Memoirs does not exist: that is a -warning to me to take advantage of life while it lasts. - -Washington does not, like Bonaparte, belong to the race that surpasses -human stature. There is nothing astonishing attached to his person; he -is not placed upon a vast stage; he is not engaged in a struggle with -the ablest captains and the most powerful monarchs of the time; he -does not rush from Memphis to Vienna, from Cadiz to Moscow: he defends -himself with a handful of citizens in a land not yet famous, within the -narrow circle of the domestic hearth. He delivers none of those battles -in which the triumphs of Arbela and Pharsalia are renewed; he overturns -no thrones to build up others from their ruins; he does not send word -to the kings at his gate: - - Qu'ils se font trop attendre, et qu'Attila s'ennuie[468]. - -A certain silence covers the actions of Washington; he acts slowly; it -is as though he felt that he was entrusted with the liberty of the -future and feared to compromise it. It is not his own destiny that -a hero of this kind carries in his hand: it is that of his country; -he does not suffer himself to stake that which does not belong to -him; but from this profound humility see how great a light arises! -Seek the woods in which flashed Washington's sword: what do you find? -Tombstones? No: a world! Washington left the United States as a trophy -on his battle-field. - -* - -[Sidenote: Washington and Bonaparte.] - -Bonaparte has none of the features of this grave American: he fights -noisily upon an old world; he seeks to create nothing but his fame; he -entrusts himself with nothing but his own lot. He seems to know that -his mission will be short, that the torrent which descends from so -great a height will soon flow away; he hastens to enjoy and to misuse -his glory, as though it were a fleeting season of youth. Like Homer's -gods, he wishes to reach the end of the world in four steps. He appears -on every shore; precipitously he inscribes his name upon the annals -of every nation; he tosses crowns to his family and his soldiers; he -makes haste with his monuments, his laws, his victories. Bending over -the world, with one hand he fells the kings to the ground, while with -the other he lays low the revolutionary giant; but in crushing anarchy, -he stifles liberty, and ends by losing his own upon his last field of -battle. - -Each is rewarded according to his works: Washington raises a nation -to independence; a peaceful magistrate, he falls asleep beneath his -roof-tree amid the regrets of his fellow-countrymen and the veneration -of the nations. Bonaparte robs a nation of its independence: a fallen -emperor, he is hurled into exile, where the affrighted earth does not -think him sufficiently closely imprisoned, even when guarded by the -ocean. He dies: the news, posted on the gate of the palace before which -the conqueror has caused so many funerals to be proclaimed, does not -delay nor astonish the passer-by: what had the citizens to mourn for? - -Washington's republic is in existence; Bonaparte's empire is destroyed. -Washington and Bonaparte issued from the bosom of democracy: both were -born of liberty; the first was faithful to her, the second betrayed her. - -Washington was the representative of the needs, the ideas, the -judgment, the opinions of his day; he seconded, rather than opposed, -the changes in men's minds; he desired what he was bound to desire, -the very thing for which he had been called: hence the coherent and -perpetual character of his work. This man who strikes the imagination -little, because he is in proportion, merged his existence in that of -his country: his glory is civilization's inheritance; his fame towers -like one of those public sanctuaries from which flows a fertile and -inexhaustible spring. - -Bonaparte had it equally in his power to enrich the commonwealth; he -worked upon the most intelligent, the most gallant, the most brilliant -nation on earth. How high would be the rank held by him today, if he -had added magnanimity to the heroism which was his, if, Washington and -Bonaparte in one, he had appointed liberty the universal legatee of -his glory! But this giant did not link his destinies with those of his -contemporaries; his genius belonged to modern times: his ambition was -of a by-gone age; he did not perceive that the miracles of his life -surpassed a diadem in value, and that that Gothic ornament would become -him badly. Now he flung himself into the future, again he drew back -towards the past; and according to whether he reascended or followed -the course of time, thanks to his prodigious force, he drew with him -or pushed back the waves. Men, in his eyes, were but a means of power; -no sympathy was established between their happiness and his; he had -promised to deliver them, and he enchained them; he isolated himself -from them, and they withdrew from him. The Kings of Egypt placed their -funeral pyramids, not among thriving pastures, but in the midst of -barren deserts; those great tombs rise like eternity in the solitude: -Bonaparte built the monument of his fame in their image, - -* - -I was impatient to continue my journey. I had not come to see the -Americans, but something quite different from the men I knew, something -more in harmony with the habitual order of my ideas; I burned to throw -myself into an enterprise for which I had nothing prepared except my -imagination and my courage. - -At the time when I formed the project of discovering the North-West -Passage, it was not known whether North America extended towards -the Pole and joined Greenland, or whether it terminated in some sea -adjoining Hudson's Bay and Behring's Straits. In 1772, Hearne had -discovered the sea at the mouth of the Copper Mine River in latitude -71° 15' N. and longitude 119° 15' W. of Greenwich[469]. - -On the Pacific coast, the efforts of Captain Cook and subsequent -travellers had left doubts. In 1787, a vessel was said to have entered -an inland sea of North America; according to the story told by the -captain of this ship, all that had been taken for uninterrupted coast -to the north of California consisted merely of a closely-knit chain -of islands. The British Admiralty sent Vancouver[470] to verify these -reports, which proved to be false. Vancouver had not yet made his -second voyage. - -[Sidenote: Arctic exploration.] - -In 1791, people in the United States were beginning to discuss the -road taken by Mackenzie: starting from Fort Chippeway on Mountains -Lake[471], 3 June 1789, he descended to the Arctic Ocean by the river -to which he gave his name. - -This discovery might have changed my direction and caused me to take my -route due north; but I should have scrupled to alter the plans agreed -upon between M. de Malesherbes and myself. I proposed, therefore, to -travel westwards, so as to strike the north-west coast above the Gulf -of California; from there, following the outline of the continent, -and always keeping the sea in sight, I intended to explore Behring's -Straits, double the northernmost cape of America, descend on the east -along the shores of the Arctic Ocean, and return to the United States -by way of Hudson's Bay, Labrador, and Canada. - -What means had I to carry out this prodigious peregrination? None -at all. Most of the French travellers have been isolated men, left -entirely to their own resources; it is but rarely that the government -or any company has employed or assisted them. Englishmen, Americans, -Germans, Spaniards, Portuguese, thanks to the concurrence of the -national volition, have accomplished the things which, with us, -destitute individuals have begun in vain. Mackenzie and many others -after him have, to the profit of the United States and Great Britain, -made conquests upon the immensity of America, with which I had dreamed -of aggrandizing my native land. In case of success, I should have had -the honour of bestowing French names upon unknown regions, of endowing -my country with a colony upon the Pacific Ocean, of taking away the -rich fur-trade from a rival Power, and of preventing that Power from -opening out a shorter road to the Indies, by placing France herself in -possession of that road. I have stated these projects in the _Essai -historique_, published in London in 1796, and these projects were taken -from the manuscript of my Travels written in 1791. These dates prove -that I was ahead, both in thought and work, of the latest explorers of -the Arctic ice-fields. - -I received no encouragement in Philadelphia. I foresaw from then -that the object of this first journey would be missed, and that my -expedition would be but the precursor of a second and longer journey. -I wrote in this sense to M. de Malesherbes, and while looking forward -to the future, I promised to poetry what should be lost to science. In -fact, if I did not find in America what I had come to seek, the Arctic -world, I did find there a new muse. - -A stage-coach, similar to that which brought me from Baltimore, took -me from Philadelphia to New York, a gay, populous, commercial town, -which was nevertheless far from being what it is today, far from what -it will be in a few years; for the United States grow faster than does -this manuscript. I made a pilgrimage to Boston to salute the first -battlefield of American liberty. I saw the plains of Lexington; I there -sought, as I since sought at Sparta, the tomb of the warriors who died -"in obedience to the sacred laws of their country[472]." A noteworthy -instance of the concatenation of human affairs: a finance bill passed -by the English Parliament in 1765 erects a new empire upon the earth in -1782, and causes one of the oldest kingdoms of Europe to disappear from -the world in 1789! - -* - -I embarked at New York in the packet which sailed for Albany, situated -on the upper reaches of the Hudson River. The company was numerous. On -the evening of the first day we were served with a collation consisting -of fruits and milk; the women sat on the benches on deck, the men on -the deck at their feet. Conversation was not long maintained: at the -sight of a beautiful natural picture, one involuntarily lapses into -silence. Suddenly some one or other exclaimed: - -"There is the place where Asgill[473] was arrested." - -A Quakeress from Philadelphia was asked to sing the ballad known as -_Asgill._ We were passing between mountains; the fair passenger's -voice died away on the water, or rang out when we hugged the bank more -closely. The fate of a young soldier, a lover, a poet and a hero, -honoured by the interest of Washington and the generous intervention -of an unfortunate queen, lent additional charm to the romance of -the scene. The friend whom I have lost, M. de Fontanes, let fall -some courageous words in memory of Asgill at the time when Bonaparte -was preparing to ascend the throne upon which Marie Antoinette had -sat. The American officers appeared touched by the song of the fair -Pennsylvanian: the memory of the past troubles of their country made -them appreciate more highly the calm of the present moment. They gazed -with emotion upon those spots but lately filled with troops, resounding -with the clash of arms, and now wrapped in profound peace; those spots -gilded with the fading light of day, enlivened with the singing of -the cardinal-birds, the cooing of the ring-doves, the song of the -mocking-birds, while the inhabitants, leaning against their fences -fringed with trumpet-flowers, watched our bark pass below them. - -[Sidenote: I arrive at Albany.] - -On arriving at Albany I went in search of a Mr. Swift, for whom I had -been given a letter. This Mr. Swift traded in furs with the Indian -tribes enclosed in the territory ceded to the United States by England; -for the civilized Powers in America, republican and monarchical alike, -unceremoniously share among themselves land which does not belong to -them. After listening to what I had to say, Mr. Swift made some very -reasonable objections. He told me that I could not undertake a journey -of this importance at first sight, alone, without assistance, without -support, without letters of recommendation to the English, American, -and Spanish stations by which I should be obliged to pass; that if I -had the good fortune to cross so many solitary tracts of country, I -should arrive at frozen regions where I should perish of hunger; he -advised me to begin by acclimatizing myself, suggested that I should -learn the Sioux, Iroquois, and Esquimaux languages, and live among the -coureurs and the agents of the Hudson's Bay Company. Having gained this -preliminary experience, I might then, in four or five years, with the -assistance of the French Government, proceed on my hazardous mission. - -This advice, whose justice, in my heart of hearts, I admitted, annoyed -me. Had I trusted to my own judgment, I should have set out then and -there to go to the Pole, as I might go from Paris to Pontoise. I -concealed my vexation from Mr. Swift, and asked him to find me a guide -and horses to take me to Niagara and Pittsburg: from Pittsburg I would -go down the Ohio and gather ideas for my future plans. I still had my -first project in my head. Mr. Swift engaged a Dutchman on my behalf, -who spoke several Indian dialects. I bought two horses and left Albany. - -The whole stretch of country between the territory surrounding -that town and Niagara is now inhabited and cleared; the New York -Canal crosses it; but at that time a great part of the district was -unfrequented. When, after crossing the Mohawk, I entered woods which -had never known the axe, I was seized with a sort of intoxication of -independence; I went from tree to tree, left and right, saying to -myself: - -"Here are no more roads, no more cities, no more monarchies, no more -republics, no more presidents, no more kings, no more men!" - -And, in order to test whether I was really reinstated in my original -rights, I indulged in acts of will which infuriated my guide, who in -his heart believed me mad. - -Alas, I imagined myself to be alone in that forest in which I was -carrying my head so high! Suddenly I almost broke my nose against -a shed. Under that shed, my amazed eyes beheld the first savages I -had seen in my life. There were a score of them, men and women, all -bedaubed like wizards, with half-naked bodies, slit ears, crows' -feathers on their heads, and rings through their nostrils. A little -Frenchman, all powdered and curled, in an apple-green coat, a drugget -vest, and a muslin frill and ruffles, was scraping a pocket fiddle and -making those Iroquois dance _Madelon Friquet._ M. Violet (that was his -name) was the savages' dancing-master. They paid him for his lessons -in beaver-skins and bear's hams. He had been a scullion in the service -of General Rochambeau[474] during the American War. He remained in New -York after the departure of our army, and resolved to instruct the -Americans in the fine arts. His views widened with success, and the new -Orpheus carried civilization to the savage hordes of the New World. In -speaking to me of the Indians, he always said: - -"Those savage ladies and gentlemen." - -He took great pride in the nimbleness of his pupils; indeed I never -saw such capers before or since. M. Violet, holding his little violin -between his chest and his chin, tuned the fatal instrument; he cried to -the Iroquois: - -"Take your places!" - -And the whole troop leaped about like a band of demons. - -Was it not an overwhelming thing for a disciple of Rousseau, this -introduction to savage life through a ball which General Rochambeau's -late scullion was giving to the Iroquois? I had a great longing to -laugh, but I felt cruelly humiliated. - -* - -I bought a complete outfit of the Indians: two bearskins, one to serve -as a demi-toga, the other as a bed. I added to my new equipment the red -ribbed-cloth cap, the cloak, the belt, the horn to call in the dogs, -the bandoleer of the _coureurs des bois._ My hair hung over my bare -neck; I wore a long beard: I had something of the savage, the hunter, -and the missionary. I was invited to a hunt which was to take place the -next day to track a wolverine. - -[Sidenote: Life in Canada.] - -This race of animals is almost entirely destroyed in Canada, as are the -beavers. We took boat before daybreak to go up a river which issued -from the wood in which the wolverine had been seen. There were some -thirty of us, both Indians and American and Canadian _coureurs_: one -part of the troop walked alongside of the flotilla with the dogs, and -the women carried our provisions. We did not find the wolverine; but we -killed lynxes and musk-rats. Formerly the Indians used to go into deep -mourning when they had inadvertently killed any of the latter animals; -for the female of the musk-rat is, as everybody knows, the mother of -the human race. The Chinese, with their finer powers of observation, -know to a certainty that the rat changes into a quail, the mole into a -loriot. - -Our table was abundantly furnished with river-side birds and fish. The -dogs are trained to dive; when they are not hunting, they go fishing: -they plunge into the streams and seize the fish down at the bottom of -the water. The women prepared our meals at a large fire around which we -took our places. We had to lie flat down, with our faces against the -ground, to protect our eyes from the smoke, the clouds of which floated -above our heads and indifferently preserved us from the stings of the -mosquitoes. - -Seen through the microscope, the various carnivorous insects are -formidable animals; they were once perhaps those winged dragons whose -skeletons are sometimes found: decreasing in size in proportion as -their matter decreased in energy, these hydras, griffins and others -would today be reduced to the condition of insects. The antediluvian -giants are the little men of our time. - -* - -M. Violet offered me his credentials for the Onondagas, the remnant -of one of the six Iroquois nations. I first came to the Lake of the -Onondagas. The Dutchman selected a suitable spot at which to pitch our -camp: a river issued from the lake; our gear was set up in the curve of -the river. We drove two forked stakes into the ground, at a distance -of six feet one from the other; in the forks of these stakes we hung, -horizontally, a long pole. Strips of birch bark, one end resting on the -ground, the other on the transversal pole, formed the sloping roof of -our mansion. Our saddles served as pillows, our cloaks as blankets. We -fastened bells to our horses' necks and turned them loose in the woods -near our camp: they did not wander far. - -Fifteen years later, when I was bivouacking in the sand of the Saba -Desert, at a few steps from the Jordan on the banks of the Dead Sea, -our horses, those swift sons of Araby, looked as though they were -listening to the tales of the sheik and taking part in the story of -Antar and of the horse in Job[475]. - -It was hardly four o'clock in the afternoon when we were hutted. I -took my gun and went for a stroll round about There were few birds. -A solitary, pair alone fluttered before my eyes, like the birds -which I had followed in my paternal woods; by the colour of the -male, I recognised the white sparrow, the _passer nivalis_ of the -ornithologists. I also heard the osprey, very clearly characterized by -its note. The flight of the "screamer" had led me to a dale hemmed in -by tall and rocky heights; on a mountain-side stood a poor hut; a lean -cow roamed in a field below. - -I like small shelters: "_A chico pajarillo chico nidillo_: a little -bird, a little nest." I sat down on the slope facing the hut planted on -the hillside opposite. In a few minutes, I heard voices in the valley: -three men were driving five or six fat cows; they put them to graze -and drove away the lean cow with blows of a switch. An Indian woman -came out of the hut, went towards the frightened beast, and called it. -The cow ran to her, stretching out its neck with a little low. The -planters shook their fists at the Indian woman, who returned to her -hut The cow followed her. - -[Sidenote: The Indian woman.] - -I got up, climbed down the declivity of the hillside, crossed the glen, -and climbing the opposite hill, reached the hut. I uttered the greeting -I had been taught: - -"_Siegoh!_ I have come!" - -The Indian woman, instead of returning my greeting by the customary -repetition, "You have come," made no reply. Then I petted the cow: the -Indian woman's yellow and saddened face showed signs of softening. -I was touched by these mysterious relations of misfortune: there is -sweetness in lamenting ills that none have lamented beside. - -My hostess looked at me a little longer, with a remnant of doubt -lingering in her eyes, and then came forward and passed her hand over -the forehead of her companion in misery and solitude. Encouraged by -this mark of confidence, I said in English, for I had exhausted my -Indian: - -"She is very lean." - -The Indian woman replied, in broken English: - -"She eats very little." - -"They drove her away roughly," I added. - -And the woman replied: - -"We are both accustomed to that." - -I asked: - -"Does not this meadow belong to you then?" - -She answered: - -"This meadow belonged to my husband, who is dead. I have no children, -and the pale-faces drive their cows into my meadow." - -I had nothing to offer this creature of God. We parted. My hostess -said a number of things to me which I did not understand; they were -doubtless wishes for prosperity; if they have not been heard by Heaven, -it is not the fault of her who prayed, but the infirmity of him for -whom the prayer was offered. All souls have not an equal aptitude for -happiness, just as all lands do not bear equal harvests. - -I returned to my wigwam, where a collation consisting of potatoes and -Indian corn awaited my arrival. The evening was splendid: the lake, -smooth as a flawless mirror, showed not a ripple; the murmuring river -bathed our peninsula, which the calycanthuses perfumed with the scent -of apple-blossom. The whip-poor-will uttered its song: we heard it, now -nearer, now farther away, according as the bird changed the spot of its -amorous calls. No one called me. Weep, poor Will! - -The next day I went to pay a visit to the sachem of the Onondagas; -I reached his village at ten o'clock in the morning. I was at once -surrounded by young savages, who spoke to me in their language, mixed -with English phrases and a few words of French; they were very noisy -and wore an air of light-heartedness, like the first Turks whom I saw, -later, at Koroni, when landing on the soil of Greece. These Indian -tribes, enclosed in the clearings made by the whites, own horses and -cattle; their huts are filled with utensils purchased at Quebec, -Montreal, Niagara, and Detroit on the one side, and in the markets of -the United States on the other. - -The explorers of the interior of North America found in a state of -nature, among the different savage tribes, the several forms of -government known to the peoples of civilization. The Iroquois belonged -to a race which seemed destined to conquer the Indian races, if -strangers had not come to exhaust his veins and stop the progress of -his genius. That fearless man was not astonished at fire-arms when -these were first used against him; he stood fast amid the hiss of the -bullets and the roar of the cannon, as though he had heard them all his -life; he seemed to pay no more heed to them than to the storm. So soon -as he was able to procure a musket, he made better use of it than the -European. He did not abandon for it the tomahawk, the scalping-knife, -the bow and arrow; but to these he added the carbine, the pistol, the -dagger, and the axe: he seemed never to have enough arms to satisfy his -valour. Doubly equipped with the murderous instruments of Europe and -America, his head decked with plumes, his ears slit, his face streaked -with various colours, his arms tattooed and smeared with blood, this -champion of the New World became as redoubtable in appearance as in -battle, on the shores which he defended foot by foot against the -invaders. - -The Onondaga chief was an old Iroquois in the fullest sense of the -word; he kept up in his person the ancient traditions of the desert. -The English narratives never fail to speak of the Indian sachem as -"the old gentleman." Now, the old gentleman is perfectly naked; he -wears a feather or a fish-bone in his pierced nostrils, and sometimes -covers his head, which is smooth and round as a cheese, with a laced -three-cornered hat, as an European sign of honour. Has not Velly[476] -depicted history with the same veracity? The Frankish chieftain -Khilpérick[477] rubbed his hair in sour butter, _infundens acido comam -butyro_, stained his cheeks with woad, and wore a party-coloured jerkin -or a greatcoat made of the skin of some beast; he is represented by -Velly as a prince magnificent to the point of ostentation in his -furniture and equipage, voluptuous to the point of debauchery, and -scarcely believing in God, whose ministers formed the subject of his -raillery. - -[Sidenote: With the Onondagas.] - -The sachem of the Onondagas received me well and made me sit down -on a mat. He spoke English and understood French; my guide knew -Iroquois: conversation was easy. Among other things, the old man told -me that, although his nation had always been at war with mine, he had -always respected it. He complained of the Americans; he thought them -greedy and unjust, and regretted that, in the division of the Indian -territories his tribe had not gone to swell the lot of the English. The -women served us with a meal. Hospitality is the last virtue left to -the savages in the midst of European civilization; their hospitality -is well known of old; the hearth had all the power of the altar. -When a tribe was driven from its woods, or when a man came to demand -hospitality, the stranger began what was called the dance of the -supplicant. The child touched the door-sill and said: - -"Here is the stranger." - -And the chief replied: - -"Child, bring the man into the hut." - -The stranger entered, under the protection of the child, and sat down -by the ashes on the hearth. The women sang the song of consolation: - - The stranger has found a mother and a wife; the sun will rise - and set for him as of old. - -These customs seem borrowed from the Greeks: Themistocles, visiting -Admetus, kisses the Penates and his host's young son (I have possibly -at Megara trod upon the poor wife's hearthstone beneath which Phocion's -cinerary urn lay concealed[478]); and Ulysses, visiting Alcinous, -implores Arete: - -"Noble Arete, daughter of Rhexenor, after suffering cruel ills, I throw -myself at your feet[479]." - -Having spoken these words, the hero goes towards the hearth and seats -himself by the ashes. - -I took leave of the old chief. He had been present at the capture of -Quebec. In the shameful years of the reign of Louis XV., the episode of -the Canadian War comes to our consolation as though it were a page from -our ancient history discovered in the Tower of London. - -Montcalm[480], left to defend Canada unaided against forces often -relieved and four times his own in number, fights successfully for two -whole years; he defeats Lord Loudon[481] and General Abercromby[482]. -At last fortune forsakes him; he falls wounded beneath the walls of -Quebec, and two days later breathes his last: his Grenadiers bury him -in a hole dug by a shell, a grave worthy of the honour of our arms! His -noble enemy Wolfe[483] dies facing him; he pays with his own life for -Montcalm's life and for the glory of expiring upon a few French flags. - - -Once more my guide and I mounted our horses. Our road became more -difficult and was marked only by some felled trees. The trunks of these -trees served as bridges over the streams or as hurdles in the bogs. -The American population was at that time moving towards the Genesee -grants. These grants were sold at prices more or less high according -to the goodness of the soil, the quality of the trees, the current and -abundance of the water. - -It has been observed that colonists are often preceded in the woods -by bees: these are the van-guard of the tillers of the soil, and the -symbols of the industry and civilization whose coming they proclaim. -Foreign to America, these peaceful conquerors came in the wake of -Columbus' sails, and have robbed a new world of flowers of those -treasures only of whose use the natives were ignorant; nor have they -employed those treasures other than to enrich the soil whence they -derived them. - -The clearings along both sides of the road which I travelled displayed -a curious mixture of the state of nature and the state of civilization. -In one comer of a wood which had never known any sound save the yells -of the savage and the belling of the stag, one came across a ploughed -field; one saw from the same point of view the wigwam of an Indian and -the dwelling of a planter. Some of these dwellings, when completed, -reminded one of the neatness of the Dutch farm-houses; others were only -half finished, and had nothing but the sky for a roof. - -[Sidenote: Indians and settlers.] - -I was welcomed in these dwellings, the results of a morning's work; -often I would find a family displaying European elegancies, mahogany -furniture, a piano, carpets, mirrors, at a few steps from the hut of an -Iroquois. In the evening, when the farm-servants returned from working -in the woods or fields with the axe or the hoe, the windows were -opened. My host's daughters, with their beautiful fair hair dressed in -ringlets, would sing, to the accompaniment of the piano, the duet from -Paisiello's[484] _Pandolfetto_ or some _cantabile_ by Cimarosa[485], -all in full view of the wilderness, and sometimes to the murmuring -sound of a waterfall. - -Small market-towns rose in the better districts. The spire of a new -steeple shot up from the midst of an old forest. The English are -accompanied by English customs wherever they go: after crossing -districts containing no trace of habitation, I came upon the sign of an -inn swinging from the bough of a tree. Hunters, planters, and Indians -mingled at these caravansaries: the first time I rested there, I swore -that it should be the last. - -It so happened that, on entering one of these hostelries, I stood -dumfoundered at the sight of a huge bed set up in a circle around a -post: each traveller took a place in this bed, with his feet against -the post in the centre and his head on the circumference of the circle, -so that the sleepers were arranged symmetrically, like the spokes of -a wheel or the sticks of a fan. After a momentary hesitation, I got -into this affair because I saw no one there. I was just falling asleep, -when I felt something sliding against me: it was the leg of my big -Dutchman; I never in my life experienced a greater fright. I sprang -out of the hospitable work-basket, cordially cursing the customs of -our good ancestors. I went and slept in my cloak by the moonlight: -this companion of the traveller's bed had at least nothing but was -agreeable, and fresh, and sweet. - -On the bank of the Genesee we found a ferry-boat. A troop of colonials -and Indians crossed the river with us. We camped in meadows bright -with butterflies and flowers. With our varied costumes, grouped around -our several fires, and our horses tethered or grazing, we looked like -a caravan. I there first met the rattlesnake, which allows itself to -be bewitched by the sound of a flute. The Greeks would have turned my -Canadian into Orpheus; the flute into a lyre; the snake into Cerberus, -or, possibly, Eurydice. - -* - -We rode towards Niagara. When we had come within a distance of eight -or nine leagues of our destination, we perceived, in an oak grove, the -camp-fire of some savages, who had settled down on the bank of a stream -where we ourselves were thinking of bivouacking. We took advantage of -their preparations: after grooming our horses and dressing ourselves -for the night, we accosted the band. With legs crossed tailor-wise, we -sat down among the Indians around the blazing pile, and began to roast -our maize cakes. - -The family consisted of two women, two infants at the breast, and three -braves. The conversation became general, that is to say, interspersed -with a few words on my side and many gestures; after that, each fell -asleep in the place where he sat I alone remained awake, and went to -sit by myself on a root trailing by the bank of the stream. - -[Sidenote: The Falls of Niagara.] - -The moon showed above the tops of the trees; a balmy breeze, which -the Queen of the Night brought with her from the East, seemed to go -before her through the forests, as though it were her cool breath. The -solitary luminary climbed higher and higher in the sky, now pursuing -her even way, again surmounting clusters of clouds, which resembled -the summits of a snow-clad mountain-chain. All would have been silence -and repose, but for the fall of a few leaves, the passing of a sudden -gust of wind, the hooting of the wood-owl; in the distance was heard -the dull roar of the Falls of Niagara, which, in the calm of night, -extended from waste to waste and expired in the lonely forests. It was -during those nights that an unknown muse appeared to me; I gathered -some of her accents; I marked them on my tables, by the light of the -stars, as a vulgar musician might write down the notes dictated to him -by some great master of harmony. - -The next day, the Indians armed themselves, the women collected the -baggage. I distributed a little gunpowder and vermilion among my hosts. -We parted, touching our foreheads and breasts; the braves shouted the -order to march and walked in front; the women went behind, carrying -the children, who, slung in furs on their mothers' backs, turned their -heads to look at us. I followed this progress with my eyes until the -whole band had disappeared among the trees of the forest. - -The savages of the Falls of Niagara in the English dominion were -entrusted with the police service of the frontier on that side. This -outlandish constabulary, armed with bows and arrows, prevented our -passage. I was obliged to send the Dutchman to the fort of Niagara for -a permit in order to enter the territory of the British government. -This saddened my heart a little, for I remembered that formerly France -had ruled in both Upper and Lower Canada. My guide returned with the -permit: I still have it; it is signed, "Captain Gordon." Is it not -strange that I should have found the same English name on the door of -my cell in Jerusalem? "Thirteen pilgrims had inscribed their names -on the door and walls of the chamber: the first was called Charles -Lombard, who visited Jerusalem in 1669; the last was John Gordon, and -the date of his passage is 1804[486]." - -* - -I stayed two days in the Indian village, whence I wrote another letter -to M. de Malesherbes. The Indian women busied themselves with different -occupations; their nurslings were slung in nets from the branches of a -tall purple beech. The grass was covered with dew, the wind issued all -perfumed from the woods, and the cotton-plants of the country, throwing -back their capsules, looked like white rose-trees. The breeze rocked -the cradles in mid-air with an almost imperceptible movement; the -mothers stood up from time to time to see if their children were asleep -and had not been awakened by the birds. - -From the Indian village to the cataract was some three or four leagues: -it took my guide and me as many hours to reach it. Already at six -miles' distance, a column of vapour indicated the situation of the weir -to my eyes. My heart beat with joy mingled with terror, as I entered -the wood that concealed from my view one of the grandest spectacles -which nature has offered to mankind. - -We dismounted. Leading our horses by the bridle, we passed through -heaths and thickets until we came to the bank of the Niagara River, -seven or eight hundred paces above the falls. As I never ceased going -forward, the guide caught me by the arm; he stopped me on the very -edge of the water, which passed with the swiftness of an arrow. It did -not seethe, but glided in one sole mass to the slope of the rock; its -silence before its fall contrasted with the uproar of the fall itself. -The Scriptures often compare a people to the mighty waters: here it was -a dying people which, deprived of its voice by the agony of death, went -to hurl itself into the abyss of eternity. - -The guide continued to hold me back, for I felt, so to speak, drawn on -by the stream, and I had an involuntary longing to fling myself in. At -one time, I would turn my eyes up the river, to the banks; at another, -down to the island which divided the waters. Here the waters suddenly -failed, as though cut off in the sky. - -After a quarter of an hour of vague and perplexed admiration, I -went on to the falls. The reader will find in the _Essai sur les -révolutions_[487] and in _Atala_[488] the two descriptions which I have -written of the scene. Today, high-roads run to the cataract; there -are inns on the American side and on the English side, and mills and -factories overhang the chasm. - -I was unable to utter the thoughts that stirred me at the sight of so -sublime a disorder. In the desert of my early life, I was obliged to -invent persons to adorn it; I drew from my own substance beings whom -I did not find elsewhere and whom I carried within myself. In the -same way, I have placed memories of Atala and René on the edge of the -cataract of Niagara, as the expression of its sadness. What meaning -has a cascade which falls eternally in the unfeeling sight of heaven -and earth, if human nature be not there, with its destinies and its -misfortunes? To be steeped in this solitude of water and mountains and -not to know with whom to speak of that great spectacle! To have the -waves, the rocks, the woods, the torrents to one's self alone! Give the -soul a companion, and the smiling verdure of the hill-slopes, the cool -breath of the water, will all turn into charm: the journey by day, the -sweetest repose at the end of the day's march, the gliding over the -billows, the sleeping upon the moss, will call forth from the heart its -deepest tenderness. I have seated Velléda upon the shores of Armorica, -Cymodocea beneath the porticoes of Athens, Blanca in the halls of the -Alhambra. Alexander created towns wheresoever he hastened: I have left -dreams behind me wherever I have dragged my life. - -I have seen the cascades of the Alps with their chamois and those of -the Pyrenees with their izards; I did not go sufficiently high up the -Nile to meet its cataracts, which are reduced to rapids; I will not -speak of the azure zones of Terni or of Tivoli, graceful fragments of -ruins or subjects for the poet's song: - - Et præceps Anio ac Tiburni lucus[489]. - -Niagara eclipses everything. I gazed upon the cataract the existence -of which was revealed to the old world, not by puny travellers like -myself, but by missionaries who, seeking solitude for the love of God, -flung themselves upon their knees at the sight of some marvel of nature -and received martyrdom while completing their hymn of admiration. Our -priests greeted the fine sites of America and consecrated them with -their blood; our soldiers clapped their hands at the ruins of Thebes -and presented arms to Andalusia: the whole genius of France lies in the -double army of our camps and of our altars. - -[Sidenote: Two hair-breadth escapes.] - -I was holding my horse's bridle twisted round my arm; a rattlesnake -came and rustled in the bushes. The startled horse reared and backed -towards the falls. I was unable to release my arm from the reins; the -horse, still more terrified, was dragging me after it. Already its -fore-feet were off the ground; cowering over the edge of the abyss, -it maintained its position only by the strength of its loins. It was -all up with me, when the animal, itself astonished at its fresh peril, -gave a sudden turn and vaulted inwards. Had my soul left my body amidst -the Canadian woods, would it have carried to the Supreme Tribunal the -sacrifices, the good works, the virtues of the Pères Jogues[490] and -Lallemant[491], or empty days and wretched idle fancies? - -This was not the only danger I encountered at Niagara. A ladder of -creepers was used by the savages to climb down to the lower basin; -it was at that time broken. Wishing to see the falls from below, I -ventured, in the face of my guide's representations, down the side of -an almost perpendicular rock. In spite of the roar of the water which -seethed below me, I kept my head and climbed down to within forty feet -of the bottom. When I had reached so far, the bare and vertical rock -gave me nothing to lay hold of; I was left hanging by one hand to the -last root, feeling my fingers open beneath the weight of my body: few -men have spent two such minutes, as I counted them. My tired hand let -go; I fell. By an unparalleled stroke of good fortune, I found myself -upon the pointed back of a rock upon which I ought to have been smashed -into a thousand pieces, and yet I felt no great hurt; I was at half -a foot from the abyss and had not rolled into it; but when the cold -and the damp began to penetrate me, I saw that I had not come off so -cheaply: my left arm was broken above the elbow. The guide, who was -watching me from above and saw my signals of distress, ran off to fetch -some savages. They hoisted me with ropes along an otter's path, and -carried me to their village. I had only a simple fracture: two splints, -a bandage and a sling were enough to effect my cure. - -* - -I stayed twelve days with my surgeons, the Niagara Indians. I saw -tribes pass which had come down from Detroit or from the districts -lying south and east of Lake Erie. I inquired into their usages; in -return for small presents, I was given representations of their former -customs, for the customs themselves no longer exist. Nevertheless, at -the commencement of the War of American Independence, the savages still -ate the prisoners, or rather the killed: an English captain, helping -himself to soup with a ladle from an Indian stew-pot, drew out a hand. - -The practices attendant upon birth and death have lost least, because -these do not pass lightly like the life which divides them; they are -not things of fashion that come and go. The Indians still bestow upon -the new-born, in order to do him honour, the name of the oldest person -under his roof: his grandmother, for instance; for the names are -always taken in the maternal line. From that time forward, the child -fills the place of the woman whose name it has taken; in speaking to -it, they give it the degree of relationship which the name revives; -thus an uncle might address his nephew by the title of "grandmother." -This apparently ludicrous custom is nevertheless touching. It restores -the old dead to life; it reproduces the weakness of the last in the -weakness of the earliest years; it brings closer the two extremities of -life, the commencement and the end of the family; it confers a kind of -immortality upon the ancestors and implies that they are present in the -midst of their posterity. - -[Sidenote: The Niagara indians.] - -In what regards the dead, it is easy to find motives for the savage's -attachment to sacred relics. Civilized nations are able to preserve the -memory of their country by means of the mnemonics of literature and -the arts: they have cities, palaces, towers, columns, obelisks; they -have the track of the plough in fields once cultivated; their names are -carved in marble and brass, their actions recorded in the chronicles. - -The desert peoples have none of these advantages: their names are not -written upon the trees; their huts, built in a few hours, disappear -in a few moments; the butt of their ploughing only grazes the ground, -and is not able even to raise a furrow. Their traditional songs perish -with the last memory which retains them, and die away with the last -voice which repeats them. The tribes of the New World, therefore, have -but one monument: the tomb. Take away from savages the bones of their -fathers, and you take away their history, their laws, and their very -gods; you rob those men, in the future generations, of the proofs both -of their existence and of their annihilation. - -I wished to hear my hosts' songs. A little Indian girl of fourteen, -called Mila and very pretty (the Indian women are pretty only at that -age) sang something very pleasant. Was it not perchance the canzonet -quoted by Montaigne? "Adder stay, stay good adder, that my sister may -by the patterne of thy partie-coloured coat drawe the fashion and -worke of a rich lace, for me to give unto my love; so may thy beautie, -thy nimblenesse or disposition be ever preferred before all other -serpents[492]." - -The author of the _Essaies_ saw Iroquois at Rouen, who, according to -him, were "not verie ill; but what," he adds, "of that? They weare no -kinde of breeches nor hosen[493]!" - -If ever I publish the Στρωματεὶς or patchwork of my youth, to talk like -St. Clement of Alexandria[494] you shall there see Mila[495]. - -The Canadians are no longer the same as when they were described by -Cartier, Champlain[496], La Hontan[497], Lescarbot[498], Lafitau[499], -Charlevoix[500], and the _Lettres édifiantes_; the sixteenth century -and the commencement of the seventeenth were still the time of a -boundless imagination and ingenuous customs: the marvel of the first -reflected a virgin nature, and the candour of the second reproduced the -simplicity of the savage. Champlain tells us at the end of his first -journey to Canada, in 1603, that "near Chaleur Bay, verging to the -south, there is an island where dwells a frightful monster which the -savages call Gougou." - -Canada had its giant as well as the Cape of Storms. Homer is the true -father of all these inventions; it is always the Cyclopes, Scylla and -Charybdis, ogres or _gougous._ - -The savage population of North America, not including the Mexicans and -Esquimaux, does not today amount to four hundred thousand souls on -either side of the Rocky Mountains; there are travellers who put it -so low as one hundred and fifty thousand. The degradation of Indian -manners has kept pace with the depopulation of the tribes. Their -religious traditions have become confused; the instruction spread by -the Canadian Jesuits has mixed foreign ideas with the inborn ideas -of the natives: through their rude fables, one sees the Christian -beliefs disfigured; the majority of the savages wear crosses by way -of ornaments, and the Protestant traders sell them what the Catholic -missionaries give them. Let us say at once, to the honour of our -country and to the glory of our religion, that the Indians had become -greatly attached to us; that they never cease to regret us; and that a -"black robe," or missionary, is still an object of veneration in the -forests of America. The savage continues to love us under the tree -where we were his first guests, on the soil which we have trod, where -we have left tombs in his care. - -When the Indian was naked or clad in skins, he had something great -and noble about him; at present, rags of European clothing, without -covering his nakedness, bear witness to his destitution: he is a beggar -at the door of a counting-house, he is no longer the savage in his -forest - -Lastly, a kind of hybrid people has been formed, born of colonial -fathers and Indian mothers. These men, called "Burnt-woods," because of -the colour of their skin, act as brokers between the authors of their -dual origin. They speak the language of their fathers and of their -mothers, and have the vices of both races. These bastards of civilized -and of savage nature sell themselves to the Americans and the English -by turns, to hand over to them the monopoly of the fur-trade; they -keep alive the rivalry between the English companies, the Hudson's Bay -Company and the North-West Fur Company, and the American companies, the -Columbian American Fur Company, the Missouri Fur Company and others: -they themselves go hunting for account of the traders and with hunters -paid by the companies. - -[Sidenote: The Wars of the Companies.] - -The great war of American Independence is the only one which people -know of. They are ignorant of the fact that blood has been shed on -behalf of the paltry interests of a handful of merchants. The Hudson's -Bay Company in 1811 sold to Lord Selkirk[501] a tract of land on the -bank of the Red River. The North-West or Canadian Company took umbrage -at this transaction. The two companies, allied to various Indian -tribes and seconded by the "Burnt-woods," came to blows. This domestic -conflict, so horrible in its details, took place on the frozen wastes -of Hudson's Bay. Lord Selkirk's colony was destroyed in the month -of June 1815[502], at the exact period of the Battle of Waterloo. -Upon those two theatres, one so brilliant, the other so obscure, the -misfortunes of the human species were the same. - -Seek no longer in America the skillfully constructed political -constitutions of which Charlevoix has written the history: the monarchy -of the Hurons, the republic of the Iroquois. A somewhat similar -destruction has been accomplished and is still being accomplished -in Europe under our very eyes; a Prussian poet, at a banquet of the -Teutonic Order, held about the year 1400, sang in old Prussian the -heroic deeds of the ancient warriors of his country: no one present -understood him, and he received one hundred empty walnuts by way of -recompense. Today, the language of Lower Brittany, the Basque and -Gaelic languages, are dying out from cottage to cottage, keeping pace -with the deaths of the goatherds and husbandmen. - -In the English County of Cornwall, the language of the natives became -extinct about the year 1676. A fisherman said to some travellers: - -"I know hardly more than four or five persons who speak Cornish, and -they are old folk like myself, between sixty and eighty years of age; -none of the young people know a word of it." - -Whole tribes of the Orinoco have ceased to exist; of their dialect -there remain but a dozen words articulated in the tree-tops by parrots -that have regained their freedom, like Agrippina's thrush, which -warbled Greek words upon the balustrades of the Roman palaces. This, -sooner or later, will be the fate of our modern jargons, the remains -of Latin and Greek. Some raven escaped from the cage of the last -Franco-Gallic curate will say, from the top of a ruined steeple, to -peoples that shall be foreign to our successors: - -"Accept these last strains of a voice once known to you; you will put -an end to all this talk." - -It is well worth while to be Bossuet, so that, in the ultimate event, -your masterpiece may survive, in the recollection of a bird, your -language and your memory among men! - -* - -When speaking of Canada and Louisiana, when considering on the old maps -the extent of the former French colonies in America, I asked myself -how the government of my country could have suffered the loss of those -colonies, which would be an inexhaustible source of prosperity for us -at this day. - -From Arcadia[503] and Canada to Louisiana, from the mouth of the -St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Mississippi, the territory of "New -France" surrounded what formed the confederation of the first thirteen -United States: the eleven others[504], together with the District of -Columbia, the North-Western Territory, the Territories of Michigan, -Missouri, Oregon, and Arkansas either belonged to us or would now -belong to us, as they belong to the United States by the cessions of -the English and Spaniards, our successors in Canada and Louisiana[505]. -The country enclosed by the Atlantic on the north-east, the Arctic -Ocean on the north, the Pacific Ocean and the Russian possessions on -the north-west, and the Gulf of Mexico on the south, in other words -more than two-thirds of North America, would now be recognizing the -laws of France. - -[Sidenote: Former French possessions.] - -I fear that the Restoration will ruin itself through holding ideas -contrary to those which I have here expressed: the mania for adhering -to the past, a mania which I never cease impugning, would be in -no sense fatal if it subverted only myself, by robbing me of the -Sovereign's favour; but it may yet subvert the Throne. Political -stagnation is impossible; it is absolutely necessary to keep pace -with human intelligence. Let us respect the majesty of time; let us -reverentially contemplate past centuries, rendered sacred by the memory -and the footsteps of our fathers: but let us not try to go back to -them, for they no longer possess a vestige of our real nature, and if -we endeavoured to seize hold of them, they would fade away. The Chapter -of Our Lady of Aix-la-Chapelle caused the tomb of Charlemagne[506] to -be opened, we are told, about the year 1450. The Emperor was found -seated in a gilt chair, holding in his skeleton hands the Book of the -Gospels written in letters of gold; before him were laid his sceptre -and his golden buckler; by his side hung his sword "Joyeuse," sheathed -in a golden scabbard. He was clad in the imperial robes. On his head, -which was held erect by a golden chain, was a winding-sheet covering -what had been his face and surmounted by a crown. They touched the -phantom: it crumbled into dust. - -We once possessed vast countries beyond the seas: they offered a -refuge for our surplus population, markets for our commerce, stations -for our navy. We are now excluded from the new world in which the human -race is beginning life afresh: in Africa, Asia, Oceania, in the South -Sea Islands, on the continent of North and South America, the English, -Portuguese, and Spanish languages serve to interpret the thoughts of -many millions of men; and we, disinherited of the conquests of our -valour and our genius, scarce hear the tongue of Colbert and Louis -XIV. spoken in some petty market-town of Louisiana or Canada, under a -foreign government: it lingers there only as a witness to the reverses -of our fortune and the errors of our policy. - -And who is the king whose dominion now succeeds the dominion of the -King of France in the forests of Canada? He who yesterday caused this -note to be sent to me: - - "Royal Lodge, Windsor, - - "4 _June_ 1822. - - "Monsieur le Vicomte, - - "I am commanded by the King to invite Your Excellency to dine - and sleep here on Thursday the 6th instant. - - "Your Excellency's most humble and obedient servant, - - "Francis Conyngham[507]." - -It was fated that I should be plagued by princes. I lay down my pen; -I recross the Atlantic; I mend my arm broken at Niagara; I take off -my bearskin; I resume my gold-laced coat; I leave the wigwam of an -Iroquois to repair to the Royal Lodge of His Britannic Majesty, King of -the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Lord of the Indies; -I leave my hosts with the exposed ears and my little girl-savage with -her bead: wishing Lady Conyngham[508] the charm of Mila, together with -the age which as yet belongs only to the earliest spring-time, to the -days which precede the month of May and which our Gallic poets called -the _avrillée_, the April shower. - -* - -The tribe of the little girl with the bead departed; my guide, the -Dutchman, refused to accompany me beyond the cataract; I paid him -and joined a party of traders who were leaving to go down the Ohio; -before setting out, I took a glance at the Canadian lakes. There is -nothing so mournful as the aspect of these lakes. The liquid plains -of the Atlantic and the Mediterranean open highways to the nations, -and their shores are, or were, inhabited by civilized, numerous, and -powerful peoples; the lakes of Canada display only the nakedness of -their waters, which, in its turn, is joined to a bare soil: they are -deserts dividing other deserts. Shores devoid of inhabitants look upon -seas devoid of ships; you alight from the unfrequented waves upon -unfrequented coasts. - -[Sidenote: Lake Erie.] - -Lake Erie is over one hundred leagues in circumference. The nations of -the water-side were exterminated by the Iroquois two centuries ago. It -is an appalling thing to see the Indians venturing in their birch-bark -wherries upon this lake famed for its tempests, in which myriads of -serpents swarmed in former days. These Indians hang their manitous upon -the prow of their canoes and dart into the midst of the eddies among -the heaving waves. The waves, level with the aperture of the canoes, -seem ready to swallow them up. The hunters' dogs, with their front-paws -resting on the side, utter loud barks, while their masters, preserving -a profound silence, beat the waves in cadence with their paddles. The -canoes proceed in Indian file: in the prow of the first stands a chief -who repeats the diphthong _oah_: _o_ in a long, dull note, _ah_ in a -short, sharp tone. In the last canoe is another chief, who also stands -up, and works an oar by way of rudder. The other braves squat upon -their heels at the bottom of the well. Across the mist and the winds -one perceives nothing save the plumes adorning the Indians' heads, the -outstretched necks of the baying dogs, and the shoulders of the two -sachems, the pilot and the augur: as it were the gods of these lakes. - -The rivers of Canada play no part in the history of the world of -antiquity: how different from the destiny of the Ganges, the Euphrates, -the Nile, the Danube, and the Rhine! What changes have not these beheld -upon their banks! How much sweat and blood has been poured forth by -conquerors to cross, in their current, waters over which, at their -source, a goatherd passes with a single step! - -* - -Leaving the lakes of Canada, we came to Pittsburg at the confluence -of the Kentucky and Ohio rivers; here the landscape unfolds an -extraordinary stateliness. Nevertheless, this magnificent country is -called Kentucky after its river, whose name means "river of blood." It -owes this name to its beauty: for more than two centuries the nations -on the side of the Cherokees and of the Iroquois nations fought for the -possession of its hunting-fields. - -Will the European generations be more virtuous and more free upon those -banks than were the exterminated American generations? Shall slaves -not till the soil beneath the lash of their masters, in these deserts -of man's primeval independence? Shall prisons and gallows not fill the -places of the open hut and the tall tulip-tree where the bird builds -its nest? Shall the richness of the soil not cause new wars to burst -forth? Shall Kentucky cease to be the "Land of Blood," and shall the -monuments of the arts beautify the banks of the Ohio to better purpose -than the monuments of nature? - -After passing the Wabash, the Cypress, the Cumberland, the Cherokee, -or Tennessee, the Yellowbank, one comes to a tongue of land often -submerged beneath the mighty waters: here is formed the confluence -of the Ohio and the Mississippi in latitude 36° 51'. The two rivers -oppose an equal resistance to one another and relax the force of their -currents; for some miles they sleep side by side without mingling in -the same bed, like two great peoples at first of different origins and -then combining to form but one race; like two illustrious combatants -sharing the same couch after a battle; like a husband and wife born of -hostile blood, who at first have but little inclination to mingle their -destinies in the nuptial bed. - -And I, too, even as the mighty urns of the rivers, have poured forth my -life's small current, now on this, now on that side of the mountain; -capricious in my straying, but never malignant; preferring the poor -glens to the rich plains, stopping at the flowers rather than at the -palaces. For that matter, I was so charmed with my rambles that I gave -scarce a further thought to the Pole. A party of traders, who had come -from among the Creeks, in Florida, gave me leave to accompany them. - -We set out for the countries known at that time by the general name -of the Floridas, today divided into the States of Alabama, Georgia, -South Carolina, and Tennessee. We followed, more or less closely, paths -now connected by the high-road which runs from Natchez to Nashville, -through Jackson and Florence, and which enters Virginia by way of -Knoxville and Salem: a country very little frequented at that time, -although Bartram[509] had explored its lakes and sites. The planters -of Georgia and Florida proper went to the various tribes of the Creeks -to buy horses and half-wild cattle, which multiplied indefinitely in -the savannahs pierced by the wells at whose edges I placed Atala and -Chactas. They even extended their journey as far as Ohio. - -[Sidenote: I sail up the Ohio River.] - -We ran before a stiff breeze. The Ohio, swollen by a hundred rivers, -passed now through the lakes which opened out before us, now through -the woods. Islands stood out in the middle of the lakes. We made sail -for one of the largest of these: we came alongside at eight in the -morning. - -I crossed a meadow strewn with ragwort with its yellow flowers, -hollyhocks with their pink plumes, and obelarias with purple egrets. -An Indian ruin struck my eyes. The contrast between this ruin and the -youth of nature, this monument of men in a desert, caused a great -emotion. What people dwelt upon this island? Its name, its race, the -time of its passing? Did it live at the time when the world in whose -midst it lay hidden was as yet unknown to the three other quarters of -the globe? The silence of this people was perhaps contemporaneous with -the fame of some great nations that have in their turn lapsed into -silence[510]. - -Sandy anfractuosities, ruins or _tumuli_ issued from amid poppies with -red flowers hanging at the end of bent, pale-green stalks. The stem and -the flower have an aroma which clings to the fingers when one touches -the plant. The perfume which outlives the flower is an image of the -memory of a life spent in solitude. - -I observed the nymphæa: it was preparing to hide its white lily beneath -the surface at the close of day; the "tree of sadness[511]" was -awaiting the night before unfolding its own: the wife retires to bed at -the hour when the courtesan rises. - -The pyramidal œnothera, which is seven or eight feet high, with -pale leaves dentated with dark green, has other habits and another -destiny: its yellow flower begins to half-open in the evening, during -the space of time which Venus occupies in descending below the horizon; -it continues to expand by the light of the stars; the dawn discovers it -in all its brilliancy; midway through the morning it fades; it falls at -noonday. It lives for but a few hours; but it despatches those hours -beneath a placid sky, between the breaths of Venus and Aurora: what -matters, then, the shortness of life? - -A streamlet trickled through a garland of dionæas; a multitude of -day-flies buzzed all around. There were also humming-birds and -butterflies which, decked in their brightest gauds, rivalled the motley -flowers in splendour. - -In the midst of these walks and studies, I was often struck by their -futility. What! Did the Revolution, which already weighed down upon -me and drove me into the woods, inspire me with no graver thoughts -than these? What! Was the time of my country's confusion that which I -chose to occupy myself with descriptions of plants, and butterflies, -and flowers? The individuality of mankind serves as a measure of the -littleness of great events. How many men are indifferent to those -events! To how many others do they remain unknown! The aggregate -population of the globe is estimated at from eleven to twelve hundred -millions; a man dies every second: thus in each minute of our -existence, of our smiles, of our joys, sixty men expire, sixty families -moan and weep. Life is a permanent pestilence. The chain of mourning -and funerals that winds us about is never broken, grows ever longer: -we ourselves form one of its links. And then tell us to magnify the -importance of the catastrophes of which seven-eighths of the world will -never hear speak! To pant for a fame which will spread its wings at but -a few leagues from our tomb! To plunge into the ocean of a felicity of -which each minute slips away between sixty graves incessantly renewed! - - Nam nox Nulla diem, neque noctem aurora sequuta est Quæ non - audierit mixtos vagitibus ægris Ploratus, mortis comites et - funeris atri. - -The savages of Florida tell of an island in the middle of a lake -where live the most beautiful women in the world. The Muskhogulges -have repeatedly attempted its conquest; but this Eden flees before -the canoes, a natural image of the chimeras which retreat before our -desires. The country also contained a fountain of youth: who would wish -to rise from the dead? - -But little was wanting to make these fables assume a semblance of -reality in my eyes. At a moment when we least expected it, we saw a -flotilla of canoes come out of a bay, some with oars, others with -sails. They landed at our island. They were two families of Creeks, of -which one consisted of Seminoles, the other of Muskhogulges, including -some Cherokees and Burnt-woods. I was struck with the grace of these -savages, who in no respect resemble those of Canada. - -[Sidenote: Two fair Floridans.] - -The Seminoles and Muskhogulges are fairly tall, and, by an unusual -contrast, their mothers, wives, and daughters are the smallest race -of women known in America. The Indian women who landed near us, born -of mixed Cherokee and Castilian blood, were tall in stature. Two of -them were like the creoles of San Domingo and Mauritius, but yellow -and delicate as the women of the Ganges. These two Floridan women, -cousins on the father's side, served as my models, one for Atala, the -other for Céluta: they excelled the portraits I drew of them only -by that variable and fugitive truth of nature, that physiognomy of -race and climate which I was not able to express. There was something -indefinable in that oval visage, in that shaded complexion, which one -seemed to see through a light, orange-tinted smoke, in that hair so -black and soft, those eyes so long, half-hidden beneath the veil of -two satiny eyelids that opened indolently; in short, in the two-fold -seduction of the Indian and the Spanish woman. - -The meeting with our hosts occasioned a certain alteration in our -movements: our trading agents began to inquire about horses; it was -decided that we should go to fix ourselves in the neighbourhood of -the studs. The plain in which our camp stood was covered with bulls, -cows, horses, bisons, buffaloes, cranes, turkeys, pelicans: these birds -mottled the green background of our savannah with white, black, and -pink stains. - -Our traders and hunters were stirred by many passions: not passions of -race, education, or prejudice, but natural passions, full and absolute, -making straight for their object, having for witnesses a tree fallen -in the depths of an unknown forest, a nameless stream. The relations -between the Spaniards and the Creek women formed the ground-work of -the adventures; the "Burnt-woods" played the principal part in those -romances. One story was famous: that of a trader in strong waters -seduced and ruined by a "painted woman" or courtesan. This story, put -into Seminole verse with the title of _Tabamica_, was sung in passing -through the woods[512]. Carried off in their turn by the colonists, the -Indian women soon died forsaken at Pensacola[513]: their misfortunes -went to swell the _Romanceros_ and to be numbered among the ballads of -Ximenes. - -* - -The earth is a charming mother; we issue from her womb: in childhood, -she holds us to her breasts swollen with milk and honey; in youth and -old age, she lavishes upon us her refreshing waters, her harvests and -her fruits; she offers us, wherever we may go, a shade, a bath, a table -and a bed; she opens her entrails again to receive us after death, and -throws a coverlet of herbs and flowers over our remains, while she -secretly transforms us into her own substance, to reproduce us under -some graceful shape. That is what I said to myself on waking, when my -first look fell upon the sky, the canopy of my bed. - -The hunters had set out for the work of the day; I remained behind -with the women and children. I never left the side of my two sylvan -goddesses: one was proud, the other sad. I did not understand a word -of what they said to me, and they did not understand me; but I went to -fetch water for their cup, shoots for their fire, mosses for their bed. -They wore the petticoat and the wide, slashed sleeves of the Spanish -women, the body and cloak of the Indian women. Their bare legs were -cross-gartered with a lace-work of birch. They plaited their hair with -posies or filaments of rushes; they mailed themselves in chains and -necklaces of glass beads. From their ears hung purple berries; they -had a fine talking paroquet: the bird of Armida; they fastened it on -their shoulder like an emerald, or carried it hooded on their hand, as -the great ladies of the tenth century carried their hawks. To harden -their breasts and arms, they rubbed themselves with the apoya, or -American gallingale. In Bengal the nautch-girls chew the betel-nut, -and in the Levant the almes suck the mastic of Chio: the Floridan -maidens pounded, between their teeth of a bluey whiteness, tears of -liquid-amber and roots of _libanis_, which blended the fragrance of -angelica, cedrat, and vanilla. They lived in an atmosphere of perfumes -emanating from themselves, like orange-trees and flowers living in -the pure exhalations from their leaves and chalices. I amused myself -by placing a little ornament upon their heads: they submitted, gently -dismayed; witches themselves, they thought I was working a charm upon -them. One of them, the "proud" one, often prayed; she seemed to me half -a Christian. The other sang in a voice of velvet, uttering at the end -of each phrase a note that troubled one. Sometimes they spoke hastily -to each other: I thought I could recognize the accents of jealousy, but -the "sad" one wept, and silence was restored. - -Weak as I was, I sought examples of weakness, in order to encourage -myself. Had not Camoëns in the Indies loved a black Barbary slave, -and might not I in America do homage to two young jonquil sultanas? -Had Camoëns not addressed _endechas_, or stanzas, to his _Barbaru -escrava?_[514] - -* - -A fishing-party was arranged. The sun was nearing its setting. In the -foreground appeared sassafras, tulip-trees, catalpas, and oaks, from -whose boughs hung skeins of white moss. Behind this foreground rose the -most charming of trees, the papaw, which might have been taken for a -chased silver style, surmounted by a Corinthian urn. In the background -reigned balsam-trees, magnolias, and liquid-ambers. - -[Sidenote: An exquisite landscape.] - -The sun dropped behind that curtain: a ray piercing through the crown -of a thicket sparkled like a carbuncle set in the sombre foliage; the -light diverging between the trunks and branches projected heightening -columns and mobile arabesques upon the sward. Below were lilacs, -azaleas, annulated creepers with gigantic sheaves; above, the clouds, -some fixed, like promontories or old towers, others fleeting, like -rosy vapours or carded silk. By means of successive transformations, -one saw the mouths of furnaces opening up in those clouds, heaps of -embers piling themselves up, streams of lava flowing: all was dazzling, -radiant, gilded, opulent, saturated with light. - -After the Morean insurrection in 1770, some Greek families took refuge -in Florida; they could still believe themselves in that Ionian climate -which seems to have relented, together with men's passions: at Smyrna, -in the evening, nature sleeps like a courtesan wearied with love. - -On our right were ruins belonging to the great fortifications that -were found on the Ohio, on our left an old savage camp. The island on -which we were, pictured in the water and reproduced by a mirage, poised -its double perspective before us. In the east, the moon rested upon -distant hills; in the west, the vault of the sky was melted into a sea -of diamonds and sapphires, in which the sun, half-immersed, appeared to -be dissolving. The animals of creation were keeping watch; the earth, -in adoration, seemed to offer incense to the sky, and the amber exhaled -from its bosom fell back upon it in the form of dew, as prayers fall -back upon those who pray. - -Abandoned by my companions, I lay resting by the edge of a clump of -trees: its darkness, glazed with light, formed the penumbra in which -I sat. Fire-flies gleamed among the crape-covered shrubs and became -obscured when they passed through the irradiations of the moon. I -heard the sounds made by the rise and fall of the lake, the leap of the -gold-fish, and the rare cry of the diver. My eyes were fixed upon the -water; I gradually lapsed into the state of drowsiness known to men who -travel the world's highways: I lost all clearness of recollection; I -felt myself living and vegetating with nature in a kind of pantheism. -I leant back against the trunk of a magnolia-tree and fell asleep; my -slumbers floated upon a vague surface of hope. - -When I emerged from this Lethe, I found myself between two women: the -odalisks had returned; they did not wish to arouse me; they had sat -down silently by my side; whether they had feigned sleep or had really -slumbered, their heads had fallen on my shoulders. - -A breeze blew through the grove and deluged us in a shower of -rose-leaves from the magnolia. Then the younger of the Seminoles began -to sing: let whomsoever is not sure of his life beware of ever thus -exposing himself! No one knows the strength of the passion that glides -with melody into a man's breast. A rude and jealous voice replied: a -" Burnt-wood" was calling the two cousins; they started and rose: the -dawn was beginning to break. - -In the absence of Aspasia alone, I have since repeated this scene -on the shores of Greece: ascending to the columns of the Parthenon -with the dawn, I saw the Cithæron, Mount Hymettus, the Acropolis of -Corinth, the tombs, the ruins, bathed in a dew of golden, transparent, -shimmering light, reflected by the seas and wafted like a perfume by -the zephyrs from Salamis and Delos. - -We finished on the bank our voyage without words. At noon, we broke up -the camp to inspect the horses which the Creeks wished to sell and the -traders to buy. Women and children, all were summoned as witnesses, -according to the custom in solemn bargains. Stallions of every age -and colour, foals and mares, with bulls, cows and heifers, began to -scamper and gallop around us. Amid this confusion, I became separated -from the Creeks. A thick group of men and horses gathered on the -skirt of a wood. Suddenly, in the distance, I perceived my two fair -Floridans; vigorous hands seated them upon the cruppers of two barbs -ridden bare-backed by a "Burnt-wood" and a Seminole. O Cid, why had -not I thy swift Babieça that I might overtake them! The mares galloped -off, the immense squadron followed them. The horses rushed, jumped, -bounded, neighed, amid the horns of the bulls and buffaloes, their -hoofs clashed in mid-air, their tails and manes flew blood-stained. -A whirlwind of voracious insects swarmed about this wild cavalry. My -Floridans disappeared from sight like Ceres' daughter, snatched by the -god of the nether world. - -[Sidenote: End of my Floridan romance.] - -Thus does everything prove abortive in my life, thus is nought left -me save pictures of what has passed so quickly: I shall descend to -the Elysian Fields with more shades than mortal man has ever taken -with him. The fault lies with my organization: I am never able to take -advantage of any piece of good fortune; I can never take an interest in -anything whatever that interests others. Putting religion aside, I have -no beliefs. Shepherd or king, what should I have done with my sceptre -or my crook? I should have wearied equally of glory or genius, work or -leisure, prosperity or misfortune. Everything tires me: laboriously I -tow my weariness after my days, and, wherever I go, I yawn away my life. - -* - -Ronsard[515] shows us Mary Stuart[516] ready to set out for Scotland -after the death of François II[517]. Was I like Mary Stuart wandering -through Fontainebleau, when I wandered about my savannah after my -widowerhood? One thing is certain, that my mind, if not my person, was -wrapped in "a long crape, subtil and flowing," as Ronsard also says, -that old poet of the new school. - -The devil having flown away with the Muskhogulge damsels, I was told -by the guide that a "Burnt-wood," who was in love with one of the two -women, was jealous of me and had resolved with a Seminole, the brother -of the other cousin, to carry Atala and Céluta off from me. The guides -spoke of them bluntly as "painted girls," which shocked my vanity. -I felt the more humiliated in that the "Burnt-wood," my favoured -rival, was a lean, ugly, dark-skinned mosquito, possessing all the -characteristics of the insects which, according to the entomologists of -the Grand Lama, are animals whose flesh is inside their bones. Solitude -appeared empty to me after my misadventure. I gave the cold shoulder -to my sylph, who generously hastened to console her faithless lover, -like Julie when she forgave Saint-Preux his Parisian Floridans[518]. I -lost no time in quitting the desert in which I have since resuscitated -the drowsy companions of my night. I know not whether I gave back to -them the life they gave me: at least I made a virgin of one, a virtuous -spouse of the other, by way of expiation. - -We again crossed the Blue Mountains, and approached the European -clearings in the neighbourhood of Chillicothe. I had gathered no light -upon the principal object of my enterprise; but I was escorted by a -world of poetry: - - Comme une jeune abeille aux roses engagée - Ma muse revenait de son butin chargée[519]. - -On the bank of a stream I saw an American house: at one end a -farm-house, at the other a mill. I went in, asked for food and shelter, -and was well received. - -My hostess led me by a ladder to a room above the shaft of the -hydraulic apparatus. My little casement-window, festooned with ivy and -cobæas with iris bells, opened above the stream which flowed, narrow -and solitary, between two thick borders of willows, elms, sassafras, -tamarinds, and Carolina poplars. The moss-grown mill-wheel turned -beneath their shade and let fall long ribands of water. Perch and trout -leapt in the foam of the eddy; water-wagtails flew from bank to bank, -and various kinds of kingfishers fluttered their blue wings above the -current. - -How happy should I have been there with the "sad" one, had she been -faithful to me, seated dreaming at her feet, my head laid upon her -knees, listening to the noise of the weir, the rotations of the wheel, -the rolling of the mill-stone, the sifting of the bolter, the even -beating of the clapper, breathing the freshness of the water and the -scent from the husks of the pearl-barley. - -Night came. I went down to the sitting-room of the farm-house. It was -lighted only by maize-straw and husks of beans blazing in the hearth. -The fire-arms of the master of the house, lying horizontally in the -gun-rack, gleamed in the reflections from the fireplace. I sat down -upon a stool in the chimney-corner, near a squirrel, which jumped from -the back of a large dog to the shelf of a spinning-wheel and back -again. A kitten installed itself upon my knee to watch this sport. The -miller's wife put a large stew-pot on the fire, the flames of which -played round the pot's black bottom like a radiant golden crown. While -I watched the sweet potatoes boiling for my supper, I amused myself by -reading by the firelight, with lowered head, an English newspaper which -had fallen on the floor between my legs. Printed in large letters I -read the words: - - -FLIGHT OF THE KING. - - -It was the story of the flight of Louis XVI., and the arrest of the -unfortunate monarch at Varennes[520]. The paper also described the -progress of the emigration and the gathering of the officers of the -army around the flag of the French Princes. - -A sudden conversion took place within my mind. Rinaldo beheld his -weakness in the mirror of honour in Armida's gardens; I was not Tasso's -hero, but the same looking-glass showed me my image in the midst of an -American orchard. The clash of arms, the world's tumult resounded in -my ears under the thatch of a mill hidden in unknown woods. I abruptly -interrupted my travels, and said to myself: - -"Go back to France." - -Thus it happened that my sense of duty upset my early plans, and -occasioned the first of the revolutions that have marked my career. -The Bourbons no more needed that a cadet of Brittany should return -from across the seas to offer them his obscure devotion than they have -needed his services since he has emerged from his obscurity. Had I lit -my pipe with the newspaper which changed the course of my life, and -continued my journey, no one would have remarked my absence; my life -was at that time as unknown and weighed as little as the smoke from my -calumet. A simple contest between myself and my conscience flung me -upon the world's stage. I could have acted as I pleased, since I alone -was a witness of the struggle; but, of all witnesses, that is the one -before whose eyes I should most fear to blush. - -Why is it that the solitudes of Erie and Ontario present themselves to -my thoughts today with a charm which the brilliant spectacle of the -Bosphorus is not able to possess in my memory? It is because, at the -time of my journey in the United States, I was full of illusions: the -troubles of France commenced at the same time as the commencement of my -existence; nothing was complete in myself or in the land of my birth. -Those days are dear to me because they recall to me the innocence of -sentiments inspired by the family and the pleasures of youth. - -Fifteen years later, after my journey in the Levant, the Republic, -swollen with ruins and tears, had discharged itself like a torrent from -the deluge into despotism. I no longer deluded myself with chimeras; my -recollections, thenceforth taking their source in society and passions, -lacked candour. Deceived in both my pilgrimages to the West and to the -East, I had failed to discover the passage to the Pole, I had failed to -snatch glory on the banks of Niagara, where I had gone in search of it, -and I had left it seated on the ruins of Athens. - -After setting out to be a traveller in America and returning to be a -soldier in Europe, I did not go the whole length of either of those -careers: an evil genius snatched the staff and the sword from my hand, -and put the pen there in its stead. Fifteen more years have elapsed -since, finding myself at Sparta, and contemplating the sky during the -night, I recalled the countries that had already witnessed my peaceful -or troubled sleep: on the commons of England, in the plains of Italy, -upon the high-seas, in the Canadian forests, I had already saluted the -same stars which I saw shine upon the land of Helen and Menelaus. But -what would it avail me to complain to the stars, the fixed witnesses -of my vagrant destinies? One day their gaze will cease to tire itself -by pursuing me; meantime, indifferent to my fate, I will not ask those -stars to move it with a gentler influence nor to restore to me that -portion of life which the traveller leaves behind in the places at -which he touches. - -Were I to revisit the United States today, I should no longer recognize -them: there where I left forests, I should find tilled fields; there -where I traced a path for myself across the thickets, I should travel -on the high-roads; at Natchez, instead of Céluta's hut, stands a town -of some five thousand inhabitants; Chactas might today be sent to -Congress. I have lately received a pamphlet printed among the Cherokees -and addressed to myself, in the interests of those savages, as "the -defender of the liberty of the press." - -In the land of the Muskhogulges, the Seminoles, the Chickasaws, we find -a city of Athens, another of Marathon, another of Carthage, another of -Memphis, another of Sparta, another of Florence; there is a County of -Columbia and a County of Marengo: the glory of every country has placed -a name in the same wastes where I met Father Aubry and the obscure -Atala. Kentucky exhibits a Versailles; a territory called Bourbon has -a Paris for its capital. - -All the exiles, all the fugitives from oppression who have taken refuge -in America have carried there the memory of their country. - - Falsi Simoentis ad undam - Libabat cineri Andromache[521]. - -The United States offer in their bosom, under the protection of -liberty, an image and a memory of the greater part of the famous spots -of antiquity and of modern Europe: the Emperor Hadrian caused copies -of the monuments of his empire to be placed in his garden in the Roman -Campagna. - -[Sidenote: American progress.] - -Thirty-three high-roads run out of Washington, as formerly the Roman -roads started from the Capitol; spreading asunder, they end at the -circumference of the United States and trace a circulation of 25,747 -miles. Posting-stations are established on a large number of these -roads. One now takes the coach for the Ohio or Niagara as in my time -one took a guide or an Indian interpreter. The means of transport are -two-fold: lakes and rivers abound, and are connected by canals; you -can travel alongside of the high-roads in rowing or sailing-boats, -barges or steamers. Fuel is inexhaustible, since immense forests cover -coal-mines level with the surface. - -The population of the United States has increased in every decade -from 1790 to 1820 at the rate of 35 per cent. It is calculated that -in 1830 the population will amount to 12,875,000 souls. Continuing to -double every twenty-five years, it should amount in 1855 to 25,750,000 -souls, and twenty-five years later, in 1880, it should exceed fifty -millions[522]. - -This human sap causes the wilderness to thrive on every side. The -Canadian lakes, on which lately no sail was to be seen, now resemble -docks in which frigates, corvettes, cutters and barks pass Indian -pirogues and canoes, in the same way in which the big ships and galleys -mix with the pinks, sloops and caiques in the waters of Constantinople. -The Mississippi, the Missouri, the Ohio no longer pursue a solitary -course: three-masters ascend their currents; over two hundred -steam-boats enliven their banks. This immense inland navigation, which -alone would ensure the prosperity of the United States, does not -lessen their distant expeditions. Their vessels sail all the seas, -engage in all forms of enterprise, carry the Stars and Stripes from the -horizon of the setting sun to the shores where the sun rises, shores -that have never known aught but slavery. - -To complete this surprising scene, one must picture to one's self -cities like Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Charleston, -Savannah, New Orleans, lighted at night, filled with horses and -carriages, adorned with coffee-houses, museums, libraries, ball-rooms, -theatres, displaying all the enjoyments of luxury. - -At the same time, the United States must not be searched for that which -distinguishes man above the other beings of creation, for that which -constitutes his certificate of immortality and the ornament of his -days: literature is unknown in the new republic, although called for -by a multitude of institutions. The American has replaced intellectual -by positive operations. Do not impute to him as an inferiority his -mediocrity in the arts, for it is not in that direction that he has -turned his attention. Cast through various causes upon a desert soil, -he made agriculture and commerce the first objects of his cares: before -thinking, one must live; before planting trees, one must fell them, in -order to till the ground. - -The primitive colonists, it is true, their minds steeped in religious -controversy, carried the passion for disputation into the very heart -of the forests; but it was necessary for them first to shoulder their -axes and march to the conquest of the desert: their sole pulpit, in -the intervals between their labours, was the elm they were engaged -in squaring. The Americans have not passed through the ages of other -nations: they left their childhood and their youth in Europe; the -artless words of the cradle were unknown to them; they enjoyed the -delights of home only through the medium of their regrets for a native -land which they had never seen, and of which they mourned the eternal -absence and the charm they had heard of from others. - -The new continent has no classical literature, nor romantic literature, -nor Indian literature: for the classical, the Americans have no models; -for the romantic, no middle-ages; I for the Indian, the Americans -despise the savages and loathe the sight of the woods as of a prison to -which they were once condemned. - -And thus it comes that literature as a thing apart, literature -properly so-called, does not exist in America; what one finds is -applied literature, answering to the different needs of society: the -literature of workmen, merchants, sailors, farmers. Americans succeed -in mechanics and science, because science has its material side. -Franklin[523] and Fulton[524] took possession of lightning and steam -for the benefit of mankind. It fell to America to endow the world with -the discovery, thanks to which no continent can henceforward escape the -mariner's search. - -Poetry and imagination, the portion of a very small number of idlers, -are regarded in the United States as puerilities appertaining to the -first and to the last age of life. The Americans have had no childhood -and have as yet had no old age. - -[Sidenote: The American presidents.] - -Hence it follows that men engaged upon serious studies have necessarily -been obliged to take part in the affairs of their country in order to -become acquainted with them, and in the same way they inevitably found -themselves actors in their revolution. But one melancholy fact must be -observed, which is the prompt degeneration of talent, from the first -men, who figured in the American troubles, down to the men of these -latter days; and yet those men all touch. The old presidents of the -Republic have a religious, simple, lofty, calm character, of which we -find no trace in the blood-stained tumults of our own Republic and -Empire. The solitude with which the Americans were surrounded reacted -upon their nature; they achieved their liberty in silence. - -General Washington's farewell address[525] to the people of the United -States might have been uttered by the gravest characters of antiquity: - - "How far in the discharge of my official duties," says the - General, "I have been guided by the principles which have - been delineated, the public records and other evidence of my - conduct must witness to you, and to the world. To myself, - the assurance of my own conscience is, that I have at least - believed myself to be guided by them.... - - "Though, in reviewing the incidents of my Administration, I - am unconscious of intentional error--I am nevertheless too - sensible of my defects not to think it probable that I may - have committed many errors. Whatever they may be, I fervently - beseech the Almighty to avert or mitigate the evils to which - they may tend. I shall also carry with me the hope that my - country will never cease to view them with indulgence; and - that, after forty-five years of my life dedicated to its - service, with an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent - abilities will be consigned to oblivion, as myself must soon - be to the mansions of rest." - -Jefferson[526] in his house at Monticello, wrote, after the death of -one of his two children: - - "The loss which I have experienced is a really great one. - Others may lose of that which they possess in abundance, - but I, of my whole portion, have now to deplore the loss of - one-half. The declining years of my life are now held up by - the slender thread of one human life. Perhaps I am destined - to see the last tie of a father's affection broken!" - -Philosophy, which is rarely touching, is here touching in the highest -degree. And this is not the idle grief of a man who had played no part -in life. Jefferson died on the 4th of July 1826, in the eighty-fourth -year of his age, and the fifty-fourth year of the independence of his -country. His remains lie covered with a stone, having for sole epitaph -the words: - - THOMAS JEFFERSON, - - AUTHOR OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. - -Pericles and Demosthenes pronounced the funeral oration of the young -Greeks who had fallen for a people that disappeared soon after -themselves: in 1817, Brackenridge[527] celebrated the death of the -young Americans whose blood gave birth to a nation. - -We have a national gallery of portraits of distinguished Americans, in -four volumes octavo, and what is more singular, a biography containing -the lives of over one hundred of the principal Indian chiefs. -Logan[528], the Virginian chief, uttered these words before Lord -Dunmore[529]: - -"Colonel Cresap[530], the last spring, in cold blood and unprovoked, -murdered all the relations of Logan. There runs not a drop of my blood -in the veins of any living creature that called on me for revenge. I -have sought it; I have killed many.... Who is there to mourn for Logan? -Not one." - -Without loving nature, the Americans have applied themselves to the -study of natural history. Townsend[531] set out from Philadelphia -and traversed on foot the regions separating the Atlantic from the -Pacific Ocean, jotting down numerous observations in his journal. -Thomas Say[532], who travelled in Florida and in the Rocky Mountains, -has published a work on American entomology. Wilson[533], a weaver who -became an author, has left some rather finished pictures. - -[Sidenote: American literature.] - -To turn to literature proper, although it does not amount to much, -there are, nevertheless, a few writers to be mentioned among the -novelists and poets. Brown[534], the son of a Quaker, is the author -of _Wieland_, which is the source and model of the novels of the new -school. Unlike his fellow-countrymen: - -"I prefer," said Brown, "roaming in the forests to thrashing corn." - -Wieland, the hero of the novel, is a Puritan whom Heaven has commanded -to kill his wife: - -"'I have brought thee hither,' says he to her, 'to fulfil a divine -command. I am appointed thy destroyer, and destroy thee I must.' - -"Saying this, I seized her wrists. She shrieked aloud, and endeavoured -to free herself from my grasp.... - -"'Wieland.... Am I not thy wife? And wouldst thou kill me? Thou wilt -not; oh!... Spare me-spare-help, help--' - -"Till her breath was stopped she shrieked for help-for mercy." - -* - -Wieland strangles his wife, and experiences unspeakable delights by the -side of her dead corpse. The horror of our modern inventions is here -surpassed. Brown had trained his mind by reading _Caleb Williams_[535], -and in _Wieland_ he copied a scene from _Othello._ - -At the present day, the American novelists Cooper[536] and Washington -Irving[537] are obliged to take refuge in Europe to find chronicles -and a public. The language of the great English writers has been -"creolized," "provincialized," "barbarized," without gaining anything -in energy in the midst of a virgin nature; it has become necessary to -draw up catalogues of American expressions. - -As to the American poets, their language has charm, but they rarely -rise above the common-place. Still, the _Ode to the Evening Breeze_, -the _Sunrise on the Mount_, the _Torrent_, and some other poems, -deserve a passing glance. Halleck[538] has sung the death of Bozzaris, -and George Hill[539] has wandered among the Ruins of Athens: - - Alas! for her, the beautiful, but lone, - Dethroned queen[540]!... - -And again: - - There sits the queen of temples[541]--grey and lone. - She, like the last of an imperial line, - Has seen her sister structures, one by one, - To time their gods and worshippers resign[542]. - -It pleases me, a traveller on the shores of Hellas and Atlantis, to -hear the independent voice of a land unknown to antiquity lamenting the -lost liberty of the old world. - -[Sidenote: American politics.] - -But will America preserve her form of government? Will the States not -become divided? Has not a representative of Virginia already maintained -the theory of ancient liberty with slaves, the result of paganism, -against a representative of Massachusetts, defending the cause of -modern liberty without slaves, as Christianity made it? Are not the -Northern and Southern States opposed in mind and interests? Will not -the Western States, so far removed from the Atlantic, wish to have a -separate government? On the one hand, is the federal bond sufficiently -powerful to maintain the union, and to compel each State to draw closer -to it? On the other hand, if the presidential power be increased, will -not despotism come with the guards and privileges of the dictator? - -The isolation of the United States has permitted them to spring into -being and to increase: it is doubtful whether they would have been able -to exist and grow in Europe. Federal Switzerland subsists in our midst; -but why? Because she is small, poor, cantoned in the bosom of the -mountains, a nursery of soldiers for kings, a goal for travellers. - -Separated from the old world, the population of the United States still -inhabits the solitude: its deserts have been its liberty; but already -the conditions of its existence are altering. - -The existence of the democracies of Mexico, Columbia, Peru, Chile, -Buenos Ayres, always troubled as they are, constitute a danger. When -the United States had nothing near them except the colonies of a -Transatlantic kingdom, no serious war was probable; now, are there not -rivalries to be dreaded? Let men on both sides have recourse to arms, -let the military spirit seize upon the children of Washington, and a -great captain may rise to the throne: glory loves crowns. - -I have said that the Northern, Southern, and Western States were -divided in interests; that is common knowledge: if these States break -up the union, will they be reduced by force of arms? In that case, -what a leaven of hatred will be spread through the social body! Will -the dissenting States maintain their independence? In that case, what -discords will not break out among those emancipated States! Those -republics across the sea, once uncoupled, would no longer form aught -save feeble units without weight in the social balance, where they -would be successively subjugated by one of their number (I leave on -one side the serious question of alliances and foreign intervention). -Kentucky, peopled as it is with a race of men bred in the open air, -harder and more soldier-like, would seem destined to become the -conquering State. In this State devouring the others, the power of one -would soon rise upon the ruins of the power of all. - -I have spoken of the danger of war; I must point out the dangers of -a long peace. Since their emancipation, the United States have, with -the exception of a few months, enjoyed the most profound tranquillity; -while Europe was shaken with a hundred battles, the United States -tilled their fields in safety. Hence we find an overflowing population -and riches, with all the drawbacks of a superabundance of riches and -population. If hostilities came unexpectedly upon an unwarlike people, -would it be able to offer resistance? Would its fortunes and habits -consent to sacrifices? How could it give up the bland usages, the -comfort, the indolent well-being of life? China and India, asleep in -their muslin draperies, have constantly endured the foreign yoke. That -which is best suited to the complexion of a free society is a state of -peace moderated by war, and a state of war tempered with peace. The -Americans have already worn the olive-crown too long continuously: the -tree that provides it is not a native of their shores. - -The commercial spirit is beginning to take possession of them; -self-interest is becoming their national vice. Already the speculations -of the banks of the different States clash with one another, and -bankruptcies threaten the fortunes of the community. So long as liberty -produces gold, an industrial republic does wonders; but when the gold -is acquired or exhausted, it loses its love of independence, which is -not based upon a moral sentiment, but arises from the thirst for gain -and the passion for trade. - -Moreover, it is difficult to create a mother-country among States which -have nothing in common in religion or interests, which, issuing from -various sources and at various times, live on a different soil and -under a different sun. What connection is there between a Frenchman of -Louisiana, a Spaniard of Florida, a German of New York, an Englishman -of New England, Virginia, Carolina, Georgia, who are all reckoned as -Americans? One is thoughtless and a duelist; the next a Catholic, -lazy and haughty; the other a Lutheran, a husbandman, with no slaves; -another, an Anglican and a planter, with negroes; yet another, a -Puritan and a merchant: how many centuries will be needed to make these -elements homogeneous? - -A chrysogenous[543] aristocracy is ready to appear with the love of -distinctions and the passion for titles. Men think that a general level -prevails in the United States: that is a complete mistake. There are -sets in their society which despise one another and refuse to mix; -there are houses in which the arrogance of the master exceeds that of -a German prince with sixteen quarterings. These plebeian nobles aspire -to form a caste in the face of the progress in enlightenment which made -them equal and free. Some of them speak of nothing but their ancestors, -proud barons, bastards apparently and companions of William the -Bastard. They display the knightly blazons of the Old World, enriched -with the serpents, lizards, and parrots of the New. A Gascon younger -son, landing on the republican shores with nothing but his nobility and -his umbrella, becomes a person of consideration on the steam-boats, if -he will only take care to call himself "marquis." - -[Sidenote: American manners.] - -The enormous inequality of fortunes threatens still more seriously to -kill the spirit of equality. There are Americans with incomes of one -or two millions a year; and already the Yankees of high society are no -longer able to live as Franklin did: the true "gentleman," disgusted -with his new country, goes to Europe in search of the old; one meets -him at the inns, making "tours" in Italy like the English, tours marked -by extravagance or spleen. These ramblers from Carolina or Virginia -buy ruined abbeys in France, and lay out English gardens with American -trees at Melun. Naples sends its singers and perfumers to New York, -Paris its fashions and dancers, London its grooms and prize-fighters: -exotic delights which do not add to the gaiety of the Union. There -they amuse themselves by jumping into the Falls of Niagara, amid the -applause of fifty thousand planters, semi-savages whose merriment is -with difficulty aroused by the sight of death. - -And what is so extraordinary is that, at the very time when the -inequality of fortunes is extending and an aristocracy is springing -into being, the great levelling movement outside obliges the industrial -or landed proprietors to hide their luxury, to dissimulate their -wealth, for fear of being knocked on the head by their neighbours. -These refuse to recognize the executive power; they dismiss the local -authorities whom they have chosen at will, and elect others in their -stead. This in no way disturbs order; practical democracy is observed, -while the laws laid down by the same democracy in theory are laughed -at. The family spirit scarcely exists; so soon as the child is fit to -work, he has to fly with his own wings, like the newly-fledged bird. -Out of these generations emancipated in a premature orphanage, and out -of the emigrants arriving from Europe, are formed nomadic companies -which clear the land, dig canals, and carry their trade in every -direction without becoming attached to the soil; they run up houses in -the desert in which the transient owner will live scarce a few days. - -A cold and hard egotism reigns in the towns; piastres and dollars, -bank-notes and silver, the rise and fall of stocks, these form the sole -subject of conversation: one imagines one's self on 'Change or in the -counting-house of a large shop. The newspapers, huge in dimensions, are -filled with business articles or scurrilous gossip. Could the Americans -be unconsciously submitting to the law of a climate in which vegetable -nature seems to have benefited at the expense of living nature, a law -combated by some distinguished minds, and yet not put entirely out of -court by its refutation? It might be worth while to inquire whether the -American has not been too soon used up in philosophic liberty, as the -Russian has been in civilized despotism. - -To sum up, the United States give the idea of a colony, not of a parent -country; they have no past, their manners owe their existence to the -laws. These citizens of the New World took rank among the nations at -the moment when political ideas were entering upon an upward phase: -this explains why they change with such extraordinary rapidity. A -permanent form of society seems to become impracticable in their case, -thanks, on the one hand, to the extreme weariness of individuals; on -the other, to the impossibility of remaining in one spot, the necessity -for movement, by which they are dominated: for one is never very firmly -fixed where the household gods are wandering gods. Placed on the ocean -road, at the head of progressive opinions as new as his country, the -American seems to have received from Columbus a mission to discover -fresh worlds rather than to create them. - -* - -On returning to Philadelphia from the desert, as I have already said, -having hurriedly written on the road "what I have just related," like -the old man in La Fontaine, I did not find the remittances I expected: -this was the commencement of the pecuniary difficulties in which I have -been plunged ever since. Fortune and I conceived a mutual dislike at -first sight. According to Herodotus, certain Indian ants used to heap -together piles of gold; according to Athenæus, the sun gave Hercules a -golden ship in which to accost the island of Erythia, the home of the -Hesperides: ant though I be, I have not the honour to belong to the -great Indian family; and navigator though I be, I have never crossed -the sea, save in a wooden bark. It was a vessel of this kind which -brought me back to Europe from America. The captain gave me my passage -on credit. On the 10th of December 1791, I embarked with several of -my fellow-countrymen who were returning to France, like myself, for -various reasons. The ship's destination was the Havre. - -[Sidenote: I return to Europe.] - -A westerly gale caught us at the mouth of the Delaware and drove us -right across the Atlantic in seventeen days. Often, scudding under -bare poles, we were scarcely able to bring to. The sun did not appear -a single time. The vessel, steering by a dead reckoning, flew before -the waves. I crossed the ocean among shadows; never had it looked to me -so sad. I myself, sadder still, was returning deceived, after my first -step taken in life: - -"Palaces are not built upon the sea," says the Persian poet -Feryd-Eddyn[544]. - -I felt a vague heaviness of heart, as at the approach of a great -misfortune. Turning my eyes over the waves, I asked them to tell me my -destiny, or else I used to write, more inconvenienced by their motion -than troubled by their threats. - -So far from calming, the tempest increased the nearer we came to -Europe; but it blew steadily: the uniformity of its raging produced -a sort of furious lull in the wan sky and leaden sea. The captain, -having no means of taking the altitude, was uneasy; he climbed into -the shrouds and scanned each point of the horizon through a telescope. -A look-out was placed on the bowsprit, another in the main-top-mast -cross-trees. The sea became choppy, and the colour of the water -changed, signs that we were approaching land: what land? The Breton -sailors have a proverb, "Who sees Belle-Isle sees his isle; who sees -Groie sees his joy; who sees Ouessant's shore sees his gore." - -I had spent two nights in walking the deck, to the hissing of the -waves in the dark, the moaning of the wind in the rigging, and the -constant dashing of the sea which swept the decks: the waves rioted -all around us. Tired with the shocks and jerks of the vessel, I went -below early on the third night. The weather was terrible; my hammock -creaked and rocked with the blows of the sea, which, breaking over -the vessel, threatened to dislocate her very planks. Soon I heard -men running from one end of the deck to the other, and coils of rope -falling: I experienced the motion which one feels when a vessel is put -about. The hatch of the steerage ladder was thrown open; a frightened -voice called for the captain: that voice, in the middle of the night -and the tempest, sounded tremendous. I listened; I thought I heard -sailors discussing the lie of a coast. I tumbled out of my hammock; a -sea drove in the quarter-deck, flooded the captain's room, knocked over -and rolled pell-mell tables, mattresses, chests, furniture, and arms; I -made my way on deck half-drowned. - -When I put my head out of the steerage, a splendid sight met my eyes. -The ship had tried to put about; but, failing in this attempt she had -become embayed under the stress of the wind. By the light of the moon, -her horns broken by the clouds, from beneath which she emerged only -to be hidden by them again, we discovered on either side of the ship, -through a yellow fog, a coast bristling with rocks. The sea threw -up waves like mountains in the channel in which we found ourselves -engulfed: now they scattered into foam and spray; again they presented -merely an oily and vitreous surface, mottled with black, coppery, or -greenish stains, according to the colour of the bottom over which they -roared. During two or three minutes, the moaning of the abyss and that -of the wind would be confused; the next moment, one distinguished the -ripple of the currents, the hissing on the reefs, the voice of the -distant surge. From the hold of the ship issued sounds which made the -hearts of the stoutest sailors beat faster. The stem of the vessel cut -through the thick mass of waves with a hideous crash, and, at the helm, -torrents of water flowed away eddying as from the mouth of a sluice. -Amid all this uproar, nothing was so alarming as a certain dull, -murmuring sound, like that of a vase filling. - -Lighted by a ship's lantern and held down by weights, harbour-books, -charts, and log-books lay spread out upon a hen-coop. A gust of wind -had put out the binnacle-lamp. Every one was at variance about the -land. We had entered the Channel without noticing it; the vessel, -staggering under each wave, was drifting between the islands of -Guernsey and Alderney. Our shipwreck appeared inevitable, and the -passengers put up their valuables to save them. - -The crew included some French seamen; one of them, in the absence -of a chaplain, raised the hymn to "Our Lady of Succour," the first -thing I had learnt as a child; I repeated it in sight of the coast -of Brittany, almost under my mother's eyes. The American Protestant -sailors joined in chorus in the song of their French Catholic mates: -danger teaches men their weakness and unites their prayers. All, -passengers and sailors, were on deck, one clinging to the rigging, -another to the sides, another to the capstan, others to the bills -of the anchors, in order not to be swept away by the sea or thrown -overboard by the heaving of the ship. The captain shouted, "An axe! an -axe!" to cut away the masts; and the rudder, of which the tiller had -been forsaken, swung from side to side with a harsh sound. - -[Sidenote: And I am nearly shipwrecked.] - -One experiment remained to be tried: the lead marked only four fathoms -on a sand-bank which crossed the channel; it was just possible that the -swell might enable us to clear this bank and carry us into deep water; -but who would dare to seize the helm and charge himself with the common -safety? One false turn of the tiller, and we were lost. - -One of those men who spring from events and who are the spontaneous -children of danger was found: a New York sailor took the post deserted -by the steersman. I seem still to see him in his shirt and canvas -trousers, his bare feet, his tangled streaming hair, holding the tiller -in his powerful grasp, while, with turned head, he looked over the -stern at the sea which was to save or sink us. See that great wave -coming, embracing the whole width of the channel, rolling high without -breaking, as it were a sea invading the billows of another sea: large -white birds go before with a calm flight, like the birds of death. -The ship touched and struck; there was a complete silence; every face -turned pale. The swell came: at the moment when it touched us, the -sailor put down the helm; the vessel, just ready to fall on her side, -turned her stern, and the swell, which seemed about to swallow us, -lifted her. The lead was heaved; it registered twenty-seven fathoms. A -cheer rose to the sky, and we added a shout of "Long live the King!" -God did not hear it for Louis XVI.; it benefited none save ourselves. - -Although clear of the two islands, we were not out of danger; we were -unable to run up above the coast of Granville. At last the ebbing -tide carried us out, and we doubled Cape La Hougue. I experienced no -agitation during the semi-shipwreck and felt no delight at being saved. -Better to give up possession of one's life while young than to be -evicted from it by time. - -The next day we entered the Havre. The whole population had come out -to see us. Our top-masts were broken, our boats carried away, our -quarter-deck cut down, and we shipped water at every pitch of the -vessel. I landed on the jetty. On the 2nd of January 1792, I once more -trod my native soil, which was soon again to slip from under ray feet I -brought with me no Esquimaux from the Polar regions, but two savages of -an unknown species: Chactas and Atala. - -[427] This book was written in London between April and September 1822, -and revised December 1846.--T. - -[428] The 5th of April was the date of Chateaubriand's arrival in -London. He landed at Dover from the French packet Antigone, on the -evening of the 4th (_Moniteur_, 11 April 1822).--B. - -[429] This should read the Ship Inn, also known as Wright's Hotel.--T. - -[430] Baron A. Billing, _attaché_ to the French Embassy in London -(1822), and afterwards _chargé d'affaires_ at Naples (1834).--B. - -[431] The Comte Georges de Caraman, son of the Duc de Caraman, -Ambassador to Vienna.--B. - -[432] Marie Louis Jean André Charles Demartin du Tyrac, Comte de -Marcellus (1795-1865). While secretary of embassy in 1820, he -discovered the Venus of Milo, now at the Louvre. He was _chargé -d'affaires_ in London during Chateaubriand's absence at the Congress -of Verona, and was appointed Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs -in the Polignac Ministry. Marcellus was the author of, among other -works, a valuable volume on the subject of these Memoirs, entitled, -_Chateaubriand et son temps._--B. - -[433] François Adolphe Comte de Bourqueney (1799-1869). Here signed -upon Chateaubriand's dismissal in 1824. In 1840 he was again secretary -of embassy in London, _chargé d'affaires_ in 1841, Ambassador to -Constantinople in 1844, and Ambassador to Vienna under the Second -Empire. Louis-Philippe created him a baron (1842), and Napoleon III. a -count (1859).--B. - -[434] - - "Ah, my Lord, how your Lordship's life, - In which such honours now are rife, - Differs from those happy days!" ---T. - -[435] The Duc Decazes was French Ambassador in London from 17 February -1820 to 9 February 1822.--B. - -[436] George IV. (1762-1850) came to the throne in 1820, after being -Prince Regent since 1811.--T. - -[437] Robert Banks Jenkinson, second Earl of Liverpool (1770-1828), -Prime Minister from 1812 to 1827.--T. - -[438] Chateaubriand refers to the statue of James II., not Charles II., -which stood until recent years in Whitehall Gardens, behind Whitehall, -and was entirely hidden from view by the United Service Institute. -This very beautiful statue has now been placed in a more conspicuous -position in a garden standing back from the Whitehall pavement, beside -Gwydyr House.--T. - -[439] Marie Antoinette was guillotined 16 October 1793; 21 January was -the date of the execution of Louis XVI.--T. - -[440] Robert Stewart, second Marquess of Londonderry, K.G. (1769-1822), -Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in the Liverpool Ministry. He -bore the title of Viscount Castlereagh until the death of his father -in 1821. He cut his throat on the 13th of August of this same year -1822.--T. - -[441] Arthur Wellesley, first Duke of Wellington, K.G. (1769-1852) -became Premier in 1828.--T. - -[442] George Canning (1770-1827) became Foreign Secretary upon the -suicide of Castlereagh.--T. - -[443] Sarah Child Villiers, Countess of Jersey (1787-1867), was Lady -Sarah Fane, eldest daughter of the tenth Earl of Westmorland, and -grand-daughter of Robert Child the banker, whose fortune she inherited. -She married George Villiers, fourth Earl of Jersey, who assumed the -additional surname of Child in 1812, and became one of the reigning -queens of London society.--T. - -[444] Henry Brougham, first Lord Brougham and Vaux (1778-1868), had -lately made his name as counsel for Queen Caroline at her trial (1820). -He became Lord Chancellor and a peer in 1834.--T. - -[445] Priscilla Barbara Elizabeth Lady Gwydyr (1761-1828) _née_ Bertie, -widow of the first Lord Gwydyr, and Baroness Willoughby de Eresby in -her own right.--T. - -[446] Louisa Murray, Countess of Mansfield (_d._ 1843), was the -Honourable Louisa Cathcart, daughter of the ninth Baron Cathcart, and -became Countess of Mansfield in her own right. In 1776 she married her -cousin David, seventh Viscount Stormont and second Earl of Mansfield. -He died in 1793, and in 1797 she married the Honourable Fulke Greville, -retaining her title as Countess of Mansfield.--T. - -[447] Almack's, the ball-room in King Street, St. James's, retained its -vogue from 1765 to 1840. Lady Mansfield was one of the lady patronesses -of Almack's.--T. - -[448] Julie Récamier (1777-1849), _née_ Bernard, wife of Récamier the -banker. A woman of great beauty and charm; she was painted by David and -Gérard, and sat to Canova for his bust of Beatrix. Chateaubriand became -and remained until his death the most intimate and assiduous of her -friends.--T. - -[449] Captain James Cook (1728-1779). His discoveries were still fresh -in the public mind in 1792.--T. - -[450] Chateaubriand met François Tulloch in 1826, after writing this -portion of his Memoirs. He does not tell us much about him even in the -_Essai sur les Révolutions_, where he speaks of Tulloch at some length. -It would appear, according to Chateaubriand, that he was the son of an -English father and a Scotch mother, and that he did not eventually take -orders, but remained in the world and married.--T. - -[451] VIR., _Æ._ I. 164. The correct quotation runs: _Æquora tuta -silent._--T. - -[452] The Azores were known to the Carthaginians, but fell out of the -map until rediscovered in 1431.--T. - -[453] GEN. i. 10.--T. - -[454] Agostino Pantaleone Giustiniani (1470-1531), Bishop of Nebbis in -Corsica, and author of the _Psalterium hebraicum, græcum, arabicum, -chaldaicum, cum tribus latinis interpretationibus et glossis_, the -first work of its kind published. Giustiniani was drowned in crossing -from Genoa to Corsica.--T. - -[455] Ps. XVIII.--T. - -[456] _Ibid._ 6.--T. - -[457] Luiz de Camoëns (1517 or 1525-1579), author of the _Lusiad_ which -treats of the exploits of Vasco da Gama, spent many years in India and -in exile in Macao, where he wrote his principal poem. On his return -from banishment, he was wrecked off the coast of Cochin China, where -he is said to have lost all he possessed, except the manuscript of the -_Lusiad._--T. - -[458] Guillaume le Breton (_circa_ 1165-_circa_ 1220), the historian -of Philip Augustus. The quotation is from his chronicle entitled, -_Philippidos libri duodecime, sive Gesta Philippi Augusti, versibus -heroïcis descripta._--T. - -[459] Ps. CVII. 27.--T. - -[460] - -"Burning with immortal ardour, -'Tis to God my hopes are turned."--T. - - -[461] TASSO, _Gerusalemme Liberata_, XV. 27.--B. - -[462] Jacques Cartier (1494--_circa_ 1554), the discoverer of -Newfoundland and of the greater part of Canada.--T. - -[463] _Génie du Christianisme_, Part I. book V. chap. 12: _Deux -perspectives de la Nature._--B. - -[464] William Penn (1644-1718), the Quaker. He commuted a claim upon -the Crown for a grant of land in North America, where he founded -the colony of Pennsylvania (1682), laying out Philadelphia as the -capital.--T. - -[465] Bonaparte died 5 May 1821.--T. - -[466] Alonso d'Ercilla y Zuffiga (_circa_ 1525-_circa_ 1600), a famous -Spanish poet and warrior. He began life as a page to Philip II., whom -he accompanied in his travels to France, Italy, Germany, and England. -In 1547 he joined the Chilean expedition, covered himself with glory in -the campaign against the Araucanians, and celebrated his own exploits -in the _Araucana_, an epic poem of very great merit.--T. - -[467] Michel de Castelnau, Sieur de La Mauvissière (_circa_ 1520-1592), -was five times Ambassador to England under Charles IX. and Henry III. -His Memoirs run from 1559 to 1570.--T. - -[468] CORNEILLE, _Attila_, Act I. scene I.: - - "Ils ne sont pas venus, nos deux rois; qu'on leur die - Qu'ils se font trop attendre, et qu'Attila s'ennuie." - - "Our two kings have not come; go out to them and say - That Attila is wearied, and brooks not such delay."--T. - - -[469] These measurements have since been rectified as being too high in -both cases.--_Author's Note_ (Geneva, 1832). - -[470] George Vancouver (1750-1798) accompanied Cook in his second and -third voyages round the world, and subsequently served under Rodney. He -was despatched on the expedition in question in 1790--T. - -[471] This appears to be an error for Lake Athabasca, on which Fort -Chippeway is situated, and which communicates by means of the Slave -River with Great Slave Lake and the Mackenzie River.--T. - -[472] Chateaubriand, in a footnote to the _Itinéraire_, confesses his -mistake in searching for the stone lion which, according to Herodotus, -marks the tomb of Leonidas and his companions, at Sparta instead of at -Thermopylæ.--B. - -[473] Sir Charles Asgill (1760-1823), an English general serving -under Cornwallis. He was taken prisoner by the insurgents and picked -out by lot to be shot by way of reprisals. He was saved through the -intervention of the French Government, and an act of the American -Congress revoked the sentence of death. Asgill visited Versailles to -thank Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette, who had actively interceded on -his behalf. The episode furnished a subject for a number of popular -novels and plays.--B. - -[474] Jean Baptiste Donatien de Viveur, Comte de Rochambeau -(1725-1807), was sent to America with 6000 men to assist the insurgents -and contributed towards effecting the capitulation of Cornwallis in -1781. He returned to France when peace was declared, became Governor -of Picardy and Artois, and was created a Marshal of France in 1791, -and given the command of the Northern Army. He vainly endeavoured to -restore discipline and resigned his command in 1792. He was condemned -to death by Robespierre, but made his escape.--T. - -[475] JOB, XXXIX. 19-25.--T. - -[476] The Abbé Paul François Velly (1709-1759) wrote the first seven -or eight volumes of the History of France in thirty volumes known as -the _Histoire de Velly, Villaret et Garnier._ These first eight volumes -which cover the period to the reign of Philip the Fair, are the weakest -of the whole compilation, especially the two first, which embrace the -history of the Frankish kings.--T. - -[477] Khilpérick or Chilperic I. (_d._ 584), King of Soissons, later -King of the Franks, youngest son of Clotaire I., King of the Franks.--T. - -[478] _Cf._ Plutarch's Life of Phocion.--B. - -[479] _Odyssey_, VII.--B. - -[480] Louis Joseph Marquis de Montcalm (1712-1759), entrusted with the -defense of Canada against the English in 1756.--T. - -[481] John Campbell, fourth Earl of Loudon (1705-1782), -Governor-General of Virginia and Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in -America (1756), but recalled in 1757.--T. - -[482] Sir Robert Abercromby (1740-1827), younger brother of the more -famous Sir Ralph Abercromby. He had distinguished himself, as a -volunteer, by his gallantry at the battle of Ticonderoga in 1758, after -which he was appointed an ensign, and was present at the Battle of -Niagara and the capture of Montreal.--T. - -[483] General James Wolfe (1727-1759), although only thirty-two years -of age at the time of his glorious death, had been present at the -battles of Dettingen, Fontenoy, Falkirk, and Culloden, and served in -the expedition against Rochefort.--T. - -[484] Giovanni Paisiello (1741-1816), composer of a number of operas, -most of which were written during his long residence at St Petersburg, -and of some meritorious sacred music.--T. - -[485] Domenico Cimarosa (1754-1801), composer of over 120 grand and -comic operas, of which the _Matrimonio segreto_ is the best known.--T. - -[486] _Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem_, Book II.--B. - -[487] _Essai sur les révolutions_: Book I. Part ii. chap. 23.--B. - -[488] _Atala_: Epilogue.--B. - -[489] HOR., _Od._ I. 7.--T. - -[490] Isaac Jogues (1607-1646), a Jesuit priest placed at the head of -the Canadian Mission in 1636. He suffered martyrdom at the hands of the -Mohawks ten years later.--B. - -[491] Jerome Lallemant (1593-1673), also a Jesuit father, preached the -Gospel to the savages of Canada for nearly forty years. He died at -Quebec as Superior-General of the Canadian Mission.--B. - -[492] Florio's MONTAIGNE, I. 30: _Of the Caniballes._--T. - -[493] _Ibid._--T. - -[494] St Clement of Alexandria (_d._ 217) does not figure in the -Roman Calendar. The work in question, the Στρωματεὶς, is a medley or -patchwork of philosophical maxims and Christian thoughts set down at -random, without order or connection, as the title implies.--T. - -[495] She appears in the _Natches_, which was published in 1826, four -years after the above was written.--B. - -[496] Samuel Champlain (_circa_ 1570-1635) explored a part of Canada, -in 1608 founded the city of Quebec, and in 1620 became governor of -the province. He was attacked by the English in 1627, and obliged to -capitulate; in 1629 Canada was restored to France and Champlain resumed -his command, which he retained until his death.--T. - -[497] Armand Louis de Delondarce, Baron de La Hontan (_circa_ -1667-1715) served in Canada in 1703 and was subsequently the King of -France's lieutenant in Newfoundland; he was accused of peculation -and fled to Portugal and thence to Denmark. In 1705 he published his -_Voyages dans l'Amérique septentrionale._--T. - -[498] Marc Lescarbot (_circa_--_circa_ 1630) served in Florida under -Admiral Coligny. He annotated an edition of Champlain's Voyages.--T. - -[499] Père Joseph François Lafitau (1670-1740), a Jesuit priest of -the Canadian Mission, author of the _Mœurs des sauvages américains -comparées aux mœurs des premiers temps_ (1723), &c.--T. - -[500] Père Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix (1682-1761), another -Jesuit, author of the _Histoire de la Nouvelle-France._ (1744)--T. - -[501] Thomas Douglas, fifth Earl of Selkirk (1771-1820). This tract of -land covered forty-five million acres, and comprised large portions of -what are now Manitoba and Minnesota.--T. - -[502] The date of the defeat of the Hudson's Bay Company by the -North-West Company and their half-breed allies was 10 June 1815.--T. - -[503] The French name for New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.--T. - -[504] The original thirteen United States, in the order of their -ratification of the National Constitution, were Delaware, Pennsylvania, -New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South -Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode -Island. The eleven others, completing the twenty-four existing at -the time at which Chateaubriand was writing, were Vermont (detached -from New York, 1791), Tennessee (detached from North Carolina, 1796), -Kentucky (detached from Virginia, 1796), Ohio (created, 1802), -Louisiana (purchased from France in 1803 and raised into a State in -1812), Indiana (created, 1816), Mississippi (separated from Georgia, -1817), Illinois (created, 1818), Alabama (detached from Georgia, 1819), -Maine (detached from Massachusetts, 1820), and Missouri (detached from -Louisiana, 1821).--T. - -[505] The western portion of Louisiana was ceded to Spain in 1763, but -restored to the French in 1800. In 1803 Bonaparte, despairing of being -able to hold it against the English, sold it to the United States for -80,000,000 francs.--T. - -[506] Charles I., King of France and Emperor of the West (742-814), -known as Charlemagne, had been dead for more than six centuries when -this experiment was made.--T. - -[507] Lord François Nathaniel Conyngham (1797-1876), second son of the -first Marquess Conyngham, and first groom of the Bedchamber and Master -of the Robes to George IV. He succeeded to the Marquisate in 1832.--T. - -[508] Elizabeth Marchioness Conyngham (1769-1861), _née_ Dennison, -married in 1794 to the third Lord Conyngham, Lord Steward of the -Household to George IV., and created successively Viscount Conyngham, -Earl of Conyngham, and Marquess Conyngham by that monarch. She was -George IV.'s mistress, and presented a complete contrast to Mila in -other respects than age alone.--T. - -[509] William Bartram (1739-1823), an American traveller and -naturalist, author of _Travels through North and South Carolina, East -and West Florida, the Cherokee country_, &c.--T. - -[510] The ruins of Mitla and Palenque in Mexico prove today that the -New World rivals the Old in antiquity.--_Author's Note_ (Paris, 1834). - -[511] _Arbor tristis_, the nyctanthes or night-jasmine.--T. - -[512] I have quoted it in my Travels.--_Author's Note_ (Geneva, 1832). -The story of _Tabamica_ is told in the _Voyage en Amérique_, where it -is called the Song of the Pale-face.--B. - -[513] The Spanish capital of Florida.--T. - -[514] I omit a quotation from Camoëns.--T. - -[515] I omit a quotation from Ronsard.--T. - -[516] Mary Stuart (1542-1 £87), Queen of Scots, was married in 1558 -to the Dauphin of France, who in 1559 became king, with the title of -Francis II. She was left a widow eighteen months after marriage, in the -seventeenth year of her age.--T. - -[517] François II., King of France (1544-1560).--T. - -[518] _Cf._ ROUSSEAU, _La Nouvelle Héloïse._--T. - -[519] - - "Like a young bee which among the roses toils, - My muse returned to me all laden with rich spoils."--T. - - -[520] Louis XVI. was arrested at Varennes on the 22nd of June 1791.--T. - -[521] VIR., _Æn._, I. 302-303.--B. - -[522] These predictions have been verified with wonderful accuracy. -According to the census of 1 June 1880, the population of the United -States on that day amounted to 50,445,336 inhabitants.--B. - -[523] Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), discoverer of the identity of -lightning and electricity.--T. - -[524] Robert Fulton (1765-1815), one of the first to apply steam to -the propulsion of vessels; he built a steamboat to navigate the Hudson -River in 1807; it made five miles an hour.--T. - -[525] Issued 17 September 1796, before his retirement from his second -presidency.--T. - -[526] Thomas Jefferson (1743-1816), third President of the United -States, 1801-1805, and again, 1805-1809. Jefferson died at Monticello, -Virginia, on the anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, 4 July -1826. John Adams, the second President of the United States, died at -Quincy, Massachusetts, on the same day.--T. - -[527] Henry M. Brackenridge (1786-1871), author of, among other works, -the _History of the late War between the United States and Great -Britain._ Baltimore, 1817.--T. - -[528] Tah-Gah-Jute (_circa_ 1725-1780), a famous Cayuga chief, -named John Logan, after James Logan, secretary of Pennsylvania. The -famous speech was not spoken in person, but sent by an interpreter -in October 1774. Logan was eventually shot by an Indian through a -misunderstanding.--T. - -[529] John Murray, fourth Earl of Dunmore (1732-1809), Governor of -Virginia at the outbreak of the American Revolution.--T. - -[530] Captain Michael Cresap (1742-1775). His memory was attacked by -Thomas Jefferson, and vindicated by his son-in-law, J. J. Jacob.--T. - -[531] John K. Townsend (1809-1861), author of _Narrative of a Journey -across the Rocky Mountains and a Visit to the Sandwich Islands, Chile_, -&c., 1833-37 (1839).--T. - -[532] Thomas Say (1787-1834), author of an _American Entomology_ (1824) -and an _American Conchiliology_ (1830).--B. - -[533] Alexander Wilson (1766-1813), a Scotsman by birth, emigrated at -an early age to America. He was by turns a weaver, a schoolmaster, and -a pedlar. He applied himself to the study of birds, and eventually -published his _American Ornithology_ in seven volumes, containing the -finished illustrations referred to by Chateaubriand.--T. - -[534] Charles Brockden Brown (1771-1810), author of several novels, of -which _Wieland_ was the most popular.--B. - -[535] _Caleb Williams_, by William Godwin (1756-1836), father of Mary -Wollstonecraft, Shelley's second wife, appeared in 1794, one year -before the publication of _Wieland._--T. - -[536] James Fenimore Cooper (1780-1851), probably the most popular of -American novelists.--T. - -[537] Washington Irving (1783-1859). He was American Minister in Madrid -for a short period (1842).--T. - -[538] Fitz-Greene Halleck (1795-1867), author of _Marco Bozuaris._ The -curious will find a criticism of his work in Poe's _Literati of New -York._--T. - -[539] George Hill (_b._ 1796), author of the _Ruins of Athens_, and a -few shorter poems.--T. - -[540] _Ruins of Athens_, II.--T. - -[541] The Parthenon.--T. - -[542] _Ruins of Athens_, XVII.--T. - -[543] Chateaubriand coins the word _chrysogène_ to express the idea of -being born in wealth: I have ventured to retain it.--T. - -[544] Feryd-Eddyn-Atthar (_circa_ 1226--_circa_ 1280), author of the -_Pend-Nâmek_, or Book of Counsels.--T. - - -END OF VOL. I - - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Memoirs of François René Vicom -e de Chateaubriand sometime Ambassad, by François René Chateaubriand and Alexander Teixeira de Mattos - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MEMOIRS OF FRANÇOIS RENÉ *** - -***** This file should be named 54743-0.txt or 54743-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/7/4/54743/ - -Produced by Laura Natal Rodriguez & Marc D'Hooghe at Free -Literature (online soon in an extended version, also linking -to free sources for education worldwide ... MOOC's, -educational materials,...) 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Memoirs of François René Vicomte de Chateaubriand sometime Ambassador to England, Volume 1 (of 6) - Mémoires d'outre-tombe, volume 1 - -Author: François René Chateaubriand - Alexander Teixeira de Mattos - -Release Date: May 18, 2017 [EBook #54743] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MEMOIRS OF FRANÇOIS RENÉ *** - - - - -Produced by Laura Natal Rodriguez & Marc D'Hooghe at Free -Literature (online soon in an extended version, also linking -to free sources for education worldwide ... MOOC's, -educational materials,...) Images generously made available -by the Hathi Trust. - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="500" alt="" /> -</div> - -<h1>THE MEMOIRS OF FRANÇOIS RENÉ</h1> - -<h1>VICOMTE DE CHATEAUBRIAND</h1> - -<h3>SOMETIME AMBASSADOR TO ENGLAND</h3> - -<h4>BEING A TRANSLATION BY ALEXANDER TEIXEIRA DE MATTOS<br /> -OF THE MÉMOIRES D'OUTRE-TOMBE WITH ILLUSTRATIONS<br /> -FROM CONTEMPORARY SOURCES. In 6 Volumes</h4> - -<h5>NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY G. P PUTNAM'S<br /> -SONS AND IN LONDON BY FREEMANTLE<br /> -AND COMPANY -MDCCCCII</h5> - - -<h4>VOL. I</h4> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 475px;"> -<a id="frontis"></a> -<img src="images/frontis.jpg" width="475" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Le Vicomte de Chateaubriand</p> -</div> -<hr /> -<h5> -"NOTRE SANG A TEINT<br /> -LA BANNIÈRE DE FRANCE"<br /> -</h5> -<hr /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p> - - - -<h4>CONTENTS</h4> - -<p><a href="#THE_TRANSLATORS_NOTE">The Translator's Note</a> <span class="linenum">xiii</span></p> - -<p><a href="#THE_AUTHORS_PREFACE1">The Author's Preface</a> <span class="linenum">xxi</span></p> - -<p><a href="#THE_AUTHORS_PREFACE">The Author's Preface to the First Edition</a> <span class="linenum">xxix</span></p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="center">PART THE FIRST</p> - -<p class="center">1768-1800</p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="#BOOK_I">BOOK I</a> <span class="linenum">3-36</span></p> - -<p>Birth of my brothers and sisters—My own birth—Plancoët—I -am vowed—Combourg—My father's scheme of education for -me—Villeneuve—Lucile—Mesdemoiselles Couppart—I am a bad pupil—The -life led by my maternal grandmother and her sister at Plancoët—My -uncle, the Comte de Bedée, at Monchoix—I am relieved from my nurse's -vow—Holidays—Saint-Malo—Gesril—Hervine Magon—Fight with two ship's -lads</p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="#BOOK_II">BOOK II</a> <span class="linenum">37-70</span></p> - -<p>A note from M. Pasquier—Dieppe—Change in my education—Spring in -Brittany—An historic forest—Pelagian fields—The moon setting over -the sea—Departure for Combourg—Description of the castle—Dol -College—Mathematics and languages—An instance of memory—Holidays -at Combourg—Life at a country-seat—Feudal customs—The inhabitants -of Combourg—Second holidays at Combourg—The Conti Regiment—Camp<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span> -at Saint-Malo—An abbey—A provincial theatre—Marriage of my two -eldest sisters—Return to college—A revolution begins to take place -in my ideas—Adventure of the magpie—Third holidays at Combourg—The -quack—Return to college—Invasion of France—Games—The Abbé de -Chateaubriand—My First Communion—I leave Dol College—A mission at -Combourg—Rennes College—I meet Gesril—Moreau-Limoëlan—Marriage -of my third sister—I am sent to Brest for my naval examination—The -harbour of Brest—I once more meet Gesril—Lapeyrouse—I return to -Combourg</p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="#BOOK_III">BOOK III</a> <span class="linenum">71-96</span></p> - -<p>At Montboissier—Reminiscences of Combourg—Dinan College—Broussais—I -return home—Life at Combourg—Our days and evenings—My -donjon—Change from childhood to manhood—Lucile—Last lines written -at the Vallée-aux-Loups—Revelations concerning the mystery of my -life—A phantom of love—Two years of delirium—Occupations and -illusions—My autumn joys—Incantation—Temptation—Illness—I -fear and decline to enter the ecclesiastical state—A moment in my -native town—Recollection of Villeneuve and the tribulations of my -childhood—I am called back to Combourg—Last interview with my -father—I enter the service—I bid farewell to Combourg</p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="#BOOK_IV">BOOK IV</a> <span class="linenum">97-123</span></p> - -<p>Berlin—Potsdam—Frederic the Great—My brother—My cousin -Moreau—My sister, the Comtesse de Farcy—Julie a worldly -woman—Dinner—Pommereul—Madame de Chastenay—Cambrai—The Navarre -Regiment—La Martinière—Death of my father—My regrets—Would my -father have appreciated me?—I return to Brittany—I stay with my -eldest sister—My brother sends for me to Paris—First inspiration of -the muse—My lonely life in Paris—I am presented at Versailles—I hunt -with the King—Adventure with my mare <i>Heureuse</i></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="#BOOK_V">BOOK V</a> <span class="linenum">124-183</span></p> - -<p>Stay in Brittany—In garrison at Dieppe—I return to Paris with Lucile -and Julie—Delisle de Sales—Men of letters—Portraits—The Rosanbo -family—M. de Malesherbes—His predilection for Lucile—Appearance -and change of my sylph—Early political disturbances in Brittany—A -glance at the history of the monarchy—Constitution of the States -of Brittany—The holding of the States—The King's revenue in -Brittany—Private revenue of the province—Hearth-money—I am -present for the first time at a political meeting—A scene—My -mother moves to Saint-Malo—I receive the tonsure—The country -round Saint-Malo—The ghost—The sick man—The States of Brittany -in 1789—Riots—Saint-Riveul, my schoolfellow, is killed—The year -1789—Journey from Brittany to Paris—Movement on the road—Appearance -of Paris—Dismissal of M. Necker—Versailles—Delight of the Royal -Family—General insurrection—Capture of the Bastille—Effect of -the capture of the Bastille on the Court—The heads of Foullon -and Bertier—Recall of M. Necker—Sitting of the 4th of August -1789—The day's work of the 5th of October—The King is taken to -Paris—The Constituent Assembly—Mirabeau—Sittings of the National -Assembly—Robespierre—Society-Aspect of Paris—What I did amidst all -this turmoil—My solitary days—Mademoiselle Monet—I draw up with -M. de Malesherbes the plan of my journey in America—Bonaparte and -I both unknown subalterns—The Marquis de La Rouërie—I embark at -Saint-Malo—Last thoughts on leaving my native land</p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="#BOOK_VI">BOOK VI</a> <span class="linenum">184-262</span></p> - -<p>In London as Ambassador—I cross the ocean—François -Tulloch—Christopher Columbus—Camoëns—The Azores—The isle of -Graciosa—Sports on board ship—The isle of Saint-Pierre—The shores of -Virginia—Sunset—Danger and escape—I land in America—Baltimore—The -passengers separate—Tulloch—Philadelphia—General -Washington—Comparison of Washington and Bonaparte—Journey from -Philadelphia to New York and Boston—Mackenzie—The Hudson River—Song -of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span> the lady passenger—Mr. Swift—I set out for the Falls of Niagara -with a Dutch guide—M. Violet—My savage outfit—Hunting—Wolverine -and Canadian Fox—Musk-rat—Fishing dogs—Insects—Montcalm and -Wolfe—Encampment on the shore of the Onondaga Lake—Arabs—The Indian -woman and her cow—An Iroquois—The Onondaga chief—Velly and the -Franks—Ceremonies of hospitality—The ancient Greeks—Journey from -the Onondaga Lake to the Genesee River—Clearings—Hospitality—My -bed—The enchanted rattle-snake—Niagara Falls—The rattle-snake—I -fall to the edge of the abyss—Twelve days in a hut—Change of -manners among the savages—Birth and death—Montaigne-Song of the -adder—The little Indian girl, the original of Mila—Incidents—Old -Canada—True civilisation spread by religion—False civilisation -introduced by commerce—Traders—Agents—Hunts—Half-breeds or -Burnt-woods—Wars of the companies—The Indian languages dying -out—The old French possessions in America—Regrets—A note from Lord -François Conyngham—The Canadian lakes—A fleet of Indian canoes—The -American rivers—Legends—Muscogulges and Siminoles—Our camp—Two -Floridan beauties—Ruins on the Ohio—What the Muscogulge damsels -were—Arrest of the King at Varennes—I interrupt my journey to go back -to Europe—Dangers for the United States—Return to Europe—Shipwreck -</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span></p> - - -<h4><a name="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS" id="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</a></h4> - -<h5>VOL. I</h5> - -<p style="margin-left: 30%;"> -<a href="#frontis">The Vicomte de Chateaubriand</a><br /> -<a href="#chat001">Chateaubriand's Birthplace</a><br /> -<a href="#chat002">Combourg Castle</a><br /> -<a href="#chat003">Louis XVI</a><br /> -<a href="#chat004">Malesherbes</a><br /> -<a href="#chat005">Marie Antoinette</a><br /> -<a href="#chat006">Mirabeau</a><br /> -<a href="#chat007">Washington</a> -</p> - -<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h4><a name="THE_TRANSLATORS_NOTE" id="THE_TRANSLATORS_NOTE">THE TRANSLATOR'S NOTE</a></h4> - - -<p>Many years ago, M. Pierre Louÿs, who had not then achieved his -astonishing successes, and I sat talking literature in a Paris café. -The future author of <i>Aphrodite</i> had praise for none save the moderns, -of whom he has now become a recognized type and leader. I turned to him -suddenly and asked:</p> - -<p>"Is there any nineteenth-century French writer at all whom you others -read nowadays and approve of?"</p> - -<p>"Yes," said Louÿs, "Chateaubriand."</p> - -<p>"How do you mean?" said I. "The novels? <i>Atala?</i> The essays?"</p> - -<p>"Ah no," he answered: "but the <i>Mémoires d'outre-tombe</i>, yes. -That—that is monumental; that will live for ever."</p> - -<p>Our talk drifted to other things; I remembered what Louis had said—for -two days: had I come across these Memoirs in the course of my rambles -along the quays, I should have bought them; I did not, and bought other -books instead.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>In the winter of 1898, I spent two months at the house of my kinsman, -David Teixeira de Mattos, in Amsterdam. It stands on one of the oldest -of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span> canals. It is a quaint, spacious seventeenth-century house, -and the habits of the house are of the same date as the architecture: -there are few books in it. Knowing this, I had brought books with me, -but not enough to last out my stay; and, before very long, I was driven -to rummage in the one small, old-fashioned book-case which contained -David Teixeira's library. I found it to consist in the main of volumes -bearing upon the history of the reigning House of Orange, in whose -restoration my kinsman's near predecessors had been concerned; of -family records; of the Dutch poets of the early nineteenth century: -until, suddenly, I came across a poor little pirated edition of -Chateaubriand's masterpiece, printed in Brussels in twenty small parts, -and bound up into five small volumes. I carried them to my room, spent -three weeks in their perusal, started to read them a second time, and -came back to London determined to find a publisher who would undertake -the risk of an English translation.</p> - -<p>I found one at almost the first asking, and it will ever remain a -mystery to me why no complete translation of this admirable work has -seen the light in England during the more than fifty years that have -elapsed since the <i>Mémoires d'outre-tombe</i> were first published.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The British Museum Library contains two attempts at a translation. One, -published in the "Parlour Library of Instruction," is entitled, "<i>An -Autobiography.</i> By François René, Viscount de Chateaubriand.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</a></span> London -and Belfast: Simms & M'Intyre, 1849." It consists of four slim volumes -containing in all less than half of the work. The other appeared, under -the title of "<i>Memoirs of Chateaubriand.</i> Written by Himself. London: -Henry Colburn, 1848-49. To be completed in ten parts," in "Colburn's -Standard Library." Only three parts were published, embracing not more -than a quarter of the <i>Mémoires d'Outre-tombe.</i></p> - -<p>In both cases the translator is anonymous; in both cases the -translation seems careless and hastily made; in both cases the English -version, as I have said, is far from complete.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The present translation, by arrangement with the publishers, is -complete in so far that no attempt whatever has been made at -compression or condensation; nor has a single passage been omitted -without the insertion of a footnote pointing out exactly where the -omission occurs. The omissions are very few, and consist of the -following:</p> - -<p>1. All that portion of Chateaubriand's account of the career of -Napoleon Bonaparte which touches the period during which the author -was not himself residing in France and which is of historical rather -than autobiographical interest. This portion Messrs. Freemantle hope to -publish later, as a supplemental volume to the Memoirs. Left where it -stood, it hampered the action of the work, and its omission is in no -way noticeable.</p> - -<p>2. Part of the account of the journey to Jerusalem<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[Pg xvi]</a></span> which Chateaubriand -quotes from the Itinerary of his body-servant Julien, side by side with -his own; also some discursive correspondence and quotations following -upon the Itinerary.</p> - -<p>3. A selection from the writings of Chateaubriand's sister Lucile -(Madame de Caud). This selection is a short one; but it is of interest -to none save the author and her brother, and nothing is lost by the -omission.</p> - -<p>4. Some of the longer quotations from the French or Italian poets, -besides a few poems by Chateaubriand himself.</p> - -<p>5. One passage, or at most two, which, without being in any sense -immoral, seemed to me to contain a little too much of the <i>esprit -gaulois</i> to prove acceptable to English taste. I was anxious that not a -line should appear which would prevent the universal reading of so fine -a work.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>For the rest, I have striven to perform my task of translation, which -has taken me over two years to accomplish, conscientiously, correctly, -and above all respectfully. If here and there I have seemed to follow -the original a little too closely, my excuse must be that I had too -great a respect for this great man to take liberties with his writing. -To reproduce his style in another language has been no easy matter: I -have done my best.</p> - -<p>The volumes will be found to be fully annotated. The author's own -notes are so marked; those signed "B." are by M. Edmond Biré, the -accomplished<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[Pg xvii]</a></span> editor of the latest edition of the Memoirs, from which -edition my version has, in the main, been made; those signed "T" are -mine. I claim no merit of erudition for these notes: my aim has been -merely to give the essential details concerning each new person, -belonging to whatever period, mentioned in the work, and, whenever -possible, to add the date of his birth and death. More particularly in -the case of Chateaubriand's contemporaries, I thought it not without -value to furnish a clue to the age and to the stage of their career -which they had attained at the time when they were brought into contact -with the writer. A full index of all persons mentioned in the <i>Mémoires -d'outre-tombe</i> will be found at the end of the last volume.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>My thanks are due to M. Louis Cahen, of Paris, who has read and -collated most of the proofs and suggested a happy solution of many a -difficulty, and to Mr. Frederic J. Simmons for the care with which he -has selected the illustrations to the several volumes.</p> - -<p class="smcap" style="text-align: right;">A. T. de M.</p> - -<p>Chelsea, <i>December</i> 1901.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxi" id="Page_xxi">[Pg xxi]</a></p> - - -<h4><a name="THE_AUTHORS_PREFACE1" id="THE_AUTHORS_PREFACE1">THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE</a><a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></h4> - - -<p class="center"> -<i>Sicut nubes ... quasi naves ... velut umbra.</i>—<span class="smcap">Job.</span><a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a><br /> -</p> - -<p class="p2">As it is not possible for me to foresee the moment of my end; as at -my age the days accorded to man are but days of grace, or rather -of reprieve, I propose, lest I be taken by surprise, to make an -explanation touching a work with which I intend to cheat the tedium -of those last forlorn hours which we neither desire, nor know how to -employ.</p> - -<p>The Memoirs prefaced by these lines embrace and will embrace the whole -course of my life: they were commenced in the year 1811 and continued -to the present day. I tell in that portion which is already completed, -and shall tell in that which as yet is but roughly sketched, the -story of my childhood, my education, my youth, my entrance into the -service, my arrival in Paris, my presentation to Louis XVI., the early -scenes of the Revolution, my travels in America, my return to Europe, -my emigration to Germany and England, my return to France under the -Consulate, my employment and work under the Empire, my journey to -Jerusalem, my employment and work under the Restoration, and finally -the complete history of the Restoration and of its fall.</p> - -<p>I have met nearly all the men who in my time have played a part, great -or small, in my own country or abroad: from Washington to Napoleon, -from Louis XVIII. to Alexander, from Pius VII. to Gregory XVI., from -Fox, Burke, Pitt, Sheridan, Londonderry, Capo d'Istrias to Malesherbes, -Mirabeau and the rest; from Nelson, Bolivar, Mehemet Pasha of Egypt to -Suffren, Bougainville, La Pérouse, Moreau and so forth. I have been one -of an unprecedented triumvirate:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxii" id="Page_xxii">[Pg xxii]</a></span> three poets of different interests -and nationality, who filled, within the same decade, the post of -minister of Foreign Affairs—myself in France, Mr. Canning in England, -Señor Martinez de la Rosa in Spain. I have lived successively through -the empty years of my youth and the years filled with the Republican -Era, the annals of Bonaparte and the reign of the Legitimacy.</p> - -<p>I have explored the seas of the Old World and the New, and trod the -soil of the four quarters of the globe. After camping in Iroquois -shelters and Arab tents, in the wigwams of the Hurons, amid the -remains of Athens, Jerusalem, Memphis, Carthage, Grenada, among -Greeks, Turks and Moors, in forests and among ruins; after wearing the -bearskin of the savage and the silken caftan of the mameluke; after -enduring poverty, hunger, thirst and exile, I have sat, as minister -and ambassador, in a gold-laced coat, my breast motley with stars -and ribbons, at the tables of kings, at the feasts of princes and -princesses, only to relapse into indigence and to receive a taste of -prison.</p> - -<p>I have been connected with a host of personages famous in the career -of arms, the Church, politics, law, science and art. I have endless -materials in my possession: more than four thousand private letters, -the diplomatic correspondence of my several embassies, that of my term -at the Foreign Office, including documents of an unique character, -known to none save myself. I have carried the soldier's musket, the -traveller's cudgel, the pilgrim's staff: I have been a sea-farer, and -my destinies have been as fickle as my sails; a halcyon, and made my -nest upon the billows.</p> - -<p>I have meddled with peace and war; I have signed treaties and -protocols, and published numerous works the while. I have been -initiated into secrets of parties, of Court and of State: I have been -a close observer of the rarest miseries, the highest fortunes, the -greatest renowns. I have taken part in sieges, congresses, conclaves, -in the restoration and overturning of thrones. I have made history, and -I could write it. And my life, solitary, dreamy, poetic, has gone on -through this world of realities, catastrophes, tumult, uproar, in the -company of the sons of my dreams, Chactas, René, Eudore, Aben-Hamet, -of the daughters of my imagination, Atala, Amélie, Blanca, Velléda, -Cymodocée. Of my age and not of it, I perhaps exercised upon it, -without either wishing or seeking to do so, a three-fold influence, -religious, political and literary.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxiii" id="Page_xxiii">[Pg xxiii]</a></span></p> - -<p>There are left to me but four or five contemporaries of established -fame. Alfieri, Canova and Monti have disappeared; Italy has only -Pindemonte and Manzoni left over from her brilliant days. Pellico has -wasted his best days in the cells of the Spielberg: the talents of -the land that gave Dante birth are condemned to silence or driven to -languish on foreign soil; Lord Byron and Mr. Canning have died young; -Walter Scott is no longer with us; Goethe has left us, full of years -and glory. France has scarce anything remaining from her abundant past; -she is commencing a new era, while I linger behind to bury my period, -like the old priest who, in the sack of Béziers, was to toll the bell -before falling himself when the last citizen had expired.</p> - -<p>When death lowers the curtain between me and the world, it shall be -found that my drama was divided into three acts.</p> - -<p>From my early youth until 1800, I was a soldier and a traveller; from -1800 to 1811, under the Consulate and the Empire, my life was given -to literature; from the Restoration to the present day, it has been -devoted to politics.</p> - -<p>During each of my three successive careers, I have always placed some -great task before myself: as a traveller, I aimed at discovering -the polar world; as a man of letters, I have striven to reconstruct -religion from its ruins; as a statesman, I have endeavoured to give to -the people the true system of representative monarchy, accompanied with -its various liberties: I have at least assisted in winning that liberty -which is worth all the others, which replaces them and serves in stead -of any constitution, the liberty of the press. When, frequently, I -have failed in my enterprises, there has been in my case a failure -of destiny. The foreigners who have succeeded in their designs were -aided by fortune; they had powerful friends behind them and a peaceful -country. I have been less lucky.</p> - -<p>Of the modern French authors of my own period, I may be said to be the -only one whose life resembles his works: a traveller, soldier, poet, -publicist, it is amid forests that I have sung the forest, aboard ship -that I have depicted the sea, in camp that I have spoken of arms, in -exile that I have learnt to know exile, in Courts, in affairs of State, -in Parliament that I have studied princes, politics, law and history. -The orators of Greece and Rome played their part in the republic and -shared its fate. In Italy and Spain, at the end of the Middle Ages and -at the Renascence, the leading intellects in letters and the arts took -part in the social movement. How stormy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxiv" id="Page_xxiv">[Pg xxiv]</a></span> and how fine were the lives of -Dante, of Tasso, of Camoëns, of Ercilla, of Cervantes!</p> - -<p>In France our ancient poets and historians sang and wrote in the midst -of pilgrimages and battles: Thibaut Count of Champagne, Villehardouin, -Joinville borrow the felicity of their style from their adventurous -careers; Froissart travels the highways in search of history, and -learns it from the mouths of the knights and abbots whom he meets, by -whose side he rides along the roads. But, commencing from the reign -of François I., our writers have been men leading detached lives, and -their talents have perchance expressed the spirit but not the deeds of -their age. If I were destined to live, I should represent in my person, -as represented in my Memoirs, the principles, the ideas, the events, -the catastrophes, the idylls of my time, the more in that I have seen -a world end and a world commence, and that the conflicting characters -of that ending and that commencement lie intermingled in my opinions. -I have found myself caught between two ages as in the conflux of two -rivers, and I have plunged into their waters, turning regretfully from -the old bank upon which I was born, yet swimming hopefully towards the -unknown shore at which the new generations are to land.</p> - -<p>These Memoirs, divided into books and parts, have been written at -different times and in different places: each section naturally entails -a kind of prologue which recalls the occurrences that have arisen since -the last date and describes the place in which I resume the thread -of my narrative. In this way the various events and the changeful -circumstances of my life enter one into the other; it happens that, in -moments of prosperity, I have to tell of times of penury, and that, -in days of tribulation, I retrace my days of happiness. The diverse -opinions formed in diverse periods of my life, my youth penetrating -into my old age, the gravity of my years of experience casting a -shadow over my lighter years, the rays of my sun, from its rise to its -setting, intercrossing and commingling like the scattered reflections -of my existence, all these give a sort of indefinable unity to my work; -my cradle bears the mark of my tomb, my tomb of my cradle; my hardships -become pleasures, my pleasures sorrows, and one no longer knows whether -these Memoirs proceed from a dark or a hoary head.</p> - -<p>I do not say this in self-praise, for I do not know that it is good; -I say what is the fact, what happened without reflection on my part, -through the very fickleness of the tempests<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxv" id="Page_xxv">[Pg xxv]</a></span> loosed against my bark, -which often have left me but the rock that caused my shipwreck upon -which to write this or that fragment of my life.</p> - -<p>I have applied to the writing of these Memoirs a really paternal -predilection; I would wish to be able to rise at the ghostly hour to -correct the proofs: the dead go fast.</p> - -<p>The notes accompanying the text are of three kinds: the first, printed -at the end of each volume, consist of explanatory documents, proofs -and illustrations; the second, printed at the foot of the pages, are -contemporary with the text; the third, also printed as foot-notes, have -been added after the text was written, and bear the date of the time -and place at which they were written. A year or two of solitude spent -in some corner of the earth would suffice to enable me to complete my -Memoirs; but the only period of rest that I have known was the nine -months during which I slept in my mother's womb: it is probable that I -shall not recover this antenatal rest until I lie in the entrails of -our common mother after death.</p> - -<p>Several of my friends have urged me to publish a portion of my story -now: I could not bring myself to accede to their wish. In the first -place, I should be less candid and less veracious, in spite of myself; -and then, I have always imagined myself to be writing seated in my -grave. From this my work has assumed a certain religious character, -which I could not remove without impairing its merit; it would be -painful to me to stifle the distant voice which issues from the tomb, -and which makes itself heard throughout the course of this narrative. -None will be surprised that I should preserve certain weaknesses, that -I should be concerned for the fate of the poor orphan destined to -survive me upon earth. Should Minos judge that I had suffered enough in -this world to become at least a happy Shade in the next, a little light -thrown from the Elysian Fields to illumine my last picture would serve -to make the defects of the painter less prominent. Life does not suit -me; perhaps death will become me better.</p> - -<p>Paris, 1 <i>December</i>, 1833.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> This preface is first printed in the edition of 1899, from -which the present version is made.—<span class="smcap"><span class="smcap">t.</span></span></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> "I am brought to nothing: as a wind thou hast taken away -my desire: and my prosperity hath passed away <i>like a cloud.</i>"—<span class="smcap">Job, -xxx. 15.</span> -</p> -<p> -"My days have passed by <i>as ships</i> carrying fruits, as an eagle flying -to the prey."—<span class="smcap">Job, ix. 26.</span> -</p> -<p> -"Man cometh forth like a flower and is destroyed, and fleeth <i>as a -shadow</i>, and never continueth in the same state."—<span class="smcap">Job, xiv. 2.—t.</span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxix" id="Page_xxix">[Pg xxix]</a></span></p></div> - - - - -<h4><a name="THE_AUTHORS_PREFACE" id="THE_AUTHORS_PREFACE">THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE</a></h4> - - -<h5>TO THE FIRST EDITION<a name="FNanchor_1_3" id="FNanchor_1_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_3" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></h5> - - -<p class="center"> -<i>Sicut nubes ... quasi naves ... velut umbra.</i>—<span class="smcap">Job.</span><a name="FNanchor_2_4" id="FNanchor_2_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_4" class="fnanchor">[2]</a><br /> -</p> - - -<p class="p2">As it is not possible for me to foresee the moment of my end; as at -my age the days accorded to man are but days of grace, or rather of -reprieve, I propose to make an explanation.</p> - -<p>On the 4th of September next I shall have completed my seventy-eighth -year: it is high time that I should quit a world which is quitting me -and which I do not regret.</p> - -<p>The Memoirs prefaced by these lines follow, in their divisions, the -natural divisions of my several careers.</p> - -<p>The sad necessity which has always held me by the throat has obliged -me to sell my Memoirs. None can know what I have suffered by being -compelled thus to hypothecate my tomb; but I owed this last sacrifice -to my vows and to the consistency of my conduct. With an almost -pusillanimous attachment, I looked upon these Memoirs as confidants -from whom I would not care to part; my intention was to leave them to -Madame de Chateaubriand; she would have published them at will, or -suppressed them, as I would have desired more than ever today.</p> - -<p>Ah, if, before quitting the earth, I could have found some one rich -enough, confiding enough, to buy up the shares of the "Syndicate," -and one who would not, like the Syndicate, be under the necessity of -sending the work to press so soon as my knell had sounded! Some of the -shareholders are my friends; several of them are obliging persons who -have sought to assist me; nevertheless the shares have perhaps been -sold, they will have been transferred to third parties with whom I am -not acquainted, and with whom family interests must take the first -place; to the latter it is natural that the prolongation of my days -should mean to them, if not an annoyance, at least<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxx" id="Page_xxx">[Pg xxx]</a></span> an actual loss. -Lastly, if I were still the owner of these Memoirs, I would either keep -them in manuscript or delay their appearance for fifty years.</p> - -<p>These Memoirs have been put together at different dates and in -different countries. Hence the necessary prologues, which depict the -environments upon which I cast my eyes, the thoughts which occupied me -at the time when I resume the thread of my narrative. The changeful -circumstances of my life have in this way entered one into the other: -it has happened that, in moments of prosperity, I have had to tell -of times of penury; in days of tribulation, to retrace my days of -happiness. My youth penetrating into my old age, the gravity of my -years of experience casting a shadow over my lighter years, the rays of -my sun, from its rise to its setting, intercrossing and commingling: -all these have produced in my recital a sort of confusion, or, if you -will, a sort of indefinable unity; my cradle bears the mark of my tomb, -my tomb of my cradle; my hardships become pleasures, my pleasures -sorrows, and I no longer know, as I finish reading these Memoirs, -whether they proceed from a dark or a hoary head.</p> - -<p>I cannot tell if this medley, to which I can apply no remedy, will -please or displease; it is the fruit of the inconstancy of my fate; -often the tempests have left me no writing-table save the rock that has -caused my shipwreck.</p> - -<p>I have been urged to publish portions of these Memoirs during my life; -I prefer to speak from the depths of my grave: my narrative will then -be accompanied by those voices which are in a measure consecrated, -because they issue from the tomb. If I have suffered enough in this -world to become a happy Shade in the next, a ray escaping from the -Elysian Fields will cast a protecting light over my last pictures. Life -does not suit me; perhaps death will become me better.</p> - -<p>These Memoirs have been the object of my predilection. St. Bonaventure -obtained from Heaven permission to continue his after death; I hope for -no such favour, but I would wish to rise at the ghostly hour at least -to correct the proofs. However, when Eternity shall with its two hands -have stopped my ears, in the dusty family of the deaf, I shall hear -nobody.</p> - -<p>If any part of this work has interested me more than another, it is -that which relates to my youth, the least-known side of my life. There -I have had to reveal to the world what was known to myself alone; in -wandering among that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxi" id="Page_xxxi">[Pg xxxi]</a></span> vanished company I have met only remembrances and -silence: of all the persons I have known, how many are alive today?</p> - -<p>The inhabitants of Saint-Malo applied to me, on the 28th of August -1828, through the medium of their mayor, on the subject of a floating -dock they wished to build. I hastened to reply, begging, in exchange -for my good will, a concession of a few feet of ground, for my tomb, -on the Grand-Bé<a name="FNanchor_3_5" id="FNanchor_3_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_5" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>. This encountered some difficulty, owing to the -opposition of the military engineering authorities. At last, on the -27th of October 1831, I received a letter from the mayor, M. Hovius. He -said:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The resting-place which you desire by the side of the sea, -at a few steps from your birthplace, will be prepared by the -filial piety of the Malouins. A sad thought is mingled with -this task. Ah, may the monument remain long unoccupied! But -honour and glory survive all that dies upon earth."</p></blockquote> - -<p>I quote these beautiful words of M. Hovius with gratitude; there is but -one word too much: "glory."</p> - -<p>I shall therefore rest on the shore of the sea which I have loved -so well. If I die out of France, I hope that my body will not be -brought back to the land of my birth until fifty years shall have -been completed since my first burial. Let my remains be spared a -sacrilegious autopsy; let not my chilled brain and my dead heart be -searched for the mystery of my being. Death does not reveal the secrets -of life. A corpse riding post fills me with horror; bones, bleached -and light, are easily moved: they will be less fatigued by this last -journey than when I dragged them hither and thither, laden with the -burden of my cares.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Paris</span>, 14 <i>April</i>, 1846.</p> - -<p><i>Revised</i> 28 <i>July</i>, 1846.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1_3" id="Footnote_1_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_3"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> 1848-1850.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_2_4" id="Footnote_2_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_4"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> "I am brought to nothing: as a wind thou hast taken away -my desire: and my prosperity hath passed away <i>like a cloud.</i>"—<span class="smcap">Job, -xxx</span>. 15. -</p> -<p> -"My days have passed by <i>as ships</i> carrying fruits, as an eagle flying -to the prey."—<span class="smcap">Job, ix</span>. 26. -</p> -<p> -"Man cometh forth like a flower and is destroyed, and fleeth <i>as a -shadow</i>, and never continueth in the same state."—<span class="smcap">Job, xiv</span>. 2.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_3_5" id="Footnote_3_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_5"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> A small island situated in the roadstead of -Saint-Malo.—<i>Author's Note.</i></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p></div> - - - - -<h3><a name="THE" id="THE_MEMOIRS_OF_CHATEAUBRIAND">THE MEMOIRS OF CHATEAUBRIAND</a></h3> - - -<hr class="tb" /> -<h3><a name="PART_THE_FIRST" id="PART_THE_FIRST">PART THE FIRST</a></h3> - - -<h4>1768-1800</h4> - - - -<hr /> -<h4><a name="BOOK_I" id="BOOK_I">BOOK I</a><a name="FNanchor_1_6" id="FNanchor_1_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_6" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></h4> - - -<p>Birth of my brothers and sisters—My own birth-Plancoët—I -am vowed—Combourg—My father's scheme of education for -me—Villeneuve—Lucile—Mesdemoiselles Couppart—I am a bad pupil—The -life led by my maternal grandmother and her sister at Plancoët—My -uncle, the Comte de Bedée, at Monchoix—I am relieved from my nurse's -vow—Holidays—Saint-Malo—Gesril—Hervine Magon—Fight with two ship's -lads.</p> - - -<p class="p2">Four years ago, on my return from the Holy Land, I purchased near -the little village of Aulnay, in the neighbourhood of Sceaux<a name="FNanchor_2_7" id="FNanchor_2_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_7" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> and -Châtenay, a small country-house, lying hidden among wooded hills. The -sandy and uneven ground attached to this house consisted of a sort -of wild orchard, at the end of which was a ravine and a coppice of -chestnut-trees. This narrow space seemed to me fitted to contain my -long hopes: <i>spatio brevi spem longam reseces<a name="FNanchor_3_8" id="FNanchor_3_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_8" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>.</i> The trees which I -have planted here are thriving. They are still so small that I can -shade them by placing myself between them and the sun. One day they -will give me shade and protect my old age as I have protected their -youth. I have selected them, in so far as I could, from the different -climes in which I have wandered; they recall my travels and foster -other illusions in my heart.</p> - -<p>If ever the Bourbons reascend the throne, I will ask from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> them no -greater reward for my loyalty than that they should make me rich enough -to add to my fee-simple the skirts of the surrounding woods: I have -grown ambitious, and would wish to expand my walks by a few roods. -Knight-errant though I be, I have the sedentary tastes of a monk: I -doubt whether, since taking up my abode in this retreat, I have thrice -set foot without my boundary. If my pines, my fir-trees, my larches, -my cedars ever keep their promise, the Vallée-aux-Loups will become a -veritable hermitage. When, on the 20th of February 1694,<a name="FNanchor_4_9" id="FNanchor_4_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_9" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> Voltaire -saw the light at Châtenay, what was then the appearance of the hill to -which the author of the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i> was to retire in 1807?</p> - -<p>This spot pleases me; it has taken the place of my paternal acres; I -have bought it with the price of my dreams and my vigils; I owe the -little wilderness of Aulnay to the vast wilderness of Atala; and I have -not, in order to acquire this refuge, imitated the American planter and -despoiled the Indian of the Two Floridas<a name="FNanchor_5_10" id="FNanchor_5_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_10" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>. I am attached to my trees; -I have addressed elegies to them, sonnets, odes. There is not one of -them which I have not tended with my own hands, which I have not rid of -the worm attached to its roots, the caterpillar clinging to its leaves; -I know them all by their names, as though they were my children: they -are my family, I have no other, and I hope to die in their midst.</p> - -<p>Here, I have written the <i>Martyrs</i>, the <i>Abencerages</i>, the <i>Itinéraire</i> -and <i>Moïse</i>; what shall I do now during these autumn evenings? This -4th day of October 1811, the anniversary of my saint's-day<a name="FNanchor_6_11" id="FNanchor_6_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_11" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> and of -my entrance into Jerusalem,<a name="FNanchor_7_12" id="FNanchor_7_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_12" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> tempts me to commence the history of -my life. The man who today is endowing France with the empire of the -world only so that he may trample her under foot, the man whose genius -I admire and whose despotism I abhor, that man surrounds me with his -tyranny as it were with a new solitude; but though he may crush the -present, the past defies him, and I remain free in all that precedes -his glory.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> - -<p>The greater part of my feelings have remained buried in the recesses -of my soul, or are displayed in my works only as applied to imaginary -beings. To-day, while I still regret, without pursuing, my illusions, I -will reascend the acclivity of my happier years: these Memoirs shall be -a shrine erected to the clearness of my remembrances.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My birth and ancestry.</div> - -<p>Let us commence, then, and speak first of my family. This is essential, -because the character of my father depended in a great measure upon his -position and, in its turn, exercised a great influence upon the nature -of my ideas, by determining the manner of my education<a name="FNanchor_8_13" id="FNanchor_8_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_13" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>I am of noble birth. In my opinion I have improved the hazard of -my cradle and retained that firmer love of liberty which belongs -principally to the aristocracy whose last hour has struck. Aristocracy -has three ages: the age of superiority, the age of privilege, the age -of vanity; issuing from the first, it degenerates in the second to -become extinguished in the third.</p> - -<p>He who is curious for information concerning my family may consult -Moréri's<a name="FNanchor_9_14" id="FNanchor_9_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_14" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> Dictionary, the different Histories of Brittany by -d'Argentré<a name="FNanchor_10_15" id="FNanchor_10_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_15" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>, Dom Lobineau<a name="FNanchor_11_16" id="FNanchor_11_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_16" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>, Dom Morice, Père Du Paz' <i>Histoire -généalogique de plusieurs maisons illustres de Bretagne</i>, Toussaint de -Saint-Luc, Le Borgne, and lastly Père Anselme's <i>Histoire des grands -officiers de la Couronne.</i><a name="FNanchor_12_17" id="FNanchor_12_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_17" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p> - -<p>My proofs of descent were made out by Chérin<a name="FNanchor_13_18" id="FNanchor_13_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_18" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>, for the admission of -my sister Lucile as a canoness of the Chapter of the Argentière, whence -she was to be transferred to that of Remiremont. They were reproduced -for my presentation to Louis XVI., again for my affiliation to the -Order of Malta, and lastly, when my brother was presented to the same -unfortunate Louis XVI.</p> - -<p>My name was first written "Brien," and then "Briant" and "Briand," -following the invasion of French spelling. Guillaume le Breton says -"Castrum-Briani." There is not a French name that does not present -these literal variations. What is the spelling of Du Guesclin?</p> - -<p>About the commencement of the eleventh century, the Briens gave -their name to an important Breton castle, and this castle became -the burgh of the Barony of Chateaubriand. The Chateaubriand arms at -first consisted of fir-cones with the motto, <i>Je sème l'or.</i> Geoffrey -Baron of Chateaubriand accompanied St Louis to Palestine. He was -taken prisoner at the battle of the Mansourah<a name="FNanchor_14_19" id="FNanchor_14_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_19" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>, but returned, and -his wife Sybil died of joy and surprise at seeing him. St. Louis, in -reward for his services, granted to him and his heirs, in lieu of his -old arms, an escutcheon gules, strewn with fleur-de-lis or: "<i>Cui et -ejus hæredibus</i>" a cartulary of the Priory of Bérée bears witness, -"<i>sanctus Ludovicus turn Francorum rex, propter ejus probitatem in -armis, flores lilii auri, loco pomorum pini auri, contulit.</i>"</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My proofs of nobility.</div> - -<p>The Chateaubriands were divided, soon after their origin, into three -branches: the first, that of the Barons of Chateaubriand, was the -stock of the two others, and commenced in the year 1000 in the person -of Thiern, son of Brien, grandson of Alan III., Count or Chief of -Brittany; the second was called the Lords<a name="FNanchor_15_20" id="FNanchor_15_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_20" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> of the Roches Baritaut, -or of the Lion d'Angers; the third bore the title of Lords<a name="FNanchor_16_21" id="FNanchor_16_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_21" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> of -Beaufort.</p> - -<p>When the line of the Lords of Beaufort became extinct in the person of -Dame Renée, one Christopher II., of a collateral branch of that line, -came into possession of the estate of the Guerrande in Morbihan<a name="FNanchor_17_22" id="FNanchor_17_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_22" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>. -At this period, the middle of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> seventeenth century, great -confusion prevailed in the order of the nobility. Names and titles -had been usurped. Louis XIV. ordered a visitation, so that each might -be reinstated in his rights. Christopher, upon giving proofs of his -ancient nobility, was confirmed in his title and in the ownership of -his arms, by judgment of the Chamber instituted at Rennes for the -reforming of the nobility of Brittany. This judgment was issued on the -16th of September 1669, and ran as follows:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Judgment of the Chamber instituted by the King for the -reforming of the nobility in the Province of Brittany, -delivered the 16th of September 1669: between the King's -Attorney-General and M. Christophe de Chateaubriand, Sieur -de La Guerrande; which declares the said Christophe to -issue from an ancient noble house, permits him to take the -quality of knight, and confirms his right to bear arms gules -strewn with fleur-de-lys or without number, and this after -production by him of his authentic titles, from which it -appears, &c., &c. The said judgment signed Malescot."</p></blockquote> - -<p>This judgment declares that Christophe de Chateaubriand de La Guerrande -was descended in the direct line from the Chateaubriands, Lords of -Beaufort; the Lords of Beaufort were connected through historical -evidences with the first Barons of Chateaubriand. The Chateaubriands -de Villeneuve, du Plessis and de Combourg were younger branches of the -Chateaubriands de La Guerrande, as is proved by the descent of Amaury, -brother of Michel, the said Michel being the son of the Christophe de -La Guerrande whose descent was confirmed by the above-quoted decree of -the reforming of the nobility of 16 September 1669.</p> - -<p>After my presentation to Louis XVI., my brother proposed to increase my -portion as a younger son by endowing me with some of those benefices -known as <i>bénéfices simples.</i> There was but one practical means of -doing this, since I was a layman and a soldier, and that was to have me -received into the Order of Malta. My brother sent my proofs to Malta, -and soon after, he presented a petition, in my name, to the Chapter of -the Grand Priory of Aquitaine, held at Poitiers, with a view to the -appointing of a commission to declare urgency. M. Pontois was at the -time archivist, vice-chancellor and genealogist of the Order of Malta -at the Priory.</p> - -<p>The president of the Chapter was Louis Joseph des Escotais, <i>bailli</i>, -Grand Prior of Aquitaine, having with him the Bailli de<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> Freslon, the -Chevalier de La Laurencie, the Chevalier de Murat, the Chevalier de -Lanjamet, the Chevalier de La Bourdonnaye-Montluc and the Chevalier du -Bouëtiez. The petition was allowed at the sittings of the 9th, 10th, -and 11th of September 1789. It is stated, in the terms of admission of -the "Memorial," that I deserved the favour which I solicited "by more -than one title," and that "considerations of the greatest weight" made -me worthy of the satisfaction which I claimed.</p> - -<p>And all this took place after the fall of the Bastille<a name="FNanchor_18_23" id="FNanchor_18_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_23" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>, on the eve -of the scenes of the 6th of October 1789<a name="FNanchor_19_24" id="FNanchor_19_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_24" class="fnanchor">[19]</a>, and of the removal of the -Royal Family to Paris. And at its sitting of the 7th of August in this -same year 1789, the National Assembly had abolished titles of nobility! -How could the knights, the examiners of my proofs, find that I deserved -"by more than one title the favour which I solicited" and so forth, -I, who was nothing more than a petty sub-lieutenant of Foot, unknown, -without credit, interest or fortune?</p> - -<p>My brother's eldest son (I add this in 1831 to my original text, -written in 1811), the Comte Louis de Chateaubriand, married -Mademoiselle d'Orglandes, by whom he had five daughters and one son, -the latter called Geoffroy. Christian, Louis' younger brother, the -great-grandson and godson of M. de Malesherbes, to whom he bore a -striking resemblance, served with distinction in Spain in 1823 as a -captain of the Dragoons of the Guard. He became a Jesuit in Rome. -The Jesuits supply the place of solitude in proportion as the latter -vanishes from the earth. Christian died recently at Chieri, near Turin: -old and ailing as I am, I should have preceded him; but his virtues -summoned him to Heaven before me, who have yet many faults to deplore.</p> - -<p>In the division of the family patrimony, Christian had received as his -share the property of Malesherbes, and Louis the estate of Combourg. -Christian did not look upon an equal division as just, and on retiring -from the world, determined to disburden himself of a property which did -not belong to him and restore it to his elder brother.</p> - -<p>To judge from my parchments, it would but rest with myself if I -inherited the infatuation of my father and brother, and believed myself -to represent a younger branch of the Dukes of Brittany, descending from -Thiern, grandson of Alan III.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Royal alliances.</div> - -<p>These Chateaubriands aforesaid had twice mixed their blood with the -Blood Royal of England, Geoffrey IV. of Chateaubriand<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> having married -as his second wife Agnes of Laval, grand-daughter of the Count of -Anjou and of Maud, daughter of Henry I., while Margaret of Lusignan, -widow of the King of England and grand-daughter of Louis the Fat<a name="FNanchor_20_25" id="FNanchor_20_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_25" class="fnanchor">[20]</a>, -married Geoffrey V., twelfth Baron of Chateaubriand. With respect to -the Royal House of Spain, we find Brien, a younger brother of the -ninth Baron of Chateaubriand, who would seem to have married Joan, -daughter of Alphonsus, King of Aragon. It is stated, moreover, in so -far as the great families of France are concerned, that Edward of Rohan -took Margaret of Chateaubriand to wife; and again that a Croï married -Charlotte of Chateaubriand. Tinténiac, the victor of the Battle of the -Thirty<a name="FNanchor_21_26" id="FNanchor_21_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_26" class="fnanchor">[21]</a>, and Du Guesclin, the Constable, allied themselves with our -three branches. Tiphaine Du Guesclin, grand-daughter of Bertrand's -brother, made over the property of the Plessis-Bertrand to Brien of -Chateaubriand, her cousin and heir. In treaties, Chateaubriands are -given as sureties for the peace to the Kings of France, to Clisson<a name="FNanchor_22_27" id="FNanchor_22_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_27" class="fnanchor">[22]</a>, -to the Baron of Vitré. The Dukes of Brittany send records of their -assizes to the Chateaubriands. The Chateaubriands become grand officers -of the Crown and <i>illustres</i> in the Court of Nantes; they receive -commissions to defend the safety of their province against the English. -Brien I. is present at the Battle of Hastings: he was the son of Eudon, -Count of Penthièvre. Guy of Chateaubriand is one of the lords whom -Arthur of Brittany appoints to accompany his son upon his embassy to -the Pope in 1309.</p> - -<p>I should never come to an end if I finished stating all that of which -I intended to give only a brief summary: the note<a name="FNanchor_23_28" id="FNanchor_23_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_28" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> which I have at -last determined to write, from consideration for my two nephews, who -doubtless do not hold these bygone trifles as cheaply as I do, will -supply the place of my omissions in the text. Still, nowadays we go -too<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> much to the other extreme; it has become the custom to declare -that one comes of a stock liable to villain service, that one has the -honour to be the son of a man bound to the soil. Are these declarations -as proud as they are philosophical? Is it not taking the side of the -strongest? Are the marquises, the counts, the barons of the present -day, who have neither privileges nor furrows, three-fourths of whom are -starving, blackening one another, refusing to recognize each other, -mutually contesting each other's birth: are these nobles, whose very -names are denied them or only allowed with reserve, able to inspire any -fear?</p> - -<p>For the rest, I ask pardon for being obliged to stoop to this puerile -recital, in order to account for my father's dominant passion, which -forms the key to the drama of my youth. As for myself, I neither boast -nor complain of the old or the new society. If in the first I was the -Chevalier or the Vicomte de Chateaubriand, in the second I am François -de Chateaubriand: I prefer my name to my title. Monsieur my father -would readily, like a certain mighty land-owner of the Middle Ages, -have called God "the gentleman on high" and surnamed Nicodemus (the -Nicodemus of the Gospels) "a holy gentleman." And now, passing over -my immediate progenitor, let us come from Christopher, feudal lord -of the Guerrande, descending in the direct line from the Barons of -Chateaubriand, to me, François, lord without vassals or money of the -Vallée-aux-Loups.</p> - -<p>To trace backwards the line of the Chateaubriands, consisting, as it -did, of three branches: after the two first had failed, the third, that -of the Lords of Beaufort, represented by a branch, the Chateaubriands -of the Guerrande, grew poor, as the inevitable result of the law of -the land; the eldest sons of the nobility received two-thirds of the -property, by virtue of the custom of Brittany, while the younger sons -divided among all of them one-third only of the paternal inheritance. -The degeneration of the frail stock of the latter worked with a -rapidity which became the greater as they married; and as the same -distribution into two-thirds and one-third existed in the case of their -children, these younger sons of younger sons soon came to dividing a -pigeon, a rabbit, a duck or two, and a hound, although they did not -cease to be "high knights and mighty lords" of a dove-cote, a toad-pool -and a rabbit-warren. In the old noble families we see a number of -younger sons; we follow them during two or three generations, and then -they disappear, descending gradually to the plough or absorbed by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> the -labouring classes, no man knowing what has become of them.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My father's family.</div> - -<p>The head in name and blazon of my family at the commencement of -the eighteenth century was Alexis de Chateaubriand, Seigneur de La -Guerrande, son of Michel, the said Michel having a brother named -Amaury. Michel was the son of the Christophe confirmed in his descent -from the Lords of Beaufort and the Barons of Chateaubriand in the -judgment above-quoted. Alexis de La Guerrande was a widower and a -confirmed drunkard, spent his days in rioting with his maid-servants, -and used his most precious family documents as covers for his -butter-jars.</p> - -<p>Contemporary with this head in name and blazon lived his cousin -François, son of Amaury, Michel's younger brother. François, born -19 February 1683, owned the small lordships of the Touches and the -Villeneuve. He married, on the 27th of August 1713, Pétronille Claude -Lamour, Dame de Lanjégu, by whom he had four sons: François Henri, René -(my father), Pierre Seigneur du Plessis and Joseph Seigneur du Parc. -My grandfather, François, died 28 March 1729; in my grand-mother, whom -I knew in my childhood, lingered a beautiful expression of the eyes, -which seemed to smile in the shade of her many years. At the time of -her husband's death, she was living in the manor of the Villeneuve, -in the neighbourhood of Dinan. My grandmother's whole fortune did not -exceed 5,000 livres a year, of which her eldest son took 3,333 livres, -leaving 1,666 livres a year to be divided among the three younger sons, -of which sum the eldest again first took the largest share.</p> - -<p>To crown the misfortune, my grandmother's plans were thwarted by -the characters of her sons: the eldest, François Henri, to whom the -magnificent heritage of the lordship of the Villeneuve had fallen, -refused to marry and became a priest; but instead of seeking the -benefices which his name would have procured for him, and with which he -could have supported his brothers, prompted by pride and indifference, -he asked for nothing. He buried himself in a country vicarage, and was -successively Rector of Saint-Launeuc and of Madrignac in the Diocese of -Saint-Malo. He had a passion for poetry; I have seen a goodly number -of his verses. The jovial character of this sort of high-born Rabelais, -the cult of the Muses practised by this Christian priest in his -presbytery, aroused no little interest He gave away all he possessed -and died insolvent.</p> - -<p>My father's fourth brother, Joseph, went to Paris and shut<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> himself up -in a library: every year his younger son's portion of 416 livres was -sent to him. He lived unknown amidst his books, occupying himself with -historical research. During his life, which was a short one, he wrote -to his mother on each first of January: the only sign of existence he -ever gave. Strange destiny! There you have my two uncles, one a man of -erudition, the other a poet; my elder brother wrote agreeable verse; -one of my sisters, Madame de Farcy, had a real talent for poetry; -another of my sisters, the Comtesse Lucile, a canoness, might have -become known through a few admirable pages; I myself have blackened no -little paper. My brother died on the scaffold, my two sisters quitted -a life of pain after languishing in the prisons; my two uncles did not -leave enough to pay for the four boards of their coffin; literature has -caused my joys and my sorrows, and I do not despair, God willing, of -ending my days in the alms-house.</p> - -<p>My grandmother, having exhausted her means in doing something for her -eldest and her youngest sons, was unable to do anything for the two -others, René, my father, and Pierre, my uncle. This family, which had -"strewn gold," according to its motto, looked out from its small manor -upon the rich abbeys which it had founded and in which its ancestors -lay entombed. It had presided over the States of Brittany, by virtue -of possessing one of the nine baronies; it had witnessed with its -signature the treaties of sovereigns, had served as surety to Clisson, -and would not have had sufficient credit to obtain an ensigncy for the -heir of its name.</p> - -<p>One resource was left to the poor Breton nobles, the Royal Navy. An -endeavour was made to use this on behalf of my father; but he must -first go to Brest, live there, pay masters, buy his uniform, arms, -books, mathematical instruments: how were all these expenses to be met? -The brevet applied for to the Minister of Marine was not sent, for want -of a protector to solicit its despatch: the Lady of Villeneuve sickened -with grief.</p> - -<p>It was then that my father gave the first sign of that decision of -character for which I have known him. He was about fifteen years of -age; observing his mother's distress, he approached the bed on which -she lay, and said:</p> - -<p>"I will no longer be a burden to you."</p> - -<p>Thereupon my grandmother began to weep: I have heard my father describe -the scene a score of times.</p> - -<p>"René," said she, "what do you wish to do? Till your fields."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p> - -<p>"They will not keep us; let me go away."</p> - -<p>"Well, then," said the mother, "go where God wills that you should go."</p> - -<p>She embraced the child with sobs. That same evening my father left the -maternal farm and arrived at Dinan, where one of our kinswomen gave him -a letter of recommendation to an inhabitant of Saint-Malo. The orphan -adventurer was taken as a volunteer on board an armed schooner, which -set sail a few days later.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My father's career.</div> - -<p>At that time, the little commonwealth of Saint-Malo alone maintained -the honour of the French ensign at sea. The schooner joined the fleet -which the Cardinal de Fleury was dispatching to the assistance of -Stanislaus, who was besieged at Dantzig by the Russians. There my -father landed, and was present at the memorable combat which 1,500 -Frenchmen, commanded by the Breton de Bréhan, Comte de Plélo<a name="FNanchor_24_29" id="FNanchor_24_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_29" class="fnanchor">[24]</a>, -delivered, on the 29th of May 1734, against 40,000 Muscovites under -Munich<a name="FNanchor_25_30" id="FNanchor_25_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_30" class="fnanchor">[25]</a>. De Bréhan, diplomatist, warrior and poet, was killed; my -father was twice wounded. He returned to France, and embarked once -more. Wrecked upon the Spanish coast, he was attacked and stripped by -robbers in Galicia, took a passage on board ship to Bayonne, and landed -once again beneath the paternal roof. His courage and his orderly -conduct had brought him into notice. He went to the West Indies, made -money in the colonies, and laid the foundations of a new fortune for -his family.</p> - -<p>My grandmother entrusted to her son René the care of her son Pierre, -M. de Chateaubriand du Plessis<a name="FNanchor_26_31" id="FNanchor_26_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_31" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> whose son, Armand de Chateaubriand, -was shot, by order of Bonaparte, on Good Friday<a name="FNanchor_27_32" id="FNanchor_27_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_32" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> 1809. He was one -of the last of the French nobles to die for the cause of the monarchy. -My father took charge of his brother's fate, although the habit of -suffering had endowed him with a sternness of character that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> lasted -through his life. <i>Non ignara mali</i> is not always a true saying: -unhappiness has its harsh as well as its gentle side.</p> - -<p>M. de Chateaubriand was tall and spare; he had an aquiline nose and -thin, pale lips; his eyes were deep-set, small, and of a bluish or -sea-green color, like the eyes of lions or of the barbarians of olden -time. I have never seen an expression like theirs: when inflamed with -anger, each flashing pupil seemed to shoot out and strike you like a -bullet.</p> - -<p>My father was governed by one sole passion, that of his name. His -general condition was one of deep sadness, which increased with age, -and of a silence from which he issued only in fits of anger. Avaricious -in the hope of restoring to his family its pristine splendour, haughty -of demeanour with the nobles at the States of Brittany, harsh with his -dependants at Combourg, taciturn, despotic and threatening at home, -the feeling which the sight of him inspired was one of fear. Had he -lived until the Revolution, and had he been younger, he would have -played a great part, or got himself massacred in his castle. He was -certainly possessed of genius: I have no doubt that, at the head of an -administration or an army, he would have been a man out of the ordinary.</p> - -<p>He first thought of marriage on returning from America. Born on the -23rd of September 1718, he was thirty-five years of age when, on the -3rd of July 1753, he married Apolline Jeanne Suzanne de Bedée, born -7 April 1726, and daughter of Messire Ange Annibal Comte de Bedée, -Seigneur de La Bouëtardais. He took up his residence with her at -Saint-Malo, within seven or eight leagues of which both of them had -been born, so that their house commanded the horizon under which they -had first seen the light. My maternal grandmother, Marie Anne de -Ravenel de Boisteilleul, Dame de Bedée, born at Rennes on the 16th of -October 1698, had been brought up at Saint-Cyr during the last years of -Madame de Maintenon: her education had left its mark upon her daughters.</p> - -<p>My mother was endowed with great wit and intelligence, and with -a prodigious imagination; her mind had been formed by the works -of Fénelon, Racine, Madame de Sévigné, and stored with anecdotes -of the Court of Louis XIV.; she knew the whole of <i>Cyrus</i><a name="FNanchor_28_33" id="FNanchor_28_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_33" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> by -heart. Apolline de Bedée was dark, short and ill-favoured, with -large features; the elegance of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> her manners, the vivacity of her -temperament, formed a contrast with my father's stiffness and calm. -Loving society as much as he loved solitude, as humoursome and animated -as he was cold and unimpassioned, she had no tastes but what were -opposed to her husband's. The antagonism which she encountered saddened -her naturally gay and light-hearted disposition. Obliged to hold her -tongue when she would have wished to speak, she made amends to herself -by a kind of clamorous melancholy broken with sighs which alone -interrupted my father's silent gloom. For piety my mother was an angel.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>My mother was brought to bed at Saint-Malo of an eldest son, who -died in the cradle and was christened Geoffroy, like almost all the -first-born of my family. This son was followed by another and by two -daughters, none of whom lived more than a few months.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My birth and baptism.</div> - -<p>These four children died of an extravasation of blood on the brain. -At last my mother bore a third son, who was named Jean-Baptiste: it -was he who later married M. de Malesherbes' grand-daughter. After -Jean-Baptiste came four daughters: Marie-Anne, Bénigne, Julie and -Lucile, all four endowed with rare beauty; the two eldest alone -survived the storms of the Revolution. Beauty, that serious trifle, -remains when all the rest has passed away. I was the last of the ten -children. Probably my four sisters owed their existence to my father's -desire to assure the perpetuation of his name through the arrival of a -second boy; I resisted, I had an aversion to life.</p> - -<p>Here is my baptismal certificate<a name="FNanchor_29_34" id="FNanchor_29_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_34" class="fnanchor">[29]</a>:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Extract from the civil register of the Commune of Saint-Malo -for the year 1768.</p> - -<p>"François René de Chateaubriand, son of René de Chateaubriand -and of Pauline Jeanne Suzanne de Bedée, his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> wife, born 4 -September 1768, baptized on the following day by us Pierre -Henri Nouail, grand-vicar of the Bishop of Saint-Malo. -Godfather, Jean-Baptiste de Chateaubriand, his brother, and -godmother, Françoise-Gertrude de Contades, who sign with the -father. Thus signed on the register: Contades de Plouër, -Jean-Baptiste de Chateaubriand, Brignon de Chateaubriand, de -Chateaubriand, and Nouail, vicar-general<a name="FNanchor_30_35" id="FNanchor_30_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_35" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>."</p></blockquote> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>It will be observed that I have made a mistake in my Works: I say that -I was born on the 4th of October<a name="FNanchor_31_36" id="FNanchor_31_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_36" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> and not on the 4th of September; -my Christian names are François René and not François Auguste<a name="FNanchor_32_37" id="FNanchor_32_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_37" class="fnanchor">[32]</a>.</p> - -<p>The house in which my parents were then living at Saint-Malo stands -in a dark and narrow street called the Rue des Juifs<a name="FNanchor_33_38" id="FNanchor_33_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_38" class="fnanchor">[33]</a>: it has now -been turned into an inn<a name="FNanchor_34_39" id="FNanchor_34_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_39" class="fnanchor">[34]</a>. The room in which my mother was confined -overlooks a bare portion of the city wall, and from the windows one can -contemplate an endless expanse of sea, which breaks upon the rocks. My -god-father, as appears from my baptismal certificate, was my brother, -and my godmother the Comtesse de Plouër, daughter of the Marshal de -Contades<a name="FNanchor_35_40" id="FNanchor_35_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_40" class="fnanchor">[35]</a>. I was almost dead when I first saw the light. The roaring -of the waves, upheaved by a squall which heralded the autumnal equinox, -deadened my cries: I have often been told these details; their sadness -has never been erased from my memory. A day seldom passes on which, -reflecting on what I have been, I do not see again in thought the rock -upon which I was born, the room in which my mother inflicted life upon -me, the tempest whose sound first lulled me to sleep, the unfortunate -brother who gave me a name which I have nearly always dragged through -misfortune. Heaven seemed to unite these several circumstances in order -to lay within my cradle a symbol of my destiny.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<a id="chat001"></a> -<img src="images/chat_001.jpg" width="500" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Chateaubriand's birth place at St. Malo.</p> -</div> -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p> - -<p>On leaving my mother's breast I underwent my first exile: I was -banished to Plancoët, a pretty village situated between Dinan, -Saint-Malo and Lamballe. My mother's only brother, the Comte de -Bedée, had built a house near the village, to which he gave the name -of Monchoix. My maternal grand-mother's property stretched from this -neighbourhood to the market-town of Courseul, the Curiosolites of -Cæsar's Commentaries. My grandmother, since many years a widow, -lived with her sister, Mademoiselle de Boisteilleul, in a hamlet -divided from Plancoët by a bridge, and known as the Abbaye, from a -Benedictine abbey dedicated to Our Lady of Nazareth.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My nurse's vow.</div> - -<p>My nurse was sterile; another poor Christian took me to her breast. -She vowed me to the patron of the hamlet, Our Lady of Nazareth, and -promised that I should wear blue and white in her honor for seven -years. I had lived but a few hours, and already the weight of years was -marked upon my brow. Why did they not let me die? God in His wisdom -granted to the prayer of humbleness and innocence the preservation of a -life for which a vain renown was lying in wait.</p> - -<p>This vow of the Breton peasant woman is no longer in the spirit of the -age: yet nothing can be more touching than the intervention of a Divine -Mother coming between Heaven and the child and sharing the terrestrial -mother's solicitude.</p> - -<p>After three years I was brought back to Saint-Malo. Already seven years -had elapsed since my father had recovered the domain of Combourg. -He wished to gain possession of the estates where his ancestors had -lived and died; and unable to treat for the purchase of the manor of -Beaufort, which had passed to the Goyon family, or for the barony of -Chateaubriand, which had fallen into the hands of the House of Condé, -he turned his attention to Combourg, which is spelt "Combour"<a name="FNanchor_36_41" id="FNanchor_36_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_41" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> in -Froissart, and which has been held by various branches of my family -through their inter-marriages with the Coëtquens. Combourg served as -a defense to Brittany in the Norman and English marches: it was built -in 1016 by Junken, Bishop of Dol; the great tower dates to 1100. -The Marshal de Duras<a name="FNanchor_37_42" id="FNanchor_37_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_42" class="fnanchor">[37]</a>, who held Combourg by right of his wife, -Maclovie de Coëtquen, whose mother was a Chateaubriand, came to terms -with my father. The Marquis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> du Hallay<a name="FNanchor_38_43" id="FNanchor_38_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_43" class="fnanchor">[38]</a>, an officer in the Mounted -Grenadiers of the Royal Guards, perhaps too well known for his valor, -is the last of the Coëtquen Chateaubriands: M. du Hallay has a brother. -The same Maréchal de Duras, in his quality as our ally, subsequently -presented my brother and myself to Louis XVI.</p> - -<p>I was intended for the Royal Navy: a distaste for Court life was -natural to any Breton, and particularly to my father. This feeling was -strengthened in him by the aristocratic character of our States.</p> - -<p>When I was brought home to Saint-Malo, my father was at Combourg, my -brother at Saint-Brieuc College; my four sisters were living with my -mother. All the latter's affections were centered upon her eldest son: -not that she did not love her other children, but she showed a blind -preference for the young Comte de Combourg. True, I had, as a boy, -as the youngest-born, as the "chevalier," as I was called, certain -privileges not shared by my sisters; but, upon the upshot, I was left -to the care of the servants. Moreover, my mother, full of intelligence -and virtue, was largely taken up with social claims and religious -duties. The Comtesse de Plouër, my godmother, was her intimate friend; -she also saw Maupertuis'<a name="FNanchor_39_44" id="FNanchor_39_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_44" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> family and the Abbé Trublet's<a name="FNanchor_40_45" id="FNanchor_40_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_45" class="fnanchor">[40]</a>. She -loved politics, excitement, society: for people talked politics at -Saint-Malo like the monks in the Cedron hollow<a name="FNanchor_41_46" id="FNanchor_41_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_46" class="fnanchor">[41]</a>; and she threw -herself with ardor into the La Chalotais<a name="FNanchor_42_47" id="FNanchor_42_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_47" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> affair. She would bring -home with her a cross humour, an absent-mindedness,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> a spirit of -parsimony, which at first prevented one from recognising her admirable -qualities. She was methodical, and showed no method in the management -of her children; generous, and appeared avaricious; gentle, yet ever -scolding: my father was the terror of the servants, my mother their -scourge.</p> - -<p>Such were the dispositions of my parents, whence sprang the earliest -feelings of my life. I attached myself to the woman who took care of -me, an excellent creature called Villeneuve, whose name I write with -a movement of gratitude and with tears in my eyes. Villeneuve was a -sort of superintendent of the household; she carried me in her arms, -gave me, by stealth, anything she could come across, wiped away my -tears, kissed me, pushed me into a corner, took me out, and constantly -muttering: "There's one who won't grow up proud, who has a good heart, -who does not snub poor people! Here, little fellow," she would stuff me -with sugar and wine.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My sister Lucile.</div> - -<p>Soon my childish affection for Villeneuve was controlled by a worthier -friendship. Lucile, my fourth sister, was two years older than I<a name="FNanchor_43_48" id="FNanchor_43_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_48" class="fnanchor">[43]</a>. -Neglected as the youngest, she was given none save her sisters' -left-off clothes to wear. Imagine a little thin girl, too tall for -her age, with loose-jointed arms, shy, speaking with difficulty, and -unable to learn a thing; dress her in a frock taken from a child of a -different size and shape; confine her chest in a quilted corset the -gores of which cut wounds into her ribs; hold up her neck with an iron -collar cased in brown velvet; dress her hair back upon the top of her -head, fasten it with a cap of black stuff, and you see before you the -wretched object that struck my eyes on returning to the paternal roof. -No one would have suspected in the puny Lucile the talent and beauty -with which she was one day to shine.</p> - -<p>She was given me as a plaything; I did not abuse my power; instead -of submitting her to my will, I became her defender. She and I were -taken every morning to the sisters Couppart, two hunch-backed old -women dressed in black, who taught children to read. Lucile read -very badly; I still worse. She was scolded; I scratched the sisters' -faces; great complaints were carried to my mother. I began to pass -for a ne'er-do-well, a rebel, an idler, in short, an ass. These ideas -sank into my parents' heads: my father said that all the Chevaliers -de Chateaubriand had been hare-hunters, drunkards, and brawlers. My -mother sighed and grumbled when she saw the disordered condition of my -jacket. Child<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> though I was, my father's remark revolted me; when my -mother crowned her remonstrances with a panegyric on my brother, whom -she called a Cato, a hero, I felt inclined to do all the ill that they -seemed to expect of me.</p> - -<p>My writing-master, M. Desprès, who wore a pig-tail, was no more -satisfied with me than were my parents; he was eternally making me -copy, from a slip in his own writing, the following couplet, which I -came to detest, not by reason of any error of construction that it may -contain:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -C'est à vous, mon esprit, à qui je veux parler:<br /> -Vous avez des défauts que je ne puis celer<a name="FNanchor_44_49" id="FNanchor_44_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_49" class="fnanchor">[44]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>He accompanied his reprimands with cuffs in my neck, calling me <i>tête -d'achôcre</i>: did he mean ἀχὼρ<a name="FNanchor_45_50" id="FNanchor_45_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_50" class="fnanchor">[45]</a>? I do not know what a <i>tête d'achôcre</i> -is, but I take it to be something frightful.</p> - -<p>Saint-Malo is a mere rock. Originally rising from the middle of a -salt marsh, it became an island in 709 through an incursion of the -sea, which hollowed out the gulf and set Mont Saint-Michel amid the -waves. Nowadays the rock of Saint-Malo is attached to the mainland -only by a causeway poetically designated as the Sillon, or Furrow. -The Sillon is on one side assaulted by the open sea, and on the other -washed by the flowing tide, which turns to enter the harbour. In 1730 -it was almost entirely destroyed by a storm. At ebb-tide the harbour -is dry, displaying on its edge east and north of the sea a beach of -the most beautiful sand. It is then possible to walk round my paternal -nest. Near and far are strewn rocks, forts, uninhabited islets: the -Fort-Royal, the Conchée, Césembre, and the Grand-Bé, where my tomb will -be. I unwittingly made a good choice: <i>bé</i>, in Breton, means tomb.</p> - -<p>At the end of the Furrow, a Calvary stands upon a sandy knoll jutting -out into the open sea. This knoll is called the Hoguette; it is crowned -with an old gallows: we used to play puss-in-the-corner between its -posts, disputing their possession with the birds of the sea-shore. It -was not, however, without a certain sense of fright that we stopped in -that place.</p> - -<p>There, too, are the Miels, downs on which the sheep used to graze; to -the right are meadows below Paramé, the posting-road to Saint-Servan, -a Calvary, and wind mills standing on rising ground, like those on -Achilles' Tomb at the entrance to the Hellespont.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p> - -<p>I reached my seventh year; my mother took me to Plancoët, to be -released from my nurse's vow; we stayed at my grandmother's. If ever I -have known happiness, it was certainly in that house.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My grandmother.</div> - -<p>My grandmother lived in the Rue du Hameau-de-l'Abbaye, in a house -whose gardens ran terrace-wise into a dale, at the bottom of which -was a spring surrounded by willows. Madame de Bedée could no -longer walk, but with this exception she suffered from none of the -inconveniences attendant upon her age. She was a pleasant old woman, -fat, white-haired, neat, with the grand air and fine and noble manners. -She wore old-fashioned plaited gowns and a head-dress of black lace -fastened under her chin. Her mind was cultivated, her conversation -grave, her mood was serious. She was cared for by her sister, who -resembled her only in kind-heartedness. Mademoiselle de Boisteilleul -was a little lean person, sprightly, talkative, addicted to raillery. -She had been in love with a certain Comte de Trémigon, and the said -count, after becoming engaged to her, had broken his promise. My -great-aunt had consoled herself by singing her love, for she was -poetically inclined. I remember often hearing her hum, in snuffling -fashion, with her glasses on her nose, while embroidering double-rowed -ruffles for her sister, an apologue commencing:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Un épervier aimait une fauvette<br /> -Et, ce dit-on, il en était aimé<a name="FNanchor_46_51" id="FNanchor_46_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_51" class="fnanchor">[46]</a>,<br /> -</p> - -<p>which I always thought strange for a sparrow-hawk.</p> - -<p>The song ended with this refrain:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Ah! Trémigon, la fable est-elle obscure?<br /> -Ture, lure<a name="FNanchor_47_52" id="FNanchor_47_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_52" class="fnanchor">[47]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>How many things in this world end, like my aunt's love, in "Derry down!"</p> - -<p>My grandmother left the housekeeping to my sister. She dined at eleven -o'clock in the morning, took her <i>siesta</i>, woke up at one; she was -carried down the garden terraces and placed under the willows near the -spring, where she sat knitting, surrounded by her sister, her children, -and grandchildren. At that time old age was a distinction; nowadays it -is an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> encumbrance. At four o'clock, my grandmother was carried back -to her drawing-room; Pierre, the man-servant, set out a card-table; -Mademoiselle de Boisteilleul knocked with the tongs against the back -of the fire-place, and a few minutes later three other old maids would -walk in, who had come from the next house in obedience to my aunt's -summons.</p> - -<p>These three sisters were called the Demoiselles Vildéneux<a name="FNanchor_48_53" id="FNanchor_48_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_53" class="fnanchor">[48]</a>; they -were the daughters of a poor gentleman, and instead of dividing his -slender inheritance, they had enjoyed it in common, had never left -one another, had never been out of their natal village. They had been -intimate with my grandmother since childhood, lived next door to her, -and came every day, at the preconcerted signal in the chimney, to make -up their friend's party at quadrille. The game began; the good ladies -quarrelled; it was the only incident in their lives, the only moment -that spoiled the evenness of their temper. At eight o'clock, supper -restored their serenity. Often my uncle de Bedée<a name="FNanchor_49_54" id="FNanchor_49_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_54" class="fnanchor">[49]</a>, with his son and -his three daughters, would be present at my grandmother's supper. The -latter would tell a thousand stories of the old days; my uncle, in his -turn, would describe the battle of Fontenoy, at which he was present, -and crown his boasting with stories which were a little free and which -made the worthy spinsters die with laughing. At nine o'clock, supper -over, the servants entered; all went on their knees, and Mademoiselle -de Boisteilleul said prayers aloud. At ten o'clock all in the house -slept, except my grand-mother, who made her waiting-woman read to her -till one in the morning.</p> - -<p>This society, which was the first I saw in my life, was also the first -to disappear from my eyes. I saw death enter that abode of peace and -bliss, making it gradually lonely, closing first one room and then -another which were never reopened. I saw my grandmother obliged to -forego her quadrille, for want of her accustomed partners; I saw the -number of her constant friends diminish until the day came when my -grand-mother was the last to fall. She and her sister had promised to -call each other so soon as one had preceded the other; they kept their -word, and Madame de Bedée survived Mademoiselle de Boisteilleul but -a few months. I am perhaps the only man living that knows that these -persons existed. Twenty times since that period I have made the same -remark; twenty times<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> have societies been formed and dissolved around -me. The impossibility of long duration in human relations, the profound -forgetfulness that pursues us, the invincible silence that takes -possession of our tomb and spreads thence over our house, constantly -recall me to the necessity of isolation. Any hand will serve to give -us the glass of water which we may need in the fever preceding death. -Ah, that it may not be too dear to us! For how can one forsake without -despair the hand which he has covered with kisses, and which he would -like to hold to his heart for ever?</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Bedée family.</div> - -<p>The Comte de Bedée's house<a name="FNanchor_50_55" id="FNanchor_50_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_55" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> was a league away from Plancoët, in a -high and cheerful position. Everything about it breathed gladness: my -uncle's gaiety was inexhaustible. He had three daughters, Caroline, -Marie and Flore, and one son, the Comte de La Bouëtardais, a counsellor -to the Parliament, all of whom shared his light-heartedness. Monchoix -was filled with cousins from the neighbourhood; they made music, -danced, hunted, and revealed from morning till night. My aunt, Madame -de Bedée<a name="FNanchor_51_56" id="FNanchor_51_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_56" class="fnanchor">[51]</a>, who saw my uncle gaily squandering his capital and his -income, was very properly vexed; but no one listened to her, and her -ill-humour but increased the good-humour of her family, the more so -as my aunt herself displayed a number of eccentricities: she always -had a great snarling hound lying in her lap, and was followed by a -tame boar, which filled the house with its grunts. When I came from my -father's house, so sombre and so silent, to this house of noise and -merry-making, I felt myself in a genuine paradise. The contrast became -more striking when my family were settled in the country: the change -from Combourg to Monchoix was a change from the wilderness to the -world, from the castle-keep of a mediæval baron to the villa of a -Roman prince.</p> - -<p>On Ascension Day 1775, I set out from my grandmother's house to -go to Our Lady of Nazareth, accompanied by my mother, my aunt de -Boisteilleul, my uncle de Bedée and his children, my nurse, and my -foster-brother. I wore a white surtout, white shoes, gloves, and hat, -and a blue silk sash. We went up to the Abbaye at ten o'clock in -the morning. The convent, which stood by the road-side, derived<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> an -appearance of age from a quincunx of elms dating back to John V. of -Brittany<a name="FNanchor_52_57" id="FNanchor_52_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_57" class="fnanchor">[52]</a>. The quincunx led to the cemetery; it was only through the -region of the tombstones that the Christian could reach the church: it -is death which admits to the presence of God.</p> - -<p>The monks were already seated in their stalls; the altar was lighted -with a multitude of candles; lamps hung from the different arches: -Gothic edifices offer successive distances and, as it were, horizons. -The bedels met me at the door, in state, and conducted me to the choir. -Three seats had been prepared; I sat down upon the middle one, my nurse -placed herself on my left, my foster-mother on my right.</p> - -<p>The mass commenced; at the Offertory, the celebrant turned to me and -read some prayers; after which my white clothes were taken off and hung -as an <i>ex voto</i> beneath a picture of the Virgin. They then dressed me -in a violet-coloured frock. The Prior delivered a discourse upon the -efficacy of vows; he recalled the history of the Baron of Chateaubriand -who had gone to the East with St Louis; he told me that perhaps I, too, -should go to Palestine and visit that Virgin of Nazareth to whom I owed -my life, thanks to the prayers of the poor, which were always powerful -with God. This monk, who told me the history of my family as Dante's -grandfather told him the history of his ancestors, might also, like -Cacciaguida, have added to it by predicting my exile<a name="FNanchor_53_58" id="FNanchor_53_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_58" class="fnanchor">[53]</a>.</p> - -<p>Since the Benedictine's exhortation, I always dreamt of the pilgrimage -to Jerusalem, and I ended by accomplishing it.</p> - -<p>I was consecrated to religion; the wardrobe of my innocence has lain -upon its altars: it is not my garments that should today be hung within -its temples, but my misfortunes.</p> - -<p>I was taken back to Saint-Malo. Saint-Malo is not the Aleth of the -<i>Notitia Imperii</i>: Aleth was better placed by the Romans in what is -now the suburb of Saint-Servan, in the military port known as Solidor, -at the mouth of the Rance. Facing Aleth was a rock, <i>est in conspectu -Tenedos</i><a name="FNanchor_54_59" id="FNanchor_54_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_59" class="fnanchor">[54]</a>, not the refuge of the perfidious Greeks, but the retreat -of Aaron the Hermit<a name="FNanchor_55_60" id="FNanchor_55_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_60" class="fnanchor">[55]</a>, who took up his abode on that island in 507, -the date of the victory of Clovis over Alaric<a name="FNanchor_56_61" id="FNanchor_56_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_61" class="fnanchor">[56]</a>: one founded a -little<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> convent, the other a great monarchy, two edifices both of which -have perished.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Saint-Malo.</div> - -<p>Malo, in Latin Maclovius, Macutus, or Machutes, became Bishop of Aleth -in 541, and, attracted as he was by Aaron's fame, visited him. As -chaplain of the hermit's oratory, after the saint's death he raised a -cenobitical church, <i>in prædio Machutis.</i> Malo's name was given to -the island, and subsequently to the town, Maclovium, Maclopolis.</p> - -<p>Between St. Malo, first Bishop of Aleth, and Blessed John surnamed "of -the Gridiron," who was consecrated in 1140 and built the cathedral, -came five-and-forty bishops. Aleth was already almost wholly abandoned, -and John of the Gridiron transferred the episcopal see from the Roman -to the Breton city which was spreading over Aaron's rock.</p> - -<p>Saint-Malo suffered greatly in the wars waged between the Kings of -France and England. The Earl of Richmond, later Henry VII. of England, -in whom ended the Wars of the Roses, was taken to Saint-Malo. He was -handed over by the Duke of Brittany to the ambassadors of Richard, -who carried him to London to be put to death. He escaped from his -guards, and took refuge in the cathedral, <i>asylum quod in eâ urbe est -inviolatissimum</i>: the right of sanctuary dated back to the Druids, the -first priests of Aaron's isle.</p> - -<p>A Bishop of Saint-Malo was one of the three favourites (the others were -Arthur de Montauban and Jean Hingant) who killed the unfortunate Giles -of Brittany, as may be read in the <i>Histoire lamentable de Gilles, -seigneur de Chateaubriand et de Chantocé prince du sang de France et de -Bretagne, étranglé en prison par les ministres du favori, le 24 avril -1450.</i></p> - -<p>There exists a fine capitulation between Henry IV. and Saint-Malo: -the city treats as between Power and Power, protects those who have -taken refuge within its walls, and retains the right, by an order of -Philibert de La Guiche, grand-master of artillery of France, to cast -one hundred pieces of cannon. Nothing more closely resembled Venice -(failing the sun and the pursuit of the arts) than did this little -commonwealth of Saint-Malo in religion, wealth, and prowess at sea. -It supported Charles V.'s expedition to Africa and came to the aid of -Louis XIII. at the Rochelle. It flew its ensign over all the seas, -maintained relations with Mocha, Surat, Pondicherry; a company formed -in its midst explored the South Sea.</p> - -<p>From the reign of Henry IV. onwards, my native city distinguished -itself for its devotion and fidelity to France.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> The English bombarded -it in 1693; on the 29th of November in that year, they launched against -it an infernal machine, in the wreck of which I have often disported -myself with my play-fellows. They bombarded it again in 1758.</p> - -<p>The Malouins lent considerable sums of money to Louis XIV. during the -war of 1701; in recognition of this service, he confirmed them in their -privilege of guarding their own city, and ordered that the crew of the -first ship in the Royal Navy should consist exclusively of sailors -drawn from Saint-Malo and its territory. In 1771, the Malouins repeated -their sacrifice and lent thirty millions to Louis XV.</p> - -<p>The famous Admiral Anson<a name="FNanchor_57_62" id="FNanchor_57_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_62" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> landed at Cancale in 1758, and burnt -Saint-Servan. In Saint-Malo Castle, La Chalotais wrote upon rags, -with the aid of a tooth-pick, soot and water, the Memoirs which made -so much noise and which nobody remembers. Events efface events; they -are but inscriptions traced upon other inscriptions, making pages of -palimpsestic history.</p> - -<p>Saint-Malo furnished the Royal Navy with its best sailors; the complete -roll may be found in a folio volume published in 1682 with the title: -<i>Rôle général des officiers, mariniers et matelots de Saint-Malo.</i> -There is a <i>Coutume de Saint-Malo</i>, printed in the collection of the -Customary-General. The city archives contain a fair number of charters -useful to the study of history and maritime law.</p> - -<p>Saint-Malo gave birth to Jacques Cartier<a name="FNanchor_58_63" id="FNanchor_58_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_63" class="fnanchor">[58]</a>, the French Christopher -Columbus, who discovered Canada. At the other extremity of America the -Malouins marked out the islands to which they gave their name: Îles -Malouins<a name="FNanchor_59_64" id="FNanchor_59_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_64" class="fnanchor">[59]</a>. It is the native city of Duguay-Trouin<a name="FNanchor_60_65" id="FNanchor_60_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_65" class="fnanchor">[60]</a>, one of the -greatest seamen ever known, and more recently, of Surcouf<a name="FNanchor_61_66" id="FNanchor_61_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_66" class="fnanchor">[61]</a>. The -celebrated Mahé de La Bourdonnais<a name="FNanchor_62_67" id="FNanchor_62_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_67" class="fnanchor">[62]</a>, Governor of the Isle of France, -was born at Saint-Malo, as were La Mettrie<a name="FNanchor_63_68" id="FNanchor_63_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_68" class="fnanchor">[63]</a>, Maupertuis, the Abbé<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> -Trublet, of whom Voltaire made sport: all this is not bad for an area -not so large as that of the Tuileries Gardens.</p> - -<p>Far ahead of these smaller literary lights of my birthplace stands the -Abbé de Lamennais<a name="FNanchor_64_69" id="FNanchor_64_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_69" class="fnanchor">[64]</a>. Broussais<a name="FNanchor_65_70" id="FNanchor_65_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_70" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> also was born at Saint-Malo, as -well as my noble friend, the Comte de La Ferronnays<a name="FNanchor_66_71" id="FNanchor_66_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_71" class="fnanchor">[66]</a>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The dogs of Saint-Malo.</div> - -<p>Finally, so as to omit nothing, I will mention the mastiffs which -formed the garrison of Saint-Malo, They were descended from the famous -dogs which were regimental pets under the Gauls, and which, according -to Strabo, fought by their masters' side in pitched battles against -the Romans. Albertus Magnus, a monk of the Dominican Order, and as -serious a writer as the Greek geographer, declares that at Saint-Malo -"the safety of this important place was entrusted nightly to the -faithful care of certain dogs, which patrolled well and trustily." They -were condemned to capital punishment for having had the misfortune -inconsiderately to bite a gentleman's legs; which gave rise in our days -to the song, <i>Bon voyage</i>: people will laugh at anything. The criminals -were imprisoned; one of them refused to take his food from the hands -of his keeper, who wept; the noble animal elected to die of hunger: -dogs, like men, are punished for their fidelity. In addition to this, -the Capitol was, like my own Delos, guarded by dogs, which did not bark -when Scipio Africanus came to say his morning prayer.</p> - -<p>Saint-Malo is an enclosure of walls of different periods, divided -into "great" and "little" walls, which form walks, and is defended -besides by a castle of which I have spoken, and which the Duchess Anne -fortified with towers, bastions, and moats. Seen from the outside, the -island city resembles a granite citadel.</p> - -<p>The children's meeting-place is the strand of the open sea, between -the Castle and the Fort-Royal; here I was reared, the companion of -the waves and winds. One of my earliest delights was to fight with -the storms, to play with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> the waves which retired before me or chased -me across the beach. Another diversion was, with the sand on the -sea-shore, to build edifices which my play-fellows called "ovens." -Since that time I have often seen castles, built for eternity, that -have crumbled more swiftly than my sand palaces.</p> - -<p>My lot being irrevocably fixed, I was left to pass an idle childhood. -A few notions of drawing, English, hydrography and mathematics seemed -more than sufficient for the education of a little boy destined -beforehand for the rough life of a sailor.</p> - -<p>I grew up in my family without lessons. We no longer occupied the house -in which I was born: my mother lived in a large house in the Place -Saint-Vincent, almost facing the gate which leads to the Sillon. The -ragamuffins of the town had become my dearest friends: I filled the -yard and the staircases of the house with them. I resembled them in all -things: I spoke their language; I had their ways and their walk; I was -dressed like them, my clothes were as indecent and undone as theirs; my -shirts fell to rags; I had never a pair of stockings but it was full -of holes; I shuffled about in shabby shoes, down at heel, falling off -my feet at every step; I often lost my hat and sometimes my coat. My -face was smudged, scratched, bruised; my hands black. So strange was my -appearance that my mother, in the midst of her anger, could not keep -from laughing and exclaiming, "How ugly he is!"</p> - -<p>Nevertheless I loved, and I have always loved, cleanliness and -elegance. At night I tried to mend my rags. Kind Villeneuve and my -Lucile assisted in repairing my clothes, to save me from scoldings -and punishments; but their patching only served to make my outfit the -odder. I was particularly disconsolate when I appeared in tatters among -children proud of their new clothes and of their finery.</p> - -<p>There was something about my fellow-townsmen that was foreign and -suggested Spain. Families from Saint-Malo had settled at Cadiz; -families from Cadiz lived at Saint-Malo. Saint-Malo's insular position, -its embankment, its architecture, its houses, its tanks, and its -granite walls give it a certain resemblance to Cadiz; when I saw the -latter town it often reminded me of the former.</p> - -<p>Locked up at night in their city under the same key, the Malouins -formed but one family. So primitive were the habits of the place, that -young women who sent to Paris<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> for their ribbons and muslins were -looked upon as worldly creatures from whom their startled acquaintances -held aloof. A frailty was a thing unknown: suspicion having fallen upon -a certain Comtesse d'Abbeville, the result was a ballad in singing -which people crossed themselves. Nevertheless the poet, faithful, in -spite of himself, to the troubadour tradition, took sides against the -husband, whom he called "a barbarous monster."</p> - -<p>On certain days of the year, the townsmen and the country-people met at -fairs called "assemblies," which were held upon the islands and forts -surrounding Saint-Malo; these were reached on foot when the sea was -low, by boat when it was high. The crowd of sailors and peasants; the -covered carts; the caravans of horses, donkeys and mules; the concourse -of dealers; the tents lining the sea-shore; the processions of monks -and brotherhoods winding with their banners and crosses amid the crowd; -the rowing and sailing-boats flitting to and fro; the ships entering -harbor or heaving anchor in the roads; the salutes of artillery, the -pealing of the bells, all combined to fill these gatherings with noise, -movement and variety.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Holidays at Saint-Malo.</div> - -<p>I was the only witness of these holidays who did not share in the -general gaiety. I had no money to buy toys and cakes. In order to avoid -the scorn attached to ill-fortune, I sat far from the crowd, near -those pools of water which the sea keeps up and replenishes in the -hollows of the rocks. There I amused myself by watching the flight of -the gulls and sea-mews, staring at the blue expanse of sky, gathering -shells, listening to the refrain of the waves among the rocks. At -night, at home, I was but little happier; I disliked certain dishes: -I was forced to eat them. I cast beseeching glances at La France, who -cleverly whipped away my plate when my father's head was turned. In -the matter of the fire, the same harshness: I was not permitted to go -near the chimney. It is a far cry from those severe parents to the -spoil-children of to-day.</p> - -<p>But if I had troubles unknown to modern children, I had some pleasures -also of which they know nothing. The very meaning has been forgotten -of those religious and domestic solemnities in which the whole country -and the God of that country seemed to rejoice. Christmas, New Year's -Day, Twelfth Night, Whitsuntide, Midsummer were prosperous days for me. -Possibly the influence of my native<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> rock worked upon my sentiments -and studies. In the year 1015 the Malouins vowed to assist "with their -hands and means" to build the steeples of the cathedral at Chartres: -have I too not labored with my hands to rebuild the stricken spire of -the ancient Christian basilica? "The sun," says Père Maunoir, "never -shone upon canton where more constant and invariable fidelity to the -true Faith was shown than in Brittany. For thirteen centuries no heresy -has stained the tongue which has served as an organ for preaching Jesus -Christ, and the man is as yet unborn who has seen a Breton of Brittany -preach any religion other than the Catholic."</p> - -<p>On the feast-days which I have mentioned, I was taken with my sisters -to perform my stations at the various sanctuaries in the town, at St. -Aaron's Chapel or the Convent of Victory; my ear was struck by the -sweet voices of a hidden choir of women; the harmony of their chant -mingled with the roar of the billows. When, in the winter, at the hour -of Benediction, the Cathedral was filled by the multitude; when old -sailors upon their knees, young women and children read their Hours -with lighted tapers in their hands; when the congregation at the -Benediction joined in singing the <i>Tantum Ergo</i>; when, in the intervals -between the hymns, the Christmas squalls dashed against the panes of -the Cathedral and shook the arches of the nave which had resounded with -the manly tones of Jacques Cartier and Duguay-Trouin, I experienced -an extraordinary feeling of religion. I had no need to be told by -Villeneuve to fold my hands and invoke God by all the names which my -mother had taught me; I saw the heavens opening, the angels offering up -our incense and our prayers; I bowed my forehead: it was not yet laden -with those cares which weigh upon us so terribly that we are tempted -not to raise our heads after bending them at the foot of the altar.</p> - -<p>One sailor, the function concluded, would set sail all fortified -against the night, while another would return to harbour and turn his -steps to the illuminated dome of the church: thus religion and danger -were constantly in sight one of the other, and their features were -inseparable in my thoughts. I was hardly born before I heard speak of -death: in the evening, a man went from street to street with a bell, -calling upon Christians to pray for a brother deceased. Scarcely a year -passed but vessels went under before my eyes, and as I played upon the -beach the sea rolled to my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> feet the corpses of foreign men who had -expired far from their native land. Madame de Chateaubriand said to me, -as St. Monica said to her son: <i>Nihil longe est a Deo.</i> My education -had been entrusted to Providence, which spared me none of its lessons.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My early love of religion.</div> - -<p>Vowed as I was to the Virgin, I knew and loved my Protectress, whom I -confused with my Guardian Angel: her portrait, which had cost my kind -Villeneuve a half sou, was fastened with four pins over the head of my -bed. I ought to have lived in the times when one said to Mary: "Sweet -Lady of Heaven and Earth, Mother of Pity, Fountain of all Good, that -carried Jesus Christ in thy precious womb, fair and most sweet Lady, I -thank thee and entreat thee."</p> - -<p>The first thing I knew by heart was a sailors' hymn, which began:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Je mets ma confiance,<br /> -Vierge, en votre secours;<br /> -Servez-moi de défense,<br /> -Prenez soin de mes jours;<br /> -Et quand ma dernière heure<br /> -Viendra finir mon sort,<br /> -Obtenez que je meure<br /> -De la plus sainte mort<a name="FNanchor_67_72" id="FNanchor_67_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_72" class="fnanchor">[67]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>I have since heard this hymn sung in a shipwreck. To this day I can -repeat these bad rhymes with as much pleasure as Homer's verses. A -statue of Our Lady, adorned with a Gothic crown and clad in a robe of -blue silk trimmed with a silver fringe, inspires me with more devotion -than one of Raphael's Virgins.</p> - -<p>If at least that peaceful <i>Stella maris</i> had been able to calm my -troubled life! But I was doomed to agitation even in my childhood. I -was like the Arab's date-tree: scarce had my stem issued from the rock -before it was stricken by the wind.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>I have told how my premature revolt against Lucile's mistresses began -my bad reputation: a play-fellow completed it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p> - -<p>My uncle, M. de Chateaubriand du Plessis, lived at Saint-Malo like his -brother, and had, like him, four girls and two boys. Of my two cousins, -Pierre and Armand, who were my first companions, Pierre became one of -the Queen's pages, Armand was sent to college as being destined for -the ecclesiastical state. Pierre, his service as a page ended, entered -the navy and was drowned off the coast of Africa. Armand, after a long -stay at college, left France in 1790, served throughout the emigration, -made a score of intrepid descents in a small vessel upon the coast of -Brittany, and at last, on Good Friday 1809<a name="FNanchor_68_73" id="FNanchor_68_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_73" class="fnanchor">[68]</a>, gave his life for the -King on the Plaine de Grenelle, as I have already stated and as I shall -repeat once more when I come to relate the catastrophe<a name="FNanchor_69_74" id="FNanchor_69_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_74" class="fnanchor">[69]</a>.</p> - -<p>Deprived of the society of my two cousins, I made up for it by a new -connection. On the second floor of the house in which we lived, resided -a gentleman called Gesril, who had a son and two daughters. This son -had been brought up differently from myself; a spoilt child, all he -did was thought charming. His one pleasure consisted in fighting, and -especially in raising quarrels in which he appointed himself referee. -He played practical jokes on nursemaids taking children out walking, -and nothing was talked of save his pranks, which were transformed into -the blackest crimes. The father laughed at everything, and "Joson" was -but the more petted for it.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My friend Gesril.</div> - -<p>Gesril became my intimate friend, and acquired an incredible ascendency -over me: I was his apt pupil, although my character was the entire -opposite of his. I liked solitary games, and sought quarrels with -nobody: Gesril doted on pleasures and crowds, and revealed in childish -squabbles. When some ragamuffin addressed me, Gesril would ask, "Do you -allow that?" Thereupon I thought my honour at stake, and struck out at -the rash one's eyes; his age and height made no difference. My friend -would watch the fight and applaud my courage, but did nothing to assist -me. Sometimes he levied an army of all the gutter-snipes he knew, -divided his recruits into two bands, and we skirmished on the sands -with the aid of stones.</p> - -<p>Another game invented by Gesril was still more dangerous.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> At -high-tide, when there was a storm, the waves, beating at the foot of -the Castle, on the side of the long beach, would leap to the level of -the great towers. Twenty feet above the base of one of these towers -ran a granite parapet, narrow, sloping, and slippery, leading to the -ravelin which defended the moat. The trick was to seize the moment -between two waves and clear the dangerous spot before the surge broke -and covered the tower. You saw a mountain of water approach you, -roaring as it came, which, if you delayed a minute, must either drag -you with it or crush you against the wall. Not one of us refused the -venture, but I have seen children turn pale before attempting it.</p> - -<p>This inclination to urge others to encounters of which he remained a -spectator would lead one to think that, in after life, Gesril did not -display great generosity of character; and yet, although on a smaller -stage, he succeeded perhaps in surpassing the heroism of Regulus: his -glory only needed Rome and Titus Livy. He became a naval officer, and -he was taken prisoner in the engagement of Quiberon<a name="FNanchor_70_75" id="FNanchor_70_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_75" class="fnanchor">[70]</a>. When the -action was decided, seeing that the English continued to fire upon -the Republican troops, Gesril<a name="FNanchor_71_76" id="FNanchor_71_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_76" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> sprang into the sea, swam out to -the ships, and told the English to cease fire, informing them of the -disaster and of the capitulation of the Emigrants. They tried to save -him by throwing a rope to him, and urged him to come on board. "I am a -prisoner on parole," he cried, from the midst of the waves, and swam -back to land: he was shot with Sombreuil and his companions<a name="FNanchor_72_77" id="FNanchor_72_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_77" class="fnanchor">[72]</a>.</p> - -<p>Gesril was my first friend; both of us were misunderstood in childhood, -and we became intimate through an instinct that told us what we might -some day be worth.</p> - -<p>Two adventures put an end to this first part of my story, and produced -a noteworthy change in the system upon which my education was -conducted. We were one Sunday on the beach, in the "fan" of the Porte -Saint-Thomas and along the Sillon, where great stakes sunk into the -sand protect the walls against the swell of the sea. We would generally -climb to the top of these stakes to watch the first waves of the rising -tide flow beneath us. We had taken our places as usual; several little -girls were among us small boys. I was the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> furthest out at sea, having -none in front of me save a pretty little thing called Hervine Magon, -who was laughing with pleasure and crying with fear. Gesril was at the -further end inland.</p> - -<p>The tide rose; it was blowing; already the nurses and footmen were -crying: "Come down, miss! Come down, sir!" Gesril waited for a big -wave, and as it dashed between the stakes, he pushed the child seated -next to him. This one fell against another, that against a third; the -whole row fell flat like "friars" of cards, but each was saved by his -neighbour; the only exception was the little girl at the extreme end -of the row, against whom I was upset, with the result that, having no -one to support her, she fell off. She was dragged away by the reflux; a -thousand cries arose; all the nurses tucked up their skirts and waded -into the sea, each catching hold of her brat and giving it a smack. -Hervine was fished out, and declared that François had thrown her down. -The nurses made a rush for me; I escaped from them, and ran and shut -myself in the cellar at home, whither the army of females pursued me. -Fortunately my father and mother had gone out Villeneuve valiantly -defended the door, and boxed the ears of the enemy's van-guard. The -real author of the mischief, Gesril, lent me his aid: climbing to his -own floor, with his two sisters he threw pots of water and baked apples -at my assailants from the windows. They raised the siege at nightfall; -but the news spread through the town, and the nine-year-old Chevalier -de Chateaubriand was reputed a monster of iniquity, a survival of those -pirates whom St. Aaron had driven from his rock.</p> - -<p>The other adventure was this: I went with Gesril to Saint-Servan, -the suburb divided from Saint-Malo by the merchant harbor. In order -to reach it at low water, you cross certain currents by means of low -and narrow stepping-stones, which are covered when the sea rises. The -footmen who escorted us had loitered some way behind. At the end of -one of these bridges of stones we saw two ship's lads coming in our -direction. Gesril said to me: "Are we to let those beggars pass?" and -shouted to them: "Into the water, ducks!" Like true salts, refusing to -take chaff, they came on; Gesril retreated; and stationing ourselves at -one end of the bridge, we caught up some pebbles and threw them at the -ship-boys' heads. They rushed upon us, forced us to fall back, armed -themselves with pebbles in their turn, and drove us back, fighting, -upon our reserves, in other words, our servants. I was not, like -Horatius, hit in the eye; but a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> stone caught me so violently that my -left ear was cut in two and hung down upon my shoulder.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Our dangerous pastimes.</div> - -<p>I did not think of my hurt, but of my return home. When my friend came -back from his excursions with a black eye and a torn coat, he was -pitied, pampered, coddled, dressed up again; while I, under similar -circumstances, was promptly punished. The wound I had received was -dangerous, but La France was unable to persuade me to come indoors, -such was my fright. I went and hid on the second floor with Gesril, who -bound up my head in a napkin. This napkin set him going: it suggested -a mitre to him; he turned me into a bishop and made me sing High Mass -with him and his sisters until supper-time. The dignitary of the Church -was at last obliged to go downstairs: my heart beat. Taken aback by my -face disordered and smeared with blood, my father said not a word; my -mother screamed; La France told my piteous case, and tried to excuse -me; I was nevertheless rated for it. They dressed my ear, and Monsieur -and Madame de Chateaubriand resolved to separate me from Gesril as soon -as possible<a name="FNanchor_73_78" id="FNanchor_73_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_78" class="fnanchor">[73]</a>.</p> - -<p>I am not sure that it was not in this year that the Comte d'Artois<a name="FNanchor_74_79" id="FNanchor_74_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_79" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> -visited Saint-Malo: a sham fight was arranged for him in the roads. -From the top of the bastion of the powder-magazine I watched the young -Prince standing among the crowd on the beach: in his splendour and in -my obscurity how many unknown destinies lay hidden! Thus, if my memory -do not fail me, Saint-Malo has seen two Kings of France only: Charles -IX. and Charles X.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>There you have the picture of my early childhood. I do not know whether -the harsh education I received be sound in principle, but it was -adopted by my relations without purpose and as the natural outcome of -their temperament. What is certain is that it imbued me with ideas -different from those of other men; what is still more certain is -that it impressed upon my sentiments a character of melancholy which -arose from the habit of suffering acquired in the age of weakness, -improvidence and mirth.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p> - -<p>Is it suggested that the manner of my bringing-up might have led me -to abhor the authors of my being? Not at all: the remembrance of -their sternness is almost pleasant to me; I value and honour their -great good qualities. When my father died, my comrades in the Navarre -Regiment witnessed my regret. From my mother I derive the consolation -of my life, since it was she who taught me my religion; I gathered -the Christian verities that issued from her mouth, as Pierre de -Langres studied at night in church, by the light of the lamp burning -before the Blessed Sacrament. Would my intelligence have received a -greater development had I been set earlier to my studies? I doubt it: -the waves, the winds, the solitude which were my first masters were -probably better suited to my native disposition; possibly I owe to -those wild tutors virtues which might have remained unknown to me. -The truth is that no system of education is in itself to be preferred -to any other system: do children love their parents better nowadays -when they say <i>tu</i> and <i>toi</i> to them and no longer fear them? Gesril -was spoilt in the same house in which I was scolded: we have both -been honest men and loving and respectful sons. This thing which you -think bad brings out your child's gifts; that other which you think -good would stifle those same gifts. What God does is well done: it is -Providence that guides us, when it destines us to play a part upon the -world's stage.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1_6" id="Footnote_1_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_6"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> This book was written at the Vallée-aux-Loups between -October 1811 and June 1812.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_2_7" id="Footnote_2_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_7"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Seven miles south of Paris, in the Department of -Seine.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_3_8" id="Footnote_3_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_8"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> HORACE, <i>Od.</i> I. XI—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_4_9" id="Footnote_4_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_9"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Voltaire was not born on the 20th of February 1694, and he -was not born at Châtenay. In 1864, M. A. Jal (<i>Dictionnaire critique de -biographie et d'histoire</i>, pp. 1283, <i>et seq.</i>), after searching the -register of the Parish of Saint-André-des-Arcs, established the fact -that Voltaire was born in Paris on Sunday, 21 November 1694.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_5_10" id="Footnote_5_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_10"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> The district now known as Florida was formerly divided -into Eastern and Western Florida, with St. Augustine and Pensacola for -their respective capitals.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_6_11" id="Footnote_6_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_11"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> The 4th of October is the feast of St François of -Assisi—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_7_12" id="Footnote_7_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_12"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Chateaubriand made his entrance into Jerusalem on the 4th -of October 1806.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_8_13" id="Footnote_8_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_13"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Following M. Edmond Biré in his edition of 1899, I have -borrowed this paragraph from the manuscript known as the <i>Manuscrit</i> -de 1826, which was in the handwriting, for the most part, of Madame -Récamier, and which was published by Madame Charles Lenormant in 1874. -It is certainly preferable to the paragraph in all other editions of -the <i>Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe</i>, which runs as follows: -</p> -<p> -"My father's birth and the trials of his first position caused his -character to become one of the gloomiest ever known. Now this character -influenced my ideas because it terrified me in childhood, saddened me -in youth, and determined the manner of my education." -</p> -<p> -The Comte de Marcellus (<i>Chateaubriand et son temps</i>, p. 6) remarks -that this paragraph interrupts the narrative and in no way assists -it.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_9_14" id="Footnote_9_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_14"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Louis Moréri (1643-1680) took orders at Lyons, and -in 1673 published in that town his <i>Dictionnaire historique et -géographique</i>, which forms the basis of Bayle's <i>Dictionnaire critique</i> -(1697-1702).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_10_15" id="Footnote_10_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_15"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Bertrand d'Argentré (1519-1590), Seneschal of Rennes, and -author of an <i>Histoire de Bretagne and Commentaires sur la coutume de -Bretagne.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_11_16" id="Footnote_11_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_16"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Père Lobineau of the Benedictines (1666-1727), author -of the <i>Histoire de Bretagne</i> (1707), <i>Histoire des Saints de la -Bretagne</i>, and other historical works.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_12_17" id="Footnote_12_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_17"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> This genealogy is summarised in the <i>Histoire -généalogique et héraldique des Pairs de France</i>, by M. le Chevalier de -Courcelles.—<i>Author's Note.</i> -</p> -<p> -The full title of the work by Pierre de Gibours, known as Père Anselme, -is <i>Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison de France et -des grands officiers de la Couronne</i> (1674). Its importance is mainly -due to the labours of the compilers who continued it, Du Fourni and -Père Ange de Sainte-Rosalie (1726-1733).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_13_18" id="Footnote_13_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_18"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Bernard Chérin (1718-1785), genealogist and -historiographer of the Orders of St. Lazarus, St. Michael, and the Holy -Ghost—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_14_19" id="Footnote_14_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_19"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> 1250, when St. Louis defeated the Saracens, but was -subsequently taken prisoner, with a number of his knights.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_15_20" id="Footnote_15_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_20"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> <i>Seigneurs.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_16_21" id="Footnote_16_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_21"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> <i>Sires.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_17_22" id="Footnote_17_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_22"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> The estate of the Guerrande is situated not in Morbihan, -but in the parish of Hénan-Bihen, now one of the communes of the Canton -of Matignon, Arrondissement of Dinan (Côtes-du-Nord).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_18_23" id="Footnote_18_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_23"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> 14 July 1789.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_19_24" id="Footnote_19_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_24"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> The massacre of the <i>gardes-du-corps</i> at Versailles.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_20_25" id="Footnote_20_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_25"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> The second wife of Edward I. was Margaret, daughter of -Philip the Bold, and grand-daughter of St. Louis, not of Louis the -Fat. The reference is perhaps to Isabella of Angoulême, the affianced -bride of Hugh of Lusignan, Count of the Marche, who was carried off and -married by King John of England.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_21_26" id="Footnote_21_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_26"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> The Lord of Beaumanoir in 1351 sent his famous challenge -to the English Lord of Ploërmel. Thirty Bretons and thirty Englishmen -met in mortal combat at the foot of the oak midway between Ploërmel -and Josselin. Eight of the English were killed, and the remainder -surrendered. In the heat of the fight, Beaumanoir, parched with heat -and fatigue, drank the blood flowing from his own wounds.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_22_27" id="Footnote_22_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_27"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Olivier de Clisson, Constable of France, surnamed the -Butcher. He succeeded Du Guesclin as Constable in 1380 and held the -office until 1392. He died in his castle of Josselin, in Brittany, in -1407.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_23_28" id="Footnote_23_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_28"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> See this note at the end of these Memoirs.—<i>Authors -Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_24_29" id="Footnote_24_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_29"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Louis Robert Hyppolite de Bréhan, Comte de Plélo -(1699-1734), French Ambassador at Copenhagen, a grand-nephew of Madame -de Sévigné, and author of some light poems.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_25_30" id="Footnote_25_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_30"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Christopher Burchard, Count Munich (1683-1767), a -native of Oldenburg and a favourite field-marshal, privy-councillor -and eventually prime-minister of the Empress Anne of Russia. He was -exiled on the accession of Elizabeth, and recalled by Peter III. after -enduring twenty years of banishment.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_26_31" id="Footnote_26_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_31"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Pierre Marie Anne de Chateaubriand, Seigneur du Plessis -et du Val-Guildo (1727-1794), commanded several of his brother's -merchant-ships. On the 12th of February 1760 he married Marie Jeanne -Thérèse Brignon, daughter of Nicolas Jean Brignon, Seigneur de Laher, -merchant, and of Marie Anne Le Tendu. He was imprisoned during the -Terror and died in Saint-Malo jail, 3 Fructidor Year II. (20 August -1794).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_27_32" id="Footnote_27_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_32"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> 31 March.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_28_33" id="Footnote_28_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_33"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> MADELEINE de SCUDÉRI, <i>Le Grand Cyrus</i>, one of the -longest of the old French romances, published 1650, in ten volumes -8vo.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_29_34" id="Footnote_29_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_34"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> The full text runs as follows:— -</p> -<p> -"François René de Chateaubriand, son of the high and mighty René -de Chateaubriand, Knight, Comte de Combourg, and of the high and -mighty dame, Apolline Jeanne Suzanne de Bedée, Dame de Chateaubriand, -his wife, born 4 September 1768, baptized on the following day by -us, Messire Pierre Henri Nouail, grand-chanter and canon of the -cathedral church, official and grand-vicar of Monseigneur the Bishop -of Saint-Malo. Godfather, the high and mighty Jean-Baptiste de -Chateaubriand his brother, and godmother, the high and mighty dame, -Françoise Marie Gertrude de Contades, Dame and Comtesse de Plouër, -who sign with the father. Signed: Jean-Baptiste de Chateaubriand, -Brignon de Chateaubriand, Contades de Plouër, de Chateaubriand, Nouail, -vicar-general."—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_30_35" id="Footnote_30_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_35"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Twenty days before my birth, on the 15th of August 1768, -was born, in another island, at the other extremity of France, the man -who abolished the old society, Bonaparte.—<i>Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_31_36" id="Footnote_31_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_36"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> In the <i>Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_32_37" id="Footnote_32_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_37"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> <i>Atala</i>, the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i>, the <i>Martyrs</i> and -the <i>Itinéraire</i> are all signed François Auguste de Chateaubriand. The -author's object in suppressing the name of René on the title-pages of -his early works was to avoid a false interpretation on the part of -those who might have been tempted to identify him with the immortal -episode in his works which has René for its title.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_33_38" id="Footnote_33_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_38"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Now Rue de Chateaubriand.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_34_39" id="Footnote_34_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_39"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> The Hôtel de France et de Chateaubriand.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_35_40" id="Footnote_35_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_40"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Louis George Érasme Marquis de Contades (1704-1795), for -some time Commander-in-Chief of the French Army, a marshal of France, -and Governor of Alsace from 1763 to 1788.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_36_41" id="Footnote_36_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_41"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> "It was so spelt long after Froissart's time, following -the ancient form, "Comburnium." The final "g" was first added between -1660 and 1680."—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_37_42" id="Footnote_37_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_42"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Emmanuel Félicité de Durfort, Duc de Duras (1715-1789), a -peer and marshal of France. First Lord of the Bedchamber, and a member -of the French Academy. He married in 1736 Louise Françoise Maclovie -Céleste de Coëtloquen, who died 7 January 1802.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_38_43" id="Footnote_38_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_43"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Jean Georges Charles Frédéric Emmanuel Marquis du -Hallay-Coëtquen (1799-1867). He was a captain in the 1st Mounted -Grenadiers of the Royal Guard under the Restoration, and a Lord of the -Bedchamber. The reference to his valor applies to his reputation as -a judge in points of honor and a referee in matters of the duel. His -brother, the Comte du Hallay-Coëtquen, served as a page to Louis XVIII. -in 1814, and was subsequently a guard to Monsieur and a lieutenant in -the 4th Mounted Chasseurs.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_39_44" id="Footnote_39_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_44"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (1698-1759), the -distinguished geometrician and French Academician, and President of the -Berlin Academy. Maupertuis was a native of Saint-Malo.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_40_45" id="Footnote_40_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_45"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Nicholas Charles Joseph Trublet (1697-1770), Archdeacon -and Canon of Saint-Malo, his native city. He was a writer of little -merit, although elected a member of the French Academy in 1761, and was -the hero of Voltaire's satire, <i>Le Pauvre Diable.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_41_46" id="Footnote_41_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_46"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> See the <i>Itinéraire</i> for this anecdote.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_42_47" id="Footnote_42_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_47"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> Louis René de Caradeuc de La Chalotais (1701-1785) was -Attorney-General to the Parliament of Brittany. He was accused of -instigating the opposition of the States and Parliament of Brittany -to certain financial edicts affecting the Breton liberties. After a -long confinement in the Citadel of Saint-Malo (1765), he was exiled -to Saintes and was not permitted to return to Rennes until ten years -later, on the accession of Louis XVI., when he resumed his functions. -The affair created a great and prolonged local commotion.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_43_48" id="Footnote_43_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_48"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Lucile was four, not two years, older than her brother. -She was born on the 7th of August 1764.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_44_49" id="Footnote_44_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_49"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> -"To you, my mind, I wish to remark,<br /> -You have many faults which I cannot keep dark."—T.<br /> -</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_45_50" id="Footnote_45_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_50"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> 'Aχὼρ, scurf.-<i>Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_46_51" id="Footnote_46_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_51"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> -"A sparrow-hawk loved a warbler fair.<br /> -And, it is said, was loved by her." -—T.</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_47_52" id="Footnote_47_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_52"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> -"Is the fable obscure, Trémigon?<br /> -Derry down!"—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_48_53" id="Footnote_48_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_53"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> Their correct name was Loisel de La Villedeneu.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_49_54" id="Footnote_49_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_54"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> Marie Antoine Bénigne de Bedée, Comte de La Bouëtardais -(1727-1807), younger brother to Madame de Chateaubriand.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_50_55" id="Footnote_50_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_55"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> The Château de Monchoix is in the parish of Pluduno, -now one of the communes of the Canton of Plancoët, Arrondissement -of Dinan, and is inhabited by M. du Boishamon, the Comte de Bedée's -great-grandson.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_51_56" id="Footnote_51_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_56"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Marie Angélique Fortunée Cécile Ginguené (1729-1823), -daughter of Écuyer François Ginguené and of Dame Thérèse Françoise -Jean. She married the Comte de Bedée on the 23rd of November 1756.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_52_57" id="Footnote_52_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_57"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> 1339-1442.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_53_58" id="Footnote_53_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_58"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> I omit eleven lines of quotation and their -translation.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_54_59" id="Footnote_54_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_59"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> VIR., Æn. I. 184.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_55_60" id="Footnote_55_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_60"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> St. Aaron the Hermit is honoured on the 22nd of June.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_56_61" id="Footnote_56_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_61"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> At the battle of Vouillé, where Clovis killed Alaric II., -King of the Visigoths, with his own hand.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_57_62" id="Footnote_57_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_62"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> George Anson, Lord Anson (1697-1762). He received his -promotion and peerage after defeating La Jonguère in 1747.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_58_63" id="Footnote_58_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_63"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Jacques Cartier (1494-<i>circa</i> 1554), discovered the St. -Lawrence in 1534-35, following this up by exploring the greater part of -Canada.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_59_64" id="Footnote_59_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_64"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> The Falkland Islands.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_60_65" id="Footnote_60_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_65"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> René Duguay-Trouin (1673-1736), the hero of a number of -brilliant naval expeditions, of which the most famous is the capture of -Rio de Janeiro in 1711.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_61_66" id="Footnote_61_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_66"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Robert Surcouf (1773-1827), the celebrated corsair, said -to have been descended on the mother's side from Duguay-Trouin.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_62_67" id="Footnote_62_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_67"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Bertrand François Mahé de La Bourdonnais (1699-1753), -Governor-General of the Isle of France (Mauritius) and Bourbon from -1734 to 1743, when he went to India, defeating the English in Madras in -1746.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_63_68" id="Footnote_63_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_68"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Offroy de La Mettrie (1709-1752), the author of a -number of works of perverted philosophy. Frederic II. appointed him -his reader and composed a eulogy upon his death, which occurred from -indigestion.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_64_69" id="Footnote_64_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_69"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> The Abbé Félicité Robert de Lamennais (1782-1854), a -religious and royalist writer until the Revolution of 1830, which -converted him to demagogy and irreligion. His later works were -condemned by the Holy See, and he was buried, by his own desire, -without funeral rites.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_65_70" id="Footnote_65_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_70"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> François Joseph Victor Broussais (1772-1832), a -distinguished physician and adversary of the spiritualistic sects.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_66_71" id="Footnote_66_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_71"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Pierre Louis Auguste Ferron, Comte de La Ferronnays -(1772-1842), occupied a number of prominent diplomatic posts under the -Restoration. He was one of the most honest Frenchmen of his time.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_67_72" id="Footnote_67_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_72"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> -"To thee, O Mother-Maid,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">My song of hope I raise;</span><br /> -Be thou my constant aid,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Watch over all my ways;</span><br /> -And when Death's hour is nigh,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When life's long toil shall cease,</span><br /> -Pray, Mother, that I die<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In holiness and peace."</span> -—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_68_73" id="Footnote_68_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_73"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> This should be 1810: <i>vide supra.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_69_74" id="Footnote_69_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_74"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> He left a son, Frédéric, for whom I first obtained a -post in the Guards of Monsieur, and who afterwards joined a regiment -of Cuirassiers. He married, at Nancy, Mademoiselle de Gastaldi, by -whom he has had two sons, and retired from the service. Armand's elder -sister, my cousin, has for many years been a superior of the Trappist -nuns.—<i>Authors Note</i> (Geneva, 1831).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_70_75" id="Footnote_70_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_75"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> 21 July 1795.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_71_76" id="Footnote_71_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_76"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> Joseph François Anne Gesril du Papeu (1767-1795) fought -in the American War of Independence as a lad of fourteen.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_72_77" id="Footnote_72_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_77"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> 27 August 1795. The Republicans denied the capitulation. -But M. Biré gives a list of nine names which all bear witness to -the fact that Sombreuil and his men laid down their arms only after -capitulating.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_73_78" id="Footnote_73_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_78"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> I have already spoken of Gesril in my other works. One -of his sisters, Angélique Gesril de La Trochardais wrote to ask me to -obtain leave for her husband and her sister's husband to add the name -of Gesril to their surnames: I failed in my negotiation.—<i>Author's -Note</i> (Geneva, 1831).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_74_79" id="Footnote_74_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_79"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Charles Philippe, Comte d'Artois (1757-1836), afterwards -King Charles X. His visit to Saint-Malo took place on the 11th of May -1777, and lasted three days.—T.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p></div> - - - - -<h4><a name="BOOK_II" id="BOOK_II">BOOK II</a><a name="FNanchor_75_80" id="FNanchor_75_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_80" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></h4> - - -<p>A note from M. Pasquier—Dieppe—Change in my education—Spring in -Brittany—An historic forest—Pelagian fields—The moon setting over -the sea—Departure for Combourg—Description of the castle—Dol -College—Mathematics and languages—An instance of memory—Holidays -at Combourg—Life at a country-seat—Feudal customs—The inhabitants -of Combourg—Second holidays at Combourg—The Conti Regiment-Camp -at Saint-Malo—An abbey—A provincial theatre—Marriage of my two -eldest sisters—Return to college—A revolution begins to take place -in my ideas—Adventure of the magpie—Third holidays at Combourg—The -quack—Return to college—Invasion of France—Games—The Abbé de -Chateaubriand—My First Communion—I leave Dol College—A mission at -Combourg—Rennes College—I meet Gesril—Moreau-Limoëlan—Marriage -of my third sister—I am sent to Brest for my naval examination—The -harbour of Brest—I once more meet Gesril—Lapeyrouse—I return to -Combourg</p> - - -<p class="p2">On the 4th of September 1812<a name="FNanchor_76_81" id="FNanchor_76_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_81" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> I received the following note from M. -Pasquier<a name="FNanchor_77_82" id="FNanchor_77_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_82" class="fnanchor">[77]</a>, the Prefect of Police:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Prefect's Office.</p> - -<p>"The Prefect of Police begs M. de Chateaubriand kindly -to call at his office, either at about four o'clock this -afternoon or at nine o'clock to-morrow morning." -</p></blockquote> - -<p>The object of Prefect of Police in sending for me was to serve an order -on me to leave Paris. I withdrew to Dieppe, which was first called -Bertheville and more than a hundred years ago changed its name to -Dieppe, from the English word "deep<a name="FNanchor_78_83" id="FNanchor_78_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_83" class="fnanchor">[78]</a>." In 1788, I was in garrison -here with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> second battalion of my regiment: to dwell in this town -of red-brick houses and ivory-white shops, this town of clean streets -and clear atmosphere, was to take shelter in the days of my youth. When -I walked out, I came across the ruins of Arques Castle, standing in the -midst of its rubbish-heaps. It will be remembered that Dieppe was the -birthplace of Duquesne<a name="FNanchor_79_84" id="FNanchor_79_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_84" class="fnanchor">[79]</a>. When I stayed indoors, the sea lay spread -before my view; from the table at which I sat I gazed upon the sea -which saw me born and which bathes the shores of Great Britain, where I -underwent so long an exile: my eyes surveyed the billows which carried -me to America, cast me back upon Europe, and again bore me to the -coasts of Africa and Asia. Hail, O sea, my cradle and my image! I will -relate to thee the sequel of my story: if I lie, thy waves, commingled -with all my days, shall accuse me of imposture to the generations to -come.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Change in my education.</div> - -<p>My mother had constantly desired that I should be given a classical -education. The career of a sailor, for which I was intended, "would -perhaps," she said, "not be to my taste;" she thought that, in any -event, it would be well to make me capable of following another -profession. Her piety led her to hope that I should decide in favour -of the Church. She therefore proposed to send me to a college where I -should learn mathematics, drawing, fencing and English; she did not -mention Greek or Latin for fear of scaring my father; but she intended -to have me taught them, at first in secret, and later openly, when I -should have made progress. My father accepted her proposal: it was -arranged to send me to the college at Dol. This town was selected -because it lay upon the road from Saint-Malo to Combourg.</p> - -<p>In the very cold winter immediately preceding my school-days, the house -in which we lived took fire: I was saved by my eldest sister, who -carried me through the flames in her arms. M. de Chateaubriand, who had -gone to his castle, sent for his wife to join him there: we did so in -the spring.</p> - -<p>Spring in Brittany is milder than in the country round Paris, and the -trees bud three weeks earlier. The five birds that herald its coming, -the swallow, the loriot, the cuckoo, the quail, and the nightingale, -come with the breezes that nestle in the gulfs of the Armorican -Peninsula. The earth grows as thick with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> daisies, pansies, jonquils, -narcissuses, hyacinths, ranunculuses, anemones as the neglected spaces -around the churches of St. John Lateran and the Holy Cross of Jerusalem -in Rome. Glades deck themselves with tall and graceful ferns; fields -of broom and furze glow with flowers gay as golden butterflies. The -hedgerows at whose feet strawberries, raspberries and violets abound -are adorned with hawthorn, honeysuckle and brambles, whose brown and -twisted shoots bear glorious fruit and leaves. The country is alive -with bees and birds; swarms and nests greet the children at every -step. In sheltered nooks, myrtle and oleander grow in the open as in -Greece; the fig-tree ripens as in Provence; each apple-tree, with its -carmine-tinted blossoms, resembles the large nosegay of a village bride.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Spring in Brittany.</div> - -<p>In the twelfth century, the cantons of Fougères, Rennes, Bécherel, -Dinan, Saint-Malo and Dol were covered by the Forest of Brécheliant, -which had served as a battlefield to the Francs and the races peopling -the Domnonée. Wace<a name="FNanchor_80_85" id="FNanchor_80_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_85" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> tells of the wild man seen there, of the -fountain of Berenton, and a golden basin. An historic document of the -fifteenth century, the <i>Usemens et coutumes de la forêt de Brécilien</i>, -confirms the statement of the <i>Roman du Rou</i>: it is, say the <i>Usemens</i>, -of great and wide extent: "there are four castles, a very great number -of fair pools, fine chaces where are found no venomous beasts nor -insects, two hundred woods, as many springs, notably the fountain of -Belenton, near which Sir Pontus wrought his feats of arms."</p> - -<p>To this day the country-side retains traces of its origin: intersected -by wooded ditches, it presents at a distance the aspect of a forest, -and reminds one of England; it was the abode of the fairies, and you -shall see that I did, in fact, meet a sylph there. Narrow dales are -watered by shallow rivulets. These dales are separated by moors and -by tufts and clusters of holly-trees. The coast presents an array -of beacons, lookouts, dolmens, Roman structures, ruins of mediæval -castles, Renascence steeples: all bordered by the sea. Pliny calls -Brittany, <i>Peninsula Oceani spectatrix</i><a name="FNanchor_81_86" id="FNanchor_81_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_86" class="fnanchor">[81]</a>.</p> - -<p>Between the sea and the land stretch pelagian plains, the fickle -frontier of the two elements: there the field-lark flies<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> with the -sea-lark; the plough and the bark furrow the earth and the water at a -stone's throw one from the other. The sailor and the shepherd borrow -each other's language: the seaman says, "The waves are fleecy;" the -herd speaks of "fleets of sheep." Sands of changing colours, banks -variegated with shells, wreckage, fringes of silver foam line the green -or yellow edge of the corn-fields. I cannot recall the name of the -island in the Mediterranean in which I saw a bas-relief representing -nereids decorating with festoons the hem of Ceres' robe.</p> - -<p>But what is most admirable in Brittany is to see the moon rising on -land and setting upon the sea. The moon, by divine creation governess -of the deep, has her clouds, her mists, her beams, her projected -shadows like the sun; but, unlike the latter, she does not set alone: -a retinue of stars accompanies her. As, upon my native coast, she -descends the vault of heaven, she extends her silence, and communicates -it to the sea; soon she sinks to the horizon, intersects it, shows -but the half of her forehead, which diminishes, dips, and disappears -in the yielding intumescence of the waves. The stars attendant upon -their queen, before plunging in her train, seem to pause suspended upon -the crest of the billows. No sooner has the moon set, than a gust of -wind from the open sea shatters the picture of the stars, like candles -extinguished after a celebration.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>I was to accompany my sisters to Combourg: we set out in the first -fortnight in May. We left Saint-Malo at sunrise, my mother, my four -sisters and I, in a huge, antiquated berlin, with double-gilt panels, -outside steps, and purple tassels at the four corners of the roof. To -this were harnessed eight horses caparisoned like the mules in Spain, -with bells at their collars and bridles, and housings and fringes -of wool of many colours. While my mother was sighing and my sisters -talking themselves out of breath, I looked with all my eyes, listened -with all my ears, was wonderstruck at each turn of the road: the first -steps of a Wandering Jew who was never to stop. Even then, if man -changed only his surroundings! But his days change, and his heart.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">First view of Combourg.</div> - -<p>Our horses were rested at a fishing-village on Cancale Beach. We next -went through the marshes and the fever-stricken town of Dol, and -after passing the gate of the college to which I was soon to return, -we plunged inland.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> For four mortal hours we saw nothing but heaths -wreathed with woods, wastes scarce touched with the hoe, fields sown -with poor, black, stunted corn, and poverty-stricken patches of oats. -Charcoal-burners led teams of small horses with long and shaggy manes; -lank-haired peasants in goat-skin great-coats drove lean bullocks with -shrill cries or tramped behind a heavy plough, like laboring fauns. At -last we caught sight of a valley at the bottom of which, not far from -a pond, ascended the spire of a village church; the towers of a feudal -castle rose amid the trees of a wood illumined by the setting sun.</p> - -<p>I have been obliged to stop: my heart was beating so violently as -almost to push back the table at which I am writing. The recollections -awakened in my memory overpower me with their number and their force: -and yet, what are they to the rest of the world?</p> - -<p>After descending the hill, we forded a stream, drove on for -half-an-hour, and then turned out of the high-road. The carriage -rolled along a quincunx in an avenue of yoke-elms, whose crowns were -interwoven above our heads: I still remember the moment at which I -entered their shade and the feeling of affrighted gladness which I -experienced.</p> - -<p>On emerging from the darkness of the woods, we crossed a fore-court -planted with walnut-trees, adjoining the house and garden of the -steward; thence we passed, through a stone gateway, into a grassy court -called the <i>Cour Verte.</i> On the right were a long row of stables and a -clump of chesnut-trees; on the left, another clump of chesnut-trees. -At the end of the court-yard, the lawn of which sloped imperceptibly -upwards, appeared the castle between two clusters of trees. Its severe -and gloomy frontage presented a curtain crowned with a machicolated, -crenulated, covered gallery. This curtain connected two towers unlike -in age, materials, height and thickness, which ended in battlements -surmounted by a peaked roof, like a cap placed upon a Gothic crown.</p> - -<p>Here and there, grated windows broke the bareness of the walls. A wide -flight of steps, straight and steep, twenty-two in number, without -balusters or hand-rail, took the place of the drawbridge across the -moat, which was now filled up: it led to the door of the castle, -pierced in the middle of the curtain. Above the door one saw the arms -of the Lords of Combourg and the apertures through which had formerly -issued the shafts and chains of the drawbridge.</p> - -<p>The carriage drew up at the foot of the steps; my father<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> came down -to welcome us. The meeting with his family so greatly softened his -mood for the moment, that he favoured us with his most gracious -looks. We climbed the steps and entered a resonant vestibule, with a -pointed arch, through which we passed into a small inner court-yard. -From this yard we entered the building looking south over the pond, -and joined to the two smaller towers. The whole castle had the shape -of a four-wheeled cart. We found ourselves on the same floor in a -room formerly known as the Guard-room. A window opened out at either -end; two others were cut into the side-wall. To enlarge these four -windows, it had been necessary to excavate walls of eight to ten feet -in thickness. Two sloping galleries, like the gallery in the Great -Pyramid, issued from the two outer angles and led to the small towers. -A winding staircase in one of these towers formed a communication -between the Guard-room and the upper storey. Such was this portion of -the building.</p> - -<p>That contained within the frontage of the tall and of the thick tower, -commanding a north aspect over the Cour Verte, consisted of a sort -of square and sombre dormitory used as a kitchen, in addition to the -vestibule, the steps, and a chapel. Above these apartments was the -Rolls Hall, or Armoury, or Hall of Birds, or Knights' Hall, so called -from a ceiling strewn with blazoned coats-of-arms and painted birds. -The embrasures of the narrow trefoil windows were so deep as to form -recesses, around which ran a granite seat. Add to this, in different -parts of the building, secret passages and staircases, dungeons and -cells, a labyrinth of covered and open galleries, and walled-up -underground passages, the ramifications of which were unknown; on all -sides gloom, silence, and a face of stone: and you see Combourg Castle.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Combourg castle.</div> - -<p>A supper served in the Guard-room, at which I ate without constraint, -ended the first happy day of my life. True happiness costs little; when -it is dear, it is not the real metal.</p> - -<p>So soon as I awoke the next morning, I set out to visit the castle -grounds and to celebrate my advent to solitude. The steps faced -north-west. Seated in the centre of the top step, one saw before him -the Cour Verte, and beyond this court a kitchen-garden stretching out -between two belts of trees: one, on the right, the quincunx by which -we had come, was called the Little Mall; the other, on the left, the -Great Mall: the latter was a wood of oaks, beeches, sycamores, elms, -and chestnuts. Madame de Sévigné extolled those old shades in her day: -since that time, one hundred and forty years had added to their beauty.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> -<a id="chat002"></a> -<img src="images/chat_002.jpg" width="600" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Château de Combourg</p> -</div> -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p> - -<p>In the other direction, south and east, the landscape offered a quite -different view: through the windows of the great hall one saw the -houses of Combourg, a pond, the embankment of the pond along which ran -the Rennes high-road, a water-mill, a meadow covered with herds of cows -and separated from the pond by the embankment. Along the edge of this -meadow stretched a hamlet forming a dependency of a priory founded -in 1149 by Rivallon, Lord of Combourg, and containing his mortuary -statue, recumbent in a knight's armor. Beyond the pond, the ground rose -gradually and formed an amphitheater of trees, whence issued village -belfries and the turrets of country-houses. On the far horizon, between -the west and the south, were outlined the heights of Bécherel. On that -side, a terrace lined with large coppices skirted the foot of the -castle, passed behind the stables, and repeatedly joined the fountain -garden which communicated with the Great Mall.</p> - -<p>If, after this too long description, a painter were to take up his -pencil, would he produce a sketch resembling the castle? I do not think -so; and yet the subject lives in my memory as though I had it before -my eyes: so great is the power of recollection, so small the power of -words in the expression of material things. When I begin to speak of -Combourg, I quote the first couplets of a ballad which will charm none -but myself: ask the Tyrolean herd why he finds pleasure in the three -notes or four which he sings to his goats, notes of the mountain, flung -from echo to echo to resound from one side of a torrent to the other.</p> - -<p>My first appearance at Combourg lasted but a short while. When a -fortnight had passed, the Abbé Porcher arrived, the principal of Dol -College; I was handed over to him, and followed him despite my tears. -I was in a fashion, connected with Dol; my father was a "canon" of the -town, as the descendant and representative of the house of Guillaume de -Chateaubriand, Lord of Beaufort, who in 1529 founded one of the first -stalls in the cathedral choir. The Bishop of Dol was M. de Hercé, a -friend of my family, and a prelate of great moderation in politics, -who, kneeling, and crucifix in hand, was shot at Quiberon on the -Champ du Martyre, together with his brother, the Abbé de Hercé<a name="FNanchor_82_87" id="FNanchor_82_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_87" class="fnanchor">[82]</a>. -On reaching<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> the college, I was entrusted to the special care of M. -l'Abbé Leprince, professor of rhetoric and a thorough geometrician, -a man of intelligence, handsome, devoted to the arts, and a fair -portrait-painter. He undertook to teach me my Bezout<a name="FNanchor_83_88" id="FNanchor_83_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_88" class="fnanchor">[83]</a>; the Abbé -Égault, master of the third form, became my Latin master: I studied -mathematics in my own room, Latin in the common school-room.</p> - -<p>It took some time for an owl of my species to grow accustomed to a -school cage and to measure its flight by the sound of a bell. I was -not able to make those quick friends with whom fortune supplies one, -for there was nothing to be made out of a poor urchin who was not even -endowed with pocket-money; nor did I join any set of hangers-on, for -I hated protectors. In our games, I did not claim to lead others, but -neither did I wish to be led: I was fitted to be neither a tyrant nor a -slave, and so I have always remained.</p> - -<p>And yet it happened that I soon became the centre of a set; later, in -my regiment, I exercised the same power: plain ensign though I were, -the older officers spent their evenings with me, and preferred my -quarters to the coffee-house. I do not know whence this came, unless it -were due to the ease with which I entered into the minds and adopted -the manners of others. I was as fond of hunting and coursing as of -reading and writing. To this day, it is a matter of indifference to me -whether I speak of the most commonplace things or discuss the loftiest -subjects. I am very little attracted by cleverness, and find it almost -disagreeable, although I am not a fool. No imperfection offends me, -except mockery and self-conceit, which I have great difficulty in not -defying. I find that others are always my superiors in some respect, -and if perchance I feel myself to have an advantage, I am quite -embarrassed in consequence.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My power of memory.</div> - -<p>Qualities which my early training had allowed to lie dormant were -awakened at college. My aptitude for work was remarkable, my memory -extraordinary. I made rapid progress in mathematics, to which I brought -a clearness of apprehension that astonished the Abbé Leprince. At the -same time, I displayed a decided taste for languages. The rudiments, -the torture of school-boys, cost me no trouble to learn; I awaited the -time of the Latin lessons with a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> sort of impatience, as a relief from -my figures and geometrical problems. In less than a year, I was well -ahead in the fifth form. In an odd manner, my Latin sentences shaped -themselves so naturally into pentameters that the Abbé Égault called me -the Elegist, a nickname which long clung to me among my schoolfellows.</p> - -<p>I can quote two instances of my power of memory. I learnt my tables -of logarithms by heart: that is to say, a number being given in -geometrical proportion, I could quote from memory its exponent in -arithmetical proportion, and <i>vice versâ.</i></p> - -<p>After evening prayers, which were said in public in the college chapel, -the principal used to read to us. One of the boys, taken at random, -had to give an account of what had been read. We came to prayers from -our games tired and very sleepy; we flung ourselves upon the forms, -trying to hide in a dark corner so as not to be seen and consequently -questioned. There was a confessional, in particular, which we fought -for, as offering a safe retreat. One evening I had the good fortune to -gain this harbor and thought myself safe from the principal; unluckily -he perceived my stratagem, and resolved to make an example. Slowly and -at great length he read the second head of a sermon; every one went -to sleep. By mere chance, I remained awake in my confessional. The -principal, who could only see the tips of my feet, thought that I had -dropped off like the rest, and suddenly called me by my name and asked -me what he had been reading.</p> - -<p>The second head of the sermon contained an enumeration of the various -ways in which it is possible to offend against God. I not only -related the substance of the matter, but repeated the divisions in -their proper order, and recited almost word for word several pages of -mystical prose, devoid of meaning to a child. A murmur of applause ran -through the chapel: the principal called me to him, gave me a tap on -the cheek, and in reward allowed me to stay in bed next morning till -breakfast-time. I modestly withdrew from my schoolfellows' admiration, -and took good care to avail myself of the favour accorded me. This -memory for words, which I have partly lost, has been replaced in my -case by another and more singular kind of memory, of which I shall -perhaps have occasion to speak.</p> - -<p>One thing I find humiliating: memory is often the one accomplishment -that accompanies stupidity; it belongs generally<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> to ponderous minds, -which it makes yet heavier with the luggage with which it overcharges -them. And yet, without memory, where should we be? We should forget -our friendships, our loves, our pleasures, our business; genius would -be unable to collect its ideas; the fondest heart would lose its -tenderness, if it lost its memory; our existence would be reduced to -the successive moments of an incessantly gliding present; there would -be no longer a past. Alas, unhappy that I am! Our life is so vain as to -be but a reflex of our memory.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>I went to Combourg for the holidays. Country-house life in the -neighbourhood of Paris can give no idea of country-house life in a -distant province. The Combourg property consisted, as its sole domain, -of moorland, a few mills, and the two forests of Bourgouët and Tanoërn, -in a district where timber is of almost no value. But Combourg was -rich in feudal rights. These rights were of different kinds: some -fixed certain dues in exchange for certain concessions, or established -customs sprung from the ancient order of politics; others seemed from -the first to have been sports and nothing more.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Rustic sports at Combourg.</div> - -<p>My father had revived some of the latter rights, so as to prevent -their lapsing by prescription. When the whole family were together, -we took part in these Gothic amusements; the three principal were the -Fishermen's Leap, the Quintain, and a fair called the Foire Angevine. -Peasants in clogs and breeches, men of a France that is past, watched -these sports of a France that is past. There were prizes for the -winners, forfeits for the beaten.</p> - -<p>The Quintain kept up the tradition of the tournaments: it had doubtless -some connection with the old military service of the fiefs. It is very -well described in Du Cange<a name="FNanchor_84_89" id="FNanchor_84_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_89" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> (<i>voce</i> QUINTANA). The forfeits had to -be paid in old copper money, up to the value of two <i>moutons d'or à la -couronne of 25 sols Parisis</i> each<a name="FNanchor_85_90" id="FNanchor_85_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_90" class="fnanchor">[85]</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p> - -<p>The Angevin Fair was held in the meadow by the pond on the 4th of -September of each year, my birthday. The vassals had to take up arms -and come to the castle to raise the liege lord's banner; thence they -went to the fair to establish order and enforce the collection of a -toll due to the Counts of Combourg on each head of cattle, a sort of -royalty. During that time my father kept open house. We danced for -three days: the gentry in the great hall, to the scraping of a fiddle; -the vassals in the Cour Verte, to the squealing of a bag-pipe. We sang, -cheered, fired off arquebuses. These noises mingled with the lowing -of the droves at the fair; the crowd wandered through the woods and -gardens, and at least once in the year one saw at Combourg something -akin to merriment.</p> - -<p>Thus have I been so singularly placed in life as to have assisted at -the tilting at the Quintain and at the proclamation of the Rights -of Man; to have beheld the train-bands of a Breton village and the -National Guard of France, the banner of the Lords of Combourg and the -flag of the Revolution. I am as it were the last surviving witness of -the feudal customs.</p> - -<p>The visitors whom we received at the castle consisted of the -inhabitants of the market-town and the neighboring gentry: these good -people were my first friends. Our vanity attaches too much importance -to the part we play in the world. The citizen of Paris laughs at the -citizen of a small town; the Court noble scoffs at the provincial -noble; the well-known scorns the unknown man, without reflecting -that time does equal justice to their pretensions, and that they are -all equally ridiculous or insignificant in the eyes of successive -generations.</p> - -<p>The principal resident of the place was a M. Potelet<a name="FNanchor_86_91" id="FNanchor_86_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_91" class="fnanchor">[86]</a>, a retired -ship's captain of the Indian Company's service, who told us long -stories about Pondicherry. He related them with his elbows resting on -the table, and my father always had a mind to throw his plate in his -face. Next came the bonder of tobacco, M. Launay de La Billardière<a name="FNanchor_87_92" id="FNanchor_87_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_92" class="fnanchor">[87]</a>, -the father of a family of twelve, like Jacob, nine girls and three -boys, of whom the youngest, David, was my playmate<a name="FNanchor_88_93" id="FNanchor_88_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_93" class="fnanchor">[88]</a>. The worthy -man bethought himself of aspiring to nobility in 1789: he chose -a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> good time! In that house there was plenty of gaiety and many -debts. Gesbert<a name="FNanchor_89_94" id="FNanchor_89_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_94" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> the seneschal, Petit<a name="FNanchor_90_95" id="FNanchor_90_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_95" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> the procurator-fiscal, -Corvaisier<a name="FNanchor_91_96" id="FNanchor_91_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_96" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> the receiver, and the Abbé Chalmel<a name="FNanchor_92_97" id="FNanchor_92_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_97" class="fnanchor">[92]</a>, the chaplain, -formed the society of Combourg. I did not at Athens meet persons more -celebrated than these.</p> - -<p>Messieurs du Petit-Bois<a name="FNanchor_93_98" id="FNanchor_93_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_98" class="fnanchor">[93]</a>, de Château d'Assie<a name="FNanchor_94_99" id="FNanchor_94_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_99" class="fnanchor">[94]</a>, de Tinténiac, and -one or two other noblemen would come on Sundays to hear Mass in the -parish church, and afterwards to dine with the owner of the castle. We -were more intimately acquainted with the Trémaudan family, consisting -of the husband<a name="FNanchor_95_100" id="FNanchor_95_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_100" class="fnanchor">[95]</a>, the wife, who was extremely beautiful, a natural -sister, and several children. This family lived on a small farm, with -a dove-cote for sole evidence of nobility. The Trémaudans are still -living. Wiser and happier than I, they have not lost sight of the -turrets of the castle which I left thirty years ago; they are still -doing what they did when I went to eat brown bread at their table; they -have never left the port to which I shall never return. Perhaps they -are speaking of me at the very moment at which I write this page: I -reproach myself for dragging their name from its protective obscurity. -They long hesitated to believe that the man of whom they heard speak -was "the little chevalier." The rector or curate of Combourg, the Abbé -Sévin<a name="FNanchor_96_101" id="FNanchor_96_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_101" class="fnanchor">[96]</a>, to whose sermons I used to listen, at first displayed the -same incredulity: he could not persuade himself that the urchin, the -peasants' friend, was the same as the defender of religion; he ended -by believing it, and quotes me in his sermons, after having held me on -his knees. Would these good people, who import no foreign idea into -their image of me, who see me as I was in my childhood and in my youth, -would they recognize me today through the disguise of time? I should be -obliged to tell them my name before they would feel a wish to press me -in their arms.</p> - -<p>I bring bad luck to my friends. A game-keeper called<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> Raulx, who -was attached to me, was killed by a poacher. The murder made an -extraordinary impression upon my mind. What a strange mystery lies -in human sacrifice! Why should it be both the greatest crime and the -greatest glory to shed the blood of man? My imagination pictured -Raulx holding his entrails in his hands as he dragged himself to the -cottage where he expired. I conceived the idea of vengeance; I should -have liked to fight his murderer. In this respect I am curiously -constituted: at the first moment of an offense, I hardly feel it; -but it becomes imprinted on my memory; the recollection of it grows -stronger, rather than fainter, with time; it sleeps within my heart for -months, for whole years, and then awakens at the least circumstance -with renewed force, and my wound becomes more painful than on the first -day. But if I do not pardon my enemies, I do them no harm: I bear -ill-will, but am not vindictive. If ever I have the power to revenge -myself, I lose the wish: I should be dangerous only in misfortune. -Those who have tried to make me yield by oppressing me have deceived -themselves; adversity is to me what the earth was to Antæus: I gather -fresh strength in my mother's bosom. If ever Good Fortune had taken me -in her arms, she would have stifled me.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Military visitors.</div> - -<p>I returned to Dol, much to my regret. The next year, a plan was -formed for a descent upon Jersey, and a camp was established at -Saint-Malo. Troops were quartered at Combourg; M. de Chateaubriand, -through courtesy, entertained in succession the colonels of the -Touraine and Conti Regiments. One was the Duc de Saint-Simon<a name="FNanchor_97_102" id="FNanchor_97_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_102" class="fnanchor">[97]</a>, the -other the Marquis de Causans<a name="FNanchor_98_103" id="FNanchor_98_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_103" class="fnanchor">[98]</a>. A score of officers were invited -daily to my father's table. The jokes of these strangers displeased -me; their walks disturbed the peacefulness of my woods. It was from -seeing the lieutenant-colonel of the Conti Regiment, the Marquis de<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> -Wignacourt<a name="FNanchor_99_104" id="FNanchor_99_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_104" class="fnanchor">[99]</a>, gallop under the trees that the idea of travelling -first passed through my mind.</p> - -<p>When I heard our guests speak of Paris and the Court, I became sad; I -tried to imagine what society was: I discovered a confused and distant -something; but soon I turned giddy. Casting my eyes upon the world from -the tranquil region of innocence, I had a swimming in the head, as when -one looks down upon the earth from the top of a tower lost in the sky.</p> - -<p>One thing, nevertheless, delighted me: the parade. Every day the -soldiers going on guard marched past, to the sound of the drum and -band, at the foot of the steps in the Cour Verte. M. de Causans offered -to show me the camp on the coast: my father gave his leave. I was -taken to Saint-Malo by M. de La Morandais<a name="FNanchor_100_105" id="FNanchor_100_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_105" class="fnanchor">[100]</a>, a gentleman of very -good family, whom poverty had reduced to accept the stewardship of the -Combourg property. He wore a coat of grey camlet, with a little silver -lace at the collar, and a helmet-shaped peaked cap with flaps. He set -me astride behind him, on the crupper of his mare Isabelle. I held fast -by the belt of his hunting-knife, which he wore outside his coat: I was -delighted. When Claude de Bullion and the father of the Président de -Lamoignon, as children, went to the country, "they were both carried by -the same donkey, in panniers, one on one side, the other on the other, -and a loaf of bread was placed on Lamoignon's side because he was -lighter than his fellow, to keep the balance." (<i>Mémoires du président -de Lamoignon</i><a name="FNanchor_101_106" id="FNanchor_101_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_106" class="fnanchor">[101]</a>.)</p> - -<p>M. de La Morandais took cross-roads:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Moult volontiers, de grand' manière,<br /> -Alloit en bois et en rivière:<br /> -Car nulles gens ne vont en bois<br /> -Moult volontiers comme François<a name="FNanchor_102_107" id="FNanchor_102_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_107" class="fnanchor">[102]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>We stopped for dinner at a Benedictine abbey which, for want of a -sufficient number of monks, had just been incorporated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> in one of the -chief communities of the order. We found only the father procurator, -who had been left behind to dispose of the chattels and sell the -timber. He ordered an excellent fish dinner to be served for us, in -what was formerly the prior's library: we ate a quantity of new-laid -eggs with huge pikes and carps. Through the arch of a cloister, I saw -tall sycamores at the edge of a pond. The woodman's axe struck at their -feet, their tops trembled in the air, and they fell to make a show for -us. Carpenters, come from Saint-Malo, sawed off green branches, which -dropped to the ground like the hair of a child cut for the first time, -or squared the felled trunks. My heart bled at the sight of those -impaired woods and that dismantled monastery. The general sack of the -religious houses has since called up to my mind the spoliation of the -abbey which was to me an omen.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Camp at Saint-Malo.</div> - -<p>I found the Marquis de Causans at Saint-Malo, and went through the -streets of the camp under his escort. The tents, the stacked arms, the -picketed horses made a fine spectacle in conjunction with the sea, -the ships, the walls, and the distant steeples of the town. I saw -gallop past me at full speed, in an hussar's uniform and mounted on a -Barbary horse, one of those men who marked the end of a world, the Duc -de Lauzun<a name="FNanchor_103_108" id="FNanchor_103_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_108" class="fnanchor">[103]</a>. The Prince de Carignan<a name="FNanchor_104_109" id="FNanchor_104_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_109" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> had come to the camp, and -married the daughter of M. de Boisgarein, a charming creature, though a -little lame: this caused a great sensation and gave rise to a law-suit -in which' M. Lacretelle<a name="FNanchor_105_110" id="FNanchor_105_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_110" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> the Elder is pleading to this day. But -what have these things to do with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> my life? "It is pitie," says -Montaigne; "I have assayed by the trial of some of my private friends: -according as their memory hath ministered to them a whole and perfect -matter, who recoil their narration so farre-backe, and stuff it with so -many vaine circumstances, that if the story bee good, they smoother the -goodnesse of it: if bad you must needs either curse the good fortune of -their memorie, or blame the misfortune of their judgement.... I have -heard some very pleasant reports become most irkesome and tedious in -the mouth of a certaine Lord<a name="FNanchor_106_111" id="FNanchor_106_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_111" class="fnanchor">[106]</a>." I am afraid of being that certaine -Lord.</p> - -<p>My brother was at Saint-Malo when M. de La Morandais set me down there. -One evening he said to me:</p> - -<p>"I am taking you to the play: get your hat."</p> - -<p>I lost my head; I ran straight to the cellar to fetch my hat which was -in the garret. A company of travelling play-actors had just arrived. I -had seen a Punch and Judy show, and presumed that the puppets at the -theatre were much finer than those in the street. With beating heart I -reached a wooden building in an unfrequented street in the town. I went -through dark passages, not without a certain movement of dread. A small -door was opened, and I found myself with my brother in a half-full box.</p> - -<p>The curtain was up, and the piece had commenced: they were playing -the <i>Père de famille<a name="FNanchor_107_112" id="FNanchor_107_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_112" class="fnanchor">[107]</a>.</i> I saw two men walk about the stage -talking, while everybody looked on. I took them for the managers of -the puppet-show, chatting before the time came for Madame Gigogne to -tumble head over heels, awaiting the arrival of the audience: I was -only surprised that they should discuss their business so loudly, and -that they were listened to in silence. My amazement increased when -other persons came upon the stage and began to make great gestures and -shed tears, and when everybody began to cry in sympathy. The curtain -fell without my having understood a word of all this. My brother went -down to the green-room between the acts. I remained in the box among -strangers, in an agony of shyness, and wished myself back at school. -That was the first impression which I received of the art of Sophocles -and Molière.</p> - -<p>The third year of my life at Dol was marked by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> wedding of my two -eldest sisters: Marianne married the Comte de Marigny, and Bénigne -the Comte de Québriac. They accompanied their husbands to Fougères: -the first signal for the dispersion of a family whose members were -soon to part. My sisters received the nuptial benediction at Combourg -on the same day, at the same hour, at the same altar, in the castle -chapel<a name="FNanchor_108_113" id="FNanchor_108_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_113" class="fnanchor">[108]</a>. They wept, my mother wept; I was astonished at their -grief: I understand it now. I never assist at a christening or a -wedding without smiling bitterly or feeling anguish of heart. After the -misfortune of being born, I know none greater than that of giving birth -to a human being.</p> - -<p>In this same year began a revolution, not only in my family, but in -my own person. Chance caused to fall into my hands two very different -books: an unexpurgated Horace and a history of <i>Confessions mal -faites.</i> An incredible perturbation of ideas was produced in my mind -by these two books: an unknown world arose around me. On the one side, -I suspected the existence of secrets incomprehensible to one of my -age, of a manner of living different from mine, of pleasures beyond my -vision, of charms of an unknown nature in a sex in which I had only -met a mother and sisters; on the other side, spectres dragging chains -and vomiting flames threatened me with eternal torture for one sin -concealed. I could not sleep; at night I thought I saw black hands and -white pass by turns through the curtains of my bed: I began to imagine -that the latter hands were cursed by religion, and this idea increased -my terror of the infernal shades. In vain I sought in Heaven and Hell -for the explanation of a two-fold mystery. Smitten at one and the same -time in my moral and physical being, I continued to struggle with my -innocence against the storms of premature passion and the terrors of -superstition.</p> - -<p>Thenceforward I felt escape from me some sparks of that fire which -is the transmission of life. I was construing the fourth book of the -<i>Æneid</i> and reading <i>Télémaque</i>: suddenly I discovered in Dido and -Eucharis beauties that delighted me; I felt the harmony of those -admirable verses and of that classic prose. One day I translated -Lucretius'</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -<i> Æneadum genitrix, hominum divinumque voluptas</i><a name="FNanchor_109_114" id="FNanchor_109_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_114" class="fnanchor">[109]</a><br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p> - -<p>at sight, with such spirit that M. Égault snatched the poem from my -hands and set me to do my Greek roots. I stole a Tibullus: when I came -to the</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -<i>Quam juvat immites ventos audire cubantem</i><a name="FNanchor_110_115" id="FNanchor_110_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_115" class="fnanchor">[110]</a>,<br /> -</p> - -<p>these expressions of voluptuous melancholy seemed to reveal to me my -own nature. The volumes of Massillon<a name="FNanchor_111_116" id="FNanchor_111_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_116" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> which contained the sermons -on the <i>Pécheresse</i> and the <i>Enfant prodigue</i> never left my side. I -was allowed to read them, for no one suspected what I found in them. -I stole short candle-ends from the chapel to enable me at night to -read those alluring descriptions of the disorders of the soul. I fell -asleep stammering incoherent phrases, in which I strove to employ the -sweetness, the rhythm, and the grace of the writer who has been most -successful in transmitting to prose the euphony of Racinian verse.</p> - -<p>If, later, I have with some measure of truthfulness depicted the -impulses which, mingled with Christian remorse, sway the heart, I -am convinced that I owe this success to the chance which made me -acquainted at the same moment with two hostile empires. The ravages -made in my imagination by a bad book found their antidote in the -terrors with which another book inspired me, and the latter were as -it were allayed by the enervating thoughts drawn from pictures of the -unveiled.</p> - -<p>Misfortunes are said never to come singly, and the same may be said -of passions: they come together, like the Muses or the Furies. With -the propensity which began to torture me, there was born in me the -sense of honor, an exaltation of the soul which preserves the heart -uncorrupted in the midst of corruption, a sort of restorative principle -placed beside a devouring principle, as the inexhaustible source of the -prodigies which love demands of youth and of the sacrifices which it -imposes.</p> - -<p>When the weather was fine, the college boarders went out on Thursdays -and Sundays. We were often taken to Mont Dol, on the top of which were -some Gallo-Roman ruins: from the summit of this isolated eminence, the -eye looks down on the sea and on marshes over which by night hovers -the will o' the wisp, the wizard's light that burns in our lamps to -this day. Another object of our walks was the fields<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> in which stood a -seminary of Eudists, after Eudes, brother of Mézeray the historian<a name="FNanchor_112_117" id="FNanchor_112_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_117" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> -and founder of their congregation. One day in May, the Abbé Égault, the -prefect of the week, had taken us to this seminary. We were allowed -full liberty in our games; only we were expressly forbidden to climb -the trees. The master left us in a grassy lane, and walked away to say -his breviary.</p> - -<p>The lane was bordered by elms: right at the top of the tallest, a -magpie's nest was clearly visible. We were all agog at the sight, -pointing out to each other the mother sitting on her eggs, and smitten -with the keenest longing to capture that superb prize. But who would -dare to make the attempt? The orders were so strict, the prefect so -near, the tree so high! Every hope was turned upon me; I climbed like a -cat. I wavered, and then love of glory carried the day: taking off my -coat, I flung my arms around the elm and began the ascent. The trunk -had no branches, except at two-thirds of its height, where it split -into a fork, one of whose extremities bore the nest.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">A Painful Predicament.</div> - -<p>Gathered beneath the tree, my friends applauded my efforts, looking up -at me, looking in the direction whence the prefect might come, stamping -with joy in their hope of the eggs, trembling with fear in their -expectation of punishment. I approached the nest; the magpie flew away; -I seized the eggs, put them inside my shirt, and began to climb down. -Unfortunately, I slipped between the twin sections of the trunk and -remained seated astraddle. The tree had been pruned, I could find no -foothold on either side by which to raise myself and recover the outer -limb, and I remained hanging in mid-air, fifty feet from the ground.</p> - -<p>Suddenly a cry arose of "The prefect is coming!" and I saw myself -incontinently abandoned by my friends, as always happens. One boy -alone, called Le Gobbien, tried to assist me, and was soon obliged to -relinquish his generous attempt. There was only one way to extricate -myself from my painful position, which was to hang on outside, by my -hands, to one of the two teeth of the fork, and to try, with my feet, -to seize the trunk below the place where it split in two. I carried out -this operation at the risk of my life. In the midst of my tribulations, -I had not let go of my prize; I should have done better to fling it -away, as I have since done with so many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> others. In sliding down the -trunk, I rubbed the skin off my hands, bruised my legs and chest, and -smashed the eggs: this last proved my ruin. The prefect had not seen me -in the tree; I contrived to hide the traces of blood, but there was no -concealing the brilliant yellow with which I was smeared.</p> - -<p>"Very well, sir," he said, "you shall have the cane."</p> - -<p>If that man had stated that he would commute this sentence to one of -death, I should have experienced a thrill of joy. The notion of shame -had never yet presented itself to one of my untrammeled upbringing: at -no period of my life would I not have preferred any punishment to the -horror of having to blush before a living creature. My heart filled -with indignation; I answered the Abbé Égault, in the accents not of -a child but of a man, that neither he nor any other should ever lay -a hand upon me. This reply incensed him; he called me a rebel and -promised to make an example of me.</p> - -<p>"We shall see," I retorted, and began to play at ball with a coolness -which confounded him.</p> - -<p>We returned to the college; the prefect took me to his room and ordered -me to prepare for punishment. My exalted sentiments gave place to -floods of tears. I represented to the Abbé Égault that he had taught me -Latin; that I was his scholar, his disciple, his child; that he could -not wish to dishonor his pupil and make the sight of my schoolfellows -unbearable to me; that he could lock me up on bread and water, stop -my recreations, set me impositions; that I would thank him for his -clemency and love him the more for it. I fell upon my knees, I folded -my hands, I besought him in the name of Jesus Christ to spare me; he -remained deaf to my entreaties. I rose in a fit of fury, and aimed at -his legs a kick so violent that he yelled. He limped to the door of his -room, locked it, and came back to me. I entrenched myself behind the -bed; he struck out at me across the bed with a cane. I rolled myself in -the bed-clothes and, heated with the fray, exclaimed:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -<i>Macte animo, generose puer!</i><a name="FNanchor_113_118" id="FNanchor_113_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_118" class="fnanchor">[113]</a><br /> -</p> - -<p>This brattish erudition made my enemy laugh in spite of himself; he -suggested an armistice: we concluded a treaty; I agreed to refer the -matter to the arbitration of the principal. Without giving his award in -my favour, the principal consented to cancel the punishment which I had -refused to take.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> When the excellent priest pronounced his acquittal, -I pressed my lips to the sleeve of his gown with so great a display -of heartfelt gratitude that he could not refrain from giving me his -blessing. Thus ended the first combat which restored to me the honour -which has been the idol of my life and which has so often cost me my -repose, my pleasure, and my fortune.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Holidays at Combourg.</div> - -<p>The holidays in the course of which I entered upon my twelfth year -were sad ones. The Abbé Leprince accompanied me to Combourg. I went -out only with my tutor; we took long rambles together. He was dying -of consumption, and was silent and melancholy; I myself was not much -livelier. We walked for hours without saying a word. One day we lost -our way in the woods; M. Leprince turned to me and asked:</p> - -<p>"Which way shall we go?"</p> - -<p>I answered without hesitation:</p> - -<p>"The sun is setting; it is now striking the window in the big tower; -let us go that way."</p> - -<p>M. Leprince the same evening told the incident to my father: the future -traveller showed himself in that decision. Many a time, when I saw -the sun set in the forests of America, have I recalled the woods of -Combourg: my memories are echoes one of the other.</p> - -<p>The Abbé Leprince wanted them to give me a horse; but according to my -father's notions, the only thing a naval officer need know how to steer -was his ship. I was reduced, therefore, to riding two fat coach-horses -or a big piebald by stealth. The latter was not, like Turenne's <i>Pie</i>, -one of those steeds which the Romans called <i>desultorii equi</i><a name="FNanchor_114_119" id="FNanchor_114_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_119" class="fnanchor">[114]</a> -and trained to aid their masters; it was a moon-eyed Pegasus, which -overreached in trotting, and bit my legs when I set it at a ditch. -I never cared much about horses, although I have led the life of a -Tartar; and, contrary to the effect which my early training should have -produced, I ride with an elegant rather than a firm seat.</p> - -<p>A tertiary fever, the germs of which I had brought with me from the -marshes of Dol, rid me of M. Leprince. A quack passed through the -village; my father, who did not believe in doctors, believed in -charlatans: he sent for the empiric, who undertook to cure me in -twenty-four hours. He returned the next day, in a green, gold-laced -coat, a huge, powdered wig, wide ruffles of dirty muslin, false -diamonds on his fingers, worn black satin breeches, bluey-white silk -stockings, and shoes with enormous buckles. He pulled back my curtains, -felt my pulse, made<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> me put out my tongue, jabbered a few words with an -Italian accent on the necessity for purging me, and gave me a little -piece of burnt sugar to eat. My father approved of the treatment, for -he maintained that all sickness came from indigestion, and that for -every kind of ill you should purge your man till the blood came.</p> - -<p>Half-an-hour after swallowing the caramel, I was seized with a -terrible vomiting; they sent to tell M. de Chateaubriand, who wanted -to throw the poor wretch from the window of the tower. The latter, -terrified, took off his coat, tucked back his shirt-sleeves, and made -the most grotesque gestures. At each movement, his wig turned in every -direction; he repeated my cries, adding after each: "<i>Che, Monsou -Lavandier?</i>" This Monsieur Lavandier was the village druggist, who -had been called in to lend his aid. I did not know, in the midst of -my pain, whether I should die from taking the man's nostrums or from -bursting with laughter at his behavior. The effects of this overdose of -emetic were stopped in time, and I was set on my legs again.</p> - -<p>The whole of our life is spent in wandering round our tomb: our -illnesses are so many puffs of wind that send us more or less near to -the haven. The first corpse I saw was that of a canon of Saint-Malo: -he lay dead upon his bed, his features distorted with the final -convulsions. Death is beautiful, he is our friend: and yet we do not -recognize him, because he comes to us masked, and his mask frightens us.</p> - -<p>I was sent back to school at the end of autumn.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>I have been permitted to leave Dieppe, whither a police order had -driven me, and to return to the Vallée-aux-Loups, where I continue my -narrative. The soil trembles beneath the steps of the foreign soldier, -who is invading my country at this very moment; I am writing, like the -last of the Romans, to the sound of the Barbarian invasion. By day I -compose pages as agitated as the events of the day<a name="FNanchor_115_120" id="FNanchor_115_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_120" class="fnanchor">[115]</a>; at night, -while the rolling of the distant cannon dies away in my woods, I return -to the silence of years that sleep in the grave, to the peace of my -youngest memories. How short and narrow is a man's past beside the vast -present of the nations and their immeasurable future!</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Mathematics, Greek, and Latin occupied all my winter at school. The -time that was not devoted to study was given<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> up to boyish sports, -which are the same all over the world. The little Englishman, the -little German, the little Italian, the little Spaniard, the little -Iroquois, the little Bedouin, all trundle the hoop and throw the ball. -Brothers of one great family, children do not lose their features of -resemblance until they lose their innocence, everywhere the same. Then -the passions, modified by climates, governments, and customs, make -different nations; the human race ceases to speak and understand the -same language: society is the real Tower of Babel.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Abbé de Chateaubriand.</div> - -<p>One morning I was taking very energetic part in a game of base in the -playground, when I was told that I was wanted. I followed the servant -to the front gate. There I found a stout, red-faced man, with abrupt -and impatient manners and a fierce voice; he carried a stick in his -hand, wore a black and ill-curled wig, a torn cassock with the ends -tucked into his pockets, dusty shoes, and stockings with holes at the -heels.</p> - -<p>"You little scamp," said he, "are not you the Chevalier de -Chateaubriand de Combourg?"</p> - -<p>"Yes, monsieur," I replied, quite bewildered at his manner of -addressing me.</p> - -<p>"And I," he retorted, almost foaming at the mouth, "am the last senior -of your family; I am the Abbé de Chateaubriand de La Guerrande<a name="FNanchor_116_121" id="FNanchor_116_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_121" class="fnanchor">[116]</a>: -take a good look at me."</p> - -<p>The proud ecclesiastic put his hand into the fob of a pair of old plush -breeches, took out a moldy six-franc crown-piece wrapped in a piece of -dirty paper, flung it at my head, and continued his journey on foot, -muttering his matins as he went, with a furious air. I have since -learnt that the Prince de Condé<a name="FNanchor_117_122" id="FNanchor_117_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_122" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> had offered this rustic rector -the post of tutor to the Duc de Bourbon<a name="FNanchor_118_123" id="FNanchor_118_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_123" class="fnanchor">[118]</a>. The overbearing priest -replied that the Prince, as the owner of the Barony of Chateaubriand, -ought to know that the heirs of that barony could have tutors, but -could not act as such. This haughtiness was the fault of my family; in -my father it was hateful; my brother pushed it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> to a ridiculous length; -it has descended in a certain measure to his eldest son. I am not sure -that I myself, in spite of my republican inclinations, have entirely -shaken it off, although I have been careful to conceal it.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The time approached for making my First Communion, when the family used -to decide upon the child's future condition. This religious ceremony -took the place among young Christians of the assumption of the <i>toga -virilis</i> among the Romans. Madame de Chateaubriand had come in order to -be present at the First Communion of her son, who, after being united -to his God, was about to part from his mother.</p> - -<p>My piety seemed to be sincere; I edified the whole college; there was -ardor in my eyes; I was so persistent in my fasting as to make my -masters uneasy. They feared lest I should drive devotion to excess; -their religious enlightenment sought to temper my fervor. My confessor -was the superior of the Eudist Seminary, a man of fifty, of stern -appearance. Each time that I presented myself at the confessional, he -anxiously questioned me. Surprised at the unimportance of my sins, he -did not know how to reconcile my distress with the triviality of the -secrets I confided to his bosom. The nearer Easter approached, the more -pressing did the priest's questions become. "Are you keeping nothing -back?" he would ask. I replied, "No, father." "Have you not committed -such and such a sin?" "No, father." And it was always: "No, father." -He dismissed me doubtfully, sighing, gazing into my very soul, while I -left his presence pale and out of face, like a criminal.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Confession and Absolution.</div> - -<p>I was to receive absolution on the Wednesday in Holy Week. I spent the -night of Tuesday in praying and in reading with terror the <i>Confessions -mal faites.</i> At three o'clock on the Wednesday afternoon, we started -for the seminary, accompanied by our parents. All the vain renown that -has since attached itself to my name would not have given Madame de -Chateaubriand one moment of the pride which she felt, as a Christian -and a mother, on beholding her son prepared to participate in the great -mystery of religion.</p> - -<p>On reaching the church, I prostrated myself before the altar, and lay -as though annihilated. When I rose to go to the sacristy, where the -superior awaited me, my knees trembled beneath me. I flung myself at -the priest's feet; it was only in the most broken accents that I was -able to pronounce the <i>Confiteor.</i> "Well, have you forgotten nothing?" -asked the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> messenger of Jesus Christ. I remained silent. He began to -question me again, and the fatal "No, father," came from my lips. -He lapsed into meditation, asked counsel of Him who conferred upon -the Apostles the power of binding and loosing souls. Then, making an -effort, he prepared to give me absolution.</p> - -<p>Had the sky shot a bolt at me, it would have caused me less dread. I -cried:</p> - -<p>"I have not confessed everything!"</p> - -<p>This formidable judge, this deputy of the Sovereign Arbiter, whose -visage inspired me with so much fear, became the tenderest of -shepherds; he took me in his arms and burst into tears:</p> - -<p>"Come, my dear child," said he, "courage!"</p> - -<p>I shall never experience such another moment in my life. Had the weight -of mountains been lifted from me, I should not have been more relieved: -I sobbed with happiness. I venture to say that it was from that day -forward that I became an upright man; I felt that I should never -outlive a remorse: how great must be the remorse for a crime, when I -could suffer so terribly for concealing the little sins of a child! But -also how divine is the religion which can thus take hold of our best -instincts! What precepts of morality can ever take the place of these -Christian institutions?</p> - -<p>The first admission made, the rest cost me nothing. My suppressed -childish offenses, which would have made the world smile, were weighed -in the balance of religion. The superior was very much perplexed; he -would have liked to postpone my Communion; but I was about to leave Dol -College, soon to enter the Navy. With great perspicacity, he discerned -the nature of my proclivities from the very character of my juvenile -faults, insignificant though they were; he was the first man to fathom -the secret of the possibilities of my life. He divined my future -passions; he did not conceal from me what he thought he saw good in me, -but he also predicted the evils to come.</p> - -<p>"After all," he added, "though time is short for your repentance, you -are cleansed of your sins by your courageous, if tardy, confession."</p> - -<p>Raising his hand, he pronounced the Absolution. On this second -occasion, the fulminating hand showered upon my head only the heavenly -dew; I bent my brow to receive it; my feelings partook of the joy of -the angels. I rose and threw myself upon the bosom of my mother, who -was awaiting me<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> at the foot of the altar. I no longer appeared the -same being to my masters and school-fellows; I walked with a light step -my head held high, a radiant air, in all the triumph of repentance.</p> - -<p>On the next day, which was Holy Thursday, I was admitted to the sublime -and touching ceremony which I have vainly endeavored to describe in the -<i>Génie du Christianisme.</i><a name="FNanchor_119_124" id="FNanchor_119_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_124" class="fnanchor">[119]</a> I might here have felt again my usual -little humiliations: my nosegay and my clothes were less fine than -those of my companions; but that day everything was of God and for God. -I know exactly what Faith means: the Real Presence of the Victim in the -Blessed Sacrament of the altar was as evident to me as the presence of -my mother by my side. When the Host was laid upon my lips, I felt as -though a light had been kindled within me. I trembled with veneration, -and the only material thing that occupied my thoughts was the dread of -profaning the sacramental bread.</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Le pain que je vous propose<br /> -Sert aux anges d'aliment,<br /> -Dieu lui-même le compose<br /> -De la fleur de son froment<a name="FNanchor_120_125" id="FNanchor_120_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_125" class="fnanchor">[120]</a>.—RACINE.<br /> -</p> - -<p>I conceived besides the courage of the martyrs; at that moment I could -have confessed Christ on the rack or in the midst of the lions.</p> - -<p>I delight in recalling these joys which my soul felt but a little while -before it became filled with the tribulations of the world. Those who -compare these ardours with the transports which I shall presently -depict, who see the same heart experiencing, within a space of three or -four years, all that is sweetest and most wholesome in innocence and in -religion and also all that is most seductive and most baneful in the -passions, will choose one of the two forms of joy; they will see in -which direction to seek happiness and, above all, peace.</p> - -<p>Three weeks after my First Communion, I left Dol College. I retain -a pleasant remembrance of this house: our childhood leaves a trace -of itself upon places it has beautified by its presence, as a flower -communicates a perfume to the objects it has touched. To this day I am -affected when I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> think of the scattering of my first friends and my -first masters. The Abbé Leprince was appointed to a living near Rouen, -but died soon after; the Abbé Égault received a cure in the Diocese of -Rennes; and I saw the death of the good principal, the Abbé Porcher, -at the commencement of the Revolution: he was a learned, gentle, and -simple-hearted man. The memory of that obscure Rollin<a name="FNanchor_121_126" id="FNanchor_121_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_126" class="fnanchor">[121]</a> will always -be dear and venerable to me.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>At Combourg I found a Mission on which to feed my piety; I followed its -exercises. I received confirmation on the manor steps, with the peasant -lads and lasses, from the hand of the Bishop of Saint-Malo. After that, -a cross was erected; I helped to hold it, while it was being fixed upon -its base. It still exists: it stands in front of the tower in which my -father died. For thirty years, it has seen no one appear at the windows -of that tower; it is no longer saluted by the castle children; every -spring-time it waits for them in vain; it sees none return save the -swallows, the companions of my childhood, more faithful to their nest -than man to his house. How happy should I have been, had my life been -spent at the foot of that mission cross, had my hair been whitened only -by the years which have covered the arms of that cross with moss!</p> - -<div class="sidenote">I go to Rennes College.</div> - -<p>I did not long delay my departure for Rennes, where I was to continue -my studies and complete my mathematical course, before submitting -myself for examination as a Naval Guard<a name="FNanchor_122_127" id="FNanchor_122_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_127" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> at Brest. M. de Fayolle -was principal of Rennes College. The staff of that Breton Juilly<a name="FNanchor_123_128" id="FNanchor_123_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_128" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> -included three distinguished professors: the Abbé de Chateaugiron, -master of the second form, the Abbé Germé, master of rhetoric, and -the Abbé Marchand, of physics. There were a large number of boarders -and day-scholars, and the classes were strong. Within living memory, -Geoffroy<a name="FNanchor_124_129" id="FNanchor_124_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_129" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> and Ginguené<a name="FNanchor_125_130" id="FNanchor_125_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_130" class="fnanchor">[125]</a>, who were educated at the college, -would have done honour to Sainte-Barbe<a name="FNanchor_126_131" id="FNanchor_126_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_131" class="fnanchor">[126]</a> or the Plessis.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> The -Chevalier de Parny<a name="FNanchor_127_132" id="FNanchor_127_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_132" class="fnanchor">[127]</a> had also studied at Rennes; I succeeded to his -bed in the room allotted to me.</p> - -<p>Rennes seemed to me a Babylon, the college a world. The crowd of -masters and school-boys, the size of the buildings, garden, and -play-grounds appeared immense to my eyes<a name="FNanchor_128_133" id="FNanchor_128_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_133" class="fnanchor">[128]</a>. I grew accustomed to -it, however. On the saint's-day of the principal, we had a holiday; at -the top of our voices we sang in his praise superb lines of our own -composing, in which we said:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Ô Terpsichore, ô Polymnie,<br /> -Venez, venez remplir nos vœux;<br /> -La raison même vous convie<a name="FNanchor_129_134" id="FNanchor_129_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_134" class="fnanchor">[129]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>At the cost of a few buffets, I assumed over my new schoolfellows -the same ascendant that I had exercised over my old companions at -Dol. The young Bretons are quarrelsome monkeys; on half-holidays we -sent each other challenges to fight in the shrubbery of the garden -of the Benedictines, called "the Thabor." Our arms consisted of -compasses fastened to the end of a walking-stick, which gradually -led to a hand-to-hand fight, more or less treacherous or courteous -according to the gravity of the challenge. We had umpires who decided -if battle was to be waged and how the champions should use their -hands. The combat did not end until one of the two parties owned -himself vanquished. I found my old friend Gesril presiding over these -engagements, as at Saint-Malo. He offered to be my second in an affair -in which I was engaged with Saint-Riveul<a name="FNanchor_130_135" id="FNanchor_130_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_135" class="fnanchor">[130]</a>, a young noble who -became the first victim of the Revolution. I fell under my adversary, -refused to surrender, and paid dearly for my pride. I said, like Jean -Desmarets<a name="FNanchor_131_136" id="FNanchor_131_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_136" class="fnanchor">[131]</a> on his road to the scaffold, "I cry mercy to God alone!"</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p> - -<p>I met at this college two men who have since become famous in different -ways: Moreau<a name="FNanchor_132_137" id="FNanchor_132_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_137" class="fnanchor">[132]</a>, the general, and Limoëlan<a name="FNanchor_133_138" id="FNanchor_133_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_138" class="fnanchor">[133]</a>, the author of the -infernal machine, who is now a priest in America. There is only one -portrait of Lucile extant, a bad miniature by Limoëlan, who turned -portrait-painter during the revolutionary troubles. Moreau was a -day-boy, Limoëlan a boarder. Rarely have two such singular destinies -been found at the same time, in the same province, the same small town, -the same school<a name="FNanchor_134_139" id="FNanchor_134_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_139" class="fnanchor">[134]</a>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My intellectual disposition.</div> - -<p>Although the training at Rennes College was very religious, my fervor -abated: the number of my masters and schoolfellows tended to multiply -the occasions for distraction. I made progress in the study of -languages; I became strong in mathematics, for which I have always had -a decided leaning: I should have made a good naval officer or sapper. -I was born with a generally quick disposition, I was susceptible to -serious and agreeable things alike: I commenced with poetry before -taking up prose; the arts delighted me; I have always passionately -loved music and architecture. Although disposed to be easily bored, I -was capable of grasping the smallest details; gifted with a patience -that was proof against<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> anything, however wearied I might be of the -subject in hand, my perseverance overcame my distaste. I have never -abandoned a matter that was worth completing; there are things which I -have pursued for fifteen or twenty years of my life, as full of ardor -on the last day as on the first.</p> - -<p>This intellectual suppleness was again apparent in matters of secondary -importance. I was good at chess, handy at billiards, a good shot, an -expert swordsman; I drew tolerably; I should have sung well, if my -voice had been trained. All this, added to the manner in which I was -brought up and to the life I led as a soldier and traveller, produced -the result that I have never played the prig nor displayed the stupid -self-sufficiency, the awkwardness, the slovenly habits of the men -of letters of former days, still less the conceited assurance, the -jealousy and the blustering vanity of the new authors.</p> - -<p>I spent two years at Rennes College; Gesril left eighteen months -before I did. He entered the navy. Julie, my third sister, was -married in the course of these two years; she gave her hand to the -Comte de Farcy<a name="FNanchor_135_140" id="FNanchor_135_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_140" class="fnanchor">[135]</a>, a captain in the Condé Regiment, and settled -with her husband at Fougères, where my two eldest sisters, Mesdames -de Marigny and de Québriac were already living. Julie's wedding took -place at Combourg, and I was present at it. I there met the Comtesse -de Tronjoli<a name="FNanchor_136_141" id="FNanchor_136_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_141" class="fnanchor">[136]</a>, who distinguished herself by her courage on the -scaffold: she was the cousin and close friend of the Marquis de La -Rouërie, and was implicated in his conspiracy. I had never yet seen -beauty except in my own family; I was confused on perceiving it in the -face of a strange woman. Each step in life opened out a new perspective -before me; I heard the distant and alluring voice of the passions which -were coming to me; I hastened towards those sirens, attracted by an -unknown harmony. It appeared that, like the High Priest of Eleusis, I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> -had a different incense for each divinity. But could the hymns which I -sang while burning that incense be called "balsams," like the poems of -the hierophant<a name="FNanchor_137_142" id="FNanchor_137_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_142" class="fnanchor">[137]</a>?</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>After Julie's marriage, I set out for Brest. On leaving the great -College of Rennes, I did not feel the same regret that I had -experienced on bidding farewell to the little College of Dol; perhaps -I had lost the bud of innocence which turns everything into a charm -for us; time was beginning to open it. My mentor in my new position -was one of my maternal uncles, Vice-Admiral the Comte Ravenel de -Boisteilleul<a name="FNanchor_138_143" id="FNanchor_138_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_143" class="fnanchor">[138]</a>, one of whose sons<a name="FNanchor_139_144" id="FNanchor_139_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_144" class="fnanchor">[139]</a>, a very distinguished -artillery-officer in the armies of Bonaparte, married the only -daughter<a name="FNanchor_140_145" id="FNanchor_140_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_145" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> of my sister the Comtesse de Farcy.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My life at Brest.</div> - -<p>On my arrival at Brest, I did not find my cadet's commission awaiting -me; some accident had delayed it. I remained what was called an -"aspirant," and, as such, was exempt from following the regular -studies. My uncle put me to board in the Rue de Siam, at a cadets' -ordinary, and introduced me to the naval commander, the Comte -d'Hector<a name="FNanchor_141_146" id="FNanchor_141_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_146" class="fnanchor">[141]</a>. Left for the first time to my own resources, instead of -becoming intimate with my future messmates, I indulged in my instinct -for solitude. My usual society was confined to my fencing-master, my -drawing-master, and my mathematical tutor.</p> - -<p>The sea which I was to behold upon so many coasts bathed, at Brest, -the extremity of the Armorican Peninsula: beyond that prominent cape -lay nothing but the boundless ocean and unknown worlds. My imagination -revealed in all this space. Often, seated on some mast lying along the -Quai de Recouvrance, I watched the movements of the crowd: shipwrights, -sailors, soldiers, custom-house officers, convicts passed to and fro -before my eyes. Passengers embarked and disembarked, pilots directed -the steering, carpenters squared<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> blocks of wood, cordwainers twisted -hawsers, ship's boys lit fires under coppers from which issued a thick -smoke and the healthy smell of tar. Bales of merchandise, sacks of -victuals were carried to and from the quay; trains of artillery were -rolled from the sea to the magazines, from the magazines to the sea. -Here, carts were pushed backwards into the water to receive cargoes; -there, loads were hoisted with tackle, while cranes lowered stones and -dredging-machines dug out the alluvium. Forts fired signals, ships' -boats came and went, vessels set sail or returned to harbor.</p> - -<p>My mind became filled with vague ideas on society, its blessings and -its evils. An indefinite sadness overtook me; I left the mast on which -I was sitting, walked up the Penfeld, which runs into the port, and -reached a turn where the port disappeared from view. Here, with nothing -before me except a turfy valley, but with the confused murmur of the -sea and human voices still in my ears, I lay down upon the bank of -the little river. Watching by turns the rippling of the water and the -flight of the sea-mew, enjoying the silence around me or listening to -the strokes of the calker's hammer, I fell into the deepest musing. In -the midst of this reverie, if the wind carried to me the sound of the -gun of a ship leaving port, I started, and tears moistened my eyes.</p> - -<p>One day I had walked in the direction of the outer extremity of the -harbor, to the side of the sea: it was warm; I lay down upon the beach -and fell asleep. Suddenly I was awakened by a grand noise; I opened -my eyes like Augustus to see the triremes in the anchorage of Sicily -after the victory over Sextus Pompey: reports of artillery followed -one upon the other; the roads were crowded with men-of-war; the great -French squadron was returning after the signing of peace<a name="FNanchor_142_147" id="FNanchor_142_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_147" class="fnanchor">[142]</a>. The -ships manœuvred under full sail, bathed themselves in flame, hoisted -ensigns, turned their poops, bows, broadsides towards the shore, -stopped short by dropping anchor while still under sail, or continued -to skim over the billows. Nothing ever gave me a higher idea of the -human intelligence: man seemed at that moment to borrow something from -Him who said to the sea, "Thus far shalt thou go and no further."</p> - -<p>All Brest hastened to the port. Boats left the fleet and landed at the -mole. The officers with whom they were crowded, their faces bronzed -by the sun, had that foreign look which is brought back from another -atmosphere, and the indescribable air of gaiety, of pride, of daring, -worn by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> men who had restored the honour of the national ensign. -These officers, so deserving, so illustrious, these companions of -Suffren<a name="FNanchor_143_148" id="FNanchor_143_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_148" class="fnanchor">[143]</a>, Lamotte-Piquet<a name="FNanchor_144_149" id="FNanchor_144_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_149" class="fnanchor">[144]</a>, Couëdic, d'Estaing<a name="FNanchor_145_150" id="FNanchor_145_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_150" class="fnanchor">[145]</a>, had escaped -from the blows of the enemy only to fall beneath those of Frenchmen!</p> - -<div class="sidenote">I meet Gesril.</div> - -<p>I was watching the gallant troop march by, when one of the officers -disengaged himself from the others and fell upon my neck: it was -Gesril. He seemed taller, but weak and ailing from a sword-thrust he -had received in the chest. He left Brest the same evening to join his -family. I only saw him once since, shortly before his heroic death: I -will tell the occasion of the meeting later.</p> - -<p>Gesril's sudden appearance and departure made me take a resolve which -changed the course of my life: it was written that that young man -should have an absolute empire over my destiny. One can see how my -character was shaping, the turn my ideas were taking, the first attacks -of my genius; for I can speak of that genius as a malady, whatever it -may have been, rare or vulgar, worthy or unworthy of the name I give it -for want of a word wherewith to express myself. Had I been more like -the rest of mankind, I should have been happier: any one who could have -succeeded, without depriving me of my intelligence, in killing what is -called my talent would have treated me as a friend.</p> - -<p>When the Comte de Boisteilleul took me to M. d'Hector, I heard old and -young sailors discuss their campaigns and talk of the countries they -had visited: one had returned from India, another from America; this -one was to set sail to go round the world, the other was about to join -the Mediterranean station, to visit the shores of Greece. My uncle -pointed out La Pérouse<a name="FNanchor_146_151" id="FNanchor_146_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_151" class="fnanchor">[146]</a> to me in the crowd, a new Cook, the manner -of whose death has remained the secret of the tempests. I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> listened -to everything, I looked at everything, without uttering a word; but -there was no sleep for me that night: I spent it, in imagination, in -delivering combats or discovering unknown lands.</p> - -<p>Be that as it may, on seeing Gesril return to his parents, I thought -that there was nothing to prevent me from going home to my own. I -should have much liked the naval service, if my spirit of independence -had not disinclined me to service of any kind: I was born with an -incapacity for obedience. Voyages tempted me, but I felt that I should -enjoy them only in solitude, left free to follow my own will. At last, -giving my first proof of fickleness, without telling my uncle Ravenel, -without writing to my parents, without asking permission of anybody, -without waiting for my cadet's commission, I left one morning for -Combourg, where I dropped as though from the clouds.</p> - -<p>I am to this day astonished to think how, in view of the terror with -which my father inspired me, I could have dared to take such a resolve; -and what is quite as astonishing is the manner in which I was welcomed. -I had every reason to expect transports of the most furious anger, and -I was gently received. My father was content to shake his head, as -though to say, "Here's a pretty trick!" My mother embraced me with all -her heart, grumbling the while, and my Lucile kissed me in an ecstasy -of joy.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_75_80" id="Footnote_75_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_80"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> This book was written at Dieppe in September and October -1812 and at the Vallée-aux-Loups in December 1813 and January 1814, and -was revised in June 1846.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_76_81" id="Footnote_76_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_81"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> The author's forty-fourth birthday.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_77_82" id="Footnote_77_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_82"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> Étienne Denis Duc Pasquier (1767-1862), became Prefect of -Police under Bonaparte in 1810, President of the Chamber of Deputies -under Louis XVIII. in 1816, Foreign Minister in 1819. In 1821, on -the fall of the Villèle Ministry, Pasquier received his peerage. -Louis-Philippe made him President of the Chamber of Peers in 1830, -Chancellor in 1837, and created him a duke in 1844. In his capacity as -a peer, therefore, and also as an Academician, he eventually became -Chateaubriand's colleague.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_78_83" id="Footnote_78_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_83"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> The River Arques, which discharges itself at Dieppe, was -formerly called the Deep.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_79_84" id="Footnote_79_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_84"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> Abraham Marquis Duquesne (1610-1688), the famous -sailor. His religion—he was a Huguenot—prevented Louis XIV. from -making him an admiral; the highest rank he obtained was that of -lieutenant-general. A statue of Duquesne was erected at Dieppe in -1844.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_80_85" id="Footnote_80_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_85"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> Robert Wace, a native of Jersey, author of the <i>Brut -d'Angleterre</i> or <i>Artus de Bretagne</i>, the <i>Roman du Rou</i> (Rollo Duke of -Normandy), and the <i>Chronique ascendante des ducs de Normandie.</i> He was -reading-clerk to Henry I. and Henry II., later a canon of Bayeux, and -died in England <i>circa</i> 1184.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_81_86" id="Footnote_81_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_86"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> Pliny, III. X. 15.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_82_87" id="Footnote_82_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_87"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> Urbain René de Hercé (1726-1795), consecrated Bishop of -Dol in 1757, was shot not at, but after, Quiberon, at Vannes, 28 July -1795, together with Sombreuil and fourteen other victims, including his -brother, François de Hercé (1733-1795), Grand-Vicar of Dol, and Gesril -(<i>vide supra</i>).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_83_88" id="Footnote_83_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_88"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Étienne Bezout (1730-1783), author of a number of -mathematical works employed in schools in the eighteenth century.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_84_89" id="Footnote_84_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_89"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> Charles Dufresne Ducange (1610-1688), a learned expert -in historical research, author of the <i>Glossarium mediæ et infimœ -Latinitatis</i>, in which the description of the quintain occurs, and a -number of other works of value.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_85_90" id="Footnote_85_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_90"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> The Manuscript of 1826 here contains a short description -of the sport of the quintain: "All the bridegrooms of the year within -the holding of Combourg were obliged, in the month of May, to come -and break a wooden lance against a post placed in a sunk road that -ran above the Great Mall. The tilters were on horseback; the bailiff, -who acted as lord of the lists, examined the lance, and declared that -there was no fraud nor guile in the arms: it was allowed to tilt three -times at the post, but at the third time, if the lance was not broken, -the jibers of the rustic tournament covered the awkward tilter with -pleasantries, who paid a crown-piece to the liege lord."—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_86_91" id="Footnote_86_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_91"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> Noble Maître François Jean Baptiste Potelet, Seigneur de -Saint-Mahé et de La Durantais.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_87_92" id="Footnote_87_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_92"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> Gilles Marie de Launay, Sieur de La Billardière, -successively procurator-fiscal of Bécherel, <i>sénéchal des juridictions</i> -of the Vauruffier, the Viscounty of Besso and the Marquisate of -Caradenc, and bonder of the King's tobacco taxes at Combourg.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_88_93" id="Footnote_88_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_93"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> I have met my friend David again since: I shall tell when -and how.—<i>Author's Note</i> (Geneva, 1832).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_89_94" id="Footnote_89_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_94"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> Jean Baptiste Gesbert, Seigneur de La Noé-Sécho, -seneschal of the manorial jurisdiction of Combourg.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_90_95" id="Footnote_90_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_95"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Maître René Petit, procurator-fiscal of the County of -Combourg.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_91_96" id="Footnote_91_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_96"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Maître Julien Corvaisier or Le Corvaisier, notary and -attorney of the jurisdiction.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_92_97" id="Footnote_92_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_97"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> The Abbé Jean François Chalmel, chaplain of Combourg -Castle.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_93_98" id="Footnote_93_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_98"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Jean Anne Pinot du Petitbois (1737-1789) lived in the -Château du Grandval at Combourg, still occupied by his descendants.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_94_99" id="Footnote_94_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_99"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> Michel Charles Locquet, Comte de Château-d'Assis, lived -in the Château de Triaudin, Combourg, now owned by the Vicomte Roger du -Petitbois.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_95_100" id="Footnote_95_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_100"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> Nicolas Pierre Philippes, Seigneur de Trémaudan.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_96_101" id="Footnote_96_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_101"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> René Malo Sévin, rector of the parish of Combourg in -1776, refused to subscribe to the civil constitution of the clergy, -and went to Jersey in 1792. He returned in 1797, was reinstated in his -parish in 1803, and died at Combourg in 1817.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_97_102" id="Footnote_97_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_102"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> Claude Anne, successively Vicomte, Marquis, and Duc de -Saint-Simon, emigrated to Spain, entered the Spanish service, and -became Captain-General of Old Castile. King Charles IV. created him -a grandee of Spain, King Ferdinand VII. a duke. He died in Madrid in -1819. In 1808, on the capture of Madrid by the French, he was sentenced -to death by court-martial; the sentence was commuted to imprisonment -for life, and he was confined in the Citadel of Besançon until the fall -of the Empire in 1814.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_98_103" id="Footnote_98_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_103"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> It gave me a genuine pleasure to renew my acquaintance, -during the Restoration, with this gallant officer, so distinguished for -his loyalty and his Christian virtues.—<i>Author's Note</i> (Geneva, 1831). -</p> -<p> -Jacques Vincent Marquis de Causans de Mauléon (1751-1824), was promoted -to the rank of lieutenant-general in 1814, and sat in the Chamber of -Deputies as member for Vaucluse from 1815 until his death.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_99_104" id="Footnote_99_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_104"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> Antoine Louis Marquis de Wignacourt, Knight of St. -Louis.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_100_105" id="Footnote_100_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_105"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> François Placide Maillard, Seigneur de La Morandais. -The Maillards de La Morandais delivered proofs of eight generations of -nobility in 1670. Those who had settled at Combourg had degenerated -through poverty.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_101_106" id="Footnote_101_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_106"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> Guillaume de Lamoignon (1617-1677), First President of -the Parliament of Paris, founder of a most distinguished legal family, -and great-grandfather of Lamoignon de Malesherbes.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_102_107" id="Footnote_102_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_107"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> -"Right gladly and in brave array,<br /> -By wood and river made his way:<br /> -For no folk through the woods advance<br /> -Right gladly like the folk of France." -—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_103_108" id="Footnote_103_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_108"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> Armand Louis de Gontaut de Biron, Duc de Lauzun -(1747-1793), and Duc de Biron on the death of his father in 1788. He -was one of the handsomest men at the Court of Louis XVI. In 1789 he -joined the party of the Duc d'Orléans, and served as a general in -the Republican army, but was guillotined on the last day of December -1793.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_104_109" id="Footnote_104_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_109"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> Prince Eugène de Savoie-Carignan (1753-1785), younger -son of Prince Louis Victor de Savoie-Carignan, and brother of the -Princesse de Lamballe. A scion of the younger branch of the Royal House -of Savoy, he entered the French service under the title of Count of -Villafranca, and was made colonel of the Villefranche Regiment. In 1781 -he married Elizabeth Anne, daughter of Jean François Nicolas Magon, -Seigneur de Boisgarein; but the marriage was annulled by parliament -upon the petition of the Prince's parents. He struggled desperately -to obtain a revision of the decree of annulment. On the accession of -the younger branch to the throne of Sardinia in 1831, the grandson -of Prince Eugène and Mademoiselle de Boisgarein was restored to his -ancestral rank, and in 1888 his morganatic children received from the -late King of Italy the name of Villafranca-Soisson, with the title of -count.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_105_110" id="Footnote_105_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_110"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> Pierre Louis Lacretelle (1751-1824), known as Lacretelle -the Elder, to distinguish him from his brother, Charles Joseph -Lacretelle, the Younger. He was a member of the French Academy, and -author of a number of legal works and political and philosophical -treatises.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_106_111" id="Footnote_106_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_111"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> Florio's MONTAIGNE, Booke I. chap. 9: <i>Of Lyers.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_107_112" id="Footnote_107_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_112"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> By Diderot; printed in 1738, and first performed at -the Comédie Française ten years after, when it met with indifferent -success, attaining a total of seven performances.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_108_113" id="Footnote_108_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_113"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> 11 January 1780, Marie Anne Françoise married Jean -Joseph Geffelot, Comte de Marigny; Bénigne Jeanne married Jean François -Xavier Comte de Québriac, Seigneur de Patrion.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_109_114" id="Footnote_109_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_114"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> LUCRETIUS, I. i.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_110_115" id="Footnote_110_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_115"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> TIBULLUS, I. i, 45.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_111_116" id="Footnote_111_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_116"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> Jean Baptiste Massillon (1663-1742), Bishop of Clermont, -and a famous Catholic preacher. He left nearly a hundred sermons, in -addition to a great number of other religious works. Massillon was -elected an Academician in 1789.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_112_117" id="Footnote_112_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_117"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> François Eudes de Mézeray (1610-1683). The Eudists, -founded by Jean Eudes, hare still a house at Rennes. The community is -also known as the Congregation of Jesus and Mary.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_113_118" id="Footnote_113_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_118"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> STAT., <i>Th.</i>, VII. 280.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_114_119" id="Footnote_114_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_119"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> SUET, <i>Cæs.</i> 39.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_115_120" id="Footnote_115_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_120"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> <i>De Buonaparte et des Bourbons.—Author's Note</i> (Geneva, -1831).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_116_121" id="Footnote_116_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_121"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> Charles Hilaire de Chateaubriand (1708-1782), rector -successively of a number of country livings.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_117_122" id="Footnote_117_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_122"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> Louis Joseph (Louis V.) Prince de Condé (1736-1818), -fourth in descent from the Great Condé, and Commander-in-Chief of the -Army of the Emigrants, 1789-1800. At the Restoration, King Louis XVIII. -made his kinsman Grand-Master of the Household and Colonel-General of -the Infantry.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_118_123" id="Footnote_118_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_123"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> Louis Henri Joseph (Louis VI.) Duc de Bourbon -(1756-1830), son of Louis V. Prince de Condé and of the Princesse -Louise d'Orléans, and father of the unhappy Duc d'Enghien. The Duc -de Bourbon was found strangled-whether by his own hands or those of -his mistress, Madame de Feuchères, is uncertain—a few days after the -Revolution of 1830. He left the greater part of his large fortune to -the late Duc d'Aumale.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_119_124" id="Footnote_119_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_124"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> Part I. book I. chap. 7: <i>De la communion.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_120_125" id="Footnote_120_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_125"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> -"The bread I offer for your taking<br /> -Is that which the angels eat;<br /> -It is bread of God's own baking<br /> -From the first fruits of his wheat." -—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_121_126" id="Footnote_121_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_126"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> Charles Rollin (1661-1741), a famous French professor -and theologian.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_122_127" id="Footnote_122_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_127"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> The French Naval Guard (<i>Garde marine</i>) was a body of -nobles from which the naval officers were appointed.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_123_128" id="Footnote_123_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_128"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> The name of a celebrated Oratorian college, near Meaux, -suppressed by the Revolution of 1789.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_124_129" id="Footnote_124_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_129"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> Julien Louis Geoffroy (1743-1814), a distinguished -dramatic critic. He originated the literary <i>feuilleton</i> in the -<i>Journal des Débats.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_125_130" id="Footnote_125_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_130"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> Pierre Louis Ginguené (1748-1815), Ambassador to Turin -under the Directory, and author of the <i>Histoire littéraire d'Italie</i> -and some poems, mostly imitated from the Italian.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_126_131" id="Footnote_126_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_131"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> The famous college on the Montagne Sainte-Généviève in -Paris, founded by Jean Hubert in 1430.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_127_132" id="Footnote_127_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_132"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> Évariste Désiré Desforges, Chevalier de Parny -(1753-1814), the author of a number of elegies and love-poems, which -earned for him the name of "the French Tibullus."—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_128_133" id="Footnote_128_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_133"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> Rennes College was one of the most important in France. -It was founded by the Jesuits in 1607. When they left it, in 1762, a -communal college was established in the same buildings. These are now -occupied by the Lycée de Rennes, which, however, is greatly diminished -in size.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_129_134" id="Footnote_129_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_134"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> -"Listen to the vows we offer,<br /> -O Terpsichore, Polyhymnia!<br /> -Reason herself her prayers doth proffer." -—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_130_135" id="Footnote_130_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_135"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> André François Jean du Rocher de Saint-Riveul -(1772-1789), son of Henri du Rocher, Comte de Saint-Riveul.—B. The -Manuscript of 1826 mentions that he was killed in the street at Rennes, -as he was going with his father to the Chamber of Nobles.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_131_136" id="Footnote_131_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_136"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> Jean Desmarets, advocate-general to the Parliament of -Paris, beheaded in 1382 for his failure to suppress the revolt of the -Maillotins.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_132_137" id="Footnote_132_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_137"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> Jean Victor Moreau (1763-1813), one of the greatest -generals of the Revolution, and the victor of the Battles of Hochstädt -and Hohenlinden. He subsequently entered into relations with the -Royalist Generals Pichegru and Cadoudal, was tried and sentenced to two -years' imprisonment, a sentence commuted to exile in the United States. -Here he received offers from the Tsar Alexander to join the army of the -Allies, which he eventually accepted; but was killed by a cannon-ball -immediately after reaching the head-quarters of the Allied Army outside -Dresden.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_133_138" id="Footnote_133_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_138"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> Joseph Pierre Picot de Limoëlan de Clorivière -(1768-1826) entered the army, espoused the Royalist cause, and refused -to accept the pacification of 1799. He returned to Paris, and was on -the eve of marrying a charming young lady of Versailles, Mademoiselle -Julie d'Albert, when the explosion of the infernal machine took place -in the Rue Saint-Nicaise (24 December 1799). Limoëlan was one of the -principal agents in the plot. Thanks to the devotion of his betrothed, -he escaped to America, and upon his arrival in New York wrote to -Mademoiselle d'Albert to come out to him and be married there. The -reply came as a shock to him. Mademoiselle d'Albert had taken a vow -to devote herself to God, if her lover succeeded in making good his -escape. She besought him to forget the past and to think only of his -eternal future. In 1808 the young officer entered the seminary at -Baltimore. He commenced a new life, changed his name to Clorivière, -was ordained priest in 1812, and received a curacy at Charleston. He -returned to France in 1815 to collect what remained of his fortune, -the whole of which he devoted to pious works in America, including the -re-endowment of the Convent of the Visitation at Georgetown, founded -by Miss Alice Lalor in 1805. Mademoiselle d'Albert survived Father de -Clorivière for many years. She kept her vow of celibacy, but did not -take the veil, for want of a vocation. At the age of fifty she was -relieved by Pope Gregory XVI. from her vow. She died at Versailles, -advanced in years, after a life devoted entirely to works of piety and -charity.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_134_139" id="Footnote_134_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_139"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> I omit a short anecdote.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_135_140" id="Footnote_135_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_140"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> Annibal Pierre François de Farcy de Montavallon. The -wedding took place in 1782.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_136_141" id="Footnote_136_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_141"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> Thérèse Josèphe de Moëlien (1759-1793), daughter of -Sébastien Marie Hyacinthe de Moëlien, Chevalier, Seigneur de Trojolif -(not Tronjoli), Kermoisan, Kerguelenet, &c. She was twenty-three -years of age when Chateaubriand saw her at Combourg, and when writing -his Memoirs he must have recalled her with his school-boy eyes; for -contemporary evidence declares that she was not beautiful, nor even -pretty. The words "and close friend of the Marquis de La Rouërie" do -not occur in the Manuscript of 1826. Thérèse de Moëlien was in love, -not with La Rouërie, but with Major Chafner, an American officer, whom -she was to have married if she outlived the plot in which they were -both engaged. She was guillotined, however, in Paris on the 18th of -June 1793. Major Chafner was in London at the time of the discovery of -the so-called Breton Conspiracy. He returned to Brittany, and perished -at Nantes, after fighting on the side of the Vendeans to revenge the -death of Mademoiselle de Moëlien.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_137_142" id="Footnote_137_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_142"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> An allusion to the mystical hymns of Orpheus, which were -called "perfumes" (αρώματα).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_138_143" id="Footnote_138_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_143"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> Jean Baptiste Joseph Eugène de Ravenel du Boisteilleul -(1738-1815), first cousin of Chateaubriand's mother, and therefore -uncle in the manner of Brittany of the great writer.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_139_144" id="Footnote_139_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_144"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> Hyacinthe Eugène Pierre de Ravenel du Boisteilleul -(1784-1868), a captain of artillery, and decorated on the battle-field -at Smolensk, 17 August 1812.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_140_145" id="Footnote_140_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_145"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> Pauline Zoé Marie de Farcy de Montavallon (1784-1850) -married Hyacinthe de Ravenel du Boisteilleul, 16 November 1814.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_141_146" id="Footnote_141_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_146"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> Vice-Admiral Charles Jean Comte d'Hector (1722-1808), -commander of the port of Brest from 1780 to 1791. He joined the -Princes' Army at Coblentz, and was made colonel of a regiment -consisting exclusively of naval officers. He died at Reading in -Berkshire at the age of eighty-six.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_142_147" id="Footnote_142_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_147"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> The Peace of Versailles, 1783.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_143_148" id="Footnote_143_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_148"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> Pierre André de Suffren-Saint-Tropez (1726-1788), known -as the Bailli de Suffren, had fought the English in India by sea and -land in the war of 1782.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_144_149" id="Footnote_144_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_149"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> Comte de Lamotte-Piquet (1720-1791), lieutenant-general -of the French Navy. Between 1737 and 1783 he took part in twenty-eight -campaigns, and distinguished himself especially in America.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_145_150" id="Footnote_145_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_150"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> Charles Hector Comte d'Estaing (1720-1794), admiral in -command of the combined fleets at Cadiz on the signature of the treaty -of peace. He embraced the principles of the Revolution, and served in -the Republican army and naval forces; but was guillotined in 1794.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_146_151" id="Footnote_146_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_151"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> Jean François Galaup, Comte de La Pérouse (1741-1788[?]) -set out on a voyage of discovery in 1785. He was known to have visited -Japan and New Holland when, in 1788, all traces of him were lost. In -1827, Captain Dillon discovered the wrecks of his ships, the <i>Boussole</i> -and the <i>Astrolabe</i>, off the coast of Vanikoro, since called the -Pérouse, one of the Santa Cruz group, between the Solomon Islands and -the New Hebrides.—T.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p></div> - - - - -<h4><a name="BOOK_III" id="BOOK_III">BOOK III</a><a name="FNanchor_147_152" id="FNanchor_147_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_152" class="fnanchor">[147]</a></h4> - - -<p>At Montboissier—Reminiscences of Combourg—Dinan College—Broussais—I -return home—Life at Combourg—Our days and evenings—My -donjon—Change from childhood to manhood—Lucile—Last lines written -at the Vallée-aux-Loups—Revelations concerning the mystery of my -life—A phantom of love—Two years of delirium—Occupations and -illusions—My autumn joys—Incantation—Temptation—Illness—I -fear and decline to enter the ecclesiastical state—A moment in my -native town—Recollection of Villeneuve and the tribulations of my -childhood—I am called back to Combourg—Last interview with my -father—I enter the service—I bid farewell to Combourg</p> - - -<p class="p2">Three years and six months have elapsed between the last date attached -to these Memoirs, Vallée-aux-Loups, January 1814, and the date of -today, Montboissier, July 1817. Did you hear the Empire fall? No: -nothing has disturbed the repose of this spot. Nevertheless the Empire -is lost; the immense ruin has crumbled in the course of my life like -Roman remains overturned in the bed of some unknown stream. But events -matter little to one who does not reckon them: a few years escaping -from the hands of the Eternal Father will do justice to all these -reports with an endless silence.</p> - -<p>The previous chapter was written under the expiring tyranny of -Bonaparte and by the light of the last flashes of his glory: I am -commencing the present chapter under the reign of Louis XVIII. I have -been in close proximity to kings, and my political illusions have -vanished, as have the sweeter fancies of which I am continuing the -tale. Let me first say what makes me resume my pen: the human heart is -the toy of everything, nor can we foresee what trivial circumstance -will cause its joys and sorrows. Montaigne remarked this: "There -needeth no cause," he says, "to excite our minde. A doating humour -without body, without substance, overswayeth and tosseth it up and -down<a name="FNanchor_148_153" id="FNanchor_148_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_153" class="fnanchor">[148]</a>."</p> - -<p>I am now at Montboissier, on the borders of the Beauce and the -Perche<a name="FNanchor_149_154" id="FNanchor_149_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_154" class="fnanchor">[149]</a>. The castle situated upon this property,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> belonging -to Madame la Comtesse de Colbert-Montboissier<a name="FNanchor_150_155" id="FNanchor_150_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_155" class="fnanchor">[150]</a>, was sold and -demolished during the Revolution; only two pavilions remain, divided by -a railing, and formerly inhabited by the lodge-keeper. The park, which -is now laid out in the English style, retains some traces of its former -French symmetry: straight walks, copses set within hedges give it a -serious aspect; it has the attraction of a ruin.</p> - -<p>Yesterday evening I was walking alone; the sky was like an autumn sky; -a cold wind blew at intervals. I stopped at an opening in a thicket -to look at the sun: it was sinking into the clouds above the tower of -Alluye, from which Gabrielle<a name="FNanchor_151_156" id="FNanchor_151_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_156" class="fnanchor">[151]</a>, occupying that tower, saw the sun -set, as I did, two hundred years ago. What has become of Henry and -Gabrielle? The same that shall have become of me when these Memoirs are -published.</p> - -<p>I was drawn from my reflections by the twittering of a thrush perched -on the topmost branch of a birch-tree. At once that magic sound brought -back before my eyes my father's domain: I forgot the catastrophes which -I had lately witnessed, and suddenly carried back into the past, I saw -once more the fields where I had so often heard the thrush's song. When -I listened to it then, I was sad, as I am today; but that first sadness -was of the kind which springs from a vague longing for happiness, at -a time when we are without experience; the sadness which I now feel -comes from the knowledge of things appreciated and judged. The song of -the bird in the Combourg woods told me of a happiness which I hoped to -achieve; the same song in the park at Montboissier reminded me of days -wasted in the pursuit of that unattainable happiness. I have nothing -more to learn; I have travelled faster than others, and have made the -circuit of life. The hours fly and drag me with them; I have not even -the certainty of being able to complete these Memoirs. In how many -places have I already commenced to write them, and in what place shall -I finish them? How long shall I wander on the edge of the wood? Let me -make the most of the few moments left to me; let me hasten to depict my -youth, while I am still in touch with it: the traveller quitting for -ever an enchanted shore writes his journal in sight of the land which -is withdrawing, soon to disappear from sight.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></p> - -<p>I have described my return to Combourg and my reception by my father, -my mother, and my sister Lucile. The reader will perhaps remember -that my three other sisters were married and living on the estates of -their new families in the neighbourhood of Fougères. My brother, whose -ambition was beginning to display itself, was oftener in Paris than at -Rennes. He first bought a post as <i>maître des requêtes</i>, which he sold -in order to enter the military service. He entered the Royal Cavalry -Regiment; he then joined the diplomatic service, and accompanied the -Comte de La Luzerne to London, where he met André Chénier<a name="FNanchor_152_157" id="FNanchor_152_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_157" class="fnanchor">[152]</a>; he was -on the point of obtaining the Vienna Embassy, when our troubles broke -out. He asked for Constantinople, but found a formidable competitor -in Mirabeau, who had been promised this embassy as the price of his -alliance with the Court party. My brother had therefore almost taken -leave of Combourg at the time when I came to live there.</p> - -<p>My father entrenched himself in his manor, which he never left, not -even to attend the sittings of the States<a name="FNanchor_153_158" id="FNanchor_153_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_158" class="fnanchor">[153]</a>. My mother went to -Saint-Malo for six weeks in every year, at Eastertide; she looked -forward to that time as the period of her deliverance, for she detested -Combourg. A month before the journey, it was discussed as though -it were a hazardous enterprise; preparations were made; the horses -were rested. On the eve of departure, we went to bed at seven in the -evening, in order to get up at two o'clock in the morning. My mother, -to her great contentment, set out at three, and occupied the whole day -in covering twelve leagues.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">I am sent to Dinan College.</div> - -<p>Lucile, who had been received as a canoness to the Chapter of the -Argentière, was about to be transferred to that of Remiremont: while -awaiting this change, she remained buried in the country. As for -myself, after my escapade from Brest, I declared my wish to embrace -the ecclesiastical state: the truth is that I was only seeking to gain -time, for I did not know what I wished. I was sent to the college at -Dinan to complete my humanities. I knew Latin better than my masters; -but I began to learn Hebrew. The Abbé de Rouillac was the principal of -the college, and the Abbé Duhamel my tutor.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p> - -<p>Dinan, adorned with old trees, fortified with old towers, is built -upon a picturesque site, on a high hill at the foot of which flows the -tidal Rance, and overlooks sloping and pleasantly-wooded valleys. The -mineral waters of Dinan have some renown. This historic city, which -gave birth to Duclos<a name="FNanchor_154_159" id="FNanchor_154_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_159" class="fnanchor">[154]</a>, displayed among its antiquities the heart of -Du Guesclin: an heroic dust which, stolen during the Revolution, was on -the point of being pounded by a glazier to be used for paint. Was it -intended for pictures of victories won over the enemies of the country?</p> - -<p>M. Broussais, my fellow-townsman, became my fellow-student at Dinan. -The students were taken to bathe on Thursdays, like the clerks under -Pope Adrian I., or on Sundays, like the prisoners under the Emperor -Honorius. Once I was nearly drowned; on another occasion, M. Broussais -was bitten by ungrateful leeches, which failed to foresee the -future<a name="FNanchor_155_160" id="FNanchor_155_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_160" class="fnanchor">[155]</a>. Dinan was at an equal distance from Combourg and Plancoët. -I visited my uncle de Bedée at Monchoix and my own family at Combourg -by turns.</p> - -<p>M. de Chateaubriand, who found it cheaper to keep me at home, my -mother, who wished me to persist in my religious vocation, but who -would have scrupled to urge me, no longer insisted upon my residence -at college, and I found myself imperceptibly settling down under the -paternal roof.</p> - -<p>I should take pleasure in recalling the habits of my parents even if -they were no more to me than a touching remembrance; but I reproduce -them the more readily in that the picture will appear as though traced -from the vignettes in mediæval manuscripts: centuries separate the -present days from those which I am about to depict.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>On my return from Brest the gentry at Combourg Castle consisted -of four: my father, my mother, my sister, and me. A woman-cook, a -waiting-maid, two footmen and a coachman composed the whole household: -two old mares and a sporting-dog were huddled in a corner of the -stable. These twelve living beings were lost to sight in a manor-house -where a hundred knights, their ladies, squires, and varlets, and King -Dagobert's chargers and pack might almost have gone unnoticed.</p> - -<p>All through the year, not a visitor presented himself at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> castle, -save a few gentlemen, the Marquis de Montlouet<a name="FNanchor_156_161" id="FNanchor_156_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_161" class="fnanchor">[156]</a>, the Comte de -Goyon-Beaufort<a name="FNanchor_157_162" id="FNanchor_157_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_162" class="fnanchor">[157]</a>, who begged a night's lodging on their way to plead -their suits before the Parliament. They used to arrive in winter, on -horseback, with pistols in their saddle-bows, hunting-knives at their -sides, and followed by a servant, also on horseback, with a livery -trunk behind him.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Visitors to Combourg.</div> - -<p>My father, always very ceremonious, received them bareheaded on the -steps, in the midst of the wind and rain. Once inside the house, the -country gentlemen would talk of their Hanoverian campaigns, their -family affairs, their law-suits. At night they were conducted to the -North Tower, to Queen Christina's bed-chamber, a state-room containing -a bed seven feet by seven, hung with a double set of curtains in green -muslin and crimson silk, and held up by four gilt Cupids. The next -morning, when I came down to the great hall and looked out through -the windows upon the country covered with floods or hoar-frost, I saw -nothing except two or three travelers on the lonely embankment of the -pond: it was our guests riding away to Rennes.</p> - -<p>These visitors did not know much about the things of life; nevertheless -our view was by their means extended a few miles beyond the horizon of -our woods. When they were gone, we were reduced on week-days to our -family circle, and on Sundays to the company of the village commoners -and the neighboring gentry.</p> - -<p>On Sundays, in fine weather, my mother, Lucile, and I went to the -parish church across the Little Mall and along a country road; when it -rained, we went by the abominable Combourg High Street. We were not -carried, like the Abbé de Marolles<a name="FNanchor_158_163" id="FNanchor_158_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_163" class="fnanchor">[158]</a>, in a light chariot drawn by -four white horses, captured from the Turks in Hungary. My father went -but once a year to the parish church to perform his Easter duties; the -rest of the year he heard Mass in the castle chapel. Seated in the -pew of the lord of the manor, we received the incense and the prayers -in front of the black marble sepulchre of Renée de Rohan: a symbol of -mortal honors; a few grains of incense before a tomb!</p> - -<p>Our Sunday diversions vanished with the day; they did<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> not even recur -regularly. During the bad weather, entire months would pass and not a -single human being knock at the gate of our fortress. The sadness was -great that hung over the moors of Combourg, but greater still at the -castle: as one made his way beneath its vaultings, he experienced the -same feeling as on entering the Carthusian Monastery at Grenoble<a name="FNanchor_159_164" id="FNanchor_159_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_164" class="fnanchor">[159]</a>. -When I visited the latter in 1805, I crossed a wilderness which -increased in desolation as I went; I thought it would end at the -monastery, but I was shown, within the very convent walls, the gardens -of the Carthusian Friars even more neglected than the woods. And -at length, in the centre of the monument, I found, shrouded in the -folds of all this solitude, the former graveyard of the community, a -sanctuary from which eternal silence, the genius of the place, spread -its dominion over the mountains and forests around.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Life at Combourg Castle.</div> - -<p>The gloomy stillness of Combourg Castle was increased by my father's -taciturn and unsocial humour. Instead of drawing his family and his -retainers closer to him, he had dispersed them to all the winds of -the building. His bedroom was in the small east tower, his study in -the small west tower. The furniture of this study consisted of three -chairs in black leather and a table covered with parchments and -title-deeds. A genealogical tree of the Chateaubriand family adorned -the chimney-mantel, and in the embrasure of a window hung arms of -all sorts, from a pistol to a blunderbuss. My mother's room extended -over the great hall, between the two small towers; it had a parqueted -flooring and was adorned with faceted Venetian mirrors. My sister -occupied a closet leading out of my mother's room. The waiting-maid -slept far away, on the ground floor between the two great towers. -Myself, I was nestled in a sort of isolated cell at the top of the -turret containing the staircase which led from the inner yard to the -different parts of the castle. At the foot of this staircase, my -father's valet and the other man-servant lay in a vaulted basement, and -the cook kept garrison in the great west tower.</p> - -<p>My father rose at four o'clock in the morning, winter and summer alike: -he went to the inner yard to call and wake his valet at the entrance -to the turret staircase. A cup of coffee was brought to him at five; -he then worked in his study till midday. My mother and sister each -breakfasted in her own chamber at eight o'clock. I had no fixed time -for rising or breakfasting; I was supposed to study till noon: the -greater part of the time I did nothing.</p> - -<p>At half-past eleven, the bell rang for dinner, which was served at -twelve. The great hall did duty as both dining-room and drawing-room: -we dined and supped at one end, on the east side; when the meal was -over, we went and sat at the other end, the west side, before a huge -chimney. The hall was wainscoted, painted whity-grey, and adorned with -old portraits ranging from the reign of François I. to that of Louis -XIV. Among these portraits one recognized those of Condé and Turenne: a -picture representing Achilles slaying Hector beneath the walls of Troy -hung over the chimney-piece.</p> - -<p>After dinner we remained together until two o'clock. Then, if it was -summer, my father went fishing, visited his kitchen-gardens, walked -within the limits of the home park; in the autumn and winter he went -shooting. My mother withdrew to the chapel, where she spent some hours -in prayer. This chapel was a gloomy oratory, adorned with fine pictures -by the greatest masters, such as one would scarcely expect to find in a -feudal castle in the heart of Brittany. I still have in my possession -a Holy Family by Albani, painted on copper, which was taken from this -chapel: it is all that remains to me of Combourg. When my father had -left the house and my mother gone to her prayers, Lucile withdrew to -her room and I either returned to my cell or went out to roam about the -country.</p> - -<p>At eight o'clock the bell rang for supper. After supper, in fine -weather, we sat out on the steps. My father, armed with his gun, shot -at the brown owls which issued from the battlements at nightfall. My -mother, Lucile and I watched the sky, the woods, the dying rays of the -sun, the rising stars. At ten o'clock we went in and retired to bed.</p> - -<p>The autumn and winter evenings were different. Supper over, the four of -us would leave the table and gather round the chimney. My mother flung -herself, with a sigh, upon an old couch covered in imitation Siam; a -stand was put before her with a candle. I sat down with Lucile by the -fire; the servants cleared the table and withdrew. My father then began -a tramp which lasted till he went to bed. He was dressed in a white -ratteen gown, or rather a kind of cloak, which I have seen no one wear -except him. His half-bald head was covered with a big white cap that -stood straight up on end. When he walked away to a distance from the -fire-place, the huge hall was so badly lighted by its solitary candle -that he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> was no longer visible; we could only hear him still walking -in the darkness: then he would slowly return towards the light and -gradually emerge from the dusk, like a ghost, with his white gown, his -white cap, his long pale face. Lucile and I exchanged a few words in -a low voice when he was at the other end of the hall; we hushed when -he drew nearer to us. He asked, as he passed, "What were you talking -about?" Terror-stricken, we made no reply; he continued his walk. For -the rest of the evening, the ear heard nothing save the measured sound -of his steps, my mother's sighs, and the murmuring of the wind<a name="FNanchor_160_165" id="FNanchor_160_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_165" class="fnanchor">[160]</a>.</p> - -<p>The hour of ten struck on the castle clock: my father stopped; the -same spring which had raised the hammer of the clock seemed to have -arrested his steps. He drew out his watch, wound it, took a great -silver candle-stick holding a tall candle, went for a moment to the -small west tower, then returned, candle in hand, and went towards -his bedroom, which formed part of the small east tower. Lucile and I -placed ourselves on his way; we kissed him and wished him good-night. -He turned his dry, hollow cheek to us without replying, continued -his road, and withdrew inside the tower, the doors of which we heard -closing behind him.</p> - -<p>The spell was broken: my mother, my sister and myself, who had been -changed into statues by my father's presence, recovered the functions -of life. The first effect of our disenchantment took the form of an -overflow of words: silence was made to pay us dear for having so -long oppressed us. When this torrent of words had sped, I called the -waiting-woman and escorted my mother and sister to their rooms. Before -I went, they made me look under the beds, up the chimneys, behind the -doors, and inspect the surrounding stairs, passages<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> and corridors. All -the traditions of the castle concerning robbers and ghosts returned -to their memory. The servants were persuaded that a certain Comte -de Combourg, with a wooden leg, who had been dead three centuries, -appeared at certain intervals, and that he had been seen in the great -staircase of the turret; sometimes also his wooden leg walked alone, -accompanied by a black cat.</p> - -<p>These stories took up the whole of the time occupied by my mother and -sister in preparing for the night: they got into bed dying of fright; I -climbed to the top of my turret; the cook returned to the main tower, -and the men went down to their basement.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My lonely nights.</div> - -<p>The window of my donjon opened upon the inner courtyard; by day I had a -view of the battlements of the curtain opposite, where hart's-tongues -grew and a wild plum-tree. Some martins, which in summer buried -themselves, screeching, in the holes in the walls, were my sole -companions. At night I could see only a small strip of sky and a few -stars. When the moon shone and sank in the east, I knew it by the beams -which struck my bed across the lozenged window-panes. Owls, flitting -from one tower to the other, passed and passed again between the moon -and me, outlining the mobile shadow of their wings upon my curtains. -Banished to the loneliest part, at the opening of the galleries, I -lost not a murmur of the darkness. Sometimes the wind seemed to trip -with light steps; sometimes it uttered wailings; suddenly my door was -violently shaken, groans issued from the basement, and then these -sounds would die away, only to commence anew. At four o'clock in the -morning, the voice of the master of the castle, calling the footman at -the entrance to the venerable vaults, made itself heard like the voice -of the last phantom of the night. This voice supplied for me the place -of the sweet harmony with the sound of which Montaigne's father was -wont to awaken his son<a name="FNanchor_161_166" id="FNanchor_161_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_166" class="fnanchor">[161]</a>.</p> - -<p>The Comte de Chateaubriand's stubbornness in making a child sleep alone -at the top of a tower might have had its inconvenience, but it turned -out to my advantage. This violent manner of treatment left me with -the courage of a man, without taking from me that vivid imagination -of which it is nowadays the tendency to deprive the young. Instead of -seeking to persuade me that ghosts did not exist, they obliged me to -set them at defiance. When my father asked me, with an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> ironical smile, -"Is monsieur le chevalier afraid?" he could have made me sleep with -a corpse. When my excellent mother said, "My child, nothing happens -without God's leave; you have nothing to fear from evil spirits so -long as you remain a good Christian," I was more reassured than by -all the arguments of philosophy. So complete was my success, that the -night winds, in my uninhabited tower, served but as playthings for my -fancies and wings for my dreams. My imagination, thus kindled, spread -over every object, found nowhere sufficient nourishment, and could have -devoured heaven and earth. It is this moral condition which it is now -my task to describe. Immersed once more in the days of my youth, I will -try to grasp myself in the past, to depict myself such as I was, such -as perhaps I regret that I no longer am, despite the torments which I -then endured.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Scarcely had I returned from Brest to Combourg when a revolution took -place in my existence; the child vanished and there appeared the man, -with his joys which pass and his troubles which remain. At first all -became passion with me, pending the arrival of the passions themselves. -When, after a silent dinner, at which I had dared neither to eat nor -speak, I succeeded in escaping, my delight was incredible. I could not -descend the steps then and there: I should have flung myself headlong. -I was obliged to sit upon one of the steps to allow my excitement to -subside; but so soon as I had reached the Cour Verte and the woods, I -began to run, to leap, to bound, to skip, to rejoice until I fell down -exhausted, panting, drunk with frolic and liberty.</p> - -<p>My father took me with him shooting. I was seized with the taste for -sport, and carried it to excess; I still see the field where I killed -my first hare. Often, in autumn, I have stood for four or five hours -to my waist in water, waiting at the edge of a pond for wild-duck; to -this very day I lose my composure when I see a dog point. Nevertheless, -my first ardor for sport was built upon a basis of independence; to -leap ditches, to tramp over fields, marshes, moors, to find myself -with a gun in an unfrequented spot, alone and powerful, all this was -my natural manner of being. When out shooting, I would go so far that -I had not the strength to walk back, and the keepers were obliged to -carry me on twisted branches.</p> - -<p>However, the pleasures of the chase no longer satisfied me; I was -fretted with a longing for happiness which I could neither control nor -understand; my mind and my heart ended by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> forming as it were two empty -temples, without altars or sacrifices; it was not yet known which god -would be worshipped there. I grew up by the side of my sister Lucile: -our friendship was all our life.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Lucile was tall and endowed with remarkable, but serious, beauty. Her -pale features were shaded with long black tresses; she often fixed her -eyes on heaven or cast looks around her full of sadness or fire. Her -gait, her voice, her smile, her expression showed something pensive and -suffering.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Lucile.</div> - -<p>Lucile and I were mutually useless. When we spoke of the world, it was -of that which we carried within ourselves, a world very unlike the true -world. She saw in me her protector, I in her my friend. She was seized -with gloomy fits of thought which I had difficulty in dispelling: at -the age of seventeen she bewailed the loss of her youth; she wished to -bury herself in a convent. Everything to her was a care, a sorrow, a -hurt: an expression she sought for, an illusion she entertained would -torment her for months on end. I have often seen her, with one arm -thrown over her head, dream without life or movement; the life that was -in her ebbed to her heart, and ceased to show itself without; her very -bosom no longer heaved. Her attitude, her melancholy, her beauty gave -her the air of a funeral Genius. I then endeavored to console her, and -the next moment was myself plunged in inexplicable despair.</p> - -<p>Lucile liked to read some pious book, in the evening, alone: her -favourite oratory was the junction of two country-roads, marked by a -stone cross and a poplar-tree, whose long stylus rose into the sky like -a pencil. My mother, devout and quite charmed, said that her daughter -reminded her of a Christian of the primitive Church, praying at the -stations called <i>Lauræ.</i></p> - -<p>My sister's concentration of mind gave birth to extraordinary -intellectual effects: in her sleep, she dreamt prophetic dreams; -waking, she seemed to read the future. A clock ticked upon a landing of -the staircase in the main tower, and struck the hours amid the silence. -Lucile, when unable to sleep, would go to sit upon a stair opposite -the clock and watch its face by the light of her lamp placed upon the -ground. When the two hands met at midnight and in their formidable -conjunction engendered the hour of disorder and crime, Lucile heard -sounds which revealed distant deaths to her. She was in Paris a few -days before the 10th of August, staying with my other sisters near the -Carmelite Convent, and casting her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> eyes upon a mirror, she gave a cry, -and said, "I have just seen Death come in." On the moors of Scotland, -Lucile would have been one of the celestial women of Walter Scott, -gifted with second sight; on the moors of Brittany, she was no more -than a lonely creature favoured with beauty, genius and misfortune.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The life which my sister and I led at Combourg heightened the -exaltation natural to our age and character. Our chief pastime was -to walk side by side in the Great Mall, in spring on a carpet of -primroses, in autumn on a bed of dead leaves, in winter on a sheet -of snow edged by the footprints of birds, squirrels, and weazels. -We were young as the primroses, sad as the dead leaves, pure as the -newly-fallen snow: our recreations were in harmony with ourselves.</p> - -<p>It was during one of these walks that Lucile, hearing me speak -rapturously of solitude, said, "You ought to write all that down." -These words revealed the muse to me; a divine inspiration passed over -me. I began to lisp verses, as though it were my natural language; day -and night I sang my pleasures, in other words my valleys and my woods; -I wrote a multitude of little idylls or pictures of nature<a name="FNanchor_162_167" id="FNanchor_162_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_167" class="fnanchor">[162]</a>. I -wrote in verse long before writing in prose: M. de Fontanes used to -maintain that I had received both instruments.</p> - -<p>Did this talent which friendship foresaw for me ever really come to me? -How many things have I awaited in vain! In the <i>Agamemnon</i> of Æschylus, -a slave is placed as sentry on the roof of the palace of Argos; his -eyes seek to discern the concerted signal for the return of the ships; -he sings to while away his vigils, but the hours speed by and the stars -set, and the torch does not shine forth. When, after many years, its -tardy light appears upon the billows, the slave is bent beneath the -weight of time; there is naught left for him but to reap misfortunes, -and the chorus says to him that "an old man is a shadow that wanders by -day."</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Οναρ ἡμερόϕαντον ἀλαίνει<br /> -</p> - -<p>Under the first spell of my inspiration, I engaged Lucile to do as I -did. We spent days in mutual consultation, in communicating to each -other what we had done and what we proposed to do. We undertook works -in common; guided by our instincts, we translated the finest and -saddest passages in Job<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> and Lucretius upon life: the <i>Tædet animam -meam vitæ meæ</i><a name="FNanchor_163_168" id="FNanchor_163_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_168" class="fnanchor">[163]</a>, the <i>Homo natus de muliere</i><a name="FNanchor_164_169" id="FNanchor_164_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_169" class="fnanchor">[164]</a>, the <i>Tum porro -puer, ut sævis projectus ab undis navita</i><a name="FNanchor_165_170" id="FNanchor_165_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_170" class="fnanchor">[165]</a>, and so forth. -Lucile's thoughts were sheer feeling; they issued with difficulty from -her soul; but when she succeeded in expressing them, there was nothing -higher. She has left some thirty pages in manuscript; it is impossible -to read them without profound emotion. The elegance, the suavity, -the dreaminess, the passionate tenderness of these pages present a -combination of the Greek and German genius<a name="FNanchor_166_171" id="FNanchor_166_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_171" class="fnanchor">[166]</a>.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Lucile's manuscript.</div> - -<p>My brother sometimes vouchsafed to spend a few moments with the -hermits of Combourg. He was in the habit of bringing with him a young -counsellor of the Parliament of Brittany, M. de Malfilatre<a name="FNanchor_167_172" id="FNanchor_167_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_172" class="fnanchor">[167]</a>, -cousin to the unfortunate poet of the same name<a name="FNanchor_168_173" id="FNanchor_168_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_173" class="fnanchor">[168]</a>. I believe that, -unknown to herself, Lucile felt a secret passion for this friend of -my brother's, and that this stifled passion lay at the root of my -sister's melancholy. She possessed, moreover, Rousseau's folly without -his pride: she thought that everybody was in a conspiracy against her. -She came to Paris in 1789, accompanied by her sister Julie, whose loss -she deplored with an affection tinged with the sublime. All who knew -her admired her, from M. de Malesherbes to Chamfort<a name="FNanchor_169_174" id="FNanchor_169_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_174" class="fnanchor">[169]</a>. Thrown into -the revolutionary crypts at Rennes<a name="FNanchor_170_175" id="FNanchor_170_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_175" class="fnanchor">[170]</a>, she was on the point of being -imprisoned at Combourg Castle, which had been turned into a gaol during -the Terror. After her release from prison, she married M. de Caud<a name="FNanchor_171_176" id="FNanchor_171_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_176" class="fnanchor">[171]</a>, -who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> left her a widow within a year. I met the friend of my childhood -on my return from my emigration: I will tell how she disappeared, when -it pleased God to afflict me.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>I have returned from Montboissier, and these are the last lines that I -shall trace in my hermitage; I have to leave it, filled with the tall -striplings which already hide and crown their father in their close -ranks. I shall not see again the magnolia which promised its blossom -to the tomb of my fair Floridan, the Jerusalem pine-tree and the cedar -of Lebanon consecrated to the memory of Jerome, the laurel of Granada, -the Greek plane-tree, the Armorican oak, at whose feet I drew Blanca, -sang Cymodocée, invented Velléda. These trees were born and grew with -my dreams, of which they were the hamadryads. They are about to pass -under another's sway: will their new master love them as I have loved -them? He will allow them to wither, he will cut them down perhaps: I am -doomed to keep nothing upon this earth. While bidding farewell to the -woods of Aulnay I shall recall the farewell which long ago I bade to -the woods of Combourg: my days are all farewells.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The taste for poetry with which Lucile had inspired me was as fuel -added to the flames. My sensations gathered new strength; vain thoughts -of fame passed through my mind; for a moment I believed in my "talent," -but soon recovered a proper mistrust of my own powers, and began to -entertain doubts of that talent, as I have always done. I looked upon -my work as a temptation of the Evil One; I was angry with Lucile for -arousing an unfortunate propensity within me: I ceased writing and -began to mourn my future glory as one might mourn his glory that is -past.</p> - -<p>Returning to my former state of idleness, I felt more strongly what was -lacking to my youth: I was a mystery to myself. I could not see a woman -without feeling confused; I blushed if she spoke to me. My shyness, -already excessive with people in general, became so great in the -presence of a woman that I would have preferred any torture to that of -being left alone with her: no sooner was she gone than I recalled her -with all my wishes. The descriptions of Virgil, Tibullus and Massillon, -it is true, presented themselves to my memory; but the image of my -mother and sister covered all with its purity and made thicker the -veils which nature sought to raise: my filial and brotherly affection -deceived me with respect to an affection less disinterested. Had the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> -loveliest slaves of the seraglio been handed over to me, I should not -have known what to ask of them. Chance enlightened me.</p> - -<p>A neighbor of the Combourg domain came to spend a few days at the -castle with his wife, a very pretty woman. Something, I know not what, -happened in the village; we ran to one of the windows of the hall to -look. I reached the window first, the fair visitor followed close upon -my heels, I turned to give her my place. Involuntarily she obstructed -my way, and I felt myself pressed between her and the window. I was no -longer conscious of what was happening around me.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Vague longings.</div> - -<p>From that moment I was aware that to love and be loved in a manner -unknown to me must be the supreme happiness. Had I done what other men -do, I should soon have become acquainted with the pains and pleasures -of the passion whose germs I bore within me; but everything in me -assumed an extraordinary character. The ardor of my imagination, my -shyness, the solitude in which I lived caused me, rather than rush -out of doors, to fall back upon myself; for want of a real object, I -evoked, by the strength of my vague longings, a phantom which never -left my side. I do not know whether the history of the human heart -offers another instance of this nature.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>And so I built up a woman out of all the women whom I had seen: she -had the figure, the hair, the smile of the stranger who had pressed -me to her bosom; I gave her the eyes of one of the young girls of the -Village, the complexion of another. The portraits of the fine ladies -of the time of François I., Henry IV. and Louis XIV. which adorned -the drawing-room supplied me with other features, and I even borrowed -graces from the pictures of the Virgins that hung upon the church walls.</p> - -<p>This invisible charmer accompanied me wherever I went; I communed -with her as with a real being; she varied in the measure of my folly: -Aphrodite unveiled; Diana clad in the dew and the blue of heaven; -Thalia with her laughing mask; Hebe bearing the cup of youth; sometimes -she became a fairy who laid nature at my feet. I touched and retouched -my canvas; I took one attraction from my beauty to replace it with -another. I also changed her finery; I borrowed it from every country, -every century, every art, every religion. Then, when I had completed -a masterpiece, I dispersed my drawings and paints again; my one woman -turned into a crowd of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> women in whom I idolized separately the charms -I had adored when united.</p> - -<p>Pygmalion was less enamored of his statue: my difficulty was how to -please mine. Recognizing in myself none of the qualities calculated -to awaken love, I lavished upon myself all that I lacked. I rode -like Castor and Pollux; I played the lyre like Apollo; Mars wielded -his arms with less power and skill: a hero of romance or history, I -heaped fictitious adventures on fiction itself! The shades of Morven's -daughters, the sultanas of Bagdad and Granada, the ladies of the -castles of olden time; baths, perfumes, dances, Asiatic delights were -all borne to me by a magic wand.</p> - -<p>See this young queen coming, decked in diamonds and flowers (it -was still my sylph): she fetches me at midnight, across gardens of -orange-trees, in the galleries of a palace bathed by the waves of the -sea, on the balmy shore of Naples or Messina, beneath a sky of love -pierced by the light of Endymion's star; she advances, an animated -statue by Praxiteles, amidst motionless statues, pale pictures and -frescoes white and silent in the moonlight: the soft sound of her -progress over the marble mosaic mingles with the imperceptible murmurs -of the deep. The royal jealousy encompasses us. I fall at the knees of -the sovereign of Enna's plains; the silk waves from her loosened diadem -fall caressingly upon my brow as she bends her girlish head over my -face, and her hands rest upon my breast, throbbing with respect and -with desire.</p> - -<p>On emerging from these dreams, when I found myself once more a poor -little obscure Breton lad, without fame, beauty, or talents, who would -attract the looks of none, who would pass unknown, whom no woman would -ever love, I was seized with despair: I no longer dared lift my eyes to -the dazzling image I had attached to my steps.</p> - -<p>This delirium lasted two whole years, during which the faculties of my -soul attained the loftiest pitch of exaltation. I used to speak little, -I now spoke not at all; I used still to study, I flung my books aside; -my taste for solitude redoubled. I had all the symptoms of a violent -passion: my eyes grew hollow; I fell away; I could not sleep; I was -absent, melancholy, ardent, fierce. My days slipped by in a manner that -was wild, odd, insensate, and yet full of delights.</p> - -<p>To the north of the castle stretched a waste land strewn with druidical -stones; I would go and sit upon one of these stones at sunset. The -gilded summit of the woods, the splendor of the earth, the evening -star twinkling through the rosy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> clouds brought me back to my dreams: -I longed to enjoy this sight with the ideal object of my desires. I -followed in thought the luminary of the day; I gave him my beauty to -escort, so that he might present her all radiant with himself to the -homage of the universe. The evening breeze shattering the web woven by -insects upon the tips of the blades of grass, the field-lark alighting -upon a pebble recalled me to reality: I turned my steps back to the -castle, with heart oppressed and downcast face.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Sylph of my dreams.</div> - -<p>On stormy days in summer, I climbed to the top of the great west -tower. The thunder roaring beneath the castle lofts, the torrents of -rain which fell dashing upon the cone-shaped roof of the towers, the -lightning which furrowed the clouds and marked the brass weathercocks -with its electric flame aroused my enthusiasm: like Ismen on the -ramparts of Jerusalem, I invoked the thunder, I hoped that it would -bring Armida to me.</p> - -<p>If the sky was clear, I crossed the Great Mall, around which lay -meadows divided by hedges of willow-trees. In one of these willows, I -had contrived a seat, like a nest: here, isolated between heaven and -earth, I spent hours with the singing birds; my nymph was by my side. I -also associated her image with the beauty of those spring nights filled -with the freshness of the dew, the sighs of the nightingale and the -murmuring of the breeze.</p> - -<p>At other times I followed a deserted path, a stream adorned with -its river-side plants; I listened to the sounds that issued from -unfrequented parts; I lent an ear to every tree; I thought I heard -the moonlight singing in the woods: I tried to tell these pleasures, -and the words died upon my lips. I know not how I found my goddess -again in the accents of a voice, the vibration of a harp, the velvety -or liquid sounds of a horn or an harmonica. It would take too long to -describe the fine journeys I took with my flower of love; how, hand -in hand, we visited famous ruins, Venice, Rome, Athens, Jerusalem, -Memphis, Carthage; how we crossed the seas; how we asked happiness of -the palm-trees of Otaheite, of the scented groves of Timor and Amboyna; -how, on the summit of the Himalayas, we went to wake the dawn; how we -descended the sacred rivers whose spreading waves encircle gilt-domed -pagodas; how we slept on the banks of the Ganges, while the Bengali, -perched on the mast of a bamboo wherry, sang his Hindoo boat-song. -Earth and Heaven no longer existed for me; above all, I forgot the -latter; but though it no longer received my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> prayers, it heard the -voice of my secret misery: for I suffered, and sufferings pray.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The sadder the season, the greater its harmony with myself; the time of -hoar-frost makes communication less easy and isolates those who dwell -in country-places: one feels more beyond the reach of men.</p> - -<p>A moral character clings to autumn scenery: those leaves which fall -like our years, those flowers which fade like our days, those clouds -which fleet like our illusions, that light which fails like our -intelligence, that sun which cools like our love, those streams which -freeze like our life bear a secret relation to our destinies.</p> - -<p>I beheld with ineffable pleasure the return of the season of storms, -the passing of the swans and the ring-doves, the muster of the crows -on the pond field, and their perching at nightfall on the tallest -oaks in the Great Mall. When the evening raised a bluish vapor in the -cross-roads of the forest, and the plaintive lays of the wind moaned -in the withered moss, I entered into full possession of the sympathies -of my nature. If I met some ploughman at the end of a field, I stopped -to look at that man who had shot up in the shadow of the wheat with -which he was to be reaped, and who, turning over the earth of his tomb -with the plough-share, mingled his burning sweat with the icy rains of -autumn: the furrow which he dug was the monument intended to outlive -him. What did my elegant dæmon then do? By means of her magic, she -wafted me to the banks of the Nile, and showed me the Egyptian pyramid -sunk beneath the dust, as one day the Armorican furrow would lie hidden -beneath the heather: I congratulated myself on having placed the fables -of my felicity beyond the circle of human realities.</p> - -<p>In the evening I embarked upon the pond, and, alone in my boat, rowed -amidst the rushes and the broad floating leaves of the water-lilies. -Overhead was the meeting-place of the swallows preparing to quit -our climes. Not one of their twitterings did I lose; the child -Tavernier<a name="FNanchor_172_177" id="FNanchor_172_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_177" class="fnanchor">[172]</a> followed less closely the traveller's tale. They played -on the water at sundown, chased the flies, darted together into the -air, as though to test their wings, dropped down upon the surface of -the lake, and then perched upon the reeds, which scarcely bent beneath -their weight, and which were filled with their warbling turmoil.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p> - -<p>Night fell; the reeds shook their fields of swords and distaves, among -which the feathered caravan of moor-fowl, teal, kingfishers, snipe -lay silent; the lake washed against its shores; the loud voices of -autumn issued from the woods and marshes; I ran my boat aground and -returned to the castle. Ten o'clock struck. I went to my room, and at -once opened the windows, fixed my eyes upon the sky, and commenced an -incantation. In company with my witch I mounted the clouds: enveloped -in her tresses and her veil, I was swept along by the tempest, shaking -the forest-tops, hustling the mountain-summits, whirling upon the seas. -I plunged into space, I dropped from the Throne of God to the gates of -the abyss, and the worlds were surrendered to the power of my love. -Amid the disorder of the elements, I frenzically wedded the idea of -danger to that of pleasure. The breath of the north wind brought to me -but the sighs of voluptuousness; the murmur of the rain summoned me -to sleep upon a woman's breast. The words which I addressed to that -woman would have revived the senses of old age and warmed the marble -of the tombs. Nothing-knowing and all-knowing, at once maid and lover, -Eve before and after the fall, the enchantress from whom I derived my -madness was a commixture of mystery and passion: I placed her on an -altar and worshipped her. The pride of being loved by her yet further -increased my love. When she walked, I prostrated myself to be trod -beneath her feet or kiss their traces. I grew confused at her smile; I -trembled at the sound of her voice; I thrilled with desire if I touched -what she had touched. The air exhaled from her moist mouth penetrated -into the marrow of my bones, coursed through my veins instead of blood. -At a look from her I would have flown to the ends of the earth: a -desert would have sufficed me with her! With her at my side, the lions' -den would have changed into a palace, and millions of centuries would -have been too short to exhaust the fires with which I felt myself -consumed.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Nocturnal incantations.</div> - -<p>To this madness was added a moral idolatry: by a further play of my -imagination, the Phryne that clasped me in her arms also represented -glory to me and, above all, honour; virtue performing its noblest -sacrifices, genius conceiving the rarest thoughts would scarcely give -an idea of this other kind of happiness. I found at one and the same -time in my marvelous creation all the blandishments of the senses and -all the joys of the soul. Overwhelmed and as it were submerged beneath -these dual delights, I no longer knew which was my true existence: I -was a man and was not a man; I became cloud,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> wind, sound; I was a -pure spirit, a creature of the air, singing the sovereign felicity. -I divested myself of my nature to become one with the maiden of my -desires, to be transmuted into her, to touch beauty more closely, to -be at once passion given and received, love and the object of love. -Suddenly, struck with my madness, I flung myself upon my couch; I -rolled myself in my grief; I watered my pillow with scalding tears -which none saw, piteous tears which flowed for a nonexistent thing.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Soon, no longer able to remain in my tower, I climbed down through -the darkness, furtively opened the door leading to the steps, like -a murderer, and went to wander in the great wood. After walking at -random, waving my hands, embracing the winds which escaped me like -the shadow, the object of my pursuit, I leant against the trunk of -a beech-tree; I watched the crows which I made fly from one tree to -settle on another, or the moon lingering over the unclothed summits -of the forest: I would have liked to inhabit this dead world, which -reflected the pallor of the tomb. I felt neither the cold nor the -dampness of the night; not even the icy breath of dawn would have drawn -me from the depth of my thoughts, if at that hour the village bell had -not made itself heard.</p> - -<p>In most of the villages of Brittany, it is the custom at daybreak to -toll the bell for the dead. The peal consists of three repeated notes, -which give a monotonous, melancholy, rustic little tune. Nothing suited -my sick and wounded soul better than to be recalled to the tribulations -of existence by the bell which announced its end. I pictured to myself -the herdsman expiring in his unknown hut, and laid in a graveyard no -less unknown. What had he come to do in the world? And I, what was I -doing in this world? Since I should have to go at last, was it not -better to depart in the cool of morning, to arrive early, than to -complete the journey beneath the weight and in the heat of day? The -blush of longing mantled on my face; the idea of ceasing to exist took -possession of my heart in the manner of a sudden joy. At the period of -the errors of my youth, I often hoped not to outlive happiness: there -lay in the first success a measure of felicity that led me to aspire to -destruction.</p> - -<p>Bound ever more closely to my phantom, unable to enjoy what did not -exist, I was like those mutilated men who contemplate a state of bliss -to them unattainable and conjure up<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> dreams whose pleasures rival the -tortures of hell. I had, moreover, a presentiment of the misery of my -future lot; ingenious in the fabrication of sufferings, I had placed -myself between two forms of despair: sometimes I thought myself a mere -nullity, incapable of rising above the vulgar herd; sometimes I seemed -to feel within myself qualities which would never be appreciated. A -secret instinct warned me that, as I moved onward through the world, I -should find no part of that which I sought.</p> - -<p>Everything furnished food for the bitterness of my disgust: Lucile -was unhappy; my mother did not console me; my father made me feel the -terrors of life. His moroseness increased with years; old age stiffened -his soul as it did his body; he constantly spied upon me to chide me. -When I returned from my wild rounds and saw him sitting on the steps, -one might have killed me rather than make me enter the castle. Yet this -but postponed my torture: obliged as I was to appear at supper, I sat -down sheepishly upon the edge of my chair, my cheeks wet with the rain, -my hair entangled. I sat motionless beneath my father's glances, and -the perspiration stood upon my brow: the last glimmer of reason escaped -me.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">I attempt my life.</div> - -<p>I now come to a moment when I shall need some strength to confess my -weakness. The man who attempts to take his own life displays less -the vigor of his soul than the exhaustion of his nature. I owned a -fowling-piece whose worn trigger often went off when uncocked. I loaded -this gun with three bullets, and went to a remote part of the Great -Mall. I cocked the gun, placed the muzzle of the barrel in my mouth, -and struck the butt-end against the ground; I several times repeated -the ordeal; the charge did not go off; the appearance of a keeper -stopped my resolve. Involuntary and unconscious fatalist that I was, -I presumed that my hour had not come, and I deferred the execution of -my project to another day. Had I killed myself, all that I have been -would have been buried with me; none would have known of the history -that led to my catastrophe; I should have swelled the crowd of nameless -unfortunates, I should not have let myself be followed by the traces of -my sorrows as a wounded man is followed by the traces of his blood.</p> - -<p>Those who might be troubled by these descriptions and tempted to -imitate these follies, those who might attach themselves to my memory -through my illusions, must remember that they are listening only to a -dead man's voice. Reader, whom<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> I shall never know, nothing remains: -nought is left of me save that I am in the hands of the living God who -has judged me.</p> - -<p>An illness, the fruits of this unruly life, put an end to the torments -which brought me the first inspirations of the Muse and the first -attacks of the passions. These passions with which my soul was -overwrought, these yet vague passions resembled the storms at sea which -rush from every point of the horizon: inexperienced pilot that I was, I -knew not in which direction to spread my sail to the uncertain winds. -My chest swelled, a fever laid hold of me; they sent to Bazouges, a -small town some five or six leagues from Combourg, for an excellent -doctor called Cheftel, whose son<a name="FNanchor_173_178" id="FNanchor_173_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_178" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> played a part in the affair -of the Marquis de La Rouërie. He examined me attentively, ordered -remedies, and declared that it was essential that I should be removed -from my present mode of life. I lay six weeks in danger. One morning my -mother came and sat on my bed, and said:</p> - -<p>"It is time for you to take a decision; your brother is in a position -to obtain a benefice for you; but before going to the seminary, you -must take good counsel with yourself, for although I wish you to adopt -the ecclesiastical state, I would rather see you a man of the world -than a scandalous priest."</p> - -<p>Those who have read the foregoing pages will be able to judge if the -proposal of my pious mother came at a good moment. I have always, in -the more important events of my life, at once known what to avoid: -I am prompted by a movement of honor. As a priest, I struck myself -as ridiculous. As a bishop, the majesty of the sacerdotal office -overawed me, and I respectfully recoiled before the altar. Should I, -as a bishop, make efforts to acquire virtues, or content myself with -hiding my vices? I felt myself too weak to take the first course, -too candid to adopt the second. They who treat me as a hypocrite and -an ambitious man know me but little; I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> shall never succeed in the -world, precisely because I lack one passion and one vice: ambition and -hypocrisy. The first of these would with me be at the most a form of -injured self-love; I might sometimes wish to be a minister or king in -order to laugh at my enemies; but in twenty-four hours I should throw -my portfolio or my crown out of window.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My new career.</div> - -<p>I therefore told my mother that my religious vocation was not -sufficiently strong. For the second time I changed my plans: I had -refused to become a sailor, and now I was no longer willing to be a -priest. There remained the military career, which I loved: but how -to suffer the loss of my independence and the restraint of European -discipline? I took an absurd idea into my head: I declared that I would -go to Canada and clear forests, or to India and take service in the -armies of the princes of that country. By one of those contrasts which -we perceive in all men, my father, so reasonable in other respects, was -never greatly shocked by an adventurous project. He chided my mother -for my fickleness, but decided to ship me to India. I was dispatched to -Saint-Malo, where an expedition was being fitted out for Pondicherry.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Two months elapsed: I found myself back and alone in my maternal -island. Villeneuve had just died there. I went to weep for her beside -the poor, empty bed on which she had breathed her last, and saw the -little wicker go-cart in which I had learnt to stand upright upon this -world of sorrows. I pictured my old nurse lying on her pillow and -fixing her feeble gaze upon that basket on wheels: this first memorial -of my life opposite the last memorial of the life of my second mother, -the thought of the wishes for the happiness of her nursling which the -kind Villeneuve addressed to Heaven on leaving this world, this proof -of an attachment so constant, disinterested and pure broke my heart -with tenderness, gratitude and regret.</p> - -<p>I found nothing else to remind me of my past at Saint-Malo: in the -harbor I sought in vain for the ships in whose rigging I had played; -they were gone or broken up; in the town, the house where I was born -had been turned into an inn. I was scarce out of my cradle, and already -a whole world had fallen into decay. I was a stranger in the parts of -my childhood; people who met me asked who I was, for the sole reason -that my head rose a few inches higher above the ground towards which -it will sink again in a few years. How rapidly and how often we change -our manner of existence and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> our illusions! Friends leave us, others -take their place; our ties alter: there is always a time at which we -possessed nothing of what we now possess, at which we have nothing of -what we once had. Man has not one self-same life: he has several on -end, and that is his calamity.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Henceforward friendless and alone, I explored the beach which had -borne my sand-castles: <i>campos ubi Troja fuit.</i> I walked on the shore -deserted by the sea. The strand abandoned by the rising tide offered me -the picture of those desolate places which our illusions leave around -us when they go. Abailard, my fellow-Breton<a name="FNanchor_174_179" id="FNanchor_174_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_179" class="fnanchor">[174]</a>, like myself watched -these rollers eight hundred years ago, thinking of his Héloïse; like -me, he saw some vessel speed (<i>ad horizontis undas</i>), and his ear, -like mine, was lulled with the monotone of the waves. I exposed myself -to the breakers while indulging in the baleful imaginings which I had -brought with me from the woods at Combourg. A head called Cap Lavarde -was the limit of my walks: seated at the extremity of this head, I -remembered with the bitterest reflections that these same rocks had -served to hide me as a child during the fairs; I had there gulped down -my tears, while my playmates elated themselves with joy. I felt neither -better loved nor happier than at that time. Soon I was to leave the -country of my birth to crumble away my days in various climes. These -reflections wounded me to death, and I was tempted to let myself fall -into the waves.</p> - -<p>A letter called me back to Combourg: I arrived, I supped with my -family, monsieur my father did not speak a word, my mother sighed, -Lucile appeared dismayed. At ten o'clock we retired. I questioned my -sister; she knew nothing. At eight o'clock the next morning I was sent -for. I went downstairs: my father was waiting for me in his study.</p> - -<p>"Monsieur le chevalier," he said, "you must renounce your follies. Your -brother has procured you a sub-lieutenant's commission in the Navarre -Regiment. You will go first to Rennes, and thence to Cambrai. Here are -a hundred louis: be sparing with them. I am old and ill; I have not -long to live. Conduct yourself as a good man and never disgrace your -name."</p> - -<p>He kissed me. I felt that severe, wrinkled face press with emotion -against mine: it was the last paternal embrace I was to receive.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p> - -<p>At that moment the Comte de Chateaubriand, a man so formidable in my -eyes, appeared to me only as a father most worthy of my affection. I -flung myself upon his emaciated hand and wept. He was threatened with -an approaching attack of paralysis, which brought him to the grave; his -left arm had a convulsive movement which he was obliged to check with -his right hand. He was thus holding his arm when, after giving me his -old sword, without leaving me time to recover myself, he led me to the -cabriolet which was waiting for me in the Cour Verte. He made me get in -before him. The post-boy drove off, while I with my eyes bade farewell -to my mother and sister, who dissolved into tears on the steps.</p> - -<p>I drove along the road by the pond; I saw the reeds of my swallows, the -mill-stream and the meadow; I cast a look at the castle. Then, like -Adam after his sin, I proceeded towards unknown ground, and "the world -was all before me<a name="FNanchor_175_180" id="FNanchor_175_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_180" class="fnanchor">[175]</a>."</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Last visits to Combourg.</div> - -<p>From that day I saw Combourg but three times: after my father's death -we met, in mourning, to share our inheritance and take leave of each -other. On another occasion I accompanied my mother to Combourg: she was -engaged in furnishing the castle, in expectation of the arrival of my -brother, who was to bring my sister-in-law to Brittany. My brother did -not come; he was soon, with his young wife, to receive at the hands of -the executioner a different pillow from that prepared by my mother's -hands. Lastly, I passed through Combourg a third time on my road to -Saint-Malo to embark for America. The castle was abandoned, I had to -put up at the steward's lodge. Wandering through the Great Mall, from -the bottom of a dark avenue I caught sight of the deserted steps, the -closed door and windows, and fainted away. I had difficulty in making -my way back to the village: I sent for my horses and left in the middle -of the night.</p> - -<p>After an absence of fifteen years, and before again leaving France on -my visit to the Holy Land, I went to Fougères to embrace what remained -of my family. I had not the courage to undertake the pilgrimage to the -fields to which the most vivid portion of my existence was attached. It -is in the woods of Combourg that I became what I am, that I began to -feel the first<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> attacks of the weariness which I have dragged with me -through life, of the sadness which has been my torment and my felicity. -There I sought for a heart that could beat in touch with mine; there I -saw my family united only to disperse. My father there dreamt of his -name restored, of the fortunes of his house revived: another illusion -which time and the revolutions have dispelled. Of six children that we -were, we remain but three: my brother, Julie and Lucile are no more, my -mother died of grief, my father's ashes were snatched from his grave.</p> - -<p>If my works survive me, if I am to leave a name behind me, perhaps one -day, prompted by these Memoirs, some traveller will come to visit the -spots I have depicted. He will be able to recognize the castle; but -he will look in vain for the great wood: the cradle of my dreams has -vanished like those dreams. Left standing alone upon its rock, the -ancient keep mourns the oaks, the old friends that surrounded it and -protected it against the storm. Isolated also, I too have seen falling -around me the family which beautified my days and lent me its shelter: -fortunately my life is not built upon the earth so solidly as the -towers in which I spent my youth, nor does man offer to the tempests a -resistance so great as that of the monuments raised by his hands.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_147_152" id="Footnote_147_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_152"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> This book was written at the Château de Montboissier -(July-August 1817) and at the Vallée-aux-Loups (November 1817), and -revised in December 1846.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_148_153" id="Footnote_148_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_153"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> Florio's MONTAIGNE, Booke III. chap. 5: <i>Of Diverting -and Diversions.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_149_154" id="Footnote_149_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_154"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> In the Orléannais.—T. The castle stands in the commune -of Montboissier, canton of Bonneval, Arrondissement of Châteaudun -(Eure-et-Loire).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_150_155" id="Footnote_150_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_155"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> The Comtesse de Colbert-Montboissier, grand-daughter -of Malesherbes, and daughter of the Marquis de Montboissier. In 1803 -she married Édouard Charles Victornien Comte de Colbert de Maulevrier, -who was descended from the Comte de Maulevrier, brother to the great -Colbert.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_151_156" id="Footnote_151_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_156"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> Gabrielle d'Estrées (<i>circa</i> 1565-1599), mistress to -Henry IV., who created her Duchesse de Beaufort—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_152_157" id="Footnote_152_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_157"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> André de Chénier (1762-1794), son of the French Consul -at Constantinople, and elder brother of the better-known Marie Joseph -de Chénier. A poet of some merit, and a courageous antagonist of the -Revolution.—T. He was a secretary at the London Embassy when M. de La -Luzerne took it over in 1788.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_153_158" id="Footnote_153_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_158"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> The States of Brittany, which held their sittings at -Rennes.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_154_159" id="Footnote_154_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_159"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> Charles Pineau Duclos (1704-1772), historiographer of -France (1745), member of the French Academy (1747), and perpetual -secretary of that body (1755).—T. Mayor of his native city from 1744 -to 1750.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_155_160" id="Footnote_155_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_160"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> Broussais belonged to the school which carried the use -of dieting and leeches to excess.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_156_161" id="Footnote_156_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_161"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> François Jean Raphaël de Brunes, Comte (not Marquis) de -Montlouet (1728-1787), Commissary of the States of Brittany.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_157_162" id="Footnote_157_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_162"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> Luc Jean Comte de Gouyon-Beaufort (1725-1794), Knight of -St Louis. Guillotined 15 February 1794.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_158_163" id="Footnote_158_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_163"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> The Abbé Michel de Marolles (1600-1681), an indifferent -but indefatigable translator, and author of some historical works, -including the Memoirs from which this reference is taken.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_159_164" id="Footnote_159_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_164"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> The Grande-Chartreuse is the waste-land near Grenoble -which gives its name to the Carthusian Order.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_160_165" id="Footnote_160_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_165"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> "A solitary incident would vary these evenings, which -might figure in a romance of the eleventh century. Sometimes my father -would interrupt his walk and come and sit down by the hearth to tell -us the story of his youthful distress and the crosses of his life. He -described storms and dangers, a journey in Italy, a shipwreck on the -Spanish coast. -</p> -<p> -"He had seen Paris; he spoke of it as he might speak of a haunt of -abomination and of a foreign country. The Bretons looked upon China as -being in their neighbourhood, but Paris seemed to them the end of the -world. I eagerly listened to my father. When I heard this man who was -so hard to himself regret that he had not done enough for his family -and complain in short but bitter words of his fate, when I saw him -at the conclusion of his recital rise brusquely, wrap himself in his -cloak, and renew his tramp, first hastening his steps and then slowing -them to correspond with the movements of his heart, filial love would -fill my eyes with tears; I revolved my father's troubles in my mind, -and it seemed to me that the sufferings undergone by the author of my -days should have fallen upon me and me alone."—<i>Manuscript of</i> 1826.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_161_166" id="Footnote_161_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_166"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> <i>Cf</i> Florio's MONTAIGNE, Booke I. chap. 25: <i>Of the -Institution and Education of Children</i>.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_162_167" id="Footnote_162_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_167"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> See my Complete Works.-<i>Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_163_168" id="Footnote_163_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_168"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> JOB, X. I.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_164_169" id="Footnote_164_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_169"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> JOB, XIV. I.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_165_170" id="Footnote_165_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_170"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> LUCR., V. 223.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_166_171" id="Footnote_166_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_171"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> I omit three short prose poems by Lucile de -Chateaubriand. The curious will find them in a volume entitled, <i>Lucile -de Chateaubriand, ses contes, ses poèmes, ses lettres, précédés d'une -Étude sur sa vie</i>, edited by M. Anatole France (Paris: 1879).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_167_172" id="Footnote_167_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_172"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> Alexandre Henri de Malfilatre (1757-1803). He took -orders during the Emigration, and died at Somers Town, London.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_168_173" id="Footnote_168_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_173"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> Jacques Charles Louis de Clinchamp de Malfilatre -(1733-1767), a minor poet and translator, who died of hunger and the -results of his excesses at the early age of thirty-four.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_169_174" id="Footnote_169_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_174"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> Sebastien Roch Nicolas (1741-1794) adopted the name -of Chamfort on commencing his career as a poet and man of letters. -He was private secretary to the Prince de Condé, and later reader -to the Princesse Élisabeth. On the outbreak of the Revolution he -joined Mirabeau's party. In 1794 he was arrested and tried to commit -suicide; he was subsequently released, but died in a few weeks of his -self-inflicted wounds.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_170_175" id="Footnote_170_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_175"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> She was arrested in December 1793, imprisoned in the -Convent of the Good Shepherd, and released in November 1794.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_171_176" id="Footnote_171_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_176"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> Lieutenant-Colonel Jacques Louis René Chevalier de Caud -(1727-1797), Knight of St. Louis. He was sixty-nine years of age when -he married Lucile, then thirty-one, in August 1796; and he died seven -months later, 16 March 1797—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_172_177" id="Footnote_172_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_177"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> Jean Baptiste Tavernier (1605-1686), a great traveller -and linguist, and author of a famous book of Voyages in Turkey, Persia, -and India.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_173_178" id="Footnote_173_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_178"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> As I advance in years, I continue to meet persons -mentioned in my Memoirs: the widow of Dr. Cheftel's son has just been -admitted to the Marie-Thérèse Infirmary; this is a further proof of my -veracity.—<i>Author's Note.</i> (Paris, 1834). -</p> -<p> -Doubtless from pity and from gratitude to the doctor who tended him, -Chateaubriand does not describe the part played by Cheftel the Younger. -He was not content with selling the Marquis de La Rouërie's secrets: -he betrayed the very corpse of him who had been his friend. His -perfidious operations led to the revolutionary tribunal those whose -plans he had pretended to serve; and he was the cause through which -three heroic women mounted the scaffold: Thérèse de Moëlien, Madame de -La Motte de la Guyomarais, and Madame de La Fonchais, sister to André -Desilles.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_174_179" id="Footnote_174_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_179"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> Pierre Abailard, or Abélard (1079-1142), the hero of the -Héloïse idyll, was a native of Pallet, near Nantes, in Brittany.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_175_180" id="Footnote_175_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_180"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> MILTON, Paradise Lost, XII., 646-647: -"The world was all before them, where to choose<br /> -Their place of rest, and Providence their guide." -—T.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p></div> - - - - -<h4><a name="BOOK_IV" id="BOOK_IV">BOOK IV</a><a name="FNanchor_176_181" id="FNanchor_176_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_181" class="fnanchor">[176]</a></h4> - - -<p>Berlin—Potsdam—Frederic the Great—My brother—My cousin -Moreau—My sister, the Comtesse de Farcy—Julie a worldly -woman—Dinner—Pommereul—Madame de Chastenay—Cambrai—The Navarre -Regiment—La Martinière—Death of my father—My regrets—Would my -father have appreciated me?—I return to Brittany—I stay with my -eldest sister—My brother sends for me to Paris—First inspiration of -the muse—My lonely life in Paris—I am presented at Versailles—I hunt -with the King—Adventure with my mare <i>Heureuse</i></p> - - -<p class="p2">It is a far cry from Combourg to Berlin, from a young dreamer to an -old ambassador. In the foregoing pages I find these words: "In how -many places have I already commenced to write these Memoirs, and in -what place shall I finish them?" Nearly four years have passed between -the date at which I wrote down the facts I have just related and that -at which I resume these Memoirs. A thousand things have happened; -a second man has shown himself in me, the politician: I care very -little for him. I have defended the liberties of France, which alone -can secure the duration of the lawful Throne. With the aid of the -<i>Conservateur</i><a name="FNanchor_177_182" id="FNanchor_177_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_182" class="fnanchor">[177]</a>, I have set M. de Villèle in power; I have seen -the Duc de Berry die, and done honor to his memory<a name="FNanchor_178_183" id="FNanchor_178_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_183" class="fnanchor">[178]</a>. In order to -reconcile everybody, I have gone away; I have accepted the Berlin -Embassy<a name="FNanchor_179_184" id="FNanchor_179_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_184" class="fnanchor">[179]</a>.</p> - -<p>Yesterday I was at Potsdam, an ornate barrack, now void of soldiers: -I studied the mock Julian in his mock Athens. At Sans-Souci, I was -shown the table on which a great German monarch turned the maxims of -the Encyclopædists into little French verses; the room occupied by -Voltaire, decorated with carved monkeys and parrots; the mill which he -who laid<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> provinces waste made light of respecting; the tomb of the -horse César and of the greyhounds Diane, Amourette, Biche, Superbe, and -Pax. The royal infidel took pleasure in profaning even the religion -of the tomb by raising mausoleums to his dogs; he had marked out a -burying-place near them for himself, less from contempt of mankind than -an ostentation of annihilation.</p> - -<p>They showed me the New Palace, already falling to pieces. In the old -palace of Potsdam, they preserve the tobacco-stains, the worn and -soiled chairs, in a word, all the traces of the renegade Prince's -uncleanliness. This place immortalizes at once the dirt of the cynic, -the impudence of the atheist, the tyranny of the despot, and the glory -of the soldier. One thing alone attracted my attention: the hands of a -clock fixed at the moment of Frederic's death; I was deceived by the -immobility of the picture: hours never stay their flight; it is not -man that stops the career of time, it is time that stops the career of -man. Besides, it matters little what part we have played in life; the -brilliancy or obscurity of our doctrines, our riches or poverty, our -joys or sorrows in no way influence the length of our days. Whether the -hands of the clock move over a golden or wooden face, whether the face -be large or small, and fill the bezel of a ring or the rose-window of a -cathedral, the hour has but one duration.</p> - -<p>In a vault of the Protestant church, immediately below the pulpit of -the unfrocked schismatic, I saw the coffin of the crowned sophist. The -coffin is of bronze; when you strike it, it resounds. The dragoon who -slumbers in this brassy bed would not even be roused from sleep by the -noise of his fame; he will awake only to the sound of the trumpet which -shall summon him to his last battle-field, face to face with the Lord -of Hosts.</p> - -<p>I had so great a need of a change of impressions that I found relief -in visiting the Marble House. The king who built it once spoke some -flattering words to me when, a poor officer, I passed through his army. -This king at least shared the ordinary failings of mankind: vulgar like -other men, he took refuge in pleasures. Do the two skeletons trouble -themselves today about the difference that once existed between them, -when one was Frederic the Great and the other Frederic William<a name="FNanchor_180_185" id="FNanchor_180_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_185" class="fnanchor">[180]</a>? -Sans-Souci and the Marble House are both ruins without masters.</p> - -<p>Upon the whole, though the immensity of the events of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> our own time -has lessened past events, though Rosbach, Lissa, Liegnitz, Torgau are -mere skirmishes beside the battles of Marengo, Austerlitz, Jena, the -Moskowa, Frederic suffers less than other personages by comparison with -the giant enchained at St. Helena. The King of Prussia and Voltaire -are two strangely-grouped figures who will live: the second destroyed -a society with a philosophy which assisted the first in founding a -kingdom.</p> - -<p>The Berlin evenings are long. I occupy a house belonging to the -Duchesse de Dino<a name="FNanchor_181_186" id="FNanchor_181_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_186" class="fnanchor">[181]</a>. My secretaries<a name="FNanchor_182_187" id="FNanchor_182_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_187" class="fnanchor">[182]</a> leave me so soon as night -sets in. When there is no entertainment at Court for the wedding of -the Grand-Duke and Grand-Duchess Nicholas<a name="FNanchor_183_188" id="FNanchor_183_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_188" class="fnanchor">[183]</a>, I stay at home. Seated -all alone by a cheerless stove, I hear nothing save the call of the -sentry at the Brandenburg Gate and the steps on the snow of the man -who whistles the hours. How shall I spend my time? With books? I have -scarcely any. If I were to continue my Memoirs?</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>You last saw me on the road from Combourg to Rennes: I alighted in the -latter place at the house of one of my kinsmen. He informed me with -delight that a lady of his acquaintance, who was going to Paris, had a -seat to give away in her carriage, and that he undertook to persuade -this lady to take me with her. I accepted, cursing my kinsman's -civility as I did so. He settled the matter, and quickly presented me -to my traveling-companion, a sprightly, free-and-easy milliner, who -began to laugh when she saw me. The horses arrived at midnight and we -set out.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My first visit to Paris.</div> - -<p>Behold me in a post-chaise, alone with a woman, in the middle of the -night. How was I, who had never in my life looked at a woman without -blushing, to descend from the height of my dreams to this terrifying -reality? I did not know where I was; I clung to my corner of the -carriage for fear of touching Madame Rose's gown. When she spoke to me, -I stammered without being able to reply. She had to pay the postilion, -to take everything upon herself, for I was capable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> of nothing. When -day broke, she looked with fresh amazement at this booby with whom she -regretted having saddled herself.</p> - -<p>When the aspect of the landscape began to change and I ceased to -recognize the dress and accent of the Breton peasants, I fell into a -profound despondency, which increased the contempt in which Madame -Rose held me. I noticed the feeling I inspired, and I received from -this first trial of the world an impression which time has not wholly -effaced. I was born shy but not shamefaced; I had the modesty but not -the embarrassment of my years. When I suspected that I was ridiculous -because of my good side, my shyness changed into insurmountable -timidity. I was unable to speak a word: I felt that I had something to -conceal, and that this something was a virtue; I made up my mind to -self-concealment in order to wear my innocence in peace.</p> - -<p>We sped towards Paris. As we came down from Saint-Cyr, I was struck -by the width of the roads and the evenness of the plantations. Soon -we reached Versailles: the orangery with its marble stairs amazed me. -The success of the American War had brought triumphs to Louis XIV.'s -palace; the Queen reigned there in all the splendour of youth and -beauty; the Throne, so near its fall, seemed never to have been more -solidly established. And I, an obscure passer-by, was destined to -outlive this pomp, to survive to see the woods of Trianon as deserted -as those which I was then leaving.</p> - -<p>At last we drove into Paris. I saw a bantering look in every face: -like the Périgord squire, I thought people looked at me to make fun of -me. Madame Rose made them drive to the Hôtel de l'Europe in the Rue -du Mail, and hastened to rid herself of her simpleton. Scarce had I -stepped from the carriage when she said to the porter:</p> - -<p>"Give this gentleman a room. Your servant," she added, with a bob -courtesy.</p> - -<p>I never saw Madame Rose again in my life.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>A woman preceded me up a dark and steep staircase, holding a labelled -key in her hand; a Savoyard followed with my little trunk. When we -reached the third floor, the chamber-maid opened a room; the Savoyard -put the trunk across the arms of a chair.</p> - -<p>The chamber-maid asked: "Does monsieur require anything?"</p> - -<p>I answered, "No."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My cousin Moreau.</div> - -<p>Three whistles sounded; the chamber-maid cried, "Coming!"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> rushed out, -closed the door, and tumbled downstairs with the Savoyard. When I found -myself alone in my room, my heart became so strangely full that I was -nearly taking the road back to Brittany. All that I had heard tell -of Paris returned to my mind; I was embarrassed in a hundred ways. I -should have liked to go to bed, and the bed was not made; I was hungry, -and did not know how to set about dining. I was afraid of committing -a solecism: ought I to call the people of the hotel? Ought I to go -downstairs? To whom should I apply? I ventured to put my head out of -the window: I saw only a small inner yard, deep as a well, through -which people came and went who would never dream of giving a thought to -the prisoner on the third floor. I went and sat down beside the dirty -recess in which I was to sleep, reduced to examining the figures on the -paper with which its walls were hung. A distant sound of voices reached -my ears, increased, drew nigh; my door opened: in came my brother and -one of my cousins, the son of a sister of my mother's who had made -none too good a marriage. Madame Rose had after all taken pity on the -numskull, and had sent word to my brother, whose address she learnt -at Rennes, that I had arrived in Paris. My brother clasped me in his -arms. My Cousin Moreau was a big fat man, daubed all over with snuff, -who ate like an ogre, talked a great deal, was always trotting about, -puffing, choking, with his mouth half open, his tongue half out, who -knew everybody, and was equally at home in gaming-houses, antechambers, -and drawing-rooms.</p> - -<p>"Come, chevalier," he cried, "so here you are in Paris; I am going to -take you to Madame de Chastenay's!"</p> - -<p>Who was this woman whose name I heard uttered for the first time? This -proposal set me against my Cousin Moreau.</p> - -<p>"The chevalier is no doubt in need of rest," said my brother; "we will -go and see Madame de Farcy, and then he shall come back to dine and -sleep."</p> - -<p>A feeling of gladness entered my heart: the thought of my family amid -an indifferent world was as balm to me. We went out. Cousin Moreau -raised a storm about the badness of the room, and charged my host to -put me at least one floor lower. We stepped into my brother's carriage -and drove to the convent where Madame de Farcy lived.</p> - -<p>Julie had been some time in Paris to consult the physicians. Her -charming appearance, her elegance and her wit had soon caused her to -be sought after. I have already said that she was born with a real -talent for poetry. She became a saint, after<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> having been one of the -most attractive women of her age: the Abbé Carron wrote her life<a name="FNanchor_184_189" id="FNanchor_184_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_189" class="fnanchor">[184]</a>. -The apostles who go everywhere in search of souls feel for her the love -which one of the Fathers of the Church attributes to the Creator: "When -a soul reaches Heaven," says this Father, with the simplicity of heart -of a Primitive Christian and the directness of Greek genius, "God takes -it upon His knees and calls it His daughter."</p> - -<p>Lucile has left a striking lament: <i>À la sœur que je n'ai plus.</i> -The Abbé Carron's admiration for Julie explains and justifies Lucile's -words. The narrative of the saintly priest also shows that I said true -in the preface to the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i>, and serves as a proof -for some portions of my Memoirs.</p> - -<p>The innocent Julie gave herself up to repentance; she consecrated the -treasures of her austerities to the redemption of her brothers; and -following the example of the illustrious African her patron saint<a name="FNanchor_185_190" id="FNanchor_185_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_190" class="fnanchor">[185]</a>, -she became a willing martyr.</p> - -<p>The Abbé Carron, author of the <i>Vie des justes</i>, is the ecclesiastic -from my part of the country<a name="FNanchor_186_191" id="FNanchor_186_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_191" class="fnanchor">[186]</a>, the Francis of Paula of exile, whose -fame, revealed by the afflicted, pierced even through the fame of -Bonaparte. The voice of a poor proscribed priest was not stifled by -the noise of a revolution which overthrew society; he seems to have -returned expressly from foreign shores to write of my sister's virtues: -he sought among our ruins and found a forgotten victim and tomb.</p> - -<p>When the new hagiographer describes Julie's pious cruelties, it is as -though one heard Bossuet preach his sermon on the profession of faith -of Mademoiselle de la Vallière<a name="FNanchor_187_192" id="FNanchor_187_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_192" class="fnanchor">[187]</a>:</p> - -<p>"Will she dare to touch that body so tender, so dear, so gently -treated? Will she not take pity on that delicate complexion? On the -contrary, it is that principally which the soul<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> arraigns as its most -dangerous seducer; she hems herself round with safeguards; fenced in in -every direction, she can no longer breathe except heavenwards!"</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>I cannot suppress a certain confusion at reading my name in the last -lines traced by the hand of Julie's venerable biographer. What have I, -with my weaknesses, to do with such lofty perfections? Have I kept all -that my sister's letter made me promise, when I received it during my -emigration in London? Is a book sufficient for God? Is it not my life -that I ought to offer Him? And is that life, pray, true to the <i>Génie -du Christianisme?</i> What matter that I have drawn more or less brilliant -pictures of religion, if my passions cast a shade over my faith! I have -not gone on to the end; I have not donned the hair-shirt: that tunic of -my viaticum would have drunk up and dried my sweat. Instead, a weary -traveller, I sat down by the roadside: tired or not, I shall have to -get up again in order to arrive where my sister has arrived.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My sister Julie.</div> - -<p>There is nothing wanting to Julie's glory: the Abbé Carron has written -her life; Lucile has mourned her death.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>When I saw Julie again in Paris, she was in all the pomp of -worldliness; she appeared covered with those flowers, adorned with -those necklaces, veiled in those scented fabrics which St. Clement -forbids the early Christian women. St. Basil wishes the middle of the -night to be for the solitary what the morning is for the others, so -that he may profit by the silence of nature. The middle of the night -was the hour at which Julie went to parties at which her verses, -recited with marvelous euphony by herself, formed the principal -attraction.</p> - -<p>Julie was infinitely handsomer than Lucile: she had soft blue eyes -and dark hair, which she wore plaited or in large waves. Her hands -and arms, models of whiteness and shape, added, by their graceful -movements, something yet more charming to her already charming figure. -She was brilliant, lively, laughed much, but without affectation, and, -when she laughed, showed teeth like pearls. A crowd of portraits of -women of the time of Louis XIV. resembled Julie, among others those -of the three Mortemarts; but she had more elegance than Madame de -Montespan<a name="FNanchor_188_193" id="FNanchor_188_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_193" class="fnanchor">[188]</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p> - -<p>Julie received me with the affection which one finds only in a sister. -I had a sense of protection when pressed in her arms, her ribbons, -her bouquet of roses, and her laces. Nothing replaces the attachment, -delicacy and devotion of a woman; a man is forgotten by his brothers -and friends, denied by his companions: but never by his mother, his -sister, or his wife. When Harold was slain at the Battle of Hastings, -none could point him out in the crowd of the dead; they had to seek the -assistance of a young girl whom he loved. She came, and the unfortunate -Prince was recognized by Edith the swan-necked:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -<i>Editha swaneshales, quod sonat collum cycni.</i><br /> -</p> - -<p>My brother took me back to my hotel; he ordered my dinner and left me. -I dined alone, and went sadly to bed. I passed my first night in Paris -regretting my moors and trembling before the dimness of my future.</p> - -<p>At eight o'clock the next morning, my fat cousin arrived; he had -already done five or six errands:</p> - -<p>"Well, chevalier, we are going to breakfast; we shall dine with -Pommereul, and this evening I shall take you to Madame de Chastenay's."</p> - -<p>This seemed to me a fate, and I resigned myself. Everything happened -as my cousin had proposed. After breakfast he pretended to show me -Paris, and dragged me through the dirtiest streets in the neighbourhood -of the Palais Royal, telling me of the dangers to which a young man -was exposed. We were punctual in keeping our appointment for dinner, -at an eating-house. Everything put before us seemed bad to me. The -conversation and the dinner-guests revealed a new world to me. The talk -turned upon the Court, the financial projects, the Academy sittings, -the women and intrigues of the day, the latest piece, the success of -the actors, actresses and authors.</p> - -<p>Several Bretons were among the guests, including the Chevalier de -Guer<a name="FNanchor_189_194" id="FNanchor_189_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_194" class="fnanchor">[189]</a> and Pommereul<a name="FNanchor_190_195" id="FNanchor_190_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_195" class="fnanchor">[190]</a>. The latter was a good talker, who has -since described some of Bonaparte's campaigns,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> and who, when I met him -again, was at the head of the Publishing Department.</p> - -<p>Under the Empire, Pommereul achieved a sort of renown by his hatred for -the nobility<a name="FNanchor_191_196" id="FNanchor_191_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_191_196" class="fnanchor">[191]</a>. And nevertheless Pommereul claimed, and with just -cause, to be of gentle birth himself. He signed his name "Pommereux," -and spoke of his descent from the Pommereux family mentioned in the -letters of Madame de Sévigné<a name="FNanchor_192_197" id="FNanchor_192_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_192_197" class="fnanchor">[192]</a>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Madame de Chastenay.</div> - -<p>After dinner my brother wanted to take me to the play, but my cousin -claimed me for Madame de Chastenay, and I went with him to meet my -destiny. I saw a handsome woman, no longer in her first youth, but -still capable of inspiring an attachment. She received me kindly, tried -to put me at my ease, asked me about my part of the country and my -regiment. I was awkward and embarrassed; I made signs to my cousin to -cut short the visit. But he, without looking at me, was inexhaustible -on the subject of my merits, declaring that I had written verses at my -mother's breast, and calling upon me to sing Madame de Chastenay. She -relieved me from this painful situation, begged me to forgive her for -being obliged to go out, and invited me to come back and see her the -next morning, in so gentle a voice that I involuntarily promised to -obey.</p> - -<p>The next day I returned alone: I found her in bed in an elegantly -fitted room. She told me that she was not very well, and that she had -the bad habit of rising late. For the first time I found myself by the -bedside of a woman who was neither my mother nor my sister. She had -observed my shyness on the evening before, and so far conquered it that -I ventured to express myself with some sort of ease. She stretched -towards me a half-bared arm and the most beautiful hand in the world, -and said with a smile:</p> - -<p>"We shall become friends."</p> - -<p>I did not even kiss that beautiful hand; I withdrew quite confused. The -next day I left for Cambrai. Who was this Dame de Chastenay? I have no -idea: she passed like a charming shade across my life.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The mail-coach brought me to my quarters. One of my brothers-in-law, -the Vicomte de Chateaubourg (he had married<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> my sister Bénigne, widow -of the Comte de Québriac<a name="FNanchor_193_198" id="FNanchor_193_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_198" class="fnanchor">[193]</a>) had given me letters of recommendation -to some of the officers of my regiment. The Chevalier de Guénan, a man -of very good company, introduced me to a mess at which dined officers -distinguished for their talents, Messieurs Achard, des Mahis, La -Martinière. The Marquis de Mortemart<a name="FNanchor_194_199" id="FNanchor_194_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_199" class="fnanchor">[194]</a> was colonel of the regiment; -the Comte d'Andrezel<a name="FNanchor_195_200" id="FNanchor_195_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_195_200" class="fnanchor">[195]</a> major: I was placed under the special -protection of the latter. I met both of them in after years: one of -them became my colleague in the House of Peers; the other applied to me -for some services which I was happy to show him. There is a melancholy -pleasure in meeting persons whom we have known at different periods of -our life, and in contemplating the changes that have taken place in -their mode of existence and our own. Like landmarks left behind us, -they trace for us the road which we have followed in the desert of the -past.</p> - -<p>I joined my regiment in mufti; within twenty-four hours I had assumed -the military dress, and I felt as though I had worn it always. My -uniform was blue and white, like my vowing-clothes of years before: I -marched under the same colours as a young man and as a child. I was -submitted to none of the trials which the sub-lieutenants were in the -habit of inflicting upon a newcomer; for some reason not known to me, -they did not venture to indulge in this military child's-play with me. -Before I had been a fortnight with the regiment, I was treated like an -"ancient." I learnt the manual exercise and theory with ease; I passed -my steps of corporal and sergeant to the applause of my instructors. -My room became the meeting-place of the old captains as well as of the -young sub-lieutenants; the former went over their campaigns with me, -the latter confided to me their love-affairs.</p> - -<p>La Martinière would come to fetch me to hang about the door of a belle -of Cambrai whom he adored; this happened five or six times a day. He -was very ugly, and his face was pitted with the small-pox. He told me -of his passion while quaffing large glasses of gooseberry-syrup, which -I sometimes paid for.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Regimental life.</div> - -<p>All would have gone wonderfully well, but for my insane rage for dress. -At that time they affected the stiffness of the Prussian uniform: a -small hat, small curls pressed tight to the head, a pig-tail tied very -fast, a closely-buttoned coat. I disliked this greatly; I submitted -to these shackles during the day, but in the evening, when I hoped -to escape the eyes of my superior officers, I put on a larger hat; -the barber lowered the curls of my hair and loosened my pig-tail; -I unbuttoned and turned back the facings of my coat. In this fond -undress, I would go a-wooing on La Martinière's behalf under the cruel -Fleming's windows. But one fine day brought me face to face with M. -d'Andrezel.</p> - -<p>"What is this, sir?" said the terrible major. "Consider yourself under -arrest for three days."</p> - -<p>I felt somewhat humiliated, but recognized the truth of the proverb -that it is an ill wind that blows nobody good: I was delivered from my -messmate's love-affairs.</p> - -<p>I read <i>Télémaque</i> beside Fénelon's tomb<a name="FNanchor_196_201" id="FNanchor_196_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_201" class="fnanchor">[196]</a>: I was not much in the -humour for the philanthropic tale of the cow and the bishop. It amuses -me to recall the beginning of my career. When passing through Cambrai -with the King, after the Hundred Days, I looked for the house I had -lived in and the coffee-house I used to frequent, but could not find -them: all had vanished, men and monuments.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>In the same year in which I was undergoing my military apprenticeship -at Cambrai, we heard of the death of Frederic II.<a name="FNanchor_197_202" id="FNanchor_197_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_197_202" class="fnanchor">[197]</a>; I am now -ambassador to that great King's nephew<a name="FNanchor_198_203" id="FNanchor_198_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_198_203" class="fnanchor">[198]</a>, and am writing this -portion of my Memoirs in Berlin. Upon that piece of important public -news followed sorrowful news for me: Lucile wrote to me that my father -had been carried off by a fit of apoplexy two days after the Angevin -Fair, one of the delights of my childhood.</p> - -<p>Among the authentic documents which I keep for consultation I find the -death-certificates of my parents. As these documents also in a special -manner mark the death of a century, I place them on record here as -constituting a page of history.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Extract from the death-register of the parish of Combourg, -for 1786, upon which is written as follows, page 8, <i>verso</i>:</p> - -<p>"The body of the high and mighty Messire René de -Chateaubriand, knight, Count of Combourg, Lord of Gaugres, -the Plessis-l'Épine, Boulet, Malestroit in Dol, and other -places, husband of the high and mighty Dame Appoline Jeanne -Suzanne de Bedée de La Bouëtardais, Lady Countess of -Combourg, aged about sixty-nine years, who died in his castle -of Combourg, on the sixth of September, about eight o'clock -of the evening, was interred on the eighth, in the vault of -the said lordship, situated in the crypt of our church of -Combourg, in presence of messieurs the undersigned noblemen, -officers of the jurisdiction, and other notable burgesses. -Signed in the register: Comte de Petitbois, de Monlouët, de -Chateaudassy, Delaunay, Morault, Noury de Mauny, advocate; -Hermer, procurator; Petit, advocate and procurator-fiscal; -Robion, Portal, le Donarin, de Trevelec, Rector and Dean of -Dingé; Sévin, rector."</p></blockquote> - - -<p>In the "collated copy" delivered in 1812 by M. Lodin, Mayor of -Combourg, the nineteen words giving the titles "high and mighty -Messire" &c., are struck out.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Extract from the death-register of the town of Saint-Servan, -first arrondissement of the Department of Ille-et-Vilaine, -for the Year VI. of the Republic, page 35, <i>recto</i>, upon -which is written as follows:</p> - -<p>"On the twelfth of Prairial Year Six of the French Republic, -before me, Jacques Bourdasse, municipal officer of the -commune of Saint-Servan, elected to public office on the -fourth of Floréal last, have appeared Jean Baslé, gardener, -and Joseph Boulin, day-labourer, who have declared to me that -Appoline Jeanne Suzanne de Bedée, widow of René Auguste de -Chateaubriand, died this day, at one o'clock after noon, at -the house of Citizeness Gouyon, situated at the Ballue, in -this commune. After which declaration, of the truth of which -I have made sure, I have drawn up the present deed, which -Jean Baslé alone has signed with me, Joseph Boulin declaring -that he did not know how, after question put.</p> - -<p>"Done at the communal house on the said day and year. Signed: -Jean Baslé and Bourdasse."</p></blockquote> - - -<p>In the first extract, the old society exists: M. de Chateaubriand is -a "high and mighty lord," &c., &c.; the witnesses<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> are "noblemen" -and "notable burgesses"; among the signatories I find the Marquis de -Monlouët, who used to stop at Combourg Castle in the winter, the Curé -Sévin, who had so much difficulty in believing me to be the author of -the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i>: faithful guests of my father even at his -last abode. But my father did riot sleep long in his shroud: he was -cast out of it when Old France was cast into the common sewer.</p> - -<p>In the mortuary extract of my mother, the earth revolves upon another -axis: a new world, a new era; even the computation of the years and the -names of the months are changed. Madame de Chateaubriand is nothing -more than a poor woman who departs this life at the residence of -"Citizeness" Gouyon; a gardener and a day-labourer, who does not know -how to sign his name, alone testify to my mother's death: of friends -and relations there are none; no funeral state; sole by-stander, the -Revolution<a name="FNanchor_199_204" id="FNanchor_199_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_204" class="fnanchor">[199]</a>.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Death of my father.</div> - -<p>I mourned the death of M. de Chateaubriand: it showed him to me better -than he was; I remembered neither his harshness nor his failings. I -seemed to see him as he walked in the evenings in the hall at Combourg; -I was moved by the thought of these family scenes. If my father's -affection for me was affected by his natural severity, it was none -the less deep at heart. The ferocious Marshal de Montluc<a name="FNanchor_200_205" id="FNanchor_200_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_205" class="fnanchor">[200]</a>, who, -disfigured by a terrible cut in the nose, was obliged to conceal the -horrible nature of his glory beneath a strip of rag, this man of blood -reproaches himself for his harshness towards a son whom he has lost:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"This poor lad," he said, "has seen nothing of me save -a frowning face and full of scorn; he has died in this -belief, that I neither knew how to love him nor to esteem -him to his deserts. For whom did I keep it to discover the -singular affection which I bore him in my soul? Was it not -he who should have had all the pleasure of it and all the -obligation? I have constrained and tortured myself to keep -on this vain mask, and in thus doing have lost the pleasure -of his converse,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> and his will in all things, which he -cannot have borne to me other than very coldly, having never -received from me aught save rudeness, nor been treated save -in tyrannous fashion."</p></blockquote> - -<p>My "will was not borne very coldly" towards my father, and I do not -doubt that, in spite of his "tyrannous fashion," he loved me tenderly: -he would, I am sure, have regretted me had Providence called me before -him. But would he, had we remained on earth together, have set store -by the fame that has sprung from my life? A literary reputation would -have wounded his nobility; he would have seen nothing but degeneration -in his son's gifts; even the Berlin Embassy, conquered by the pen, -not the sword, would have indifferently satisfied him. His Breton -blood, besides, made him a political malcontent, a great opponent -of taxation and a violent enemy of the Court. He read the <i>Gazette -de Leyde</i>, the <i>Journal de Francfort</i>, the <i>Mercure de France</i>, and -the <i>Histoire philosophique des deux Indes</i>, the declamatory style -of which delighted him. He called the Abbé Raynal<a name="FNanchor_201_206" id="FNanchor_201_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_206" class="fnanchor">[201]</a> "a master -man." In diplomacy, he was an anti-Mussulman; he declared that forty -thousand "Russian rascals" would march over the Janissaries' stomachs -and take Constantinople. Hater of the Turks though he were, my father -nevertheless bore a grudge in his heart against the "Russian rascals," -because of his encounter at Dantzic.</p> - -<p>I share M. de Chateaubriand's opinions as regards literary and other -reputations, but for different reasons. I do not know of a fame in -history that tempts me: had I to stoop to pick up at my feet and to -my advantage the greatest glory in the world, I would not take the -trouble. If I had formed my own clay, perhaps I would have created -myself a woman, for love of them; or if I had made myself a man, -I would in the first place have granted myself beauty; next, as a -safeguard against weariness, my stubborn enemy, it would have suited me -fairly well to be a consummate but unknown artist, using my talent only -for the benefit of my solitude. In life, weighed by its light weight, -measured by its short measure, relieved of all its cheating, there are -but two things true: religion with intelligence, love with youth; that -is to say, the future and the present: the rest is not worth while.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p> - -<p>With my father's death ended the first act of my life; the paternal -home became empty; I pitied it, as though it were capable of feeling -desertion and solitude. Thenceforth I was independent and master of my -fortune: this liberty frightened me. What should I do with it? To whom -give it? I mistrusted my strength: I retreated before myself.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>I obtained a furlough. M. d'Andrezel, promoted to Lieutenant-colonel -of the Picardy Regiment, was leaving Paris: I served as his courier. -I passed through Paris, where I refused to stop for a quarter of an -hour; I set eyes upon the moors of my Brittany with more joy than that -with which a Neapolitan, banished to our climes, would gaze again -upon the shores of Portici, the champaign of Sorrento. My family came -together; we settled the division of the property; when that was done, -we dispersed, as birds fly away from the paternal nest. My brother, who -had come from Paris, returned there; my mother established herself at -Saint-Malo; Lucile accompanied Julie; I spent a part of my time with -Mesdames de Marigny, de Chateaubourg and de Farcy. Marigny<a name="FNanchor_202_207" id="FNanchor_202_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_207" class="fnanchor">[202]</a>, my -eldest sister's country-seat, is pleasantly situated, three leagues -from Fougères, between two lakes, and amidst woods, rocks and meadows. -I stayed there peacefully for some months; a letter from Paris came to -disturb my repose.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Ambitious projects.</div> - -<p>At the moment of entering the service and marrying Mademoiselle de -Rosanbo, my brother had not yet quitted the long robe; for this reason -he was unable to obtain the privilege of riding in the King's coaches. -His eager ambition suggested to him to make me enjoy Court honors in -order to prepare the way for his own rise. Our proofs of nobility had -been made out for Lucile when she was received into the Chapter of the -Argentière, so that everything was ready; the Marshal de Duras was to -be my sponsor. My brother wrote to me that I was on the high-road to -fortune; that already I was to obtain the rank of a cavalry captain, -an honorary and courtesy rank; that it would be easy to secure my -admission to the Order of Malta, by means of which I should enjoy fat -benefices.</p> - -<p>This letter came upon me like a thunder-bolt: to return to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> Paris, to -be presented at Court, I who almost swooned away when I met three or -four strangers in a drawing-room! To imbue me with ambition, who only -dreamt of living forgotten! My first impulse was to reply to my brother -that it was his duty, as the eldest, to keep up his name; that, as for -me, a plain Breton younger son, I would not give up the service, as -there was a chance of war; but that, though the King might have need of -a soldier in his army, he had no need of a poor gentleman at his Court.</p> - -<p>I hastened to read this romantic reply to Madame de Marigny, who -uttered loud cries; she sent for Madame de Farcy, who laughed at me; -Lucile would have supported me, but she dared not contend with her -sisters. They tore my letter from me, and, weak as always where I -myself am concerned, I informed my brother that I was ready to go.</p> - -<p>I did go; I went to be presented at the first Court in Europe, to make -the most brilliant start in life; and I looked like a man who is being -dragged to the galleys or expecting a sentence of death.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>I entered Paris by the same road which I had taken the first time; I -went to the same hotel, in the Rue du Mail: I knew no other. I was -taken to a room next door to my old one, but a little larger and -overlooking the street.</p> - -<p>My brother, whether because he felt embarrassed by my manners, or -because he took pity upon my shyness, did not take me with him into -the world, and introduced me to nobody. He lived in the Rue des -Fossés-Montmartre; I went to him at three o'clock every day for dinner; -we then parted and did not see one another till the next day. My fat -Cousin Moreau was no longer in Paris. I walked twice or thrice past -Madame de Chastenay's house, without venturing to ask the porter if she -was still there.</p> - -<p>Autumn set in. I rose at six; went to the riding-school; breakfasted. -Luckily at that time I had a passion for Greek; I translated the -<i>Odyssey</i> and the <i>Cyropædia</i> until two o'clock, interspersing my -labours with the study of history. At two o'clock I dressed and went to -my brother; he asked me what I had done, what I had seen; I replied, -"Nothing." He shrugged his shoulders and turned his back upon me. One -day there was a noise outside; my brother ran to the window and called -to me: I refused to leave the arm-chair in which I lay stretched at -the back of the room. My poor brother prophesied to me that I should -die unknown, useless to myself or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> my family. At four o'clock I went -home and sat down at my window. Two young girls of fifteen or sixteen -used to come at that hour to sketch at the window of a house opposite, -on the other side of the street. They had noticed my punctuality, as I -had theirs. From time to time they raised their heads to look at their -neighbor; I was infinitely grateful to them for this mark of attention: -they formed my only society in Paris.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My life in Paris.</div> - -<p>When night drew near, I went to the play. I took pleasure in the -desert of the crowd, though it always cost me a little effort to -take my ticket at the door and mix with other men. I corrected the -ideas which I had formed at the Saint-Malo theatre. I saw Madame -Saint-Huberti<a name="FNanchor_203_208" id="FNanchor_203_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_203_208" class="fnanchor">[203]</a> as Armida; I felt that there had been something -lacking in the sorceress of my creating. When I did not imprison -myself in the Opera-house or at the Français, I wandered from street -to street or along the quays until ten or eleven in the evening. To -this day I cannot see the row of street-lamps from the Place Louis -XV. to the Barrière des Bons-Hommes, without remembering the agonies -which I endured when I followed that road to go to Versailles for my -presentation.</p> - -<p>On returning home, I spent a portion of the night with my head bowed -over my fire, which told me nothing: I had not, like the Persians, -an imagination rich enough to persuade me that the flame resembled -the anemone, the cinders the pomegranate. I listened to the carriages -coming, going, crossing each other; their distant rolling imitated the -murmur of the sea upon the shores of my Brittany or of the wind in -the Combourg woods. These worldly sounds which reminded me of those -of solitude aroused my regrets; I conjured up my old trouble, or -else my imagination would invent the story of the persons whom those -chariots were bearing away: I saw radiant drawing-rooms, balls, loves, -conquests. Soon, relapsing into myself, I saw myself as I was, alone -in an inn, seeing the world through the window and hearing it by the -echoes of my fireside.</p> - -<p>Rousseau considers that he owes it to his sincerity, and to the -instruction of mankind, to confess the covert pleasures of his life; -he even supposes that he is being seriously questioned and asked for -an account of his sins with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> <i>donne pericolante</i> of Venice. Had -I prostituted myself to the courtesans of Paris, I should not have -thought myself obliged to inform posterity of the fact; but I was too -shy on the one hand, too much exalted on the other, to allow myself to -be seduced by women of the town. When I passed through groups of these -unfortunates falling upon the passers-by in order to drag them up to -their rooms, like the Saint-Cloud cabmen trying to induce travellers to -enter their flies, I was seized with horror and disgust. The pleasures -of adventure would have suited me only in the days of old.</p> - -<p>In the fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries, -our imperfect civilization, our superstitious beliefs, our strange and -half-barbarous customs mingled romance with everything: characters -were strongly marked, imagination was powerful, existence mysterious -and concealed. At night, around the high walls of the graveyards and -convents, beneath the deserted ramparts of the town, along the chains -and ditches of the market-places, on the skirts of enclosures in -narrow, lampless streets, where robbers and murderers lay in ambush, -where meetings took place sometimes by torchlight, sometimes in the -thick of darkness, it was at the risk of his head that one sought the -trysting-place granted by some Héloïse. To abandon himself to disorder, -one had really to love; to violate public morals, one had to make great -sacrifices. Not only was it a matter of confronting fortuitous dangers -and defying the sword of the law, but one was obliged to overcome the -empire of regular habits, the authority of the family, the tyranny -of domestic customs, the opposition of conscience, the terrors and -duties of the Christian. All these obstacles doubled the energy of the -passions.</p> - -<p>In 1788, I would not have followed a starving wretch who would have -dragged me to the den where she lived under police supervision; but it -is probable that, in 1606, I should have seen the end of an adventure -of the kind which Bassompierre<a name="FNanchor_204_209" id="FNanchor_204_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_204_209" class="fnanchor">[204]</a> has told so well.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>"Five or six months ago," says the marshal, "each time that I passed -over the Petit Pont"—for in those days the Pont Neuf was not built—"a -pretty woman, a sempstress at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> sign of the Two Angels, made me -deep courtesies and followed me with her eyes as far as she could; and -as I had heeded her action, I also looked at her and greeted her with -greater care.</p> - -<p>"It happened that when I arrived from Fontainebleau in Paris, passing -over the Petit Pont, so soon as she saw me coming, she put herself at -the door of her shop, and said, as I passed:</p> - -<p>"'Sir, I am your servant.'</p> - -<p>"I returned her greeting, and turning round from time to time, I saw -that she followed me with her eyes as far as she could."</p> - -<p>Bassompierre obtained an assignation.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Bassompierre's adventure.</div> - -<p>"I found," he says, "a very beautiful woman, twenty years of age, who -had her head dressed for the night, wearing naught but a very fine -shift and a short petticoat of green stuff, and slippers on her feet, -with a wrapper around her. She pleased me mightily. I asked her if I -could not see her once again.</p> - -<p>"'If you wish to see me again,' she replied, 'it shall be at the -house of one of my aunts, who lives in the Rue Bourg-l'Abbé, near -the Markets, next to the Rue aux Ours, the third door on the side of -the Rue Saint-Martin; I will await you there from ten o'clock till -midnight, and later yet; I will leave the door open. At the entrance, -there is a little passage through which you will go quickly, for the -door of my aunt's room opens on it, and you will find a stair which -will bring you to the second floor.'</p> - -<p>"I came at ten o'clock and found the door she had indicated, and a -great light, not only on the second floor, but on the third and the -first too; but the door was closed. I knocked to show that I had come; -but I heard a man's voice ask who I was. I returned to the Rue aux -Ours, and having returned for the second time, finding the door opened, -I climbed to the second floor, where I found that the light was the -straw of the bed which they were burning, and two naked bodies lying -upon the table in the room. Thereupon I retired greatly amazed, and in -going out I met some crows"—buriers of the dead—"who asked me what I -sought; and I, to make them turn aside, took sword in hand and passed -out, returning to my lodging, somewhat moved by this unlooked-for -sight<a name="FNanchor_205_210" id="FNanchor_205_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_205_210" class="fnanchor">[205]</a>."</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>I in my turn went on a voyage of discovery, with the address given, two -hundred and forty years before, by Bassompierre. I crossed the Petit -Pont, passed the Markets, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> followed the Rue Saint-Denis as far as -the Rue aux Ours, on the right; the first street on the left, ending in -the Rue aux Ours, is the Rue Bourg-l'Abbé. Its inscription, smoky as -though through time and a fire, gave me good hope. I found the "third -little door on the side of the Rue Saint-Martin," so faithful are the -historian's directions. There, unfortunately, the two centuries and a -half, which at first I thought had lingered in the street, disappear. -The frontage of the house is modern; no light issued from the first, -nor from the second, nor from the third floor. From the attic-windows, -beneath the roof, hung a garland of nasturtiums and sweet peas; on the -ground-floor, a hairdresser's shop displayed a variety of towers of -hair behind the window-panes.</p> - -<p>In great discomfiture, I entered this museum of the Eponines: since the -Roman Conquest, the Gallic women have always sold their yellow tresses -to foreheads less richly decked; my Breton countrywomen still let -themselves be shorn on certain fair-days, and barter the natural veil -of their heads for an Indian kerchief. Addressing a barber, who was -drawing a wig over an iron comb:</p> - -<p>"Sir," said I, "do you happen to have purchased the hair of a young -sempstress who used to live at the sign of the Two Angels, near the -Petit Pont?"</p> - -<p>He stood dumfoundered, unable to say either yes or no. I asked a -thousand pardons, and made my way out through a labyrinth of toupees.</p> - -<p>I wandered next from door to door: no sempstress, twenty years of age, -making me "deep courtesies;" no frank, disinterested, passionate young -woman, "her head dressed for the night, wearing naught but a very fine -shift, a short petticoat of green stuff, and slippers on her feet, with -a wrapper around her." A grumbling old crone, ready to join her teeth -in the tomb, was near to beating me with her crutch: perhaps it was the -aunt of the assignation!</p> - -<p>What a fine story, that story of Bassompierre's! One of the reasons -for which he was so resolutely loved has to be understood. At that -time, the French were divided into two classes, one dominant, the other -semi-servile. The sempstress clasped Bassompierre in her arms like a -demi-god who had descended to the bosom of a slave: he gave her the -illusion of glory, and Frenchwomen alone among women are capable of -intoxicating themselves with that illusion. But who will reveal to us -the unknown causes of the catastrophe? Was the body which lay upon the -table by the side of another body that of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> pretty wench of the Two -Angels? Whose was the other body? Was it the husband, or the man whose -voice Bassompierre had heard? Had the plague (for the plague was raging -in Paris) or jealousy reached the Rue Bourg-l'Abbé before love? The -imagination can easily find matter for its exercises in such a subject -as this. Mingle with the poet's inventions the chorus of the populace, -the approaching grave-diggers, the "crows," and Bassompierre's sword, -and a magnificent melodrama springs from the adventure.</p> - -<p>You will also admire the chastity and reserve of my youthful life -in Paris: in that capital I was free to give way to all my whims, -as in the Abbey of Thélème, where each acted according to his wish. -Nevertheless, I did not abuse my independence: I had no commerce except -with a courtesan two hundred and sixty years of age, who had formerly -been smitten with a marshal of France, the rival of the Bearnese<a name="FNanchor_206_211" id="FNanchor_206_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_206_211" class="fnanchor">[206]</a> -for the affections of Mademoiselle de Montmorency, and the lover of -Mademoiselle d'Entragues, sister to the Marquise de Verneuil<a name="FNanchor_207_212" id="FNanchor_207_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_207_212" class="fnanchor">[207]</a>, who -speaks so ill of Henry IV. Louis XVI., whom I was about to see, had no -suspicion of my secret relations with his family.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Versailles.</div> - -<p>The fatal day arrived; I had to set out for Versailles, more dead -than alive. My brother took me there the day before my presentation, -and carried me to the Maréchal de Duras, a worthy man with a mind -so commonplace that it reflected a certain homeliness over his fine -manners; nevertheless, the good marshal frightened me terribly.</p> - -<p>The next morning I went alone to the palace. He has seen nothing who -has not seen the pomp of Versailles, even after the disbanding of -the old Royal Household: Louis XIV. still lingered there. All went -well so long as I had only to pass through the guard-room: military -display has always pleased and never awed me. But when I entered the -Œil-de-bœuf and found myself among the courtiers, my distress -commenced. I was scrutinized; I heard them ask who I was. One must -remember the former prestige of royalty to realize the importance -of a presentation in those days. A mysterious destiny clung to the -<i>débutant</i>; he was spared the contemptuous air<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> of protection which, -coupled with extreme politeness, composed the inimitable manners of -the grandee. Who was to tell that that <i>débutant</i> would not become -the master's favourite? In him was respected the future familiarity -with which he might be honoured. Nowadays we rush to the palace with -even greater eagerness than before, and, strangely enough, with no -illusions: a courtier reduced to living on truths is very near to dying -of hunger.</p> - -<p>When the King's levee was announced, the persons not presented -withdrew; I felt an impulse of vanity: I was not proud of remaining, -but I should have felt humiliated at leaving. The door of the King's -bed-chamber opened; I saw the King, according to custom, complete -his toilet, in other words take his hat from the hand of the first -lord-in-waiting. The King came towards me on his way to Mass; I bowed; -the Marshal de Duras mentioned my name:</p> - -<p>"Sire, the Chevalier de Chateaubriand."</p> - -<p>The King looked at me, returned my bow, hesitated, appeared to wish -to address me. I should have replied boldly: my shyness had vanished. -To speak to the general of the army, to the head of the State, seemed -quite simple to me, though I could not account for what I felt The -King's embarrassment was greater than mine; he could think of nothing -to say to me, and passed on. The vanity of human destinies: this -sovereign whom I saw for the first time, this powerful monarch was -Louis XVI., but six years removed from the scaffold! And the new -courtier at whom he scarcely looked, charged with separating dead bones -from dead bones, after having been presented, upon proof of nobility, -to the majesty of the son of St. Louis, was one day to be presented to -his dust upon proof of fidelity! A two-fold tribute of respect to the -two-fold royalty of the sceptre and the palm. Louis XVI. might have -answered his judges as Christ answered the Jews: "Many good works I -have showed you ... for which of those works do you stone me<a name="FNanchor_208_213" id="FNanchor_208_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_208_213" class="fnanchor">[208]</a>?"</p> - -<p>We hurried to the gallery to find ourselves in the way of the Queen on -her return from the chapel. She soon appeared in sight, environed with -a glittering and numerous retinue; she made us a stately courtesy; she -seemed enraptured with life. And those beautiful hands, which at that -time carried with such great grace the sceptre of so many kings, were -destined, before being bound by the executioner, to mend the rags of -the widow, a prisoner at the Conciergerie!</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p> - -<p>My brother had obtained a sacrifice of me, but it was beyond his power -to make me go through with it. He vainly entreated me to stay at -Versailles in order to assist at the Queen's cards at night:</p> - -<p>"You will be presented to the Queen," he said, "and the King will speak -to you."</p> - -<p>He could have given me no stronger reason for taking to flight. I -hastened to go and hide my glory in my hotel, happy to escape from -Court, but seeing still before me the terrible day of the coaches, of -the 19th of February 1787.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Hunt with the King.</div> - -<p>The Duc de Coigny<a name="FNanchor_209_214" id="FNanchor_209_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_209_214" class="fnanchor">[209]</a> sent to inform me that I was to hunt with the -King in the forest of Saint-Germain. I set out in the early morning -towards my punishment, in the uniform of a <i>débutant</i>, a grey coat, -red waistcoat and breeches, lace tops, Hessian boots, a hunting-knife -in my belt, a small, gold-laced French hat. There were four of us -<i>débutants</i> at the Palace of Versailles, myself, the two Messieurs de -Saint-Marsault, and the Comte d'Hautefeuille<a name="FNanchor_210_215" id="FNanchor_210_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_210_215" class="fnanchor">[210]</a>. The Duc de Coigny -gave us our instructions: he warned us not to interrupt the hunt, as -the King flew into a passion if any one passed between him and the -quarry. The Duc de Coigny bore a name fatal to the Queen<a name="FNanchor_211_216" id="FNanchor_211_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_211_216" class="fnanchor">[211]</a>. The meet -was at Val, in the forest of Saint-Germain, a domain leased by the -Crown from the Maréchal de Beauvau<a name="FNanchor_212_217" id="FNanchor_212_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_212_217" class="fnanchor">[212]</a>. The custom was for the horses -of the first hunt in which the newly-presented men took part to be -supplied from the royal stables<a name="FNanchor_213_218" id="FNanchor_213_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_213_218" class="fnanchor">[213]</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span></p> - -<p>The drums beat the salute: a voice gave the order to present arms. -They cried, "The King!" The King left the house and entered his coach: -we rode in the coaches following. It was a long cry from this hunting -expedition with the King of France to my hunting expeditions on the -moors of Brittany; and further still to my hunting expeditions with the -savages of America: my life was to be filled with these contrasts.</p> - -<p>We reached the rallying-point, where a number of saddle-horses, held -in hand under the trees, showed signs of impatience. The coaches drawn -up in the forest with the keepers; the groups of men and women; the -packs held back with difficulty by the huntsmen; the baying of the -hounds, the neighing of the horses, the sound of the horns composed a -very animated scene. The hunting-parties of our kings recalled both the -old and the new customs of the monarchy, the rude pastimes of Clodion, -Chilperic, and Dagobert and the gallantries of François I., Henry IV., -and Louis XIV.</p> - -<p>I was too full of my reading not to behold on every hand Comtesses de -Chateaubriand<a name="FNanchor_214_219" id="FNanchor_214_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_214_219" class="fnanchor">[214]</a>, Duchesses d'Étampes<a name="FNanchor_215_220" id="FNanchor_215_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_215_220" class="fnanchor">[215]</a>, Gabrielles d'Estrées, -La Vallières, and Montespans. My imagination seized upon the historic -aspect of this hunting-party, and I felt at my ease: besides, I was in -a forest, and therefore at home.</p> - -<p>On alighting from the coaches, I handed my ticket to the huntsmen. A -mare called L'<i>Heureuse</i> had been provided for me, a fast animal, but -hard-mouthed, skittish, and full of tricks; a tolerable likeness of my -fortune, which has constantly set back its ears. The King mounted and -rode off; the members of the hunt followed, taking different roads. I -stayed behind, struggling with L'<i>Heureuse</i>, who refused to let her new -master get astride of her; I ended, however, in leaping upon her back: -the hunt was already far ahead.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<a id="chat003"></a> -<img src="images/chat_003.jpg" width="500" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Louis XVI.</p> -</div> -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p>At first I mastered L'<i>Heureuse</i> fairly well; compelled to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> shorten -her stride, she put down her neck, shook her bit, which was white with -foam, and bounded along sideways; but when she drew near the scene of -action, it became impossible to hold her. She bore down her head, drove -my hand down upon the saddlebow, dashed at full gallop into a group of -hunters, clearing everything in her course, and only stopped when she -struck against the horse of a woman whom she nearly knocked over, amid -the roars of laughter of some and the screams of terror of others. I -have made useless efforts today to remember the name of the woman who -received my excuses so politely. There was nothing else talked of than -the <i>débutant's</i> "adventure."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Louis XVI.</div> - -<p>I had not come to the end of my trials. About half-an-hour after my -discomfiture, I was riding through a long opening in a deserted part -of the wood; at the end stood a summer-house: I at once began to think -of the palaces scattered through the Crown forests, in memory of the -origin of the long-haired kings and their mysterious pleasures. A shot -was heard; L'<i>Heureuse</i> turned short, scoured the thicket with lowered -head, and carried me to the exact spot where the roebuck had just been -killed: the King appeared.</p> - -<p>I then remembered, but too late, the Duc de Coigny's injunctions: the -accursed <i>Heureuse</i> had done all I leapt to the ground, pushing my mare -back with one hand, holding my hat low in the other. The King looked -and saw only a <i>débutant</i> who had come in at the death before himself; -he felt a need to speak; instead of flying into a passion, he said, in -a good-natured voice and with a broad laugh:</p> - -<p>"He did not hold out long."</p> - -<p>That is the only word I ever had from Louis XVI. People came up -from every side; they were astonished to find me "talking" with the -King. The <i>débutant</i> Chateaubriand created a sensation with his two -"adventures;" but, as has ever happened to him since, he did not know -how to turn either his good or his bad fortune to account.</p> - -<p>The King hunted three other buck. As the <i>débutants</i> were only allowed -to hunt the first animal, I returned to Val with my companions to await -the return of the hunt. The King came back to Val; he was in spirits -and discussed the accidents of the chase. We drove back to Versailles. -A fresh disappointment for my brother: instead of going to dress in -order to be present at the unbooting, the moment of triumph and favour, -I flung myself into my carriage and drove home to Paris, rejoicing at -being delivered of my honors and my troubles. I told<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> my brother that -I was determined to return to Brittany. Satisfied with having made -his name known, and hoping one day to bring to maturity, by means of -his own presentation, what had proved abortive in mine, he placed no -obstacle in the way of the departure of so eccentric a spirit<a name="FNanchor_216_221" id="FNanchor_216_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_216_221" class="fnanchor">[216]</a>.</p> - -<p>Such was my first experience of the Town and the Court Society appeared -even more hateful in my eyes than I had imagined it; but, though it -frightened, it did not discourage me; I felt, in a confused fashion, -that I was superior to what I had seen. I took an invincible dislike -to the Court; this dislike, or rather this contempt, which I have been -unable to conceal, will either prevent me from succeeding or will cause -me to fall from the summit of my career.</p> - -<p>For the rest, if I judged the world without knowing it, the world, in -its turn, knew nothing of me. None, at my first entrance, guessed what -I might be good for, and when I came back to Paris, they guessed it no -more. Since attaining my sad celebrity, I have been told by numbers -of people, "How we should have noticed you, if we had met you in your -youth!" This obliging contention is only the illusion attaching to -an established reputation. Outwardly men resemble each other; it is -in vain for Rousseau to tell us that he had a pair of small, quite -charming eyes; it is none the less certain, witness his portraits, that -he had the appearance of a schoolmaster or a cross-grained shoemaker.</p> - -<p>To have done with the Court, I will add that after revisiting Brittany -and coming back to Paris to live with my younger sisters, Lucile and -Julie, I plunged more deeply than ever into my habits of solitude. You -ask what became of the story of my presentation. It remained where it -was.</p> - -<p>"Then you did not hunt with the King again?"</p> - -<p>"No more than with the Emperor of China."</p> - -<p>"And you never went back to Versailles?"</p> - -<p>"I twice went as far as Sèvres; my heart failed me, and I returned to -Paris."</p> - -<p>"So you made nothing of your position?"</p> - -<p>"Nothing at all."</p> - -<p>"What did you do then?"</p> - -<p>"I was bored."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p> - -<p>"So you felt no ambition?"</p> - -<div class="sidenote">I print my first poem.</div> - -<p>"Yes, indeed: by means of intrigue and trouble, I attained the glory of -printing in the <i>Almanack des Muses</i> an idyll the appearance of which -almost killed me with hope and fear<a name="FNanchor_217_222" id="FNanchor_217_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_217_222" class="fnanchor">[217]</a>. I would have given all the -King's coaches to have written the ballad, <i>Ô ma tendre musette!</i> or, -<i>De mon berger volage.</i>"</p> - -<p>Good for everything where others, good for nothing where I myself am -concerned: there you have me.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_176_181" id="Footnote_176_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_181"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> This book was written in Berlin in March and April 1821 -and revised in July 1846.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_177_182" id="Footnote_177_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_182"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> The <i>Conservateur</i> was founded by Chateaubriand in -October 1818, with the motto, <i>Le Roi, la Charte et les Honnêtes -Gens.</i> Some of Chateaubriand's most perfect work is to be found in -this collection, and the other writers included the Abbé de Lamennais, -the Vicomte de Bonald, Fiévée, Berryer the Younger, Eugène Genoude, -the Vicomte de Castelbajac, the Marquis d'Herbouville, M. Agier, the -Cardinal de La Luzerne, the Duc de FitzJames, &c. The <i>Conservateur</i> -ceased to appear in March 1820 in consequence of the revival of the -censorship.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_178_183" id="Footnote_178_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_183"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> the <i>Mémoires sur la vie et la mort de Monseigneur -le Duc de Berry</i> (April 1820).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_179_184" id="Footnote_179_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_184"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> Chateaubriand was appointed, by an Order in Council of -28 November 1820, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to -the Court of Prussia.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_180_185" id="Footnote_180_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_185"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> Frederic William II. (1744-1797), the nephew and -successor of Frederic the Great—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_181_186" id="Footnote_181_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_186"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> Dorothea Princess of Courlande (1795-1862) married in -1810 the Comte Edmond de Périgord, nephew to Talleyrand, who abandoned -to him his title of Duc de Dino. The duke subsequently came into the -title of Duc de Talleyrand-Périgord, by which the duchess was known at -the time of her death.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_182_187" id="Footnote_182_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_187"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> The Comte Roger de Caux and the Chevalier de Cussy.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_183_188" id="Footnote_183_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_188"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> Now Emperor and Empress of Russia.—<i>Authors Note</i> -(Paris, 1832). -</p> -<p> -Nicholas I. (1796-1855) married Charlotte, daughter of King Frederick -William III. of Prussia. He ascended the Russian throne in 1825, on -the death of his eldest brother, the Tsar Alexander I., and by virtue -of the renunciation, for himself and his heirs, of the Grand-Duke -Constantine.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_184_189" id="Footnote_184_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_189"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> I have inserted the life of my sister Julie in the -supplement to these Memoirs.—<i>Author's Note.</i> This life, extracted -from the Abbé Carron's <i>Vie des justes</i>, I omit. It will be found in -the last series of the <i>Vie des justes</i>, entitled, <i>Dans les plus hauts -rangs de la société.</i> The Abbé Guy Toussaint Julien Carron (1760-1820) -was the founder of the Institut Royal de Marie-Thérèse, established -under the patronage of the Duchesse d'Anjoulême for the daughters of -families which had lost their fortune in the Revolution, in addition to -a number of charitable institutions founded during the Emigration at -Somers Town, to which Chateaubriand refers <i>infra.</i>-T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_185_190" id="Footnote_185_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_190"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> St. Julia, Virgin and Martyr (22 May), was born at -Carthage, and died for the Faith in Corsica, <i>circa</i> 439.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_186_191" id="Footnote_186_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_191"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> The Abbé Carron was born at Rennes.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_187_192" id="Footnote_187_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_192"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> Louise Françoise de La Baume Le Blanc de La Vallière -(1644-1710), the unselfish mistress of Louis XIV. After twice seeking -refuge in a convent, she definitely withdrew to the Carmelites in the -Faubourg Saint-Jacques in 1674, and took the veil in 1675, from which -date to that of her death she submitted herself to exercises of the -most austere piety.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_188_193" id="Footnote_188_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_193"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> The Marquise de Montespan (1641-1707), mistress to Louis -XIV. and successor to Mademoiselle de La Vallière, was one of the three -daughters of Gabriel de Rochechouart, Duc de Mortemart; her sisters -were the Marquise de Thianges and the Abbesse de Fontevrault.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_189_194" id="Footnote_189_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_194"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> Julien Hyacinthe de Marnière, Chevalier de Guer -(1748-1816), born at Rennes, an active member of the Royalist -party.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_190_195" id="Footnote_190_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_195"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> François René Jean, Baron de Pommereul (1745-1823), born -at Fougères, became a general of division in 1796 and director-general -of the State press and publishing department in 1811. The work to which -Chateaubriand alludes is Pommereul's <i>Campagnes du général Bonaparte en -Italie pendant les années IV, et V. de la République Française.</i>—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_191_196" id="Footnote_191_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_196"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> I omit a remark of Pommereul's, applied to the nobles -who accepted the post of Chamberlain at the Imperial Court, which is -too indelicate for translation.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_192_197" id="Footnote_192_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_197"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> Of 4, 11, and 18 December 1675.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_193_198" id="Footnote_193_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193_198"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> Bénigne Jeanne de Chateaubriand, Comtesse de Québriac, -married as her second husband, in 1786, Paul François de la Celle, -Vicomte de Chateaubourg, a captain in the Condé Regiment, and a knight -of St. Louis.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_194_199" id="Footnote_194_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_199"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> Victurnien Bonaventure Victor de Rochechouart, Marquis -de Mortemart (1753-1823), served in the army of Condé under the -Emigration, and was created a peer of France and lieutenant-general at -the Restoration.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_195_200" id="Footnote_195_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_200"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> Christophe François Thérèse Picon, Comte d'Andrezel -(1746-1821), also emigrated and fought in the Princes' Army. On the -return of the Bourbons he exercised the functions of sub-prefect of -Saint-Dié from 1815 till the year of his death.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_196_201" id="Footnote_196_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_201"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> François de Salignac de La Mothe-Fénelon (1651-1715), -author of the <i>Aventures de Télémaque</i> was Archbishop of Cambrai and is -buried in the cathedral.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_197_202" id="Footnote_197_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_202"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> Frederic II., or the Great (1712-1786), King of -Prussia, died on the 17th of August, twenty days before the Comte de -Chateaubriand, as mentioned above.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_198_203" id="Footnote_198_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198_203"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> Frederic William III. (1770-1840), son of Frederick -William II., and grand-nephew of Frederick the Great, succeeded his -father in 1797.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_199_204" id="Footnote_199_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_204"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> My nephew, Breton fashion, Frédéric de Chateaubriand, -son of my cousin Armand, has purchased the Ballue, where my mother -died.—<i>Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_200_205" id="Footnote_200_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_205"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> Marshal Blaise de Montluc (<i>circa</i> 1502-1577), a valiant -captain of François I., Henry II. and François II. Under Charles IX. -he defeated the Huguenots in several encounters, and set himself to -extirpate heresy by means of wholesale executions, which earned for him -the nickname of the Royalist Butcher. He received his marshal's baton -at the hands of Henry III.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_201_206" id="Footnote_201_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_206"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> Guillaume Thomas François Raynal (1713-1796), editor -of the <i>Mercure</i> and author of, among other works, the <i>Histoire -philosophique des établissements et du commerce des Européens dans les -Deux-Indes</i> (1770). This work is full of political and anti-religious -declamations, and was placed upon the Index in consequence. He -published in 1780 a new and still bolder edition, which was condemned -in 1781.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_202_207" id="Footnote_202_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202_207"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> The Château de Marigny exists in the commune -of Saint-Germain-en-Coglès, canton of Saint-Brice-en-Coglès, -Arrondissement of Fougères (Ille-et-Vilaine). Balzac laid the scene of -his <i>Chouans</i> in the neighbourhood of Fougères, and wrote his novel -at Marigny, where he was staying as the guest of General the Baron -de Pommereul. The Comtesse de Marigny died 18 July 1860, in her one -hundred and first year.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_203_208" id="Footnote_203_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203_208"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> Antoinette Cécile Clavel (<i>circa</i> 1756-1812), first -singer at the Opera. Her features were not beautiful but exceedingly -expressive; she excelled in Gluck's operas. She was first married to an -adventurer called Saint-Huberti, and later to the Comte d'Entragues, -whom she had followed into the Emigration. They were both assassinated -at their cottage on the Terrace, Barnes, by an Italian servant who had -been dismissed the day before.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_204_209" id="Footnote_204_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204_209"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> François Maréchal Baron de Bassompierre (1579-1646), -figured at the Court of Henry IV., and in the wars of Henry IV. and -Louis XIII. The latter monarch created him a marshal, and employed -him upon various embassies. He succeeded, however, in incurring the -displeasure of Richelieu, who imprisoned him in the Bastille in 1631, -where he remained until the Cardinal's death in 1643. It was there that -he wrote his famous Memoirs.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_205_210" id="Footnote_205_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205_210"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> <i>Mémoires du maréchal de Bassompierre, contenant -l'histoire de sa vie et ce qui s'est fait de plus remarquable à la cour -de France jusqu'en</i> 1640, I. 305.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_206_211" id="Footnote_206_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206_211"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> Henry IV. (1553-1610), King of France and Navarre, born -at Pau in the Province of Béarn.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_207_212" id="Footnote_207_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207_212"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> Catherine Henriette de Balzac d'Entragues, Marquise de -Verneuil (1583-1633), daughter of François d'Entragues, Governor of -Orléans, and of Marie Touchet, mistress of Charles IX. She became Henry -IV.'s mistress after the death of Gabrielle d'Estrées, and bitterly -resented his marriage to Marie de Médicis, the more so as the King had -given her a written promise of marriage, which was torn up by the Duc -de Sully.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_208_213" id="Footnote_208_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208_213"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> JOHN, X. 33.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_209_214" id="Footnote_209_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209_214"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> Marie Henry François Franquetot, Duc de Coigny -(1737-1821), the King's First Equerry. Under the Restoration, he was -created a peer of France in 1814, appointed Governor of the Invalides -in 1816, and a marshal of France in the same year.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_210_215" id="Footnote_210_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210_215"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> I have met M. le Comte d'Hautefeuille again; he is -engaged in translating selections from Byron; Madame la Comtesse -d'Hautefeuille is the gifted author of the <i>Âme exilée</i>, &c.—<i>Author's -Note.</i> -</p> -<p> -Charles Louis Félicité Texier, Comte d'Hautefeuille (1770-1865), after -fighting in the Princes' Army, took service in Sweden, in the Royal -Guards, and did not return to France till 1811. He married, in 1823, -Mademoiselle de Beaurepaire, daughter of one of the bravest officers -in the Vendean Army. The Comtesse d'Hautefeuille published a number of -noteworthy works under the pseudonym of "Anna-Marie."—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_211_216" id="Footnote_211_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211_216"><span class="label">[211]</span></a> The Duc de Coigny was accused by the detractors of Marie -Antoinette of having been in her good graces in the early years of the -reign of Louis XVI.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_212_217" id="Footnote_212_217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212_217"><span class="label">[212]</span></a> Charles Juste Maréchal Duc de Beauvau (1720-1793), -member of the French and Della Cruscan Academies.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_213_218" id="Footnote_213_218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213_218"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> The following appears in the <i>Gazette de France</i> of -Tuesday 27 February 1787: -</p> -<p> -"The Comte Charles d'Hautefeuille, the Baron de Saint-Marsault, -the Baron de Saint-Marsault Chatelaillon and the Chevalier de -Chateaubriand, who had previously had the honor of being presented to -the King, had, on the 19th, that of riding in His Majesty's carriages -and following him in the hunt."—<i>Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_214_219" id="Footnote_214_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214_219"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> Françoise Comtesse de Chateaubriand (1475-1537), -daughter of Jean de Foix, Vicomte de Narbonne, and sister of the -Vicomte de Lautrec and the Maréchal de Foix. She inspired a passion in -François I., but after a year was supplanted by the Duchesse d'Étampes -(<i>vide infra</i>), and remained the victim of the jealousy of her husband, -who has been accused of hastening her death.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_215_220" id="Footnote_215_220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215_220"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> Anne de Pisseleu, Duchesse d'Étampes (<i>circa</i> -1508-<i>circa</i> 1576), first known as Mademoiselle d'Heilly, -maid-of-honour to the Comtesse d'Angoulême, mother of François I. -She became the King's mistress at the age of eighteen; he married -her to a certain Jean de Brosse, and gave her the county of Étampes, -first raising it to a duchy. She practically governed France for -two-and-twenty years, until the King's death in 1547, when she -retired into obscurity and solaced her solitude by embracing the -Reformation.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_216_221" id="Footnote_216_221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216_221"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> The <i>Mémorial historique de la Noblesse</i> has printed -a hitherto unpublished document, annotated in the King's hand, taken -from the Archives of the Kingdom, register M 813 and portfolio M 814; -it contains the "Entrances." My own name and my brother's appear -in it: this shows that my memory has not been at fruit as regards -dates.—<i>Author's Note</i> (Paris, 1840).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_217_222" id="Footnote_217_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_217_222"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> This idyll appears in the <i>Almanack des Muses</i> for 1790, -p. 205, under the title: L'<i>Amour de la campagne</i> and the signature: -"By the Chevalier de C<sup>***</sup>." Chateaubriand included it in his -Complete Works.—B.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p></div> - - - - -<h4><a name="BOOK_V" id="BOOK_V">BOOK V</a><a name="FNanchor_218_223" id="FNanchor_218_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_218_223" class="fnanchor">[218]</a></h4> - - -<p>Stay in Brittany—In garrison at Dieppe—I return to Paris with Lucile -and Julie—Delisle de Sales—Men of letters—Portraits—The Rosanbo -family—M. de Malesherbes—His predilection for Lucile—Appearance -and change of my sylph—Early political disturbances in Brittany—A -glance at the history of the monarchy—Constitution of the States -of Brittany—The holding of the States—The King's revenue in -Brittany—Private revenue of the province—Hearth-money—I am -present for the first time at a political meeting—A scene—My -mother moves to Saint-Malo—I receive the tonsure—The country -round Saint-Malo—The ghost—The sick man—The States of Brittany -in 1789—Riots—Saint-Riveul, my schoolfellow, is killed—The year -1789—Journey from Brittany to Paris—Movement on the road—Appearance -of Paris—Dismissal of M. Necker—Versailles—Delight of the Royal -Family—General insurrection—Capture of the Bastille—Effect of -the capture of the Bastille on the Court—The heads of Foullon -and Bertier—Recall of M. Necker—Sitting of the 4th of August -1789—The day's work of the 5th of October—The King is taken to -Paris—The Constituent Assembly—Mirabeau—Sittings of the National -Assembly—Robespierre—Society-Aspect of Paris—What I did amidst all -this turmoil—My solitary days—Mademoiselle Monet—I draw up with -M. de Malesherbes the plan of my journey in America—Bonaparte and -I both unknown subalterns—The Marquis de La Rouërie—I embark at -Saint-Malo—Last thoughts on leaving my native land.</p> - - -<p class="p2">All that has been read in the previous chapter was written in Berlin. I -have returned to Paris for the christening of the Duc de Bordeaux<a name="FNanchor_219_224" id="FNanchor_219_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_219_224" class="fnanchor">[219]</a>, -and have resigned my embassy through political fidelity to M. de -Villèle<a name="FNanchor_220_225" id="FNanchor_220_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_220_225" class="fnanchor">[220]</a>, who has left the Cabinet. Restored to leisure, let me -write. The more these Memoirs become filled with my years that have -passed, the more do they remind me of the lower bulb of an hour-glass -which marks what has fallen from my life: when all the sand shall have -passed through, I would not turn over my glass clock, if God gave me -power to do so.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The new solitude into which I entered in Brittany, after my -presentation, was no longer that of Combourg; it was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> not so entire, -nor so serious, nor, to tell the truth, so forced: I was free to -leave it; it lost its value. An old armorial lady of the castle, -an old escutcheoned baron, watching over their last son and their -last daughter in a feudal manor, presented what the English call -"characters:" there was nothing provincial, nothing narrow in that -life, because it was not the common life.</p> - -<p>With my sisters, provincial life went on as usual amid the fields: -neighbours danced at each other's houses or acted plays, in which -I performed occasionally and very badly. In the winter one had, at -Fougères, to submit to the society of a small town, with its balls, -assemblies, and dinners, and I could not live forgotten, as in Paris.</p> - -<p>On the other hand, I had not seen the army, the Court, without -undergoing a certain change in my ideas. In spite of my natural -inclinations, an indefinite something struggled within me against -obscurity, and besought me to emerge from the shadow. Julie detested -country life, and the instinct of genius and beauty impelled Lucile -towards a wider stage.</p> - -<p>I thus felt a discomfort in my existence which warned me that that -existence was not my destiny.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Garrison life at Dieppe.</div> - -<p>Nevertheless, I continued, to love the country, and round about Marigny -it was charming<a name="FNanchor_221_226" id="FNanchor_221_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_221_226" class="fnanchor">[221]</a>. My regiment had moved its quarters: the first -battalion was garrisoned at the Havre, the second at Dieppe. I joined -the latter; my presentation at Court made a personage of me. I acquired -a taste for my profession; I worked hard at my training; I was placed -in charge of recruits, whom I drilled on the pebbly beach: the sea has -been the background of almost all the scenes of my life.</p> - -<p>La Martinière did not concern himself at Dieppe with his homonym of -Lamartinière<a name="FNanchor_222_227" id="FNanchor_222_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_222_227" class="fnanchor">[222]</a>, nor with the Père Simon<a name="FNanchor_223_228" id="FNanchor_223_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_223_228" class="fnanchor">[223]</a>, who wrote against -Bossuet, Port-Royal, and the Benedictines, nor with Pecquet<a name="FNanchor_224_229" id="FNanchor_224_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_224_229" class="fnanchor">[224]</a> the -anatomist, whom Madame de Sévigné<a name="FNanchor_225_230" id="FNanchor_225_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_225_230" class="fnanchor">[225]</a> calls "little Pecquet;" but -La Martinière was in love at Dieppe as at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> Cambrai: he pined away at -the feet of a lusty woman of Caux<a name="FNanchor_226_231" id="FNanchor_226_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_226_231" class="fnanchor">[226]</a>, whose cap and head-dress were -half a fathom high. She was not young: by an odd chance, her name was -Cauchie, and she was apparently the grand-daughter of that other native -of Dieppe, Anne Cauchie, who, in 1645, was one hundred and fifty years -old.</p> - -<p>In 1647, Anne of Austria, like myself watching the sea from the windows -of her chamber, amused herself by seeing the fire-ships bum for her -diversion. She allowed the nations which had been faithful to Henry IV. -to guard young Louis XIV., and gave endless benisons to those nations -"in spite of their villainous Norman speech."</p> - -<p>At Dieppe there still prevailed some of the feudal fines which I had -seen paid at Combourg: there were due to the burgess Vauquelin three -pigs' heads, each with an orange between its teeth, and three marked -sous of the oldest known coinage.</p> - -<p>I went to spend a week at Fougères. There reigned a noble spinster, -called Mademoiselle de La Belinaye<a name="FNanchor_227_232" id="FNanchor_227_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_227_232" class="fnanchor">[227]</a>, aunt to the Comtesse de -Tronjoli of whom I have spoken. An agreeable, but ugly, sister of an -officer in the Condé Regiment attracted my admiration: I was not bold -enough to raise my eyes to beauty; I dared to risk a respectful tribute -only by favour of a woman's imperfections.</p> - -<p>Madame de Farcy, continuing in ill-health, at last resolved to leave -Brittany. She persuaded Lucile to accompany her; Lucile, in her -turn, overcame my repugnance: we set out for Paris; it was the sweet -partnership of the three youngest birds of the brood. My brother was -married; he lived with his father-in-law, the President de Rosanbo, in -the Rue de Bondy. We agreed to settle in his neighbourhood: through the -good offices of M. Delisle de Sales<a name="FNanchor_228_233" id="FNanchor_228_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_228_233" class="fnanchor">[228]</a>, who lived in the Pavilions -de Saint-Lazare, at the top of the Faubourg Saint-Denis, we secured an -apartment in these same "pavilions<a name="FNanchor_229_234" id="FNanchor_229_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_229_234" class="fnanchor">[229]</a>."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Delisle de Sales.</div> - -<p>Madame de Farcy had become acquainted, I know not how, with Delisle de -Sales, who had formerly been sent to Vincennes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> for some philosophical -nonsense or other. At that time, one became a celebrity if he had -scribbled a few lines of prose or published a quatrain in the <i>Almanack -des Muses.</i> Delisle de Sales, a very worthy man, most decidedly under -the average, suffered from a serious relaxation of the intellect, and -allowed his years to slip from under him. The old man had got together -a handsome library consisting of his own works, which he dealt in -abroad, and which nobody read in Paris. Every year, in spring, he went -to Germany to renew his stock of ideas. He wore a greasy, unbuttoned -coat, and carried a roll of dirty paper which one saw protruding from -his pocket: on this he would jot down his thoughts of the moment at -the street-corners. On the pedestal of his own bust in marble he had -himself placed the following inscription, borrowed from the bust of -Buffon: "God, man and nature: he explained them all." Delisle de -Sales explaining everything! These boasts are very pleasant, but very -discouraging. Who is in a position to flatter himself that he possesses -real talent? May we not all, such as we are, be under the sway of an -illusion similar to that of Delisle de Sales? I would wager that some -author will read this phrase who believes himself a genius and is none -the less a blockhead.</p> - -<p>If I have expatiated at too great length on the subject of the worthy -man of the Pavilions de Saint-Lazare, the reason is that he was the -first man of letters I met. He introduced me to the company of others. -The presence of my two sisters made life in Paris less unbearable -to me; my love of study still further overcame my distaste. Delisle -de Sales I considered an eagle. I met at his rooms Carbon Flins des -Oliviers<a name="FNanchor_230_235" id="FNanchor_230_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_230_235" class="fnanchor">[230]</a>, who fell in love with Madame de Farcy. She laughed at -him; he put a good face upon it, for he prided himself upon being a man -of breeding. Flins introduced me to his friend Fontanes, who became -mine.</p> - -<p>Flins was the son of an administrator of woods and forests at Rheims, -and had received a neglected education; he was for all that a man of -sense, and sometimes of talent. It was impossible to imagine anything -uglier than he: short and bloated, with large, prominent eyes, -bristling hair, dirty teeth, and yet a not over-vulgar air. His manner -of life, which was that of nearly all the men of letters in Paris at -that time, deserves to be told. Flins occupied a lodging in the Rue -Mazarine, pretty near La Harpe, who lived in the Rue<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> Guénégaud. He -was waited upon by two Savoyards, disguised as flunkeys by means of -livery cloaks; they followed him at night, and opened the door to -his visitors in the day-time. Flins went regularly to the Théâtre -Français, which at that time was situate in the Odéon and excelled -particularly in comedy. Brizard<a name="FNanchor_231_236" id="FNanchor_231_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_231_236" class="fnanchor">[231]</a> had only just retired; Talma<a name="FNanchor_232_237" id="FNanchor_232_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_232_237" class="fnanchor">[232]</a> -was commencing; Larive<a name="FNanchor_233_238" id="FNanchor_233_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_233_238" class="fnanchor">[233]</a>, Saint-Phal, Fleury<a name="FNanchor_234_239" id="FNanchor_234_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_234_239" class="fnanchor">[234]</a>, Molé<a name="FNanchor_235_240" id="FNanchor_235_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_235_240" class="fnanchor">[235]</a>, -Dazincourt, Dugazon<a name="FNanchor_236_241" id="FNanchor_236_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_236_241" class="fnanchor">[236]</a>, Grandmesnil<a name="FNanchor_237_242" id="FNanchor_237_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_237_242" class="fnanchor">[237]</a>, Mesdames Contat<a name="FNanchor_238_243" id="FNanchor_238_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_238_243" class="fnanchor">[238]</a>, -Saint-Val<a name="FNanchor_239_244" id="FNanchor_239_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_239_244" class="fnanchor">[239]</a>, Desgarcins, Olivier<a name="FNanchor_240_245" id="FNanchor_240_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_240_245" class="fnanchor">[240]</a> were in the full vigor of -their talent, pending the arrival of Mademoiselle Mars<a name="FNanchor_241_246" id="FNanchor_241_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_241_246" class="fnanchor">[241]</a>, daughter -of Monvel<a name="FNanchor_242_247" id="FNanchor_242_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_242_247" class="fnanchor">[242]</a>, who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> was preparing to make her first appearance at -the Théâtre Montansier<a name="FNanchor_243_248" id="FNanchor_243_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_243_248" class="fnanchor">[243]</a>. The actresses protected the authors, and -sometimes became the occasion of their fortune.</p> - -<p>Flins, who had only a small allowance from his family, lived on credit. -When Parliament was not sitting, he pawned his Savoyards' liveries, -his two watches, his rings and underclothing, paid his debts with the -amount thus raised, went to Rheims, spent three months there, returned -to Paris, redeemed, with the money his father had given him, the -articles which he had pledged at the pawnshops, and resumed his round -of life, ever gay and popular.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Chevalier de Parny.</div> - -<p>In the course of the two years that elapsed between my settling in -Paris and the opening of the States-General, the circle in which I -moved increased. I knew the elegies of the Chevalier de Parny by heart, -as I know them still I wrote to him to ask leave to set eyes upon a -poet whose works delighted me; I received a civil reply, and called -upon him in the Rue de Cléry. I found a man still fairly young in -years, of very pleasant manners, tall, spare, with a face pitted with -the small-pox. He returned my visit; I introduced him to my sisters. He -cared little for society, and was soon driven from it on account of his -politics: at that time he belonged to the old party. I have never known -a writer who more closely resembled his works: poet and Creole<a name="FNanchor_244_249" id="FNanchor_244_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_244_249" class="fnanchor">[244]</a> as -he was, all he needed was the Indian sky, a fountain, a palm-tree, and -a woman by his side. He dreaded noise, tried to glide unnoticed through -life, sacrificed everything to his idleness, and, amid the obscurity in -which he dwelt, was betrayed only by his pleasures, which played upon -his lyre as they passed<a name="FNanchor_245_250" id="FNanchor_245_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_245_250" class="fnanchor">[245]</a>.</p> - -<p>It was this inability to escape from his indolence which turned the -Chevalier de Parny from the furious aristocrat that he was into a -wretched revolutionary, insulting persecuted religion and priests on -the scaffold, purchasing repose at all costs, and foisting upon the -muse that had sung Éléonore the language of the houses where Camille -Desmoulins went to haggle for the pleasures of love.</p> - -<p>The author of the <i>Histoire de la literature italienne</i>, who crept into -the Revolution in Chamfort's wake, came to visit us, thanks to the -cousinship that exists among all Bretons. Ginguené lived in society -upon a reputation acquired through<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> a rather graceful set of verses, -the <i>Confession de Zulmé</i>, which obtained for him a paltry place in M. -de Necker's<a name="FNanchor_246_251" id="FNanchor_246_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_246_251" class="fnanchor">[246]</a> offices: hence his article upon his admission to the -office of the Controller-General. Somebody disputed Ginguené's claim -to the authorship of the <i>Confession de Zulmé</i> upon which his fame was -based; but it was, as a matter of fact, his own.</p> - -<p>The Rennes poet was a good musician and wrote ballads. Humble as he -began by being, we saw his pride grow as he succeeded in hanging upon -the skirts of some well-known man. About the time of the summoning of -the States-General, Chamfort employed him to scribble articles for the -newspapers and speeches for the clubs: he then became arrogant. At the -first Federation he said: "There's a fine entertainment! In order to -light it better, we ought to burn an aristocrat at each of the four -corners of the altar!" There was nothing original in this aspiration; -long before him, Louis Dorléans, the Leaguer, had written in his -<i>Banquet du Comte d'Arète</i> that "one ought to fasten the Protestant -ministers by way of faggots to the stake of the Midsummer's Night -bonfires, and put King Henry IV. into the barrel where one put the -cats."</p> - -<p>Ginguené knew of the revolutionary murders before they took place. -Madame Ginguené warned my sisters and my wife of the massacre planned -at the Carmelites, and gave them shelter: she lived in the Cul-de-sac -Férou, near the place where throats were to be cut.</p> - -<p>After the Terror, Ginguené became a sort of head of the department of -Public Instruction; it was then that he sang the <i>Arbre de la liberté</i> -at the Cadran-Bleu, to the air of <i>Je l'ai planté, je l'ai vu naître.</i> -He was considered sufficiently pious, philosophically, for an embassy -to the Court of one of the kings who were being discrowned. He wrote -from Turin to M. de Talleyrand that he had "overcome a prejudice:" he -had caused his wife to be received at Court in a <i>pet-en-l'air?</i><a name="FNanchor_247_252" id="FNanchor_247_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_247_252" class="fnanchor">[247]</a> -After falling from mediocrity to importance, from importance to -silliness, and from silliness to absurdity, he ended his days as a -distinguished<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> critic, and what is better, as an independent writer in -the <i>Décade</i><a name="FNanchor_248_253" id="FNanchor_248_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_248_253" class="fnanchor">[248]</a>: nature had restored him to the place whence Society -had to such ill purpose taken him. His information is second-hand, his -prose dull, his verse correct and sometimes agreeable.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Guinguené and Le Brun.</div> - -<p>Ginguené had a friend, the poet Le Brun<a name="FNanchor_249_254" id="FNanchor_249_254"></a><a href="#Footnote_249_254" class="fnanchor">[249]</a>. Ginguené protected -Le Brun, in the way in which a man of talent, who knows the world, -protects the simplicity of a man of genius; Le Brun in his turn cast -his radiancy over Ginguené's eminence. Nothing more comical was seen -than the part played by these two cronies who, by a gentle commerce, -did each other all the services which two men excelling in different -spheres are able to render one to the other.</p> - -<p>Le Brun was simply a mock gentleman of the Empyrean; his poetic spirit -was as cold as his transports were icy. His Parnassus was a top room in -the Rue Montmartre, furnished with a pile of books heaped pell-mell on -the floor, a trestle-bed, the curtains of which consisted of two dirty -towels dangling from a rusty iron rod, and the half of an ewer propped -up against a bottomless chair. It was not that Le Brun was in needy -circumstances; but he was a miser and addicted to loose women.</p> - -<p>At M. de Vaudreuil's "classical supper<a name="FNanchor_250_255" id="FNanchor_250_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_250_255" class="fnanchor">[250]</a>," he impersonated Pindar. -Among his lyrical poems are to be found energetic or elegant stanzas, -as in the ode on the ship <i>Vengeur</i> or the ode on the <i>Environs de -Paris.</i> His elegies issued from his head, rarely from his soul; his -was a labored, not a natural, originality; he created only by sheer -force of art: he toiled to distort the meanings of words and to unite -them in monstrous alliances. Le Brun had only one real talent, that of -satire; his epistle on <i>La bonne et la mauvaise plaisanterie</i> enjoyed a -well-deserved renown. Some of his epigrams are worthy of mention with -J. B. Rousseau's; La Harpe above all inspired him. One more justice -should be done him: he retained<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> his independence under Bonaparte, -and has left trenchant verses directed against the oppressor of our -liberties<a name="FNanchor_251_256" id="FNanchor_251_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_251_256" class="fnanchor">[251]</a>.</p> - -<p>But unquestionably the most atrabiliary of the men of letters whom I -knew in Paris at that time was Chamfort. Attacked with the disorder -that produced the Jacobins, he was unable to forgive mankind for the -accident of his birth<a name="FNanchor_252_257" id="FNanchor_252_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_252_257" class="fnanchor">[252]</a>. He betrayed the houses to which he was -admitted; he took the cynicism of his language for a picture of the -manners of the Court. It would not be possible to deny that he had -wit and talent, but wit and talent of the kind which does not reach -posterity. When he saw that he was unable to attain to any position -under the Revolution, he turned against himself the hands which he -had raised against society. No longer to his vanity did the Phrygian -cap appear as but another kind of crown, sans-culottism as a sort of -nobility, of which Marat and Robespierre were the grandees. Furious -at finding inequality of rank in the very world of sorrow and of -tears, condemned to remain no more than a "villein" in the feudality -of executioners, he tried to kill himself in order to escape from -superiority in crime; he failed in his attempt: death laughs at those -who summon it and who mistake it for annihilation.</p> - -<p>I did not meet the Abbé Delille<a name="FNanchor_253_258" id="FNanchor_253_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_253_258" class="fnanchor">[253]</a> until 1798, in London, and I never -saw Rulhière<a name="FNanchor_254_259" id="FNanchor_254_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_254_259" class="fnanchor">[254]</a>, who lives through Madame d'Egmont<a name="FNanchor_255_260" id="FNanchor_255_260"></a><a href="#Footnote_255_260" class="fnanchor">[255]</a> and makes her -live, nor Palissot<a name="FNanchor_256_261" id="FNanchor_256_261"></a><a href="#Footnote_256_261" class="fnanchor">[256]</a>, nor Beaumarchais<a name="FNanchor_257_262" id="FNanchor_257_262"></a><a href="#Footnote_257_262" class="fnanchor">[257]</a>, nor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> Marmontel<a name="FNanchor_258_263" id="FNanchor_258_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_258_263" class="fnanchor">[258]</a>. -The same with Chénier<a name="FNanchor_259_264" id="FNanchor_259_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_259_264" class="fnanchor">[259]</a>, whom I never met, who has often attacked -me, to whom I never replied, and whose place at the Institute was to be -the cause of one of the crises of my life.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Eighteenth-century writers.</div> - -<p>When I read over again the majority of the writers of the eighteenth -century, I am amazed to think of the renown which they achieved and of -my former admiration for them. Whether it be that the language has made -progress, or that it has gone backward, or that we have advanced in -civilization or retreated towards barbarism, it is certain that I find -something threadbare, antiquated, grizzled, cold, and lifeless in the -authors who were the delight of my youth. I find even in the greatest -writers of the Voltairean age things that are poor in sentiment, -thought, and style.</p> - -<p>Whom am I to blame for my disappointment? I fear the chief guilt -lies with myself; born innovator that I am, I may perhaps have -communicated to younger generations the malady with which I was seized. -Terror-stricken, in vain I cry to my children, "Do not forget your -French!" They reply in the words of the Limosin to Pantagruel, that -they come "from alme, inclyte and celebrate academy, which is vocitated -Lutetia<a name="FNanchor_260_265" id="FNanchor_260_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_260_265" class="fnanchor">[260]</a>."</p> - -<p>This habit of latinizing and hellenizing our language is not new, as we -see: Rabelais cured it, it reappeared in Ronsard<a name="FNanchor_261_266" id="FNanchor_261_266"></a><a href="#Footnote_261_266" class="fnanchor">[261]</a>; Boileau attacked -it. In our time it has been revived by science; our revolutionaries, -great Greeks by nature, have compelled our merchants and farmers to -calculate in hectares, hectolitres, kilometers, millimeters, decagrams: -politics have "ronsardized" everything.</p> - -<p>I might have spoken here of M. de La Harpe, whom I knew at that time, -and to whom I will return; I might have added M. de Fontanes' portrait -to my gallery; but although my acquaintance with that excellent man -began in 1789, it was not until we met in England that I became united -to him in a friendship which ever increased with bad, and never<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> -diminished with good fortune: I will tell you of him later in all the -effusion of my heart. I shall have no talents to depict but those which -no longer console the earth. The death of my friend has occurred at the -moment when my recollections were leading me to trace the commencement -of his life<a name="FNanchor_262_267" id="FNanchor_262_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_262_267" class="fnanchor">[262]</a>. So great a flight is our existence that, if we do not -write down in the evening what has happened in the morning, our work -obstructs us, and we no longer have the time to keep it posted up. This -does not prevent us from wasting our years, from flinging to the winds -the hours which are for men the seeds of eternity.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>While my inclination and that of my two sisters threw me into this -literary society, our position obliged us to frequent another set; the -family of my brother's wife was naturally the centre for us of this -second circle.</p> - -<p>The Président Le Peletier de Rosanbo, who since died with such great -courage<a name="FNanchor_263_268" id="FNanchor_263_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_263_268" class="fnanchor">[263]</a>, was at the time of my arrival in Paris a model of -frivolity. At that period, men's minds and manners were in every way -unsettled, a symptom of a coming revolution. Magistrates were ashamed -to wear the robe, and mocked at the gravity of their fathers. The -Lamoignons, the Molés, the Séguiers, the d'Aguesseaus<a name="FNanchor_264_269" id="FNanchor_264_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_264_269" class="fnanchor">[264]</a> wished -to fight<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> instead of judging. The Presidents' wives ceased to be -respectable mothers of families and left their gloomy mansions in order -to seek brilliant adventures<a name="FNanchor_265_270" id="FNanchor_265_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_265_270" class="fnanchor">[265]</a>. The priest in the pulpit avoided -pronouncing the name of Jesus Christ and spoke only of the "Law-giver -of the Christians;" the ministers were falling pell-mell; power slipped -through each one's fingers. The height of fashion was to be American -in town, English at Court, Prussian in the army; to be anything except -French. All that was said, all that was done, was one long series of -inconsistencies. They wished to keep up the commendatory clergy, and -would have none of religion; none could be an officer who was not -of gentle birth, whereas the nobility was railed at; equality was -introduced into the drawing-rooms together with flogging into the camps.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">M. de Malesherbes.</div> - -<p>M. de Malesherbes had three daughters<a name="FNanchor_266_271" id="FNanchor_266_271"></a><a href="#Footnote_266_271" class="fnanchor">[266]</a>, Mesdames de Rosanbo, -d'Aulnay, and de Montboissier; he loved Madame de Rosanbo the best, -because her opinions resembled his own. The Président de Rosanbo<a name="FNanchor_267_272" id="FNanchor_267_272"></a><a href="#Footnote_267_272" class="fnanchor">[267]</a> -also had three daughters, Mesdames de Chateaubriand, d'Aulnay<a name="FNanchor_268_273" id="FNanchor_268_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_268_273" class="fnanchor">[268]</a>, -and de Tocqueville, and one son, whose brilliant mind clothed itself -in Christian perfection. M. de Malesherbes was happy in the midst of -his children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren. Time after time I -have seen him, in the early days of the Revolution, arrive at Madame de -Rosanbo's, all heated with politics, fling off his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> wig, lie down upon -the carpet of my sister's room, and submit to the uproarious teasing -of the rebellious children. His manners would have been considered -almost vulgar, if he had not possessed a certain brusqueness which -saved him from being commonplace: at the first words he uttered, one -recognized the bearer of an old name and the superior magistrate. His -natural virtues were somewhat tainted with affectation, thanks to -the philosophy which he mingled with them. He was full of knowledge, -honesty, and courage, but impetuous and passionate to such an extent -that he once said to me, speaking of Condorcet:</p> - -<p>"That man was once my friend; today I would not scruple to kill him -like a dog."</p> - -<p>The tide of the Revolution overwhelmed him, and his death established -his glory. This great man would have remained hidden beneath his -merits, if misfortune had not revealed him to the world. A noble -Venetian lost his life at the moment when he discovered his title-deeds -amid the falling ruins of an old palace.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /><div class="figcenter" style="width: 475px;"> -<a id="chat004"></a> -<img src="images/chat_004.jpg" width="475" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">C. G. Lamoignon de Malesherbes.</p> -</div> -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p>M. de Malesherbes' free ways removed all my constraint. He found that -I was not without information; this first point gave us something -in common: we spoke of botany and geography, two of his favourite -subjects. It was in the course of my conversations with him that I -first conceived the idea of making a journey in North America, with -the object of discovering the ocean seen by Hearne and later by -Mackenzie<a name="FNanchor_269_274" id="FNanchor_269_274"></a><a href="#Footnote_269_274" class="fnanchor">[269]</a>. We also held views in common on politics: the generous -sentiments which were at the root of our earlier troubles appealed -to the independence of my character; my natural antipathy to the -Court gave strength to this inclination. I was on the side of M. de -Malesherbes and of Madame de Rosanbo as against M. de Rosanbo and my -brother, who was nicknamed "the raving Chateaubriand." The Revolution -would have carried me away, had it not started in crime: I saw the -first head carried on the end of a pike, and I drew back. Murder will -never to my eyes be an object of admiration or an argument in favour -of liberty; I know nothing more servile, more contemptible, more -cowardly, more shallow than a Terrorist. Have I not in France seen the -whole of this race of Brutus take service with Caesar and his police? -The levellers, regenerators, cut-throats had been transformed into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> -lackeys, spies, sycophants, and even less naturally into dukes, counts, -and barons: such a medievalism!</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My great liking for him.</div> - -<p>Lastly, what attached me still more to the illustrious old man was his -predilection for my sister: in spite of the Comtesse Lucile's shyness, -we succeeded, with the aid of a glass of champagne, in inducing her -to take a part in a little play on the occasion of M. de Malesherbes' -birthday; her performance was so touching that it turned that good and -great man's head. He was even more eager than my brother in urging her -translation from the Chapter of the Argentière to that of Remiremont, -which insisted upon the rigorous and difficult proofs of the "sixteen -quarterings." For all his philosophy, M. de Malesherbes possessed -principles of birth in an eminent degree.</p> - -<p>This picture of men and society at the time of my entrance into the -world must be spread over a space of about two years, from 25 May -1787, the date of the closing of the first Assembly of Notables, to 5 -May 1789, that of the opening of the States-General. During these two -years, my sisters and I did not continually live in Paris, nor in the -same part of Paris. I will now go back and carry my readers to Brittany.</p> - -<p>I must add that I was still infatuated with my illusions; now -that I no longer had my woods, I had discovered a new solitude in -remote times instead of places. In old Paris, in the enclosures of -Saint-Germain-des-Prés, in the cloisters of the convents, in the vaults -of Saint-Denis, in the Sainte Chapelle, in Notre Dame, in the little -streets of the Cité, at the modest door of Héloïse, I again met my -enchantress; but beneath the Gothic arches and among the tombs she had -assumed a deathlike aspect: she was pale, she looked at me with sad -eyes; she was but the shadow or the manes of the dream which I had -loved.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>My political education commenced with my different visits to Brittany -in 1787 and 1788. The Provincial States furnished the model of the -States-General; also the local troubles which heralded those of the -nation broke out in two districts possessing States, Brittany and -Dauphiné.</p> - -<p>The transformation that had been developing for two centuries was -nearing its termination. France had passed from feudal monarchy to the -monarchy of States-General, from the monarchy of States-General to the -monarchy of parliaments, from the monarchy of parliaments to absolute -monarchy, and was now tending towards representative monarchy, across -the struggle between the magistracy and the royal power.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p> - -<p>The Maupeou Parliament<a name="FNanchor_270_275" id="FNanchor_270_275"></a><a href="#Footnote_270_275" class="fnanchor">[270]</a>, the establishment of provincial -assemblies, coupled with individual voting-power, the first and second -Assemblies of Notables, the Plenary Court, the formation of grand -bailiwicks, the reinstatement of the Protestants in their civil rights, -the partial abolition of torture and of forced labour, the equal -division of taxation were so many successive proofs of the revolution -which was at work. But at that time these facts were not seen as a -whole: each event appeared in the light of an isolated accident. At -every period of history, there exists a guiding thought. Looking only -at one point, one fails to see the rays converging at the centre of -all the other points; one does not go back as far as the secret agency -which gives life and movement to the whole, like water and fire in -machinery: that is why, at the outset of revolutions, so many people -believe that it is enough to break this wheel or that to prevent the -torrent from rushing or the steam from exploding.</p> - -<p>The eighteenth century, a century of intellectual action, not of -material action, would not have succeeded in so promptly altering -the laws, had it not found its vehicle: the parliaments, and notably -the Parliament of Paris, became the instruments of the philosophical -system. Every opinion dies an impotent or distracted death, if it be -not lodged in an assembly which turns it into a power, supplies it with -a will, furnishes it with a tongue and a pair of arms. Revolutions -succeed, and always will succeed, only by means of corporate -assemblies, lawful or unlawful.</p> - -<p>The parliaments had their cause to avenge: absolute monarchy had stolen -from them the authority which they had usurped from the States-General. -Enforced registrations<a name="FNanchor_271_276" id="FNanchor_271_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_271_276" class="fnanchor">[271]</a>, beds of justice, sentences of exile, -while making the magistrates popular, drove them to demand liberties -of which, in their hearts, they were not the sincere upholders. They -called for the restoration of the States-General, not daring to admit -that they wished to secure the legislative and political power for -themselves; and thus they hastened on the resurrection of a body of -which they had gathered the inheritance, a body which, on returning -to life, would at once reduce them to their own department. Men are -almost invariably deceived as to their true interests, whether moved by -wisdom or passion: Louis XVI. restored the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> parliaments which forced -him to summon the States-General; the States-General, converted into -a National Assembly and soon into a Convention, destroyed the throne -and the parliaments, and sent to their deaths both the judges and the -monarch from whom justice emanated. But Louis XVI. and the parliaments -acted in this manner because they were the unconscious instruments of a -social revolution.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">State-General.</div> - -<p>The idea of the States-General was, therefore, in all men's heads; only -they did not see whither it would lead them. It was the question, for -the crowd, how to make up a deficit which the smallest banker of today -would undertake to remove. The application of so violent a remedy to so -small an evil proves that the public was being carried towards unknown -political regions. For the year 1786, the only year of which the -financial state has been affirmed, the revenue amounted to 412,924,000, -the expenditure to 593,542,000 livres, leaving a deficit of 180,618,000 -livres, which was reduced to 140 millions through economies amounting -to 40,618,000 livres. In this budget, the Royal Household figures for -the immense sum of 37,200,000 livres: the Princes' debts, the purchase -of country-seats, and the Court malversations were the cause of this -additional burden.</p> - -<p>It was desired to have the States-General in the form they assumed in -1614. The historians always quote this form as though one had never -heard speak of States-General or of a demand for their convocation -since 1614. And yet in 1651 the orders of the nobility and the clergy, -meeting in Paris, demanded States-General. A bulky collection of acts -passed and speeches delivered on that occasion exists. The Parliament -of Paris, which was then all-powerful, far from seconding the wishes of -the two upper orders, quashed their meetings as illegal: as indeed they -were.</p> - -<p>And since I am treating of this subject, I wish to note another -serious fact which has escaped those who have concerned, and are still -concerning, themselves with writing the history of France, without -knowing it. People talk of "the three orders" as being essential to -the constitution of the States known as States-General. Well, it often -happened that bailiwicks appointed deputies for only one or two orders. -In 1614, the bailiwick of Amboise appointed none for either the clergy -or the nobility; the bailiwick of Châteauneuf-en-Thimerais sent none -for the clergy nor for the third estate; the Puy, the Rochelle, the -Lauraguais, Calais, the Haute-Marche, Châtellerault sent none for the -clergy, and Montdidier and Roye none for the nobility. Nevertheless, -the States of 1614<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> were called States-General. Thus the ancient -chronicles express themselves more correctly when they say, in speaking -of our national assemblies, "the three estates," or "the burgess -notables," or "the barons and bishops" as the case may be, and they -attribute the same legislative power to the assemblies thus composed. -In the different provinces, the third estate, even though convoked, -often refrained from deputing representatives, and this for an unheeded -but very natural reason. The third estate had taken possession of the -magistracy, from which it had driven out the men-at-arms; it held -absolute sway, except in a few parliaments, in the offices of judge, -advocate, procurator, registrar, clerk, and so forth; it made civil -and criminal laws, and, thanks to its parliamentary usurpation, it -exercised even the political power. The fortune, honour, and lives of -the citizens depended upon the third estate: all obeyed its decrees, -every head fell beneath the sword of its justices. Seeing, therefore, -that it enjoyed unlimited power, to the exclusion of the other -estates, what need had it to go begging for a portion of that power in -assemblies in which it appeared upon its knees?</p> - -<p>The people, metamorphosed into monks, had resorted to the cloisters, -and governed society through the power of religious opinion; the -people, metamorphosed into tax-gatherers and bankers, had resorted to -finance, and governed society through the power of money; the people, -metamorphosed into magistrates, had resorted to the tribunals, and -governed society through the power of the law. This great Realm of -France, so aristocratic in its parties and in its provinces, was -democratic when taken as a whole, under the direction of its King, with -whom it acted in admirable concert and nearly always went hand in hand. -This is the explanation of its long existence. There is an entirely new -history of France to be written, or rather, the history of France has -not yet been written.</p> - -<p>All the above-mentioned important questions were especially vexed -in the years 1786, 1787, and 1788. The heads of my fellow-Bretons -found abundant cause for excitement in their natural vivacity, in -the privileges of the province, the clergy, and the nobles, in the -collisions between the Parliament and the States. M. de Calonne<a name="FNanchor_272_277" id="FNanchor_272_277"></a><a href="#Footnote_272_277" class="fnanchor">[272]</a>, -for a short while Intendant of Brittany, had increased the internal -strife by favouring the cause of the third estate. M. de Montmorin<a name="FNanchor_273_278" id="FNanchor_273_278"></a><a href="#Footnote_273_278" class="fnanchor">[273]</a> -and M. de Thiard were not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> sufficiently strong leaders to ensure the -ascendency of the Court party. The nobility entered into a coalition -with the Parliament, which was itself noble; now it opposed M. Necker, -M. de Calonne, the Archbishop of Sens<a name="FNanchor_274_279" id="FNanchor_274_279"></a><a href="#Footnote_274_279" class="fnanchor">[274]</a>; now it thrust back the -popular movement, which its own early resistance had favoured. It -assembled, deliberated, and protested; the communes or municipalities -assembled, deliberated and protested in opposition. The private -question of hearth-money was mixed up with the general questions and -increased the reigning ill-will. To understand this, it is necessary to -explain the constitution of the Duchy of Brittany.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The States of Brittany.</div> - -<p>The States of Brittany varied more or less in their formation, in -common with all the States of Feudal Europe, which they resembled. -The Kings of France were established into the rights of the Dukes of -Brittany. The marriage-contract of the Duchess Anne<a name="FNanchor_275_280" id="FNanchor_275_280"></a><a href="#Footnote_275_280" class="fnanchor">[275]</a>, in 1491, not -only brought Brittany by way of dower to the crown of Charles VIII. -and Louis XII., but contained a covenant by virtue of which an end was -put to a contention which traced its origin to Charles of Blois<a name="FNanchor_276_281" id="FNanchor_276_281"></a><a href="#Footnote_276_281" class="fnanchor">[276]</a> -and the Count of Montfort<a name="FNanchor_277_282" id="FNanchor_277_282"></a><a href="#Footnote_277_282" class="fnanchor">[277]</a>. Brittany contended that daughters were -entitled to inherit the Duchy; France maintained that the succession -could take place only in the main line, and that when this line came -to be extinguished, Brittany, as a great feud, returned to the Crown. -Charles VIII. and Anne, and subsequently Anne and Louis XII., mutually -surrendered their rights or claims to each other. Claudia, daughter -of Anne and Louis XII., who became the wife of François I., on her -death left the Duchy of Brittany to François I., her husband, upon the -petition of the States assembled at Vannes, and by an edict published -at Nantes in 1532 united the Duchy to the Crown of France, guaranteeing -the Duchy's rights and privileges.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p> - -<p>At that time the States of Brittany were summoned every year; but in -1630 the sittings became biennial. The Governor proclaimed the opening -of the States. The three orders sat, according to the place, in a -church or in the halls of a convent. Each order deliberated apart: they -formed three separate assemblies with their various tempests, which -turned into a general hurricane when the clergy, the nobles, and the -third estate came to meet together. The Court breathed discord, and -talents, vanities and ambitions came into play in this restricted field -as in any more extended arena.</p> - -<p>The Père Grégoire de Rostrenen, a Capuchin friar, in the dedication -to his <i>Dictionnaire françois-breton</i>, addresses Their Lordships the -States of Brittany as follows:</p> - -<blockquote><p> -"If it was meet for none save the Roman orator worthily<br /> -to praise the august assembly of the Roman Senate, was it<br /> -meet for me to venture upon the praise of your august assembly,<br /> -which so worthily recalls to us the image of all that ancient and<br /> -modern Rome possessed that was majestic and venerable?"<br /> -</p></blockquote> - - -<p>Rostrenen proves that Celtic is one of those primitive languages which -Gomer, the eldest son of Japhet, brought to Europe, and that the -Lower Bretons, despite their short stature, descend from the giants. -Unfortunately, Gomer's Breton children, long separated from France, -allowed part of their old title-deeds to perish: their charters, -to which they did not attach sufficient importance as linking them -to general history, too often lack the authenticity to which the -decipherers of diplomas, on their side, attach too high a price.</p> - -<p>The time of the holding of the States in Brittany was a time of -balls and festivals: one dined with M. le Commandant, dined with M. -le Président de la Noblesse, dined with M. le Président du Clergé, -dined with M. le Trésorier des États, dined with M. l'Intendant de -la Province, dined with M. le Président du Parlement; one dined -everywhere: and drank! At long refectory tables sat Du Guesclins who -were husbandmen, Duguay-Trouins who were seamen, wearing at their side -their iron swords with old-fashioned guards or their short cutlasses. -All the gentlemen assisting at the States in person bore no slight -resemblance to a Diet of Poland, of Poland on foot, not on horseback, a -diet of Scythians, not of Sarmatians.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Madame de Sévigné.</div> - -<p>Unfortunately, they played too much. The balls never ended. The Bretons -are noted for their dances and dance-tunes. Madame de Sévigné has -described our political festivals<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> in the midst of the waste-lands, -like the revels of fairies and goblins which were held at night on the -moors:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"You shall now," she writes<a name="FNanchor_278_283" id="FNanchor_278_283"></a><a href="#Footnote_278_283" class="fnanchor">[278]</a>," have news about our -States for your pains of being a Breton. M. de Chaulnes made -his entry on Sunday evening, with all the noise that Vitré -could afford: on Monday morning he sent me a letter, which I -answered by going to dine with him. They dine at two tables -in the same room; there are fourteen covers at each table; -Monsieur presides at one, and Madame at the other. The good -cheer is excessive, whole dishes of roast meat are carried -away uncut; and the pyramids of fruit are so tall, that the -doorways have to be made higher. Our forefathers did not -foresee this kind of machines, seeing that they did not even -understand that a door ought to be higher than themselves.... -After dinner, Messieurs de Lomaria and Coëtlogon danced some -marvelous jigs with two Breton ladies, and minuets with -an air which our courtiers cannot approach: they execute -Gipsy and Lower Breton steps with charming daintiness and -precision.... Night and day there reign such play, good -cheer, and freedom as will attract all the world. I had -never seen the States before; it is a pretty thing enough. -I doubt if there is a province whose assembly has so grand -an air as this; it must be very full, I fancy, for there -is not one of the members at the war nor at Court; except -the little cornet<a name="FNanchor_279_284" id="FNanchor_279_284"></a><a href="#Footnote_279_284" class="fnanchor">[279]</a>, who perhaps may return here one day -like the rest.... A multitude of presents, pensions, repairs -of highways and towns, fifteen or twenty large tables, a -continual round of dancing and gaming, plays three times a -week, and a great deal of show and splendor: there you have -the States. I have forgot three or four hundred pipes of wine -which are drank out here."</p></blockquote> - - -<p>The Bretons find it difficult to forgive Madame de Sévigné for her -raillery. I am less severe; but I do not like to hear her say, "You -speak very pleasantly of our miseries; we are no longer so <i>roué</i><a name="FNanchor_280_285" id="FNanchor_280_285"></a><a href="#Footnote_280_285" class="fnanchor">[280]</a>: -<i>one</i> in eight days only, to keep justice going. 'Tis true that a -hanging now comes refreshingly to me." This is carrying the agreeable -language of the Court to excess: Barère<a name="FNanchor_281_286" id="FNanchor_281_286"></a><a href="#Footnote_281_286" class="fnanchor">[281]</a> spoke with the same grace -of the guillotine.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> In 1793, the drownings at Nantes were called -"republican marriages:" the popular despotism reproduced the amenities -of style of the royal despotism.</p> - -<p>The Paris fops, who accompanied messieurs the King's company to the -States, related that we country squires had our pockets lined with tin -so that we might take home M. le Commandant's fricassees of chicken -to our wives. These jests were dearly paid for. A Comte de Sabran had -erewhile lost his life in return for his idle talk. This descendant of -the troubadours and of the Provencal kings, as big as a Swiss<a name="FNanchor_282_287" id="FNanchor_282_287"></a><a href="#Footnote_282_287" class="fnanchor">[282]</a>, -allowed himself to be killed by a little hare-hunter of Morbihan, no -taller than a Laplander<a name="FNanchor_283_288" id="FNanchor_283_288"></a><a href="#Footnote_283_288" class="fnanchor">[283]</a>. This "Ker<a name="FNanchor_284_289" id="FNanchor_284_289"></a><a href="#Footnote_284_289" class="fnanchor">[284]</a>" was not a whit second to -his adversary in pedigree: if St. Elzear of Sabran was a near kinsman -of St. Louis, St. Corentin<a name="FNanchor_285_290" id="FNanchor_285_290"></a><a href="#Footnote_285_290" class="fnanchor">[285]</a>, collateral ancestor of the most noble -Ker, was Bishop of Quimper under King Gallon II., three centuries -before Christ.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The King's revenue, in Brittany, consisted of the benevolences, which -varied according to needs; the income from the Crown domains, which -might amount to three or four hundred thousand francs; the stamp-duty, -&c.</p> - -<p>Brittany had her own revenues, which served to meet her expenditure: -the "great due" and the "petty due," which were laid on liquor and -the liquor traffic, produced two millions a year; and then there were -the sums raised by hearth-money. One little suspects the important -part played by hearth-money in our history; yet it was to the French -Revolution what the stamp-duties were to the Revolution in America.</p> - -<p>Hearth-money or <i>fouage</i> (<i>census pro singulis focis exactus</i>) was a -quit-rent, or a sort of villain tax, charged upon the goods of the -commonalty for each hearth. This hearth-money, which was gradually -increased, went to pay the debts of the province. In time of war, the -expenditure amounted to more than seven millions from one session to -the next, a sum which exceeded the receipts. A plan had been proposed -to create a capital out of the funds provided by hearth-money and to -turn it into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> stock for the benefit of the payers of hearth-money: in -this way the tax became only a loan. The injustice (although it was an -injustice made legal by the wording of the customary law) lay in making -it bear upon the property of the commonalty alone. The commons never -ceased protesting; the nobles, who set less store by their money than -by their privileges, would not hear of a duty which would have made -them liable to a villain-tax. This was the question when the States of -Brittany, that were to prove so bloody, came together in December 1788.</p> - -<p>Men's minds were at that time excited by various causes: the assembly -of the Notables, the territorial impost, the traffic in corn, the -approaching sittings of the States-General and the affair of the -Necklace, the Plenary Court and the <i>Mariage de Figaro</i>, the grand -bailiwicks and Cagliostro<a name="FNanchor_286_291" id="FNanchor_286_291"></a><a href="#Footnote_286_291" class="fnanchor">[286]</a> and Mesmer<a name="FNanchor_287_292" id="FNanchor_287_292"></a><a href="#Footnote_287_292" class="fnanchor">[287]</a>, a thousand other -serious and trivial matters formed subjects of controversy in every -family.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Breton nobles.</div> - -<p>The Breton nobility had, at its own instance, assembled at Rennes to -protest against the establishment of the Plenary Court. I went to -this diet: it was the first political meeting I ever attended. I was -bewildered and amused by the cries I heard. The members climbed on the -tables and chairs; they gesticulated, and all spoke at one time. The -Marquis de Trémargat<a name="FNanchor_288_293" id="FNanchor_288_293"></a><a href="#Footnote_288_293" class="fnanchor">[288]</a>, who had a wooden leg, shouted in stentorian -tones:</p> - -<p>"Let us all go to the Commandant, M. de Thiard<a name="FNanchor_289_294" id="FNanchor_289_294"></a><a href="#Footnote_289_294" class="fnanchor">[289]</a>; we will say to -him, 'The nobles of Brittany are at your door; they ask to speak to -you; the King himself would not deny them!'"</p> - -<p>At this outburst of eloquence, the cheers shook the rafters. He -commenced again:</p> - -<p>"The King himself would not deny them!"</p> - -<p>The shouts and stamping redoubled. We went to M. le Comte de Thiard, -a man of the Court, an erotic poet, a gentle and frivolous spirit, -mortally bored by our uproar; he looked upon us as so many <i>hou-hous</i>, -wild-boars, wild beasts; he was burning to be gone from our Armorica, -and had not the slightest desire to deny us the entrance to his house. -Our spokesman told him what he wanted, after which we went back and -drew up the following declaration:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p> - -<p>"We declare infamous those who are capable of accepting any places, -whether in the new administration of justice, or in the administration -of the States, which shall not be approved by the constitutional laws -of Brittany."</p> - -<p>Twelve gentlemen were chosen to carry this document to the King: upon -their arrival in Paris, they were locked up in the Bastille, whence -they soon emerged in the quality of heroes<a name="FNanchor_290_295" id="FNanchor_290_295"></a><a href="#Footnote_290_295" class="fnanchor">[290]</a>; they were received -with laurel-branches on their return.</p> - -<p>We wore coats with large buttons of mother-of-pearl bedecked with -ermine, round which buttons was inscribed in Latin the motto, "Death -before dishonor." We triumphed over the Court, over which all the world -was triumphing, and we fell with it into the same abyss.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>It was at this period that my brother, continuing to prosecute his -plans, resolved to have me admitted to the Order of Malta. In order -to effect this, it was necessary that I should receive the tonsure: -this could be given me by M. Cortois de Pressigny<a name="FNanchor_291_296" id="FNanchor_291_296"></a><a href="#Footnote_291_296" class="fnanchor">[291]</a>, Bishop of -Saint-Malo. I therefore went to my native city, where my good mother -was living: she no longer had her children with her; she spent her days -at church, her evenings knitting. Her absent-mindedness was incredible: -I met her one day in the street, carrying one of her slippers under -her arm by way of a prayer-book. From time to time some old friends -would find their way to her retreat and talk of the good times that -were past. When she and I were alone, she would improvise beautiful -stories for me in verse. In one of these stories the devil carried off -a chimney with an evil-doer in it, and the poet exclaimed:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Le diable en l'avenue<br /> -Chemina tant et tant,<br /> -Qu'on en perdit la vue<br /> -En moins d'une heur' de temps<a name="FNanchor_292_297" id="FNanchor_292_297"></a><a href="#Footnote_292_297" class="fnanchor">[292]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p> - -<p>"I cannot help thinking," said I, "that the devil does not go very -fast."</p> - -<p>But Madame de Chateaubriand proved to me that I did not know what I was -talking about: my mother was charming.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My mother's ballads.</div> - -<p>She had a long and plaintive ballad on the subject of -the <i>Récit veritable d'une cane sauvage en la ville de -Montfort-la-Cane-lez-Saint-Malo.</i> A certain lord had imprisoned a young -and very beautiful girl in the Castle of Montfort, with the intention -of ravishing her. Through a dormer-window she could see the church of -St. Nicholas; she prayed to the saint with eyes full of tears, and was -miraculously wafted outside the castle. But she fell into the hands -of the traitor's servants, who proposed to do by her as they presumed -their master had done. The poor girl, distraught, looking to every side -in search of help, saw only the wild-duck upon the pond of the castle. -Renewing her prayers to St. Nicholas, she besought him to allow these -birds to be the witnesses of her innocence, so that, if she was doomed -to lose her life, and was unable to accomplish the vows which she had -taken to St. Nicholas, the birds themselves would fulfill them in their -own way, in her name and on her behalf.</p> - -<p>The girl died within the year: and behold, on the Feast of the -Translation of the Bones of St. Nicholas, 9 May, a wild-duck, -accompanied by its brood of ducklings, came to St. Nicholas' Church. -She entered the building, fluttered before the statue of the Blessed -Liberator, and acclaimed him by flapping her wings; after which she -returned to the pond, leaving one of her little ones as an offering. -Some time afterwards, the duckling disappeared unobserved. For two -hundred years and more, the duck, always the same duck, returned, on a -fixed day, with her hatch, to the church of the great St. Nicholas at -Montfort.</p> - -<p>The story was written and printed in 1652: the author very justly -observes that "a poor wild-duck is not a very considerable thing in the -eyes of God; that nevertheless she acts her part in doing homage to His -greatness; that St. François' grasshopper was of even less account, and -that nevertheless its trill charmed a seraph's heart."</p> - -<p>But Madame de Chateaubriand followed a false legend: in her ballad, -the maiden imprisoned at Montfort was a princess, who succeeded in -being changed into a duck in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> order to escape her captor's violence. I -remember only the following lines of one stanza of my mother's ballad:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Cane la belle est devenue,<br /> -Cane la belle est devenue,<br /> -Et s'envola par une grille,<br /> -Dans un étang plein de lentilles<a name="FNanchor_293_298" id="FNanchor_293_298"></a><a href="#Footnote_293_298" class="fnanchor">[293]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>As Madame de Chateaubriand was a real saint, she obtained the Bishop of -Saint-Malo's promise to give me the tonsure, although he had a scruple -on the subject: to bestow the mark of an ecclesiastic upon a layman -and a soldier appeared to him to be a profanation not far removed from -simony. M. Cortois de Pressigny, now Archbishop of Besançon and a peer -of France, is a worthy and deserving man. He was young at that time, -protected by the Queen, and on the high-road to fortune, which he -attained later by a better road: persecution.</p> - -<p>Dressed in uniform, and wearing my sword, I went down on my knees -at the prelate's feet; he cut two or three hairs from the crown of -my head: this was called the tonsure, of which I received a formal -certificate. With this certificate, it was possible for an income of -200,000 livres to fall to me, when my proofs of nobility had been -admitted in Malta: an abuse, no doubt, in the ecclesiastical order, but -a useful thing in the political order of the old constitution. Was it -not better that a kind of military benefice should be attached to the -sword of a soldier than to the cloak of an Abbé who would have spent -the revenues of his fat living on the pavement of Paris?</p> - -<p>The fact that the tonsure was conferred on me for the foregoing reasons -has caused ill-informed biographers to state that I had at one time -entered the Church.</p> - -<p>This happened in 1788. I kept horses, I rode all over the country, -or galloped beside the waves, the moaning friends of my youth: I -alighted from my horse and frolicked with them; the whole barking -family of Scylla sprang to my knees to fondle me: <i>Nunc vada latrantis -Scyllæ.</i> I have travelled very far to admire the scenes of nature: I -might have contented myself with those which my native land offered to -my eyes.</p> - -<p>Nothing could be more charming than the country for five or six leagues -round Saint-Malo. The banks of the Rance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> alone, as one ascends the -river from its mouth to Dinan, ought to attract the traveller, forming -a constant medley of rocks and verdure, of strands and forests, of -creeks and hamlets, of the ancient manors of feudal Brittany and the -modern habitations of commercial Brittany. The latter were built at a -time when the merchants of Saint-Malo were so rich that, on days of -merry-making, they heated piastres and flung them red-hot to the people -through the windows. These dwellings are very luxurious. Bonnaban, -the country-seat of Messieurs de La Saudre<a name="FNanchor_294_299" id="FNanchor_294_299"></a><a href="#Footnote_294_299" class="fnanchor">[294]</a>, is in part built of -marble brought from Genoa, a magnificence of which we in Paris have no -idea. The Briantais<a name="FNanchor_295_300" id="FNanchor_295_300"></a><a href="#Footnote_295_300" class="fnanchor">[295]</a>, the Bosq, the Montmarin<a name="FNanchor_296_301" id="FNanchor_296_301"></a><a href="#Footnote_296_301" class="fnanchor">[296]</a>, the Balue<a name="FNanchor_297_302" id="FNanchor_297_302"></a><a href="#Footnote_297_302" class="fnanchor">[297]</a>, -the Colombier<a name="FNanchor_298_303" id="FNanchor_298_303"></a><a href="#Footnote_298_303" class="fnanchor">[298]</a> are, or were, adorned with orangeries, fountains, -and statues. In some cases the gardens slope down to the shore behind -the arcade formed by a screen of lime-trees, through a colonnade of -pine-trees, to the end of a lawn; across a bed of tulips, the sea -displays its ships, its calms, and its tempests.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Country round Saint-Malo.</div> - -<p>Every peasant, sailor, and husbandman owns a little white cottage -with a garden; among the vegetables, the currant-bushes, the roses, -the irises, the marigolds of this garden, you find a shoot of Cayenne -tea, a stalk of Virginian tobacco, a Chinese flower, some kind of -souvenir of other shores and another sun: they compose the chart and -the itinerary of the owner. The occupiers of these coast holdings -belong to a fine Norman race; the women are tall, slender, active, and -wear grey-woolen bodices, petticoats of calamanco and striped silk, -white stockings with colored clocks. Their foreheads are shaded by an -ample dimity or cambric head-dress, the flaps of which stand up in the -shape of a cap or float like a veil. A number of silver chains hang -in a bunch at their left side. Every morning, in the spring, these -daughters of the North, stepping from their boats, as though they were -coming once again to invade the land, carry to market baskets of fruit -and shells filled with curds: when, with one hand, they hold on their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> -heads black jars full of milk or flowers, when the lappets of their -white caps set off their blue eyes, their pink faces, their fair hair -pearled with dew, the Valkyrs of the <i>Edda</i>, of whom the youngest is -the Future, or the Basket-bearers of Athens, were less graceful. Does -the picture still resemble the original? Those women, doubtless, no -longer exist; nought remains but my recollection of them.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>I left my mother and went to see my two elder sisters, who lived -near Fougères. I stayed a month with Madame de Chateaubourg. Her -two country-houses, Lascardais<a name="FNanchor_299_304" id="FNanchor_299_304"></a><a href="#Footnote_299_304" class="fnanchor">[299]</a> and Le Plessis<a name="FNanchor_300_305" id="FNanchor_300_305"></a><a href="#Footnote_300_305" class="fnanchor">[300]</a>, near -Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier, famous for its tower and its battle<a name="FNanchor_301_306" id="FNanchor_301_306"></a><a href="#Footnote_301_306" class="fnanchor">[301]</a>, stood -in a country of rocks, moors, and woods. My sister's steward was M. -Livoret<a name="FNanchor_302_307" id="FNanchor_302_307"></a><a href="#Footnote_302_307" class="fnanchor">[302]</a>, formerly a Jesuit, who had met with a strange adventure.</p> - -<p>When he was made steward at Lascardais, the Comte de Chateaubourg, the -elder, had just died: M. Livoret, who had not known him, was installed -as care-taker of the castle. The first night that he slept there -alone, he saw a pale old man come into his room, in a dressing-gown -and night-cap, and carrying a little light. The apparition went to the -hearth, placed the candlestick on the mantel, lit the fire and sat down -in a chair. M. Livoret trembled all over his body. After two hours -spent in silence, the old man rose, took his light again, and left the -room, closing the door behind him.</p> - -<p>The next day the steward told his adventure to the farm-people, who, -on hearing the description of the spectre, declared that it was their -old master. The matter did not end there: if M. Livoret looked behind -him in a wood, he saw the ghost; if he had to climb over a stile in a -field, the shade set itself astride the stile. One day, the unhappy -haunted man venturing to say, "Monsieur de Chateaubourg, leave me," the -ghost replied, "No." M. Livoret, a cold and practical man,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> possessed -of very little imagination, repeated his story as often as he was -asked, always in the same way and with the same conviction.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">A visit to Normandy.</div> - -<p>A little later I accompanied to Normandy a brave officer attacked with -brain-fever. We were lodged in a farm-house: an old tapestry, lent by -the lord of the manor, separated my bed from the invalid's. Behind this -hanging the patient was bled: to relieve him of his sufferings, they -plunged him into ice-baths; he shivered under this torture, with his -nails turned blue, his violet face haggard, and his teeth clenched. His -head was shaven, and a long beard which came down from his pointed chin -served to clothe his bare, wet, lean chest.</p> - -<p>When the invalid had a fit of crying, he opened an umbrella, thinking -that he was sheltering himself from his tears: if this were a sure -protection against weeping, a statue should be raised to the inventor.</p> - -<p>My only happy moments were those at which I went to wander in the -grave-yard of the village church, built upon a mound. My companions -were the dead, a few birds, and the setting sun. I dreamed of Paris -society, of my early years, of my phantom, of the Combourg woods, to -which I was so near in point of space, though so far removed in point -of time. I returned to my poor sick man: it was the blind leading the -blind.</p> - -<p>Alas, let a blow, a fall, a moral suffering deprive Homer, Newton, -Bossuet of their genius, and those divine men, instead of exciting -profound pity, bitter and eternal regret, would be the object of a -smile! Many people whom I have known and loved have seen their reason -troubled while about me, as though I bore with me the germ of the -contagion. I can explain Cervantes' masterpiece and its cruel gaiety -only by a sad reflection: when one considers existence as a whole, and -weighs its good and evil, one feels tempted to long for any accident -that brings forgetfulness with it, as a means of escaping from one's -self; a joyful drunkard is a happy being. Putting religion aside, -happiness lies in not knowing one's self and in reaching death without -having felt life.</p> - -<p>I brought my friend back completely cured.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Madame Lucile and Madame de Farcy, who had returned with me to -Brittany, wished to go back to Paris; but I was detained by the -unsettled condition of the province. The States had been summoned for -the end of December 1788. The commune of Rennes and, following in its -wake, the other communes of Brittany had passed a resolution forbidding -their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> deputies to take part in any business before the question of -hearth-money had been settled.</p> - -<p>The Comte de Boisgelin<a name="FNanchor_303_308" id="FNanchor_303_308"></a><a href="#Footnote_303_308" class="fnanchor">[303]</a>, who was to preside over the order of the -nobles, hurried to Rennes. The gentry were convoked by private letters; -among them were those who, like myself, were still too young to have -votes in the deliberations. We might be attacked, strong arms needed -counting as well as votes: we went to our posts.</p> - -<p>A number of meetings were held at M. de Boisgelin's before the opening -of the States. All the scenes of confusion at which I had assisted were -renewed. The Chevalier de Guer, the Marquis de Trémargat, my uncle -the Comte de Bedée, nicknamed Bedée the Artichoke, because of his -stoutness, as opposed to another Bedée, long and slim, who was called -Bedée the Asparagus, broke a number of chairs in climbing on them to -deliver their harangues. The Marquis de Trémargat, a wooden-legged -naval officer, made many enemies for his order. One day they were -talking of establishing a military school for the education of the sons -of poor nobles; a member of the Third Estate cried:</p> - -<p>"And what are our sons to have?"</p> - -<p>"The almshouse," replied Trémargat.</p> - -<p>The phrase fell among the crowd and soon bore fruit.</p> - -<p>At these meetings I became aware of a disposition of character in -myself which I have since found again in the field of politics and -arms: the more my colleagues or companions grew inflamed, the calmer I -became. I saw the tribune or the gun fired with indifference: I have -never bowed before either words or cannon-balls.</p> - -<p>The result of our deliberations was that the nobles were to treat -general matters first, and not busy themselves with hearth-money until -the other questions had been disposed of; a resolution directly opposed -to that of the commons. The nobles had no great confidence in the -clergy, who often abandoned them, especially when presided over by the -Bishop of Rennes<a name="FNanchor_304_309" id="FNanchor_304_309"></a><a href="#Footnote_304_309" class="fnanchor">[304]</a>, a wheedling, circumspect person, who spoke with -a slight and not ungraceful lisp, and nursed his prospects at Court. -The hatred was fomented by a newspaper, the <i>Sentinelle du Peuple</i>, -edited at Rennes by a scribbler newly arrived from Paris.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p> - -<p>The States were held in the Jacobin Convent on the Place du Palais. -We entered the sessions-hall, in the temper which I have described; -we had hardly taken our seats before we were besieged by the mob. The -25th, 26th, 27th, and 28th of January 1789 were unlucky days. The Comte -de Thiard had few troops under his command; he lacked both vigor and -decision, and moved without acting. The School of Law at Rennes, which -had Moreau at its head, had sent for the young men of Nantes; they came -to the number of four hundred, and in spite of his entreaties, the -Commandant was unable to prevent them from invading the town. Meetings -held by various factions in the cafés and on the Champ-Montmorin -resulted in collisions attended with bloodshed.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Riots at Rennes.</div> - -<p>Tired of being blockaded in our hall, we resolved to sally forth -sword in hand; it was a pretty sight enough. At a signal given by our -president, we all drew our swords together, to the cry of "Brittany for -ever!" and, like a forlorn garrison, executed a furious sortie in order -to fight our way through. The mob received us with yells, with showers -of stones, blows of iron-shod sticks, and pistol-shots. We forced a -passage through the surging crowd, which closed in upon us. Several -gentlemen were wounded, dragged along the ground, lacerated, covered -with bruises and contusions. We succeeded with great difficulty in -extricating ourselves and reaching our respective lodgings.</p> - -<p>Duels followed between the nobles and the law-students and their -friends from Nantes. One of these duels took place in public on the -Place Royale; the honors remained with old Keralieu<a name="FNanchor_305_310" id="FNanchor_305_310"></a><a href="#Footnote_305_310" class="fnanchor">[305]</a>, a naval -officer, who was attacked, and who fought with incredible vigor amid -the applause of his youthful adversaries.</p> - -<p>Another mob had formed. The Comte de Montboucher<a name="FNanchor_306_311" id="FNanchor_306_311"></a><a href="#Footnote_306_311" class="fnanchor">[306]</a> caught sight in -the crowd of a student called Ulliac, and said to him:</p> - -<p>"Monsieur, this concerns you and me!"</p> - -<p>A ring was formed around them; Montboucher disarmed Ulliac and handed -him back his sword: they embraced, and the crowd dispersed.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p> - -<p>At least our Breton nobility did not succumb without honour. It refused -to send deputies to the States-General, because it had not been -convoked in accordance with the fundamental laws of the constitution -of the province; it joined the army of the Princes in vast numbers, -and was decimated in Condé's Army, or with Charette in the wars -of the Vendée. Would it have made any difference in the majority -in the National Assembly if it had joined that assembly? That is -scarcely likely: in great social transformations, cases of individual -resistance, however creditable to personal character, are powerless -against facts. Nevertheless it is difficult to say what might not -have been effected by a man of Mirabeau's genius, but of opposite -principles, if one had been found in the order of the Breton nobility.</p> - -<p>Young Boishue and my schoolfellow Saint-Riveul had been killed in these -encounters, on their way to the chamber of the nobles: the former was -in vain defended by his father, who served as his second<a name="FNanchor_307_312" id="FNanchor_307_312"></a><a href="#Footnote_307_312" class="fnanchor">[307]</a>.</p> - -<p>Reader, pause: see flow the first drops of blood which the Revolution -was to shed. Heaven decreed that they should issue from the veins of -a companion of my childhood. Suppose that I had fallen instead of -Saint-Riveul; it would have been said of me, merely changing the name, -as was said of the victim with whom commenced the great immolation:</p> - -<p>"A gentleman called Chateaubriand was killed on his way to the -assembly-room of the States."</p> - -<p>Those few words would have taken the place of my long history. Would -Saint-Riveul have played my part on the earth? Was he destined for fame -or for silence?</p> - -<p>And now, reader, pass on; cross the river of blood which for all time -separates the old world, whence you are issuing, from the new, at the -entrance to which you shall die.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The year 1789, so famous in our history and in the history of the -human race, found me on the moors of my Brittany; I was not even -able to leave the country until rather late, and did not reach Paris -until after the sack of the Maison Reveillon<a name="FNanchor_308_313" id="FNanchor_308_313"></a><a href="#Footnote_308_313" class="fnanchor">[308]</a>, the opening of the -States-General<a name="FNanchor_309_314" id="FNanchor_309_314"></a><a href="#Footnote_309_314" class="fnanchor">[309]</a>, the constitution of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> Third Estate into a -National Assembly, the oath of the Tennis Court<a name="FNanchor_310_315" id="FNanchor_310_315"></a><a href="#Footnote_310_315" class="fnanchor">[310]</a>, the Royal Speech -of the 23rd of June, and the joining of the clergy and the nobles to -the commons<a name="FNanchor_311_316" id="FNanchor_311_316"></a><a href="#Footnote_311_316" class="fnanchor">[311]</a>.</p> - -<p>There was a great stir along my road: in the villages the peasants -stopped the carriages, asked to be shown passports, interrogated -the travelers. The nearer we approached to the capital, the more -the excitement increased. Passing through Versailles, I saw troops -quartered in the orangery, trains of artillery parked in the -court-yards, the provisional hall of the National Assembly erected on -the Place du Palais, and deputies moving to and fro amid sight-seers, -people of the palace, and soldiers.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Disturbances in Paris.</div> - -<p>In Paris the streets were blocked by crowds standing before the bakers' -shops; the passers-by stood discussing at the street corners, the -tradesmen came out of their shops and gave and received the news before -their doors; the agitators gathered together at the Palais-Royal: -Camille Desmoulins began to distinguish himself in the throng<a name="FNanchor_312_317" id="FNanchor_312_317"></a><a href="#Footnote_312_317" class="fnanchor">[312]</a>.</p> - -<p>I had scarcely alighted<a name="FNanchor_313_318" id="FNanchor_313_318"></a><a href="#Footnote_313_318" class="fnanchor">[313]</a>, together with Madame de Farcy and Madame -Lucile, at a lodging-house in the Rue de Richelieu, when a riot broke -out: the mob proceeded to the Abbaye to deliver some French Guards, who -had been imprisoned by order of their officers. The non-commissioned -officers of an artillery regiment quartered at the Invalides joined the -people. The defection of the army was commencing.</p> - -<p>The Court, alternately yielding and resisting, a mixture of obstinacy -and weakness, of hectoring and fear, allowed itself to be bullied -by Mirabeau<a name="FNanchor_314_319" id="FNanchor_314_319"></a><a href="#Footnote_314_319" class="fnanchor">[314]</a>, who demanded that the troops should be removed to -a distance, and yet did not consent to remove them: it accepted the -affront and did not remove the cause of it. In Paris a rumor spread -that an army was arriving through the Montmartre sewer, that the -dragoons were about to force the barriers. It was suggested to take up -the street pavements, to carry the paving-stones to the top floors of -the houses, in order to hurl them upon the tyrant's satellites: every -one set to work. In the midst of this turmoil M. Necker was ordered -to resign. The new ministry consisted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> of M. de Breteuil<a name="FNanchor_315_320" id="FNanchor_315_320"></a><a href="#Footnote_315_320" class="fnanchor">[315]</a>, La -Galaizière, the Maréchal de Broglie<a name="FNanchor_316_321" id="FNanchor_316_321"></a><a href="#Footnote_316_321" class="fnanchor">[316]</a>, La Vauguyon, La Porte<a name="FNanchor_317_322" id="FNanchor_317_322"></a><a href="#Footnote_317_322" class="fnanchor">[317]</a> -and Foullon<a name="FNanchor_318_323" id="FNanchor_318_323"></a><a href="#Footnote_318_323" class="fnanchor">[318]</a>. These replaced Messieurs de Montmorin<a name="FNanchor_319_324" id="FNanchor_319_324"></a><a href="#Footnote_319_324" class="fnanchor">[319]</a>, de La -Luzerne<a name="FNanchor_320_325" id="FNanchor_320_325"></a><a href="#Footnote_320_325" class="fnanchor">[320]</a>, de Saint-Priest<a name="FNanchor_321_326" id="FNanchor_321_326"></a><a href="#Footnote_321_326" class="fnanchor">[321]</a> and de Nivernais<a name="FNanchor_322_327" id="FNanchor_322_327"></a><a href="#Footnote_322_327" class="fnanchor">[322]</a>.</p> - -<p>A Breton poet, newly landed, had asked me to take him to Versailles. -There are people who will go to see gardens and fountains amid the -downfall of empires: scribblers especially possess this faculty of -isolating themselves in their hobby during the course of the greatest -events; with them, their phrase or their strophe fills the place of -everything.</p> - -<p>I took my Pindar to the gallery at Versailles at mass-time. The -Œil-de-Boeuf was radiant: M. Necker's dismissal had raised the -spirits of all; they felt sure of victory: possibly Sanson<a name="FNanchor_323_328" id="FNanchor_323_328"></a><a href="#Footnote_323_328" class="fnanchor">[323]</a> and -Simon<a name="FNanchor_324_329" id="FNanchor_324_329"></a><a href="#Footnote_324_329" class="fnanchor">[324]</a> were among the crowd, witnessing the delight of the Royal -Family.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Marie Antoinette.</div> - -<p>The Queen passed by with her two children; their fair hair appeared -to be waiting for crowns: Madame la Duchesse d'Angoulême<a name="FNanchor_325_330" id="FNanchor_325_330"></a><a href="#Footnote_325_330" class="fnanchor">[325]</a>, aged -eleven, drew all eyes through a virginal pride; beautiful through -nobility of birth and maidenly innocence, she seemed to say, like -Corneille's orange-blossom in the <i>Guirlande de Julie</i>:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -J'ai la pompe de ma naissance<a name="FNanchor_326_331" id="FNanchor_326_331"></a><a href="#Footnote_326_331" class="fnanchor">[326]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<a id="chat005"></a> -<img src="images/chat_005.jpg" width="500" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Marie Antoinette.</p> -</div> -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span></p> - -<p>The little Dauphin<a name="FNanchor_327_332" id="FNanchor_327_332"></a><a href="#Footnote_327_332" class="fnanchor">[327]</a> walked under his sister's protection, and M. -Du Touchet followed his pupil; he noticed me, and obligingly called -the Queen's attention to me. Casting a smiling look in my direction, -she gave me that gracious bow which she had already made me on the -day of my presentation. I shall never forget that look, so soon to be -extinguished. Marie Antoinette, when she smiled, outlined so clearly -the shape of her mouth, that the recollection of that smile (O horror!) -enabled me to recognize the jaw-bone of the daughter of kings when the -head of the unhappy woman was discovered in the exhumations of 1815.</p> - -<p>The counter-stroke to the blow struck at Versailles resounded in Paris. -On my return I came upon a crowd hastening along and carrying the busts -of M. Necker and of M. le Duc d'Orléans<a name="FNanchor_328_333" id="FNanchor_328_333"></a><a href="#Footnote_328_333" class="fnanchor">[328]</a>, covered with crape. They -cried, "Long live Necker! Long live the Duc d'Orléans!" and among those -cries was heard one bolder and more unforeseen:</p> - -<p>"Long live Louis XVII.!"</p> - -<p>Long live the child whose very name would have been forgotten in the -funeral inscription of his family, if I had not recalled it to the -memory of the House of Peers<a name="FNanchor_329_334" id="FNanchor_329_334"></a><a href="#Footnote_329_334" class="fnanchor">[329]</a>! Had Louis XVI. abdicated, Louis -XVII. been placed upon the throne, M. le Duc d'Orléans declared Regent, -what would have happened?</p> - -<p>On the Place Louis XV., the Prince de Lambesc<a name="FNanchor_330_335" id="FNanchor_330_335"></a><a href="#Footnote_330_335" class="fnanchor">[330]</a>, at the head of the -"Royal German" regiment, drove back the crowd into the gardens of the -Tuileries and wounded an old man: suddenly the tocsin sounded. The -cutlers' shops were broken into, and thirty thousand muskets taken -from the Invalides. The people armed themselves with pikes, cudgels, -pitchforks, sabres, pistols; they sacked Saint-Lazare, burnt down the -barriers. The electors of Paris took in hand the government of the -Capital, and in a night sixty thousand<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> citizens were organized, armed, -equipped into National Guards.</p> - -<p>On the 14th of July came the fall of the Bastille. I was present, as -a spectator, at this assault against a few pensioners and a timid -governor: if the gates had been kept closed, the mob could never -have entered the fortress. I saw two or three guns fired, not by the -pensioners, but by French Guards who had climbed to the towers.</p> - -<p>De Launey<a name="FNanchor_331_336" id="FNanchor_331_336"></a><a href="#Footnote_331_336" class="fnanchor">[331]</a> was torn from his hiding-place, and after undergoing -a thousand outrages, was struck down on the steps of the Hôtel de -Ville; Flesselles<a name="FNanchor_332_337" id="FNanchor_332_337"></a><a href="#Footnote_332_337" class="fnanchor">[332]</a>, the provost of the merchants, had his brains -blown out by a pistol-shot: this was the spectacle which heartless -enthusiasts thought so fine. In the midst of these murders, the people -gave themselves up to orgies, as in the troubles in Rome under Otho and -Vitellius. "The victors of the Bastille," happy drunkards, declared -conquerors by pot-house votes, were driven about in hackney-coaches; -prostitutes and sans-culottes commenced to reign and escorted them. -The passers-by uncovered, with the respect born of fear, before those -heroes, some of whom died of fatigue amidst their triumph. The keys of -the Bastille multiplied; they were sent to all the important simpletons -in the four quarters of the world. How often have I missed my fortune! -If I, a spectator, had inscribed my name on the list of the victors, I -should be in receipt of a pension today.</p> - -<p>The experts hurried to assist at the <i>post-mortem</i> examination of -the Bastille. Temporary cafés were established under tents; people -hastened thither as to the fair at Saint-Germain or to Longchamp; -numbers of carriages drove slowly past, or stopped at the foot of the -towers, whence the stones were being hurled down amid whirlwinds of -dust. Elegantly-dressed women and fashionable young men stood upon -different points of the Gothic rubbish, and mingled with the half-naked -workmen engaged in demolishing the walls amid the acclamations of the -crowd. At this meeting-place were to be seen the most famous orators, -the best-known men of letters, the most celebrated painters, the most -renowned actors and actresses, the most popular dancers, the most -illustrious foreigners, the nobles of the Court and the ambassadors of -Europe: old France had come there to end, new France to commence, its -existence.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p> - -<p>No event, however wretched or hateful in itself, should be treated -lightly when its circumstances are serious, or when it marks an epoch: -what should have been seen in the capture of the Bastille (and what -was not then seen) was, not the violent act of the emancipation of a -people, but the emancipation itself which resulted from that act.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The fall of the Bastille.</div> - -<p>Men admired what they ought to condemn, the accident, and did not seek -to discover in the future the accomplishment of a peopled destiny, -the changes in morals, ideas, political power, a renovation of the -human race, of which the capture of the Bastille, like a blood-stained -jubilee, inaugurated the era. Brutal anger wrought ruins, and beneath -that anger was concealed the intelligence which laid among those ruins -the foundations of the new edifice.</p> - -<p>But the nation, deceived as to the grandeur of the material fact, was -not deceived as to the grandeur of the moral fact: in the eyes of the -nation, the Bastille was the trophy of its servitude, and seemed to -be erected at the entrance to Paris, opposite the sixteen pillars of -Montfaucon<a name="FNanchor_333_338" id="FNanchor_333_338"></a><a href="#Footnote_333_338" class="fnanchor">[333]</a>, as the gibbet of its liberties<a name="FNanchor_334_339" id="FNanchor_334_339"></a><a href="#Footnote_334_339" class="fnanchor">[334]</a>. In demolishing a -State fortress, the people considered that it was breaking the military -yoke, and made a tacit engagement to take the place of the army which -it was disbanding: we know what prodigies were wrought by the people -turned soldier.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Awakened by the sound of the fall of the Bastille, as though by the -premonitory sound of the fall of the throne, Versailles had lapsed -from the heights of self-confidence to the depths of despondency. The -King hurried to the National Assembly, and delivered a speech from the -president's chair; he declared that an order had been given for the -withdrawal of the troops, and returned to his palace amid a shower of -benedictions. A vain parade! Parties do not believe in the conversion -of the opposing parties: the liberty which capitulates, or the power -which degrades itself, receives no mercy from its foes.</p> - -<p>Eighty deputies set out from Versailles to announce the making of -peace to the Capital; illuminations followed. M.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> de La Fayette<a name="FNanchor_335_340" id="FNanchor_335_340"></a><a href="#Footnote_335_340" class="fnanchor">[335]</a> -was made Commandant of the National Guard, M. Bailly<a name="FNanchor_336_341" id="FNanchor_336_341"></a><a href="#Footnote_336_341" class="fnanchor">[336]</a>, Mayor of -Paris: I never knew the poor but respectable scholar, save through his -misfortunes. Revolutions possess men for each of their several periods; -some follow these revolutions to their finish, others commence but do -not complete them.</p> - -<p>A general dispersal ensued; the courtiers left for Bâle, Lausanne, -Luxemburg, and Brussels. Madame de Polignac<a name="FNanchor_337_342" id="FNanchor_337_342"></a><a href="#Footnote_337_342" class="fnanchor">[337]</a> in her flight met -M. Necker returning. The Comte d'Artois, his sons<a name="FNanchor_338_343" id="FNanchor_338_343"></a><a href="#Footnote_338_343" class="fnanchor">[338]</a>, the three -Condés<a name="FNanchor_339_344" id="FNanchor_339_344"></a><a href="#Footnote_339_344" class="fnanchor">[339]</a> emigrated, drawing after them the higher clergy and a -portion of the nobility. The officers of the army, threatened by their -mutinous soldiers, yielded to the torrent which drifted them down -its stream. Louis XVI. alone remained behind to face the nation with -his two children and a few women: the Queen, "Mesdames<a name="FNanchor_340_345" id="FNanchor_340_345"></a><a href="#Footnote_340_345" class="fnanchor">[340]</a>," and -Madame Élisabeth<a name="FNanchor_341_346" id="FNanchor_341_346"></a><a href="#Footnote_341_346" class="fnanchor">[341]</a>. "Monsieur<a name="FNanchor_342_347" id="FNanchor_342_347"></a><a href="#Footnote_342_347" class="fnanchor">[342]</a>," who stayed until the flight -to Varennes, was of no great assistance to his brother: although, by -declaring himself in the Assembly of Notables in favour of the vote -by heads, he had decided the fate of the Revolution, the Revolution -distrusted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> him; he, Monsieur, disliked the King, did not understand -the Queen, and was not loved by them.</p> - -<p>Louis XVI. went to the Hôtel de Ville on the 17th: a hundred thousand -men, armed like the monks of the League, received him. He was harangued -by Messrs. Bailly, Moreau de Saint-Méry<a name="FNanchor_343_348" id="FNanchor_343_348"></a><a href="#Footnote_343_348" class="fnanchor">[343]</a>, and Lally-Tolendal<a name="FNanchor_344_349" id="FNanchor_344_349"></a><a href="#Footnote_344_349" class="fnanchor">[344]</a>, -all of whom wept: the last has remained subject to tears. The King -broke down in his turn; he fixed an enormous tricolour cockade on his -hat; he was then and there declared to be "an honest man, Father of the -French, King of a free people," while the said people was preparing, -by virtue of its liberty, to lay low the head of that honest man, its -father and its King.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">First revolutionary horrors.</div> - -<p>A few days after this reconciliation, I was at the windows of my -lodgings with my sisters and some Bretons; we heard cries of "Shut the -doors, shut the doors!" A troop of tatterdemalions approached from one -end of the street; from the midst of this troop rose two standards -which we could not see clearly at that distance. As they came nearer, -we distinguished two dishevelled and disfigured heads, which the -forerunners of Marat<a name="FNanchor_345_350" id="FNanchor_345_350"></a><a href="#Footnote_345_350" class="fnanchor">[345]</a> were carrying, each at the end of a pike: -they were the heads of Messrs. Foullon and Bertier<a name="FNanchor_346_351" id="FNanchor_346_351"></a><a href="#Footnote_346_351" class="fnanchor">[346]</a>. The others all -drew back from the windows; I remained. The assassins stopped in front -of me, stretched the pikes towards me, singing, capering, jumping up in -order to bring the pale effigies nearer to my face. One eye in one of -these heads had started from its socket, and fell upon the dead man's -lurid face; the pike projected through the open mouth, the teeth of -which bit upon the iron.</p> - -<p>"Brigands!" I cried, filled with indignation which I was unable to -contain. "Is that how you understand liberty?"</p> - -<p>Had I had a gun, I should have fired at those wretches as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> at a pack -of wolves. They shouted and yelled; they beat long at the doors of -the gate-way, in the hope of breaking them down and adding my head -to those of their victims. My sisters fainted; the poltroons of the -lodging-house overwhelmed me with reproaches. The murderers, who -were being pursued, had not time to break into the house, and passed -on. Those heads, and others which I saw soon afterwards, changed my -political tendencies; I held the banquets of cannibals in abhorrence, -and the idea of leaving France for some distant country began to take -root in my mind.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Recalled to office on the 25th of July, installed and received with -festivities, M. Necker, the third successor, after Calonne and -Taboureau<a name="FNanchor_347_352" id="FNanchor_347_352"></a><a href="#Footnote_347_352" class="fnanchor">[347]</a>, of Turgot<a name="FNanchor_348_353" id="FNanchor_348_353"></a><a href="#Footnote_348_353" class="fnanchor">[348]</a>, was soon left behind by events, and -lapsed into unpopularity. It is one of the singular facts of the -time that so serious a person should have been raised to the post of -minister through the tact of a man noted for such mediocrity and levity -as the Marquis de Pezay<a name="FNanchor_349_354" id="FNanchor_349_354"></a><a href="#Footnote_349_354" class="fnanchor">[349]</a>. The <i>Compte rendu</i><a name="FNanchor_350_355" id="FNanchor_350_355"></a><a href="#Footnote_350_355" class="fnanchor">[350]</a>, which replaced -in France the system of taxation by that of loans, stirred people's -ideas: women talked of receipts and expenditure; for the first time one -saw, or thought one saw, something in the mechanism of figures. These -calculations, painted in colours laid on <i>à la Thomas</i><a name="FNanchor_351_356" id="FNanchor_351_356"></a><a href="#Footnote_351_356" class="fnanchor">[351]</a>, had first -established the reputation of the director-general of finance. The -banker was a clever accountant, but a resourceless economist; a noble -but turgid writer; an honest man, but devoid of the loftier virtues. -He was like the character which speaks the prologue in a classical -play, and which disappears at the rise of the curtain, after explaining -the piece to the audience. M. Necker<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> was the father of Madame de -Staël<a name="FNanchor_352_357" id="FNanchor_352_357"></a><a href="#Footnote_352_357" class="fnanchor">[352]</a>: his vanity hardly permitted him to believe that his true -title to the recollection of posterity lay in the fame achieved by his -daughter.</p> - -<p>The monarchy was demolished, in imitation of the Bastille, at the -evening sitting of the National Assembly on the 4th of August. They -who, from hatred of the past, decry the nobility to this day, forget -that it was a member of that body, the Vicomte de Noailles<a name="FNanchor_353_358" id="FNanchor_353_358"></a><a href="#Footnote_353_358" class="fnanchor">[353]</a>, -supported by the Duc d'Aiguillon<a name="FNanchor_354_359" id="FNanchor_354_359"></a><a href="#Footnote_354_359" class="fnanchor">[354]</a> and Matthieu de Montmorency<a name="FNanchor_355_360" id="FNanchor_355_360"></a><a href="#Footnote_355_360" class="fnanchor">[355]</a>, -who upset the edifice which was the object of the revolutionary -onslaughts. Upon the motion of the feudal delegate were abolished all -feudal rights: rights of hunting and preserving feathered and ground -game, tithes and champerty, the privileges of the orders, of the towns -and provinces, personal servitude, manorial jurisdiction, purchase of -offices. The severest blows struck against the ancient constitution -of the State were delivered by noblemen. The patricians began the -Revolution, the plebeians completed it: just as old France owed her -glory to the French nobility, even so does young France owe to it her -liberty, if liberty there be for France.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">"Ô Richard! Ô mon Roi!"</div> - -<p>The troops encamped around Paris had been sent away, and by one of -those contradictory counsels which vexed the will of the King, the -Flanders Regiment was summoned to Versailles. The Bodyguards invited -the officers of that regiment to dinner<a name="FNanchor_356_361" id="FNanchor_356_361"></a><a href="#Footnote_356_361" class="fnanchor">[356]</a>; heads grew excited; the -Queen appeared in the middle of the banquet, with the Dauphin; toasts -were drunk to the health of the Royal Family; the King came in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> his -turn; the military band played the touching and favourite air, "<i>Ô -Richard! ô mon roi<a name="FNanchor_357_362" id="FNanchor_357_362"></a><a href="#Footnote_357_362" class="fnanchor">[357]</a>!</i>" No sooner was this news spread through -Paris, than it was seized upon by the opposite opinion; people cried -that Louis was refusing his sanction to the Declaration of Rights with -the intention of escaping to Metz with the Comte d'Estaing<a name="FNanchor_358_363" id="FNanchor_358_363"></a><a href="#Footnote_358_363" class="fnanchor">[358]</a>. Marat -propagated this rumour: he was already writing the <i>Ami du peuple</i><a name="FNanchor_359_364" id="FNanchor_359_364"></a><a href="#Footnote_359_364" class="fnanchor">[359]</a>.</p> - -<p>The 5th of October arrived. I did not witness the events of that day. -The accounts of what had occurred reached the Capital early on the 6th. -We were told at the same time to expect a visit from the King. I was as -bold in public places as I was timid in drawing-rooms: I felt myself -made for solitude or the forum. I hastened to the Champs-Élysées: -first appeared guns, upon which harpies, thieves' doxies, women of -the town rode astride, uttering the most obscene speeches, making the -most filthy gestures. Next, surrounded by a horde of people of every -age and sex, marched on foot the Bodyguards, who had exchanged hats, -swords, and bandoliers with the National Guards: each of their horses -carried two or three fish-fags, dirty bacchantes, drunk and indecently -clad. After them came the deputation from the National Assembly; the -royal carriages followed, rolling in the dusty darkness of a forest of -pikes and bayonets. Tattered rag-men, butchers with their blood-stained -aprons hanging from their thighs, their bare knives from their belts, -their shirtsleeves turned up, walked beside the carriage-doors; other -sinister guards had climbed upon the roof; others hung on to the -foot-board, lolled upon the box. They fired muskets and pistols; they -cried:</p> - -<p>"Here are the baker, the baker's wife, and the baker's boy!"</p> - -<p>By way of oriflamme, they carried before the descendant of St. Louis, -in mid-air, upraised on Swiss halberts, the heads of two Bodyguards, -powdered and curled by a Sèvres hair-dresser.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">The King brought to Paris.</div> - -<p>Bailly the astronomer told Louis XVI. at the Hôtel de Ville that the -"humane, respectful and faithful" people had "conquered" its King, and -the King on his side, "greatly touched and greatly pleased," declared -that he had come to Paris "of his free will:" unworthy insincerities -pertaining to the violence and fear which at that time dishonoured -all men and all parties. Louis XVI. was not insincere: he was weak; -weakness is not an insincerity, but it takes its place and fulfills its -functions: the respect with which the virtues and misfortunes of the -sainted and martyred King must needs inspire us render any expression -of human judgment almost sacrilegious.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The deputies left Versailles and held their first sitting on the 19th -of October in one of the halls of the archbishop's palace. On the 9th -of November they moved into the Riding-hall, near the Tuileries. The -remainder of the year 1789 witnessed the decrees which despoiled the -clergy, destroyed the old magistracy, and created the <i>assignats</i><a name="FNanchor_360_365" id="FNanchor_360_365"></a><a href="#Footnote_360_365" class="fnanchor">[360]</a>; -the resolution of the Commune of Paris in favour of the first committee -of research; and the order of the judges for the prosecution of the -Marquis de Favras<a name="FNanchor_361_366" id="FNanchor_361_366"></a><a href="#Footnote_361_366" class="fnanchor">[361]</a>.</p> - -<p>The Constituent Assembly, in spite of all with which it can be -reproached, remains nevertheless the most illustrious popular -assemblage that has ever appeared among the nations of the world, both -because of the magnitude of its transactions' and the immensity of -their results. There is no political question, however lofty, which it -did not discuss and suitably solve. What would it not have been, had it -kept to the <i>cahiers</i><a name="FNanchor_362_367" id="FNanchor_362_367"></a><a href="#Footnote_362_367" class="fnanchor">[362]</a> of the States-General and not endeavoured -to go beyond them! All that human experience and intelligence had -conceived, discovered and elaborated during three centuries is to be -found in these instructions. The various abuses of the old monarchy -are there pointed out and remedies proposed; every kind of liberty -is claimed, even the liberty of the press; every form of improvement -demanded for industries, manufactures, commerce, public roads, the -army, taxation, finance, the schools, public education, and the rest. -We have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> passed across abysses of crime and accumulations of glory to -no profit; the Republic and the Empire have served no purpose: the -Empire merely regulated the brute force of the arms which the Republic -had set in motion; it has left us centralization, a vigorous form of -administration which I consider an evil, but which alone, perhaps, was -able to replace the local systems of administration at a time when -these were destroyed, and when anarchy combined with ignorance filled -all men's heads. With that exception, we have not moved a step forward -since the Constituent Assembly: its labours are like those of the great -physician of antiquity, which at the same time extended and settled -the boundaries of science. Let us speak of some of the members of this -Assembly, and in particular of Mirabeau, in whom they are all summed -up, by whom they are all governed.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Connected, thanks to the disorders and the chances of his life, with -the greatest events and with the lives of malefactors, ravishers, and -adventurers, Mirabeau, the tribune of the aristocracy, the deputy of -the democracy, had in his composition something of Gracchus and Don -Juan, of Catiline and Guzman de Alfarache, of the Cardinal de Richelieu -and the Cardinal de Retz, of the <i>roué</i> of the Regency and the savage -of the Revolution: moreover he had something of the Mirabeaus, the -exiled Florentine family, which retained a trace of those armed palaces -and of those great factionists celebrated by Dante; the naturalized -French family, in which the republican spirit of the Italian -middle-ages and the feudal spirit of our own middle-ages were united in -a succession of uncommon men.</p> - -<p>Mirabeau's ugliness, laid on over the substratum of beauty special to -his race, produced a sort of powerful figure from the "Last Judgment" -of Michael Angelo, the fellow-countryman of the Arrighettis<a name="FNanchor_363_368" id="FNanchor_363_368"></a><a href="#Footnote_363_368" class="fnanchor">[363]</a>. -The scars dug into the orator's face by the small-pox had rather the -semblance of gaps left by the fire. Nature seemed to have moulded his -head for empire or the gallows, and to have hewn his arms to clasp a -nation or carry off a woman. When he shook his mane as he looked at the -mob, he stopped it; when he raised his paw and showed his claws, the -plebs ran furiously. I have seen him in the tribune, amid the awful -disorder of a sitting, sombre, ugly and motionless: he reminded one -of Milton's Chaos, shapeless and impassive in the centre of his own -confusion.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Comte de Mirabeau.</div> - -<p>Mirabeau took after his father<a name="FNanchor_364_369" id="FNanchor_364_369"></a><a href="#Footnote_364_369" class="fnanchor">[364]</a> and his uncle<a name="FNanchor_365_370" id="FNanchor_365_370"></a><a href="#Footnote_365_370" class="fnanchor">[365]</a>, both of whom, -like Saint-Simon<a name="FNanchor_366_371" id="FNanchor_366_371"></a><a href="#Footnote_366_371" class="fnanchor">[366]</a>, wrote, off-hand, pages that became immortal. -Speeches were written for him to deliver from the tribune: he took -from them what his mind was able to amalgamate with its own substance. -If he adopted them in their entirety, he delivered them badly; his -hearers perceived that they were not his own, through words which he -inserted at random and which betrayed him. He derived his energy from -his vices; those vices did not spring from a chilly temperament, but -were supported by deep, burning, tempestuous passions. Cynicism of -manners, by annihilating the moral sense, brings back into society a -sort of barbarians; these barbarians of civilisation, while equipped -for destruction, like the Goths, have not their power of creating: the -latter were the enormous children of a virgin nature, the former are -the monstrous abortions of a nature that is depraved.</p> - -<p>I twice met Mirabeau at a banquet, once at the house of Voltaire's -niece, the Marquise de Villette<a name="FNanchor_367_372" id="FNanchor_367_372"></a><a href="#Footnote_367_372" class="fnanchor">[367]</a>, and on another occasion at -the Palais-Royal, with some members of the Opposition to whom -Chapelier<a name="FNanchor_368_373" id="FNanchor_368_373"></a><a href="#Footnote_368_373" class="fnanchor">[368]</a> had introduced me: Chapelier went to the scaffold in the -same tumbril with my brother and M. de Malesherbes.</p> - -<p>Mirabeau talked much, and, above all, much of himself. This lion's -whelp, himself a lion with a chimera's head, this man so positive where -facts were concerned, was all romance, all poetry, all enthusiasm in -imagination and language: one recognized the lover of Sophie<a name="FNanchor_369_374" id="FNanchor_369_374"></a><a href="#Footnote_369_374" class="fnanchor">[369]</a>, -exalted in sentiment, capable of sacrifice.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span></p> - -<p>"I discovered her," he said, "that adorable woman.... I knew what -her soul was, that soul shaped by nature's hands in a moment of -magnificence."</p> - -<p>Mirabeau delighted me with stories of love, with desires for -retirement, among which he interspersed barren discussions. He -interested me, moreover, in another direction: like myself, he had -been treated sternly by his father, who, like mine, had kept up the -inflexible tradition of absolute paternal authority.</p> - -<p>My great table-companion enlarged upon foreign politics, and hardly -spoke of politics at home, although it was the latter which occupied -him; but he let fall a few words of sovereign contempt for those -men who proclaim themselves superior by reason of the indifference -which they affect for misfortunes and crimes. Mirabeau was by -nature generous, sensible to friendship, ready to forgive injuries. -Notwithstanding his immorality, he had not been able to warp his -conscience; he was only corrupt for himself: his firm and upright mind -did not treat murder as a sublime effort of the intelligence; he had no -sort of admiration for the sewer or the slaughter-house.</p> - -<p>Nevertheless, Mirabeau was not wanting in arrogance; he was an -outrageous boaster; although he had become a cloth-merchant in order -to be elected by the Third Estate (the order of the nobility having -committed the honourable folly of rejecting him), he was in love with -his birth: "a refractory hawk," says his father, "whose nest was laid -among four towers." He did not forget that he had figured at Court, -ridden in the coaches, and hunted with the King. He insisted upon being -addressed by his title of count; he adhered to his colours, and put -his servants into livery when every one else ceased to do so. In and -out of season, he referred to "his kinsman," Admiral de Coligny. The -<i>Moniteur</i> having spoken of him as Riquet<a name="FNanchor_370_375" id="FNanchor_370_375"></a><a href="#Footnote_370_375" class="fnanchor">[370]</a>:</p> - -<p>"Are you aware," he said angrily to the journalist, "that with your -'Riquet' you have set Europe at cross-purposes for three days?"</p> - -<p>He repeated that impudent and well-known jest:</p> - -<p>"In any other family, my brother the viscount would be the wit and the -worthless fellow; in my family, he is the fool and the good man."</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<a id="chat006"></a> -<img src="images/chat_006.jpg" width="500" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">H. G. Mirabeau.</p> -</div> -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span></p> - -<p>Some biographers ascribe the phrase to the viscount, comparing himself -humbly with the other members of the family.</p> - -<p>The ground-work of Mirabeau's opinions was monarchical; he once uttered -these fine words:</p> - -<p>"I have tried to cure the French of the superstition of monarchy and to -substitute its cult."</p> - -<p>In a letter intended to be laid before Louis XVI. he wrote:</p> - -<p>"I should not like to have worked only for a vast destruction." This, -nevertheless, is what happened to him: Heaven, to punish us for making -a bad use of our talents, gives us occasion to repent of our successes.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Mirabeau's power.</div> - -<p>Mirabeau moved public opinion with two levers: on the one side, he -placed his fulcrum in the masses, of whom he had constituted himself -the defender, while despising them; on the other, although he was a -traitor to his order, he retained its sympathy through caste affinity -and common interest. This would not happen to a plebeian who should -become the champion of the privileged classes: he would be abandoned by -his own party, without winning over the aristocracy, which is naturally -ungrateful and not to be won by those not born within its ranks. The -aristocracy, moreover, is not able to make a noble without notice, -since nobility is the daughter of time.</p> - -<p>Mirabeau created a school. Men imagined that by shaking off the moral -shackles they were turning themselves into statesmen. These imitations -produced only petty miscreants: this one who flatters himself that he -is corrupt and a robber is only debauched and a cheat; that other who -thinks himself vicious is only vile; a third who boasts of being a -criminal is merely infamous.</p> - -<p>Too early for himself, too late for the Court, Mirabeau sold himself -to the Court, and the Court bought him. He staked his reputation for -a pension and an embassy: Cromwell was on the verge of bartering his -future for a title and the Order of the Garter. Notwithstanding his -haughtiness, Mirabeau did not rate himself high enough. Nowadays, when -the abundance of cash and places has raised the price of consciences, -there is not a street-boy but costs hundreds of thousands of francs and -the leading honours of the State to buy. The grave released Mirabeau -from his promises, and shielded him from the perils which he would -probably not have been able to conquer: his life would have shown his -weakness in good; his death left him in possession of his strength in -evil.</p> - -<p>At the end of dinner, the discussion turned upon Mirabeau's enemies; I -found myself by his side and had not spoken a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> word. He looked me in -the face with his eyes of pride, vice and genius, and laying his hand -upon my shoulder, said:</p> - -<p>"They will never forgive me my superiority!"</p> - -<p>I still feel the pressure of that hand, as though Satan had touched me -with his fiery claw. When Mirabeau fixed his look upon a young mute, -had he a presentiment of my future condition? Did he think that he -would one day figure in my recollections? I was destined to become the -historian of great personages: they have defiled before me without my -hanging to their mantles to make them drag me with them to posterity.</p> - -<p>Mirabeau has already undergone the metamorphosis which is wrought in -those whose memory is destined to survive: carried from the Pantheon -to the sewer, and back from the sewer to the Pantheon, he has raised -himself to the full height of that time which today forms his pedestal. -We no longer behold the real Mirabeau, but the idealized Mirabeau, the -Mirabeau as the painters depict him, in order to make him the symbol -or the myth of the period which he represents: he thus becomes both -more false and more true. From among so many reputations, so many -actors, so many events, so many ruins, there will remain but three men, -attached to each of the three great revolutionary epochs: Mirabeau -for the aristocracy, Robespierre for the democracy, Bonaparte for -the despotism; the monarchy has none: France has paid dear for three -reputations which virtue is unable to acknowledge!</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The sittings of the National Assembly offered a spectacle of an -interest which our "Chambers" are far from approaching. One rose early -to find room in the crowded galleries. The deputies arrived eating, -talking, gesticulating; they formed groups in the various parts of -the house, according to their opinions. The orders of the day were -read; after that, the subject agreed upon was set forth, or else an -extraordinary motion. There was no question of any insipid point of -law; rarely did some scheme of destruction fail to form part of the -proceedings. The members spoke for or against; each spoke extempore as -best he could. The debates grew stormy; the galleries joined in the -discussion, applauded and cheered, hissed and hooted the speakers. The -president rang his bell, the deputies apostrophized each other from -bench to bench. Mirabeau the Younger<a name="FNanchor_371_376" id="FNanchor_371_376"></a><a href="#Footnote_371_376" class="fnanchor">[371]</a> took his competitor by the -collar; Mirabeau the Elder cried:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p> - -<p>"Silence, the 'thirty votes'!"</p> - -<p>One day I was seated behind the royalist opposition; before me was a -Dauphiné nobleman, swarthy of visage, short of stature, who jumped upon -his seat with rage and said to his friends:</p> - -<p>"Let us fall upon those ragamuffins, sword in hand!"</p> - -<p>He pointed in the direction of the majority. The ladies of the markets, -who sat knitting in the galleries, heard him, rose from their seats, -and all cried at once, their stockings in their hands, and foaming at -the mouth:</p> - -<p>"To the lantern with them!"</p> - -<p>The Vicomte de Mirabeau, Lautrec<a name="FNanchor_372_377" id="FNanchor_372_377"></a><a href="#Footnote_372_377" class="fnanchor">[372]</a>, and some younger nobles proposed -to take the galleries by assault.</p> - -<p>Soon this tumult was drowned by another: petitioners, armed with pikes, -appeared at the bar:</p> - -<p>"The people are starving," they said: "it is time to take measures -against the aristocrats and to rise 'to the level of the situation.'"</p> - -<p>The president assured these citizens of his respect:</p> - -<p>"We have our eye upon the traitors," he replied, "and the Assembly will -see justice done."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The National Assembly.</div> - -<p>Thereupon a fresh din; the deputies of the Right cried that they were -making for anarchy; the deputies of the Left replied that the people -was free to express its will, that it had the right to complain of -the abettors of despotism, seated in the very midst of the national -representatives: they spoke thus of their colleagues to that sovereign -people which was waiting for them under the street lamps.</p> - -<p>The evening sittings surpassed the morning sittings in scandalousness: -people speak better and more boldly by candlelight. At such times the -Riding-hall became a veritable playhouse, in which was enacted one -of the greatest tragedies in the world. The leading characters still -belonged to the old order of things: their terrible substitutes, hidden -behind them, spoke little or not at all. At the end of a violent -discussion, I saw a common-looking deputy ascend the tribune, a man -with a grey and impassive face, his hair neatly dressed, decently clad -like the steward in a good house, or like a village attorney careful of -his appearance. He read a long and tedious report; he was not listened -to; I asked his name: it was Robespierre<a name="FNanchor_373_378" id="FNanchor_373_378"></a><a href="#Footnote_373_378" class="fnanchor">[373]</a>. The men in leathern -shoes were ready to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> leave the drawing-rooms, and already the wooden -shoes were kicking at the door.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>When, before the Revolution, I read the history of public disturbances -among various nations, I could not conceive how it was possible to live -in those times; I was surprised that Montaigne was able to write with -such spirit in a castle which he could not go round without running the -risk of being taken prisoner by bands of Leaguers or Protestants<a name="FNanchor_374_379" id="FNanchor_374_379"></a><a href="#Footnote_374_379" class="fnanchor">[374]</a>.</p> - -<p>The Revolution made me understand the possibility of existence under -such conditions. Moments of crisis produce a reduplication of life -in men. In a society which is dissolving and Recomposing itself, the -struggle of two geniuses, the clash of the past and the future, the -mixture of old manners and new manners form a transient combination -which does not leave a moment for weariness. Passions and characters, -when at liberty, display themselves with an energy which they do not -possess in the well-regulated State. The breaches of the laws, the -emancipation from duties, social usages, and seemly manners, the -very dangers, all add to the interest of this disorder. The human -race making holiday perambulates the streets, having got rid of its -schoolmasters and returned for a moment to a state of nature, and does -not begin again to feel the need of social restraint until it bears the -yoke of the new tyrants engendered by license.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The theatres.</div> - -<p>I cannot better depict society in 1789 and 1790 than by comparing it -with the architecture of the time of Louis XII. and François I., when -the Greek orders began to be grafted upon the Gothic style, or rather -by likening it to the collection of ruins and tombs of all ages heaped -pell-mell, after the Terror, in the cloisters of the Petits-Augustins: -only, the ruins of which I speak were alive and constantly changing. -In every corner of Paris were literary sets, political societies, and -spectacles; future celebrities wandered unrecognized in the crowd, -like the souls on the shore of Lethe, before enjoying the light. I saw -Marshal Gouvion-Saint-Cyr<a name="FNanchor_375_380" id="FNanchor_375_380"></a><a href="#Footnote_375_380" class="fnanchor">[375]</a>, play a part in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> Beaumarchais' <i>Mère -Coupable</i><a name="FNanchor_376_381" id="FNanchor_376_381"></a><a href="#Footnote_376_381" class="fnanchor">[376]</a> at the Théâtre du Marais. One went from the Club des -Feuillants to the Club des Jacobins, from the public ball-rooms and -gaming-houses to the meetings in the Palais-Royal, from the gallery -of the National Assembly to the gallery in the open air. The streets -were filled with popular deputations, cavalry pickets, infantry patrols -passing to and fro. Behind a man in a French coat, with powdered hair, -a sword, a hat carried under his arm, pumps and silk stockings, walked -a man wearing his hair short and without powder, an English frock -and an American neck-cloth. At the theatres the actors gave out the -news; the pit shouted patriotic ditties. Topical pieces drew crowds: -an Abbé appeared upon the stage; the audience cried, "Jack-priest! -Jack-priest!" and the Abbé answered:</p> - -<p>"Gentlemen, long live the nation!"</p> - -<p>People trooped to hear Mandini and his wife, Viganoni and -Rovedino<a name="FNanchor_377_382" id="FNanchor_377_382"></a><a href="#Footnote_377_382" class="fnanchor">[377]</a>, sing at the <i>Opera Buffa</i> after hearing <i>Ça ira</i> roared -in the streets; they went to admire Madame Dugazon<a name="FNanchor_378_383" id="FNanchor_378_383"></a><a href="#Footnote_378_383" class="fnanchor">[378]</a>, Madame -Saint-Aubin<a name="FNanchor_379_384" id="FNanchor_379_384"></a><a href="#Footnote_379_384" class="fnanchor">[379]</a>, Carline<a name="FNanchor_380_385" id="FNanchor_380_385"></a><a href="#Footnote_380_385" class="fnanchor">[380]</a>, little Olivier<a name="FNanchor_381_386" id="FNanchor_381_386"></a><a href="#Footnote_381_386" class="fnanchor">[381]</a>, Mademoiselle -Contat, Molé, Fleury, Talma at the commencement of his career, after -seeing Favras hanged.</p> - -<p>The walks on the Boulevard du Temple and the Boulevard des Italiens, -or de Coblentz, the paths of the Tuileries Gardens were inundated with -smartly dressed women: three young daughters of Grétry's<a name="FNanchor_382_387" id="FNanchor_382_387"></a><a href="#Footnote_382_387" class="fnanchor">[382]</a> shone -there, white and pink as their costumes; they soon died, all three.</p> - -<p>"She fell asleep for ever," said Grétry, speaking of his eldest -daughter, "seated on my knees, as beautiful as in life."</p> - -<p>A multitude of carriages ploughed across the muddy spaces in which the -sans-culottes plodded on foot, and one saw the beautiful Madame de -Buffon<a name="FNanchor_383_388" id="FNanchor_383_388"></a><a href="#Footnote_383_388" class="fnanchor">[383]</a> sitting alone in a phaeton<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> belonging to the Duc d'Orléans, -waiting at the door of some club.</p> - -<p>All that was elegant and in good taste in aristocratic society met -at the Hôtel de La Rochefoucauld<a name="FNanchor_384_389" id="FNanchor_384_389"></a><a href="#Footnote_384_389" class="fnanchor">[384]</a>, at the <i>soirées</i> of Mesdames -de Poix, d'Hénin, de Simiane, de Vaudreuil, in the few <i>salons</i> that -remained open of the upper magisterial circle. At M. Necker's, at M. -le Comte de Montmorin's, at the houses of the different ministers -gathered (in addition to Madame de Staël, the Duchesse d'Aiguillon, -Mesdames de Beaumont<a name="FNanchor_385_390" id="FNanchor_385_390"></a><a href="#Footnote_385_390" class="fnanchor">[385]</a> and de Sérilly<a name="FNanchor_386_391" id="FNanchor_386_391"></a><a href="#Footnote_386_391" class="fnanchor">[386]</a>) all the new lights of -France and all the liberties of the new manners. The shoemaker knelt -to take the measure of your foot in the uniform of an officer of the -National Guard; the monk who on Friday trailed his white or black gown -along the ground appeared on Sunday in a round hat and a lay coat; the -shorn Capuchin read the paper in the public-house, and in the midst of -a circle of frivolous women, a nun appeared gravely seated: it was an -aunt or a sister turned out of her monastery. The crowd visited these -convents thrown open to the world like the travellers who, at Grenada, -wander through the deserted halls of the Alhambra, or, at Tivoli, -linger beneath the columns of the Sibyl's temple.</p> - -<p>For the rest, many duels and love-affairs, prison attachments and -political friendships, mysterious meetings among ruins, under a -tranquil sky, amid nature's peace and poetry; silent, remote, solitary -walks, mingled with undying oaths and indefinable affections, to the -dull tumult of a fleeing world, to the distant noise of a crumbling -society, which threatened in its fall to crush the happiness set at the -foot of events. Those who had lost sight of each other for twenty-four -hours were not sure of ever meeting again. Some went the revolutionary -way; others contemplated civil war; others set out for Ohio, sending -ahead plans for country-houses to be built among the savages; others -went to join the Princes: all this cheerfully,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> often without a sou in -their pockets, the Royalists declaring that the thing would come to -an end one of these mornings by a decree of Parliament, the patriots, -quite as airy in their hopes, foretelling the reign of peace and -happiness together with that of liberty. People sang:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -La sainte chandelle d'Arras,<br /> -Le flambeau de la Provence,<br /> -S'ils ne nous éclairent pas,<br /> -Mettent le feu dans la France;<br /> -On ne peut pas les toucher,<br /> -Mais on espère les moucher<a name="FNanchor_387_392" id="FNanchor_387_392"></a><a href="#Footnote_387_392" class="fnanchor">[387]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>And that was how people spoke of Robespierre and Mirabeau!</p> - -<p>"It is as little within the power of any earthly faculty," wrote -L'Éstoile<a name="FNanchor_388_393" id="FNanchor_388_393"></a><a href="#Footnote_388_393" class="fnanchor">[388]</a>, "to keep the French people from talking as to hide the -sun in the ground or bury it in a hole."</p> - -<p>The Palace of the Tuileries, a great gaol filled with sentenced -prisoners, rose erect amid these festivals of destruction. The -condemned themselves made merry while waiting for the "cart," the -"shears," and the "red shirt" which had been put out to dry; and -through the windows one saw the dazzling illuminations of the Queen's -circle.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The newspapers.</div> - -<p>Pamphlets and newspapers swarmed in thousands; the satires and poems, -the songs of the <i>Actes des Apôtres</i><a name="FNanchor_389_394" id="FNanchor_389_394"></a><a href="#Footnote_389_394" class="fnanchor">[389]</a> replied to the <i>Ami du -peuple</i>, or to the <i>Modérateur</i><a name="FNanchor_390_395" id="FNanchor_390_395"></a><a href="#Footnote_390_395" class="fnanchor">[390]</a> of the Club Monarchien, edited by -Fontanes; Mallet Du Pan<a name="FNanchor_391_396" id="FNanchor_391_396"></a><a href="#Footnote_391_396" class="fnanchor">[391]</a>, on the political side of the <i>Mercure</i>, -was in opposition to La Harpe and Chamfort on the literary side of the -same journal. Champcenetz<a name="FNanchor_392_397" id="FNanchor_392_397"></a><a href="#Footnote_392_397" class="fnanchor">[392]</a>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> the Marquis de Bonnay, Rivarol<a name="FNanchor_393_398" id="FNanchor_393_398"></a><a href="#Footnote_393_398" class="fnanchor">[393]</a>, -Mirabeau the Younger (the Holbein of the sword, who levied on the Rhine -the legion of the Hussars of Death), Honoré Mirabeau the Elder amused -themselves by drawing caricatures at dinner and composing the <i>Petit -almanach des grands hommes</i>: Honoré would subsequently go off to move -martial law or the seizure of the property of the clergy. He spent the -night at Madame Le Jay's<a name="FNanchor_394_399" id="FNanchor_394_399"></a><a href="#Footnote_394_399" class="fnanchor">[394]</a>, after declaring that he would not leave -the National Assembly unless driven out at the point of the bayonet. -Égalité consulted the devil in the Montrouge stone-quarries, and -returned to the Jardin de Monceau to preside over the orgies prepared -by Laclos<a name="FNanchor_395_400" id="FNanchor_395_400"></a><a href="#Footnote_395_400" class="fnanchor">[395]</a>. The future regicide proved himself worthy of his race: -he was twice prostituted; debauchery handed him over exhausted to -ambition. Lauzun<a name="FNanchor_396_401" id="FNanchor_396_401"></a><a href="#Footnote_396_401" class="fnanchor">[396]</a>, already worn out, supped in his pleasure-house -at the Barrière du Maine with dancers from the Opera, caressed -indifferently by Messrs. de Noailles, de Dillon<a name="FNanchor_397_402" id="FNanchor_397_402"></a><a href="#Footnote_397_402" class="fnanchor">[397]</a>, de Choiseul, de -Talleyrand<a name="FNanchor_398_403" id="FNanchor_398_403"></a><a href="#Footnote_398_403" class="fnanchor">[398]</a> and other elegants of the time, of whom two or three -mummies still survive.</p> - -<p>The majority of the courtiers celebrated for their immorality at the -end of the reign of Louis XV., and during the reign of Louis XVI., -were enlisted under the tricolour banner: almost all of them had -been through the American war and had besmirched their ribbons with -the Republican colours. The Revolution employed them so long as it -remained at a middling height; they even became the first generals -of its armies. The Duc de Lauzun, the romantic lover of the Princess -Czartoriska, the woman-hunter of the high-road, the Lovelace who "had" -this one and then "had" that one, in the chaste and noble cant of the -Court; the Duc de Lauzun, becoming Duc de Biron, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> commanding the -forces of the Convention in the Vendée: the pity of it! The Baron de -Besenval<a name="FNanchor_399_404" id="FNanchor_399_404"></a><a href="#Footnote_399_404" class="fnanchor">[399]</a>, the lying and cynical revealer of the corruption of -the upper classes, the fly on the wheel of the puerilities of the -expiring old monarchy; that ponderous baron, compromised in the affair -of the Bastille, and saved by M. Necker and Mirabeau only because he -was a Swiss: the disgrace of it! What had such men to do with such -events? When the Revolution had attained its full height, it scornfully -abandoned these frivolous apostates from the throne: it had needed -their vices, it now needed their heads; it disdained no blood, not even -that of the Du Barry<a name="FNanchor_400_405" id="FNanchor_400_405"></a><a href="#Footnote_400_405" class="fnanchor">[400]</a>.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The year 1790 brought to completion the measures outlined by the year -1789. The property of the Church, first placed in the hands of the -nation, was confiscated, the civil constitution of the clergy decreed, -the nobility abolished.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Federation of July.</div> - -<p>I did not attend the Federation of July 1790: a somewhat serious -illness made me keep my bed; but before that I had been much amused by -the sight of the wheel-barrows on the Champ de Mars. Madame de Staël -has written a wonderful description of that scene<a name="FNanchor_401_406" id="FNanchor_401_406"></a><a href="#Footnote_401_406" class="fnanchor">[401]</a>. I shall always -regret not to have seen M. de Talleyrand say Mass, served by the Abbé -Louis<a name="FNanchor_402_407" id="FNanchor_402_407"></a><a href="#Footnote_402_407" class="fnanchor">[402]</a>, as I regret not to have seen him, sword at side, give -audience to the Ambassador of the Grand Turk.</p> - -<p>Mirabeau forfeited his popularity in the year 1790; his relations with -the Court were obvious. M. Necker resigned office and withdrew into -private life, none caring to restrain him<a name="FNanchor_403_408" id="FNanchor_403_408"></a><a href="#Footnote_403_408" class="fnanchor">[403]</a>. Mesdames, the King's -aunts, left for Rome with a passport from the National Assembly<a name="FNanchor_404_409" id="FNanchor_404_409"></a><a href="#Footnote_404_409" class="fnanchor">[404]</a>. -The Duc d'Orléans returned from England and declared himself the King's -most humble and most obedient servant. Societies of Friends of the -Constitution multiplied upon the soil and connected themselves with the -parent society, receiving its suggestions and executing its orders.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></p> - -<p>Public life met with a favourable disposition in my character: I was -attracted by what happened in public, because, in the crowd, I beheld -my loneliness and had no occasion to combat my shyness. Nevertheless, -the salons, sharing as they did in the universal agitation, had become -a little less foreign to my mood, and I had made new acquaintances in -spite of myself.</p> - -<p>The Marquise de Villette I had met casually. Her husband<a name="FNanchor_405_410" id="FNanchor_405_410"></a><a href="#Footnote_405_410" class="fnanchor">[405]</a>, who bore -a slandered reputation, wrote with Monsieur, the King's brother, in the -<i>Journal de Paris.</i> Madame de Villette, still charming, lost a daughter -of sixteen, more charming than her mother, upon whom the Chevalier de -Parny wrote some verses worthy of the Anthology<a name="FNanchor_406_411" id="FNanchor_406_411"></a><a href="#Footnote_406_411" class="fnanchor">[406]</a>.</p> - -<p>My regiment, which was in garrison at Rouen, preserved its discipline -pretty late. It had an encounter with the mob on the subject of the -execution of the actor Bordier<a name="FNanchor_407_412" id="FNanchor_407_412"></a><a href="#Footnote_407_412" class="fnanchor">[407]</a>, who underwent the last sentence -pronounced by the parliamentary power; hanged one day, he would have -been a hero the next, had he lived twenty-four hours longer. But at -last the insurrection showed itself among the soldiers of the Navarre -Regiment. The Marquis de Mortemart emigrated; his officers followed -him. I had neither adopted nor rejected the new opinions; I was as -little disposed to attack as to serve them, was unwilling either to -emigrate or to continue in the military career, and I resigned my -commission.</p> - -<p>Freed from all bonds, I had, on the one side, somewhat animated -discussions with my brother and the President de Rosanbo; on the other, -discussions no less embittered with Ginguené, La Harpe, and Chamfort. -From my early youth, my political impartiality pleased nobody. Besides, -I attached importance to the questions then raised only through general -ideas concerning the liberty and dignity of the human race; personal -politics bored me; my real life lay in higher regions.</p> - -<p>The streets of Paris, blocked with people night and day, were no longer -suited to my lounging inclinations. To recover the desert, I took -refuge in the theatre: I ensconced myself at the back of a box and -allowed my thoughts to wander to the sound of Racine's<a name="FNanchor_408_413" id="FNanchor_408_413"></a><a href="#Footnote_408_413" class="fnanchor">[408]</a> verses, -Sacchini's<a name="FNanchor_409_414" id="FNanchor_409_414"></a><a href="#Footnote_409_414" class="fnanchor">[409]</a> music,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> or the Opera ballets. I must have had the -courage to see <i>Barbe-bleue</i><a name="FNanchor_410_415" id="FNanchor_410_415"></a><a href="#Footnote_410_415" class="fnanchor">[410]</a> and the <i>Sabot perdu</i><a name="FNanchor_411_416" id="FNanchor_411_416"></a><a href="#Footnote_411_416" class="fnanchor">[411]</a> twenty -times in succession at the Italiens, courting tedium in order to dispel -it, like an owl in a hole in a wall; while the monarchy fell, I heard -neither the cracking of the venerable vaults nor the screeching of the -vaudeville, neither Mirabeau's voice thundering in the tribune nor -Colin's singing to Babet on the stage:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Qu'il pleuve, qu'il vente ou qu'il neige,<br /> -Quand la nuit est longue, ou l'abrège<a name="FNanchor_412_417" id="FNanchor_412_417"></a><a href="#Footnote_412_417" class="fnanchor">[412]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>Madame Ginguené sometimes sent M. Monet, the director of mines, and his -young daughter to disturb my unsociable mood: Mademoiselle Monet took -her seat in the front of the box; I sat, half pleased, half grumbling, -behind her. I do not know whether she attracted me, whether I liked -her; but I was very much afraid of her. When she was gone, I regretted -her, while rejoicing at no longer seeing her. Still, I sometimes went, -with the perspiration standing on my brow, to fetch her for a walk: I -gave her my arm, and I believe I pressed hers a little.</p> - -<p>One idea governed me, the idea of going to the United States: a -useful object was wanting for my voyage; I proposed, as I have said -in the Memoirs and in several of my works, to discover the North-West -Passage. This plan was not out of keeping with my poetic nature. No one -troubled himself about me; I was at that time, like Bonaparte, a slim -sub-lieutenant, entirely unknown; both of us emerged from obscurity at -the same period, I to seek renown in solitude, he to seek glory among -mankind. I had not attached myself to any woman, and my sylph still -possessed my imagination. I placed before myself the bliss of realizing -my fantastic wanderings in her company in the forests of the New World. -Through the influence of a new manifestation of nature, my flower of -love, my nameless phantom of the woods of Armorica, grew into <i>Atala</i> -beneath the shady groves of Florida.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">The North-West passage.</div> - -<p>M. de Malesherbes excited me on the subject of this voyage. I went -to see him in the mornings: we sat, with our noses glued to maps; -we compared the different plans of the Arctic Circle; we calculated -the distances between Behring's Straits and the furthermost part of -Hudson's Bay; we read the different narratives of the travellers and -navigators, English, Dutch, French, Russian, Swedish, Danish; we -enquired into the roads to be followed on land to reach the shores -of the Polar Sea; we discussed the difficulties to be overcome, the -precautions to be taken against the rigours of the climate, the attacks -of wild animals, the scarcity of food. This illustrious man said to me:</p> - -<p>"If I were younger, I would go with you, I would spare myself the sight -of all the crimes, meannesses and madnesses which I see about me. -But, at my age, a man must die where he stands. Do not fail to write -to me by every ship, to keep me informed of your progress and your -discoveries: I will commend them to the ministers. It is a great pity -that you know no botany."</p> - -<p>After these conversations, I would peruse Tournefort<a name="FNanchor_413_418" id="FNanchor_413_418"></a><a href="#Footnote_413_418" class="fnanchor">[413]</a>, -Duhamel<a name="FNanchor_414_419" id="FNanchor_414_419"></a><a href="#Footnote_414_419" class="fnanchor">[414]</a>, Bernard de Jussieu<a name="FNanchor_415_420" id="FNanchor_415_420"></a><a href="#Footnote_415_420" class="fnanchor">[415]</a>, Grew<a name="FNanchor_416_421" id="FNanchor_416_421"></a><a href="#Footnote_416_421" class="fnanchor">[416]</a>, Jacquin, -Rousseau's<a name="FNanchor_417_422" id="FNanchor_417_422"></a><a href="#Footnote_417_422" class="fnanchor">[417]</a> Dictionary, the <i>Flores élementaires</i>; I ran to the -Jardin du Roi, and before long thought myself a very Linnæus<a name="FNanchor_418_423" id="FNanchor_418_423"></a><a href="#Footnote_418_423" class="fnanchor">[418]</a>.</p> - -<p>At last, in January 1791, I seriously made up my mind. The chaos -was increasing: it was sufficient to bear an "aristocratic" name -to be exposed to persecution: the more moderate and conscientious -your opinions the more were you liable to suspicion and annoyance. I -therefore resolved to strike my tents: I left my brother and my sisters -in Paris, and made for Brittany.</p> - -<p>At Fougères I met the Marquis de La Rouërie: I asked him to give me -a letter for General Washington<a name="FNanchor_419_424" id="FNanchor_419_424"></a><a href="#Footnote_419_424" class="fnanchor">[419]</a>. "Colonel Armand" (the name by -which the marquis was known in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> America) had distinguished himself in -the American War of Independence. He made himself famous in France -through the royalist conspiracy which made such touching victims in the -Desilles<a name="FNanchor_420_425" id="FNanchor_420_425"></a><a href="#Footnote_420_425" class="fnanchor">[420]</a> family. He having died while organizing this conspiracy, -his body was disinterred and recognized, and caused the misfortune of -his hosts and of his friends. The rival of La Fayette and Lauzun, the -predecessor of La Rochejacquelein, the Marquis de La Rouërie was a -more spirited person than they: he had fought oftener than the first; -he had carried off opera-singers like the second; he would have become -the companion in arms of the third. He swept the woods in Brittany in -company with an American major<a name="FNanchor_421_426" id="FNanchor_421_426"></a><a href="#Footnote_421_426" class="fnanchor">[421]</a>, and with a monkey seated on his -horse's crupper. The Rennes law-students loved him for his boldness of -action and his liberty of ideas: he had been one of the twelve Breton -nobles sent to the Bastille. His figure and manners were elegant, his -appearance smart, his features charming, and he resembled the portraits -of the young lords of the League.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">I embark for America.</div> - -<p>I selected Saint-Malo as my port of embarkation, in order to embrace -my mother. I have told you in the third book of these Memoirs how I -passed through Combourg and of the sentiments that oppressed me. I -stayed two months at Saint-Malo, busying myself with preparations for -my departure, as I had done before, when I was thinking of departing -for the Indies.</p> - -<p>I struck a bargain with a captain called Dujardin<a name="FNanchor_422_427" id="FNanchor_422_427"></a><a href="#Footnote_422_427" class="fnanchor">[422]</a>, who was to -carry to Baltimore the Abbé Nagault<a name="FNanchor_423_428" id="FNanchor_423_428"></a><a href="#Footnote_423_428" class="fnanchor">[423]</a>, superior of the seminary of -Saint-Sulpice, and several seminarists under the conduct of their head. -These travelling companions would have been more to my liking four -years earlier: from being<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> a zealous Christian I had become "a man of -strong mind<a name="FNanchor_424_429" id="FNanchor_424_429"></a><a href="#Footnote_424_429" class="fnanchor">[424]</a>," in other words a man of weak mind. This change in -my religious opinions had been brought about by reading philosophical -books. I believed in good faith that a religious mind was in part -paralyzed, that there existed truths which it was unable to comprehend, -superior though it might be in other respects. This blessed pride -imposed upon me; I inferred in the religious mind that very absence of -a faculty which exists precisely in the philosophic mind: the narrow -intelligence thinks that it sees everything because it keeps its eyes -open; the superior intelligence consents to close its eyes, because it -sees everything within. Lastly, one thing finished me: the groundless -despair which I carried at the bottom of my heart.</p> - -<p>A letter from my brother has fixed the date of my departure in my -memory: he wrote to my mother from Paris, informing her of the death of -Mirabeau<a name="FNanchor_425_430" id="FNanchor_425_430"></a><a href="#Footnote_425_430" class="fnanchor">[425]</a>. Three days after the arrival of this letter, I joined -the ship lying in the roads<a name="FNanchor_426_431" id="FNanchor_426_431"></a><a href="#Footnote_426_431" class="fnanchor">[426]</a>; my luggage was already on board. The -anchor was weighed, a solemn moment with mariners. The sun was setting -when the coasting pilot left us, after putting us through the channels. -The weather was overcast, the wind slack, and the swell beat heavily -upon the rocks at a few cables' length from our vessel.</p> - -<p>My eyes remained fixed upon Saint-Malo, where I had left my mother in -tears. I saw the steeples and domes of the churches where I had prayed -with Lucile, the walls, the ramparts, the forts, the towers, the beach -where I had spent my childhood with Gesril and my other play-fellows; I -was abandoning my distracted country at the moment when she had lost a -man who could never be replaced. I was going away in equal uncertainty -as to my country's destinies and my own: which of us was to perish, -France or I? Should I ever see France and my family again?</p> - -<p>With nightfall came a calm which kept us lying at the mouth of the -roads; the lights of the town and the beacons were kindled: those -lights which twinkled beneath my paternal roof seemed at once to smile -to me and bid me farewell, while lighting me amid the rocks, the -darkness of the night, and the blackness of the waves.</p> - -<p>I carried with me only my youth and my illusions: I was deserting a -world whose dust I had trod and whose stars I had counted for a world -of which the soil and the sky were both unknown to me. What was to -become of me if I attained<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> the object of my voyage? While I roamed -upon the polar shores, the years of discord which have crushed so -many generations with so loud a noise would have fallen silently over -my head; society would have renewed its aspect in my absence. It is -probable that I should never have had the misfortune to write; my name -would have remained unknown, or would have won only a peaceful renown -of the kind which is less than glory, which is scorned by envy and left -to happiness. Who knows whether I would have recrossed the Atlantic, -whether I would not have settled down among the solitudes explored and -discovered at my peril and risk, like a conqueror in the midst of his -conquests!</p> - -<div class="sidenote">We set sail.</div> - -<p>But no, I was to return to my native land, there to undergo altered -miseries, to become something quite different from what I had been! The -sea in whose lap I was born was about to become the cradle of my second -life; she bore me upon my first voyage as though in the bosom of my -foster-mother, in the arms of the confidant of my first tears and my -first pleasures.</p> - -<p>The ebb-tide, in the absence of the wind, carried us out to sea; -the lights of the shore grew smaller and smaller, and disappeared. -Exhausted with my reflections, with vague regrets, with even vaguer -hopes, I went below to my cabin: I lay down to rest, rocked in my -hammock to the sound of the billows which caressed the side of the -vessel. The wind rose; the unfurled sails, which hung flapping about -the masts, filled out, and when, next morning, I went up on deck, the -land of France was out of sight.</p> - -<p>Here toy destinies changed: "Again to sea!" as Byron sings.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_218_223" id="Footnote_218_223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_218_223"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> This book was written in Paris between June and December -1821, and revised in December 1846.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_219_224" id="Footnote_219_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219_224"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> The <i>Moniteur</i> of Sunday 29 April 1821 contains the -following, under the heading, Paris, 28 April: "M. le Vicomte de -Chateaubriand, French Minister Plenipotentiary in Berlin, arrived in -Paris on the day before yesterday." The Duc de Bordeaux was christened -at Notre-Dame on the 1st of May 1821.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_220_225" id="Footnote_220_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_220_225"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> Villèle left the Cabinet on the 27th of July 1821; -Chateaubriand resigned his ambassadorship on the 31st of July.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_221_226" id="Footnote_221_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_221_226"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> Marigny has greatly changed since my sister occupied it. -It has been sold and now belongs to Messieurs de Pommereul, who nave -rebuilt it and much improved it.—<i>Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_222_227" id="Footnote_222_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222_227"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> Antoine Auguste Bruzen de Lamartinière (1662-1746), -compiler of the <i>Dictionnaire géographique, historique et critique.</i> He -was born and spent his youth at Dieppe, and was the nephew of Richard -Simon (<i>vide infra</i>).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_223_228" id="Footnote_223_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_223_228"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> Richard Simon (1638-1712), an early Rationalist, author -of a number of works on the Old and New Testaments, which were promptly -condemned by the Holy See.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_224_229" id="Footnote_224_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224_229"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> Jean Pecquet (1610-1674), discoverer of the chyle -reservoir or <i>réservoir de Pecquet.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_225_230" id="Footnote_225_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225_230"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> See Madame de Sévigné's letters of 22 December 1664, -January 1665, 19 November 1670, and 11 July 1672.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_226_231" id="Footnote_226_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226_231"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> The district of Caux, in Upper Normandy, which includes -Dieppe, is noted for the beauty of its women and the singularity of -their head-dresses.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_227_232" id="Footnote_227_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227_232"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> Renée Élisabeth de La Belinaye (1728-1816), eldest -daughter of Armand Magdelon Comte de La Belinaye, and sister of Thérèse -de La Belinaye who married Anne Joseph Jacques Tuffin de La Rouërie, -and was the mother of the Marquis Armand de La Rouërie, the famous -conspirator.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_228_233" id="Footnote_228_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228_233"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> Jean Baptiste Isoard (1743-1816), known as Delisle de -Sales, and nicknamed Diderot's Ape. Nevertheless, and although certain -of his philosophical treatises were indicted and burned, he fought -against Atheism and Materialism. His works ran into scores of volumes -and made no mark whatever.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_229_234" id="Footnote_229_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229_234"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> Or "villas," as we should say nowadays.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_230_235" id="Footnote_230_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230_235"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> Claude Marie Louis Emmanuel Carbon de Flins des Oliviers -(1757-1806) edited the <i>Journal de la Ville et des Provinces, ou le -Modérateur</i> with Fontanes, and produced, not without success, a number -of comedies in verse.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_231_236" id="Footnote_231_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231_236"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> Jean Baptiste Britard (1721-1791), known as Brizard, a -well-known player of heavy fathers and kings. He retired on the 1st of -April 1786.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_232_237" id="Footnote_232_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232_237"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> François Joseph Talma (1763-1826) made his first -appearance in 1787, and is regarded as the greatest actor of his day. -Napoleon Bonaparte admitted him to his intimacy, and twice paid his -debts. He had been educated in England, knew English perfectly, and -played in London on more than one occasion.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_233_238" id="Footnote_233_238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233_238"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> Jean Mauduit de Larive (1749-1827) held the stage at the -Français until eclipsed by Talma, when he retired and opened a school -of declamation. He accompanied Joseph Bonaparte to Naples as reader in -1806, and built the hamlet of Larive on his property at Montlignon, -near Montmorency.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_234_239" id="Footnote_234_239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234_239"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> Joseph Abraham Bénard (1750-1822), known as Fleury, a -very popular light-comedy actor.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_235_240" id="Footnote_235_240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235_240"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> François René Molet (1734-1802), known as Molé, another -player of light-comedy parts, principally those then known as fats and -<i>petits-maîtres</i>: fops and dandies. He was an active member of the -Comédie Française for forty-two years, from 1760 to the day of his -death.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_236_241" id="Footnote_236_241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236_241"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> Henri Gourgaud (1714-1809), known as Dugazon, played -comic men-servants' parts. He was the brother of Madame Vestris, the -tragic actress.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_237_242" id="Footnote_237_242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237_242"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> Jean Baptiste Fouchard de Grandménil (1737-1816) gave up -the bar for the stage. He excelled in <i>rôles à manteaux</i> or mysterious -strangers' parts. He was a member of the Academy of Fine Arts, and -professor at the Conservatoire.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_238_243" id="Footnote_238_243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_238_243"><span class="label">[238]</span></a> Mademoiselle Contat (1760-1813), a very perfect and -versatile actress, who created the part of Suzanne in Beaumarchais' -<i>Mariage de Figaro</i> in 1784. She married M. de Parny, nephew to the -poet.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_239_244" id="Footnote_239_244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_239_244"><span class="label">[239]</span></a> Mademoiselle Saint-Val the younger. Her elder sister had -left the Comédie Française in 1779.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_240_245" id="Footnote_240_245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_240_245"><span class="label">[240]</span></a> Jeanne Adélaïde Gérardine Olivier (1765-1787), a native -of London. A very charming actress; she was scarcely nineteen when she -created the part of Chérubin in the <i>Mariage de Figaro</i>, achieving a -success almost equal to that of Mademoiselle Contat as Suzanne.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_241_246" id="Footnote_241_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_241_246"><span class="label">[241]</span></a> Anne Françoise Hippolyte Boutet (1779-1847), known as -Mademoiselle Mars, one of the most famous of French comic actresses. -She made her first appearance at the Théâtre Montansier when thirteen -years of age, in 1792, and did not definitely leave the stage until -1841, when she was sixty-two. She created over one hundred parts at the -Théâtre Français alone, which she joined in 1798.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_242_247" id="Footnote_242_247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_242_247"><span class="label">[242]</span></a> Jacques Marie Boutet (1745-1811), known as Monvel, an -exceedingly intelligent actor. He commenced by playing Mold's parts at -the Comédie Française, and in later life made a successful heavy father -at the Théâtre de la République. He also wrote a number of successful -comedies and comic operas, and under the Empire became a professor at -the Conservatoire and a Member of the Institute.—T. -</p> -<p> -Monvel was the father of Mademoiselle Mars by a provincial actress -called Marguerite Salvetat, who acted under the name of Madame Mars, -whence the daughter took her stage-name.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_243_248" id="Footnote_243_248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_243_248"><span class="label">[243]</span></a> Now the Théâtre du Palais-Royal.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_244_249" id="Footnote_244_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_244_249"><span class="label">[244]</span></a> Parny was born in the Île Bourbon.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_245_250" id="Footnote_245_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_245_250"><span class="label">[245]</span></a> I here omit some lines quoted from Parny.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_246_251" id="Footnote_246_251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246_251"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> Jacques Necker (1732-1804), Controller-General from 1776 -to 1781, 1788 to 1789, and 1789 to 1790.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_247_252" id="Footnote_247_252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_247_252"><span class="label">[247]</span></a> Ginguené was accredited as Ambassador of the French -Republic at Turin in the early part of 1798. By affectation of -simplicity, and also doubtless from economy, he caused his wife to be -dispensed from appearing at the audiences in Court dress. He did not -lose an hour before dispatching a special courier to carry the great -piece of news to the Foreign Minister: the Citizeness Ambassadress had -appeared in a <i>pet-en-l'air!</i> Within a very few days, Talleyrand had -signed Ginguené's recall.—B. -</p> -<p> -A <i>pet-en-l'air</i> is a very vulgar term for a short morning gown.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_248_253" id="Footnote_248_253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_248_253"><span class="label">[248]</span></a> The <i>Décade philosophique</i>, founded 10 Floréal Year -II. (29 April 1794). Ginguené was its editor-in-chief. In 1804, after -the Empire had been established, it changed its title to that of -<i>Revue philosophique, littéraire et politique.</i> It ceased to appear in -1807.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_249_254" id="Footnote_249_254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249_254"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> Ponce Denis Escouchard Le Brun (1729-1807), nicknamed -the French Pindar, a versatile poet and epigrammatist, who sang by -turns, and with equal fervor, the Monarchy, the Republic, and the -Empire. Ginguené edited and published his Collected Works in 1811.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_250_255" id="Footnote_250_255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_250_255"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> For an account of this "classical supper," see the -Recollections of Madame Vigée-Lebrun. Le Brun recited imitations of -Anacreon, crowned with Pindar's laurels.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_251_256" id="Footnote_251_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_251_256"><span class="label">[251]</span></a> It is true that Le Brun wrote trenchant versus against -Bonaparte, but he kept them to himself, and took care to publish those -in which he extolled him. Bonaparte awarded him a pension of 6000 -francs.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_252_257" id="Footnote_252_257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_252_257"><span class="label">[252]</span></a> Chamfort was his adopted name. He never knew his real -name nor that of his father.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_253_258" id="Footnote_253_258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_253_258"><span class="label">[253]</span></a> Jacques Delille (1738-1813) translated the <i>Georgics</i>, -the <i>Æneid</i>, and <i>Paradise Lost</i> into French verse. He had a facile -talent for versification, and was admitted to the French Academy -in 1774. He appears to have been in orders, and undoubtedly for -some time held the abbey of Saint-Séverin, but he never followed an -ecclesiastical career, and he married after the Revolution.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_254_259" id="Footnote_254_259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_254_259"><span class="label">[254]</span></a> Claude Carloman de Rulhière (1735-1791) was elected -to the Academy in 1787. He commenced life as aide-de-camp to the -Marshal de Richelieu in Guyenne. He then became secretary to the Baron -de Breteuil, whom he accompanied on his embassy to Russia in 1760. -In 1765, having meantime enjoyed a pension of 6000 francs for that -purpose, he completed his <i>Histoire de la révolution de Russie en -1762.</i> This work, however, could not be published during the lifetime -of Catherine II., and it eventually saw the light in 1797, six years -after the death of the author. He published some poetry, in addition to -the above and other historical works.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_255_260" id="Footnote_255_260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_255_260"><span class="label">[255]</span></a> The Comtesse d'Egmont was the daughter of the Maréchal -de Richelieu, and it was she who urged Rulhière to adopt a literary -career.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_256_261" id="Footnote_256_261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256_261"><span class="label">[256]</span></a> Charles Palissot de Montenoy (1730-1814), author of -a number of more or less polemical comedies, poems, and historical -works.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_257_262" id="Footnote_257_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_257_262"><span class="label">[257]</span></a> Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais (1732-1799), -author of the <i>Barbier de Séville</i>, the <i>Folle Journée, ou le Manage do -Figaro, Tarare</i>, &c.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_258_263" id="Footnote_258_263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_258_263"><span class="label">[258]</span></a> Jean François Marmontel (1723-1799), author of the -<i>Contes moraux</i> and a large number of miscellaneous and voluminous -works.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_259_264" id="Footnote_259_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_259_264"><span class="label">[259]</span></a> Marie Joseph de Chénier (1764-1811), the poet, brother -of André de Chénier. Chateaubriand succeeded to his chair at the -Institute.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_260_265" id="Footnote_260_265"></a><a href="#FNanchor_260_265"><span class="label">[260]</span></a> Urquhart and Motteux' RABELAIS, Book II. chap. 6: -<i>How Pantagruel met with a Limosin, who affected to speak in learned -phrase.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_261_266" id="Footnote_261_266"></a><a href="#FNanchor_261_266"><span class="label">[261]</span></a> Pierre de Ronsard (1524-1585), the leading French poet -of his day, but also noted for a pedantic affectation of erudition and -a barbarous neologism which made Boileau say of him: -</p> -<p> -Que sa muse en français parla grec et latin.<br /> -</p> -<p> -("That his muse, speaking French, talked in Latin and Greek").—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_262_267" id="Footnote_262_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_262_267"><span class="label">[262]</span></a> Chateaubriand wrote this page in June 1821; Fontanes had -died on the 17th of March previous.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_263_268" id="Footnote_263_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_263_268"><span class="label">[263]</span></a> Rosanbo was guillotined on 1 Floréal Year II. (20 April -1794).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_264_269" id="Footnote_264_269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_264_269"><span class="label">[264]</span></a> These are the four leading magisterial or parliamentary -families of France under the Old Order. The Lamoignons produced -Guillaume de Lamoignon (1617-1677), First President of the Parliament -of Paris (1658-1677), himself the son of a chief justice; his sons -Chrétien François de Lamoignon, a chief justice (1690) and Nicolas -Lamoignon de Baville (1648-1724), Counsellor to the Parliament (1670), -Master of Requests (1675), and lastly, Intendant of Languedoc; -Guillaume de Lamoignon, Seigneur de Malesherbes, Chancellor of France -(1750-1768), son of Chrétien François; his son, Chrétien Guillaume de -Malesherbes (1721-1794), the famous minister and counsel for Louis -XVI. at the King's trial; and Chrétien François Lamoignon (<i>d.</i> 1789), -Chief Justice of the Parliament of Paris (1758) and Chancellor in -1787, great-grandson of the first Guillaume de Lamoignon. His son, -Christian de Lamoignon, was created a peer of France, and died in -1827; in him the family of Lamoignon became extinct. The Molés held -chief-justiceships from 1602 to the Revolution. The more remarkable -members of the family were Édouard Molé (1558-1641), its founder, son -of a counsellor to the Parliament, himself successively a counsellor, -Procurator-General, and Chief Justice of the Parliament of Paris -(1602); Matthieu Molé (1584-1656), his son, counsellor (1606), -Procurator-General (1614), Chief Justice (1641) and Keeper of the -Seals (1650); and more recently Matthieu Louis Molé (1781-1855), son -of the President Molé de Champlatreux, Minister of Justice under -Bonaparte (1813), who created him a count of the Empire, Minister -of Marine (1815-1818) under the Restoration, when he became a peer -of France, Foreign Minister (1830-1836), and Premier (1836-1839) -under Louis Philippe. In 1840 he was elected a member of the French -Academy. Of the Séguiers, Pierre Séguier (1504-1580) was an advocate, -Advocate-General, and Chief Justice; his son, Antoine Séguier -(1552-1626), was a counsellor to the Parliament, Advocate-General, -and Ambassador of Henry IV. at Venice; Pierre Séguier (1588-1672), -grandson of the first Pierre, was Intendant of Guyenne, Keeper of the -Seals (1633), and Chancellor (1635); Antoine Louis Séguier (1726-1791) -was Advocate-General to the Grand Council and subsequently to the -Parliament (1755-1790) and a member of the French Academy (1757); and -his son, Matthieu Séguier (<i>d.</i> 1848), was for many years a chief -justice. Henri François d'Aguesseau (1688-1751) was the son of an -intendant of Limousin, and was Chancellor of France from 1717 to 1718, -1720 to 1722, and 1737 to 1750.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_265_270" id="Footnote_265_270"></a><a href="#FNanchor_265_270"><span class="label">[265]</span></a> <i>Cf. inter alia</i>, the character of the Présidente de -Tourvel in Choderlos de Laclos' <i>Liaisons dangereuses.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_266_271" id="Footnote_266_271"></a><a href="#FNanchor_266_271"><span class="label">[266]</span></a> This must be a slip of the pen. Malesherbes had -only two daughters: Marie Thérèse, born 1756, who married, in -1769, Louis Le Peletier, Seigneur de Rosanbo, and Françoise -Pauline, born 1758, who married, in 1775, Charles Philippe Simon de -Montboissier-Beaufort-Canillac, commanding the Orléans Regiment of -Dragoons.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_267_272" id="Footnote_267_272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267_272"><span class="label">[267]</span></a> The President de Rosanbo's three daughters married the -Comte de Chateaubriand, the author's brother, the Comte Lepelletier -d'Aulnay, and the Comte de Tocqueville. The last was made a lord of the -Bed-chamber and a peer of France by Charles X., and was the father of -Alexis de Tocqueville, author of the <i>Démocratie en Amérique.</i>—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_268_273" id="Footnote_268_273"></a><a href="#FNanchor_268_273"><span class="label">[268]</span></a> Louis Le Peletier, Vicomte de Rosanbo (1777-1858) was -created a peer of France on the same day as Chateaubriand, 17 August -1815, and together with the latter, retired from the Upper House in -August 1830, refusing to take the oath to the usurper.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_269_274" id="Footnote_269_274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_269_274"><span class="label">[269]</span></a> Navigated in recent years by Captain Franklin and -Captain Parry.—(<i>Author's Note</i> Geneva, 1831).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_270_275" id="Footnote_270_275"></a><a href="#FNanchor_270_275"><span class="label">[270]</span></a> René Nicolas Maupeou (1714-1792) succeeded his father -in 1768 as Chancellor of France. In 1771 he banished the Parliament -of Paris and installed in its stead the King's Privy Council, which -was derisively nicknamed the "Maupeou Parliament" by the public, and -which continued in power until the death of Louis XV. in 1774, when the -Parliament was restored and Maupeou banished in his turn.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_271_276" id="Footnote_271_276"></a><a href="#FNanchor_271_276"><span class="label">[271]</span></a> Of the royal edicts.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_272_277" id="Footnote_272_277"></a><a href="#FNanchor_272_277"><span class="label">[272]</span></a> Charles Alexandre de Calonne (1734-1802), -Controller-General of Finance (1783-1787).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_273_278" id="Footnote_273_278"></a><a href="#FNanchor_273_278"><span class="label">[273]</span></a> Armand Marc Comte de Montmorin-Saint-Hérem (1746-1792), -Minister of Foreign Affairs under Necker, and killed in the massacres -of September.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_274_279" id="Footnote_274_279"></a><a href="#FNanchor_274_279"><span class="label">[274]</span></a> Étienne Charles de Loménie, Comte de Brienne -(1727-1794), successively Bishop of Condom, Archbishop of Toulouse, -Archbishop of Sens, and a cardinal. In 1787 he was appointed -Controller-General, and soon after became Prime Minister. He was -arrested in 1793 and died in prison in 1794.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_275_280" id="Footnote_275_280"></a><a href="#FNanchor_275_280"><span class="label">[275]</span></a> Anne of Brittany (1476-1514), daughter and heiress of -Duke François II., was first married by proxy to the Emperor Maximilian -I. The marriage was not consummated, and in 1491 Anne married King -Charles VIII. of France. Charles died in 1498, and in 1499 his widow -married his cousin and successor, Louis XII.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_276_281" id="Footnote_276_281"></a><a href="#FNanchor_276_281"><span class="label">[276]</span></a> Charles of Blois, son of Margaret, sister of Philip VI., -married in 1337 Joan of Penthièvre, daughter of Guy, and niece of John -III., Duke of Brittany, on the understanding that he was to succeed to -the latter's estates. Upon the death of John in 1341, a war broke out -between Charles and the Count of Montfort (<i>vide infra</i>) which lasted -until 1364, when Charles was slain at the Battle of Auray.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_277_282" id="Footnote_277_282"></a><a href="#FNanchor_277_282"><span class="label">[277]</span></a> John Count of Montfort, brother of John III. Duke of -Brittany, assumed the title of John IV. He died in 1345, and was -succeeded by his son John V., who eventually entered into possession of -the Duchy.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_278_283" id="Footnote_278_283"></a><a href="#FNanchor_278_283"><span class="label">[278]</span></a> Letter to Madame de Grignan, 5 August 1671.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_279_284" id="Footnote_279_284"></a><a href="#FNanchor_279_284"><span class="label">[279]</span></a> M. de Sévigné, her son.—<i>Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_280_285" id="Footnote_280_285"></a><a href="#FNanchor_280_285"><span class="label">[280]</span></a> A play upon words: a <i>roué</i> is a rake and also one -broken on the wheel.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_281_286" id="Footnote_281_286"></a><a href="#FNanchor_281_286"><span class="label">[281]</span></a> Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac(1755-1841), President of the -Convention during the trial of Louis XVI., and member of the Committee -of Public Safety (1793-1795).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_282_287" id="Footnote_282_287"></a><a href="#FNanchor_282_287"><span class="label">[282]</span></a> A Suisse, or porter.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_283_288" id="Footnote_283_288"></a><a href="#FNanchor_283_288"><span class="label">[283]</span></a> This duel took place <i>circa</i> 1735 between Jean François -de Kératry, a younger son from Cornouaille, not Morbihan, and the -Marquis, not Comte, de Sabran.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_284_289" id="Footnote_284_289"></a><a href="#FNanchor_284_289"><span class="label">[284]</span></a> A large proportion of Breton names commence with Ker: -one says a "Ker" of Brittany as who should say a "Tre, Pol, or Pen" of -Cornwall or a "Thwaite" of Westmoreland.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_285_290" id="Footnote_285_290"></a><a href="#FNanchor_285_290"><span class="label">[285]</span></a> St. Corentin was the first titular Bishop of Cornouaille -(or Quimper), which see was created by King Gallon, or Grallon, Mur, or -the Great, not "three centuries before Christ," but towards the close -of the fifth century A.D.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_286_291" id="Footnote_286_291"></a><a href="#FNanchor_286_291"><span class="label">[286]</span></a> Giuseppe Balsamo (1743-1795), known as Alessandro Conte -di Cagliostro, the conjurer, and one of the leading spirits in the -affair of the Necklace.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_287_292" id="Footnote_287_292"></a><a href="#FNanchor_287_292"><span class="label">[287]</span></a> Friedrich Anton Mesmer (1734-1815), the discoverer of -animal magnetism.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_288_293" id="Footnote_288_293"></a><a href="#FNanchor_288_293"><span class="label">[288]</span></a> Louis Anne Pierre Geslin, Comte (not Marquis) de -Trémargat (<i>b.</i> 1749), a naval officer and knight of St. Louis.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_289_294" id="Footnote_289_294"></a><a href="#FNanchor_289_294"><span class="label">[289]</span></a> Henri Charles Comte de Thiard-Bissy (1726-1794), a -lieutenant-general and principal equerry to the Duc d'Orléans. In -February 1787 he succeeded M. de Montmorin in his post of King's -Commandant in Brittany. He was guillotined on the 26th of July -1794.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_290_295" id="Footnote_290_295"></a><a href="#FNanchor_290_295"><span class="label">[290]</span></a> The twelve gentlemen sent to the Bastille, 15 July 1788, -were the Marquis de La Rouërie, the Comte de La Fruglaye, the Marquis -de La Bourdonnaye de Montluc, the Comte de Trémargat, the Marquis de -Corné, the Comte Godet de Châtillon, the Vicomte de Champion de Cicé, -the Marquis Alexis de Bedée, the Chevalier de Guer, the Marquis du -Bois de La Feronnière, the Comte Hay des Nétumières, and the Comte -de Becdelièvre-Penhouët. Their captivity was anything but harsh, and -lasted under two months, from 15 July to 12 September 1788.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_291_296" id="Footnote_291_296"></a><a href="#FNanchor_291_296"><span class="label">[291]</span></a> Gabriel Comte Cortois de Pressigny (1745-1823). He -emigrated in 1791; on the Restoration he was sent as a special envoy -to the Holy See. In 1816 he was created a peer of France, and in 1817 -appointed Archbishop of Besançon.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_292_297" id="Footnote_292_297"></a><a href="#FNanchor_292_297"><span class="label">[292]</span></a> -"Along the avenue<br /> -The devil went so fast<br /> -That he was lost to view<br /> -Before an hour had passed." -—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_293_298" id="Footnote_293_298"></a><a href="#FNanchor_293_298"><span class="label">[293]</span></a> -"The beautiful maid became a duck,<br /> -Became a duck, became a duck,<br /> -And through a lattice off she flew<br /> -To a pond where duck-weed grew." -—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_294_299" id="Footnote_294_299"></a><a href="#FNanchor_294_299"><span class="label">[294]</span></a> Pierre and François Guillaume de La Saudre. The Château -de Bonnaban is still one of the finest seats in the neighbourhood of -Saint-Malo. It is now the property of the Comte de Kergariou.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_295_300" id="Footnote_295_300"></a><a href="#FNanchor_295_300"><span class="label">[295]</span></a> The Briantais, at Saint-Servan, on the banks of the -Rance, was at that time the property of the Picot de Prémesnil family, -and now belongs to M. Lachambre, a late member of the Chamber of -Deputies.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_296_301" id="Footnote_296_301"></a><a href="#FNanchor_296_301"><span class="label">[296]</span></a> The Bosq and the Montmarin faced each other on opposite -banks of the Rance: the former at Saint-Servan, the latter at -Pleurtuit. Both belonged to the opulent family of Magon.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_297_302" id="Footnote_297_302"></a><a href="#FNanchor_297_302"><span class="label">[297]</span></a> The Balue, at Saint-Servan, also belonged to the -Magons.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_298_303" id="Footnote_298_303"></a><a href="#FNanchor_298_303"><span class="label">[298]</span></a> The Colombier, at Paramé, was the property, in 1788, of -the Eon de Carissan family.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_299_304" id="Footnote_299_304"></a><a href="#FNanchor_299_304"><span class="label">[299]</span></a> The Château de Lascardais was the principal residence of -M. and Madame de Chateaubourg. It is in the commune of Mézières, canton -of Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier, Arrondissement of Fougères (Ille-et-Vilaine) -and is now occupied by Madame la Vicomtesse de Breil de Pontbriand, the -Comtesse de Chateaubourg's grand-daughter.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_300_305" id="Footnote_300_305"></a><a href="#FNanchor_300_305"><span class="label">[300]</span></a> Le Plessis-Pillet is in the commune of Dourdain, canton -of Liffré, Arrondissement of Fougères.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_301_306" id="Footnote_301_306"></a><a href="#FNanchor_301_306"><span class="label">[301]</span></a> Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier is twelve miles S.E. of Fougères. -The tower is a very tall one. The battle referred to is that in which -La Trémoille defeated the Bretons and the revolted Duc d'Orléans -(afterwards Louis XII.) in 1488.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_302_307" id="Footnote_302_307"></a><a href="#FNanchor_302_307"><span class="label">[302]</span></a> Robert Lambert Livorel (not Livoret) entered the Company -of Jesus in 1753, at the age of eighteen. He was a coadjutor brother -at Rennes College at the time of the suppression of the Company in -1762.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_303_308" id="Footnote_303_308"></a><a href="#FNanchor_303_308"><span class="label">[303]</span></a> Louis Bruno Comte de Boisgelin (1734-1794), Knight -of St. Louis and of the Holy Ghost, and holder of several Court and -military appointments. He was guillotined on the 7th of July 1794; his -wife, a sister of the Chevalier de Boufflers, ascended the scaffold on -the same day.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_304_309" id="Footnote_304_309"></a><a href="#FNanchor_304_309"><span class="label">[304]</span></a> François Bareau de Girac (1736-1820).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_305_310" id="Footnote_305_310"></a><a href="#FNanchor_305_310"><span class="label">[305]</span></a> The name of Keralieu does not figure upon the lists of -the States of 1788-1789, nor is it to be found in the Breton peerages. -Doubtless the name should read Kersalaün. A duel did, in fact, take -place between M. de Kersalaün and a young citizen of Rennes, Joseph -Marie Jacques Blin. Jean Joseph Comte de Kersalaün was the eldest son -of the Marquis de Kersalaün, the senior member of the Parliament. He -was forty-five, and therefore much "older" than his adversary, who was -only twenty-four years of age.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_306_311" id="Footnote_306_311"></a><a href="#FNanchor_306_311"><span class="label">[306]</span></a> Captain René François Joseph de Montbourcher -(1759-1835). His name was pronounced Montboucher, as Chateaubriand -spells it.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_307_312" id="Footnote_307_312"></a><a href="#FNanchor_307_312"><span class="label">[307]</span></a> Louis Pierre de Guehenneuc de Boishue (1767-1789) eldest -son of Jean Baptiste René de Guehenneuc, Comte de Boishue. He was -therefore only twenty-one years of age when he was killed, on the 27th -of January 1789, in the streets of Rennes, at the same time as young -Saint-Riveul (on whom see note <i>ante</i>).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_308_313" id="Footnote_308_313"></a><a href="#FNanchor_308_313"><span class="label">[308]</span></a> The sacking of the house of Reveillon, the paper -manufacturer of the Rue Saint-Antoine, took place 28 April 1789.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_309_314" id="Footnote_309_314"></a><a href="#FNanchor_309_314"><span class="label">[309]</span></a> 4 May 1789.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_310_315" id="Footnote_310_315"></a><a href="#FNanchor_310_315"><span class="label">[310]</span></a> 20 June 1789.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_311_316" id="Footnote_311_316"></a><a href="#FNanchor_311_316"><span class="label">[311]</span></a> 30 June 1789.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_312_317" id="Footnote_312_317"></a><a href="#FNanchor_312_317"><span class="label">[312]</span></a> Camille Desmoulins (1760-1794) delivered his famous -harangue, at the conclusion of which he distributed leaves from the -trees overhead to the rioters as a rallying-token, in the Palais-Royal -on the 12th of July 1789. He was guillotined 5 April 1794—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_313_318" id="Footnote_313_318"></a><a href="#FNanchor_313_318"><span class="label">[313]</span></a> 30 June 1789.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_314_319" id="Footnote_314_319"></a><a href="#FNanchor_314_319"><span class="label">[314]</span></a> Honoré Gabriel Riquetti, Comte de Mirabeau (1749-1791), -represented the Third Estate of the town of Aix in the National -Assembly.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_315_320" id="Footnote_315_320"></a><a href="#FNanchor_315_320"><span class="label">[315]</span></a> Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier, Baron de Breteuil (<i>b.</i> -1733) was head of the Royal Household and Governor of Paris when placed -at the head of this short-lived ministry.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_316_321" id="Footnote_316_321"></a><a href="#FNanchor_316_321"><span class="label">[316]</span></a> Victor François Maréchal Duc de Broglie (1718-1804) -became Minister of War. He was a distinguished soldier, and had been -created a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1759 by the Emperor of -Germany in recognition of his services in the war against Prussia. -The title is still borne by the heads of both branches of the Broglie -family.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_317_322" id="Footnote_317_322"></a><a href="#FNanchor_317_322"><span class="label">[317]</span></a> Arnaud de La Porte (1737-1792), Intendant-General of -the Navy. In 1790 he was appointed Intendant of the Civil List, and -distinguished himself by his fidelity and firmness in the King's cause, -notably at the time of the arrest at Varennes. He perished on the -scaffold in 1792.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_318_323" id="Footnote_318_323"></a><a href="#FNanchor_318_323"><span class="label">[318]</span></a> Joseph François Foullon (1715-1789) was appointed -Controller-General of Finance on the 12th of July and hanged from a -lantern in the Rue de la Verrerie on the 22nd, thus becoming one of the -first victims of the Revolution.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_319_324" id="Footnote_319_324"></a><a href="#FNanchor_319_324"><span class="label">[319]</span></a> Armand Marc Comte de Montmorin-Saint-Hérem (<i>d.</i> 1792) -was Minister of Foreign Affairs in Necker's cabinet. In 1791 he -received the portfolio of the Interior. He perished in the massacres of -September 1792.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_320_325" id="Footnote_320_325"></a><a href="#FNanchor_320_325"><span class="label">[320]</span></a> César Guillaume de la Luzerne (1738-1821), Bishop of -Langres, created a cardinal in 1817.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_321_326" id="Footnote_321_326"></a><a href="#FNanchor_321_326"><span class="label">[321]</span></a> François Emmanuel Guignard, Comte de Saint-Priest -(1735-1821), Minister of the Interior, created a Peer of France in -1815.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_322_327" id="Footnote_322_327"></a><a href="#FNanchor_322_327"><span class="label">[322]</span></a> Louis Jules Mancini-Mazarini, Duc de Nivernais -(1716-1798).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_323_328" id="Footnote_323_328"></a><a href="#FNanchor_323_328"><span class="label">[323]</span></a> Charles Henri Sanson (<i>b.</i> 1739), appointed public -executioner in 1778 by Louis XVI., who died by his hand fifteen years -later.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_324_329" id="Footnote_324_329"></a><a href="#FNanchor_324_329"><span class="label">[324]</span></a> Antoine Simon (<i>d.</i> 1794), cobbler and member of the -Paris Commune, appointed tutor to Louis XVII., 1 July 1793, guillotined -28 July 1794.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_325_330" id="Footnote_325_330"></a><a href="#FNanchor_325_330"><span class="label">[325]</span></a> Marie Thérèse of France (1778-1851), daughter of Louis -XVI., married in 1799 her cousin the Duc d'Angoulême, second son of the -Comte d'Artois, later Charles X.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_326_331" id="Footnote_326_331"></a><a href="#FNanchor_326_331"><span class="label">[326]</span></a> "Of my birth I have the splendour."—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_327_332" id="Footnote_327_332"></a><a href="#FNanchor_327_332"><span class="label">[327]</span></a> Louis Duc de Normandie (1785-1795), second son of -Louis XVI., became Dauphin on the death of his elder brother, and was -recognised as King of France by the emigrants and the foreign Powers -after the execution of his father. He died a wretched death in the -Temple, 8 June 1795.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_328_333" id="Footnote_328_333"></a><a href="#FNanchor_328_333"><span class="label">[328]</span></a> Louis Philippe Joseph, fifth Duc d'Orléans (1747-1793), -nicknamed Philippe Égalité, voted for the King's death, and was himself -guillotined, 6 November 1793.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_329_334" id="Footnote_329_334"></a><a href="#FNanchor_329_334"><span class="label">[329]</span></a> In a speech made on the 9th of January 1816, preparatory -to the general mourning ordered for the 21st, the anniversary of the -execution of Louis XVT.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_330_335" id="Footnote_330_335"></a><a href="#FNanchor_330_335"><span class="label">[330]</span></a> Charles Eugène of Lorraine, Duc d'Elbeuf, Prince de -Lambesc (1754-1825), a kinsman of Marie Antoinette, whom he accompanied -to France, becoming colonel of the regiment known as Royal-Allemand. -After his trial and acquittal for charging the people at the Tuileries, -he emigrated and took service in the Austrian army, rising to the rank -of Lieutenant-Field-Marshal in 1796. He continued to live in Vienna -after the Restoration, and died there, childless, in 1825, one of the -branches of the House of Lorraine dying out with him.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_331_336" id="Footnote_331_336"></a><a href="#FNanchor_331_336"><span class="label">[331]</span></a> Bernard René Jourdan, Marquis de Launey (1740-1789), -Captain-Governor of the Bastille.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_332_337" id="Footnote_332_337"></a><a href="#FNanchor_332_337"><span class="label">[332]</span></a> Jacques de Flesselles (1721-1789), provost of the -merchants of Paris.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_333_338" id="Footnote_333_338"></a><a href="#FNanchor_333_338"><span class="label">[333]</span></a> An unsavoury eminence, between the Faubourg Saint-Martin -and the Faubourg du Temple, on which stood a number of gibbets, erected -early in the fourteenth century.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_334_339" id="Footnote_334_339"></a><a href="#FNanchor_334_339"><span class="label">[334]</span></a> After a lapse of fifty-two years, fifteen bastilles are -being built in order to oppress the liberty in whose name the first -Bastille was destroyed.—<i>Author's Note</i> (Paris, 1841).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_335_340" id="Footnote_335_340"></a><a href="#FNanchor_335_340"><span class="label">[335]</span></a> Marie Paul Joseph Gilbert de Motier, Marquis de La -Fayette (1757-1834) had taken a leading part in the assistance rendered -by the French to the American Revolution. He was outlawed in 1792, -fled, was captured by the Austrians, and imprisoned, for his complicity -in the French Revolution, in the citadel of Olmütz, until 1797. This -foreign captivity doubtless saved him from the native guillotine. He -took no part in public affairs until the Restoration, when he sat in -the Chamber of Deputies as a member of the opposition. In 1830, after -the Orleanist usurpation he for the second time received the command of -the National Guard.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_336_341" id="Footnote_336_341"></a><a href="#FNanchor_336_341"><span class="label">[336]</span></a> Jean Sylvain Bailly (1736-1793) was a member of the -French Academy and of the Academy of Science, and keeper of the -picture-gallery at Versailles. He became the first president of the -National Assembly, having presided at the occasion of the Oath of the -Tennis Court, and was the first Mayor of Paris. His popularity left him -in 1791, after his endeavour to suppress the riotous meetings in the -Champ-de-Mars; he resigned the mayoralty and quitted Paris. In 1793, -he was recognised at Melun, brought back to Paris, and guillotined (11 -November).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_337_342" id="Footnote_337_342"></a><a href="#FNanchor_337_342"><span class="label">[337]</span></a> Yolande Martine Gabrielle, Duchesse de Polignac -(1749-1793), <i>née</i> de Polastron, wife of the Comte Jules, later Duc de -Polignac, governess of the Children of France, and favourite of Marie -Antoinette. She was the mother of the Prince de Polignac who became -minister to Charles X.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_338_343" id="Footnote_338_343"></a><a href="#FNanchor_338_343"><span class="label">[338]</span></a> Louis Antoine, Duc d'Angoulême (1775-1844), and Charles -Ferdinand, Duc de Berry (1778-1820).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_339_344" id="Footnote_339_344"></a><a href="#FNanchor_339_344"><span class="label">[339]</span></a> Louis Joseph Prince de Condé (1736-1818), his son Louis -Henri Joseph Duc de Bourbon (1756-1830), and his grandson Louis Antoine -Henri Duc d'Enghien (1772-1804).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_340_345" id="Footnote_340_345"></a><a href="#FNanchor_340_345"><span class="label">[340]</span></a> The King's aunts, daughters of Louis XV.: Madame -Adélaïde (1732-1800) and Madame Victoire (1733-1799). They emigrated in -1791.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_341_346" id="Footnote_341_346"></a><a href="#FNanchor_341_346"><span class="label">[341]</span></a> Madame Élisabeth (1764-1794), the King's sister, -guillotined 10 May 1794.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_342_347" id="Footnote_342_347"></a><a href="#FNanchor_342_347"><span class="label">[342]</span></a> Louis Stanislas Xavier Comte de Provence (1755-1824); -succeeded to the Crown in 1795 as Louis XVIII. "Monsieur" is the title -of the eldest brother of the King of France.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_343_348" id="Footnote_343_348"></a><a href="#FNanchor_343_348"><span class="label">[343]</span></a> Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry (1750-1819), -chairman of the electors of Paris. He was arrested after the 10th of -August 1792, but succeeded in making good his escape.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_344_349" id="Footnote_344_349"></a><a href="#FNanchor_344_349"><span class="label">[344]</span></a> Trophine Gérard Marquis de Lally-Tolendal (1751-1830), -delegate of the nobles of Paris to the States-General. He too escaped -from the Abbaye after his arrest in August, and took refuge in England, -whence he wrote to the Convention in order to obtain the honour -(eventually awarded to Malesherbes) of defending Louis XVI. He was -created a peer of France under the Restoration, and made a member of -the French Academy; in 1817 he received his marquisate, the original -title of the family being Comte de Lally and Baron Tollendal in -Ireland.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_345_350" id="Footnote_345_350"></a><a href="#FNanchor_345_350"><span class="label">[345]</span></a> Jean Paul Marat (1744-1793), the famous demagogue of the -Terror.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_346_351" id="Footnote_346_351"></a><a href="#FNanchor_346_351"><span class="label">[346]</span></a> Louis Bénigne François Bertier de Sauvigny (1742-1789), -Intendant of Paris, and son-in-law to Foullon. He was hanged from a -lantern after being made to kiss the head of his father-in-law, who had -just met with the same fate.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_347_352" id="Footnote_347_352"></a><a href="#FNanchor_347_352"><span class="label">[347]</span></a> Taboureau des Réaux, Intendant of Valenciennes, was -Controller-General from October 1776 to June 1777.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_348_353" id="Footnote_348_353"></a><a href="#FNanchor_348_353"><span class="label">[348]</span></a> Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de L'Aulne -(1727-1781), Controller-General from 1774 to 1776.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_349_354" id="Footnote_349_354"></a><a href="#FNanchor_349_354"><span class="label">[349]</span></a> Alexandre Frédéric Jacques Masson, Marquis de Pezay -(1741-1777), commenced life as an officer of Musketeers, and made his -name known by means of some trivial drawing-room verse and of his -inferior prose translations of Tibullus, Catullus, and Propertius. He -was charged with the duty of instructing Louis XVI., then Dauphin, in -elementary tactics, managed to insinuate himself into the Prince's -intimacy, and eventually succeeded in bringing about the fall of Terray -and the rise of Necker.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_350_355" id="Footnote_350_355"></a><a href="#FNanchor_350_355"><span class="label">[350]</span></a> The <i>Compte rendu au Roi</i> was a sort of specimen -budget published by Necker in 1780, from which public opinion was -for the first time enabled to form an opinion of the working of the -administration of the public revenues, till then kept secret. The -<i>Compte rendu</i> caused a prodigious sensation.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_351_356" id="Footnote_351_356"></a><a href="#FNanchor_351_356"><span class="label">[351]</span></a> Antoine Leonard Thomas (1732-1785), a member of -the French Academy, and a man of letters noted for rhetoric and -over-emphasis of style. Chateaubriand's allusion is to the excessive -optimism of the <i>Compte rendu</i>, which showed a very large surplus.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_352_357" id="Footnote_352_357"></a><a href="#FNanchor_352_357"><span class="label">[352]</span></a> Anne Louise Germaine Baronne de Staël-Holstein -(1766-1817), the most famous of women-writers. She married the Baron -de Staël-Holstein, Swedish Ambassador to France, in 1786. He died in -1802, and eight years later she was married for the second time, but -secretly, to a young officer, M. de Rocca. In 1815 she obtained two -million francs from Louis XVIII., by way of a restitution of moneys due -to her father.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_353_358" id="Footnote_353_358"></a><a href="#FNanchor_353_358"><span class="label">[353]</span></a> Louis Marie Vicomte de Noailles (1756-1804), second son -of Philippe de Noailles, Marshal Duc de Mouchy, and brother-in-law of -La Fayette. He took part in the French expedition to the United States, -and pronounced himself in favour of the Revolution in 1789. He sat -in the States-General as deputy for the nobility of the bailiwick of -Nemours.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_354_359" id="Footnote_354_359"></a><a href="#FNanchor_354_359"><span class="label">[354]</span></a> Armand Désiré de Wignerod-Duplessis-Richelieu, -Duc d'Aiguillon (1731-1800), representative of the nobility of -the seneschalty of Agen in the States-General, and son of the Duc -d'Aiguillon, Prime Minister to Louis XV.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_355_360" id="Footnote_355_360"></a><a href="#FNanchor_355_360"><span class="label">[355]</span></a> Matthieu Jean Félicité Vicomte, later Duc de -Montmorency-Laval (1767-1826), had also imbibed his revolutionary -opinions in the American Campaign. He abandoned them, however, at -the Restoration, under which he became a peer of France, Minister of -Foreign Affairs, a member of the French Academy, and a duke. In January -1826 he was appointed governor to the Duc de Bordeaux, but died a few -weeks later.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_356_361" id="Footnote_356_361"></a><a href="#FNanchor_356_361"><span class="label">[356]</span></a> In the Opera-house, 1 October 1789.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_357_362" id="Footnote_357_362"></a><a href="#FNanchor_357_362"><span class="label">[357]</span></a> When Louis XVI. entered the hall, M. de Canecaude, -commissary of the King's Military Household, ordered the band-master -to play Grétry's "<i>Où peut-on être mieux qu'au sein de sa famille?</i>" -"Where is greater happiness found than in one's family circle?" The -band-master replied that he had not the music, and played, "<i>Ô Richard! -ô mon Roi', l'univers t'abandonne</i>:" "O Richard, O my King, the -world is forsaking thee," from Richard Cœur-de-Lion by the same -composer.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_358_363" id="Footnote_358_363"></a><a href="#FNanchor_358_363"><span class="label">[358]</span></a> Vice-Admiral Charles Hector Comte d'Estaing (1729-1794) -was a member of both forces, and had seen much service both on sea and -land. He embraced the side of the Revolution, and was at this time -Commandant of the National Guard. He was guillotined 28 April 1794.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_359_364" id="Footnote_359_364"></a><a href="#FNanchor_359_364"><span class="label">[359]</span></a> Marat's paper was first published 12 September 1789, -with the title the <i>Publiciste parisien.</i> With the sixth issue, that -is, on 17 September 1789, the title was changed to the <i>Ami du peuple, -ou le Publiciste parisien.</i>—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_360_365" id="Footnote_360_365"></a><a href="#FNanchor_360_365"><span class="label">[360]</span></a> The paper money of the French Republic, "assigned" upon -the spoils of the clergy, &c.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_361_366" id="Footnote_361_366"></a><a href="#FNanchor_361_366"><span class="label">[361]</span></a> Thomas Mahi, Marquis de Favras (1744-1790), was -accused of conspiring to assassinate La Fayette, Necker, and Bailly, -and to carry off Louis XVI. in order to place him at the head of an -anti-revolutionary army. He was condemned to be hanged, and executed 19 -February 1790—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_362_367" id="Footnote_362_367"></a><a href="#FNanchor_362_367"><span class="label">[362]</span></a> The so-called cahiers or note-books consisted of -the official instructions of the electors to the deputies to the -States-General.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_363_368" id="Footnote_363_368"></a><a href="#FNanchor_363_368"><span class="label">[363]</span></a> The original name of the Riquettis de Mirabeau was -Arrighetti.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_364_369" id="Footnote_364_369"></a><a href="#FNanchor_364_369"><span class="label">[364]</span></a> Victor Riquetti, Marquis de Mirabeau (1715-1789). He -joined the economists, advocated liberty, and called himself the Friend -of Men, after the title of his principal work, the <i>Ami des hommes</i>: -nevertheless he proved himself the tyrant of his family, a bad husband, -and a bad father. He died on the eve of the capture of the Bastille, 13 -July 1789.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_365_370" id="Footnote_365_370"></a><a href="#FNanchor_365_370"><span class="label">[365]</span></a> Jean Antoine Joseph Charles Elzéar de Riquetti -(1717-1794). He adopted the title of <i>bailli</i> in 1763, on becoming a -grand-cross of the Order of Malta, and was thenceforth known as the -Bailli de Mirabeau.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_366_371" id="Footnote_366_371"></a><a href="#FNanchor_366_371"><span class="label">[366]</span></a> Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de Saint-Simon (1675-1755), author -of the famous Memoirs.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_367_372" id="Footnote_367_372"></a><a href="#FNanchor_367_372"><span class="label">[367]</span></a> Reine Philiberte Marquise de Villette (<i>d.</i> 1822), -<i>née</i> Roupt de Varicourt, was adopted by Voltaire at the instance of -his niece, Mme. Denis. She called him uncle; he called her "<i>Belle et -bonne</i>," and married her in 1777 to the Marquis de Villette (<i>vide -infra</i>, p. 178).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_368_373" id="Footnote_368_373"></a><a href="#FNanchor_368_373"><span class="label">[368]</span></a> Isaac René Guy Le Chapelier (1754-1794), one of the -most capable members of the Constituent Assembly, and a founder of the -Club Breton, later the Club des Jacobins. He was guillotined 22 April -1794.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_369_374" id="Footnote_369_374"></a><a href="#FNanchor_369_374"><span class="label">[369]</span></a> Sophie Marquise de Monnier (1760-1789), <i>née</i> Ruffei. -For eloping with her, Mirabeau was imprisoned for nearly four years, -1777-1780, at Vincennes by <i>lettre-de-cachet</i> obtained at his father's -instance. His letters to Sophie from Vincennes, written in a style of -exalted sentiment, were published in 1792 in 4 vols. 8vo. The lady -herself was locked up in a convent until the death of her husband, a -man very much her senior. She eventually committed suicide because of -the infidelity of one of her lovers.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_370_375" id="Footnote_370_375"></a><a href="#FNanchor_370_375"><span class="label">[370]</span></a> Riquetti, not Riquet, instead of Mirabeau. It was in the -account of the sitting in which titles of nobility were abolished that -the journalist, in conformity with that abolition, dropped Mirabeau's -territorial title, and wrote of him by his patronymic of Riquetti.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_371_376" id="Footnote_371_376"></a><a href="#FNanchor_371_376"><span class="label">[371]</span></a> André Boniface Louis Riquetti, Vicomte de Mirabeau -(1754-1792), the Comte de Mirabeau's younger brother, nicknamed -Mirabeau-Tonneau, because of his stoutness, to distinguish him from his -brother, Mirabeau-Tonnerre.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_372_377" id="Footnote_372_377"></a><a href="#FNanchor_372_377"><span class="label">[372]</span></a> M. de Lautrec de Saint-Simon was not a member of the -Constituent Assembly, but acted as one of Mirabeau-Tonneau's seconds in -his duel with the Duc de Liancourt.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_373_378" id="Footnote_373_378"></a><a href="#FNanchor_373_378"><span class="label">[373]</span></a> Maximilien Marie Isidore Robespierre (1759-1794), the -leader of the Terror.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_374_379" id="Footnote_374_379"></a><a href="#FNanchor_374_379"><span class="label">[374]</span></a> The Château de Montaigne stood on a hill near the -village of Saint-Michel, five leagues from Bergerac, in Guyenne. -Montaigne was on one occasion captured by marauders and likely to be -shot. His good-humour won not only his release but the restoration of -the property of which he had been robbed (<i>Cf.</i> MONTAIGNE, Booke III. -chap. 12: <i>Of Physiognomy</i>).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_375_380" id="Footnote_375_380"></a><a href="#FNanchor_375_380"><span class="label">[375]</span></a> Laurent Marshal Marquis Gouvion-Saint-Cyr (1764-1830), -later a distinguished officer in the armies of the Republic and the -Empire. He would appear to have achieved no great success as either an -amateur or professional actor.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_376_381" id="Footnote_376_381"></a><a href="#FNanchor_376_381"><span class="label">[376]</span></a> L'<i>Autre Tartufe, ou, la Mère Coupable</i>, a prose drama -in five acts, produced 6 June 1792.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_377_382" id="Footnote_377_382"></a><a href="#FNanchor_377_382"><span class="label">[377]</span></a> The four leading and accomplished singers in the Italian -<i>Opera Buffa</i> company which first played in the Salle des Machines -at the Tuileries and later, when the Royal Family came to occupy -the palace, at the Théâtre de Monsieur, renamed Théâtre de la Rue -Feydeau.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_378_383" id="Footnote_378_383"></a><a href="#FNanchor_378_383"><span class="label">[378]</span></a> Louise Rosalie Lefèvre (1755-1821), wife of the actor -Dugazon, a brilliant performer of amoureuses or leading ladies at the -Théâtre Italien, later Opéra Comique, in the Rue Favart.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_379_384" id="Footnote_379_384"></a><a href="#FNanchor_379_384"><span class="label">[379]</span></a> Jeanne Charlotte Dame d'Herbey (1764-1850), <i>née</i> -Schrœder, known as Madame Saint-Aubin, a player of <i>ingénues'</i> parts -at the Opéra Comique.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_380_385" id="Footnote_380_385"></a><a href="#FNanchor_380_385"><span class="label">[380]</span></a> Marie Gabrielle Malagrida (1763-1818), known as -Carline, and married to Nivelon, the dancer at the Opera. She played -<i>soubrettes</i> charmingly at the Théâtre Italien, but her acting was -better than her singing: she had a very small voice.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_381_386" id="Footnote_381_386"></a><a href="#FNanchor_381_386"><span class="label">[381]</span></a> Chateaubriand is mistaken here. He is writing of the -theatres in 1789 and 1790, whereas Mademoiselle Olivier died in -1787.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_382_387" id="Footnote_382_387"></a><a href="#FNanchor_382_387"><span class="label">[382]</span></a> André Ernest Modeste Gréry (1741-1813), the famous -composer.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_383_388" id="Footnote_383_388"></a><a href="#FNanchor_383_388"><span class="label">[383]</span></a> Marguerite Françoise Comtesse de Buffon (1767-1808), -<i>née</i> de Bouvier de Cépoy, and wife of Georges Louis Marie Leclerc, -Comte de Buffon, son of the great writer. She was the mistress of -Philippe Égalité, to whom she bore a son who was killed when fighting -in the English army in the Peninsula. The Comte de Buffon was -guillotined 10 July 1794. In 1798 his widow married M. Renouard de -Bussières, a Strasburg banker.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_384_389" id="Footnote_384_389"></a><a href="#FNanchor_384_389"><span class="label">[384]</span></a> The town-house of Louis Alexandre Duc de La -Rochefoucauld (1735-1792).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_385_390" id="Footnote_385_390"></a><a href="#FNanchor_385_390"><span class="label">[385]</span></a> Pauline Marie Michelle Frédérique Ulrique Comtesse de -Beaumont (1768-1803), <i>née</i> de Montmorin-Saint-Hérem, wife of the Comte -Christophe François de Beaumont.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_386_391" id="Footnote_386_391"></a><a href="#FNanchor_386_391"><span class="label">[386]</span></a> Anne Louise Dame de Shrilly, <i>née</i> Thomas, wife -of Antoine Jean François de Megret de Sérilly. Her husband and -brother-in-law were guillotined in 1794. Her own death-sentence was -commuted owing to the fact that she was pregnant In 1795 she married -François de Pange, who died in September 1796.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_387_392" id="Footnote_387_392"></a><a href="#FNanchor_387_392"><span class="label">[387]</span></a> -"Arras' candle so sacred and bright,<br /> -The torch that from far Provence came,<br /> -Although they afford us no light,<br /> -Are setting our fair France aflame;<br /> -We cannot touch them, no doubt.<br /> -But hope to snuff both of them out." -</p> -<p> -Robespierre was deputy for Arras, Mirabeau for Aix, the old capital of -Provence.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_388_393" id="Footnote_388_393"></a><a href="#FNanchor_388_393"><span class="label">[388]</span></a> Pierre de L'Éstoile (1540-1611) Grand-Crier to the -French Chancery, and author of a valuable diary of the times of Henry -III. and Henry IV.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_389_394" id="Footnote_389_394"></a><a href="#FNanchor_389_394"><span class="label">[389]</span></a> The <i>Actes des Apôtres</i> was published from November -1789 to October 1791; 311 numbers were issued in all. Its principal -contributors were Peltier, Rivarol, Champcenetz, Mirabeau the younger, -the Marquis de Bonnay, François Suleau, Montlosier, Bergasse, &c.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_390_395" id="Footnote_390_395"></a><a href="#FNanchor_390_395"><span class="label">[390]</span></a> The <i>Journal de la Ville et des Provinces, ou, le -Modérateur</i>, edited by M. de Fontanes, first appeared 1 October -1789.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_391_396" id="Footnote_391_396"></a><a href="#FNanchor_391_396"><span class="label">[391]</span></a> Jacques Mallet-Dupan (1749-1800), political editor of -the <i>Mercure de France.</i> He left France in 1792, returned first to his -native city, Geneva, and then settled in London, where he founded the -Mercure britannique (1799).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_392_397" id="Footnote_392_397"></a><a href="#FNanchor_392_397"><span class="label">[392]</span></a> The Chevalier de Champcenetz (1759-1794), one of the -wittiest Royalist partisans under the Revolution; arrested and murdered -in 1794.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_393_398" id="Footnote_393_398"></a><a href="#FNanchor_393_398"><span class="label">[393]</span></a> Antoine Comte de Rivarol (1753-1801), a brilliant and -caustic wit.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_394_399" id="Footnote_394_399"></a><a href="#FNanchor_394_399"><span class="label">[394]</span></a> The wife of Le Jay the bookseller, Mirabeau's -publisher.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_395_400" id="Footnote_395_400"></a><a href="#FNanchor_395_400"><span class="label">[395]</span></a> Pierre Ambroise François Choderlos de Laclos -(1741-1803), author of <i>Les Liaisons dangereuses</i>, editor of the -<i>Journal des amis de la Constitution</i>, and secretary to the Duc -d'Orléans. He served as an artillery-general in the Army of Italy.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_396_401" id="Footnote_396_401"></a><a href="#FNanchor_396_401"><span class="label">[396]</span></a> Armand Louis de Gontaut-Biron, Duc de Lauzun -(1747-1793), son of the Duc de Biron, to whose title he succeeded in -1788. He fought on the American side in the War of Independence, and -served as a general in the republican armies until his arrest and -execution, 31 December 1793.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_397_402" id="Footnote_397_402"></a><a href="#FNanchor_397_402"><span class="label">[397]</span></a> The two brothers Arthur Comte de Dillon and Theobald de -Dillon, both fought in the republican campaigns. Arthur was executed in -1794, Theobald killed in 1792 by his soldiers, who believed that he was -betraying them.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_398_403" id="Footnote_398_403"></a><a href="#FNanchor_398_403"><span class="label">[398]</span></a> Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord (1754-1838), -Bishop of Autun, created Prince de Bénévent by Bonaparte m 1806, Duc de -Talleyrand and Duc de Dino by Louis XVIII. in 1817.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_399_404" id="Footnote_399_404"></a><a href="#FNanchor_399_404"><span class="label">[399]</span></a> Pierre Victor Baron de Besenval (1722-1791), whose -Memoirs were published in 1805-1807 by the Vicomte de Ségur, but were -disowned by the baron's family.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_400_405" id="Footnote_400_405"></a><a href="#FNanchor_400_405"><span class="label">[400]</span></a> Jeanne Vaubernier, Comtesse Du Barry (1744-1794), the -last mistress of Louis XV., was guillotined 30 June 1794, having -ventured to return to France from England in order to rescue her -personal belongings.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_401_406" id="Footnote_401_406"></a><a href="#FNanchor_401_406"><span class="label">[401]</span></a> <i>Considérations sur les principaux événements de la -Revolution française, II. 16: De la Federation du 14 juillet 1790.</i>—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_402_407" id="Footnote_402_407"></a><a href="#FNanchor_402_407"><span class="label">[402]</span></a> Joseph Dominique Baron Louis (1755-1837). He had taken -minor orders and served as deacon at Talleyrand's Mass in the Champ de -Mars. He was several times Minister of Finance under the Restoration -and under Louis-Philippe.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_403_408" id="Footnote_403_408"></a><a href="#FNanchor_403_408"><span class="label">[403]</span></a> 4 September 1790.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_404_409" id="Footnote_404_409"></a><a href="#FNanchor_404_409"><span class="label">[404]</span></a> 20 February 1791.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_405_410" id="Footnote_405_410"></a><a href="#FNanchor_405_410"><span class="label">[405]</span></a> Charles Michel Marquis de Villette (1736-1793). At the -trial of Louis XVI., he voted for imprisonment and for banishment at -the conclusion of the war.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_406_411" id="Footnote_406_411"></a><a href="#FNanchor_406_411"><span class="label">[406]</span></a> I omit a poetical quotation from Parny.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_407_412" id="Footnote_407_412"></a><a href="#FNanchor_407_412"><span class="label">[407]</span></a> Bordier was a comedian well known in Paris for his -performances of the character of Harlequin. He and Jourdain, an -advocate from Lisieux, placed themselves at the head of a riot on the -night of 3 August 1789 and were eventually taken and hanged.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_408_413" id="Footnote_408_413"></a><a href="#FNanchor_408_413"><span class="label">[408]</span></a> Jean Racine (1639-1699), the greatest of the French -tragic poets.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_409_414" id="Footnote_409_414"></a><a href="#FNanchor_409_414"><span class="label">[409]</span></a> Antoine Marie Gaspard Sacchini (1735-1786), the "Racine -of music," composer of a number of brilliant operas. His merits were -never fully appreciated, owing to the disputes between the adherents of -Gluck and Piccini, which absorbed public attention at the time.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_410_415" id="Footnote_410_415"></a><a href="#FNanchor_410_415"><span class="label">[410]</span></a> A comedy in three acts, interspersed with songs; words -by Michel Jean Sedaine (1719-1797).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_411_416" id="Footnote_411_416"></a><a href="#FNanchor_411_416"><span class="label">[411]</span></a> A comic opera in one act, words and the greater part of -the music by Jean Cazotte (1720-1792).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_412_417" id="Footnote_412_417"></a><a href="#FNanchor_412_417"><span class="label">[412]</span></a> -"Fall rain, or fell snow, or blow wind,<br /> -To shorten long nights we've a mind." -—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_413_418" id="Footnote_413_418"></a><a href="#FNanchor_413_418"><span class="label">[413]</span></a> Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656-1708), author of an -early classification of botanical <i>genera</i> and species.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_414_419" id="Footnote_414_419"></a><a href="#FNanchor_414_419"><span class="label">[414]</span></a> Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau (1700-1782), -Inspector-General of the Navy, and an eminent agricultural and -arboricultural expert.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_415_420" id="Footnote_415_420"></a><a href="#FNanchor_415_420"><span class="label">[415]</span></a> Bernard de Jussieu (1699-1777), the most learned member -of a family comprising no less than four distinguished botanists.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_416_421" id="Footnote_416_421"></a><a href="#FNanchor_416_421"><span class="label">[416]</span></a> Nehemiah Grew (<i>circa</i> 1628-1711), author of the -<i>Anatomy of Plants</i>, and an early Fellow of the Royal Society -(1673).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_417_422" id="Footnote_417_422"></a><a href="#FNanchor_417_422"><span class="label">[417]</span></a> Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778): the work referred to -is his <i>Dictionnaire botanique.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_418_423" id="Footnote_418_423"></a><a href="#FNanchor_418_423"><span class="label">[418]</span></a> Charles Linnæus (1707-1778), the great Swedish -botanist.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_419_424" id="Footnote_419_424"></a><a href="#FNanchor_419_424"><span class="label">[419]</span></a> George Washington (1732-1799), first President of the -United States (1789-1793 and 1793-1797).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_420_425" id="Footnote_420_425"></a><a href="#FNanchor_420_425"><span class="label">[420]</span></a> Angélique Françoise Dame de La Fonchais (1769-1793), -sister to André Desilles, the hero of Nancy, was guillotined 13 June -1793, the same time as her brother-in-law, Michel Julien Picot de -Limoëlan, displaying admirable courage on the scaffold.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_421_426" id="Footnote_421_426"></a><a href="#FNanchor_421_426"><span class="label">[421]</span></a> Major Chafner, <i>vide supra</i>, p. 66.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_422_427" id="Footnote_422_427"></a><a href="#FNanchor_422_427"><span class="label">[422]</span></a> Captain Dujardin Pinte-de-Vin of the brig -<i>Saint-Pierre</i>, bound for the islands of Saint-Pierre and Miguelon, -whence she was to make for Baltimore.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_423_428" id="Footnote_423_428"></a><a href="#FNanchor_423_428"><span class="label">[423]</span></a> François Charles Nagot (<i>d.</i> 1816), not Nagault, -was the superior, not of the seminary of Saint-Sulpice, but of the -community of Robertines in Paris, one of the annexes of the seminary of -Saint-Sulpice. He left for Baltimore in order to become the superior of -a Sulpician seminary in that city, accompanied by three young priests -of the Company. The Abbé Nagot arrived at Baltimore in July 1791, and -in the September following established St Mary's Seminary, the first -and best-known seminary in the United States. In 1822 Pope Pius VII. -erected St Mary's College into a Catholic university.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_424_429" id="Footnote_424_429"></a><a href="#FNanchor_424_429"><span class="label">[424]</span></a> <i>Esprit fort</i>, a free-thinker or latitudinarian.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_425_430" id="Footnote_425_430"></a><a href="#FNanchor_425_430"><span class="label">[425]</span></a> 2 April 1791.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_426_431" id="Footnote_426_431"></a><a href="#FNanchor_426_431"><span class="label">[426]</span></a> 8 April 1791.—B.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span></p></div> - - - - -<h4><a name="BOOK_VI" id="BOOK_VI">BOOK VI</a><a name="FNanchor_427_432" id="FNanchor_427_432"></a><a href="#Footnote_427_432" class="fnanchor">[427]</a></h4> - - -<p>In London as Ambassador—I cross the ocean—François -Tulloch—Christopher Columbus—Camoëns—The Azores—The isle of -Graciosa—Sports on board ship—The isle of Saint-Pierre—The shores of -Virginia—Sunset—Danger and escape—I land in America—Baltimore—The -passengers separate—Tulloch—Philadelphia—General -Washington—Comparison of Washington and Bonaparte—Journey from -Philadelphia to New York and Boston—Mackenzie—The Hudson River—Song -of the lady passenger—Mr. Swift—I set out for the Falls of Niagara -with a Dutch guide—M. Violet—My savage outfit—Hunting—Wolverine -and Canadian Fox—Musk-rat—Fishing dogs—Insects—Montcalm and -Wolfe—Encampment on the shore of the Onondaga Lake—Arabs—The Indian -woman and her cow—An Iroquois—The Onondaga chief—Velly and the -Franks—Ceremonies of hospitality—The ancient Greeks—Journey from -the Onondaga Lake to the Genesee River—Clearings—Hospitality—My -bed—The enchanted rattle-snake—Niagara Falls—The rattle-snake—I -fall to the edge of the abyss—Twelve days in a hut—Change of -manners among the savages—Birth and death—Montaigne-Song of the -adder—The little Indian girl, the original of Mila—Incidents—Old -Canada—True civilisation spread by religion—False civilisation -introduced by commerce—Traders—Agents—Hunts—Half-breeds or -Burnt-woods—Wars of the companies—The Indian languages dying out—The -old French possessions in America—Regrets—A note from Lord François -Conyngham—The Canadian lakes—A fleet of Indian canoes—The American -rivers—Legends—Muscogulges and Siminoles—Our camp—Two Floridan -beauties—Ruins on the Ohio—What the Muscogulge damsels were—Arrest -of the King at Varennes—I interrupt my journey to go back to -Europe—Dangers for the United States—Return to Europe—Shipwreck.</p> - - -<p class="p2">One-and-thirty years after embarking, as a simple sub-lieutenant, for -America, I embarked for London with a passport conceived in these terms:</p> - -<p>"Pass His Lordship the Vicomte de Chateaubriand, Peer of France, -Ambassador of the King to His Britannic Majesty," and so on.</p> - -<p>No description: my greatness was such as to make my face known wherever -I went. A steamboat chartered for my sole use conveyed me from Calais -to Dover. On setting foot upon English soil, on the 5th of April -1822<a name="FNanchor_428_433" id="FNanchor_428_433"></a><a href="#Footnote_428_433" class="fnanchor">[428]</a>, I was saluted by the guns of the fort. An officer came on -behalf of the commandant to offer me a guard of honour. On alighting -at the Shipwright Inn<a name="FNanchor_429_434" id="FNanchor_429_434"></a><a href="#Footnote_429_434" class="fnanchor">[429]</a>, the landlord<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> and waiters received me with -hanging arms and bareheaded. The Mayoress invited me to an evening -party in the name of the fairest ladies of the town. M. Billing<a name="FNanchor_430_435" id="FNanchor_430_435"></a><a href="#Footnote_430_435" class="fnanchor">[430]</a>, -who was attached to my embassy, awaited me. A dinner of huge fishes -and enormous pieces of beef restored Monsieur l'Ambassadeur, who had -no appetite and was not at all fatigued. The crowd gathered beneath my -windows rent the air with hurrahs. The officer returned and, despite my -wishes, posted sentries at my door. The next morning, after lavishly -distributing the money of the King my master, I set out for London, to -the roar of artillery, in a light carriage drawn by four fine horses -driven at full trot by two smart postillions. My staff followed in -other coaches; couriers wearing my livery accompanied the cavalcade. We -passed through Canterbury, attracting the eyes of John Bull and of the -occupants of the vehicles we passed. At Blackheath, a common formerly -haunted by highwaymen, I found a newly-built village. Soon there loomed -before me the immense cap of smoke which covers the city of London.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">In London as Ambassador.</div> - -<p>Plunging into the gulf of black mist, as though into one of the -jaws of Tartarus, and crossing the entire town, whose streets I -recognized, I reached the Embassy in Portland Place. The <i>chargé -d'affaires</i>, M. le Comte Georges de Caraman<a name="FNanchor_431_436" id="FNanchor_431_436"></a><a href="#Footnote_431_436" class="fnanchor">[431]</a>, the secretaries of -embassy, M. le Vicomte de Marcellus<a name="FNanchor_432_437" id="FNanchor_432_437"></a><a href="#Footnote_432_437" class="fnanchor">[432]</a>, M. le Baron E. de Cazes, -M. de Bourqueney<a name="FNanchor_433_438" id="FNanchor_433_438"></a><a href="#Footnote_433_438" class="fnanchor">[433]</a>, and the <i>attachés</i> of the embassy received me -with dignified politeness. All the ushers, doorkeepers, footmen, and -flunkeys of the house stood gathered upon the pavement. I was handed -the cards of the English ministers and of the foreign ambassadors, who -had been informed beforehand of my coming.</p> - -<p>On the 17th of May in the year of grace 1793, I disembarked at -Southampton for London, an obscure and humble traveller<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> from Jersey. -No mayoress took note of my passage; the mayor of the town, William -Smith, handed me on the 18th a way-bill for London to which was added -an extract from the Alien Bill. My description ran in English:</p> - -<p>"François de Chateaubriand, French officer in the emigrant army, five -feet four inches high, thin shape, brown hair and whiskers."</p> - -<p>I modestly shared the cheapest conveyance with some sailors on leave; I -changed horses at the meanest inns; poor, sick, and unknown, I entered -a wealthy and famous city in which Mr. Pitt held sway; I took a lodging -at six shillings a month under the laths of a garret which a cousin -from Brittany had prepared for me at the end of a little street off the -Tottenham Court Road.</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Ah! <i>Monseigneur</i>, que votre vie,<br /> -D'honneurs aujourd'hui si remplie,<br /> -Diffère de ces heureux temps<a name="FNanchor_434_439" id="FNanchor_434_439"></a><a href="#Footnote_434_439" class="fnanchor">[434]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>Still an obscurity of another kind envelopes me in London. My political -position casts into shade my literary fame: not a fool in the three -kingdoms but prefers the ambassador of Louis XVIII. to the author of -the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i>. I shall see how the matter turns after -my death, or when I shall have ceased to fill M. le Duc Decazes'<a name="FNanchor_435_440" id="FNanchor_435_440"></a><a href="#Footnote_435_440" class="fnanchor">[435]</a> -place at the Court of George IV.<a name="FNanchor_436_441" id="FNanchor_436_441"></a><a href="#Footnote_436_441" class="fnanchor">[436]</a>, a succession as incongruous as -the rest of my life.</p> - -<p>Now that I have arrived in London as French Ambassador, one of my -chief pleasures is to leave my carriage at the corner of some square, -and on foot to traverse the back-streets which I frequented in former -days, the cheap popular suburbs, where misfortune takes refuge under -the protection of a kindred suffering, the nameless shelters which I -haunted with my companions in distress, not knowing whether I should -have bread to eat on the morrow, I whose table today is covered with -three or four courses. At all those narrow and necessitous doors which -were once open to me, I see none but strange faces. I no longer meet my -fellow-countrymen roaming, recognizable by their gestures, their gait, -the shape and age of their clothes. I no longer perceive those martyred -priests, wearing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> the clerical collar, the big three-cornered hat, the -long, black, threadbare frock, whom the English used to salute as they -passed. Wide streets, lined with palaces, have been cut, bridges built, -walks planted with trees: Regent's Park, near Portland Place, occupies -the space of the old meadows filled with herds of cows. A cemetery -which formed the prospect from the dormer-window of one of my attics -has disappeared within the circumference of a factory. When I call upon -Lord Liverpool<a name="FNanchor_437_442" id="FNanchor_437_442"></a><a href="#Footnote_437_442" class="fnanchor">[437]</a>, I find it difficult to pick out the spot where -stood the scaffold of Charles I.; new buildings, closing in upon the -statue of Charles II.<a name="FNanchor_438_443" id="FNanchor_438_443"></a><a href="#Footnote_438_443" class="fnanchor">[438]</a>, have come forward, with forgetfulness, to -cover up memorable events.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">And as an emigrant.</div> - -<p>How much do I regret, in the midst of my insipid grandeur, that world -of tribulations and tears, those times in which I mingled my sorrows -with those of a colony of unfortunates! It is true, then, that all -changes, that misfortune itself comes to an end, like prosperity! -What has become of my brothers in emigration? Some are dead, others -have undergone various destinies: they have, like me, beheld the loss -of their kinsmen and friends; they are less happy in the land of -their birth than they were on foreign soil. Had we not on that soil -our meetings, our amusements, our merry-makings, and, above all, our -youth? Mothers of families and young girls commencing life in adversity -brought the weekly fruit of their toil, to revel in some dance of -their country. Attachments were formed in the course of the evening -chit-chat after work, on the grass at Hampstead or Primrose Hill. In -chapels adorned with our own hands, in old tumble-down buildings, we -prayed on the 21st of January and on the anniversary of the Queen's -death<a name="FNanchor_439_444" id="FNanchor_439_444"></a><a href="#Footnote_439_444" class="fnanchor">[439]</a>, and were much moved by a funeral oration pronounced by the -emigrant curate of our village. We strolled beside the Thames, now to -see the vessels laden with the world's riches entering dock, and again -to admire the country-houses at Richmond, we so poor, we who had lost -the shelter of the paternal roof-tree: all these things constitute true -happiness!</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p> - -<p>When I come home in 1822, instead of being received by my friend, -shivering with cold, who opens the door of our garret to me, calls me -"thee" and "thou," sleeps on a pallet beside mine, covering himself -with his thin coat and having the moonlight for a lamp, I pass by the -light of candles between two rows of lackeys, ending in half-a-dozen -respectful secretaries. Overwhelmed along my road with the words, -"Monseigneur, my Lord, your Excellency, <i>Monsieur l'Ambassadeur</i>," I -come to a drawing-room upholstered in silk and gold.</p> - -<p>"I beg you, gentlemen, to leave me! A truce to these my lords! What -use do you think I have for you? Go and laugh in the chancelleries -as though I were not here. Do you imagine you will make me take this -masquerade seriously? Do you think me fool enough to believe that I -have changed my nature by changing my coat? The Marquess of Londonderry -is coming, you say<a name="FNanchor_440_445" id="FNanchor_440_445"></a><a href="#Footnote_440_445" class="fnanchor">[440]</a>; the Duke of Wellington<a name="FNanchor_441_446" id="FNanchor_441_446"></a><a href="#Footnote_441_446" class="fnanchor">[441]</a> has asked for me; -Mr. Canning<a name="FNanchor_442_447" id="FNanchor_442_447"></a><a href="#Footnote_442_447" class="fnanchor">[442]</a> is looking for me; Lady Jersey<a name="FNanchor_443_448" id="FNanchor_443_448"></a><a href="#Footnote_443_448" class="fnanchor">[443]</a> expects me to -dinner, to meet Mr. Brougham<a name="FNanchor_444_449" id="FNanchor_444_449"></a><a href="#Footnote_444_449" class="fnanchor">[444]</a>; Lady Gwydyr<a name="FNanchor_445_450" id="FNanchor_445_450"></a><a href="#Footnote_445_450" class="fnanchor">[445]</a> hopes to see me at -ten o'clock in her box at the Opera; Lady Mansfield<a name="FNanchor_446_451" id="FNanchor_446_451"></a><a href="#Footnote_446_451" class="fnanchor">[446]</a> at midnight at -Almack's<a name="FNanchor_447_452" id="FNanchor_447_452"></a><a href="#Footnote_447_452" class="fnanchor">[447]</a>?"</p> - -<p>Mercy! Where can I hide? Who will deliver me? Who will save me from -this persecution? Return to me, fair days of misery and loneliness! -Come back to life, companions of my exile! Come, old comrades of the -pallet and the camp-bed, let<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> us go into the country, into the little -garden of some despised tavern, and drink a cup of bad tea on a wooden -bench, while we talk of our mad hopes and our ungrateful country, -discuss our troubles, and seek means to assist each other or to succour -one of our kinsmen in yet worse plight than ourselves!</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Kensington Gardens.</div> - -<p>That is how I feel, that is how I speak to myself in these first days -of my embassy in London. I escape from the melancholy which besets -me beneath my roof only by saturating myself with a less weighty -melancholy in Kensington Gardens. These gardens, at least, have not -changed; the trees alone have grown taller; in them, ever solitary, the -birds build their nests in peace. It is no longer even the fashion to -meet there, as in the days when the loveliest of Frenchwomen, Madame -Récamier<a name="FNanchor_448_453" id="FNanchor_448_453"></a><a href="#Footnote_448_453" class="fnanchor">[448]</a>, used to walk there followed by the crowd. From the edge -of the deserted lawns of Kensington, I love to watch, across Hyde -Park, the crowd of horses, the carriages of the fashionable world, -among which figures my empty tilbury; while I, once more a poor little -emigrant noble, walk along the path in which the exiled confessor was -wont to say his breviary.</p> - -<p>It was in Kensington Gardens that I projected the <i>Essai historique</i>; -that, on reading over the diary of my travels beyond sea, I drew from -it the loves of <i>Atala</i>; it was there too, after wandering far away -in the fields beneath a lowering sky, which assumed a golden hue and -became, as it were pervaded with polar light, that I jotted down in -pencil the first sketch of the passions of <i>René.</i> At night I deposited -in the <i>Essai historique</i> and the <i>Natchez</i> the harvest of my dreams of -the day. The two manuscripts marched abreast, although I often wanted -money to buy paper for them, and was obliged, for lack of thread, to -fasten the sheets together with splinters torn from the mantel-boards -of my garret.</p> - -<p>These spots where I received my first inspirations impress me with a -sense of their power; they reflect upon my present the gentle light of -my recollections; I feel in the mood to resume my pen. So many hours -are wasted in embassies! I have as much spare time here as in Berlin to -continue my Memoirs, the edifice which I am building up out of ruins -and dead bones. My secretaries in London ask leave to go to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> picnics in -the morning, to balls at night: by all means! The men in their turn, -Peter, Valentine, Lewis, go to the ale-house, and the maids, Rose, -Peggy, Mary, for a walk through the streets: I am delighted. They leave -me the key of the hall-door: <i>monsieur l'ambassadeur</i> is left in charge -of his own house; if any one knocks, he will open the door. Everybody -has gone out; I am alone: let us get to work.</p> - -<p>Twenty-two years ago, as I said, I was sketching, in London, the -outlines of the <i>Natchez</i> and of <i>Atala</i>; I have now, in my Memoirs, -come to just the period of my travels in America: that fits in -perfectly. Let us wipe out those two-and-twenty years, as they are, -in fact, wiped out from my life, and start for the forests of the New -World: the story of my embassy shall come at its own date when God -pleases; but provided I remain here a few months, I shall have the -pleasure of coming from the Falls of Niagara to the army of the Princes -in Germany, and from the army of the Princes to my retirement in -England. The Ambassador of the King of France will be able to tell the -story of the French Emigrant in the very spot where the latter spent -his exile.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The last book ended with my embarkation at Saint-Malo. Soon we left -the Channel, and the immense swell from the west told us that we had -reached the Atlantic.</p> - -<p>It is difficult for people who have never been to sea to imagine the -feelings which one experiences when looking over the side of a ship -and seeing nothing but the grave face of the deep on every hand. The -dangerous life of the sailor has about it an independence which comes -from the absence of land: the passions of mankind are left behind on -shore; between the world which one is quitting and that for which one -is making, one has no love and no country save the element upon which -one is borne. No more duties to fulfill, no more visits to pay, no -more newspapers, no more politics. The very language of the sailors is -not the ordinary language: it is the language spoken by the ocean and -the sky, the calm and the tempest. You inhabit a watery universe among -creatures whose garments, tastes, manners, and faces are different from -those of the auto-chthonic peoples; they combine the rudeness of the -sea-wolf with the lightness of the bird. The cares of society are not -seen upon their brow; the wrinkles which cross it resemble the folds -of the lowered sail and are hollowed out less by age than by the north -wind, as in the waves. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> skin of these creatures, impregnated with -salt, is red and hard, like the surface of the surge-swept rock.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Nautical talk.</div> - -<p>The sailors become enamoured of their ship; they weep with regret on -leaving her, with affection on rejoining her. They are unable to stay -at home with their families; after swearing a hundred times that they -will not again expose themselves to the sea, they find it impossible to -live without it, like a youth who is unable to tear himself from the -arms of a moody and faithless mistress.</p> - -<p>In the docks of London and Plymouth, it is not unusual to find sailors -born on board ship: from their childhood to their old age they have -never set foot on shore; spectators of the world which they have never -entered, they have seen the land only from the side of their floating -cradle. In this life reduced to so small a space, beneath the clouds -and upon the depths, all things become life-like to the mariner: an -anchor, a sail, a mast, a gun are persons that excite his attachment -and that have each their history.</p> - -<p>The sail was torn off the coast of Labrador; the master sail-maker put -in that patch which you see there.</p> - -<p>The anchor saved the ship when she had dragged her other anchors among -the coral-reefs of the Sandwich Islands.</p> - -<p>The mast was broken in a squall off the Cape of Good Hope; it was all -in one piece; it is much stronger since it has consisted of two pieces.</p> - -<p>The gun is the only one which was not dismounted in the fight of the -<i>Chesapeake.</i></p> - -<p>The news on board is most interesting: they have just heaved the log; -the ship is making ten knots.</p> - -<p>The sky is clear at mid-day: they have taken the altitude; we are at -latitude so-and-so.</p> - -<p>We have taken our reckoning: we have made so many miles in our course.</p> - -<p>The variation of the compass is so many degrees: we have gone up north.</p> - -<p>The sand is running badly through the hour-glass: we shall have rain.</p> - -<p>They have seen stormy petrels in the wake of the vessel: we must look -out for a squall.</p> - -<p>Flying-fish have been showing in the south: the weather will settle -down.</p> - -<p>A clear spot has formed in the clouds in the west: that's a sign of -wind; the wind will blow from that side tomorrow.</p> - -<p>The water has changed colour; pieces of wood and wrack<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> have been seen -floating by; there were ducks and gulls in sight; a small bird came -and perched on the yards: we must heave to sea, for we are approaching -land, and it is not good to come alongside at night.</p> - -<p>In the hen-coop is a favourite and, so to speak, sacred cock, which has -survived all the others; he is famous for having crowed during a fight, -as though he were in a farm-yard in the midst of his hens. Below decks -lives a cat: a greenish tabby, with a hairless tail and bushy whiskers, -firm on his paws, able to bring a back-balance and side-balance to play -against the pitching and the rolling of the ship; he has been twice -round the world and has saved himself from shipwreck by climbing on a -barrel. The ship-boys give the cock biscuits soaked in wine, and Tom -has the privilege of sleeping, when he pleases, in the second mate's -fur-coat.</p> - -<p>The old sailor is like the old plough-man. True, their manner of -harvesting is different: the sailor has led a wandering life, the -plough-man has never left his fields; but they both know the stars and -foretell the future while ploughing their furrows. Both have their -prophets: one, the lark, the redbreast, the nightingale; the other, -the petrel, the curlew, the halcyon. They retire to rest at night, one -in his cabin, the other in his hut: frail dwelling-houses in which the -hurricane which shakes them does not disturb peaceful consciences.</p> - -<p> -If the wind a tempest's blowing,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Still no danger they descry;</span><br /> -The guiltless heart, its boon bestowing,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Soothes them with its lullaby.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>The sailor does not know where Death will overtake him, upon what shore -he will leave his life: perhaps, when he has mingled his last breath -with the wind, he will be cast into the bosom of the waves, fastened -to two oars, to continue his voyage; perhaps he will be buried on a -desert island, which none shall ever see again, and sleep as he slept -in mid-ocean, in his lonely hammock.</p> - -<p>The vessel is a sight in herself: sensible to the smallest movement of -the helm, winged horse or hippogriff that she is, she obeys the hand -of the pilot as a horse does that of its rider. The grace of the masts -and rigging, the nimbleness of the sailors laying out on the yards, the -various aspects under which the ship displays herself, whether listing, -borne down by a contrary blast, or scudding before a favourable wind, -cause this intelligent machine to become one of the marvels of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> human -genius. At one time the swell and its foam break and burst against -the keel; at another the peaceful waves separate submissively before -the stem. The flags, the pennants, the sails complete the beauty of -this palace of Neptune: the courses, spread in their width, swell out -like huge cylinders; the topsails, confined at their waist, resemble a -siren's breasts. Driven by a stiff breeze, the ship noisily ploughs the -seas with her keel as with a plough-share.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Life at sea.</div> - -<p>On this ocean highway, along which one sees no trees, nor villages, nor -towns, nor towers, nor steeples nor tombstones; on this road without -posts or milestones, which has no boundaries save the waves, no relays -save the winds, no lights save the stars, the finest adventure, when -one is not travelling in search of unknown lands and seas, is the -meeting of two vessels. They are mutually discovered on the horizon -through the spy-glass; they turn each in the direction of the other. -The crew and the passengers hasten on deck. The two ships approach each -other, hoist their ensigns, clew up some of their sails, heave-to. When -all is silence, the two captains take their stand upon the quarter-deck -and hail each other through the speaking-trumpet:</p> - -<p>"The ship's name? From what port? Name of the captain? Where is he -from? How many days out? What is the latitude and longitude? Good-bye, -let go!"</p> - -<p>They let go the reefs; the sails fall down again. The sailors and -passengers of the two ships watch each other flee from sight, without -a word: one crew goes to seek the sun of Asia, the other the sun of -Europe, both of which will see them die. Time carries off and separates -travellers on earth even more rapidly than the wind carries them off -and separates them on the ocean; they make a sign to each other at a -distance:</p> - -<p>"God speed you, and a prosperous journey!"</p> - -<p>The common port is Eternity.</p> - -<p>And what if the vessel encountered were that of Cook<a name="FNanchor_449_454" id="FNanchor_449_454"></a><a href="#Footnote_449_454" class="fnanchor">[449]</a> or La Pérouse?</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The boatswain of my Saint-Malo ship was an old super-cargo called -Pierre Villeneuve, whose very name pleased me, because of the good -Villeneuve of my childhood. He had served in India, under the Bailli -de Suffren, and in America under the Comte d'Estaing; he had been -present at a number of engagements. Leaning against the bow of the -ship, near<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> the bowsprit, like a veteran seated under the vine-arbour -of his little garden in the moat of the Invalides, Pierre, chewing a -plug of tobacco which filled out his cheek like a swelling, described -to me the clearing of the decks, the effect of the gun-fire below -decks, the damage done by the cannon-balls in ricochetting against -the gun-carriages, the guns, the timber-work. I made him talk of the -Indians, the negroes, the planters. I asked him how the people were -dressed, how the trees were shaped, what was the colour of the earth -and sky, the taste of the fruits; whether pine-apples were better than -peaches, palm-trees finer than oaks. He explained all this by means -of comparisons taken from things I knew: the palm-tree was a large -cabbage; the robe worn by a Hindoo was like my grandmother's; the -camels were like a humpbacked donkey; all the peoples of the East, and -notably the Chinese, were cowards and robbers. Villeneuve came from -Brittany, and we never failed to end with praises of the incomparable -beauty of our native country.</p> - -<p>The bell interrupted our conversations; it struck the watches, the -time for dressing, for the roll-call, for meals. In the morning, at a -signal, the crew mustered on deck, stripped off their blue shirts, and -put on others which were drying in the shrouds. The discarded shirts -were forthwith washed in tubs in which this school of seals also soaped -their brown faces and tarred paws. At the mid-day and evening meals, -the sailors, seated in a circle around the mess-platters, one after -the other, regularly and without any attempt at fraud, dipped their -tin spoons into the soup which splashed to the roll of the ship. Those -who were not hungry sold their ration of biscuit or salt junk to their -messmates for a screw of tobacco. The passengers took their meals in -the captain's room. In fine weather, a sail was spread over the stern -of the vessel, and we dined in sight of a blue sea, flecked here and -there with white marks where it had been struck by the breeze.</p> - -<p>Wrapped in my cloak, I stretched myself at night upon deck. My eyes -contemplated the stars above my head. The inflated sail threw back -upon me the coolness of the breeze which rocked me beneath the dome of -heaven: half dozing and pushed on by the wind, I was wafted towards new -skies and new dreams.</p> - -<p>The passengers on board ship afford a different sort of society from -that of the crew: they belong to another element; their destinies are -of the land. Some travel in search of fortune, others of rest; these -are returning home, those leaving<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> it; others cross the seas in order -to become acquainted with the manners of nations, to study science and -art. People have time to know one another in this wandering hostelry -which travels with the traveller, to have many adventures, to breed -antipathies, to contract friendships. When those young women come and -go, born of mixed English and Indian blood, who add to the beauty of -Clarissa the delicacy of Sacontala, then are formed chains which are -bound and unbound by the fragrant breezes of Ceylon, sweet and light as -themselves.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Francis Tulloch.</div> - -<p>Among my fellow-passengers was an Englishman. François Tulloch<a name="FNanchor_450_455" id="FNanchor_450_455"></a><a href="#Footnote_450_455" class="fnanchor">[450]</a> had -served in the artillery: he was a painter, a musician, a mathematician; -he spoke several languages. The Abbé Nagault, Superior of the -Sulpicians, had met the Anglican officer and made him a Catholic: he -was taking his neophyte to Baltimore.</p> - -<p>I became intimate with Tulloch: as I was at that time a profound -"Philosopher," I invited him to return to his parents. The spectacle -that lay before our eyes transported him with admiration. We used to -rise at night, when the deck was given up to the officer of the watch -and a few sailors who smoked their pipes in silence: <i>Tuta æquora -silent.</i><a name="FNanchor_451_456" id="FNanchor_451_456"></a><a href="#Footnote_451_456" class="fnanchor">[451]</a> The vessel rolled at the will of the slow and silent -waves, while gleams of fire ran with a white foam along her sides. -Thousands of stars shining in the sombre azure of the celestial dome, -a boundless sea, infinity in the sky and on the waves! Never has God -confused me with His greatness more than during those nights when I had -immensity over my head and immensity beneath my feet.</p> - -<p>Westerly winds, interspersed with calms, delayed our progress. On the -4th of May, we had reached only the level of the Azores. On the 6th, -at about eight o'clock in the morning, we came in sight of the Isle of -the Peak; this volcano long commanded unnavigated seas<a name="FNanchor_452_457" id="FNanchor_452_457"></a><a href="#Footnote_452_457" class="fnanchor">[452]</a>: a useless -beacon by night, an unseen landmark by day.</p> - -<p>There is something magical in seeing the land rise from the depths of -the sea. Christopher Columbus, surrounded by a mutinous crew, preparing -to return to Europe without having<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> attained the object of his voyage, -perceives a small light upon a beach which the darkness had hidden -from him. The flight of the birds had guided him to America; the gleam -from the hut of a savage reveals to him the presence of a new world. -Columbus must have experienced the sort of feeling which the Scriptures -attribute to the Creator when, having out of nothing brought forth -the world, He saw that His work was good: "And God saw that it was -good<a name="FNanchor_453_458" id="FNanchor_453_458"></a><a href="#Footnote_453_458" class="fnanchor">[453]</a>." Columbus created a world. One of the first lives of the -Genoese pilot is that which Giustiniani<a name="FNanchor_454_459" id="FNanchor_454_459"></a><a href="#Footnote_454_459" class="fnanchor">[454]</a>, when editing a Hebrew -psalter, placed in the form of a "note" at the foot of the psalm, -<i>Cœli enarrant gloriam Dei.</i><a name="FNanchor_455_460" id="FNanchor_455_460"></a><a href="#Footnote_455_460" class="fnanchor">[455]</a></p> - -<p>Vasco da Gama must have marvelled no less when, in 1498, he approached -the coast of Malabar. Thereupon all things change on the face of the -globe: a new revelation of nature is given; the curtain which for -thousands of ages has concealed one part of the earth is raised, -discovering the birthplace of the sun, the spot whence he issues each -morning "as a bridegroom, as a giant<a name="FNanchor_456_461" id="FNanchor_456_461"></a><a href="#Footnote_456_461" class="fnanchor">[456]</a>;" we see in all its nudity -the wise and brilliant East, whose mysterious history was intermixed -with the journeys of Pythagoras, the conquests of Alexander, the memory -of the Crusades, and whose perfumes came to us across the plains of -Arabia and the seas of Greece. Europe sent to the East a poet to salute -it: the Swan of Tagus made his sad and beautiful voice heard upon the -shores of India; Camoëns<a name="FNanchor_457_462" id="FNanchor_457_462"></a><a href="#Footnote_457_462" class="fnanchor">[457]</a> borrowed their lustre, their fame and -their misfortune; he left them only their riches.</p> - -<p>When Gonzalo Villo, Camoëns' maternal grandfather, discovered a portion -of the Archipelago of the Azores, he ought, had he foreseen the future, -to have reserved for himself a concession of six feet of ground to -cover the bones of his grandson.</p> - -<p>We anchored in a bad roadstead, with a rocky bottom, in five-and-forty -fathoms of water. The island of Graciosa, before which we were moored, -displayed its hills a little swollen in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> outline like the ellipses of -an Etruscan amphora; they were draped in the green of their cornfields -and emitted an agreeable odour of wheat peculiar to the harvests of -the Azores. In the midst of these carpets, one saw the dividing lines -of the fields, formed of volcanic stones, half black and half white, -piled one upon the other. On the summit of a mound stood an abbey, the -monument of an old world upon new soil; at the foot of this mound, the -red roofs of the town of Santa-Cruz were mirrored in a pebbly creek. -The whole island, with its indentations of bays, capes, bights and -promontories, reflected its inverted landscape in the sea. For outer -girdle it had a belt of rocks jutting from the surface of the waves. -In the background of the picture, the cone of the volcano of the Peak, -planted upon a cupola of clouds, pierced the perspective of the air -beyond Graciosa.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The isle of Graciosa.</div> - -<p>Tulloch, the second mate and I decided to go on land; the long-boat was -lowered and rowed towards the shore, which lay about two miles away. -We saw some movement on the beach; a pram put out in our direction. -So soon as she had come within speaking distance, we distinguished a -number of monks. They hailed us in Portuguese, in Italian, in English, -in French, and we replied in all four languages. Alarm prevailed, -our vessel was the first ship of large tonnage that had ventured to -anchor in the dangerous roadstead where we were going with the tide. -On the other hand, the islanders now saw the tricolour flag for the -first time; they did not know whether we hailed from Tunis or Algiers: -Neptune had not recognized the standard so gloriously borne by Cybele. -When they saw that we had human shapes and that we understood what was -said to us, their delight was extreme. The monks took us up in their -boat, and we rowed merrily towards Santa-Cruz, where we landed with -some difficulty because of a rather violent surf.</p> - -<p>The whole island came running up. Four or five <i>alguazils</i>, armed with -rusty pikes, took possession of us. His Majesty's uniform attracted -the honours in my direction, and I was taken for the leading member -of the deputation. We were led to the Governor's house, or hovel, -where His Excellency, dressed in a worn green uniform, which had once -been gold-laced, received us in solemn audience: he gave us leave to -replenish our stores of provisions.</p> - -<p>Our monks took us to their convent, a roomy and well-lighted building, -surrounded with balconies. Tulloch had discovered a fellow-countryman: -the principal brother, who did<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> all the bustling about for us, was -a sailor from Jersey whose ship had gone down with all hands off -Graciosa. The solitary survivor of the shipwreck, and not lacking -in intelligence, he had become an apt pupil of the catechists; he -learnt Portuguese and a few words of Latin; the fact of his being an -Englishman militated in his favour, and they converted him and made a -monk of him. The Jersey sailor found it much pleasanter to be lodged, -boarded, and clothed at the altar than to take in the top-gallant sail -in a storm. He had not forgotten his old trade: it was long since he -had heard his language spoken, and he was delighted to meet some one -who knew it; he laughed and swore like a true pilot's apprentice. He -showed us over the island.</p> - -<p>The houses in the villages, built of wood and stone, were adorned -with outer galleries which gave an air of neatness to these cottages, -because of the quantity of light that prevailed. The peasants, almost -all vine-dressers, were half-naked and bronzed by the sun; the women, -short, yellow as mulattoes, but sprightly, were frank coquettes, with -their posies of syringa-blossoms and their beads worn by way of crowns -or chains.</p> - -<p>The hill-slopes glowed with vine-stocks, the wine from which resembled -that of Fayal. Water was scarce, but wherever a spring welled, there -grew a fig-tree, there rose an oratory with a frescoed portico. The -ogives of the portico framed views of the island and portions of the -sea. On one of these fig-trees, I saw a flock of blue teal settle, not -of the web-footed variety. The tree had no leaves, but bore red fruit -set like crystals. When adorned with the cerulean birds, which let fall -their wings, its fruits appeared to be of a brilliant purple, while the -tree seemed suddenly to have shot forth an azure foliage.</p> - -<p>It is probable that the Azores were known to the Carthaginians; it -is certain that Phœnician coins have been dug up in the island of -Corvo. The modern navigators who first landed at this island are said -to have found an equestrian statue pointing with outstretched arm -to the west, provided always that this statue is not the imaginary -engraving which adorns the old books of seaports.</p> - -<p>In the manuscript of the <i>Natchez</i>, I have made Chactas, returning -from Europe, land at the island of Corvo, where he comes across the -mysterious statue. He thus expresses the feelings which filled my mind -at Graciosa, when I recalled the legend:</p> - -<p>"I approached that extraordinary monument. On its base,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> bathed by the -foam of the ocean, were carved unknown characters: the moss and the -saltpetre of the sea corroded the surface of the time-honoured bronze; -the halcyon, perched upon the helmet of the colossus, uttered at -intervals its plaintive note; shell-fish clung to the courser's flanks -and mane of brass, and one's ear, when approached to its open nostrils, -seemed to hear confused murmurs."</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Supper with the monks.</div> - -<p>We were served with a good supper by the monks after our excursion, and -we spent the night in drinking with our hosts. The next day, at noon, -our provisions having been taken on board, we returned to the ship. The -monks took charge of our letters for Europe. The vessel had been in -danger through the rising of a stiff south-easterly wind. We heaved the -anchor; but it was caught in the rocks, and we lost it, as we expected. -We set sail: the wind continued to freshen, and we had soon passed the -Azores.</p> -<blockquote> -<p> -Fac pelagus me scire probes, quo carbasa laxo.</p> - -<p>"Muse, help me to show that I know the sea over which I spread<br /> -my sails." -</p></blockquote> - -<p>Thus, six hundred years ago, wrote Guillaume-le-Breton<a name="FNanchor_458_463" id="FNanchor_458_463"></a><a href="#Footnote_458_463" class="fnanchor">[458]</a>, my -fellow-countryman. Restored to the sea, I began anew the contemplation -of my solitude; but across the ideal world of my dreams, stern monitors -appeared to me: France and the events of reality. My lurking-place -during the day, when I wished to avoid my fellow-passengers, was the -main-top, to which I climbed nimbly amid the applause of the sailors. I -there sat and commanded the waves.</p> - -<p>The vast expanse, doubly hung with azure, had the appearance of a -canvas prepared to receive the future creations of a mighty painter. -The colour of the water was like that of liquid glass. Long and steep -undulations opened within their hollows vistas of the ocean deserts: -those wavering landscapes made clear to my eyes the comparison drawn -in the Scriptures of the earth reeling before the Lord, like a drunken -man<a name="FNanchor_459_464" id="FNanchor_459_464"></a><a href="#Footnote_459_464" class="fnanchor">[459]</a>. Sometimes one might have pronounced the space narrow and -restricted, for want of a vanishing point; but if a wave happened to -raise its crest, a billow to curve in imitation of a distant coast, a -shoal of dog-fish to pass along the horizon, then one had a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> scale to -measure by. The expanse was revealed still more when a mist, creeping -to the ocean's surface, seemed to enlarge the very immensity.</p> - -<p>On descending from the eyrie of the mast, as when, in former days, ever -reduced to a solitary existence, I climbed down from my nest in the -willow-tree, I supped on a ship-biscuit, a little sugar, and a lemon; I -then lay down, either wrapped in my cloak on deck, or in my cot below: -I had but to stretch my arm to reach from my bed to my coffin.</p> - -<p>The wind compelled us to bear to the North, and we came alongside of -the bank of Newfoundland. Floating icebergs roamed in the midst of a -pale, cold mist.</p> - -<p>The men of the trident have sports which are handed down to them from -their ancestors: when you cross the Line, you must make up your mind -to receive "baptism;" the same ceremony occurs beneath the Tropics, -the same ceremony on the bank of Newfoundland, and whatever the spot, -the leader of the masquerade is always "the Old Man of the Tropics." -To the sailors, tropical and hydropical are interchangeable terms: -the Old Man of the Tropics therefore has an enormous paunch; he is -dressed, even when beneath his native Tropics, in all the sheepskins -and all the furred jackets that the crew can supply. He sits squatting -in the main-top and roaring from time to time. Every one looks at him -from below: he begins to climb down the shrouds, moving heavily like a -bear, and stumbling like Silenus. As he sets foot on deck, he utters -fresh roars, gives a bound, seizes a pail, fills it with sea-water, and -empties it over the chief of those who have not crossed the Equator -or who have not reached the line of ice. You fly beneath the decks, -you spring upon the hatches, you clamber up the masts: Old Father -Tropics is after you; all this ends in a generous gift of drink-money: -games of Amphitrite which Homer would have celebrated, even as he sang -Proteus, if old Oceanus had been known in his entirety in the time of -Ulysses; but, in those days, only his head was visible at the Pillars -of Hercules: his body lay hidden and covered the world.</p> - -<p>We steered for the islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, in search of -a new port. When we came in sight of the former, one morning between -ten and twelve o'clock, we were almost upon it; its coast showed like a -black hump through the fog.</p> - -<p>We anchored in front of the capital of the island: we could not see it, -but we heard the sounds on land. The passengers hastened to disembark; -the Superior of Saint-Sulpice, who had been constantly racked with -sea-sickness, was so weak that he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> had to be carried on shore. I took a -separate lodging; I waited until a gust of wind tore the mist asunder -and showed me the place in which I was living and, so to speak, the -faces of my hosts in this land of shadows.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Isle of Saint-Pierre.</div> - -<p>The port and roadstead of Saint-Pierre are situated between the east -coast of the island and a long-shaped islet called the <i>Île aux -Chiens</i>, or Isle of Dogs. The port, known as the <i>Barachois</i>, or Little -Inlet, cuts into the land and ends in a brackish pool. Small, barren -mountains crowd together in the centre of the island; some are detached -and overhang the coast; others have at their feet a skirt of flat and -turfy moorland. The look-out hill is visible from the market-town.</p> - -<p>The Governor's house faces the wharf. The church, the vicarage, the -provision warehouse are situated at the same spot; next come the houses -of the naval commissary and the harbour-master. From there, the one -street of the town runs over the shingles along the beach.</p> - -<p>I dined two or three times with the Governor, a very polite and -obliging officer. On a sloping bank he grew a few European vegetables. -After dinner he showed me what he called his garden. A delicate -and fragrant odour of heliotrope was exhaled from a small patch of -flowering beans; it was not wafted to us by a gentle breeze from home, -but by a wild Newfoundland wind, having no connection with the exiled -plant, no sympathy of remembrance or delight. In this perfume no longer -inhaled by beauty, purified in its breast, or diffused upon its path, -in this perfume of a changed dawn, cultivation and world, lurked all -the several melancholies of regrets, absence, and youth.</p> - -<p>From the garden we mounted towards the hills, and stopped at the foot -of the flag-staff of the look-out. The new French flag waved over -our heads; like Virgil's women, we looked at the sea, <i>flentes</i>: -it separated us from our native land! The Governor was uneasy: he -belonged to the defeated opinion; he was bored, moreover, in this -sequestered spot, which was suited to a visionary like myself, but -which was a thankless habitation for a man interested in affairs and -not endowed with the all-filling passion which causes the rest of the -world to disappear from view. My host inquired after the Revolution; -I asked him for news of the North-West Passage. He was in the van of -the wilderness, but he knew nothing of the Esquimaux and from Canada -received nothing save partridges.</p> - -<p>One morning I had gone alone to the <i>Cap-à-l'Aigle</i>, or Eagle Head, to -see the sun rise in the direction of France. There, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> wintry brook -formed a cascade which with its last leap reached the sea. I sat down -upon a projecting rock, my feet hanging over the water which broke -into foam at the bottom of the cliff. A young fisher-girl appeared -on the upper slopes of the hill-side; she was bare-legged, in spite -of the cold, and walked in the dew. Her black hair was carelessly -twisted under the figured silk kerchief bound round her head; over this -kerchief she wore a hat made out of the reed-grass of the country and -shaped like a cradle or boat. A bunch of purple heather peeped out from -her bosom, which was outlined beneath the white material of her shift. -From time to time she stooped to gather the leaves of an aromatic plant -known in the island as "homegrown tea." With one hand she dropped -these leaves into a basket which she carried in the other. She saw -me: without being frightened, she came and sat down by me, placed her -basket within reach, and began like myself to look at the sun, her legs -swinging over the sea.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The fisher-girl.</div> - -<p>We remained some minutes without speaking; at last I proved myself the -bolder, and asked:</p> - -<p>"What are you gathering there? The season for bilberries and atocas is -over."</p> - -<p>She opened two large, dark, shy, but proud eyes, and answered:</p> - -<p>"I was picking tea."</p> - -<p>She showed me her basket.</p> - -<p>"Are you taking the tea home to your father and mother?"</p> - -<p>"My father is away fishing with Guillaumy."</p> - -<p>"What do you do in the island in the winter?"</p> - -<p>"We make nets; we fish in the lakes by breaking the ice; on Sundays we -go to Mass and Vespers or we sing hymns; and then we play in the snow -and watch the boys hunting the polar bears."</p> - -<p>"Will your father be back soon?"</p> - -<p>"Oh no: the skipper is taking the ship to Genoa with Guillaumy."</p> - -<p>"But Guillaumy will come home again?"</p> - -<p>"Oh yes, next season, when the fishermen return. He is going to bring -me a striped silk bodice in his stock, a muslin skirt, and a black -necklace."</p> - -<p>"And you will be decked out for the wind, the mountains, and the sea. -Would you like me to send you a bodice, a skirt, and a necklace?"</p> - -<p>"Oh no!"</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span></p> - -<p>She rose, took up her basket, and ran down a steep path, along a -fir-grove. In a loud voice she sang a Mission hymn:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Tout brillant d'une ardeur immortelle,<br /> -C'est vers Dieu que tendent mes désirs<a name="FNanchor_460_465" id="FNanchor_460_465"></a><a href="#Footnote_460_465" class="fnanchor">[460]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>She scattered to flight, as she went, those pretty birds called egrets, -from the tuft on their heads; she looked as though she were one of -their number. When she reached the sea, she leapt into a boat, unfurled -the sail, and seated herself at the rudder; one might have taken her -for Fortune; she sailed away from me.</p> - -<p>"Oh yes; oh no; Guillaumy:" the picture of the young sailor seated on -a yard among the winds changed the hideous rock of Saint-Pierre into a -land of delights:</p> - -<p> -L'isole di Fortuna, ora vedete<a name="FNanchor_461_466" id="FNanchor_461_466"></a><a href="#Footnote_461_466" class="fnanchor">[461]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>We spent a fortnight in the island. From its desolate shores one -discerns the yet more desolate coasts of Newfoundland. The hills in the -interior put out diverging chains of which the highest extends towards -Rodriguez Creek. In the dales, the granite rock, mixed with red and -green mica, is covered with a thick cushion of sphagnum, lichens, and -dicranum.</p> - -<p>Small lakes are nourished by the tribute brought by the streams -from the <i>Vigie</i>, or Look-Out; the Courval; the <i>Pain-de-Sucre</i>, or -Sugarloaf; the Kergariou; the <i>Tête-Galante</i>, or Gallant Head. These -pools are known by the names of the <i>Étangs-du-Savoyard</i>, or Savoyard's -Ponds; the <i>Cap-Noir</i>, or Black Head; the Ravenel; the <i>Colombier</i>, -or Dove-cot; the <i>Cap-à-l'Aigle</i>, or Eagle Head. When the whirlwinds -strike upon these pools, they rend the shallow waters, laying bare, in -places, portions of submarine meadows, which are as suddenly covered -over by the newly-woven veil of the waters.</p> - -<p>The <i>flora</i> of Saint-Pierre is the same as that of Lapland and -Magellan's Straits. The number of plants diminishes as one proceeds -towards the Pole; in Spitzbergen we find only forty species of -phanerogamous plants. In changing their habitation, races of plants -become extinct: some which dwell in the frozen steppes in the North -become daughters of the mountain in the South; others which thrive in -the peaceful atmosphere of the thickest forests decrease in strength -and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> size until at last they expire on the stormy strands of the ocean. -At Saint-Pierre, the marsh myrtle (<i>vaccinium fugilinosum</i>) is reduced -to the condition of creeping grasses; it will soon be buried in the -wadding and cushions of the mosses which serve as its soil. Myself -a passenger plant, I have taken my precautions to disappear by the -sea-shore, the site of my birth.</p> - -<p>The slope of the hillocks of Saint-Pierre is laid over with -balsam-trees, medlars, dwarf palms, larches, black firs, the gems of -which are used for brewing an antiscorbutic beer. These trees do not -exceed a man's stature. The ocean wind pollards them, shakes them, -bends them like so many ferns; then, gliding beneath these forests -of shrubs, it raises them again; but it finds no trunks there, nor -branches, nor arches, nor echoes to wail among, and it makes no more -noise than on a heath.</p> - -<p>These rickety woods form a contrast with the great forests of -Newfoundland, whose fir-trees bear a silver lichen (<i>alectoria -trichodes</i>): the polar bears seem to have torn their fur against the -branches of those trees, of which they are the strange creepers. The -swamps of Jacques Cartier's<a name="FNanchor_462_467" id="FNanchor_462_467"></a><a href="#Footnote_462_467" class="fnanchor">[462]</a> island contain roads beaten by these -bears: it is as though one saw rustic footpaths in the neighbourhood of -a sheep-fold. The whole night reechoes with the cries of these famished -beasts; the traveller is comforted only by the no less mournful sound -of the sea: those waves, so unsociable and so rude, become friends and -companions.</p> - -<p>The northernmost point of Newfoundland touches the latitude of Cape -Charles I. in Labrador; a few degrees higher, the polar landscape -commences. If we are to believe the travellers, a charm lies upon -those regions: in the evening the sun, touching the earth, seems to -stay motionless, and subsequently reascends the sky instead of sinking -beneath the horizon. The snow-clad mountains, the valleys carpeted -with white moss upon which the reindeer browse, the seas covered with -whales and strewn with ice-bergs, this whole scene glitters, lighted as -it were at one time by the gleam of the setting sun and the light of -dawn: one knows not whether he is assisting at the creation or the end -of the world. A little bird, similar to that which sings in our woods -at night, utters a plaintive warbling. Then love leads the Esquimaux -to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> the icy rock where his mate awaits him: those human nuptials at the -extreme boundaries of the earth lack neither dignity nor happiness.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">We leave Saint-Pierre.</div> - -<p>When we had shipped stores and replaced the anchor which we had lost -at Graciosa, we left Saint-Pierre. Sailing south before the wind, we -reached the latitude of 38°. The calm delayed us at a short distance -from the coasts of Maryland and Virginia. The misty sky of the -northerly regions had been succeeded by the clearest weather; the land -was not in sight, but the odour of the pine-forests was wafted to our -nostrils. The dawn and the early morning, the rising and setting sun, -the twilight and the night were alike admirable. I was never satisfied -with gazing at Venus, whose rays seemed to envelop me like the tresses -of my sylph of former days.</p> - -<p>One day I was reading in the captain's room; the bell struck for -prayers; I went and mingled my prayers with those of my companions. The -officers and passengers filled the quarter-deck; the chaplain, book -in hand, stood a little before them, near the helm; the sailors were -crowded promiscuously on deck; we stood with our faces turned towards -the ship's bows. All sails were furled. The disk of the sun, preparing -to plunge into the sea, appeared through the rigging of the vessel in -the midst of the boundless space: it was as though, with the rocking of -the poop, the radiant luminary at each moment changed its horizon. When -I drew this picture, which you can see in its entirety in the <i>Génie du -Christianisme</i><a name="FNanchor_463_468" id="FNanchor_463_468"></a><a href="#Footnote_463_468" class="fnanchor">[463]</a>, my religious sentiments were in harmony with the -scene; but alas, when I was present at it in person, I had not yet put -off the old man: it was not God alone that I contemplated in the waves, -in all the magnificence of His works. I beheld an unknown woman and -the miracles worked by her smile; the beauties of the heavens seemed -to open out at her breath; I would have bartered Eternity for one of -her caresses. I pictured her to myself throbbing behind the veil of the -universe which hid her from my gaze. Ah, why was it not in my power to -tear aside that curtain to press the idealized woman to my heart, to -be consumed upon her breast with that love which was the source of my -inspirations, of my despair, and of my life! While I abandoned myself -to these impulses so well suited to my future career as a <i>coureur des -bois</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> an accident occurred which very nearly put an end to my plans -and to my dreams.</p> - -<p>The heat was overpowering; the vessel, lying in a dead calm, with -furled sails and overweighted by the masts, rolled heavily: burning -upon deck and wearied by the motion, I longed to bathe, and although -we had no boat out, I dived into the sea from the bowsprit. All went -well at first, and several passengers followed my example. I swam -without looking at the ship; but when I came to turn my head, I saw -that the current had dragged her some distance. The sailors, alarmed, -had slipped a rope to the other swimmers. Sharks appeared in the ship's -waters, and the men fired at them to drive them away. The swell was so -heavy that it delayed my return by exhausting my strength. I had an -eddy below me, and at any moment the sharks might carry off one of my -arms or legs. On board, the boatswain was trying to lower a boat, but -it was necessary to fix the tackling, and all this took time.</p> - -<p>By the greatest good fortune, an almost imperceptible breeze sprang up; -the vessel answered her helm a little and approached me; I was just -able to catch hold of the rope, but my companions in rashness were -clinging to it; when we were pulled to the ship's side, I was at the -extremity of the line, and they bore upon me with all their weight. We -were thus fished up one by one, which took long. The rolling continued; -at each roll, we were either plunged six or seven feet into the water, -or hung up as many feet in the air, like fish at the end of a line: -at the last immersion, I felt ready to faint away; one roll more and -it would have been over. I was hoisted on deck half dead: had I been -drowned, what a good riddance for me and the rest!</p> - -<p>Two days after this accident, we came in sight of land. My heart beat -fast when the captain pointed it out to me: America! It was barely -indicated by the crowns of a few maple-trees standing above the water. -The palms at the mouth of the Nile have since indicated the coast of -Egypt for me in the same manner. A pilot came on board; we entered -Chesapeake Bay. In the evening a boat was sent on shore to fetch fresh -provisions.</p> - -<p>I joined the party, and soon trod American soil.</p> - -<p>Turning my looks around me, I remained for some moments motionless. -This continent, perhaps unknown during the whole course of antiquity -and a large number of modern centuries; the first wild destinies -of that continent and its second destinies after the arrival of -Christopher Columbus; the sway of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> European monarchies shaken in -this new world; the old society ending in young America; a republic of -a hitherto unknown character ushering in a change in the human mind; -the part which my country had played in these events; those seas and -shores owing their independence in part to French blood and the French -flag; a great man issuing from the midst of discord and the desert; -Washington inhabiting a flourishing city in the same spot where William -Penn<a name="FNanchor_464_469" id="FNanchor_464_469"></a><a href="#Footnote_464_469" class="fnanchor">[464]</a> had bought a patch of forestland; the United States handing -on to France the revolution which France had supported with her arms; -lastly, my own destinies, the virgin muse which I had come to abandon -to the passion of a new revelation of nature; the discoveries which -I desired to attempt in the deserts which still extended their broad -kingdom behind the narrow empire of a foreign civilization: such were -the thoughts that revolved through my mind.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Chesapeake Bay.</div> - -<p>We walked towards a dwelling-house. Woods of balsam-trees and Virginian -cedars, mocking-birds and cardinal-birds proclaimed by their aspect -and shade, their song and colour, that we were in a new clime. The -house, which we reached in half-an-hour, combined the characteristics -of an English farm-house and a West-Indian cabin. Herds of European -cattle grazed in pastures surrounded by glades, in which played -striped squirrels. Blacks were sawing logs of wood, whites cultivating -tobacco-plants. A negress of thirteen or fourteen years of age, nearly -naked and of singular beauty, opened the gate of the enclosure to us, -like a young figure of Night. We bought cakes of Indian corn, chickens, -eggs, milk, and returned to the ship with our demi-johns and baskets. I -gave my silk handkerchief to the little African: a slave welcomed me to -the soil of liberty.</p> - -<p>We weighed anchor in order to make the roads and port of Baltimore: as -we approached, the waters grew narrow; they were smooth and motionless; -we appeared to be ascending a lazy stream lined with avenues. Baltimore -presented itself to us as though at the further end of a lake. Opposite -the town rose a wooded hill, at the foot of which they were commencing -to build. We moored alongside the quay. I slept on board and did not go -on shore till the next day. I went to stay at the inn with my luggage; -the seminarists retired to the establishment prepared for them, whence -they have since dispersed over America.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span></p> - -<p>What became of François Tulloch? The following letter was handed to me -in London on the 12th of April 1822:</p> - - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Thirty years have elapsed, my dear viscount, since the -'epoch' of our journey to Baltimore, and it is very doubtful -whether you will remember as much as my name; but if I may -judge from the feelings of my heart, which has always been -loyal and true to you, this is not so, and I flatter myself -that you would not be displeased to see me again. Although -we are living almost opposite each other (as you will see by -the date of this letter), I am only too well aware how many -things separate us. But should you show the smallest wish -to see me, I shall be eager to prove to you, in so far as I -can, that I am ever, as I always have been, your faithful and -devoted,</p> - -<p class="smcap" style="text-align: right;">Francis Tulloch.</p> - -<p>"P.S.—The distinguished rank which you have won and which -you have earned by so many claims has not escaped me; but -the memory of the Chevalier de Chateaubriand is so dear -to me that I cannot write to you (this time, at least) as -Ambassador, &c., &c. So pardon the style for the sake of our -old alliance.</p> - -<p>"30 Portland Place,</p> - -<p><i>Friday</i>, 12 <i>April.</i>"</p></blockquote> - - -<p>And so Tulloch was in London; he did not become a priest; he is -married; his romance ended as did mine. This letter testifies to the -truthfulness of my Memoirs and the faithfulness of my recollections. -Who would have given evidence of the "alliance" and "friendship" formed -thirty years ago upon the sea, if the other contracting party had not -appeared upon the scene? And what a sad and retrogressive perspective -this letter unfolds before me! Tulloch, in 1822, was again living in -the same city as myself, in the same street; the door of his house was -opposite mine, as when we met on the same ship, upon the same deck, -cabin facing cabin. How many of my other friends I shall never meet -again! Every night, on retiring to rest, a man can count his losses: -there is naught save his years that does not leave him, although these -pass; when he reviews them and calls their numbers, they reply, "Here!" -Not one but answers the roll-call.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Baltimore, like all the other capitals of the United States, had not -the dimensions which it now possesses: it was a pretty little Catholic -town, neat and lively, with customs and a society<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> closely resembling -the customs and society of Europe. I paid the captain my passage-money -and gave him a farewell dinner. I booked my seat in the stage-coach -which ran three times a week to Pennsylvania. I climbed up to it -at four o'clock in the morning, and found myself rolling along the -high-roads of the New World.</p> - -<p>The road we followed was marked out rather than made, and crossed a -somewhat flat tract of country: there were hardly any trees, some -straggling farms, and thinly-scattered villages. The climate was -French: swallows flew over the water as on the pond at Combourg.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Philadelphia.</div> - -<p>As we drew nearer to Philadelphia, we met country-folk going to market, -public carriages and private carriages. Philadelphia struck me as a -fine town, with wide streets, some of which were planted with trees, -intersecting each other at right angles in regular order from north -to south and east to west. The Delaware runs parallel to the street -which follows its west bank. This river would be considered a large -one in Europe: it is not spoken of in America; its banks are low and -unattractive.</p> - -<p>At the period of my journey (1791), Philadelphia had not yet spread as -far as the Schuylkill; the ground running towards that tributary was -divided into lots, upon which houses were being built at intervals.</p> - -<p>Philadelphia presents a monotonous aspect. In general, the Protestant -cities of the United States fall short in great works of architecture: -the Reformation, young in years, and sacrificing nothing to the -imagination, has rarely erected those domes, those aerial naves, those -twin towers with which the old Catholic religion has crowned Europe. No -monument, in Philadelphia, in New York; at Boston, one pyramid rising -above the mass of walls and roofs: the eye is saddened by this uniform -level.</p> - -<p>First alighting at an inn, I next took a room in a boarding-house in -which were staying planters from San Domingo and Frenchmen who had -emigrated with other ideas than mine. A land of liberty offered an -asylum to those who were fleeing from liberty: nothing better proves -the high value of generous institutions than this voluntary exile of -the partisans of absolute power in a pure democracy.</p> - -<p>A man who had landed in the United States as I had, filled with -enthusiasm for the classic races, a colonist who sought on every -side the rigidity of the early Roman manners, was necessarily much -scandalized to find on every hand the luxury of private carriages, -frivolity of conversation, inequality of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> fortunes, the immorality of -banking and gaming-houses, the excitement of theatres and ball-rooms. -In Philadelphia I might have thought myself in Liverpool or Bristol The -appearance of the inhabitants was agreeable: the Quakeresses with their -grey gowns, their uniform little bonnets and their pale features seemed -attractive.</p> - -<p>At that period of my life, I had a great admiration for republics, -although I did not believe them possible at the stage of the world's -history which we had reached: my idea of liberty was that conceived -by the ancients, liberty the daughter of the manners of a new-born -society; but I knew nothing of the liberty which is the daughter of -enlightenment and of an old civilization, a form of liberty which the -representative republic has proved to be real: God grant that it may be -lasting! A man, to be free, is not obliged himself to plough his small -field, to storm at arts and sciences, to wear hooked nails and a dirty -beard.</p> - -<p>General Washington was not in Philadelphia when I arrived there; I was -obliged to wait a week. I saw him go past in a carriage drawn by four -prancing horses, driven four-in-hand. Washington, according to my then -ideas, was necessarily Cincinnatus; Cincinnatus in a chariot somewhat -upset my republic of 296 B.C. Could Washington the Dictator be anything -save a boor, driving his oxen with a goad and holding the tail of his -plough? But when I went to carry my letter of recommendation to him, I -found once more the simplicity of the ancient Roman.</p> - -<p>A small house, resembling the neighbouring houses, was the palace of -the President of the United States: no sentries, no footmen even. I -knocked, and a young maid-servant opened the door. I asked if the -general was at home; she replied that he was in. I said I had a letter -for him. The servant asked my name, which is difficult to pronounce in -English and which she could not remember. She then said softly, "Walk -in, sir," and led the way down one of those narrow passages which serve -as an entrance-hall to English houses: she showed me into a parlour -where she asked me to wait until the general came.</p> - -<p>I felt no agitation; greatness of mind or fortune in no way overawe -me: I admire the first without being crushed by it; the second calls -forth my pity rather than my respect: no man's countenance will ever -disconcert me.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<a id="chat007"></a> -<img src="images/chat_007.jpg" width="500" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">General Washington.</p> -</div> -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p>After a few minutes, the general entered the room: tall in stature, of -a calm and cold rather than noble bearing, he resembled his engraved -portraits. I handed him my letter in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> silence; he opened it and -glanced at the signature which he read aloud, exclaiming:</p> - -<p>"Colonel Armand!"</p> - -<p>This was the name by which he knew the Marquis de La Rouërie and by -which the latter had signed himself.</p> - -<p>We sat down. I explained to him as best I could the object of my -journey. He replied in monosyllables in English and French, and -listened to me with a sort of astonishment. I remarked this and said to -him, with some little animation:</p> - -<p>"But it is less difficult to discover the North-West Passage than to -create a people, as you have done."</p> - -<p>"Well, well, young man!" he exclaimed, giving me his hand.</p> - -<p>He invited me to dinner for the next day, and we parted.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">General Washington.</div> - -<p>I took care to keep the appointment. We were only five or six guests at -table. The conversation turned upon the French Revolution. The general -showed us a key from the Bastille. These keys, as I have already said, -were rather silly toys which passed from hand to hand at that time. The -consigners of locksmiths' wares might, three years later, have sent -to the President of the United States the bolt of the prison of the -monarch who bestowed liberty upon France and America. If Washington -had seen the "victors of the Bastille" disporting themselves in the -gutters of Paris, he would have felt less respect for his relic. The -seriousness and strength of the Revolution did not spring from those -blood-stained orgies. At the time of the revocation of the Edict -of Nantes, in 1685, the same mob from the Faubourg Saint-Antoine -demolished the Protestant temple at Charenton with as much ardour as -when it laid waste the church of Saint-Denis in 1793.</p> - -<p>I left my host at ten o'clock in the evening, and never saw him again; -he went away the next day, and I continued my journey.</p> - -<p>Such was my meeting with the citizen soldier, the liberator of a -world. Washington descended to the grave before a vestige of fame -had become attached to my footsteps; I passed before him as the most -unknown of beings; he was in all his lustre, I in all my obscurity; my -name perhaps did not linger one whole day in his memory: well for me, -nevertheless, that his looks fell upon me! I have felt warmed by them -for the rest of my life: there is virtue in a great man's looks.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Bonaparte is but lately dead<a name="FNanchor_465_470" id="FNanchor_465_470"></a><a href="#Footnote_465_470" class="fnanchor">[465]</a>. As I have just knocked at -Washington's door, it is natural that the parallel between the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> founder -of the United States and the Emperor of the French should occur to my -mind: the more so since, at the time when I am writing these lines, -Washington himself is no more. Ercilla<a name="FNanchor_466_471" id="FNanchor_466_471"></a><a href="#Footnote_466_471" class="fnanchor">[466]</a>, singing and battling in -Chile, stops in the middle of his journey to describe the death of -Dido; why should not I stop at the commencement of my ramble through -Pennsylvania to compare Washington with Bonaparte? I might have delayed -my notice of them until I came to the time at which I met Napoleon; -but should I happen to sink into the grave before reaching the year -1814 in my chronicle, the reader would never know what I had to say on -the subject of the two mandataries of Providence. I remember the case -of Castelnau<a name="FNanchor_467_472" id="FNanchor_467_472"></a><a href="#Footnote_467_472" class="fnanchor">[467]</a>: he was Ambassador to England like myself, and like -me wrote a part of his life in London. On the last page of Book VII., -he says to his son, "I will treat of this fact in the Eighth Book," -and the Eighth Book of Castelnau's Memoirs does not exist: that is a -warning to me to take advantage of life while it lasts.</p> - -<p>Washington does not, like Bonaparte, belong to the race that surpasses -human stature. There is nothing astonishing attached to his person; he -is not placed upon a vast stage; he is not engaged in a struggle with -the ablest captains and the most powerful monarchs of the time; he -does not rush from Memphis to Vienna, from Cadiz to Moscow: he defends -himself with a handful of citizens in a land not yet famous, within the -narrow circle of the domestic hearth. He delivers none of those battles -in which the triumphs of Arbela and Pharsalia are renewed; he overturns -no thrones to build up others from their ruins; he does not send word -to the kings at his gate:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Qu'ils se font trop attendre, et qu'Attila s'ennuie<a name="FNanchor_468_473" id="FNanchor_468_473"></a><a href="#Footnote_468_473" class="fnanchor">[468]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>A certain silence covers the actions of Washington; he acts slowly; it -is as though he felt that he was entrusted with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> the liberty of the -future and feared to compromise it. It is not his own destiny that -a hero of this kind carries in his hand: it is that of his country; -he does not suffer himself to stake that which does not belong to -him; but from this profound humility see how great a light arises! -Seek the woods in which flashed Washington's sword: what do you find? -Tombstones? No: a world! Washington left the United States as a trophy -on his battle-field.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Washington and Bonaparte.</div> - -<p>Bonaparte has none of the features of this grave American: he fights -noisily upon an old world; he seeks to create nothing but his fame; he -entrusts himself with nothing but his own lot. He seems to know that -his mission will be short, that the torrent which descends from so -great a height will soon flow away; he hastens to enjoy and to misuse -his glory, as though it were a fleeting season of youth. Like Homer's -gods, he wishes to reach the end of the world in four steps. He appears -on every shore; precipitously he inscribes his name upon the annals -of every nation; he tosses crowns to his family and his soldiers; he -makes haste with his monuments, his laws, his victories. Bending over -the world, with one hand he fells the kings to the ground, while with -the other he lays low the revolutionary giant; but in crushing anarchy, -he stifles liberty, and ends by losing his own upon his last field of -battle.</p> - -<p>Each is rewarded according to his works: Washington raises a nation -to independence; a peaceful magistrate, he falls asleep beneath his -roof-tree amid the regrets of his fellow-countrymen and the veneration -of the nations. Bonaparte robs a nation of its independence: a fallen -emperor, he is hurled into exile, where the affrighted earth does not -think him sufficiently closely imprisoned, even when guarded by the -ocean. He dies: the news, posted on the gate of the palace before which -the conqueror has caused so many funerals to be proclaimed, does not -delay nor astonish the passer-by: what had the citizens to mourn for?</p> - -<p>Washington's republic is in existence; Bonaparte's empire is destroyed. -Washington and Bonaparte issued from the bosom of democracy: both were -born of liberty; the first was faithful to her, the second betrayed her.</p> - -<p>Washington was the representative of the needs, the ideas, the -judgment, the opinions of his day; he seconded, rather than opposed, -the changes in men's minds; he desired what he was bound to desire, -the very thing for which he had been called: hence the coherent and -perpetual character of his work.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> This man who strikes the imagination -little, because he is in proportion, merged his existence in that of -his country: his glory is civilization's inheritance; his fame towers -like one of those public sanctuaries from which flows a fertile and -inexhaustible spring.</p> - -<p>Bonaparte had it equally in his power to enrich the commonwealth; he -worked upon the most intelligent, the most gallant, the most brilliant -nation on earth. How high would be the rank held by him today, if he -had added magnanimity to the heroism which was his, if, Washington and -Bonaparte in one, he had appointed liberty the universal legatee of -his glory! But this giant did not link his destinies with those of his -contemporaries; his genius belonged to modern times: his ambition was -of a by-gone age; he did not perceive that the miracles of his life -surpassed a diadem in value, and that that Gothic ornament would become -him badly. Now he flung himself into the future, again he drew back -towards the past; and according to whether he reascended or followed -the course of time, thanks to his prodigious force, he drew with him -or pushed back the waves. Men, in his eyes, were but a means of power; -no sympathy was established between their happiness and his; he had -promised to deliver them, and he enchained them; he isolated himself -from them, and they withdrew from him. The Kings of Egypt placed their -funeral pyramids, not among thriving pastures, but in the midst of -barren deserts; those great tombs rise like eternity in the solitude: -Bonaparte built the monument of his fame in their image,</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>I was impatient to continue my journey. I had not come to see the -Americans, but something quite different from the men I knew, something -more in harmony with the habitual order of my ideas; I burned to throw -myself into an enterprise for which I had nothing prepared except my -imagination and my courage.</p> - -<p>At the time when I formed the project of discovering the North-West -Passage, it was not known whether North America extended towards -the Pole and joined Greenland, or whether it terminated in some sea -adjoining Hudson's Bay and Behring's Straits. In 1772, Hearne had -discovered the sea at the mouth of the Copper Mine River in latitude -71° 15' N. and longitude 119° 15' W. of Greenwich<a name="FNanchor_469_474" id="FNanchor_469_474"></a><a href="#Footnote_469_474" class="fnanchor">[469]</a>.</p> - -<p>On the Pacific coast, the efforts of Captain Cook and subsequent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> -travellers had left doubts. In 1787, a vessel was said to have entered -an inland sea of North America; according to the story told by the -captain of this ship, all that had been taken for uninterrupted coast -to the north of California consisted merely of a closely-knit chain -of islands. The British Admiralty sent Vancouver<a name="FNanchor_470_475" id="FNanchor_470_475"></a><a href="#Footnote_470_475" class="fnanchor">[470]</a> to verify these -reports, which proved to be false. Vancouver had not yet made his -second voyage.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Arctic exploration.</div> - -<p>In 1791, people in the United States were beginning to discuss the -road taken by Mackenzie: starting from Fort Chippeway on Mountains -Lake<a name="FNanchor_471_476" id="FNanchor_471_476"></a><a href="#Footnote_471_476" class="fnanchor">[471]</a>, 3 June 1789, he descended to the Arctic Ocean by the river -to which he gave his name.</p> - -<p>This discovery might have changed my direction and caused me to take my -route due north; but I should have scrupled to alter the plans agreed -upon between M. de Malesherbes and myself. I proposed, therefore, to -travel westwards, so as to strike the north-west coast above the Gulf -of California; from there, following the outline of the continent, -and always keeping the sea in sight, I intended to explore Behring's -Straits, double the northernmost cape of America, descend on the east -along the shores of the Arctic Ocean, and return to the United States -by way of Hudson's Bay, Labrador, and Canada.</p> - -<p>What means had I to carry out this prodigious peregrination? None -at all. Most of the French travellers have been isolated men, left -entirely to their own resources; it is but rarely that the government -or any company has employed or assisted them. Englishmen, Americans, -Germans, Spaniards, Portuguese, thanks to the concurrence of the -national volition, have accomplished the things which, with us, -destitute individuals have begun in vain. Mackenzie and many others -after him have, to the profit of the United States and Great Britain, -made conquests upon the immensity of America, with which I had dreamed -of aggrandizing my native land. In case of success, I should have had -the honour of bestowing French names upon unknown regions, of endowing -my country with a colony upon the Pacific Ocean, of taking away the -rich fur-trade from a rival Power, and of preventing that Power from -opening out a shorter road to the Indies, by placing France herself in -possession of that road. I have stated these projects in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> <i>Essai -historique</i>, published in London in 1796, and these projects were taken -from the manuscript of my Travels written in 1791. These dates prove -that I was ahead, both in thought and work, of the latest explorers of -the Arctic ice-fields.</p> - -<p>I received no encouragement in Philadelphia. I foresaw from then -that the object of this first journey would be missed, and that my -expedition would be but the precursor of a second and longer journey. -I wrote in this sense to M. de Malesherbes, and while looking forward -to the future, I promised to poetry what should be lost to science. In -fact, if I did not find in America what I had come to seek, the Arctic -world, I did find there a new muse.</p> - -<p>A stage-coach, similar to that which brought me from Baltimore, took -me from Philadelphia to New York, a gay, populous, commercial town, -which was nevertheless far from being what it is today, far from what -it will be in a few years; for the United States grow faster than does -this manuscript. I made a pilgrimage to Boston to salute the first -battlefield of American liberty. I saw the plains of Lexington; I there -sought, as I since sought at Sparta, the tomb of the warriors who died -"in obedience to the sacred laws of their country<a name="FNanchor_472_477" id="FNanchor_472_477"></a><a href="#Footnote_472_477" class="fnanchor">[472]</a>." A noteworthy -instance of the concatenation of human affairs: a finance bill passed -by the English Parliament in 1765 erects a new empire upon the earth in -1782, and causes one of the oldest kingdoms of Europe to disappear from -the world in 1789!</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>I embarked at New York in the packet which sailed for Albany, situated -on the upper reaches of the Hudson River. The company was numerous. On -the evening of the first day we were served with a collation consisting -of fruits and milk; the women sat on the benches on deck, the men on -the deck at their feet. Conversation was not long maintained: at the -sight of a beautiful natural picture, one involuntarily lapses into -silence. Suddenly some one or other exclaimed:</p> - -<p>"There is the place where Asgill<a name="FNanchor_473_478" id="FNanchor_473_478"></a><a href="#Footnote_473_478" class="fnanchor">[473]</a> was arrested."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span></p> - -<p>A Quakeress from Philadelphia was asked to sing the ballad known as -<i>Asgill.</i> We were passing between mountains; the fair passenger's -voice died away on the water, or rang out when we hugged the bank more -closely. The fate of a young soldier, a lover, a poet and a hero, -honoured by the interest of Washington and the generous intervention -of an unfortunate queen, lent additional charm to the romance of -the scene. The friend whom I have lost, M. de Fontanes, let fall -some courageous words in memory of Asgill at the time when Bonaparte -was preparing to ascend the throne upon which Marie Antoinette had -sat. The American officers appeared touched by the song of the fair -Pennsylvanian: the memory of the past troubles of their country made -them appreciate more highly the calm of the present moment. They gazed -with emotion upon those spots but lately filled with troops, resounding -with the clash of arms, and now wrapped in profound peace; those spots -gilded with the fading light of day, enlivened with the singing of -the cardinal-birds, the cooing of the ring-doves, the song of the -mocking-birds, while the inhabitants, leaning against their fences -fringed with trumpet-flowers, watched our bark pass below them.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">I arrive at Albany.</div> - -<p>On arriving at Albany I went in search of a Mr. Swift, for whom I had -been given a letter. This Mr. Swift traded in furs with the Indian -tribes enclosed in the territory ceded to the United States by England; -for the civilized Powers in America, republican and monarchical alike, -unceremoniously share among themselves land which does not belong to -them. After listening to what I had to say, Mr. Swift made some very -reasonable objections. He told me that I could not undertake a journey -of this importance at first sight, alone, without assistance, without -support, without letters of recommendation to the English, American, -and Spanish stations by which I should be obliged to pass; that if I -had the good fortune to cross so many solitary tracts of country, I -should arrive at frozen regions where I should perish of hunger; he -advised me to begin by acclimatizing myself, suggested that I should -learn the Sioux, Iroquois, and Esquimaux languages, and live among the -coureurs and the agents of the Hudson's Bay Company. Having gained this -preliminary experience, I might then, in four or five years, with the -assistance of the French Government, proceed on my hazardous mission.</p> - -<p>This advice, whose justice, in my heart of hearts, I admitted, annoyed -me. Had I trusted to my own judgment, I should have set out then and -there to go to the Pole, as I might go<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> from Paris to Pontoise. I -concealed my vexation from Mr. Swift, and asked him to find me a guide -and horses to take me to Niagara and Pittsburg: from Pittsburg I would -go down the Ohio and gather ideas for my future plans. I still had my -first project in my head. Mr. Swift engaged a Dutchman on my behalf, -who spoke several Indian dialects. I bought two horses and left Albany.</p> - -<p>The whole stretch of country between the territory surrounding -that town and Niagara is now inhabited and cleared; the New York -Canal crosses it; but at that time a great part of the district was -unfrequented. When, after crossing the Mohawk, I entered woods which -had never known the axe, I was seized with a sort of intoxication of -independence; I went from tree to tree, left and right, saying to -myself:</p> - -<p>"Here are no more roads, no more cities, no more monarchies, no more -republics, no more presidents, no more kings, no more men!"</p> - -<p>And, in order to test whether I was really reinstated in my original -rights, I indulged in acts of will which infuriated my guide, who in -his heart believed me mad.</p> - -<p>Alas, I imagined myself to be alone in that forest in which I was -carrying my head so high! Suddenly I almost broke my nose against -a shed. Under that shed, my amazed eyes beheld the first savages I -had seen in my life. There were a score of them, men and women, all -bedaubed like wizards, with half-naked bodies, slit ears, crows' -feathers on their heads, and rings through their nostrils. A little -Frenchman, all powdered and curled, in an apple-green coat, a drugget -vest, and a muslin frill and ruffles, was scraping a pocket fiddle and -making those Iroquois dance <i>Madelon Friquet.</i> M. Violet (that was his -name) was the savages' dancing-master. They paid him for his lessons -in beaver-skins and bear's hams. He had been a scullion in the service -of General Rochambeau<a name="FNanchor_474_479" id="FNanchor_474_479"></a><a href="#Footnote_474_479" class="fnanchor">[474]</a> during the American War. He remained in New -York after the departure of our army, and resolved to instruct the -Americans in the fine arts. His views widened with success, and the new -Orpheus carried civilization to the savage hordes of the New World. In -speaking to me of the Indians, he always said:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span></p> - -<p>"Those savage ladies and gentlemen."</p> - -<p>He took great pride in the nimbleness of his pupils; indeed I never -saw such capers before or since. M. Violet, holding his little violin -between his chest and his chin, tuned the fatal instrument; he cried to -the Iroquois:</p> - -<p>"Take your places!"</p> - -<p>And the whole troop leaped about like a band of demons.</p> - -<p>Was it not an overwhelming thing for a disciple of Rousseau, this -introduction to savage life through a ball which General Rochambeau's -late scullion was giving to the Iroquois? I had a great longing to -laugh, but I felt cruelly humiliated.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>I bought a complete outfit of the Indians: two bearskins, one to serve -as a demi-toga, the other as a bed. I added to my new equipment the red -ribbed-cloth cap, the cloak, the belt, the horn to call in the dogs, -the bandoleer of the <i>coureurs des bois.</i> My hair hung over my bare -neck; I wore a long beard: I had something of the savage, the hunter, -and the missionary. I was invited to a hunt which was to take place the -next day to track a wolverine.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Life in Canada.</div> - -<p>This race of animals is almost entirely destroyed in Canada, as are the -beavers. We took boat before daybreak to go up a river which issued -from the wood in which the wolverine had been seen. There were some -thirty of us, both Indians and American and Canadian <i>coureurs</i>: one -part of the troop walked alongside of the flotilla with the dogs, and -the women carried our provisions. We did not find the wolverine; but we -killed lynxes and musk-rats. Formerly the Indians used to go into deep -mourning when they had inadvertently killed any of the latter animals; -for the female of the musk-rat is, as everybody knows, the mother of -the human race. The Chinese, with their finer powers of observation, -know to a certainty that the rat changes into a quail, the mole into a -loriot.</p> - -<p>Our table was abundantly furnished with river-side birds and fish. The -dogs are trained to dive; when they are not hunting, they go fishing: -they plunge into the streams and seize the fish down at the bottom of -the water. The women prepared our meals at a large fire around which we -took our places. We had to lie flat down, with our faces against the -ground, to protect our eyes from the smoke, the clouds of which floated -above our heads and indifferently preserved us from the stings of the -mosquitoes.</p> - -<p>Seen through the microscope, the various carnivorous insects are -formidable animals; they were once perhaps those<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> winged dragons whose -skeletons are sometimes found: decreasing in size in proportion as -their matter decreased in energy, these hydras, griffins and others -would today be reduced to the condition of insects. The antediluvian -giants are the little men of our time.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>M. Violet offered me his credentials for the Onondagas, the remnant -of one of the six Iroquois nations. I first came to the Lake of the -Onondagas. The Dutchman selected a suitable spot at which to pitch our -camp: a river issued from the lake; our gear was set up in the curve of -the river. We drove two forked stakes into the ground, at a distance -of six feet one from the other; in the forks of these stakes we hung, -horizontally, a long pole. Strips of birch bark, one end resting on the -ground, the other on the transversal pole, formed the sloping roof of -our mansion. Our saddles served as pillows, our cloaks as blankets. We -fastened bells to our horses' necks and turned them loose in the woods -near our camp: they did not wander far.</p> - -<p>Fifteen years later, when I was bivouacking in the sand of the Saba -Desert, at a few steps from the Jordan on the banks of the Dead Sea, -our horses, those swift sons of Araby, looked as though they were -listening to the tales of the sheik and taking part in the story of -Antar and of the horse in Job<a name="FNanchor_475_480" id="FNanchor_475_480"></a><a href="#Footnote_475_480" class="fnanchor">[475]</a>.</p> - -<p>It was hardly four o'clock in the afternoon when we were hutted. I -took my gun and went for a stroll round about There were few birds. -A solitary, pair alone fluttered before my eyes, like the birds -which I had followed in my paternal woods; by the colour of the -male, I recognised the white sparrow, the <i>passer nivalis</i> of the -ornithologists. I also heard the osprey, very clearly characterized by -its note. The flight of the "screamer" had led me to a dale hemmed in -by tall and rocky heights; on a mountain-side stood a poor hut; a lean -cow roamed in a field below.</p> - -<p>I like small shelters: "<i>A chico pajarillo chico nidillo</i>: a little -bird, a little nest." I sat down on the slope facing the hut planted on -the hillside opposite. In a few minutes, I heard voices in the valley: -three men were driving five or six fat cows; they put them to graze -and drove away the lean cow with blows of a switch. An Indian woman -came out of the hut, went towards the frightened beast, and called it. -The cow ran to her, stretching out its neck with a little low. The -planters<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> shook their fists at the Indian woman, who returned to her -hut The cow followed her.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Indian woman.</div> - -<p>I got up, climbed down the declivity of the hillside, crossed the glen, -and climbing the opposite hill, reached the hut. I uttered the greeting -I had been taught:</p> - -<p>"<i>Siegoh!</i> I have come!"</p> - -<p>The Indian woman, instead of returning my greeting by the customary -repetition, "You have come," made no reply. Then I petted the cow: the -Indian woman's yellow and saddened face showed signs of softening. -I was touched by these mysterious relations of misfortune: there is -sweetness in lamenting ills that none have lamented beside.</p> - -<p>My hostess looked at me a little longer, with a remnant of doubt -lingering in her eyes, and then came forward and passed her hand over -the forehead of her companion in misery and solitude. Encouraged by -this mark of confidence, I said in English, for I had exhausted my -Indian:</p> - -<p>"She is very lean."</p> - -<p>The Indian woman replied, in broken English:</p> - -<p>"She eats very little."</p> - -<p>"They drove her away roughly," I added.</p> - -<p>And the woman replied:</p> - -<p>"We are both accustomed to that."</p> - -<p>I asked:</p> - -<p>"Does not this meadow belong to you then?"</p> - -<p>She answered:</p> - -<p>"This meadow belonged to my husband, who is dead. I have no children, -and the pale-faces drive their cows into my meadow."</p> - -<p>I had nothing to offer this creature of God. We parted. My hostess -said a number of things to me which I did not understand; they were -doubtless wishes for prosperity; if they have not been heard by Heaven, -it is not the fault of her who prayed, but the infirmity of him for -whom the prayer was offered. All souls have not an equal aptitude for -happiness, just as all lands do not bear equal harvests.</p> - -<p>I returned to my wigwam, where a collation consisting of potatoes and -Indian corn awaited my arrival. The evening was splendid: the lake, -smooth as a flawless mirror, showed not a ripple; the murmuring river -bathed our peninsula, which the calycanthuses perfumed with the scent -of apple-blossom. The whip-poor-will uttered its song: we heard it, now -nearer, now farther away, according as the bird changed the spot of its -amorous calls. No one called me. Weep, poor Will!</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span></p> - -<p>The next day I went to pay a visit to the sachem of the Onondagas; -I reached his village at ten o'clock in the morning. I was at once -surrounded by young savages, who spoke to me in their language, mixed -with English phrases and a few words of French; they were very noisy -and wore an air of light-heartedness, like the first Turks whom I saw, -later, at Koroni, when landing on the soil of Greece. These Indian -tribes, enclosed in the clearings made by the whites, own horses and -cattle; their huts are filled with utensils purchased at Quebec, -Montreal, Niagara, and Detroit on the one side, and in the markets of -the United States on the other.</p> - -<p>The explorers of the interior of North America found in a state of -nature, among the different savage tribes, the several forms of -government known to the peoples of civilization. The Iroquois belonged -to a race which seemed destined to conquer the Indian races, if -strangers had not come to exhaust his veins and stop the progress of -his genius. That fearless man was not astonished at fire-arms when -these were first used against him; he stood fast amid the hiss of the -bullets and the roar of the cannon, as though he had heard them all his -life; he seemed to pay no more heed to them than to the storm. So soon -as he was able to procure a musket, he made better use of it than the -European. He did not abandon for it the tomahawk, the scalping-knife, -the bow and arrow; but to these he added the carbine, the pistol, the -dagger, and the axe: he seemed never to have enough arms to satisfy his -valour. Doubly equipped with the murderous instruments of Europe and -America, his head decked with plumes, his ears slit, his face streaked -with various colours, his arms tattooed and smeared with blood, this -champion of the New World became as redoubtable in appearance as in -battle, on the shores which he defended foot by foot against the -invaders.</p> - -<p>The Onondaga chief was an old Iroquois in the fullest sense of the -word; he kept up in his person the ancient traditions of the desert. -The English narratives never fail to speak of the Indian sachem as -"the old gentleman." Now, the old gentleman is perfectly naked; he -wears a feather or a fish-bone in his pierced nostrils, and sometimes -covers his head, which is smooth and round as a cheese, with a laced -three-cornered hat, as an European sign of honour. Has not Velly<a name="FNanchor_476_481" id="FNanchor_476_481"></a><a href="#Footnote_476_481" class="fnanchor">[476]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> -depicted history with the same veracity? The Frankish chieftain -Khilpérick<a name="FNanchor_477_482" id="FNanchor_477_482"></a><a href="#Footnote_477_482" class="fnanchor">[477]</a> rubbed his hair in sour butter, <i>infundens acido comam -butyro</i>, stained his cheeks with woad, and wore a party-coloured jerkin -or a greatcoat made of the skin of some beast; he is represented by -Velly as a prince magnificent to the point of ostentation in his -furniture and equipage, voluptuous to the point of debauchery, and -scarcely believing in God, whose ministers formed the subject of his -raillery.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">With the Onondagas.</div> - -<p>The sachem of the Onondagas received me well and made me sit down -on a mat. He spoke English and understood French; my guide knew -Iroquois: conversation was easy. Among other things, the old man told -me that, although his nation had always been at war with mine, he had -always respected it. He complained of the Americans; he thought them -greedy and unjust, and regretted that, in the division of the Indian -territories his tribe had not gone to swell the lot of the English. The -women served us with a meal. Hospitality is the last virtue left to -the savages in the midst of European civilization; their hospitality -is well known of old; the hearth had all the power of the altar. -When a tribe was driven from its woods, or when a man came to demand -hospitality, the stranger began what was called the dance of the -supplicant. The child touched the door-sill and said:</p> - -<p>"Here is the stranger."</p> - -<p>And the chief replied:</p> - -<p>"Child, bring the man into the hut."</p> - -<p>The stranger entered, under the protection of the child, and sat down -by the ashes on the hearth. The women sang the song of consolation:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>The stranger has found a mother and a wife; the sun will rise -and set for him as of old.</p></blockquote> - -<p>These customs seem borrowed from the Greeks: Themistocles, visiting -Admetus, kisses the Penates and his host's young son (I have possibly -at Megara trod upon the poor wife's hearthstone beneath which Phocion's -cinerary urn lay concealed<a name="FNanchor_478_483" id="FNanchor_478_483"></a><a href="#Footnote_478_483" class="fnanchor">[478]</a>); and Ulysses, visiting Alcinous, -implores Arete:</p> - -<p>"Noble Arete, daughter of Rhexenor, after suffering cruel ills, I throw -myself at your feet<a name="FNanchor_479_484" id="FNanchor_479_484"></a><a href="#Footnote_479_484" class="fnanchor">[479]</a>."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span></p> - -<p>Having spoken these words, the hero goes towards the hearth and seats -himself by the ashes.</p> - -<p>I took leave of the old chief. He had been present at the capture of -Quebec. In the shameful years of the reign of Louis XV., the episode of -the Canadian War comes to our consolation as though it were a page from -our ancient history discovered in the Tower of London.</p> - -<p>Montcalm<a name="FNanchor_480_485" id="FNanchor_480_485"></a><a href="#Footnote_480_485" class="fnanchor">[480]</a>, left to defend Canada unaided against forces often -relieved and four times his own in number, fights successfully for two -whole years; he defeats Lord Loudon<a name="FNanchor_481_486" id="FNanchor_481_486"></a><a href="#Footnote_481_486" class="fnanchor">[481]</a> and General Abercromby<a name="FNanchor_482_487" id="FNanchor_482_487"></a><a href="#Footnote_482_487" class="fnanchor">[482]</a>. -At last fortune forsakes him; he falls wounded beneath the walls of -Quebec, and two days later breathes his last: his Grenadiers bury him -in a hole dug by a shell, a grave worthy of the honour of our arms! His -noble enemy Wolfe<a name="FNanchor_483_488" id="FNanchor_483_488"></a><a href="#Footnote_483_488" class="fnanchor">[483]</a> dies facing him; he pays with his own life for -Montcalm's life and for the glory of expiring upon a few French flags.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Once more my guide and I mounted our horses. Our road became more -difficult and was marked only by some felled trees. The trunks of these -trees served as bridges over the streams or as hurdles in the bogs. -The American population was at that time moving towards the Genesee -grants. These grants were sold at prices more or less high according -to the goodness of the soil, the quality of the trees, the current and -abundance of the water.</p> - -<p>It has been observed that colonists are often preceded in the woods -by bees: these are the van-guard of the tillers of the soil, and the -symbols of the industry and civilization whose coming they proclaim. -Foreign to America, these peaceful conquerors came in the wake of -Columbus' sails, and have robbed a new world of flowers of those -treasures only of whose use the natives were ignorant; nor have they -employed those treasures other than to enrich the soil whence they -derived them.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span></p> - -<p>The clearings along both sides of the road which I travelled displayed -a curious mixture of the state of nature and the state of civilization. -In one comer of a wood which had never known any sound save the yells -of the savage and the belling of the stag, one came across a ploughed -field; one saw from the same point of view the wigwam of an Indian and -the dwelling of a planter. Some of these dwellings, when completed, -reminded one of the neatness of the Dutch farm-houses; others were only -half finished, and had nothing but the sky for a roof.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Indians and settlers.</div> - -<p>I was welcomed in these dwellings, the results of a morning's work; -often I would find a family displaying European elegancies, mahogany -furniture, a piano, carpets, mirrors, at a few steps from the hut of an -Iroquois. In the evening, when the farm-servants returned from working -in the woods or fields with the axe or the hoe, the windows were -opened. My host's daughters, with their beautiful fair hair dressed in -ringlets, would sing, to the accompaniment of the piano, the duet from -Paisiello's<a name="FNanchor_484_489" id="FNanchor_484_489"></a><a href="#Footnote_484_489" class="fnanchor">[484]</a> <i>Pandolfetto</i> or some <i>cantabile</i> by Cimarosa<a name="FNanchor_485_490" id="FNanchor_485_490"></a><a href="#Footnote_485_490" class="fnanchor">[485]</a>, -all in full view of the wilderness, and sometimes to the murmuring -sound of a waterfall.</p> - -<p>Small market-towns rose in the better districts. The spire of a new -steeple shot up from the midst of an old forest. The English are -accompanied by English customs wherever they go: after crossing -districts containing no trace of habitation, I came upon the sign of an -inn swinging from the bough of a tree. Hunters, planters, and Indians -mingled at these caravansaries: the first time I rested there, I swore -that it should be the last.</p> - -<p>It so happened that, on entering one of these hostelries, I stood -dumfoundered at the sight of a huge bed set up in a circle around a -post: each traveller took a place in this bed, with his feet against -the post in the centre and his head on the circumference of the circle, -so that the sleepers were arranged symmetrically, like the spokes of -a wheel or the sticks of a fan. After a momentary hesitation, I got -into this affair because I saw no one there. I was just falling asleep, -when I felt something sliding against me: it was the leg of my big -Dutchman;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> I never in my life experienced a greater fright. I sprang -out of the hospitable work-basket, cordially cursing the customs of -our good ancestors. I went and slept in my cloak by the moonlight: -this companion of the traveller's bed had at least nothing but was -agreeable, and fresh, and sweet.</p> - -<p>On the bank of the Genesee we found a ferry-boat. A troop of colonials -and Indians crossed the river with us. We camped in meadows bright -with butterflies and flowers. With our varied costumes, grouped around -our several fires, and our horses tethered or grazing, we looked like -a caravan. I there first met the rattlesnake, which allows itself to -be bewitched by the sound of a flute. The Greeks would have turned my -Canadian into Orpheus; the flute into a lyre; the snake into Cerberus, -or, possibly, Eurydice.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>We rode towards Niagara. When we had come within a distance of eight -or nine leagues of our destination, we perceived, in an oak grove, the -camp-fire of some savages, who had settled down on the bank of a stream -where we ourselves were thinking of bivouacking. We took advantage of -their preparations: after grooming our horses and dressing ourselves -for the night, we accosted the band. With legs crossed tailor-wise, we -sat down among the Indians around the blazing pile, and began to roast -our maize cakes.</p> - -<p>The family consisted of two women, two infants at the breast, and three -braves. The conversation became general, that is to say, interspersed -with a few words on my side and many gestures; after that, each fell -asleep in the place where he sat I alone remained awake, and went to -sit by myself on a root trailing by the bank of the stream.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Falls of Niagara.</div> - -<p>The moon showed above the tops of the trees; a balmy breeze, which -the Queen of the Night brought with her from the East, seemed to go -before her through the forests, as though it were her cool breath. The -solitary luminary climbed higher and higher in the sky, now pursuing -her even way, again surmounting clusters of clouds, which resembled -the summits of a snow-clad mountain-chain. All would have been silence -and repose, but for the fall of a few leaves, the passing of a sudden -gust of wind, the hooting of the wood-owl; in the distance was heard -the dull roar of the Falls of Niagara, which, in the calm of night, -extended from waste to waste and expired in the lonely forests. It was -during those nights that an unknown muse appeared to me; I gathered -some of her accents; I marked them on my tables, by the light of the -stars, as a vulgar musician<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> might write down the notes dictated to him -by some great master of harmony.</p> - -<p>The next day, the Indians armed themselves, the women collected the -baggage. I distributed a little gunpowder and vermilion among my hosts. -We parted, touching our foreheads and breasts; the braves shouted the -order to march and walked in front; the women went behind, carrying -the children, who, slung in furs on their mothers' backs, turned their -heads to look at us. I followed this progress with my eyes until the -whole band had disappeared among the trees of the forest.</p> - -<p>The savages of the Falls of Niagara in the English dominion were -entrusted with the police service of the frontier on that side. This -outlandish constabulary, armed with bows and arrows, prevented our -passage. I was obliged to send the Dutchman to the fort of Niagara for -a permit in order to enter the territory of the British government. -This saddened my heart a little, for I remembered that formerly France -had ruled in both Upper and Lower Canada. My guide returned with the -permit: I still have it; it is signed, "Captain Gordon." Is it not -strange that I should have found the same English name on the door of -my cell in Jerusalem? "Thirteen pilgrims had inscribed their names -on the door and walls of the chamber: the first was called Charles -Lombard, who visited Jerusalem in 1669; the last was John Gordon, and -the date of his passage is 1804<a name="FNanchor_486_491" id="FNanchor_486_491"></a><a href="#Footnote_486_491" class="fnanchor">[486]</a>."</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>I stayed two days in the Indian village, whence I wrote another letter -to M. de Malesherbes. The Indian women busied themselves with different -occupations; their nurslings were slung in nets from the branches of a -tall purple beech. The grass was covered with dew, the wind issued all -perfumed from the woods, and the cotton-plants of the country, throwing -back their capsules, looked like white rose-trees. The breeze rocked -the cradles in mid-air with an almost imperceptible movement; the -mothers stood up from time to time to see if their children were asleep -and had not been awakened by the birds.</p> - -<p>From the Indian village to the cataract was some three or four leagues: -it took my guide and me as many hours to reach it. Already at six -miles' distance, a column of vapour indicated the situation of the weir -to my eyes. My heart beat with joy mingled with terror, as I entered -the wood that concealed from my view one of the grandest spectacles -which nature has offered to mankind.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span></p> - -<p>We dismounted. Leading our horses by the bridle, we passed through -heaths and thickets until we came to the bank of the Niagara River, -seven or eight hundred paces above the falls. As I never ceased going -forward, the guide caught me by the arm; he stopped me on the very -edge of the water, which passed with the swiftness of an arrow. It did -not seethe, but glided in one sole mass to the slope of the rock; its -silence before its fall contrasted with the uproar of the fall itself. -The Scriptures often compare a people to the mighty waters: here it was -a dying people which, deprived of its voice by the agony of death, went -to hurl itself into the abyss of eternity.</p> - -<p>The guide continued to hold me back, for I felt, so to speak, drawn on -by the stream, and I had an involuntary longing to fling myself in. At -one time, I would turn my eyes up the river, to the banks; at another, -down to the island which divided the waters. Here the waters suddenly -failed, as though cut off in the sky.</p> - -<p>After a quarter of an hour of vague and perplexed admiration, I -went on to the falls. The reader will find in the <i>Essai sur les -révolutions</i><a name="FNanchor_487_492" id="FNanchor_487_492"></a><a href="#Footnote_487_492" class="fnanchor">[487]</a> and in <i>Atala</i><a name="FNanchor_488_493" id="FNanchor_488_493"></a><a href="#Footnote_488_493" class="fnanchor">[488]</a> the two descriptions which I have -written of the scene. Today, high-roads run to the cataract; there -are inns on the American side and on the English side, and mills and -factories overhang the chasm.</p> - -<p>I was unable to utter the thoughts that stirred me at the sight of so -sublime a disorder. In the desert of my early life, I was obliged to -invent persons to adorn it; I drew from my own substance beings whom -I did not find elsewhere and whom I carried within myself. In the -same way, I have placed memories of Atala and René on the edge of the -cataract of Niagara, as the expression of its sadness. What meaning -has a cascade which falls eternally in the unfeeling sight of heaven -and earth, if human nature be not there, with its destinies and its -misfortunes? To be steeped in this solitude of water and mountains and -not to know with whom to speak of that great spectacle! To have the -waves, the rocks, the woods, the torrents to one's self alone! Give the -soul a companion, and the smiling verdure of the hill-slopes, the cool -breath of the water, will all turn into charm: the journey by day, the -sweetest repose at the end of the day's march, the gliding over the -billows, the sleeping upon the moss, will call forth from the heart its -deepest tenderness. I have seated Velléda upon the shores of Armorica, -Cymodocea beneath the porticoes of Athens, Blanca in the halls of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> the -Alhambra. Alexander created towns wheresoever he hastened: I have left -dreams behind me wherever I have dragged my life.</p> - -<p>I have seen the cascades of the Alps with their chamois and those of -the Pyrenees with their izards; I did not go sufficiently high up the -Nile to meet its cataracts, which are reduced to rapids; I will not -speak of the azure zones of Terni or of Tivoli, graceful fragments of -ruins or subjects for the poet's song:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Et præceps Anio ac Tiburni lucus<a name="FNanchor_489_494" id="FNanchor_489_494"></a><a href="#Footnote_489_494" class="fnanchor">[489]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>Niagara eclipses everything. I gazed upon the cataract the existence -of which was revealed to the old world, not by puny travellers like -myself, but by missionaries who, seeking solitude for the love of God, -flung themselves upon their knees at the sight of some marvel of nature -and received martyrdom while completing their hymn of admiration. Our -priests greeted the fine sites of America and consecrated them with -their blood; our soldiers clapped their hands at the ruins of Thebes -and presented arms to Andalusia: the whole genius of France lies in the -double army of our camps and of our altars.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Two hair-breadth escapes.</div> - -<p>I was holding my horse's bridle twisted round my arm; a rattlesnake -came and rustled in the bushes. The startled horse reared and backed -towards the falls. I was unable to release my arm from the reins; the -horse, still more terrified, was dragging me after it. Already its -fore-feet were off the ground; cowering over the edge of the abyss, -it maintained its position only by the strength of its loins. It was -all up with me, when the animal, itself astonished at its fresh peril, -gave a sudden turn and vaulted inwards. Had my soul left my body amidst -the Canadian woods, would it have carried to the Supreme Tribunal the -sacrifices, the good works, the virtues of the Pères Jogues<a name="FNanchor_490_495" id="FNanchor_490_495"></a><a href="#Footnote_490_495" class="fnanchor">[490]</a> and -Lallemant<a name="FNanchor_491_496" id="FNanchor_491_496"></a><a href="#Footnote_491_496" class="fnanchor">[491]</a>, or empty days and wretched idle fancies?</p> - -<p>This was not the only danger I encountered at Niagara. A ladder of -creepers was used by the savages to climb down to the lower basin; -it was at that time broken. Wishing to see the falls from below, I -ventured, in the face of my guide's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> representations, down the side of -an almost perpendicular rock. In spite of the roar of the water which -seethed below me, I kept my head and climbed down to within forty feet -of the bottom. When I had reached so far, the bare and vertical rock -gave me nothing to lay hold of; I was left hanging by one hand to the -last root, feeling my fingers open beneath the weight of my body: few -men have spent two such minutes, as I counted them. My tired hand let -go; I fell. By an unparalleled stroke of good fortune, I found myself -upon the pointed back of a rock upon which I ought to have been smashed -into a thousand pieces, and yet I felt no great hurt; I was at half -a foot from the abyss and had not rolled into it; but when the cold -and the damp began to penetrate me, I saw that I had not come off so -cheaply: my left arm was broken above the elbow. The guide, who was -watching me from above and saw my signals of distress, ran off to fetch -some savages. They hoisted me with ropes along an otter's path, and -carried me to their village. I had only a simple fracture: two splints, -a bandage and a sling were enough to effect my cure.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>I stayed twelve days with my surgeons, the Niagara Indians. I saw -tribes pass which had come down from Detroit or from the districts -lying south and east of Lake Erie. I inquired into their usages; in -return for small presents, I was given representations of their former -customs, for the customs themselves no longer exist. Nevertheless, at -the commencement of the War of American Independence, the savages still -ate the prisoners, or rather the killed: an English captain, helping -himself to soup with a ladle from an Indian stew-pot, drew out a hand.</p> - -<p>The practices attendant upon birth and death have lost least, because -these do not pass lightly like the life which divides them; they are -not things of fashion that come and go. The Indians still bestow upon -the new-born, in order to do him honour, the name of the oldest person -under his roof: his grandmother, for instance; for the names are -always taken in the maternal line. From that time forward, the child -fills the place of the woman whose name it has taken; in speaking to -it, they give it the degree of relationship which the name revives; -thus an uncle might address his nephew by the title of "grandmother." -This apparently ludicrous custom is nevertheless touching. It restores -the old dead to life; it reproduces the weakness of the last in the -weakness of the earliest years; it brings closer the two extremities of -life, the commencement and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> end of the family; it confers a kind of -immortality upon the ancestors and implies that they are present in the -midst of their posterity.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Niagara indians.</div> - -<p>In what regards the dead, it is easy to find motives for the savage's -attachment to sacred relics. Civilized nations are able to preserve the -memory of their country by means of the mnemonics of literature and -the arts: they have cities, palaces, towers, columns, obelisks; they -have the track of the plough in fields once cultivated; their names are -carved in marble and brass, their actions recorded in the chronicles.</p> - -<p>The desert peoples have none of these advantages: their names are not -written upon the trees; their huts, built in a few hours, disappear -in a few moments; the butt of their ploughing only grazes the ground, -and is not able even to raise a furrow. Their traditional songs perish -with the last memory which retains them, and die away with the last -voice which repeats them. The tribes of the New World, therefore, have -but one monument: the tomb. Take away from savages the bones of their -fathers, and you take away their history, their laws, and their very -gods; you rob those men, in the future generations, of the proofs both -of their existence and of their annihilation.</p> - -<p>I wished to hear my hosts' songs. A little Indian girl of fourteen, -called Mila and very pretty (the Indian women are pretty only at that -age) sang something very pleasant. Was it not perchance the canzonet -quoted by Montaigne? "Adder stay, stay good adder, that my sister may -by the patterne of thy partie-coloured coat drawe the fashion and -worke of a rich lace, for me to give unto my love; so may thy beautie, -thy nimblenesse or disposition be ever preferred before all other -serpents<a name="FNanchor_492_497" id="FNanchor_492_497"></a><a href="#Footnote_492_497" class="fnanchor">[492]</a>."</p> - -<p>The author of the <i>Essaies</i> saw Iroquois at Rouen, who, according to -him, were "not verie ill; but what," he adds, "of that? They weare no -kinde of breeches nor hosen<a name="FNanchor_493_498" id="FNanchor_493_498"></a><a href="#Footnote_493_498" class="fnanchor">[493]</a>!"</p> - -<p>If ever I publish the Στρωματεὶς or patchwork of my youth, to talk like -St. Clement of Alexandria<a name="FNanchor_494_499" id="FNanchor_494_499"></a><a href="#Footnote_494_499" class="fnanchor">[494]</a> you shall there see Mila<a name="FNanchor_495_500" id="FNanchor_495_500"></a><a href="#Footnote_495_500" class="fnanchor">[495]</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span></p> - -<p>The Canadians are no longer the same as when they were described by -Cartier, Champlain<a name="FNanchor_496_501" id="FNanchor_496_501"></a><a href="#Footnote_496_501" class="fnanchor">[496]</a>, La Hontan<a name="FNanchor_497_502" id="FNanchor_497_502"></a><a href="#Footnote_497_502" class="fnanchor">[497]</a>, Lescarbot<a name="FNanchor_498_503" id="FNanchor_498_503"></a><a href="#Footnote_498_503" class="fnanchor">[498]</a>, Lafitau<a name="FNanchor_499_504" id="FNanchor_499_504"></a><a href="#Footnote_499_504" class="fnanchor">[499]</a>, -Charlevoix<a name="FNanchor_500_505" id="FNanchor_500_505"></a><a href="#Footnote_500_505" class="fnanchor">[500]</a>, and the <i>Lettres édifiantes</i>; the sixteenth century -and the commencement of the seventeenth were still the time of a -boundless imagination and ingenuous customs: the marvel of the first -reflected a virgin nature, and the candour of the second reproduced the -simplicity of the savage. Champlain tells us at the end of his first -journey to Canada, in 1603, that "near Chaleur Bay, verging to the -south, there is an island where dwells a frightful monster which the -savages call Gougou."</p> - -<p>Canada had its giant as well as the Cape of Storms. Homer is the true -father of all these inventions; it is always the Cyclopes, Scylla and -Charybdis, ogres or <i>gougous.</i></p> - -<p>The savage population of North America, not including the Mexicans and -Esquimaux, does not today amount to four hundred thousand souls on -either side of the Rocky Mountains; there are travellers who put it -so low as one hundred and fifty thousand. The degradation of Indian -manners has kept pace with the depopulation of the tribes. Their -religious traditions have become confused; the instruction spread by -the Canadian Jesuits has mixed foreign ideas with the inborn ideas -of the natives: through their rude fables, one sees the Christian -beliefs disfigured; the majority of the savages wear crosses by way -of ornaments, and the Protestant traders sell them what the Catholic -missionaries give them. Let us say at once, to the honour of our -country and to the glory of our religion, that the Indians had become -greatly attached to us; that they never cease to regret us; and that a -"black robe," or missionary, is still an object of veneration in the -forests of America. The savage continues to love us under the tree -where we were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> his first guests, on the soil which we have trod, where -we have left tombs in his care.</p> - -<p>When the Indian was naked or clad in skins, he had something great -and noble about him; at present, rags of European clothing, without -covering his nakedness, bear witness to his destitution: he is a beggar -at the door of a counting-house, he is no longer the savage in his -forest</p> - -<p>Lastly, a kind of hybrid people has been formed, born of colonial -fathers and Indian mothers. These men, called "Burnt-woods," because of -the colour of their skin, act as brokers between the authors of their -dual origin. They speak the language of their fathers and of their -mothers, and have the vices of both races. These bastards of civilized -and of savage nature sell themselves to the Americans and the English -by turns, to hand over to them the monopoly of the fur-trade; they -keep alive the rivalry between the English companies, the Hudson's Bay -Company and the North-West Fur Company, and the American companies, the -Columbian American Fur Company, the Missouri Fur Company and others: -they themselves go hunting for account of the traders and with hunters -paid by the companies.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Wars of the Companies.</div> - -<p>The great war of American Independence is the only one which people -know of. They are ignorant of the fact that blood has been shed on -behalf of the paltry interests of a handful of merchants. The Hudson's -Bay Company in 1811 sold to Lord Selkirk<a name="FNanchor_501_506" id="FNanchor_501_506"></a><a href="#Footnote_501_506" class="fnanchor">[501]</a> a tract of land on the -bank of the Red River. The North-West or Canadian Company took umbrage -at this transaction. The two companies, allied to various Indian -tribes and seconded by the "Burnt-woods," came to blows. This domestic -conflict, so horrible in its details, took place on the frozen wastes -of Hudson's Bay. Lord Selkirk's colony was destroyed in the month -of June 1815<a name="FNanchor_502_507" id="FNanchor_502_507"></a><a href="#Footnote_502_507" class="fnanchor">[502]</a>, at the exact period of the Battle of Waterloo. -Upon those two theatres, one so brilliant, the other so obscure, the -misfortunes of the human species were the same.</p> - -<p>Seek no longer in America the skillfully constructed political -constitutions of which Charlevoix has written the history: the monarchy -of the Hurons, the republic of the Iroquois. A somewhat similar -destruction has been accomplished and is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> still being accomplished -in Europe under our very eyes; a Prussian poet, at a banquet of the -Teutonic Order, held about the year 1400, sang in old Prussian the -heroic deeds of the ancient warriors of his country: no one present -understood him, and he received one hundred empty walnuts by way of -recompense. Today, the language of Lower Brittany, the Basque and -Gaelic languages, are dying out from cottage to cottage, keeping pace -with the deaths of the goatherds and husbandmen.</p> - -<p>In the English County of Cornwall, the language of the natives became -extinct about the year 1676. A fisherman said to some travellers:</p> - -<p>"I know hardly more than four or five persons who speak Cornish, and -they are old folk like myself, between sixty and eighty years of age; -none of the young people know a word of it."</p> - -<p>Whole tribes of the Orinoco have ceased to exist; of their dialect -there remain but a dozen words articulated in the tree-tops by parrots -that have regained their freedom, like Agrippina's thrush, which -warbled Greek words upon the balustrades of the Roman palaces. This, -sooner or later, will be the fate of our modern jargons, the remains -of Latin and Greek. Some raven escaped from the cage of the last -Franco-Gallic curate will say, from the top of a ruined steeple, to -peoples that shall be foreign to our successors:</p> - -<p>"Accept these last strains of a voice once known to you; you will put -an end to all this talk."</p> - -<p>It is well worth while to be Bossuet, so that, in the ultimate event, -your masterpiece may survive, in the recollection of a bird, your -language and your memory among men!</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>When speaking of Canada and Louisiana, when considering on the old maps -the extent of the former French colonies in America, I asked myself -how the government of my country could have suffered the loss of those -colonies, which would be an inexhaustible source of prosperity for us -at this day.</p> - -<p>From Arcadia<a name="FNanchor_503_508" id="FNanchor_503_508"></a><a href="#Footnote_503_508" class="fnanchor">[503]</a> and Canada to Louisiana, from the mouth of the -St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Mississippi, the territory of "New -France" surrounded what formed the confederation of the first thirteen -United States: the eleven others<a name="FNanchor_504_509" id="FNanchor_504_509"></a><a href="#Footnote_504_509" class="fnanchor">[504]</a>, together<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> with the District of -Columbia, the North-Western Territory, the Territories of Michigan, -Missouri, Oregon, and Arkansas either belonged to us or would now -belong to us, as they belong to the United States by the cessions of -the English and Spaniards, our successors in Canada and Louisiana<a name="FNanchor_505_510" id="FNanchor_505_510"></a><a href="#Footnote_505_510" class="fnanchor">[505]</a>. -The country enclosed by the Atlantic on the north-east, the Arctic -Ocean on the north, the Pacific Ocean and the Russian possessions on -the north-west, and the Gulf of Mexico on the south, in other words -more than two-thirds of North America, would now be recognizing the -laws of France.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Former French possessions.</div> - -<p>I fear that the Restoration will ruin itself through holding ideas -contrary to those which I have here expressed: the mania for adhering -to the past, a mania which I never cease impugning, would be in -no sense fatal if it subverted only myself, by robbing me of the -Sovereign's favour; but it may yet subvert the Throne. Political -stagnation is impossible; it is absolutely necessary to keep pace -with human intelligence. Let us respect the majesty of time; let us -reverentially contemplate past centuries, rendered sacred by the memory -and the footsteps of our fathers: but let us not try to go back to -them, for they no longer possess a vestige of our real nature, and if -we endeavoured to seize hold of them, they would fade away. The Chapter -of Our Lady of Aix-la-Chapelle caused the tomb of Charlemagne<a name="FNanchor_506_511" id="FNanchor_506_511"></a><a href="#Footnote_506_511" class="fnanchor">[506]</a> to -be opened, we are told, about the year 1450. The Emperor was found -seated in a gilt chair, holding in his skeleton hands the Book of the -Gospels written in letters of gold; before him were laid his sceptre -and his golden buckler; by his side hung his sword "Joyeuse," sheathed -in a golden scabbard. He was clad in the imperial robes. On his head, -which was held erect by a golden chain, was a winding-sheet covering -what had been his face and surmounted by a crown. They touched the -phantom: it crumbled into dust.</p> - -<p>We once possessed vast countries beyond the seas: they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> offered a -refuge for our surplus population, markets for our commerce, stations -for our navy. We are now excluded from the new world in which the human -race is beginning life afresh: in Africa, Asia, Oceania, in the South -Sea Islands, on the continent of North and South America, the English, -Portuguese, and Spanish languages serve to interpret the thoughts of -many millions of men; and we, disinherited of the conquests of our -valour and our genius, scarce hear the tongue of Colbert and Louis -XIV. spoken in some petty market-town of Louisiana or Canada, under a -foreign government: it lingers there only as a witness to the reverses -of our fortune and the errors of our policy.</p> - -<p>And who is the king whose dominion now succeeds the dominion of the -King of France in the forests of Canada? He who yesterday caused this -note to be sent to me:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="smcap" style="text-align: right;">"Royal Lodge, Windsor,</p> - -<p>"4 <i>June</i> 1822.</p> - -<p class="smcap">"Monsieur le Vicomte,</p> - -<p>"I am commanded by the King to invite Your Excellency to dine -and sleep here on Thursday the 6th instant.</p> - -<p>"Your Excellency's most humble and obedient servant,</p> - -<p class="smcap" style="text-align: right;">"Francis Conyngham<a name="FNanchor_507_512" id="FNanchor_507_512"></a><a href="#Footnote_507_512" class="fnanchor">[507]</a>."</p></blockquote> - -<p>It was fated that I should be plagued by princes. I lay down my pen; -I recross the Atlantic; I mend my arm broken at Niagara; I take off -my bearskin; I resume my gold-laced coat; I leave the wigwam of an -Iroquois to repair to the Royal Lodge of His Britannic Majesty, King of -the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Lord of the Indies; -I leave my hosts with the exposed ears and my little girl-savage with -her bead: wishing Lady Conyngham<a name="FNanchor_508_513" id="FNanchor_508_513"></a><a href="#Footnote_508_513" class="fnanchor">[508]</a> the charm of Mila, together with -the age which as yet belongs only to the earliest spring-time, to the -days which precede the month of May and which our Gallic poets called -the <i>avrillée</i>, the April shower.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The tribe of the little girl with the bead departed; my guide, the -Dutchman, refused to accompany me beyond the cataract; I paid him -and joined a party of traders who were leaving to go<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> down the Ohio; -before setting out, I took a glance at the Canadian lakes. There is -nothing so mournful as the aspect of these lakes. The liquid plains -of the Atlantic and the Mediterranean open highways to the nations, -and their shores are, or were, inhabited by civilized, numerous, and -powerful peoples; the lakes of Canada display only the nakedness of -their waters, which, in its turn, is joined to a bare soil: they are -deserts dividing other deserts. Shores devoid of inhabitants look upon -seas devoid of ships; you alight from the unfrequented waves upon -unfrequented coasts.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Lake Erie.</div> - -<p>Lake Erie is over one hundred leagues in circumference. The nations of -the water-side were exterminated by the Iroquois two centuries ago. It -is an appalling thing to see the Indians venturing in their birch-bark -wherries upon this lake famed for its tempests, in which myriads of -serpents swarmed in former days. These Indians hang their manitous upon -the prow of their canoes and dart into the midst of the eddies among -the heaving waves. The waves, level with the aperture of the canoes, -seem ready to swallow them up. The hunters' dogs, with their front-paws -resting on the side, utter loud barks, while their masters, preserving -a profound silence, beat the waves in cadence with their paddles. The -canoes proceed in Indian file: in the prow of the first stands a chief -who repeats the diphthong <i>oah</i>: <i>o</i> in a long, dull note, <i>ah</i> in a -short, sharp tone. In the last canoe is another chief, who also stands -up, and works an oar by way of rudder. The other braves squat upon -their heels at the bottom of the well. Across the mist and the winds -one perceives nothing save the plumes adorning the Indians' heads, the -outstretched necks of the baying dogs, and the shoulders of the two -sachems, the pilot and the augur: as it were the gods of these lakes.</p> - -<p>The rivers of Canada play no part in the history of the world of -antiquity: how different from the destiny of the Ganges, the Euphrates, -the Nile, the Danube, and the Rhine! What changes have not these beheld -upon their banks! How much sweat and blood has been poured forth by -conquerors to cross, in their current, waters over which, at their -source, a goatherd passes with a single step!</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Leaving the lakes of Canada, we came to Pittsburg at the confluence -of the Kentucky and Ohio rivers; here the landscape unfolds an -extraordinary stateliness. Nevertheless, this magnificent country is -called Kentucky after its river, whose name means "river of blood." It -owes this name to its beauty:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> for more than two centuries the nations -on the side of the Cherokees and of the Iroquois nations fought for the -possession of its hunting-fields.</p> - -<p>Will the European generations be more virtuous and more free upon those -banks than were the exterminated American generations? Shall slaves -not till the soil beneath the lash of their masters, in these deserts -of man's primeval independence? Shall prisons and gallows not fill the -places of the open hut and the tall tulip-tree where the bird builds -its nest? Shall the richness of the soil not cause new wars to burst -forth? Shall Kentucky cease to be the "Land of Blood," and shall the -monuments of the arts beautify the banks of the Ohio to better purpose -than the monuments of nature?</p> - -<p>After passing the Wabash, the Cypress, the Cumberland, the Cherokee, -or Tennessee, the Yellowbank, one comes to a tongue of land often -submerged beneath the mighty waters: here is formed the confluence -of the Ohio and the Mississippi in latitude 36° 51'. The two rivers -oppose an equal resistance to one another and relax the force of their -currents; for some miles they sleep side by side without mingling in -the same bed, like two great peoples at first of different origins and -then combining to form but one race; like two illustrious combatants -sharing the same couch after a battle; like a husband and wife born of -hostile blood, who at first have but little inclination to mingle their -destinies in the nuptial bed.</p> - -<p>And I, too, even as the mighty urns of the rivers, have poured forth my -life's small current, now on this, now on that side of the mountain; -capricious in my straying, but never malignant; preferring the poor -glens to the rich plains, stopping at the flowers rather than at the -palaces. For that matter, I was so charmed with my rambles that I gave -scarce a further thought to the Pole. A party of traders, who had come -from among the Creeks, in Florida, gave me leave to accompany them.</p> - -<p>We set out for the countries known at that time by the general name -of the Floridas, today divided into the States of Alabama, Georgia, -South Carolina, and Tennessee. We followed, more or less closely, paths -now connected by the high-road which runs from Natchez to Nashville, -through Jackson and Florence, and which enters Virginia by way of -Knoxville and Salem: a country very little frequented at that time, -although Bartram<a name="FNanchor_509_514" id="FNanchor_509_514"></a><a href="#Footnote_509_514" class="fnanchor">[509]</a> had explored its lakes and sites. The planters -of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> Georgia and Florida proper went to the various tribes of the Creeks -to buy horses and half-wild cattle, which multiplied indefinitely in -the savannahs pierced by the wells at whose edges I placed Atala and -Chactas. They even extended their journey as far as Ohio.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">I sail up the Ohio River.</div> - -<p>We ran before a stiff breeze. The Ohio, swollen by a hundred rivers, -passed now through the lakes which opened out before us, now through -the woods. Islands stood out in the middle of the lakes. We made sail -for one of the largest of these: we came alongside at eight in the -morning.</p> - -<p>I crossed a meadow strewn with ragwort with its yellow flowers, -hollyhocks with their pink plumes, and obelarias with purple egrets. -An Indian ruin struck my eyes. The contrast between this ruin and the -youth of nature, this monument of men in a desert, caused a great -emotion. What people dwelt upon this island? Its name, its race, the -time of its passing? Did it live at the time when the world in whose -midst it lay hidden was as yet unknown to the three other quarters of -the globe? The silence of this people was perhaps contemporaneous with -the fame of some great nations that have in their turn lapsed into -silence<a name="FNanchor_510_515" id="FNanchor_510_515"></a><a href="#Footnote_510_515" class="fnanchor">[510]</a>.</p> - -<p>Sandy anfractuosities, ruins or <i>tumuli</i> issued from amid poppies with -red flowers hanging at the end of bent, pale-green stalks. The stem and -the flower have an aroma which clings to the fingers when one touches -the plant. The perfume which outlives the flower is an image of the -memory of a life spent in solitude.</p> - -<p>I observed the nymphæa: it was preparing to hide its white lily beneath -the surface at the close of day; the "tree of sadness<a name="FNanchor_511_516" id="FNanchor_511_516"></a><a href="#Footnote_511_516" class="fnanchor">[511]</a>" was -awaiting the night before unfolding its own: the wife retires to bed at -the hour when the courtesan rises.</p> - -<p>The pyramidal œnothera, which is seven or eight feet high, with -pale leaves dentated with dark green, has other habits and another -destiny: its yellow flower begins to half-open in the evening, during -the space of time which Venus occupies in descending below the horizon; -it continues to expand by the light of the stars; the dawn discovers it -in all its brilliancy; midway through the morning it fades; it falls at -noonday. It lives for but a few hours; but it despatches those hours -beneath a placid sky, between the breaths of Venus and Aurora: what -matters, then, the shortness of life?</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span></p> - -<p>A streamlet trickled through a garland of dionæas; a multitude of -day-flies buzzed all around. There were also humming-birds and -butterflies which, decked in their brightest gauds, rivalled the motley -flowers in splendour.</p> - -<p>In the midst of these walks and studies, I was often struck by their -futility. What! Did the Revolution, which already weighed down upon -me and drove me into the woods, inspire me with no graver thoughts -than these? What! Was the time of my country's confusion that which I -chose to occupy myself with descriptions of plants, and butterflies, -and flowers? The individuality of mankind serves as a measure of the -littleness of great events. How many men are indifferent to those -events! To how many others do they remain unknown! The aggregate -population of the globe is estimated at from eleven to twelve hundred -millions; a man dies every second: thus in each minute of our -existence, of our smiles, of our joys, sixty men expire, sixty families -moan and weep. Life is a permanent pestilence. The chain of mourning -and funerals that winds us about is never broken, grows ever longer: -we ourselves form one of its links. And then tell us to magnify the -importance of the catastrophes of which seven-eighths of the world will -never hear speak! To pant for a fame which will spread its wings at but -a few leagues from our tomb! To plunge into the ocean of a felicity of -which each minute slips away between sixty graves incessantly renewed!</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Nam nox Nulla diem, neque noctem aurora sequuta est Quæ non -audierit mixtos vagitibus ægris Ploratus, mortis comites et -funeris atri.</p></blockquote> - -<p>The savages of Florida tell of an island in the middle of a lake -where live the most beautiful women in the world. The Muskhogulges -have repeatedly attempted its conquest; but this Eden flees before -the canoes, a natural image of the chimeras which retreat before our -desires. The country also contained a fountain of youth: who would wish -to rise from the dead?</p> - -<p>But little was wanting to make these fables assume a semblance of -reality in my eyes. At a moment when we least expected it, we saw a -flotilla of canoes come out of a bay, some with oars, others with -sails. They landed at our island. They were two families of Creeks, of -which one consisted of Seminoles, the other of Muskhogulges, including -some Cherokees and Burnt-woods. I was struck with the grace of these -savages, who in no respect resemble those of Canada.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Two fair Floridans.</div> - -<p>The Seminoles and Muskhogulges are fairly tall, and, by an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> unusual -contrast, their mothers, wives, and daughters are the smallest race -of women known in America. The Indian women who landed near us, born -of mixed Cherokee and Castilian blood, were tall in stature. Two of -them were like the creoles of San Domingo and Mauritius, but yellow -and delicate as the women of the Ganges. These two Floridan women, -cousins on the father's side, served as my models, one for Atala, the -other for Céluta: they excelled the portraits I drew of them only -by that variable and fugitive truth of nature, that physiognomy of -race and climate which I was not able to express. There was something -indefinable in that oval visage, in that shaded complexion, which one -seemed to see through a light, orange-tinted smoke, in that hair so -black and soft, those eyes so long, half-hidden beneath the veil of -two satiny eyelids that opened indolently; in short, in the two-fold -seduction of the Indian and the Spanish woman.</p> - -<p>The meeting with our hosts occasioned a certain alteration in our -movements: our trading agents began to inquire about horses; it was -decided that we should go to fix ourselves in the neighbourhood of -the studs. The plain in which our camp stood was covered with bulls, -cows, horses, bisons, buffaloes, cranes, turkeys, pelicans: these birds -mottled the green background of our savannah with white, black, and -pink stains.</p> - -<p>Our traders and hunters were stirred by many passions: not passions of -race, education, or prejudice, but natural passions, full and absolute, -making straight for their object, having for witnesses a tree fallen -in the depths of an unknown forest, a nameless stream. The relations -between the Spaniards and the Creek women formed the ground-work of -the adventures; the "Burnt-woods" played the principal part in those -romances. One story was famous: that of a trader in strong waters -seduced and ruined by a "painted woman" or courtesan. This story, put -into Seminole verse with the title of <i>Tabamica</i>, was sung in passing -through the woods<a name="FNanchor_512_517" id="FNanchor_512_517"></a><a href="#Footnote_512_517" class="fnanchor">[512]</a>. Carried off in their turn by the colonists, the -Indian women soon died forsaken at Pensacola<a name="FNanchor_513_518" id="FNanchor_513_518"></a><a href="#Footnote_513_518" class="fnanchor">[513]</a>: their misfortunes -went to swell the <i>Romanceros</i> and to be numbered among the ballads of -Ximenes.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The earth is a charming mother; we issue from her womb: in childhood, -she holds us to her breasts swollen with milk and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> honey; in youth and -old age, she lavishes upon us her refreshing waters, her harvests and -her fruits; she offers us, wherever we may go, a shade, a bath, a table -and a bed; she opens her entrails again to receive us after death, and -throws a coverlet of herbs and flowers over our remains, while she -secretly transforms us into her own substance, to reproduce us under -some graceful shape. That is what I said to myself on waking, when my -first look fell upon the sky, the canopy of my bed.</p> - -<p>The hunters had set out for the work of the day; I remained behind -with the women and children. I never left the side of my two sylvan -goddesses: one was proud, the other sad. I did not understand a word -of what they said to me, and they did not understand me; but I went to -fetch water for their cup, shoots for their fire, mosses for their bed. -They wore the petticoat and the wide, slashed sleeves of the Spanish -women, the body and cloak of the Indian women. Their bare legs were -cross-gartered with a lace-work of birch. They plaited their hair with -posies or filaments of rushes; they mailed themselves in chains and -necklaces of glass beads. From their ears hung purple berries; they -had a fine talking paroquet: the bird of Armida; they fastened it on -their shoulder like an emerald, or carried it hooded on their hand, as -the great ladies of the tenth century carried their hawks. To harden -their breasts and arms, they rubbed themselves with the apoya, or -American gallingale. In Bengal the nautch-girls chew the betel-nut, -and in the Levant the almes suck the mastic of Chio: the Floridan -maidens pounded, between their teeth of a bluey whiteness, tears of -liquid-amber and roots of <i>libanis</i>, which blended the fragrance of -angelica, cedrat, and vanilla. They lived in an atmosphere of perfumes -emanating from themselves, like orange-trees and flowers living in -the pure exhalations from their leaves and chalices. I amused myself -by placing a little ornament upon their heads: they submitted, gently -dismayed; witches themselves, they thought I was working a charm upon -them. One of them, the "proud" one, often prayed; she seemed to me half -a Christian. The other sang in a voice of velvet, uttering at the end -of each phrase a note that troubled one. Sometimes they spoke hastily -to each other: I thought I could recognize the accents of jealousy, but -the "sad" one wept, and silence was restored.</p> - -<p>Weak as I was, I sought examples of weakness, in order to encourage -myself. Had not Camoëns in the Indies loved a black Barbary slave, -and might not I in America do homage to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> two young jonquil sultanas? -Had Camoëns not addressed <i>endechas</i>, or stanzas, to his <i>Barbaru -escrava?</i><a name="FNanchor_514_519" id="FNanchor_514_519"></a><a href="#Footnote_514_519" class="fnanchor">[514]</a></p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>A fishing-party was arranged. The sun was nearing its setting. In the -foreground appeared sassafras, tulip-trees, catalpas, and oaks, from -whose boughs hung skeins of white moss. Behind this foreground rose the -most charming of trees, the papaw, which might have been taken for a -chased silver style, surmounted by a Corinthian urn. In the background -reigned balsam-trees, magnolias, and liquid-ambers.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">An exquisite landscape.</div> - -<p>The sun dropped behind that curtain: a ray piercing through the crown -of a thicket sparkled like a carbuncle set in the sombre foliage; the -light diverging between the trunks and branches projected heightening -columns and mobile arabesques upon the sward. Below were lilacs, -azaleas, annulated creepers with gigantic sheaves; above, the clouds, -some fixed, like promontories or old towers, others fleeting, like -rosy vapours or carded silk. By means of successive transformations, -one saw the mouths of furnaces opening up in those clouds, heaps of -embers piling themselves up, streams of lava flowing: all was dazzling, -radiant, gilded, opulent, saturated with light.</p> - -<p>After the Morean insurrection in 1770, some Greek families took refuge -in Florida; they could still believe themselves in that Ionian climate -which seems to have relented, together with men's passions: at Smyrna, -in the evening, nature sleeps like a courtesan wearied with love.</p> - -<p>On our right were ruins belonging to the great fortifications that -were found on the Ohio, on our left an old savage camp. The island on -which we were, pictured in the water and reproduced by a mirage, poised -its double perspective before us. In the east, the moon rested upon -distant hills; in the west, the vault of the sky was melted into a sea -of diamonds and sapphires, in which the sun, half-immersed, appeared to -be dissolving. The animals of creation were keeping watch; the earth, -in adoration, seemed to offer incense to the sky, and the amber exhaled -from its bosom fell back upon it in the form of dew, as prayers fall -back upon those who pray.</p> - -<p>Abandoned by my companions, I lay resting by the edge of a clump of -trees: its darkness, glazed with light, formed the penumbra in which -I sat. Fire-flies gleamed among the crape-covered shrubs and became -obscured when they passed through<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> the irradiations of the moon. I -heard the sounds made by the rise and fall of the lake, the leap of the -gold-fish, and the rare cry of the diver. My eyes were fixed upon the -water; I gradually lapsed into the state of drowsiness known to men who -travel the world's highways: I lost all clearness of recollection; I -felt myself living and vegetating with nature in a kind of pantheism. -I leant back against the trunk of a magnolia-tree and fell asleep; my -slumbers floated upon a vague surface of hope.</p> - -<p>When I emerged from this Lethe, I found myself between two women: the -odalisks had returned; they did not wish to arouse me; they had sat -down silently by my side; whether they had feigned sleep or had really -slumbered, their heads had fallen on my shoulders.</p> - -<p>A breeze blew through the grove and deluged us in a shower of -rose-leaves from the magnolia. Then the younger of the Seminoles began -to sing: let whomsoever is not sure of his life beware of ever thus -exposing himself! No one knows the strength of the passion that glides -with melody into a man's breast. A rude and jealous voice replied: a -" Burnt-wood" was calling the two cousins; they started and rose: the -dawn was beginning to break.</p> - -<p>In the absence of Aspasia alone, I have since repeated this scene -on the shores of Greece: ascending to the columns of the Parthenon -with the dawn, I saw the Cithæron, Mount Hymettus, the Acropolis of -Corinth, the tombs, the ruins, bathed in a dew of golden, transparent, -shimmering light, reflected by the seas and wafted like a perfume by -the zephyrs from Salamis and Delos.</p> - -<p>We finished on the bank our voyage without words. At noon, we broke up -the camp to inspect the horses which the Creeks wished to sell and the -traders to buy. Women and children, all were summoned as witnesses, -according to the custom in solemn bargains. Stallions of every age -and colour, foals and mares, with bulls, cows and heifers, began to -scamper and gallop around us. Amid this confusion, I became separated -from the Creeks. A thick group of men and horses gathered on the -skirt of a wood. Suddenly, in the distance, I perceived my two fair -Floridans; vigorous hands seated them upon the cruppers of two barbs -ridden bare-backed by a "Burnt-wood" and a Seminole. O Cid, why had -not I thy swift Babieça that I might overtake them! The mares galloped -off, the immense squadron followed them. The horses rushed, jumped, -bounded, neighed, amid the horns of the bulls and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> buffaloes, their -hoofs clashed in mid-air, their tails and manes flew blood-stained. -A whirlwind of voracious insects swarmed about this wild cavalry. My -Floridans disappeared from sight like Ceres' daughter, snatched by the -god of the nether world.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">End of my Floridan romance.</div> - -<p>Thus does everything prove abortive in my life, thus is nought left -me save pictures of what has passed so quickly: I shall descend to -the Elysian Fields with more shades than mortal man has ever taken -with him. The fault lies with my organization: I am never able to take -advantage of any piece of good fortune; I can never take an interest in -anything whatever that interests others. Putting religion aside, I have -no beliefs. Shepherd or king, what should I have done with my sceptre -or my crook? I should have wearied equally of glory or genius, work or -leisure, prosperity or misfortune. Everything tires me: laboriously I -tow my weariness after my days, and, wherever I go, I yawn away my life.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Ronsard<a name="FNanchor_515_520" id="FNanchor_515_520"></a><a href="#Footnote_515_520" class="fnanchor">[515]</a> shows us Mary Stuart<a name="FNanchor_516_521" id="FNanchor_516_521"></a><a href="#Footnote_516_521" class="fnanchor">[516]</a> ready to set out for Scotland -after the death of François II<a name="FNanchor_517_522" id="FNanchor_517_522"></a><a href="#Footnote_517_522" class="fnanchor">[517]</a>. Was I like Mary Stuart wandering -through Fontainebleau, when I wandered about my savannah after my -widowerhood? One thing is certain, that my mind, if not my person, was -wrapped in "a long crape, subtil and flowing," as Ronsard also says, -that old poet of the new school.</p> - -<p>The devil having flown away with the Muskhogulge damsels, I was told -by the guide that a "Burnt-wood," who was in love with one of the two -women, was jealous of me and had resolved with a Seminole, the brother -of the other cousin, to carry Atala and Céluta off from me. The guides -spoke of them bluntly as "painted girls," which shocked my vanity. -I felt the more humiliated in that the "Burnt-wood," my favoured -rival, was a lean, ugly, dark-skinned mosquito, possessing all the -characteristics of the insects which, according to the entomologists of -the Grand Lama, are animals whose flesh is inside their bones. Solitude -appeared empty to me after my misadventure. I gave the cold shoulder -to my sylph, who generously hastened to console her faithless lover, -like Julie when she forgave Saint-Preux his Parisian Floridans<a name="FNanchor_518_523" id="FNanchor_518_523"></a><a href="#Footnote_518_523" class="fnanchor">[518]</a>. I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> -lost no time in quitting the desert in which I have since resuscitated -the drowsy companions of my night. I know not whether I gave back to -them the life they gave me: at least I made a virgin of one, a virtuous -spouse of the other, by way of expiation.</p> - -<p>We again crossed the Blue Mountains, and approached the European -clearings in the neighbourhood of Chillicothe. I had gathered no light -upon the principal object of my enterprise; but I was escorted by a -world of poetry:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Comme une jeune abeille aux roses engagée<br /> -Ma muse revenait de son butin chargée<a name="FNanchor_519_524" id="FNanchor_519_524"></a><a href="#Footnote_519_524" class="fnanchor">[519]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>On the bank of a stream I saw an American house: at one end a -farm-house, at the other a mill. I went in, asked for food and shelter, -and was well received.</p> - -<p>My hostess led me by a ladder to a room above the shaft of the -hydraulic apparatus. My little casement-window, festooned with ivy and -cobæas with iris bells, opened above the stream which flowed, narrow -and solitary, between two thick borders of willows, elms, sassafras, -tamarinds, and Carolina poplars. The moss-grown mill-wheel turned -beneath their shade and let fall long ribands of water. Perch and trout -leapt in the foam of the eddy; water-wagtails flew from bank to bank, -and various kinds of kingfishers fluttered their blue wings above the -current.</p> - -<p>How happy should I have been there with the "sad" one, had she been -faithful to me, seated dreaming at her feet, my head laid upon her -knees, listening to the noise of the weir, the rotations of the wheel, -the rolling of the mill-stone, the sifting of the bolter, the even -beating of the clapper, breathing the freshness of the water and the -scent from the husks of the pearl-barley.</p> - -<p>Night came. I went down to the sitting-room of the farm-house. It was -lighted only by maize-straw and husks of beans blazing in the hearth. -The fire-arms of the master of the house, lying horizontally in the -gun-rack, gleamed in the reflections from the fireplace. I sat down -upon a stool in the chimney-corner, near a squirrel, which jumped from -the back of a large dog to the shelf of a spinning-wheel and back -again. A kitten installed itself upon my knee to watch this sport. The -miller's wife put a large stew-pot on the fire, the flames of which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> -played round the pot's black bottom like a radiant golden crown. While -I watched the sweet potatoes boiling for my supper, I amused myself by -reading by the firelight, with lowered head, an English newspaper which -had fallen on the floor between my legs. Printed in large letters I -read the words:</p> - -<p> -FLIGHT OF THE KING.<br /> -</p> - -<p>It was the story of the flight of Louis XVI., and the arrest of the -unfortunate monarch at Varennes<a name="FNanchor_520_525" id="FNanchor_520_525"></a><a href="#Footnote_520_525" class="fnanchor">[520]</a>. The paper also described the -progress of the emigration and the gathering of the officers of the -army around the flag of the French Princes.</p> - -<p>A sudden conversion took place within my mind. Rinaldo beheld his -weakness in the mirror of honour in Armida's gardens; I was not Tasso's -hero, but the same looking-glass showed me my image in the midst of an -American orchard. The clash of arms, the world's tumult resounded in -my ears under the thatch of a mill hidden in unknown woods. I abruptly -interrupted my travels, and said to myself:</p> - -<p>"Go back to France."</p> - -<p>Thus it happened that my sense of duty upset my early plans, and -occasioned the first of the revolutions that have marked my career. -The Bourbons no more needed that a cadet of Brittany should return -from across the seas to offer them his obscure devotion than they have -needed his services since he has emerged from his obscurity. Had I lit -my pipe with the newspaper which changed the course of my life, and -continued my journey, no one would have remarked my absence; my life -was at that time as unknown and weighed as little as the smoke from my -calumet. A simple contest between myself and my conscience flung me -upon the world's stage. I could have acted as I pleased, since I alone -was a witness of the struggle; but, of all witnesses, that is the one -before whose eyes I should most fear to blush.</p> - -<p>Why is it that the solitudes of Erie and Ontario present themselves to -my thoughts today with a charm which the brilliant spectacle of the -Bosphorus is not able to possess in my memory? It is because, at the -time of my journey in the United States, I was full of illusions: the -troubles of France commenced at the same time as the commencement of my -existence; nothing was complete in myself or in the land of my birth. -Those days are dear to me because they recall to me<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> the innocence of -sentiments inspired by the family and the pleasures of youth.</p> - -<p>Fifteen years later, after my journey in the Levant, the Republic, -swollen with ruins and tears, had discharged itself like a torrent from -the deluge into despotism. I no longer deluded myself with chimeras; my -recollections, thenceforth taking their source in society and passions, -lacked candour. Deceived in both my pilgrimages to the West and to the -East, I had failed to discover the passage to the Pole, I had failed to -snatch glory on the banks of Niagara, where I had gone in search of it, -and I had left it seated on the ruins of Athens.</p> - -<p>After setting out to be a traveller in America and returning to be a -soldier in Europe, I did not go the whole length of either of those -careers: an evil genius snatched the staff and the sword from my hand, -and put the pen there in its stead. Fifteen more years have elapsed -since, finding myself at Sparta, and contemplating the sky during the -night, I recalled the countries that had already witnessed my peaceful -or troubled sleep: on the commons of England, in the plains of Italy, -upon the high-seas, in the Canadian forests, I had already saluted the -same stars which I saw shine upon the land of Helen and Menelaus. But -what would it avail me to complain to the stars, the fixed witnesses -of my vagrant destinies? One day their gaze will cease to tire itself -by pursuing me; meantime, indifferent to my fate, I will not ask those -stars to move it with a gentler influence nor to restore to me that -portion of life which the traveller leaves behind in the places at -which he touches.</p> - -<p>Were I to revisit the United States today, I should no longer recognize -them: there where I left forests, I should find tilled fields; there -where I traced a path for myself across the thickets, I should travel -on the high-roads; at Natchez, instead of Céluta's hut, stands a town -of some five thousand inhabitants; Chactas might today be sent to -Congress. I have lately received a pamphlet printed among the Cherokees -and addressed to myself, in the interests of those savages, as "the -defender of the liberty of the press."</p> - -<p>In the land of the Muskhogulges, the Seminoles, the Chickasaws, we find -a city of Athens, another of Marathon, another of Carthage, another of -Memphis, another of Sparta, another of Florence; there is a County of -Columbia and a County of Marengo: the glory of every country has placed -a name in the same wastes where I met Father Aubry and the obscure -Atala.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> Kentucky exhibits a Versailles; a territory called Bourbon has -a Paris for its capital.</p> - -<p>All the exiles, all the fugitives from oppression who have taken refuge -in America have carried there the memory of their country.</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Falsi Simoentis ad undam<br /> -Libabat cineri Andromache<a name="FNanchor_521_526" id="FNanchor_521_526"></a><a href="#Footnote_521_526" class="fnanchor">[521]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>The United States offer in their bosom, under the protection of -liberty, an image and a memory of the greater part of the famous spots -of antiquity and of modern Europe: the Emperor Hadrian caused copies -of the monuments of his empire to be placed in his garden in the Roman -Campagna.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">American progress.</div> - -<p>Thirty-three high-roads run out of Washington, as formerly the Roman -roads started from the Capitol; spreading asunder, they end at the -circumference of the United States and trace a circulation of 25,747 -miles. Posting-stations are established on a large number of these -roads. One now takes the coach for the Ohio or Niagara as in my time -one took a guide or an Indian interpreter. The means of transport are -two-fold: lakes and rivers abound, and are connected by canals; you -can travel alongside of the high-roads in rowing or sailing-boats, -barges or steamers. Fuel is inexhaustible, since immense forests cover -coal-mines level with the surface.</p> - -<p>The population of the United States has increased in every decade -from 1790 to 1820 at the rate of 35 per cent. It is calculated that -in 1830 the population will amount to 12,875,000 souls. Continuing to -double every twenty-five years, it should amount in 1855 to 25,750,000 -souls, and twenty-five years later, in 1880, it should exceed fifty -millions<a name="FNanchor_522_527" id="FNanchor_522_527"></a><a href="#Footnote_522_527" class="fnanchor">[522]</a>.</p> - -<p>This human sap causes the wilderness to thrive on every side. The -Canadian lakes, on which lately no sail was to be seen, now resemble -docks in which frigates, corvettes, cutters and barks pass Indian -pirogues and canoes, in the same way in which the big ships and galleys -mix with the pinks, sloops and caiques in the waters of Constantinople. -The Mississippi, the Missouri, the Ohio no longer pursue a solitary -course: three-masters ascend their currents; over two hundred -steam-boats enliven their banks. This immense inland navigation, which -alone would ensure the prosperity of the United States,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> does not -lessen their distant expeditions. Their vessels sail all the seas, -engage in all forms of enterprise, carry the Stars and Stripes from the -horizon of the setting sun to the shores where the sun rises, shores -that have never known aught but slavery.</p> - -<p>To complete this surprising scene, one must picture to one's self -cities like Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Charleston, -Savannah, New Orleans, lighted at night, filled with horses and -carriages, adorned with coffee-houses, museums, libraries, ball-rooms, -theatres, displaying all the enjoyments of luxury.</p> - -<p>At the same time, the United States must not be searched for that which -distinguishes man above the other beings of creation, for that which -constitutes his certificate of immortality and the ornament of his -days: literature is unknown in the new republic, although called for -by a multitude of institutions. The American has replaced intellectual -by positive operations. Do not impute to him as an inferiority his -mediocrity in the arts, for it is not in that direction that he has -turned his attention. Cast through various causes upon a desert soil, -he made agriculture and commerce the first objects of his cares: before -thinking, one must live; before planting trees, one must fell them, in -order to till the ground.</p> - -<p>The primitive colonists, it is true, their minds steeped in religious -controversy, carried the passion for disputation into the very heart -of the forests; but it was necessary for them first to shoulder their -axes and march to the conquest of the desert: their sole pulpit, in -the intervals between their labours, was the elm they were engaged -in squaring. The Americans have not passed through the ages of other -nations: they left their childhood and their youth in Europe; the -artless words of the cradle were unknown to them; they enjoyed the -delights of home only through the medium of their regrets for a native -land which they had never seen, and of which they mourned the eternal -absence and the charm they had heard of from others.</p> - -<p>The new continent has no classical literature, nor romantic literature, -nor Indian literature: for the classical, the Americans have no models; -for the romantic, no middle-ages; I for the Indian, the Americans -despise the savages and loathe the sight of the woods as of a prison to -which they were once condemned.</p> - -<p>And thus it comes that literature as a thing apart, literature -properly so-called, does not exist in America; what one finds is -applied literature, answering to the different needs<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> of society: the -literature of workmen, merchants, sailors, farmers. Americans succeed -in mechanics and science, because science has its material side. -Franklin<a name="FNanchor_523_528" id="FNanchor_523_528"></a><a href="#Footnote_523_528" class="fnanchor">[523]</a> and Fulton<a name="FNanchor_524_529" id="FNanchor_524_529"></a><a href="#Footnote_524_529" class="fnanchor">[524]</a> took possession of lightning and steam -for the benefit of mankind. It fell to America to endow the world with -the discovery, thanks to which no continent can henceforward escape the -mariner's search.</p> - -<p>Poetry and imagination, the portion of a very small number of idlers, -are regarded in the United States as puerilities appertaining to the -first and to the last age of life. The Americans have had no childhood -and have as yet had no old age.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The American presidents.</div> - -<p>Hence it follows that men engaged upon serious studies have necessarily -been obliged to take part in the affairs of their country in order to -become acquainted with them, and in the same way they inevitably found -themselves actors in their revolution. But one melancholy fact must be -observed, which is the prompt degeneration of talent, from the first -men, who figured in the American troubles, down to the men of these -latter days; and yet those men all touch. The old presidents of the -Republic have a religious, simple, lofty, calm character, of which we -find no trace in the blood-stained tumults of our own Republic and -Empire. The solitude with which the Americans were surrounded reacted -upon their nature; they achieved their liberty in silence.</p> - -<p>General Washington's farewell address<a name="FNanchor_525_530" id="FNanchor_525_530"></a><a href="#Footnote_525_530" class="fnanchor">[525]</a> to the people of the United -States might have been uttered by the gravest characters of antiquity:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"How far in the discharge of my official duties," says the -General, "I have been guided by the principles which have -been delineated, the public records and other evidence of my -conduct must witness to you, and to the world. To myself, -the assurance of my own conscience is, that I have at least -believed myself to be guided by them....</p> - -<p>"Though, in reviewing the incidents of my Administration, I -am unconscious of intentional error—I am nevertheless too -sensible of my defects not to think it probable that I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> may -have committed many errors. Whatever they may be, I fervently -beseech the Almighty to avert or mitigate the evils to which -they may tend. I shall also carry with me the hope that my -country will never cease to view them with indulgence; and -that, after forty-five years of my life dedicated to its -service, with an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent -abilities will be consigned to oblivion, as myself must soon -be to the mansions of rest."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Jefferson<a name="FNanchor_526_531" id="FNanchor_526_531"></a><a href="#Footnote_526_531" class="fnanchor">[526]</a> in his house at Monticello, wrote, after the death of -one of his two children:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The loss which I have experienced is a really great one. -Others may lose of that which they possess in abundance, -but I, of my whole portion, have now to deplore the loss of -one-half. The declining years of my life are now held up by -the slender thread of one human life. Perhaps I am destined -to see the last tie of a father's affection broken!"</p></blockquote> - -<p>Philosophy, which is rarely touching, is here touching in the highest -degree. And this is not the idle grief of a man who had played no part -in life. Jefferson died on the 4th of July 1826, in the eighty-fourth -year of his age, and the fifty-fourth year of the independence of his -country. His remains lie covered with a stone, having for sole epitaph -the words:</p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;"> -THOMAS JEFFERSON,<br /> -AUTHOR OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. -</p> - -<p>Pericles and Demosthenes pronounced the funeral oration of the young -Greeks who had fallen for a people that disappeared soon after -themselves: in 1817, Brackenridge<a name="FNanchor_527_532" id="FNanchor_527_532"></a><a href="#Footnote_527_532" class="fnanchor">[527]</a> celebrated the death of the -young Americans whose blood gave birth to a nation.</p> - -<p>We have a national gallery of portraits of distinguished Americans, in -four volumes octavo, and what is more singular, a biography containing -the lives of over one hundred of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> principal Indian chiefs. -Logan<a name="FNanchor_528_533" id="FNanchor_528_533"></a><a href="#Footnote_528_533" class="fnanchor">[528]</a>, the Virginian chief, uttered these words before Lord -Dunmore<a name="FNanchor_529_534" id="FNanchor_529_534"></a><a href="#Footnote_529_534" class="fnanchor">[529]</a>:</p> - -<p>"Colonel Cresap<a name="FNanchor_530_535" id="FNanchor_530_535"></a><a href="#Footnote_530_535" class="fnanchor">[530]</a>, the last spring, in cold blood and unprovoked, -murdered all the relations of Logan. There runs not a drop of my blood -in the veins of any living creature that called on me for revenge. I -have sought it; I have killed many.... Who is there to mourn for Logan? -Not one."</p> - -<p>Without loving nature, the Americans have applied themselves to the -study of natural history. Townsend<a name="FNanchor_531_536" id="FNanchor_531_536"></a><a href="#Footnote_531_536" class="fnanchor">[531]</a> set out from Philadelphia -and traversed on foot the regions separating the Atlantic from the -Pacific Ocean, jotting down numerous observations in his journal. -Thomas Say<a name="FNanchor_532_537" id="FNanchor_532_537"></a><a href="#Footnote_532_537" class="fnanchor">[532]</a>, who travelled in Florida and in the Rocky Mountains, -has published a work on American entomology. Wilson<a name="FNanchor_533_538" id="FNanchor_533_538"></a><a href="#Footnote_533_538" class="fnanchor">[533]</a>, a weaver who -became an author, has left some rather finished pictures.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">American literature.</div> - -<p>To turn to literature proper, although it does not amount to much, -there are, nevertheless, a few writers to be mentioned among the -novelists and poets. Brown<a name="FNanchor_534_539" id="FNanchor_534_539"></a><a href="#Footnote_534_539" class="fnanchor">[534]</a>, the son of a Quaker, is the author -of <i>Wieland</i>, which is the source and model of the novels of the new -school. Unlike his fellow-countrymen:</p> - -<p>"I prefer," said Brown, "roaming in the forests to thrashing corn."</p> - -<p>Wieland, the hero of the novel, is a Puritan whom Heaven has commanded -to kill his wife:</p> - -<p>"'I have brought thee hither,' says he to her, 'to fulfil a divine -command. I am appointed thy destroyer, and destroy thee I must.'</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span></p> - -<p>"Saying this, I seized her wrists. She shrieked aloud, and endeavoured -to free herself from my grasp....</p> - -<p>"'Wieland.... Am I not thy wife? And wouldst thou kill me? Thou wilt -not; oh!... Spare me-spare-help, help—'</p> - -<p>"Till her breath was stopped she shrieked for help-for mercy."</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Wieland strangles his wife, and experiences unspeakable delights by the -side of her dead corpse. The horror of our modern inventions is here -surpassed. Brown had trained his mind by reading <i>Caleb Williams</i><a name="FNanchor_535_540" id="FNanchor_535_540"></a><a href="#Footnote_535_540" class="fnanchor">[535]</a>, -and in <i>Wieland</i> he copied a scene from <i>Othello.</i></p> - -<p>At the present day, the American novelists Cooper<a name="FNanchor_536_541" id="FNanchor_536_541"></a><a href="#Footnote_536_541" class="fnanchor">[536]</a> and Washington -Irving<a name="FNanchor_537_542" id="FNanchor_537_542"></a><a href="#Footnote_537_542" class="fnanchor">[537]</a> are obliged to take refuge in Europe to find chronicles -and a public. The language of the great English writers has been -"creolized," "provincialized," "barbarized," without gaining anything -in energy in the midst of a virgin nature; it has become necessary to -draw up catalogues of American expressions.</p> - -<p>As to the American poets, their language has charm, but they rarely -rise above the common-place. Still, the <i>Ode to the Evening Breeze</i>, -the <i>Sunrise on the Mount</i>, the <i>Torrent</i>, and some other poems, -deserve a passing glance. Halleck<a name="FNanchor_538_543" id="FNanchor_538_543"></a><a href="#Footnote_538_543" class="fnanchor">[538]</a> has sung the death of Bozzaris, -and George Hill<a name="FNanchor_539_544" id="FNanchor_539_544"></a><a href="#Footnote_539_544" class="fnanchor">[539]</a> has wandered among the Ruins of Athens:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Alas! for her, the beautiful, but lone,<br /> -Dethroned queen<a name="FNanchor_540_545" id="FNanchor_540_545"></a><a href="#Footnote_540_545" class="fnanchor">[540]</a>!...<br /> -</p> - -<p>And again:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -There sits the queen of temples<a name="FNanchor_541_546" id="FNanchor_541_546"></a><a href="#Footnote_541_546" class="fnanchor">[541]</a>—grey and lone.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">She, like the last of an imperial line,</span><br /> -Has seen her sister structures, one by one,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">To time their gods and worshippers resign<a name="FNanchor_542_547" id="FNanchor_542_547"></a><a href="#Footnote_542_547" class="fnanchor">[542]</a>.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>It pleases me, a traveller on the shores of Hellas and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> Atlantis, to -hear the independent voice of a land unknown to antiquity lamenting the -lost liberty of the old world.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">American politics.</div> - -<p>But will America preserve her form of government? Will the States not -become divided? Has not a representative of Virginia already maintained -the theory of ancient liberty with slaves, the result of paganism, -against a representative of Massachusetts, defending the cause of -modern liberty without slaves, as Christianity made it? Are not the -Northern and Southern States opposed in mind and interests? Will not -the Western States, so far removed from the Atlantic, wish to have a -separate government? On the one hand, is the federal bond sufficiently -powerful to maintain the union, and to compel each State to draw closer -to it? On the other hand, if the presidential power be increased, will -not despotism come with the guards and privileges of the dictator?</p> - -<p>The isolation of the United States has permitted them to spring into -being and to increase: it is doubtful whether they would have been able -to exist and grow in Europe. Federal Switzerland subsists in our midst; -but why? Because she is small, poor, cantoned in the bosom of the -mountains, a nursery of soldiers for kings, a goal for travellers.</p> - -<p>Separated from the old world, the population of the United States still -inhabits the solitude: its deserts have been its liberty; but already -the conditions of its existence are altering.</p> - -<p>The existence of the democracies of Mexico, Columbia, Peru, Chile, -Buenos Ayres, always troubled as they are, constitute a danger. When -the United States had nothing near them except the colonies of a -Transatlantic kingdom, no serious war was probable; now, are there not -rivalries to be dreaded? Let men on both sides have recourse to arms, -let the military spirit seize upon the children of Washington, and a -great captain may rise to the throne: glory loves crowns.</p> - -<p>I have said that the Northern, Southern, and Western States were -divided in interests; that is common knowledge: if these States break -up the union, will they be reduced by force of arms? In that case, -what a leaven of hatred will be spread through the social body! Will -the dissenting States maintain their independence? In that case, what -discords will not break out among those emancipated States! Those -republics across the sea, once uncoupled, would no longer form aught -save feeble units without weight in the social balance, where they -would be successively subjugated by one of their number (I leave on -one side the serious question of alliances and foreign intervention). -Kentucky, peopled as it is with a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> race of men bred in the open air, -harder and more soldier-like, would seem destined to become the -conquering State. In this State devouring the others, the power of one -would soon rise upon the ruins of the power of all.</p> - -<p>I have spoken of the danger of war; I must point out the dangers of -a long peace. Since their emancipation, the United States have, with -the exception of a few months, enjoyed the most profound tranquillity; -while Europe was shaken with a hundred battles, the United States -tilled their fields in safety. Hence we find an overflowing population -and riches, with all the drawbacks of a superabundance of riches and -population. If hostilities came unexpectedly upon an unwarlike people, -would it be able to offer resistance? Would its fortunes and habits -consent to sacrifices? How could it give up the bland usages, the -comfort, the indolent well-being of life? China and India, asleep in -their muslin draperies, have constantly endured the foreign yoke. That -which is best suited to the complexion of a free society is a state of -peace moderated by war, and a state of war tempered with peace. The -Americans have already worn the olive-crown too long continuously: the -tree that provides it is not a native of their shores.</p> - -<p>The commercial spirit is beginning to take possession of them; -self-interest is becoming their national vice. Already the speculations -of the banks of the different States clash with one another, and -bankruptcies threaten the fortunes of the community. So long as liberty -produces gold, an industrial republic does wonders; but when the gold -is acquired or exhausted, it loses its love of independence, which is -not based upon a moral sentiment, but arises from the thirst for gain -and the passion for trade.</p> - -<p>Moreover, it is difficult to create a mother-country among States which -have nothing in common in religion or interests, which, issuing from -various sources and at various times, live on a different soil and -under a different sun. What connection is there between a Frenchman of -Louisiana, a Spaniard of Florida, a German of New York, an Englishman -of New England, Virginia, Carolina, Georgia, who are all reckoned as -Americans? One is thoughtless and a duelist; the next a Catholic, -lazy and haughty; the other a Lutheran, a husbandman, with no slaves; -another, an Anglican and a planter, with negroes; yet another, a -Puritan and a merchant: how many centuries will be needed to make these -elements homogeneous?</p> - -<p>A chrysogenous<a name="FNanchor_543_548" id="FNanchor_543_548"></a><a href="#Footnote_543_548" class="fnanchor">[543]</a> aristocracy is ready to appear with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> love of -distinctions and the passion for titles. Men think that a general level -prevails in the United States: that is a complete mistake. There are -sets in their society which despise one another and refuse to mix; -there are houses in which the arrogance of the master exceeds that of -a German prince with sixteen quarterings. These plebeian nobles aspire -to form a caste in the face of the progress in enlightenment which made -them equal and free. Some of them speak of nothing but their ancestors, -proud barons, bastards apparently and companions of William the -Bastard. They display the knightly blazons of the Old World, enriched -with the serpents, lizards, and parrots of the New. A Gascon younger -son, landing on the republican shores with nothing but his nobility and -his umbrella, becomes a person of consideration on the steam-boats, if -he will only take care to call himself "marquis."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">American manners.</div> - -<p>The enormous inequality of fortunes threatens still more seriously to -kill the spirit of equality. There are Americans with incomes of one -or two millions a year; and already the Yankees of high society are no -longer able to live as Franklin did: the true "gentleman," disgusted -with his new country, goes to Europe in search of the old; one meets -him at the inns, making "tours" in Italy like the English, tours marked -by extravagance or spleen. These ramblers from Carolina or Virginia -buy ruined abbeys in France, and lay out English gardens with American -trees at Melun. Naples sends its singers and perfumers to New York, -Paris its fashions and dancers, London its grooms and prize-fighters: -exotic delights which do not add to the gaiety of the Union. There -they amuse themselves by jumping into the Falls of Niagara, amid the -applause of fifty thousand planters, semi-savages whose merriment is -with difficulty aroused by the sight of death.</p> - -<p>And what is so extraordinary is that, at the very time when the -inequality of fortunes is extending and an aristocracy is springing -into being, the great levelling movement outside obliges the industrial -or landed proprietors to hide their luxury, to dissimulate their -wealth, for fear of being knocked on the head by their neighbours. -These refuse to recognize the executive power; they dismiss the local -authorities whom they have chosen at will, and elect others in their -stead. This in no way disturbs order; practical democracy is observed, -while the laws laid down by the same democracy in theory are laughed -at. The family spirit scarcely exists; so soon as the child is fit to -work, he has to fly with his own wings, like the newly-fledged bird. -Out of these generations emancipated in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> a premature orphanage, and out -of the emigrants arriving from Europe, are formed nomadic companies -which clear the land, dig canals, and carry their trade in every -direction without becoming attached to the soil; they run up houses in -the desert in which the transient owner will live scarce a few days.</p> - -<p>A cold and hard egotism reigns in the towns; piastres and dollars, -bank-notes and silver, the rise and fall of stocks, these form the sole -subject of conversation: one imagines one's self on 'Change or in the -counting-house of a large shop. The newspapers, huge in dimensions, are -filled with business articles or scurrilous gossip. Could the Americans -be unconsciously submitting to the law of a climate in which vegetable -nature seems to have benefited at the expense of living nature, a law -combated by some distinguished minds, and yet not put entirely out of -court by its refutation? It might be worth while to inquire whether the -American has not been too soon used up in philosophic liberty, as the -Russian has been in civilized despotism.</p> - -<p>To sum up, the United States give the idea of a colony, not of a parent -country; they have no past, their manners owe their existence to the -laws. These citizens of the New World took rank among the nations at -the moment when political ideas were entering upon an upward phase: -this explains why they change with such extraordinary rapidity. A -permanent form of society seems to become impracticable in their case, -thanks, on the one hand, to the extreme weariness of individuals; on -the other, to the impossibility of remaining in one spot, the necessity -for movement, by which they are dominated: for one is never very firmly -fixed where the household gods are wandering gods. Placed on the ocean -road, at the head of progressive opinions as new as his country, the -American seems to have received from Columbus a mission to discover -fresh worlds rather than to create them.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>On returning to Philadelphia from the desert, as I have already said, -having hurriedly written on the road "what I have just related," like -the old man in La Fontaine, I did not find the remittances I expected: -this was the commencement of the pecuniary difficulties in which I have -been plunged ever since. Fortune and I conceived a mutual dislike at -first sight. According to Herodotus, certain Indian ants used to heap -together piles of gold; according to Athenæus, the sun gave Hercules a -golden ship in which to accost the island of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> Erythia, the home of the -Hesperides: ant though I be, I have not the honour to belong to the -great Indian family; and navigator though I be, I have never crossed -the sea, save in a wooden bark. It was a vessel of this kind which -brought me back to Europe from America. The captain gave me my passage -on credit. On the 10th of December 1791, I embarked with several of -my fellow-countrymen who were returning to France, like myself, for -various reasons. The ship's destination was the Havre.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">I return to Europe.</div> - -<p>A westerly gale caught us at the mouth of the Delaware and drove us -right across the Atlantic in seventeen days. Often, scudding under -bare poles, we were scarcely able to bring to. The sun did not appear -a single time. The vessel, steering by a dead reckoning, flew before -the waves. I crossed the ocean among shadows; never had it looked to me -so sad. I myself, sadder still, was returning deceived, after my first -step taken in life:</p> - -<p>"Palaces are not built upon the sea," says the Persian poet -Feryd-Eddyn<a name="FNanchor_544_549" id="FNanchor_544_549"></a><a href="#Footnote_544_549" class="fnanchor">[544]</a>.</p> - -<p>I felt a vague heaviness of heart, as at the approach of a great -misfortune. Turning my eyes over the waves, I asked them to tell me my -destiny, or else I used to write, more inconvenienced by their motion -than troubled by their threats.</p> - -<p>So far from calming, the tempest increased the nearer we came to -Europe; but it blew steadily: the uniformity of its raging produced -a sort of furious lull in the wan sky and leaden sea. The captain, -having no means of taking the altitude, was uneasy; he climbed into -the shrouds and scanned each point of the horizon through a telescope. -A look-out was placed on the bowsprit, another in the main-top-mast -cross-trees. The sea became choppy, and the colour of the water -changed, signs that we were approaching land: what land? The Breton -sailors have a proverb, "Who sees Belle-Isle sees his isle; who sees -Groie sees his joy; who sees Ouessant's shore sees his gore."</p> - -<p>I had spent two nights in walking the deck, to the hissing of the -waves in the dark, the moaning of the wind in the rigging, and the -constant dashing of the sea which swept the decks: the waves rioted -all around us. Tired with the shocks and jerks of the vessel, I went -below early on the third night. The weather was terrible; my hammock -creaked and rocked with the blows of the sea, which, breaking over -the vessel,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> threatened to dislocate her very planks. Soon I heard -men running from one end of the deck to the other, and coils of rope -falling: I experienced the motion which one feels when a vessel is put -about. The hatch of the steerage ladder was thrown open; a frightened -voice called for the captain: that voice, in the middle of the night -and the tempest, sounded tremendous. I listened; I thought I heard -sailors discussing the lie of a coast. I tumbled out of my hammock; a -sea drove in the quarter-deck, flooded the captain's room, knocked over -and rolled pell-mell tables, mattresses, chests, furniture, and arms; I -made my way on deck half-drowned.</p> - -<p>When I put my head out of the steerage, a splendid sight met my eyes. -The ship had tried to put about; but, failing in this attempt she had -become embayed under the stress of the wind. By the light of the moon, -her horns broken by the clouds, from beneath which she emerged only -to be hidden by them again, we discovered on either side of the ship, -through a yellow fog, a coast bristling with rocks. The sea threw -up waves like mountains in the channel in which we found ourselves -engulfed: now they scattered into foam and spray; again they presented -merely an oily and vitreous surface, mottled with black, coppery, or -greenish stains, according to the colour of the bottom over which they -roared. During two or three minutes, the moaning of the abyss and that -of the wind would be confused; the next moment, one distinguished the -ripple of the currents, the hissing on the reefs, the voice of the -distant surge. From the hold of the ship issued sounds which made the -hearts of the stoutest sailors beat faster. The stem of the vessel cut -through the thick mass of waves with a hideous crash, and, at the helm, -torrents of water flowed away eddying as from the mouth of a sluice. -Amid all this uproar, nothing was so alarming as a certain dull, -murmuring sound, like that of a vase filling.</p> - -<p>Lighted by a ship's lantern and held down by weights, harbour-books, -charts, and log-books lay spread out upon a hen-coop. A gust of wind -had put out the binnacle-lamp. Every one was at variance about the -land. We had entered the Channel without noticing it; the vessel, -staggering under each wave, was drifting between the islands of -Guernsey and Alderney. Our shipwreck appeared inevitable, and the -passengers put up their valuables to save them.</p> - -<p>The crew included some French seamen; one of them, in the absence -of a chaplain, raised the hymn to "Our Lady of Succour," the first -thing I had learnt as a child; I repeated it in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span> sight of the coast -of Brittany, almost under my mother's eyes. The American Protestant -sailors joined in chorus in the song of their French Catholic mates: -danger teaches men their weakness and unites their prayers. All, -passengers and sailors, were on deck, one clinging to the rigging, -another to the sides, another to the capstan, others to the bills -of the anchors, in order not to be swept away by the sea or thrown -overboard by the heaving of the ship. The captain shouted, "An axe! an -axe!" to cut away the masts; and the rudder, of which the tiller had -been forsaken, swung from side to side with a harsh sound.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">And I am nearly shipwrecked.</div> - -<p>One experiment remained to be tried: the lead marked only four fathoms -on a sand-bank which crossed the channel; it was just possible that the -swell might enable us to clear this bank and carry us into deep water; -but who would dare to seize the helm and charge himself with the common -safety? One false turn of the tiller, and we were lost.</p> - -<p>One of those men who spring from events and who are the spontaneous -children of danger was found: a New York sailor took the post deserted -by the steersman. I seem still to see him in his shirt and canvas -trousers, his bare feet, his tangled streaming hair, holding the tiller -in his powerful grasp, while, with turned head, he looked over the -stern at the sea which was to save or sink us. See that great wave -coming, embracing the whole width of the channel, rolling high without -breaking, as it were a sea invading the billows of another sea: large -white birds go before with a calm flight, like the birds of death. -The ship touched and struck; there was a complete silence; every face -turned pale. The swell came: at the moment when it touched us, the -sailor put down the helm; the vessel, just ready to fall on her side, -turned her stern, and the swell, which seemed about to swallow us, -lifted her. The lead was heaved; it registered twenty-seven fathoms. A -cheer rose to the sky, and we added a shout of "Long live the King!" -God did not hear it for Louis XVI.; it benefited none save ourselves.</p> - -<p>Although clear of the two islands, we were not out of danger; we were -unable to run up above the coast of Granville. At last the ebbing -tide carried us out, and we doubled Cape La Hougue. I experienced no -agitation during the semi-shipwreck and felt no delight at being saved. -Better to give up possession of one's life while young than to be -evicted from it by time.</p> - -<p>The next day we entered the Havre. The whole population<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span> had come out -to see us. Our top-masts were broken, our boats carried away, our -quarter-deck cut down, and we shipped water at every pitch of the -vessel. I landed on the jetty. On the 2nd of January 1792, I once more -trod my native soil, which was soon again to slip from under ray feet I -brought with me no Esquimaux from the Polar regions, but two savages of -an unknown species: Chactas and Atala.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_427_432" id="Footnote_427_432"></a><a href="#FNanchor_427_432"><span class="label">[427]</span></a> This book was written in London between April and -September 1822, and revised December 1846.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_428_433" id="Footnote_428_433"></a><a href="#FNanchor_428_433"><span class="label">[428]</span></a> The 5th of April was the date of Chateaubriand's arrival -in London. He landed at Dover from the French packet Antigone, on the -evening of the 4th (<i>Moniteur</i>, 11 April 1822).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_429_434" id="Footnote_429_434"></a><a href="#FNanchor_429_434"><span class="label">[429]</span></a> This should read the Ship Inn, also known as Wright's -Hotel.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_430_435" id="Footnote_430_435"></a><a href="#FNanchor_430_435"><span class="label">[430]</span></a> Baron A. Billing, <i>attaché</i> to the French Embassy in -London (1822), and afterwards <i>chargé d'affaires</i> at Naples (1834).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_431_436" id="Footnote_431_436"></a><a href="#FNanchor_431_436"><span class="label">[431]</span></a> The Comte Georges de Caraman, son of the Duc de Caraman, -Ambassador to Vienna.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_432_437" id="Footnote_432_437"></a><a href="#FNanchor_432_437"><span class="label">[432]</span></a> Marie Louis Jean André Charles Demartin du Tyrac, -Comte de Marcellus (1795-1865). While secretary of embassy in 1820, -he discovered the Venus of Milo, now at the Louvre. He was <i>chargé -d'affaires</i> in London during Chateaubriand's absence at the Congress -of Verona, and was appointed Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs -in the Polignac Ministry. Marcellus was the author of, among other -works, a valuable volume on the subject of these Memoirs, entitled, -<i>Chateaubriand et son temps.</i>—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_433_438" id="Footnote_433_438"></a><a href="#FNanchor_433_438"><span class="label">[433]</span></a> François Adolphe Comte de Bourqueney (1799-1869). Here -signed upon Chateaubriand's dismissal in 1824. In 1840 he was again -secretary of embassy in London, <i>chargé d'affaires</i> in 1841, Ambassador -to Constantinople in 1844, and Ambassador to Vienna under the Second -Empire. Louis-Philippe created him a baron (1842), and Napoleon III. a -count (1859).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_434_439" id="Footnote_434_439"></a><a href="#FNanchor_434_439"><span class="label">[434]</span></a> -</p> -<p> -"Ah, my Lord, how your Lordship's life,<br /> -In which such honours now are rife,<br /> -Differs from those happy days!"<br /> -</p> -—T.</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_435_440" id="Footnote_435_440"></a><a href="#FNanchor_435_440"><span class="label">[435]</span></a> The Duc Decazes was French Ambassador in London from 17 -February 1820 to 9 February 1822.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_436_441" id="Footnote_436_441"></a><a href="#FNanchor_436_441"><span class="label">[436]</span></a> George IV. (1762-1850) came to the throne in 1820, after -being Prince Regent since 1811.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_437_442" id="Footnote_437_442"></a><a href="#FNanchor_437_442"><span class="label">[437]</span></a> Robert Banks Jenkinson, second Earl of Liverpool -(1770-1828), Prime Minister from 1812 to 1827.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_438_443" id="Footnote_438_443"></a><a href="#FNanchor_438_443"><span class="label">[438]</span></a> Chateaubriand refers to the statue of James II., not -Charles II., which stood until recent years in Whitehall Gardens, -behind Whitehall, and was entirely hidden from view by the United -Service Institute. This very beautiful statue has now been placed in a -more conspicuous position in a garden standing back from the Whitehall -pavement, beside Gwydyr House.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_439_444" id="Footnote_439_444"></a><a href="#FNanchor_439_444"><span class="label">[439]</span></a> Marie Antoinette was guillotined 16 October 1793; 21 -January was the date of the execution of Louis XVI.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_440_445" id="Footnote_440_445"></a><a href="#FNanchor_440_445"><span class="label">[440]</span></a> Robert Stewart, second Marquess of Londonderry, K.G. -(1769-1822), Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in the Liverpool -Ministry. He bore the title of Viscount Castlereagh until the death of -his father in 1821. He cut his throat on the 13th of August of this -same year 1822.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_441_446" id="Footnote_441_446"></a><a href="#FNanchor_441_446"><span class="label">[441]</span></a> Arthur Wellesley, first Duke of Wellington, K.G. -(1769-1852) became Premier in 1828.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_442_447" id="Footnote_442_447"></a><a href="#FNanchor_442_447"><span class="label">[442]</span></a> George Canning (1770-1827) became Foreign Secretary upon -the suicide of Castlereagh.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_443_448" id="Footnote_443_448"></a><a href="#FNanchor_443_448"><span class="label">[443]</span></a> Sarah Child Villiers, Countess of Jersey (1787-1867), -was Lady Sarah Fane, eldest daughter of the tenth Earl of Westmorland, -and grand-daughter of Robert Child the banker, whose fortune she -inherited. She married George Villiers, fourth Earl of Jersey, who -assumed the additional surname of Child in 1812, and became one of the -reigning queens of London society.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_444_449" id="Footnote_444_449"></a><a href="#FNanchor_444_449"><span class="label">[444]</span></a> Henry Brougham, first Lord Brougham and Vaux -(1778-1868), had lately made his name as counsel for Queen Caroline at -her trial (1820). He became Lord Chancellor and a peer in 1834.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_445_450" id="Footnote_445_450"></a><a href="#FNanchor_445_450"><span class="label">[445]</span></a> Priscilla Barbara Elizabeth Lady Gwydyr (1761-1828) -<i>née</i> Bertie, widow of the first Lord Gwydyr, and Baroness Willoughby -de Eresby in her own right.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_446_451" id="Footnote_446_451"></a><a href="#FNanchor_446_451"><span class="label">[446]</span></a> Louisa Murray, Countess of Mansfield (<i>d.</i> 1843), was -the Honourable Louisa Cathcart, daughter of the ninth Baron Cathcart, -and became Countess of Mansfield in her own right. In 1776 she -married her cousin David, seventh Viscount Stormont and second Earl -of Mansfield. He died in 1793, and in 1797 she married the Honourable -Fulke Greville, retaining her title as Countess of Mansfield.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_447_452" id="Footnote_447_452"></a><a href="#FNanchor_447_452"><span class="label">[447]</span></a> Almack's, the ball-room in King Street, St. James's, -retained its vogue from 1765 to 1840. Lady Mansfield was one of the -lady patronesses of Almack's.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_448_453" id="Footnote_448_453"></a><a href="#FNanchor_448_453"><span class="label">[448]</span></a> Julie Récamier (1777-1849), <i>née</i> Bernard, wife of -Récamier the banker. A woman of great beauty and charm; she was painted -by David and Gérard, and sat to Canova for his bust of Beatrix. -Chateaubriand became and remained until his death the most intimate and -assiduous of her friends.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_449_454" id="Footnote_449_454"></a><a href="#FNanchor_449_454"><span class="label">[449]</span></a> Captain James Cook (1728-1779). His discoveries were -still fresh in the public mind in 1792.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_450_455" id="Footnote_450_455"></a><a href="#FNanchor_450_455"><span class="label">[450]</span></a> Chateaubriand met François Tulloch in 1826, after -writing this portion of his Memoirs. He does not tell us much about him -even in the <i>Essai sur les Révolutions</i>, where he speaks of Tulloch at -some length. It would appear, according to Chateaubriand, that he was -the son of an English father and a Scotch mother, and that he did not -eventually take orders, but remained in the world and married.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_451_456" id="Footnote_451_456"></a><a href="#FNanchor_451_456"><span class="label">[451]</span></a> VIR., <i>Æ.</i> I. 164. The correct quotation runs: <i>Æquora -tuta silent.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_452_457" id="Footnote_452_457"></a><a href="#FNanchor_452_457"><span class="label">[452]</span></a> The Azores were known to the Carthaginians, but fell out -of the map until rediscovered in 1431.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_453_458" id="Footnote_453_458"></a><a href="#FNanchor_453_458"><span class="label">[453]</span></a> GEN. i. 10.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_454_459" id="Footnote_454_459"></a><a href="#FNanchor_454_459"><span class="label">[454]</span></a> Agostino Pantaleone Giustiniani (1470-1531), Bishop of -Nebbis in Corsica, and author of the <i>Psalterium hebraicum, græcum, -arabicum, chaldaicum, cum tribus latinis interpretationibus et -glossis</i>, the first work of its kind published. Giustiniani was drowned -in crossing from Genoa to Corsica.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_455_460" id="Footnote_455_460"></a><a href="#FNanchor_455_460"><span class="label">[455]</span></a> Ps. XVIII.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_456_461" id="Footnote_456_461"></a><a href="#FNanchor_456_461"><span class="label">[456]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> 6.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_457_462" id="Footnote_457_462"></a><a href="#FNanchor_457_462"><span class="label">[457]</span></a> Luiz de Camoëns (1517 or 1525-1579), author of the -<i>Lusiad</i> which treats of the exploits of Vasco da Gama, spent many -years in India and in exile in Macao, where he wrote his principal -poem. On his return from banishment, he was wrecked off the coast of -Cochin China, where he is said to have lost all he possessed, except -the manuscript of the <i>Lusiad.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_458_463" id="Footnote_458_463"></a><a href="#FNanchor_458_463"><span class="label">[458]</span></a> Guillaume le Breton (<i>circa</i> 1165-<i>circa</i> 1220), the -historian of Philip Augustus. The quotation is from his chronicle -entitled, <i>Philippidos libri duodecime, sive Gesta Philippi Augusti, -versibus heroïcis descripta.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_459_464" id="Footnote_459_464"></a><a href="#FNanchor_459_464"><span class="label">[459]</span></a> Ps. CVII. 27.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_460_465" id="Footnote_460_465"></a><a href="#FNanchor_460_465"><span class="label">[460]</span></a> -"Burning with immortal ardour,<br /> -'Tis to God my hopes are turned."—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_461_466" id="Footnote_461_466"></a><a href="#FNanchor_461_466"><span class="label">[461]</span></a> TASSO, <i>Gerusalemme Liberata</i>, XV. 27.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_462_467" id="Footnote_462_467"></a><a href="#FNanchor_462_467"><span class="label">[462]</span></a> Jacques Cartier (1494—<i>circa</i> 1554), the discoverer of -Newfoundland and of the greater part of Canada.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_463_468" id="Footnote_463_468"></a><a href="#FNanchor_463_468"><span class="label">[463]</span></a> <i>Génie du Christianisme</i>, Part I. book V. chap. 12: -<i>Deux perspectives de la Nature.</i>—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_464_469" id="Footnote_464_469"></a><a href="#FNanchor_464_469"><span class="label">[464]</span></a> William Penn (1644-1718), the Quaker. He commuted a -claim upon the Crown for a grant of land in North America, where he -founded the colony of Pennsylvania (1682), laying out Philadelphia as -the capital.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_465_470" id="Footnote_465_470"></a><a href="#FNanchor_465_470"><span class="label">[465]</span></a> Bonaparte died 5 May 1821.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_466_471" id="Footnote_466_471"></a><a href="#FNanchor_466_471"><span class="label">[466]</span></a> Alonso d'Ercilla y Zuffiga (<i>circa</i> 1525-<i>circa</i> 1600), -a famous Spanish poet and warrior. He began life as a page to Philip -II., whom he accompanied in his travels to France, Italy, Germany, and -England. In 1547 he joined the Chilean expedition, covered himself with -glory in the campaign against the Araucanians, and celebrated his own -exploits in the <i>Araucana</i>, an epic poem of very great merit.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_467_472" id="Footnote_467_472"></a><a href="#FNanchor_467_472"><span class="label">[467]</span></a> Michel de Castelnau, Sieur de La Mauvissière (<i>circa</i> -1520-1592), was five times Ambassador to England under Charles IX. and -Henry III. His Memoirs run from 1559 to 1570.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_468_473" id="Footnote_468_473"></a><a href="#FNanchor_468_473"><span class="label">[468]</span></a> CORNEILLE, <i>Attila</i>, Act I. scene I.: -</p> -<p> -"Ils ne sont pas venus, nos deux rois; qu'on leur die<br /> -Qu'ils se font trop attendre, et qu'Attila s'ennuie."<br /> -</p> -<p> -"Our two kings have not come; go out to them and say<br /> -That Attila is wearied, and brooks not such delay." -—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_469_474" id="Footnote_469_474"></a><a href="#FNanchor_469_474"><span class="label">[469]</span></a> These measurements have since been rectified as being -too high in both cases.—<i>Author's Note</i> (Geneva, 1832).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_470_475" id="Footnote_470_475"></a><a href="#FNanchor_470_475"><span class="label">[470]</span></a> George Vancouver (1750-1798) accompanied Cook in his -second and third voyages round the world, and subsequently served under -Rodney. He was despatched on the expedition in question in 1790—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_471_476" id="Footnote_471_476"></a><a href="#FNanchor_471_476"><span class="label">[471]</span></a> This appears to be an error for Lake Athabasca, on which -Fort Chippeway is situated, and which communicates by means of the -Slave River with Great Slave Lake and the Mackenzie River.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_472_477" id="Footnote_472_477"></a><a href="#FNanchor_472_477"><span class="label">[472]</span></a> Chateaubriand, in a footnote to the <i>Itinéraire</i>, -confesses his mistake in searching for the stone lion which, according -to Herodotus, marks the tomb of Leonidas and his companions, at Sparta -instead of at Thermopylæ.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_473_478" id="Footnote_473_478"></a><a href="#FNanchor_473_478"><span class="label">[473]</span></a> Sir Charles Asgill (1760-1823), an English general -serving under Cornwallis. He was taken prisoner by the insurgents and -picked out by lot to be shot by way of reprisals. He was saved through -the intervention of the French Government, and an act of the American -Congress revoked the sentence of death. Asgill visited Versailles to -thank Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette, who had actively interceded on -his behalf. The episode furnished a subject for a number of popular -novels and plays.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_474_479" id="Footnote_474_479"></a><a href="#FNanchor_474_479"><span class="label">[474]</span></a> Jean Baptiste Donatien de Viveur, Comte de Rochambeau -(1725-1807), was sent to America with 6000 men to assist the insurgents -and contributed towards effecting the capitulation of Cornwallis in -1781. He returned to France when peace was declared, became Governor -of Picardy and Artois, and was created a Marshal of France in 1791, -and given the command of the Northern Army. He vainly endeavoured to -restore discipline and resigned his command in 1792. He was condemned -to death by Robespierre, but made his escape.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_475_480" id="Footnote_475_480"></a><a href="#FNanchor_475_480"><span class="label">[475]</span></a> JOB, XXXIX. 19-25.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_476_481" id="Footnote_476_481"></a><a href="#FNanchor_476_481"><span class="label">[476]</span></a> The Abbé Paul François Velly (1709-1759) wrote the first -seven or eight volumes of the History of France in thirty volumes known -as the <i>Histoire de Velly, Villaret et Garnier.</i> These first eight -volumes which cover the period to the reign of Philip the Fair, are -the weakest of the whole compilation, especially the two first, which -embrace the history of the Frankish kings.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_477_482" id="Footnote_477_482"></a><a href="#FNanchor_477_482"><span class="label">[477]</span></a> Khilpérick or Chilperic I. (<i>d.</i> 584), King of Soissons, -later King of the Franks, youngest son of Clotaire I., King of the -Franks.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_478_483" id="Footnote_478_483"></a><a href="#FNanchor_478_483"><span class="label">[478]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Plutarch's Life of Phocion.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_479_484" id="Footnote_479_484"></a><a href="#FNanchor_479_484"><span class="label">[479]</span></a> <i>Odyssey</i>, VII.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_480_485" id="Footnote_480_485"></a><a href="#FNanchor_480_485"><span class="label">[480]</span></a> Louis Joseph Marquis de Montcalm (1712-1759), entrusted -with the defense of Canada against the English in 1756.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_481_486" id="Footnote_481_486"></a><a href="#FNanchor_481_486"><span class="label">[481]</span></a> John Campbell, fourth Earl of Loudon (1705-1782), -Governor-General of Virginia and Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in -America (1756), but recalled in 1757.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_482_487" id="Footnote_482_487"></a><a href="#FNanchor_482_487"><span class="label">[482]</span></a> Sir Robert Abercromby (1740-1827), younger brother of -the more famous Sir Ralph Abercromby. He had distinguished himself, as -a volunteer, by his gallantry at the battle of Ticonderoga in 1758, -after which he was appointed an ensign, and was present at the Battle -of Niagara and the capture of Montreal.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_483_488" id="Footnote_483_488"></a><a href="#FNanchor_483_488"><span class="label">[483]</span></a> General James Wolfe (1727-1759), although only -thirty-two years of age at the time of his glorious death, had been -present at the battles of Dettingen, Fontenoy, Falkirk, and Culloden, -and served in the expedition against Rochefort.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_484_489" id="Footnote_484_489"></a><a href="#FNanchor_484_489"><span class="label">[484]</span></a> Giovanni Paisiello (1741-1816), composer of a number -of operas, most of which were written during his long residence at St -Petersburg, and of some meritorious sacred music.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_485_490" id="Footnote_485_490"></a><a href="#FNanchor_485_490"><span class="label">[485]</span></a> Domenico Cimarosa (1754-1801), composer of over 120 -grand and comic operas, of which the <i>Matrimonio segreto</i> is the best -known.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_486_491" id="Footnote_486_491"></a><a href="#FNanchor_486_491"><span class="label">[486]</span></a> <i>Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem</i>, Book II.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_487_492" id="Footnote_487_492"></a><a href="#FNanchor_487_492"><span class="label">[487]</span></a> <i>Essai sur les révolutions</i>: Book I. Part ii. chap. -23.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_488_493" id="Footnote_488_493"></a><a href="#FNanchor_488_493"><span class="label">[488]</span></a> <i>Atala</i>: Epilogue.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_489_494" id="Footnote_489_494"></a><a href="#FNanchor_489_494"><span class="label">[489]</span></a> HOR., <i>Od.</i> I. 7.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_490_495" id="Footnote_490_495"></a><a href="#FNanchor_490_495"><span class="label">[490]</span></a> Isaac Jogues (1607-1646), a Jesuit priest placed at the -head of the Canadian Mission in 1636. He suffered martyrdom at the -hands of the Mohawks ten years later.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_491_496" id="Footnote_491_496"></a><a href="#FNanchor_491_496"><span class="label">[491]</span></a> Jerome Lallemant (1593-1673), also a Jesuit father, -preached the Gospel to the savages of Canada for nearly forty years. He -died at Quebec as Superior-General of the Canadian Mission.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_492_497" id="Footnote_492_497"></a><a href="#FNanchor_492_497"><span class="label">[492]</span></a> Florio's MONTAIGNE, I. 30: <i>Of the Caniballes.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_493_498" id="Footnote_493_498"></a><a href="#FNanchor_493_498"><span class="label">[493]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_494_499" id="Footnote_494_499"></a><a href="#FNanchor_494_499"><span class="label">[494]</span></a> St Clement of Alexandria (<i>d.</i> 217) does not figure in -the Roman Calendar. The work in question, the Στρωματεὶς, is a medley -or patchwork of philosophical maxims and Christian thoughts set down at -random, without order or connection, as the title implies.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_495_500" id="Footnote_495_500"></a><a href="#FNanchor_495_500"><span class="label">[495]</span></a> She appears in the <i>Natches</i>, which was published in -1826, four years after the above was written.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_496_501" id="Footnote_496_501"></a><a href="#FNanchor_496_501"><span class="label">[496]</span></a> Samuel Champlain (<i>circa</i> 1570-1635) explored a part of -Canada, in 1608 founded the city of Quebec, and in 1620 became governor -of the province. He was attacked by the English in 1627, and obliged to -capitulate; in 1629 Canada was restored to France and Champlain resumed -his command, which he retained until his death.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_497_502" id="Footnote_497_502"></a><a href="#FNanchor_497_502"><span class="label">[497]</span></a> Armand Louis de Delondarce, Baron de La Hontan (<i>circa</i> -1667-1715) served in Canada in 1703 and was subsequently the King of -France's lieutenant in Newfoundland; he was accused of peculation -and fled to Portugal and thence to Denmark. In 1705 he published his -<i>Voyages dans l'Amérique septentrionale.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_498_503" id="Footnote_498_503"></a><a href="#FNanchor_498_503"><span class="label">[498]</span></a> Marc Lescarbot (<i>circa</i>—<i>circa</i> 1630) served in -Florida under Admiral Coligny. He annotated an edition of Champlain's -Voyages.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_499_504" id="Footnote_499_504"></a><a href="#FNanchor_499_504"><span class="label">[499]</span></a> Père Joseph François Lafitau (1670-1740), a Jesuit -priest of the Canadian Mission, author of the <i>Mœurs des sauvages -américains comparées aux mœurs des premiers temps</i> (1723), &c.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_500_505" id="Footnote_500_505"></a><a href="#FNanchor_500_505"><span class="label">[500]</span></a> Père Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix (1682-1761), -another Jesuit, author of the <i>Histoire de la Nouvelle-France.</i> -(1744)—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_501_506" id="Footnote_501_506"></a><a href="#FNanchor_501_506"><span class="label">[501]</span></a> Thomas Douglas, fifth Earl of Selkirk (1771-1820). This -tract of land covered forty-five million acres, and comprised large -portions of what are now Manitoba and Minnesota.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_502_507" id="Footnote_502_507"></a><a href="#FNanchor_502_507"><span class="label">[502]</span></a> The date of the defeat of the Hudson's Bay Company -by the North-West Company and their half-breed allies was 10 June -1815.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_503_508" id="Footnote_503_508"></a><a href="#FNanchor_503_508"><span class="label">[503]</span></a> The French name for New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_504_509" id="Footnote_504_509"></a><a href="#FNanchor_504_509"><span class="label">[504]</span></a> The original thirteen United States, in the order -of their ratification of the National Constitution, were Delaware, -Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, -Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North -Carolina, and Rhode Island. The eleven others, completing the -twenty-four existing at the time at which Chateaubriand was writing, -were Vermont (detached from New York, 1791), Tennessee (detached from -North Carolina, 1796), Kentucky (detached from Virginia, 1796), Ohio -(created, 1802), Louisiana (purchased from France in 1803 and raised -into a State in 1812), Indiana (created, 1816), Mississippi (separated -from Georgia, 1817), Illinois (created, 1818), Alabama (detached from -Georgia, 1819), Maine (detached from Massachusetts, 1820), and Missouri -(detached from Louisiana, 1821).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_505_510" id="Footnote_505_510"></a><a href="#FNanchor_505_510"><span class="label">[505]</span></a> The western portion of Louisiana was ceded to Spain in -1763, but restored to the French in 1800. In 1803 Bonaparte, despairing -of being able to hold it against the English, sold it to the United -States for 80,000,000 francs.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_506_511" id="Footnote_506_511"></a><a href="#FNanchor_506_511"><span class="label">[506]</span></a> Charles I., King of France and Emperor of the West -(742-814), known as Charlemagne, had been dead for more than six -centuries when this experiment was made.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_507_512" id="Footnote_507_512"></a><a href="#FNanchor_507_512"><span class="label">[507]</span></a> Lord François Nathaniel Conyngham (1797-1876), second -son of the first Marquess Conyngham, and first groom of the Bedchamber -and Master of the Robes to George IV. He succeeded to the Marquisate in -1832.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_508_513" id="Footnote_508_513"></a><a href="#FNanchor_508_513"><span class="label">[508]</span></a> Elizabeth Marchioness Conyngham (1769-1861), <i>née</i> -Dennison, married in 1794 to the third Lord Conyngham, Lord Steward -of the Household to George IV., and created successively Viscount -Conyngham, Earl of Conyngham, and Marquess Conyngham by that monarch. -She was George IV.'s mistress, and presented a complete contrast to -Mila in other respects than age alone.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_509_514" id="Footnote_509_514"></a><a href="#FNanchor_509_514"><span class="label">[509]</span></a> William Bartram (1739-1823), an American traveller and -naturalist, author of <i>Travels through North and South Carolina, East -and West Florida, the Cherokee country</i>, &c.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_510_515" id="Footnote_510_515"></a><a href="#FNanchor_510_515"><span class="label">[510]</span></a> The ruins of Mitla and Palenque in Mexico prove today -that the New World rivals the Old in antiquity.—<i>Author's Note</i> -(Paris, 1834).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_511_516" id="Footnote_511_516"></a><a href="#FNanchor_511_516"><span class="label">[511]</span></a> <i>Arbor tristis</i>, the nyctanthes or night-jasmine.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_512_517" id="Footnote_512_517"></a><a href="#FNanchor_512_517"><span class="label">[512]</span></a> I have quoted it in my Travels.—<i>Author's Note</i> -(Geneva, 1832). The story of <i>Tabamica</i> is told in the <i>Voyage en -Amérique</i>, where it is called the Song of the Pale-face.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_513_518" id="Footnote_513_518"></a><a href="#FNanchor_513_518"><span class="label">[513]</span></a> The Spanish capital of Florida.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_514_519" id="Footnote_514_519"></a><a href="#FNanchor_514_519"><span class="label">[514]</span></a> I omit a quotation from Camoëns.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_515_520" id="Footnote_515_520"></a><a href="#FNanchor_515_520"><span class="label">[515]</span></a> I omit a quotation from Ronsard.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_516_521" id="Footnote_516_521"></a><a href="#FNanchor_516_521"><span class="label">[516]</span></a> Mary Stuart (1542-1 £87), Queen of Scots, was married in -1558 to the Dauphin of France, who in 1559 became king, with the title -of Francis II. She was left a widow eighteen months after marriage, in -the seventeenth year of her age.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_517_522" id="Footnote_517_522"></a><a href="#FNanchor_517_522"><span class="label">[517]</span></a> François II., King of France (1544-1560).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_518_523" id="Footnote_518_523"></a><a href="#FNanchor_518_523"><span class="label">[518]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> ROUSSEAU, <i>La Nouvelle Héloïse.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_519_524" id="Footnote_519_524"></a><a href="#FNanchor_519_524"><span class="label">[519]</span></a> -"Like a young bee which among the roses toils,<br /> -My muse returned to me all laden with rich spoils." -—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_520_525" id="Footnote_520_525"></a><a href="#FNanchor_520_525"><span class="label">[520]</span></a> Louis XVI. was arrested at Varennes on the 22nd of June -1791.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_521_526" id="Footnote_521_526"></a><a href="#FNanchor_521_526"><span class="label">[521]</span></a> VIR., <i>Æn.</i>, I. 302-303.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_522_527" id="Footnote_522_527"></a><a href="#FNanchor_522_527"><span class="label">[522]</span></a> These predictions have been verified with wonderful -accuracy. According to the census of 1 June 1880, the population of the -United States on that day amounted to 50,445,336 inhabitants.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_523_528" id="Footnote_523_528"></a><a href="#FNanchor_523_528"><span class="label">[523]</span></a> Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), discoverer of the -identity of lightning and electricity.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_524_529" id="Footnote_524_529"></a><a href="#FNanchor_524_529"><span class="label">[524]</span></a> Robert Fulton (1765-1815), one of the first to apply -steam to the propulsion of vessels; he built a steamboat to navigate -the Hudson River in 1807; it made five miles an hour.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_525_530" id="Footnote_525_530"></a><a href="#FNanchor_525_530"><span class="label">[525]</span></a> Issued 17 September 1796, before his retirement from his -second presidency.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_526_531" id="Footnote_526_531"></a><a href="#FNanchor_526_531"><span class="label">[526]</span></a> Thomas Jefferson (1743-1816), third President of -the United States, 1801-1805, and again, 1805-1809. Jefferson died -at Monticello, Virginia, on the anniversary of the Declaration of -Independence, 4 July 1826. John Adams, the second President of the -United States, died at Quincy, Massachusetts, on the same day.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_527_532" id="Footnote_527_532"></a><a href="#FNanchor_527_532"><span class="label">[527]</span></a> Henry M. Brackenridge (1786-1871), author of, among -other works, the <i>History of the late War between the United States and -Great Britain.</i> Baltimore, 1817.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_528_533" id="Footnote_528_533"></a><a href="#FNanchor_528_533"><span class="label">[528]</span></a> Tah-Gah-Jute (<i>circa</i> 1725-1780), a famous Cayuga chief, -named John Logan, after James Logan, secretary of Pennsylvania. The -famous speech was not spoken in person, but sent by an interpreter -in October 1774. Logan was eventually shot by an Indian through a -misunderstanding.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_529_534" id="Footnote_529_534"></a><a href="#FNanchor_529_534"><span class="label">[529]</span></a> John Murray, fourth Earl of Dunmore (1732-1809), -Governor of Virginia at the outbreak of the American Revolution.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_530_535" id="Footnote_530_535"></a><a href="#FNanchor_530_535"><span class="label">[530]</span></a> Captain Michael Cresap (1742-1775). His memory was -attacked by Thomas Jefferson, and vindicated by his son-in-law, J. J. -Jacob.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_531_536" id="Footnote_531_536"></a><a href="#FNanchor_531_536"><span class="label">[531]</span></a> John K. Townsend (1809-1861), author of <i>Narrative of a -Journey across the Rocky Mountains and a Visit to the Sandwich Islands, -Chile</i>, &c., 1833-37 (1839).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_532_537" id="Footnote_532_537"></a><a href="#FNanchor_532_537"><span class="label">[532]</span></a> Thomas Say (1787-1834), author of an <i>American -Entomology</i> (1824) and an <i>American Conchiliology</i> (1830).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_533_538" id="Footnote_533_538"></a><a href="#FNanchor_533_538"><span class="label">[533]</span></a> Alexander Wilson (1766-1813), a Scotsman by birth, -emigrated at an early age to America. He was by turns a weaver, a -schoolmaster, and a pedlar. He applied himself to the study of birds, -and eventually published his <i>American Ornithology</i> in seven volumes, -containing the finished illustrations referred to by Chateaubriand.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_534_539" id="Footnote_534_539"></a><a href="#FNanchor_534_539"><span class="label">[534]</span></a> Charles Brockden Brown (1771-1810), author of several -novels, of which <i>Wieland</i> was the most popular.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_535_540" id="Footnote_535_540"></a><a href="#FNanchor_535_540"><span class="label">[535]</span></a> <i>Caleb Williams</i>, by William Godwin (1756-1836), father -of Mary Wollstonecraft, Shelley's second wife, appeared in 1794, one -year before the publication of <i>Wieland.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_536_541" id="Footnote_536_541"></a><a href="#FNanchor_536_541"><span class="label">[536]</span></a> James Fenimore Cooper (1780-1851), probably the most -popular of American novelists.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_537_542" id="Footnote_537_542"></a><a href="#FNanchor_537_542"><span class="label">[537]</span></a> Washington Irving (1783-1859). He was American Minister -in Madrid for a short period (1842).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_538_543" id="Footnote_538_543"></a><a href="#FNanchor_538_543"><span class="label">[538]</span></a> Fitz-Greene Halleck (1795-1867), author of <i>Marco -Bozuaris.</i> The curious will find a criticism of his work in Poe's -<i>Literati of New York.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_539_544" id="Footnote_539_544"></a><a href="#FNanchor_539_544"><span class="label">[539]</span></a> George Hill (<i>b.</i> 1796), author of the <i>Ruins of -Athens</i>, and a few shorter poems.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_540_545" id="Footnote_540_545"></a><a href="#FNanchor_540_545"><span class="label">[540]</span></a> <i>Ruins of Athens</i>, II.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_541_546" id="Footnote_541_546"></a><a href="#FNanchor_541_546"><span class="label">[541]</span></a> The Parthenon.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_542_547" id="Footnote_542_547"></a><a href="#FNanchor_542_547"><span class="label">[542]</span></a> <i>Ruins of Athens</i>, XVII.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_543_548" id="Footnote_543_548"></a><a href="#FNanchor_543_548"><span class="label">[543]</span></a> Chateaubriand coins the word <i>chrysogène</i> to express the -idea of being born in wealth: I have ventured to retain it.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_544_549" id="Footnote_544_549"></a><a href="#FNanchor_544_549"><span class="label">[544]</span></a> Feryd-Eddyn-Atthar (<i>circa</i> 1226—<i>circa</i> 1280), author -of the <i>Pend-Nâmek</i>, or Book of Counsels.—T.</p></div> - - -<h4>END OF VOL. I</h4> - -<hr class="full" /> -<p style="font-size: 0.8em; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 10%;">INDEX OF PERSONS MENTIONED IN THE SIX VOLUMES</p> - -<p class="p2" style="margin-left: 10%;"> -A<br /> -<br /> -Aaron, vi. 135<br /> -Aaron the Hermit, Saint, i. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>,<a href="#Page_30">30</a>; ii.<br /> -Abailard (<i>See</i> Abélard)<br /> -d'Abbéville, Comtesse, i. <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> -Abbon the Crooked, iii. 59<br /> -Abd-el-Kader, iii. 111; vi. 99<br /> -Abdul-Medjid Sultan of Turkey, v. 51<br /> -Abel, iii. 39; vi. 25<br /> -Abélard, Peter, i. <a href="#Page_94">94</a>; ii. 184, 310-311<br /> -Abercromby, Sir Ralph, i. <a href="#Page_224">224</a><br /> -Abercromby, Sir Robert, i. <a href="#Page_224">224</a><br /> -Aberdeen, George Gordon, fourth Earl of, iii. 49<br /> -Abigail, vi. 237<br /> -Abou Gosch, vi. 105<br /> -d'Abrantès, Andoche Junot, Duc, iv. 164<br /> -d'Abrantès, Laure Permon-Comnène,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse, iv. 149, 207-214</span><br /> -Acerbi, Virginia, vi. 65<br /> -Achard, Comte, i. <a href="#Page_106">106</a>; ii. 24<br /> -Achmet III. Sultan of Turkey<br /> -A'Court (see Heytesbury)<br /> -Adalbéron Archbishop of Rheims, iv. 112<br /> -Adalgarius (see Oger)<br /> -Adam, ii. 245; v. 9; vi. 89, 111, 206<br /> -Adams, President of the United States<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of America, John, i. <a href="#Page_252">252</a></span><br /> -Adelaide of Savoy, Queen of France,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Dame de Montmorency, iv. 209</span><br /> -Adélaïde Princess of France, Madame,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_160">160</a>,<a href="#Page_177">177</a>; vi. 69, 197</span><br /> -Adélaïde, known as Mademoiselle d'Orléans,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Madame, v. 128, 156-157, 161</span><br /> -Addison, Joseph, ii. 86, 121; iv. 246-247; v. 57<br /> -Ader, Jean Joseph, v. 96<br /> -Admetes King of the Molossians, iii. 189<br /> -Adrian I., Pope, i. <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> -Adrian (see also Hadrian)<br /> -Æmilius Paulus Macedonicus, Lucius,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 34; iv. 259; vi. 50</span><br /> -Æschylus, i. <a href="#Page_82">82</a>; ii. 124<br /> -Affre, Archbishop of Paris, Denis Auguste, vi. 263<br /> -Agier, M., i. <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /> -d'Agincourt, Jean Baptiste Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Georges Seroux, ii. 230-231</span><br /> -Agnes of Savoy, Dame de Bourbon, iv. 209<br /> -d'Agoult, Vicomtesse, v. 363, 408-409<br /> -Agricola, the Emperor, ii. 201<br /> -Agrippina, the Empress, i. <a href="#Page_234">234</a>; ii. 33, 258<br /> -Agrippina Julia, the Empress, ii. 258<br /> -d'Aguesseau, Marquis, ii. 146<br /> -d'Aguesseau, Marie Cathérine de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lamoignon, Marquise, ii. 146-147, 155</span><br /> -d'Aguesseau, Henri Cardin Jean Baptiste Comte, iii. 29<br /> -d'Aguesseau, Henri François Chancelier, i. <a href="#Page_135">135</a>; iii. 29<br /> -Ahasuerus (see Assuerus)<br /> -Ahenobarbus, Domitianus, ii. 258<br /> -d'Aiguillon, Armand de Wignerod-Duplessis-Richelieu,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc, i. <a href="#Page_163">163</a>; iii. 13</span><br /> -d'Aiguillon, Armand Désiré de Wignerod-Duplessis-Richelieu,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc, i. <a href="#Page_163">163</a></span><br /> -d'Aiguillon, Duchesse, i. <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> -Ain (see Girod de l'Ain)<br /> -Alan III. Count of Brittany, i. <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> -Alan IV. Duke of Brittany, ii. 137<br /> -Alaric I. King of the Visigoths, iii. 51,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">224; iv. 180, 226; v. 334; vi. 50, 247</span><br /> -Alaric II. King of the Visigoths, i. <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> -Albani, Giuseppe Cardinal, v. 5-6, 18,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">30, 33, 35, 39, 46-49, 52</span><br /> -Albani, Francesco, vi. 110<br /> -Albany, Countess of (see Louisa of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stolberg, Queen of England)</span><br /> -Albéric, ii. 30<br /> -Alberoni, Giulio Cardinal, v. 15-16; vi. 200<br /> -Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Prince<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Consort of Great Britain and Ireland, iv. 47; vi. 207</span><br /> -Albert Duke of Prussia, iv. 37<br /> -Albert of Prussia, Prince Henry, iv. 33, 271<br /> -Albert Duke of Saxe-Teschen, v. 127; vi. 58<br /> -d'Albert, Julie, i. <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> -Albertus Magnus, i. <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> -Alcibiades, iii. 45, 96; iv. 72, 123-124; v. 229<br /> -Aldus Manutius (see Manutius)<br /> -d'Alembert, Jean Baptiste Le Rond, ii. 172, 180, 187<br /> -Alexander III., Pope, v. 12<br /> -Alexander VI., Pope, v. 13<br /> -Alexander VII., Pope, v. 14<br /> -Alexander VIII., Pope, v. 15<br /> -Alexander III. King of Macedon, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="#Page_196">196</a>,<a href="#Page_229">229</a>; ii. 159; iii. 149, 186, 195,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">202-203, 205, 220-221, 224; iv. 75,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">176, 192, 255, 264; v. 14, 298, 403; vi. 236</span><br /> -Alexander IV. King of Macedon, iv. 192<br /> -Alexander I. Tsar of All the Russias,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a>, 65, 99; ii. 232, 289; iii. 30,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">49, 50, 57-64, 72-73, 77, 86, 92, 94,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">98, 107, 144-146, 149, 157, 172, 186,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">194, 211; iv. 33, 36, 67, 104, 118,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">122, 146, 166, 203-204, 236, 277,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">281; v. 272, 387, 398; vi. 45</span><br /> -Alexander II. Tsar of All the Russias, iv. 74, 271<br /> -Alexander, Captain, iii. 225<br /> -Alexandra Feodorowna of Russia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charlotte of Prussia, Empress, i. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>; iv. 33, 35-36, 271</span><br /> -Alfieri, Vittorio Conte, i. <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a>; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">202-203; iv. 249-251 : v. 55</span><br /> -Alfred King of England, ii. 140<br /> -Allart de Merftens, Hortense Dame, vi. 174<br /> -Almazan (see Saint-Priest)<br /> -d'Alopeus, David Count, iv. 36<br /> -d'Alopeus, Countess, iv. 36<br /> -d'Alopeus (see also La Ferronnays)<br /> -Alphonsus King of Aragon, i. <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> -Alphonsus IX. King of Castile, ii. 256<br /> -Alphonsus I. Duke of Ferrara, iv. 42; v. 13; vi. 92<br /> -Alphonsus II. Duke of Ferrara, v. 330; vi. 82, 84-87, 92, 100<br /> -Alphonsus V. King of Leon and Asturias, v. 377<br /> -Alphonsus II. King of Naples, v. 13<br /> -Alphonsus IV. King of Portugal, vi. 24<br /> -Alphonsus of Biscelglie, v. 13<br /> -Altieri, Victoria Boncompagni-Ludovisi<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">degli Principi di Piombino, Principessa, iv. 256</span><br /> -Amador Bishop of Auxerre, ii. 43<br /> -Amalasontha Queen of the Ostrogoths, iv. 227<br /> -d'Amboise (see Choiseul et d'Amboise)<br /> -Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, Saint, iii. 30<br /> -d'Ambrugeac, Louis Alexandre Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Valon de Boucheron, Comte, v. 106</span><br /> -Amherst, William Pitt first Earl, iii. 211<br /> -Ampère, André Marie, v. 261, 389<br /> -Ampère, Jean Jacques, ii. 217; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">213, 254; v. 261, 389; vi. 223</span><br /> -Anacreon, i. <a href="#Page_131">131</a>; iii. 29; v. 257; vi. 13<br /> -Ancillon, Jean Pierre Fréderic, iv. 34,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">60-61, 102; v. 91</span><br /> -Ancillon, Madame, iv. 34<br /> -d'Ancre, Baron de Lussigny, Concino<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Concini, Marquis, vi. 28</span><br /> -d'Andilly, Robert Arnauld, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arnauld, v. 54</span><br /> -d'Andrezel, Christophe François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thérèse Picon, Comte, i. <a href="#Page_106">106</a>-<a href="#Page_107">107</a>,<a href="#Page_111">111</a></span><br /> -Angelo (see Malipieri)<br /> -d'Angély (see Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély)<br /> -d'Angennes, née Cottereau, Dame, vi. 238<br /> -Angles, Jules Jean Baptiste Comte, iii. 100; iv. 7<br /> -d'Angoulême, Duc (see Louis XIX.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of France and Navarre)</span><br /> -d'Angoulême, Duchesse (see Marie-Thérèse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of France)</span><br /> -d'Angoulême, Comtesse, i. <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /> -Aniche, Dame, iv. 24-25, 59<br /> -Anna Maria of Orleans, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sardinia, iv. 251</span><br /> -"Anna-Marie," pseud. (see d'Hautefeuille, Comtesse)<br /> -Anne of Prussia, Electress of Brandenburg, iv. 37<br /> -Anne Queen of England, v. 333<br /> -Anne Boleyn, Queen of England, ii. 138<br /> -Anne Duchess of Brittany, Empress,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of France, i. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>,<a href="#Page_141">141</a></span><br /> -Anne of Austria, Queen of France, i. <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 151, 172; iv. 245; v. 101</span><br /> -Anne of Russia, Queen of the Netherlands,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 144; vi. 185</span><br /> -Anne Empress of Russia, i. <a href="#Page_13">13</a>; vi. 101<br /> -Année, Antoine, v. 96<br /> -Annibal (see Hannibal)<br /> -Anselme, Pierre de Gibours, known as Père, i. <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> -Anson, George first Lord, i. <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> -Anspach, Elizabeth Berkeley, Lady<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Craven, later Margravine of, iv. 161</span><br /> -Antar, i. <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /> -Anthony, Saint, ii. 43; iv. 230<br /> -Anthony of Padua, Saint, vi. 104<br /> -Anthony King of Navarre, ii. 279<br /> -Anthony Duke of Parma, v. 15<br /> -Anthony King of Saxony, iv. 231<br /> -Antigonus King of Asia, iv. 75<br /> -Antiochus King of Syria, iv. 75; vi. 247<br /> -Antipater Viceroy of Macedon, iv. 75<br /> -Antomarchi, Dr. Francesco, iii. 216-218<br /> -d'Antonelle, Pierre Antoine Marquis, iv. 18<br /> -Antoninus, the Emperor, ii. 62<br /> -Antonio, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Venetian guide, vi. 53, 63-65, 104</span><br /> -Antony, Marcus Antonius, known as Mark, ii. 122<br /> -d'Antremont (see Bourdic)<br /> -Antrodocco (see Frimont)<br /> -Apelles, vi. 57, 180<br /> -Appius Claudius (see Claudius Crassus)<br /> -Apollodorus, iv. 256<br /> -Apponyi, Anton Rodolf Count, v. 17, 146<br /> -Aquaviva of Aragon, Cardinal, v. 15<br /> -Arago, Dominique François Jean, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">106, 115, 156, 206; vi. 169</span><br /> -d'Arblay, Fanny Burney, Dame, ii. 126<br /> -Arc (see Joan of Arc)<br /> -Archilochus, v. 56<br /> -Archimedes, vi. 122<br /> -Arezzo, Tommaso Cardinal, v. 6<br /> -d'Argentre, Bertrand, i. <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> -d'Argout, Apollinaire Antoine Maurice<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, v. 111, 113-114, 116; vi. 99-100</span><br /> -Ariosto, Ludovico, ii. 220; iv. 42-43,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">228; vi. 78-79, 82, 87, 92, 100</span><br /> -Ariosto the Younger, vi. 82<br /> -Aristogiton, vi. 180<br /> -Aristophanes, ii. 124; vi. 9<br /> -Aristotle, v. 70<br /> -Armani, Signor, vi. 51<br /> -Armani, Signorina, vi. 51<br /> -d'Armano (see Corday)<br /> -Arnaud (see Gibert-Amaud)<br /> -Arnauld, Abbé Antoine, iv. 245<br /> -Arnauld, Antoine, v. 54<br /> -Arnauld (see also d'Andilly and Pomponne)<br /> -Arnott, Dr., iii. 217<br /> -d'Arnouville (see Machault d'Arnouville)<br /> -Arouet (see Voltaire)<br /> -Arrhidæus King of Macedon, iv. 192<br /> -Arrighi, Giuseppe Filippo, iii. 106<br /> -d'Arsoli, Camillo Massimiliano Massimo,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Principe, iv. 238</span><br /> -Artaud de Montor, Alfred Frédéric<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chevalier, ii. 219; iii. 122</span><br /> -Artaxerxes I. King of Persia, iii. 189<br /> -Artevelde, Jacob van, iii. 138<br /> -Arthur II. Duke of Brittany, i. <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> -Artois, Robert Count of, ii. 73<br /> -d'Artois, Comte (see Charles X. King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of France and Navarre)</span><br /> -Asdrubal (see Hasdrubal)<br /> -Asgill, Sir Charles, i. <a href="#Page_216">216</a>-<a href="#Page_217">217</a><br /> -"Ashwood, Sir," v. 16<br /> -Aspasia, i. <a href="#Page_244">244</a>; iii. 45; iv. 117; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">25; vi. 172</span><br /> -d'Aspremont, Comte, vi. 46<br /> -Assuerus King of the Medes and Persians, v. 383<br /> -Astley, Philip, vi. 68<br /> -Astolf King of the Lombards, iv. 228<br /> -Atawulf King of the Visigoths, iv. 227<br /> -Athalric King of the Ostrogoths, iv. 227<br /> -Athenæus, i. <a href="#Page_259">259</a>; vi. 180, 247<br /> -Attalus, the Emperor, iii. 88<br /> -Atticus Herodes, Tiberias Claudius vi. 154-155<br /> -Attila King of the Huns, i. <a href="#Page_212">212</a>; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">185; iii. 47, 90, 157, 224; v. 58,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">334; vi. 50</span><br /> -d'Aubeterre, Joseph Henri Bouchard,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Marquis, ii. 41-42</span><br /> -Aubiac, ii. 172<br /> -d'Aubigné, Charles, vi. 240<br /> -d'Aubigné, Geneviève Piètre, Dame, vi. 240<br /> -d'Aubigné, Constant, vi. 241<br /> -d'Aubigné, Théodore Agrippa, vi. 241<br /> -Audry de Puyravault (see Puyravault)<br /> -d'Auerstädt, Prince d'Eckmühl, Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nicolas Davout, Maréchal Duc, iii. 164</span><br /> -Augereau (see Castiglione)<br /> -Auguis, Pierre René, iii. 21<br /> -Augustine, Saint, i. <a href="#Page_31">31</a>; ii. 154; vi. 6<br /> -Augustulus, the Emperor, vi. 195<br /> -Augustus, the Emperor, i. <a href="#Page_68">68</a>; v. 8<br /> -Augustus II. King of Poland, Frederic<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Augustus I. Elector of Saxony, later, vi. 101</span><br /> -Augustus of Prussia, Prince, iv. 34, 172-173<br /> -d'Aulnay, Comte Lepelletier, i. <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br /> -d'Aulnay, née de Rosanbo, Comtesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lepelletier, i. <a href="#Page_135">135</a></span><br /> -Aulne (see Turgot)<br /> -d'Aulps (see Blacas d'Aulps)<br /> -Aulus Gellius (see Gellius)<br /> -d'Aumale, Henri Eugène Philippe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis d'Orléans, Duc, ii. 110, 293</span><br /> -d'Auvergne, Charles, ii. 65<br /> -d'Auvergne, Philippe (see Bouillon)<br /> -d'Avaray, Antoine Louis Frédéric de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bésiade, Comte, later Duc, ii. 301; iv. 8-9</span><br /> -d'Avaray, Claude Antoine de Bésiade, Duc, ii. 301<br /> -d'Avaray, née de Mailly, Duchesse, ii. 301<br /> -Avenel, Denis Louis Martial, v. 95<br /> -Azara, José Nicola de, ii. 230<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -B<br /> -<br /> -Bacciochi, later Prince of Lucca and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Piombino, Félix Pascal Prince, ii. 166</span><br /> -Bacciochi, Élisa Bonaparte, Princess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see Élisa Grand-duchess of Tuscany)</span><br /> -Bachaumont, François le Coigneux de, ii. 207<br /> -Bacon, Sir Francis (see St. Albans)<br /> -Baedeker, Karl, vi. 266<br /> -Bagration, Princess, vi. 120<br /> -Bail, M., iii. 133<br /> -Bail, Dame, iii. 133-134<br /> -Bailly, Jean Sylvain, i. <a href="#Page_160">160</a>-<a href="#Page_161">161</a>,<a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /> -Bajazet II. Sultan of Turkey, iii. 179<br /> -Balagni, Madame de, v. 401<br /> -Balbi, Anne Jacoby Caumont La Force,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, iv. 9-10</span><br /> -Baldwin I. Emperor of the East and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">IX. Count of Flanders, vi. 69</span><br /> -Ballanche, Pierre Simon, ii. 198, 214,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">229, 303, 310, 319; iv. 149, 162,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">172, 180, 213; v. 89, 199; vi. 258-260, 262</span><br /> -Balmaine, Alexander Count de, iii. 210-211<br /> -Balsamo (see Cagliostro)<br /> -Balue (see La Balue)<br /> -Balzac, Honoré de, i. <a href="#Page_111">111</a>; v. 202; vi. 156<br /> -Balzac d'Entragues (see d'Entragues)<br /> -Baptiste, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">valet, v. 250, 256, 325-326,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">330, 349-350, 352; vi. 8, 24, 129</span><br /> -Barante, Aimable Guillaume Prosper<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brugière, Baron de, iv. 28, 285</span><br /> -Barante, Césarine de Houdetot, Baronne de, iv. 285<br /> -Barante, Claude Ignace Brugière de, ii. 303<br /> -Barba, Victor, v. 121<br /> -Barbara of Austria, Duchess of Ferrara, vi. 82, 84<br /> -Barbarelli (see Giorgione)<br /> -Barbarini, Signora, iv. 37<br /> -Barbauld, Anna Letitia Aiken, Mrs., ii. 126<br /> -Barberini, Cardinal, iv. 245<br /> -Barberini-Colonna di Palestrina (see Palestrina)<br /> -Barbet, Auguste, vi. 216<br /> -Barbieri (see Guercino)<br /> -Barboux, M., v. 96<br /> -Barcarola, Nina, iv. 245<br /> -Barchou de Penhoen (see Penhoen)<br /> -Bardi, Beatrice Portinari, Signora de', iv. 225-227<br /> -Bareau de Girac, Bishop of Rennes, François, i. 152<br /> -Barentin, Charles Louis François de, ii. <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, iv. 43<br /> -Barentin, Abbess of the Annunciation, Dame de, iv. 43<br /> -Barère de Vieuzac, Bertrand, i. <a href="#Page_143">143</a>; ii. 26-27, 85<br /> -Bargemont (see Villeneuve-Bargemont)<br /> -Barillon, Nicolas, v. 50<br /> -Barnage, Maître, iv. 110<br /> -Baro, Balthazar, ii. 303<br /> -Baroni, Leonora (see Castellani)<br /> -Baronnais (see La Baronnais)<br /> -Barrande, M., v. 361, 363, 365, 367;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 37, 136-137</span><br /> -Barozzi (see Vignola)<br /> -Barrocchio (see Vignola)<br /> -Barrois, Colonel, ii. 262<br /> -Barron, F.S.A., Mr. Oswald, vi. 266<br /> -Barrot, Camille Hyacinthe Odilon, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">117; v. 95, 113, 128, 152-153</span><br /> -Barrucand, M. Victor, iii. 213<br /> -Barry (see Du Barry)<br /> -Bart, Jean, iv. 34-35<br /> -Bartas (see Du Bartas)<br /> -Barthe, Félix, v. 95, 265-266, 302<br /> -Barthélemy, Abbé Jean Jacques, ii. 9<br /> -Barthélemy, Auguste Marseille, v. 214-216<br /> -Bartoli, Daniello, vi. 79<br /> -Bartolozzi, Francesco, iv. 162<br /> -Bartram, William, i. <a href="#Page_238">238</a><br /> -Basel the Hermit, Saint, i. <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> -Basil, Saint, i. <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> -Basil II. Emperor of the East, v. 376<br /> -Baslé, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /> -Bassano, Bernard Hugues Maret, Duc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 26; iii. 65, 168</span><br /> -Bassompierre, François Maréchal Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. <a href="#Page_114">114</a>-<a href="#Page_117">117</a>; v. 383, 402</span><br /> -Bastide, Jules, v. 109, 137, 140-141<br /> -Basville, Chrétien François de Lamoignon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, ii. 100</span><br /> -Bathsheba (see Bethsabee)<br /> -Bathurst, Allen Erst Earl, iv. 80-81<br /> -Bathurst, Henry third Earl, iii. 215;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 80-81, 89, 287</span><br /> -Bathurst, Lady Louisa Georgiana, iv. 81<br /> -Bathurst, Lady Emily Charlotte (see Ponsonby)<br /> -Bathurst, Miss, iv. 81, 287-288<br /> -Baude, Jean Jacques Baron, iv. 7; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">96-97, 112, 115-116, 144, 210</span><br /> -Baudry, Vicomte de, vi. 253<br /> -Baudry, Baron de, vi. 253-254<br /> -Baudry, Anne Louise de Chateaubriand,<br /> -Baronne de, vi. 253<br /> -Bauffremont-Courtenay, Théodore<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Démetrius Prince de, vi. 38, 128, 138</span><br /> -Bauffremont-Courtenay, Anne Laurence<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Montmorency, Princesse de, vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">38, 77, 128, 138</span><br /> -Baulny (see Baudry)<br /> -Bausset, Bishop of Alais, Louis François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal Duc de, iii. 18-20</span><br /> -Baville (see Lamoignon de Baville)<br /> -Bavoux, Jacques François Nicolas, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">96, 115</span><br /> -Bayard, Pierre du Terrail, Chevalier de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 107, 215; iii. 6; iv. 228; v. 151-152;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 26</span><br /> -Bayard, Dame de, v. 151-152<br /> -Bayganuet, Sire de, ii. 205<br /> -Bayle, Pierre, ii. 183-184<br /> -Baylis, the printer, ii. 71-72, 76-77, 80, 97<br /> -Bazancourt, Colonel, ii. 262<br /> -Beatrice (see Bardi)<br /> -Beattie, James, ii. 129<br /> -Beattie the Younger, ii. 129<br /> -Beaufort, née de Chateaubriand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise de, ii. 333</span><br /> -Beaufort, Renée Dame of, i. <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> -Beaufort (see also Chateaubriand and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Estrées)</span><br /> -Beauharnais, Alexandre Vicomte de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 261; iii. 17; iv. 165; vi. 161</span><br /> -Beauharnais, Eugène de (see Leuchtenberg)<br /> -Beaujolais, Louis d'Orléans, Comte de, iv. 161<br /> -Beaulieu, Geoffroy de, vi. 139<br /> -Beaumanoir, John Lord of, i. <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> -Beaumarchais, Pierre Auguste Caron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>,<a href="#Page_132">132</a>,<a href="#Page_173">173</a></span><br /> -Beaumont, Archbishop of Paris,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Christophe de, ii. 180</span><br /> -Beaumont, Christophe François Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> -Beaumont, Pauline Marie Michelle<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frédérique Ulrique de Montmorin-</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saint-Hérem, Comtesse de, i. <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 167-168, 172-177, 213, 223-243,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">246, 248, 295, 302, 306, 311, 316-318;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 7, 131; iv. 165, 183, 221,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">233, 238; v. 48, 319; vi. 6</span><br /> -Beaumont de La Bonnière, Gustave<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Auguste de, ii. 295</span><br /> -Beaupoil de Saint-Aulaire (see Saint-Aulaire)<br /> -Beaurepaire (see d'Hautefeuille)<br /> -Beauvau, Charles Juste Maréchal Duc de, i. <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /> -Beauvilliers, Paul Due de, vi. 246<br /> -Beauvilliers Saint-Aignan (see Chalais-Périgord)<br /> -Becdelièvre-Penhouët, Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /> -Becquet, Étienne, v. 96<br /> -Bedée, Alexis Marquis de, i. <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /> -Bedée, Seigneur de La Boüétardais,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ange Annibal Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_14">14</a></span><br /> -Bedée, Marie Antoine Bénigne de<br /> -Bedée de La Boüétardais, Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>-<a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a> <a href="#Page_152">152</a>; ii. 4-5, 9,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">54, 62, 64-65, 69, 77, 82, 118-120</span><br /> -Bedée, Marie Angélique Fortunée<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cécile Ginguené, Comtesse de, i. <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ii. 5, 9, 62, 64</span><br /> -Bedée, Marie Anne de Ravenel du<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boisteilleul, Dame de i. <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>-<a href="#Page_22">22</a></span><br /> -Bedée, Charlotte Suzanne Marie, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as Caroline de, i. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>-<a href="#Page_23">23</a>, ii. 5, 9, 62,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">64, 119-120</span><br /> -Bedée, Flore de, i. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>-<a href="#Page_23">23</a>, ii. 5, 9, 62,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">64, 119</span><br /> -Bedée, Marie de, i. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>-<a href="#Page_23">23</a>, ii. 5, 9, 62,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">64, 119</span><br /> -Bedée (see also La Boüétardais)<br /> -Bedford, John Russell, sixth Duke of, iv. 79<br /> -Bédoyère (see La Bédoyère)<br /> -Beethoven, Ludwig van, ii. 332<br /> -Beker, Nicolas Léonard Comte, iii. 188<br /> -Belgiojoso, Cristina Trivulzio, Principessa,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 202, 286</span><br /> -Belinaye (see La Belinaye)<br /> -Bellarmine, Archbishop of Capua,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roberto Cardinal Bellarmino, known</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as Cardinal, vi. 259</span><br /> -Bellart, Nicolas François, iv. 7<br /> -Bellay, Bishop of Bayonne, later Archbishop<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Paris, Jean Cardinal du,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 243; v. 14, 50</span><br /> -Belle-Isle, Charles Louis Auguste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fouquet, Maréchal Duc de, vi. 201</span><br /> -Belle-Isle, Nicolas Fouquet, Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, vi. 201</span><br /> -Bellini, Giovanni, vi. 48-49<br /> -Bellocq, M., v. 28, 31, 48-49<br /> -Belloy, Madame du, ii. 100<br /> -Bellune, Victor Perrin, Maréchal Duc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 95, 129; iv. 62</span><br /> -Bellune, Julie Vosch van Avesaat,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchale Duchesse de, iii. 129</span><br /> -Bellune, née Muguet, Maréchale Duchesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 129</span><br /> -Belsunce, Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /> -Belsunce de Castel Moron, Bishop of<br /> -Marseilles, Henri François Xavier<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 202; v. 231</span><br /> -Bembo, Pietro Cardinal, vi. 79, 103<br /> -Bénard (see Fleury)<br /> -Benedict XIV., Pope, iv. 234; v. 15<br /> -Benedict XIII., Anti-pope (see Luna, Pedro de)<br /> -Bénévent (see Talleyrand-Périgord)<br /> -Benjamin, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gardener, iii. 8</span><br /> -Benoît, Frédéric, v. 254<br /> -Benoît the Elder, v. 254<br /> -Benoît, Dame, v. 254<br /> -Bentivoglio, Archbishop of Carthage,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cornelio Cardinal, vi. 79</span><br /> -Bentivoglio, Guido Cardinal, vi. 79<br /> -Bentivoglio, Ercole, vi. 79<br /> -Benvenuti, Giacomo Antonio Cardinal,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 235; v. 6, 8, 23</span><br /> -Béranger, Pierre Jean de, ii. 132-133,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">152-153; iii. 68, 199; iv. 140; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">206-209, 260, 270, 291; vi. 10, 23,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">174, 262</span><br /> -Bérard, Auguste Simon Louis, v. 96, 116-117<br /> -Bérard, Pierre Clement, v. 267<br /> -Berengarius I. Marquis of Ivrea, King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Italy, ii. 202</span><br /> -Berengarius II. Marquis of Ivrea, King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Italy, ii. 202</span><br /> -Bérenger (see Chatillon)<br /> -Berenice Queen of Chalcis, later Queen<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Cilicia, vi. 247</span><br /> -Bergasse, Nicolas, i. <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br /> -Berger, Mayor of the 2nd Ward of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paris, v. 236</span><br /> -Bergerac, Savinien Cyrano de, v. 70<br /> -Bériot, Charles Auguste de, vi. 175<br /> -Bériot (see also Malibran)<br /> -Bermond, M. de, v. 244<br /> -Bernadotte (see Charles XIV. King of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sweden and Norway and Désirée</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of Sweden)</span><br /> -Bernard, Saint, ii. 184, 310<br /> -Bernard, Jean, iv. 149<br /> -Bernard, Madame, iv. 149, 173<br /> -Bernard, Louis Rose Désiré, v. 96<br /> -Bernard, Master, v. 351; vi. 266<br /> -Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Jacques<br /> -Henri, ii. 9-10, 63, 133; iii. 30; vi. 176<br /> -Bernetti, Tommaso Cardinal, iv. 234-235,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">290, 293, 300-301; v. 4, 8, 45-46,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">52; vi. 95</span><br /> -Bernis, François Joachim Cardinal de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pierres de, ii. 166, 230, 238; iv. 38</span><br /> -Bernstorff, Christian Gunther Count<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, iv. 34, 60, 102; vi. 45</span><br /> -Berry, Charles Duc de, vi. 246<br /> -Berry, Charles Ferdinand Duc de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>; ii. 54, 63-64, 152-153, 259,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">278; iii. 89, 119, 126, 144, 156, 158,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">161; iv. 8, 11, 17, 21-23, 25; v. 161,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">168, 190, 215, 226, 236, 303-304,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">394, 410; vi. 28, 38, 123, 185,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">193, 255</span><br /> -Berry, Marie Caroline Ferdinande<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louise Duchesse de, ii. 152-154, 156,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">208; iii. 156; iv. 16, 24, 135, 196;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 81, 101, 144, 147, 151, 157-158,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">160, 209, 215, 221-229, 235-239,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">241-242, 244-246, 265-266, 269,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">302-311, 320-325, 327, 340, 359,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">362, 365-366, 369, 375, 384, 391,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">405-408, 414-415; vi. 9, 22, 25-27,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">36-39, 47, 61, 77-78, 80, 94-102,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">118, 128-130, 132, 135-136, 139,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">156, 163, 192-193, 229-235, 243</span><br /> -Berryer the Elder, Pierre Nicolas<br /> -Berryer, known as, v. 246<br /> -Berryer the Younger, Pierre Antoine<br /> -Berryer, known as, v. 246-248, 259,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">264-266, 269, 302, 309-310; vi. 249,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">256</span><br /> -Bertrin, Abbé Georges, vi. 256<br /> -Berstoecher, M., ii. 193; iv. 121<br /> -Bert, M., v. 96<br /> -Bertalozzi, Francesco Cardinal, v. 8<br /> -Berthe de Rohan, Queen of Spain and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France, H.M., ii. 279</span><br /> -Berthelin, the Polytechnic scholar, v. 107<br /> -Berthier (see Wagram)<br /> -Berthois, Auguste Marie Baron, v. 135<br /> -Berthollet, Claude Louis Comte, ii. 188<br /> -Bertier de Sauvigny, Lieutenant Albert<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne Jules, v. 108</span><br /> -Bertier de Sauvigny, Louis Bénigne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François, i. 161; v. 108</span><br /> -Bertin the Elder, Louis François Bertin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, ii. 175, 223, 229; iii. 8,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">125, 132; iv. 100-101; v. 29, 260, 368</span><br /> -Bertin the Younger, Pierre Louis Bertin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as Bertin de Vaux or, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">175, 223; iii. 125, 132; iv. 100-101,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">260; v. 368</span><br /> -Bertrand, Henri Gratien Comte, iii. 81,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">188, 192, 210</span><br /> -Bertrand, née Dillon, Comtesse, iii. 192, 210<br /> -Bertrand, Captain, iii. 16<br /> -Berwick, James Fitzjames, Duke of, iv. 67<br /> -Besenval, Pierre Victor Baron de, i. <a href="#Page_177">177</a>; iii. 139<br /> -Besnardière (see La Besnardière)<br /> -Bessarion, Archbishop of Nicosa, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Siponto, Patriarch of Constantinople,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Johannes Cardinal, vi. 49</span><br /> -Bessus Satrap of Bactriana, iii. 149<br /> -Bethsabee, vi. 237<br /> -Bettio, Abbate Pietro, vi. 53, 55-57<br /> -Beugnot, Jacques Claude Comte, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">99, 127, 129-130, 178</span><br /> -Beurnonville, Pierre Ruel, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, iii. 73</span><br /> -Bevilacqua, Cardinal, vi. 91<br /> -Béville, Marquis de, iii. 5<br /> -Béville (see also Lavalette)<br /> -Beyle (see Stendhal)<br /> -Bezout, Étienne, i. <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br /> -Bianca Capello, Grand-duchess of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tuscany, vi. 238</span><br /> -Billard, A., v. 96<br /> -Billarderie (see Flahaut de La Billarderie)<br /> -Billardière (see Launay de La Billardière)<br /> -Billaud-Varenne, Jacques Nicolas, ii. 18<br /> -Billecocq, Adolphe, iv. 102<br /> -Billing, Baron, i. <a href="#Page_185">185</a><br /> -Billot, M., v. 97<br /> -Biré, M. Edmond, i. <a href="#Page_xvi">xvi</a>-<a href="#Page_xvii">xvii</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 92, 215-219, 284; v. 360; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">145, 180, 229-235, 248-265</span><br /> -Biron, Charles de Gontaut, Duc de, ii. 121<br /> -Biron, Louis Antoine de Gontaut, Duc de, i. <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> -Biron (see also Lauzun)<br /> -Bisceglie (see Alphonsus of Bisceglie)<br /> -Bissy, Claude VIII. de Thiard, Comte de, v. 162<br /> -Bissy (see also Thiard-Bissy and Thiard de Bissy)<br /> -Bivar (see Diaz de Bivar)<br /> -Bjorn the Scandinavian, ii. 217<br /> -Blacas d'Aulps, Pierre Louis Casimir<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, iii. 100, 102, 124-127, 159,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">171-175; iv. 8-9, 59, 132-133; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">28-29, 34, 45, 52, 341-343, 352,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">357-359, 363, 365-366, 368-369,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">374-375, 378, 383-385, 408, 415; vi. 26,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">117-118, 120, 129, 135, 138-139, 193</span><br /> -Blacas d'Aulps, the Great Warrior, v. 385<br /> -Blacas d'Aulps, the troubadour, v. 385<br /> -Blair, Rev. Hugh, ii. 121<br /> -Blaize, Ange, vi. 216<br /> -Blanc, Jean Joseph Charles Louis, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">119-120, 140</span><br /> -Blanche of Castile, Queen of France,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 256; v. 225, 377</span><br /> -Blessington, Charles John Gardiner,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first Earl of, iv. 73</span><br /> -Blessington, Marguerite Power,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Countess of, iv. 73</span><br /> -Bletterie (see La Bletterie)<br /> -Blin, Joseph Marie Jacques, i. <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /> -Blitersdorff, Quarter-master, ii. 260<br /> -Blondel, the troubadour, v. 377<br /> -Blossac, M. de, ii. 314<br /> -Blossac, Madame de, ii. 314<br /> -Blücher (see Wahlstadt)<br /> -Boccaccio, Giovanni, iv. 185; v. 229-230<br /> -Bodsey, the publisher, ii. 97<br /> -Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus, iv. 227<br /> -Boigne, Benoît Comte de, ii. 103<br /> -Boigne, née d'Osmond, Comtesse de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 103; v. 106</span><br /> -Bohain, Victor, v. 96<br /> -Boileau-Despréaux, Nicolas, i. <a href="#Page_133">133</a>; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">100, 179, 187, 293; iii. 10, 33; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">247; v. 53; vi. 240</span><br /> -Boisé-Lucas the Elder, M. Delaunay, iii. 13<br /> -Boisé-Lucas the Younger, M. iii. 13, 16-17<br /> -Boisgarein, François Nicolas Magon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur de, i. <a href="#Page_51">51</a></span><br /> -Boisgarein, Élisabeth Anne Dame de, i. <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> -Boisgelin, Louis Brune Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br /> -Boisgelin, née de Boufflers, Comtesse de, i. <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br /> -Boisgelin de Cicé, Archbishop of Aix,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later of Tours, Jean-de-Dieu Raymond</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal de, ii. 103</span><br /> -Bois de La Ferronnière (see Du Bois de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Ferronnière)</span><br /> -Boishamon, M. du, i. <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> -Boishue, Jean Baptiste René de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guehenneuc, Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_154">154</a>; ii. 38</span><br /> -Boishue (see also Guehenneuc de Boishue)<br /> -Boisrobert, Abbé Francis Le Metel,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sieur de, v. 55</span><br /> -Boissonade, Jean François, iii. 8<br /> -Boissy, Hilaire Étienne Octave Rouillé,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, ii. 136; iv. 227; v. 89</span><br /> -Boissy (see also Guiccioli)<br /> -Boistelleul, Jean Baptiste Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eugène de Ravenel, Comte du, i. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></span><br /> -Boistelleul, Captain Hyacinthe Eugène<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pierre de Ravenel du, i. <a href="#Page_67">67</a></span><br /> -Boistelleul, Pauline Zoé Marie de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Farcy de Montavallon, Dame de</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ravenel du, i. <a href="#Page_67">67</a></span><br /> -Boistelleul, Mademoiselle de, i. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_21">21</a>-<a href="#Page_23">23</a>; ii. 120; vi. 127, 173</span><br /> -Bojardo, Conte di Scandiano, Matteo<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria, vi. 78-79</span><br /> -Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viscount, v. 57</span><br /> -Bolivar, President of Columbia, Simon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a>; iv. 291-292</span><br /> -Bolton, William Orde-Powlett, second Lord, ii. 68<br /> -Bolzona, Count, v. 404<br /> -Bon, Dame, ii. 277<br /> -Bonald, Louis Gabriel Ambroise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte de, i. <a href="#Page_97">97</a>; ii. 167, 168,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">170, 187, 198; iv. 16</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Prince Charles Napoléon<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis, iv. 241; v. 58, 297</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Charlotte Bonaparte, Princesse, iv. 241<br /> -Bonaparte, known as Madame Mère,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria Letizia Ramolino, Dame, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">166, 213; iii. 64, 108-109; iv. 10</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Christine Éléonore Boyer,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame, ii. 166</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Elizabeth Patterson, Dame, iii. 200<br /> -Bonaparte, Jerome (see Jerome King of Westphalia)<br /> -Bonaparte, Joseph (see Joseph King of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Naples, later of Spain)</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Louis (see Louis King of Holland)<br /> -Bonaparte, Prince Louis Napoléon (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Napoleon III. Emperor of the French)</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Lucien (see Canino)<br /> -Bonaparte, Napoleon (see Napoleon I.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emperor of the French, King of Italy)</span><br /> -Bonaparte Caroline (see Caroline Queen<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Naples)</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Élisa (see Élisa Grand-duchess of Tuscany)<br /> -Bonaparte, Marie Alexandrine Charlotte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louise Laurence de Bleschamp,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame (see Canino)</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Marie Josèphe Rose<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tascher de La Pagerie, Vicomtesse de</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beauharnais, later Dame (see Joséphine</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Empress of the French)</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Pauline (see Borghese)<br /> -Bonaparte (see also Buonaparte)<br /> -Bonaventure, Saint, i. xxx<br /> -Bonchamp, General Artus de, ii. 53, 107; v. 245<br /> -Bonchamp, Dame de, ii. 53<br /> -Bondy, Pierre Marie Comte de Taillepied<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 229, 235-238</span><br /> -Bondy, Comtesse de Taillepied de, v. 134<br /> -Boniface VIII., Pope, v. 48<br /> -Boniface IX., Pope, v. 13<br /> -Bonnay, François Marquis de, i. <a href="#Page_175">175</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_176">176</a>; ii. 247; iv. 32-33, 43-44</span><br /> -Bonnet, M., iv. 67<br /> -Bonnet de Malherbe, Dr., vi. 154<br /> -Bonnevie, Abbé Pierre Étienne de, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">214, 221, 235, 307</span><br /> -Bonnière (see Beaumont de La Bonnière)<br /> -Bonrecueil, M. de, v. 244<br /> -Bonstetten, Charles Victor de, iv. 250, 258<br /> -Boquet, Pierre Jean, ii. 231; iv. 238<br /> -Borde (see La Borde)<br /> -Bordeaux, Duc de (see Henry V. King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of France and Navarre)</span><br /> -Bordesoulle, Étienne Tardif de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pommeroux, Comte de, v. 148</span><br /> -Bordier, M., i. <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br /> -Bordone, Paride or Paris, vi. 49<br /> -Borel (see Fauche-Borel)<br /> -Borghese, Camillo Principe, ii. 223-224<br /> -Borghese, Duchess of Guastalla,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pauline Bonaparte, Principessa, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">223-224, 237; iii. 108, 113,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">215-216; iv. 184, 248-249</span><br /> -Borghese, Principessa, iv. 248<br /> -Borgia, Duc de Valentinois, Cesare, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">229; v. 13</span><br /> -Borgne (see Le Borgne)<br /> -Borromeo (see Charles Cardinal Count<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Borromeo, Archbishop of Milan, Saint)</span><br /> -Bossinot de Vauvert (see Vauvert)<br /> -Bossuet, Bishop of Meaux, Jacques<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bénigne, i. <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>; ii. 151,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">201, 292, 336; iii. 18-19, 33, 129; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">127, 292; v. 84-86, 177, 388, 403;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 25</span><br /> -Boucher, Abbé, v. 140<br /> -Boüétardais (see Bedée and La Boüétardais)<br /> -Boüétiez, Chevalier de, i. <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /> -Boufflers, Louis François Maréchal de, iii. 27<br /> -Boufflers, Joseph Marie Duc de, iii. 27<br /> -Boufflers, née de Beauvais-Craon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise de, iii. 27</span><br /> -Boufflers, Stanislas Chevalier de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_152">152</a>; iii. 26-27; iv. 164</span><br /> -Boufflers, Comtesse de Sabran, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, iv. 164</span><br /> -Boufflers, Louis de, iii. 27<br /> -Bougainville, Louis Antoine de, i. <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a>.<br /> -Bougon, Dr., vi. 193<br /> -Bouillé, Marquise de, v. 363; vi. 136<br /> -Bouillerie (see La Bouillerie)<br /> -Bouillet, Marie Nicolas, vi. 88, 266<br /> -Bouillon, Godefroy Duc de, ii. 65; iv. 138<br /> -Bouillon, Henri de La Tourd'Auvergne,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte de Turenne, Duc de, iii. 27</span><br /> -Bouillon, Philippe d'Auvergne, Prince<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 65</span><br /> -Bouillon (see also Godfrey of Bouillon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of Jerusalem)</span><br /> -Boulin, Joseph, i. <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /> -Boulogne, Bishop of Troyes, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Vienne, Étienne</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antoine de, ii. 180</span><br /> -Bounelet, Sieur, ii. 277<br /> -Bourbon, Charles Cardinal de, iii. 74-75<br /> -Bourbon, Charles Connétable Duc de, v. 16, 58<br /> -Bourbon, Louis Henri Duc de, vi. 200<br /> -Bourbon, Archambaud VII. Sire de, iv. 209<br /> -Bourbon, Louis Henri Joseph Duc de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see Condé, Louis VI. Prince de)</span><br /> -Bourbon, Louise d'Orléans, Duchesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de (see Condé)</span><br /> -Bourdaloue, Louis, ii. 100<br /> -Bourdasse, Jacques, i. <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /> -Bourdic, later Dame Viot, Marie Anne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henriette Payan de L'Étang,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise d'Antremont, later, vi. 174</span><br /> -Bourdonnais (see La Bourdonnais)<br /> -Bourdonnaye (see La Bourdonnaye)<br /> -Bourdonnaye-Montluc (see La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bourdonnaye-Montluc)</span><br /> -Bourg (see Du Bourg)<br /> -Bourges, Clémence de, vi. 173<br /> -Bourgoing, Chevalier de, iv. 102<br /> -Bourgogne, Louis Duc de (see Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de Bourgogne, later Dauphin</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of France)</span><br /> -Bourmont, Louis Auguste Victor de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ghaisne, Comte Maréchal de, v. 72,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">81-84, 95, 244-245, 323</span><br /> -Bourmont, Adolphe de, v. 82, 244<br /> -Bourmont, Charles de, v. 82, 244<br /> -Bourgueney, François Adolphe Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_185">185</a><br /> -Bourrienne, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 251, 270; iii. 86</span><br /> -Boutet (see Mars and Monvel)<br /> -Bouthillier de Rancé (see Rancé)<br /> -Boutin, M., ii. 27<br /> -Brabant (see Geneviève of Brabant)<br /> -Bracciano, Giovanni Torlonia, Principe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duca di, iv. 262; v. 19</span><br /> -Bracciano-Orsini (see Orsini)<br /> -Brackenridge, Henry M., i. <a href="#Page_252">252</a><br /> -Bragadino, Marco Antonio, vi. 59<br /> -Brahe, Tycho, v. 387<br /> -Bramante, Donato d'Agnolo, iv. 230<br /> -Brancas, née de Colbert-Montboissier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, v. 291</span><br /> -Brandon (see Hamilton)<br /> -Braunfels (see Solm-Braunfels)<br /> -Breil de Pontbriand, Vicomtesse de, i. <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /> -Brémond, M. de, vi. 70<br /> -Brennus, v. 305<br /> -Breteuil, Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier,<br /> -Baron de, i. <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>; ii. 31; iii. 125<br /> -Breton (see Le Breton)<br /> -Breuning, Fräulein Eleonora, ii. 332<br /> -Briche (see La Briche)<br /> -Brien, Jean, iii. 14<br /> -Brienne, Archbishop of Sens, Étienne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles de Loménie, Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_141">141</a></span><br /> -Brienne, Henri Auguste Comte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Loménie de, ii. 152</span><br /> -Brienne, Comtesse de Loménie de, ii. 152<br /> -Brignon, Seigneur de Laher, Nicolas Jean, i. <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /> -Brignon, Marie Anne Le Tendu, Dame, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /> -Brillat-Savarin, Anthelme, iv. 167-168<br /> -Brinvilliers, Marie Marguerite Dreux<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Avray, Marquise de, ii. 163</span><br /> -Briot, Pierre Joseph, ii. 223<br /> -Briqueville, Armand François Bon<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Claude Comte de, v. 209-210, 213</span><br /> -Briqueville the Elder, Comte de, v. 209<br /> -Briqueville, Comtesse de, v. 209<br /> -Brissac (see Cossé-Brissac)<br /> -Brisson, Barnabé Président, ii. 21<br /> -Brissot de Warville, Jean Pierre, ii. 14<br /> -Britannicus, Claudius Tiberius<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Germanicus, known as, ii. 258</span><br /> -Britard (see Brizard)<br /> -Brittany, Giles of (see Chateaubriand<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Chantocé)</span><br /> -Brizard, Jean Baptiste Britard, known as, i. <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> -Brocard, Pere Ignace, vi. 43<br /> -Broglie, Victor François Maréchal Duc de, i. <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /> -Broglie, Achille Charles Léonce Victor<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, v. 81, 105, 122-123, 127</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 95, 113</span><br /> -Broglie, Albertine de Staël-Holstein,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, v. 81</span><br /> -Brollo, the gaoler, vi. 105-112<br /> -Brollo, Signora, vi. 105-110<br /> -Brollo, Angelica (see "Zanze")<br /> -Brosses, René Comte de, iv. 300; v. 30<br /> -Brosses (see also De Brosses)<br /> -Brougham and Vaux, Henry Brougham,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first Lord, i. <a href="#Page_188">188</a></span><br /> -Broussais, François Joseph Victor, i. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> -Brown, Charles Brockden, i. <a href="#Page_253">253</a>-<a href="#Page_254">254</a><br /> -Bruce, Lieutenant Michael, iii. 110<br /> -Brugière de Barante (see Barante)<br /> -Brummell, George Bryan, iv. 69<br /> -Brun (see Le Brun and Malte-Brun)<br /> -Brune, Marshal Guillaume Marie Anne, iii. 91<br /> -Bruno, Saint, ii. 33, 309-310<br /> -Brutus, Lucius Junius, v. 132, 312<br /> -Brutus, Marcus Junius, v. 57, 132, 394<br /> -Brutus, Tiberius Junius, v. 312<br /> -Brutus, Titus Junius, v. 312<br /> -Bruyère (see La Bruyère)<br /> -Buckingham and Chandos, Richard<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Greville,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first Duke of, ii. 140; iv. 79</span><br /> -Buckinghamshire, John Hobart, second<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earl of, iv. 65</span><br /> -Buffon, George Louis Leclerc, Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>; iii. 33; iv. 122</span><br /> -Buffon, George Louis Marie Leclerc,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_173">173</a></span><br /> -Buffon, later Dame de Bussières,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marguérite Françoise de Bouvier de</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cepoy, Comtesse de, i. <a href="#Page_173">173</a></span><br /> -Bugeaud de La Piconnerie (see d'Isly)<br /> -Buisson de La Vigne (see La Vigne)<br /> -Bullion, Claude de, i. <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /> -Bülow (see Dennewitz)<br /> -Bunsen, Christian Karl Josias Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, iv. 236</span><br /> -Buonaparte, Carlo, vi. 184<br /> -Buonaparte, Giacomo, v. 58<br /> -Buonaparte (see also Bonaparte)<br /> -Buonarotti (see Michael Angelo)<br /> -Buonavita, Abbé, iii. 215-216<br /> -Burghersh, Lord, pseud (see Napoléon<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I. Emperor of the French, King of Italy)</span><br /> -Burke, Edmund, i. <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a>; ii. 121,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">144-145; iv. 93; v. 57</span><br /> -Burney (see d'Arblay)<br /> -Burns, Robert, ii. 127, 129<br /> -Busoni, Philippe, v. 96<br /> -Bussi, Giovanni Battista Cardinal, v. 18<br /> -Bussières (see Buffon and Renouard de Bussières)<br /> -Bute, John Stuart, first Earl of, iv. 81<br /> -Buti, Lucrezia, iv. 232<br /> -Butler (see Dubourg-Butler)<br /> -Buttafuoco, Matteo, iii. 196<br /> -Byron, William fourth Lord, vi. 72<br /> -Byron, George Gordon sixth Lord, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a>; ii. 8, 91, 123-124, 127, 129-136,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">158; iii. 68, 88, 191,220; iv. 3,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">227, 232, 254; v. 59, 89, 202-203,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">209, 300, 389; vi. 50, 66, 71-76,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">78, 85</span><br /> -Byron, Anne Isabella Milbanke, Lady, ii. 136<br /> -Byron, Commodore Hon. John, vi. 72<br /> -Byron, Hon. Augusta Ada (see Leigh)<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -C<br /> -<br /> -Cacault, François, ii. 219<br /> -Cadet de Gassicourt the Elder, Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis Félix, v. 237</span><br /> -Cadet de Gassicourt the Younger, Félix,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 98-99, 190-191, 237-239</span><br /> -Cadoudal, Georges, i. <a href="#Page_65">65</a>; ii. 249, 252,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">259; iii. 36, 138-139; iv. 167-168</span><br /> -Cæsar, Caius Julius, i. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>; ii. 121, 201,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">331, 337; iii. 87-88, 159, 186, 195,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">197, 214, 218; iv. 14, 176, 229,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">264; v. 40, 56, 131-132, 155, 333,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">403; vi. 68, 180, 196, 243</span><br /> -Cagliari (see Veronese)<br /> -Cagliostro, Giuseppe Balsamo, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as Alessandro Conte di, i. <a href="#Page_145">145</a></span><br /> -Cahen, Louis, i. <a href="#Page_xvii">xvii</a>; vi. 265-266<br /> -Caillet, Guillaume, ii. 108<br /> -Cajetan, Saint, ii. 159<br /> -Calas, Jean, iii. 30<br /> -Caligula, the Emperor, ii. 33; vi. 209<br /> -Calixtus II., Pope, iv. 304<br /> -Calixtus III., Pope, v. 13<br /> -Callot, Jacques, ii. 95<br /> -Calonne, Abbé de, ii. 72<br /> -Calonne, Charles Alexandre de, i. <a href="#Page_140">140</a>-<a href="#Page_141">141</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_162">162</a>; ii. 4; vi. 203</span><br /> -Calvin, John, v. 199, 273, 388; vi. 96<br /> -Camargo, Marie Anne Cuppi, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as the, ii. 119</span><br /> -Cambacérès, Second Consul, later Duke<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Parma, Jean Jacques Régis de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 259, 282; iii. 21, 54, 63, 75;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 409</span><br /> -Cambacérès, Marie Jean Pierre Hubert<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, ii. 259</span><br /> -Camden, William, ii. 80<br /> -Camerarius, Joachim Liebhard, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as, vi. 142</span><br /> -Camoens, Luiz de, i. <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>-<a href="#Page_243">243</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 123; iii. 30, 208, 219, 222,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">237; vi. 86-87, 104, 222</span><br /> -Campan, Jeanne Louise Henriette<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Genest, Dame, v. 296</span><br /> -Campbell, Sir Neil, iii. 78-79, 81<br /> -Campbell, Thomas, ii. 128<br /> -Campbell, Mr. William Bernard, vi. 266<br /> -Campo-Franco, Lucchesi-Palli, Principe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">di, v. 322-323</span><br /> -Camuccini, Vicenzo, iv. 241<br /> -Canaris, Constantine, iv. 119<br /> -Canaris the Younger, iv. 118-119<br /> -Candoles, M. de, v. 244<br /> -Canecaude, M. de, i. <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /> -Cange (see Du Cange)<br /> -Canino, Lucien Bonaparte, Prince of,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 166, 179, 210; iii. 152, 154, 170,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">215; iv. 155-158, 196, 220</span><br /> -Canino, Marie Alexandrine Charlotte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louise Laurence de Bleschamp,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Princess of, ii. 166</span><br /> -Canning, George, i. <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a>-<a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 68-69, 79, 92-93, 128; iv. 70,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73, 82, 89, 92, 96, 128, 217-218,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">266; v. 57, 145, 180-181; vi. 45, 252</span><br /> -Canning, Joan Scott, Mrs., ii. 79<br /> -Canova, Antonio, i. <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">224, 248; iv. 75, 162, 180-182, 220,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">238; vi. 57-58, 60</span><br /> -Capefigue, Jean Baptiste Honors<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Raymond, iv. 131</span><br /> -Capelan, Abbé, ii. 117<br /> -Capellari (sec Gregory XVI., Pope)<br /> -Capelle, Guillaume Antoine Benoît<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron, iii. 129, 141; v. 88,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">378-379, 422</span><br /> -Capello, General Vittorio, vi. 48<br /> -Capet, Hugh (see Hugh Capet, King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of France)</span><br /> -Capodistrias, Giovanni Anton Count, i. <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a><br /> -Capponi, Gino Alessandro Giuseppe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gaspardo Marchese, v. 25</span><br /> -Capua, Charles Ferdinand Prince of, v. 323<br /> -Caractacus King of Britain, ii. 129<br /> -Caraffa, Bishop of Chieti, Giovanni<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pietro, ii. 159</span><br /> -Caraman, Victor Louis Charles de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Riquet de Caraman, Marquis, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, i. <a href="#Page_185">185</a>; iv. 91, 102; v. 123</span><br /> -Caraman, Georges Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_185">185</a><br /> -Carracci, Agostino, iv. 225, 236<br /> -Carracci, Annibale, iv. 225, 236<br /> -Carracci, Lodovico, iv. 225<br /> -Carbon, Flins des Oliviers (see Flins<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">des Oliviers)</span><br /> -Carignan, Charles Emanuel Ferdinand<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince of Savoy, v. 322</span><br /> -Carignan, Maria Cristina Albertina<br /> -Carlotta of Saxe-Courlande, Princess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Savoy, v. 322</span><br /> -Carignan, Louis Victor Prince of Savoy,<br /> -Carignan, Count of Villafranca, Eugène<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince of Savoy, i. <a href="#Page_51">51</a></span><br /> -Carignan, Charles Albert Prince of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Savoy (see Charles Albert, King of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sardinia)</span><br /> -Carignan, Élisabeth Anne Princesse de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Savoie (see Boisgarein)</span><br /> -Carignan (see also Eugène)<br /> -Carline, Marie Gabrielle Malagrida,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame Nivelon, known as, i. <a href="#Page_173">173</a></span><br /> -Carlskron (see Dumont)<br /> -Carlyle, Thomas, v. 381<br /> -Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. 100, 153, 167-169</span><br /> -Caroline of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">-Augustenburg, Queen of Denmark and Norway, iv. 79</span><br /> -Caroline of Brunswick, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England, i, 188; ii. 142-143</span><br /> -Caroline of Hesse-Darmstadt, Land-gravine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Hesse-Homburg, iv. 49</span><br /> -Caroline of Hesse-Darmstadt, Duchess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, iv. 41</span><br /> -Caroline Bonaparte, Queen of Naples,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 25; iii. 144; iv. 184-185,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">189-196, 198, 201, 203</span><br /> -Carolsfeld, (see Schnorr von Carolsfeld)<br /> -Caron, Colonel Augustin Joseph, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">211; vi. 159</span><br /> -Caron de Beaumarchais (see Beaumarchais)<br /> -Carrel, Nicolas Armand, v. 82-83, 96,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">105, 206-208, 291; vi. 25, 42,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">162-171, 215</span><br /> -Carrel the Elder, M., vi. 168-169<br /> -Carrel, Dame, vi. 168<br /> -Carrel the Younger, M., vi. 168<br /> -Carrel, Nathalie, vi. 168, 170<br /> -Carrio, Señor, vi. 72<br /> -Cartier, Jacques, i. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a><br /> -Cary, Henry Francis, iv. 226; v. 66; vi. 61<br /> -Casimir-Périer (see Périer)<br /> -Cassiodorus, Magnus Aurelius, iv. 227; vi. 157<br /> -Castelbajac, Marie Barthélemy Vicomte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. <a href="#Page_97">97</a>; iv. 16</span><br /> -Castellani, Giulio Cesare, iv. 245<br /> -Castellani, Leonora Baroni, Signora, iv. 245<br /> -Castelnau, Seigneur de La Mauvissière,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Michel de, i. <a href="#Page_212">212</a></span><br /> -Castiglione, Pierre François Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Augereau, Maréchal Duc de, iii. 49,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">80; v. 227; vi. 139</span><br /> -Castiglioni (see Pius VIII., Pope)<br /> -Castlereagh (see Londonderry)<br /> -Castries, Madame de, iv. 285<br /> -Castro, Inez de, vi. 24-25<br /> -Castro, João de, v. 380<br /> -Cathcart, William Schaw first Earl, iii. 49<br /> -Cathcart, Charles ninth Lord, i. <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br /> -Cathelineau, General Jacques, ii. 107,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">109; v. 245</span><br /> -Catherine de' Medici, Queen of France, v. 84<br /> -Catherine I. Empress of All the Russias, vi. 101<br /> -Catherine II. Empress of All the Russias,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_132">132</a>; ii. 197, 289; vi. 101</span><br /> -Catherine of Wurtemberg, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Westphalia, iii. 64, 86, 200</span><br /> -Catiline, Lucius Sergius Catilina, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 215, 221</span><br /> -Cato Uticensis, Marcus Porcius, ii. 79,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">331; iv. 246; v. 336, 394</span><br /> -Catullus, Caius Valerius, i. <a href="#Page_162">162</a>; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">114; vi. 79</span><br /> -Cauchie, Dame, i. <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> -Cauchie, Anne, i. <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> -Cauchois-Lemaire, Louis François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Auguste, v. 95, 126</span><br /> -Caud, Jacques Louis René Chevalier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>; ii. 176</span><br /> -Caud, Lucile Angélique de Chateaubriand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, i. <a href="#Page_xvi">xvi</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>-<a href="#Page_79">79</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_81">81</a>-<a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>-<a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>-<a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>-<a href="#Page_112">112</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>-<a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>; ii. 4, 6, 7, 9, 27, 82, 103,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">146, 175-177, 226-229, 231-232,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">239, 302, 311-319; v. 258; vi. 128-129</span><br /> -Caulaincourt (see Vicence)<br /> -Caumont de La Force (see La Force)<br /> -Caux, Roger Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>; iv. 33<br /> -Caux, Louis Victor Vicomte de, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">138; v. 120</span><br /> -Cavaignac, General Eugène Louis, v. 141<br /> -Cavaignac, Éléonore Louis Godefroy, v. 140-141<br /> -Cavaignac, Jean Baptiste, v. 140-141<br /> -Cayet, Pierre Victoire Palma, v. 140<br /> -Cayla, Zoé Victoire Talon du Boullay<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thierry, Comtesse de, iv. 9-10</span><br /> -Cazales, Jacques Antoine Marie de, iv. 6<br /> -Cazes (see Decazes)<br /> -Cazotte, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_179">179</a>; ii. 56<br /> -Ceccaldi (see Colonna-Ceccaldi)<br /> -Celestine V., Pope, ii. 200<br /> -"Célestine," vi. 171<br /> -Cellamare, Antonio Giudicce, Duca di<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Giovenazza, Principe di, vi. 200</span><br /> -Celles, Antoine Philippe Fiacre Ghislain<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Visscher, Comte de, iv. 237; v. 37</span><br /> -Celles, née de Valence, Comtesse de, iv. 237<br /> -Celles, Demoiselles de, iv. 237<br /> -Cellini, Benvenuto, iv. 181, 239<br /> -Cels, the nursery-gardener, v. 318<br /> -Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de, i. <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_151">151</a>; iv. 232; v. 263, 351; vi. 222</span><br /> -Cesarotti, Melchiore, iii. 214; vi. 79<br /> -Cessac, Jean Girard Lacuee, Comte de, vi. 184<br /> -Chabot, François, iv. 4<br /> -Chabot (see also Rohan-Chabot)<br /> -Chabrol-Croussol, André Jean Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 134-135, 138-139; v. 72, 81,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">88, 94</span><br /> -Chabrol-Volvic, Gilbert Joseph Gaspar,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, v. 94, 100, 112</span><br /> -Chafner, Major, i. <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a><br /> -Chalais (see Talleyrand-Chalais)<br /> -Chalais-Périgord, née de Beauvilliers<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saint-Aignan, Princesse de, vi. 243-246</span><br /> -Chalas, Prosper, v. 96<br /> -Chalmel, Abbé Jean François, i. <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> -Chalotais (see La Chalotais)<br /> -Chambolle, François Adolphe, v. 95<br /> -Chambord, Comte de, pseud. (see Henry<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">V. King of France and Navarre)</span><br /> -Chambord, Comtesse de, pseud, (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marie-Thérèse of Modena, Queen of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France)</span><br /> -Chamfort, Sébastien Roch Nicolas,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, i. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>-<a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_178">178</a>; ii. 27, 102</span><br /> -Chamisso, Charles de, iv. 40<br /> -Chamisso, Hippolyte de, iv. 40<br /> -Chamisso, Louis Charles Adélaïde de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chamisso de Boncourt, known as</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adelbert von, iv. 39-40</span><br /> -Champagny, Vicomte de, v. 94<br /> -Champcenetz, Louis Chevalier de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_175">175</a>-<a href="#Page_176">176</a>; ii. 80; v. 267</span><br /> -Champion de Cicé, Vicomte de, i. <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /> -Champlain, Samuel, i. <a href="#Page_232">232</a><br /> -Champlatreux (see Molé de Champlatreux)<br /> -Champmeslé, Marie Desmare, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as Mademoiselle, ii. 179</span><br /> -Champollion, Jean François, vi. 223<br /> -Champollion Figeac, Jean Jacques, v. 86<br /> -Chantelauze, Jean Claude Balthazar<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Victor de, v. 88, 90, 189, 422</span><br /> -Chanteloup, Jean Antoine Chaptal,<br /> -Comte de, ii. 188, 309<br /> -Chapelier (see Le Chapelier)<br /> -Chapelle, Claude Emmanuel Luillier, ii. 207<br /> -Chappe, Claude, iii. 112<br /> -Chappe, Ignace Urbain, iii. 112<br /> -Chaptal (see Chanteloup)<br /> -Chardel, Casimir Marie Marcellin<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pierre Célestin, v. 96, 115</span><br /> -Charette de La Contrie, François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Athanase, i. <a href="#Page_154">154</a>; ii. 109; v. 245</span><br /> -Charlemagne (see Charles I. King of France)<br /> -Charles Cardinal Count Borromeo,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Milan, Saint, iv. 223;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 230; vi. 193</span><br /> -Charles the Hammer, Duke of Austrasia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 338; iv. 109, 263</span><br /> -Charles of Blois, Duke of Brittany, i.<br /> -Charles Duke of Burgundy, ii. 32; iii. 153, 181<br /> -Charles IV. King of Bohemia, the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emperor, v. 388, 410-411</span><br /> -Charles V., the Emperor, i. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>; ii. 74,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">121; iii. 126-127, 158; iv. 239; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">14, 84, 400</span><br /> -Charles VI., the Emperor, ii. 78; iv. 246<br /> -Charles I. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland, i. <a href="#Page_187">187</a>; ii. 18, 39, 73,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">124; iii. 93, 104, 127; iv. 82, 84,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">124, 251-252; v. 115, 137, 178,255,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">295</span><br /> -Charles II. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland, i. <a href="#Page_189">189</a>; ii. 137, 140;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 93; v. 50</span><br /> -Charles III. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland, ii. 202; iv. 249-252;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 372-373: vi. 101, 201</span><br /> -Charles IV. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland (see Charles Emanuel</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">IV. King of Sardinia)</span><br /> -Charles I. King of France, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charlemagne, the Emperor, i. <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 32-33, 63; iii. 205, 228; iv. 50,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">170, 227, 264; v. 11, 65, 196, 337,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">376; vi. 195-196</span><br /> -Charles II. King of France and III.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emperor of the Romans, v. 297</span><br /> -Charles V. King of France, ii. 108;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 27, 140, 196</span><br /> -Charles VI. King of France, ii. 201;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 378; vi. 10, 140, 196</span><br /> -Charles VII. King of France, ii. 108;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 108; v. 378; vi. 133, 196</span><br /> -Charles VIII. King of France, i. <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 227; vi. 196</span><br /> -Charles IX. King of France, i. <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>; ii. 18; iii. 30, 33; v. 49,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">104, 137; vi. 82</span><br /> -Charles X. King of France and Navarre,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>; ii. 4-5, 16,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">22, 34, 40, 54, 63, 79, 101, 103, 107,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">255, 259; iii. 55, 76-77, 89, 94,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">98-99, 112, 119, 136, 140-141, 155-156,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">159, 161, 166, 171, 176, 178, 184,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">188, 227; iv. 8, 14, 16, 21, 44,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">61-62, 96-97, 103, 106-112, 117, 120,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">124, 130-141, 161, 252, 280, 290-291,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">293, 296, 302, 304; v. 6, 8, 17-18,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">20-21, 23, 30-32, 34-36, 40, 47-48,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">67-69, 74-78, 84, 86-97, 99-100,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">103-104, 106-108, 110-111, 114,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">116-118, 121-123, 127-128, 130-131,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">133, 135, 138, 143-157, 160, 164-165,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">168-170, 173-177, 180, 188, 191-192,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">194, 209-211, 220, 222, 226-228, 235,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">238-239, 260, 268, 271, 307, 321-322,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">327, 336, 339-340, 342-343, 349,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">357-362, 364-375, 378 379, 383-387,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">390-391, 393-396, 398-399, 402,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">404-405, 408, 415, 421-426; vi. 23,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">26, 34-35, 45, 62, 99, 101, 115-118,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">120, 128-141, 149, 151, 165, 191, 195,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">197, 229-234, 238, 242-246</span><br /> -Charles XI. King of France and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre (see Charles VII. King of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spain)</span><br /> -Charles II. Grand-Duke of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mecklenburg-Strelitz, iv. 33</span><br /> -Charles II. Duke of Parma, Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis de Bourbon, Duke of Lucca,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later, iv. 224</span><br /> -Charles III. Duke of Parma, iv. 224;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 361; vi. 254</span><br /> -Charles I. King of Spain (see Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">V., the Emperor)</span><br /> -Charles III. King of Spain and IV. of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Two Sicilies, iv. 58; v. 51; vi. 202</span><br /> -Charles IV. King of Spain, i. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">257-258; iii. 191; iv. 236; v. 74</span><br /> -Charles V. King of Spain, iii. 221; v. 75<br /> -Charles VII. King of Spain and XI.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of France and Navarre, ii. 279</span><br /> -Charles IV. King of the Two Sicilies<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see Charles III. King of Spain)</span><br /> -Charles XI. King of Sweden, v. 51<br /> -Charles XIII. King of Sweden, ii. 257; iii. 46<br /> -Charles XIV. John King of Sweden<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Norway, ii. 257; iii. 46, 102,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">127, 144, 181, 162-167, 202, 208,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">220; v. 144</span><br /> -Charles I. King of Wurtemberg, v. 322<br /> -Charles of Prussia, Prince, iv. 33, 271<br /> -Charles Albert King of Sardinia, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">54; v. 38, 322</span><br /> -Charles Edward Stuart, Prince (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles III. King of England, Scotland</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland)</span><br /> -Charles Emanuel I. King of Sardinia, iii. 27<br /> -Charles Emanuel II. King of Sardinia, i. <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /> -Charles Emanuel III. King of Sardinia, iv. 251<br /> -Charles Emanuel IV. King of Sardinia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de jure Charles IV. King of England,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scotland and Ireland, ii. 221; iv. 242, 251</span><br /> -Charles Felix King of Sardinia, iv. 54,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">251; v. 38; vi. 45</span><br /> -Charles Frederic Elector, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grand-duke of Baden, ii. 280; iii. 73</span><br /> -Charles Frederic Augustus of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prince, iv. 164</span><br /> -Charles Frederic William, Duke of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brunswick-Lüneburg, ii. 33-34; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">162, 164; v. 127</span><br /> -Charles Louis, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 258; iii. 60</span><br /> -Charlevoix, Père Pierre François Xavier<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. <a href="#Page_232">232</a>-<a href="#Page_233">233</a></span><br /> -Charlotte Princess Royal of England,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 142; vi. 118</span><br /> -Charlotte of Prussia, Princess (see Alexandra<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Feodorowna Empress of Russia)</span><br /> -Charlotte Mademoiselle de Valois,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchess of Modena, v. 230</span><br /> -Charrière, Isabelle Agnes van Tujil,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de Sainte-Hyacinthe de, iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">107, 121-122</span><br /> -Charras, Jean Baptiste Adolphe, v. 107<br /> -Chartier, Alain, ii. 201<br /> -Chartier, Jean, vi. 133<br /> -Chassé, David Hendrik Baron, v. 94<br /> -Chastenay, Dame de, i. <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>-<a href="#Page_105">105</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_112">112</a>; ii. 44; iii. 8</span><br /> -Chastenay-Lanty, Louise Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Victorine Comtesse de, ii. 169</span><br /> -Chateau-d'Assie, Michel Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Locquet, Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_108">108</a></span><br /> -Chateaubourg, Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /> -Chateaubourg, Paul François de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Celle, Vicomte, later Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_104">104</a>-<a href="#Page_105">105</a></span><br /> -Chateaubourg, Bénigne Jeanne de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chateaubriand, Comtesse de Québriac,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Vicomtesse, later Comtesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_150">150</a>; ii. 319</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Geoffrey I. Baron of, i. <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> -Chateaubriand, Sybil Baroness of, i. <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> -Chateaubriand, Geoffrey IV. Baron of, i. <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /> -Chateaubriand, Geoffrey V. Baron of, i. <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> -Chateaubriand, ninth Baron of, i. <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> -Chateaubriand, François Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-<a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> -Chateaubriand, Geoffroy Louis Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>-<a href="#Page_83">83</a>; ii. 295-296, 319,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">333; iii. 126; v. 64-65, 154, 269;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 253, 261-263</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Henriette Félicité Zélie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Orglandes, Comtesse de, i. <a href="#Page_8">8</a>; ii. 296</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Jean Baptiste Auguste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_6">6</a>-<a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>-<a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>-<a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>-<a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>-<a href="#Page_112">112</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>-<a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>; ii. 3, 22-23, 27-32, 60, 62,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">65, 81-84, 146, 294-295; iii. 31, 125;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 64, 304, 309; vi. 24</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Aline Thérèse Le<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pelletier de Rosanbo, Comtesse de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>; ii. 23, 49,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">83-84: v. 64</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Louis Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /> -Chateaubriand, René Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_8">8</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>-<a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>-<a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>-<a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_46">46</a>-<a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>-<a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-<a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_93">93</a>-<a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>-<a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>; ii. 131, 176;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 65, 377; vi. 200</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Apolline Jeanne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Suzanne de Bedée, Comtesse de, i. <a href="#Page_14">14</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_18">18</a>-<a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>-<a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_60">60</a>-<a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>-<a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>-<a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>-<a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>-<a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>-<a href="#Page_148">148</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_182">182</a>; ii. 4, 60, 65, 82, 84-85, 114-116,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">120, 146, 176, 318; v. 65, 152; vi. 66</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Françoise de Foix,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, i. <a href="#Page_120">120</a>; iv. 228</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Pétronille Claude<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lamour de Lanjégu, Comtesse de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 11-<a href="#Page_13">13</a></span><br /> -Chateaubriand, François René Chevalier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Vicomte de, passim</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Céleste Buisson de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vigne, Vicomtesse de, i. <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 5-9, 24, 27,82, 85, 146, 171,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">175-176, 213, 236, 248-249, 252,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">299-300, 302, 310, 317, 319; iii. 3, 5-7,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21, 39, 51-53, 99, 123-126, 129-130,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">134-136, 140, 161, 176, 178; iv. 63,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">90, 106-107, 120, 221, 223-224,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">230-231, 233, 285, 287, 296; v. 69-70,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">75, 93, 201, 205, 209, 234, 249,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">251-253, 256, 258, 264, 267, 270, 290,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">297-299, 313, 316-317, 359, 570; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">97-98, 130, 137, 145, 258, 260, 262</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Amaury de, i. <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> -Chateaubriand, Armand Louis de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>; ii. 34, 40, 50, 64; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">12-18, 142; iv. 176</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Brien de, i. <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> -Chateaubriand, Christian de, i. <a href="#Page_8">8</a>; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">23, 295, 319; iii. 126; v. 63-65,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">326; vi. 253</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, François Henri de, i. <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> -Chateaubriand, Frédéric de, i. <a href="#Page_109">109</a>; ii. 64<br /> -Chateaubriand, Geoffroy de, i. <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /> -Chateaubriand, Lord of Beaufort,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guillaume de, i. <a href="#Page_43">43</a></span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Guy of, i. <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> -Chateaubriand, Michel de, i. <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> -Chateaubriand, Pierre de, i. <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br /> -Chateaubriand, Thiern de, i. <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> -Chateaubriand, Bénigne Jeanne de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see Chateaubourg)</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Charlotte of (see Croï)<br /> -Chateaubriand, Claude Dame de, vi. 173<br /> -Chateaubriand, Julie Marie Agathe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see Farcy)</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Lucile de (see Caud)<br /> -Chateaubriand, Margaret of (see Rohan)<br /> -Chateaubriand, Marie Anne Françoise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de (see Marigny)</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Marie Jeanne Therèse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brignon de Laher, Dame de, i. <a href="#Page_13">13</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>-<a href="#Page_16">16</a></span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Jeanne de, ii. 64<br /> -Chateaubriand, Jeanne Le Brun, Dame<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 64; iii. 12</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Joan of, i. <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> -Chateaubriand de La Guerrande, Abbé<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Hilaire de, i. <a href="#Page_59">59</a></span><br /> -Chateaubriand de La Guerrande, Alexis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. <a href="#Page_11">11</a></span><br /> -Chateaubriand de La Guerrande,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Christophe II. de, i. <a href="#Page_6">6</a>-<a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></span><br /> -Chateaubriand du Parc, Joseph, i. <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> -Chateaubriand du Plessis, Pierre Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne, i. <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-<a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></span><br /> -Chateaubriand du Plessis-Bertrand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brien de, i. <a href="#Page_9">9</a></span><br /> -Chateaubriand and Chantocé, Giles of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brittany, Lord of, i. <a href="#Page_25">25</a></span><br /> -Chateaugiron, Abbé de, i. <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> -Châteauroux, Marie Anne de Mailly-Nesle,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise de La Tournelle,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Duchesse de, ii. 297-298; vi. 201</span><br /> -Châtel, Jean, v. 401<br /> -Châtelain, René Theophile, v. 95<br /> -Châtelet (see Du Châtelet)<br /> -Chatham, William Pitt, first Earl of,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 73, 146</span><br /> -Châtillon, Henri de, iii. 138<br /> -Châtillon (see also Godet de Châtillon)<br /> -Chaulieu, Guillaume Anfrie, Abbé de, vi. 211<br /> -Chaulnes, M. de, i. <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br /> -Chaumette, Pierre Gaspard, ii. 16<br /> -Chauvin, Pierre, iv. 297<br /> -Chauvin, Demoiselle, iv. 297<br /> -Cheftel, Dr, i. <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br /> -Cheftel the Younger, M., i. <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br /> -Chênedollé, Charles Lioult de, ii. 167,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">171-173, 176, 227, 239, 312, 318</span><br /> -Chénier, André Marie de, i. <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 234; iii. 31, 35; iv. 152; vi. 161</span><br /> -Chénier, Marie Joseph de, i. <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 17, 105; iii. 18, 20-22, 25-26,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">31-33, 35, 68-69; vi. 187</span><br /> -Cheops, or Khufu, King of Egypt, v. 244<br /> -Chérin, Bernard, i. <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> -Chevalier, Michel, v. 126, 137<br /> -Chevalier (see also Poncelet)<br /> -Chéverus, Bishop of Boston, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bishop of Montauban, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Bordeaux, Jean Louis</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne Madeleine Lefébure, Cardinal</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iv. 139</span><br /> -Chevreuse, Claude de Lorraine, Duc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 172</span><br /> -Chevreuse, Marie de Rohan-Montbazon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de Luynes, later Duchesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 172</span><br /> -Chevreuse, Duc de, iv. 178<br /> -Chevreuse, née Norbonne-Pelet,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, iv. 178-179</span><br /> -Chevet, the restaurateur, v. 311<br /> -Chiabrera, Gabriello, vi. 48<br /> -Child, Robert, i. <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br /> -Chilperic I. King of the Franks, i. <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> -Choderdos de Laclos (see Laclos)<br /> -Choiseul et d'Amboise, Étienne François<br /> -Comte de Stainville, later Duc de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 50-51; vi. 28, 202</span><br /> -Choiseul-Gouffier, Marie Gabriel<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Florent Auguste Comte de, iii. 123</span><br /> -Choiseul-Praslin (see Praslin)<br /> -Choiseul-Stainville, Claude Antoine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gabriel, Duc de, i. <a href="#Page_176">176</a>; ii. 9; v. 94, 112</span><br /> -Choiseul-Stainville, Duchesse de, ii. 9<br /> -Chopin, J., v. 263<br /> -Choulot, Paul Comte de, v. 322<br /> -Christian VIII. King of Denmark and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Norway, iv. 79</span><br /> -Christian IX. King of Denmark, iv. 118<br /> -Christina Queen of Sweden, i. <a href="#Page_75">75</a>; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">192; iii. 22; v. 14, 51</span><br /> -Christophe, King of Hayti, Henri,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 71; v. 205, 412</span><br /> -Christopher, Saint, vi. 64<br /> -Chotek, Karl Count von, v. 340-343,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">352-353, 365, 381-382, 391; vi. 36, 139</span><br /> -Chotek, Countess von, v. 381; vi. 139<br /> -Chotkowa and Wognin, Johann Rudolf<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count von, v. 382</span><br /> -Cicé (see Boisgelin de Cicé and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Champion de Cicé)</span><br /> -Cicéri, Pierre Luc Charles, vi. 48<br /> -Cicero, Marcus Tullius, ii. 81, 129,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">132, 201; iii. 28; v. 56, 161, 341;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 47, 237</span><br /> -Cicognara, Leopolde Conte, vi. 52, 58<br /> -Cid Campeador, the (see Diaz de Bivar)<br /> -Cimarosa, Domenico, i. <a href="#Page_225">225</a>; iv. 185<br /> -Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius, i. <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 228</span><br /> -Cintio, Cardinal, vi. 90-91<br /> -Cisher, iv. 170<br /> -Clanwilliam, Richard Meade, second<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earl of, iv. 72</span><br /> -Clanwilliam, Richard Charles Francis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Meade, third Earl of, iv. 72-73, 89</span><br /> -Clanwilliam, Caroline Thun, Countess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, iv. 72</span><br /> -Clancarty, Marquis of Heusden,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard Le Poer Trench, second</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earl of, iii. 145</span><br /> -Clarence, Lionel Duke of, iii. 138<br /> -Clarendon, Edward Hyde, first Earl<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, v. 57</span><br /> -Clarke, Captain Edward, ii. 319-320<br /> -Clarke, Mary Anne Thompson, Mrs, ii. 68<br /> -Clary; Colonel, iv. 199<br /> -Claude Duchess of Brittany, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France, i. <a href="#Page_141">141</a></span><br /> -Claudius, the Emperor, ii. 258<br /> -Claudius Crassus, Appius, iii 51<br /> -Clausel de Cousserques, Jean Claude,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 252, 319; iii. 3-4, 51, 123; v. 70</span><br /> -Clausel de Montals, Bishop of Chartres,<br /> -Claude Hippolyte, iii. 9-10<br /> -Clavel (sec Saint-Huberti)<br /> -Clavius, Christopher, vi. 142<br /> -Clémence de Bourges (see Bourges)<br /> -Clement, Saint, i. <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> -Clement of Alexandria, Saint, i. <a href="#Page_231">231</a><br /> -Clement IV. Pope, v. 12<br /> -Clement V., Pope, i. <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> -Clement VIII., Pope. vi. 88-90<br /> -Clement XII., Pope, v, 14-15<br /> -Clement XIII., Pope, ii. 180<br /> -Clement XIV., Pope, v. 373<br /> -Clement VII., Anti-pope (see Robert of Geneva)<br /> -Clément, Jacques, ii. 18<br /> -Clementina of Austria, Queen of the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">two Sicilies, v. 74; vi. 114</span><br /> -Cleopatra Queen of Egypt, ii. 122; iv. 247<br /> -Clerfayt, François Sébastien Charles<br /> -Joseph de Croix, Comte de, ii. 147<br /> -Clermont-Tonnerre, Bishop of Châlons,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Archbishop of Toulouse, Anne</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antoine Jules Cardinal Duc de, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">214, 222, 247; iv. 304; v. 27-28,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">32-33, 41</span><br /> -Clermont-Tonnere, Aimé Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gaspard Marquis, later Duc de, iv. 62,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">135, 138</span><br /> -Clermont-Tonnerre, Stanislas Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adélaïde Comte de, ii. 194</span><br /> -Clermont-Tonnerre (see also Talaru)<br /> -Clery, Jean Baptiste Cant Havet, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">106-107</span><br /> -Clinchamp de Malfilatre (see Malfilatre)<br /> -Clisson, Olivier de, i. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> -Clive of Plassey, Robert first Lord, vi. 202<br /> -Clodion King of the Franks, i. <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 139; iv. 109</span><br /> -Clodoald, Saint, v. 404<br /> -Clodomir King of Orleans, v. 404<br /> -Clorivière (see Limoëlan de Clorivière)<br /> -Clotaire I. King of the Franks, i. <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> -Clotilda Queen of the Franks, Saint,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 303</span><br /> -Cloud (see Clodoald)<br /> -Clovis I. King of the Franks, i. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 29, 303; iii. 131, 139, 224; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">108-109, 112; v. 142, 196, 279, 404;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 172, 195-196</span><br /> -Cobbett, William, v. 399<br /> -Cockburn, Admiral Sir George, iii. 210<br /> -Coëtlogon, M. de. i. <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br /> -Cogni, the baker, vi. 71<br /> -Cogni, surnamed the Fornarina,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Margherita, vi. 71-74, 76</span><br /> -Coigneux de Bachaumont (see Bachaumont)<br /> -Coigny, Marie Henri François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Franquetot, Duc de, i. <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></span><br /> -Coislin, Charles Georges René de<br /> -Cambout, Marquis de, ii. 297<br /> -Coislin, later Duchesse de Mailly,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marie Anne Louise Adélaïde de</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mailly, Marquise de, ii. 170,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">297-302; iii. 5</span><br /> -Cokayne, Clarenceux King-of-Arms,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. George Edward, iv. 251</span><br /> -Colbert, Jean Baptiste, i. <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">205; iv. 89, 127</span><br /> -Colbert de Maulevrier, Édouard Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Victornien Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_72">72</a></span><br /> -Colbert-Montboissier, Comtesse de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_72">72</a>; v. 290-291</span><br /> -Colburn, Henry, i. <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a><br /> -Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, ii. 128<br /> -Colet, Louise Revoil, Dame, vi. 174<br /> -Coligny, Gaspard de Châtillon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Amiral Sire de, i. <a href="#Page_168">168</a></span><br /> -Collard (see Royer-Collard)<br /> -Collinet, the band-master, ii. 143; iv. 71<br /> -Collot d'Herbois, Jean Marie, ii. 18<br /> -Colonna, Sciarra, v. 48<br /> -Colonna-Ceccaldi, Mayor of Vescovato, iv. 196<br /> -Colonna di Palestrina (see Palestrina)<br /> -Columbus, Christopher, i. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>-<a href="#Page_196">196</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 217; iii. 209; v. 335; vi. 44, 119</span><br /> -Combourg, Comte de (see Chateaubriand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">René Comte de)</span><br /> -Combourg, Rivallon, Lord of, i. <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> -Comines, Philippe de, vi. 47, 49<br /> -Compignano, Countess of (see Élisa<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grand-duchess of Tuscany)</span><br /> -Concini (see d'Ancre)<br /> -Condé, Henri II. Prince de, ii. 152<br /> -Condé, Charlotte Marguerite de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Montmorency, Princesse de, ii. 152; vi. 77</span><br /> -Condé, Louis II. Prince de, i. <a href="#Page_77">77</a>; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">40, 51, 151, 271, 273, 278-279, 290,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">292; iii. 18, 27, 227; iv. 198; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">403; vi. 19, 77, 167</span><br /> -Condé, Louis V. Prince de, i. <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_160">160</a>; ii. 4, 54, no, 171, 255, 259,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">263, 275, 292-293; iii. 29, 55; 117,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">124-125; v. 162, 297</span><br /> -Condé, Louise d'Orléans, Princesse de, i. <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> -Condé, Louis VI. Duc de Bourbon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Prince de, i. <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>; ii. 48,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">110-111, 255, 259, 263, 279, 293;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 117, 119; iv. 8</span><br /> -Condé, Louise d'Orléans, Duchesse de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bourbon, later Princesse de, ii. 279</span><br /> -Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Caritat, Marquis de, i. <a href="#Page_136">136</a>; ii. 180</span><br /> -Conégliano, Bon Adrien Jeannot<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moncey, Maréchal Duc de, iii. 90, 155;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 109</span><br /> -Congreve,William, iv. 80<br /> -Connell, Mr. Conal Holmes O'Connell<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">O'Riordan, known as F. Norreys,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 266</span><br /> -Consalvi, Ercole Cardinal, ii. 220,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">230; vi. 47</span><br /> -Constant, M. de, v. 200, 202<br /> -Constant, Madame de, v. 200<br /> -Constant, Mademoiselle de, v. 202<br /> -Constant de Rebecque, Henri<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin, ii. 187, 275; iii. 68-69,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">114-115, 122, 144, 166, 168; iv. 129,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">145, 149-153, 165-166, 201-204, 208,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">211-213, 218, 220, 264; v. 118,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">138-139, 200, 202; vi. 5</span><br /> -Constantine I., the Emperor, ii. 188;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 206; iv. 235; v. 196</span><br /> -Constantine of Russia, Grand-duke, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_99">99</a>; iv. 281</span><br /> -Constantius I., the Emperor, iii. 206<br /> -Constantius III., the Emperor, iii. 47, 227<br /> -Contades, Louis Georges Erasme Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, i. <a href="#Page_16">16</a></span><br /> -Contat, Dame de Parny, Mademoiselle,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></span><br /> -Contencin, A. de, ii. 83<br /> -Conyngham, Henry first Marquess, i. <a href="#Page_236">236</a><br /> -Conyngham, Elizabeth Dennison,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marchioness, i. <a href="#Page_236">236</a>; ii. 298; iv. 73, 79, 85</span><br /> -Conyngham, Hon. Francis Nathaniel<br /> -Conyngham, later second Marquess,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_236">236</a></span><br /> -Cook, Captain James, i. <a href="#Page_69">69</a>; ii. 319-320;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 40; vi. 222</span><br /> -Cooper, James Fenimore, i. <a href="#Page_254">254</a><br /> -Copernicus, v. 327<br /> -Coppens, M., iii. 134<br /> -Coppinger, M., iv. 67<br /> -Coquereau, Abbé Félix, iii. 226<br /> -Corbière, Jacques Joseph Guillaume<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François Pierre Comte de, iv. 14-16,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">26-30, 51, 59, 61-62, 99-101, 132,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">135, 138; v. 87</span><br /> -Corbigny, M., vi. 176<br /> -Corday, Marie Anne Charlotte Corday<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Armans, known as Charlotte, ii. 225</span><br /> -Corinna, vi. 172<br /> -Cordonnier (see Saint-Hyacinthe)<br /> -Corentin, Bishop of Quimper, Saint, i. <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /> -Corinna, iv. 34<br /> -Coriolanus, Cnæus Marcius, ii. 122<br /> -Corné, Marquis de, i. <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /> -Corneille, Pierre, i. <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>; ii. 178,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">205, 261; iii. 33</span><br /> -Cornelius, Peter von, iv. 240<br /> -Cornwallis, Charles first Marquess, i. <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a><br /> -Coronini, Count, v. 358<br /> -Cortois de Pressigny, Bishop of Saint-Malo,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Archbishop of Besançon,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gabriel Comte, i. <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></span><br /> -Cortois de Quincey, Abbé, v. 15<br /> -Corvaisier, Julien, i. <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> -Cosmo I. Grand-duke of Tuscany, iv. 239<br /> -Cossé-Brissac, Charles Maréchal Comte,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Duc de, iii. 75</span><br /> -Cossé-Brissac, Emmanuel de, v. 244<br /> -Cossé, Comte de, v. 360, 365, 374-375, 404<br /> -Cossé, Comtesse de, v. 374-375, 404-405<br /> -Coste, Jacques, v. 96-97<br /> -Cottens, Madame de, iv. 120<br /> -Cottereau, Jean, vi. 238<br /> -Cottreau, Felix, v. 298<br /> -Coucy, Robert de, ii. 177<br /> -Coudert, Quarter-master Charles, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">208, 211</span><br /> -Coudert, Eugène, iv. 208<br /> -Coudrin, Abbé Pierre Marie Joseph, v. 23-24<br /> -Couëdic, Captain, i. 69; ii. 300<br /> -Couhaillon (see Saint-Germain)<br /> -Coulanges, Philippe Emmanuel<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, iv. 246-247</span><br /> -Couppart, Demoiselles, i. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> -Courcelles, Chevalier de, i. <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> -Courchamp, née Becquet, Madame de, v. 96<br /> -Courier de Méré. Paul Louis, iii. 68<br /> -Courmenin (see Deshayes)<br /> -Courtenay (see Bauffremont-Courtenay)<br /> -Courtois, Edme Bonaventure, iv. 4<br /> -Courtois (see also Cortois de Quincey)<br /> -Courvoisier, Jean Joseph Antoine de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 72, 81, 88</span><br /> -Cousans de Mauléon, Jacques Vincent<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, i. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></span><br /> -Coussergues (see Clausel de Coussergues)<br /> -Cowper, William, ii. 127, 129<br /> -Crabbe, George, ii. 128<br /> -Créqui (see Lesdiguières)<br /> -Cresap, Captain Michael, i. <a href="#Page_253">253</a><br /> -Crétineau-Joly, Jacques Augustin Marie,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 43</span><br /> -Cristaldi, Belisario Cardinal, v. 23<br /> -Croï, Charlotte de Chateaubriand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, i. <a href="#Page_9">9</a></span><br /> -Croker, John Wilson, ii. 128; iv. 82;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 252</span><br /> -Cromwell, Lord Protector of the British<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Commonwealth, Oliver, i. <a href="#Page_169">169</a>; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73; iii. 22-23, 93, 198; iv. 42, 93,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">251; v. 115, 177; vi. 123</span><br /> -Cromwell, Lord Protector of the British<br /> -Commonwealth, Richard, v. 115<br /> -Cronier, Mayor of the 9th Ward of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paris, v. 237</span><br /> -Croussol or Crouzol (see Chabrol-Croussol)<br /> -Crouzas, M. de, iv. 120<br /> -Crowe, Eyre Evans, iv. 3; v. 97<br /> -Croy, Bishop of Strasburg, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Rouen, Gustave Maximilien</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Juste Cardinal Prince de, v. 22-23</span><br /> -Crussol, Alexandre Charles Emmanuel<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bailli de, iii. 183-184</span><br /> -Cucurron Sicard (see Sicard)<br /> -Cujas, Jacques de, ii. 206<br /> -Cujas, Suzanne de, ii. 206<br /> -Cumberland, Duke of (see Ernest I.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of Hanover)</span><br /> -Cumberland, Duchess of (see Frederica<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of Hanover)</span><br /> -Curchod (see Necker)<br /> -Curtius, the showman, ii. 163<br /> -Cussy, Chevalier de, i. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>; iv. 33<br /> -Custine, Amand Louis Philippe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François Marquis de, ii. 192</span><br /> -Custine, Louise Éléonore Mélanie de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sabran, Marquise de, ii. 192-193,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">195; iii. 142; iv. 121, 223; v. 347;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 42</span><br /> -Custine, Astolphe Louis Leonor<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, ii. 193; iv. 78, 121</span><br /> -Custine, née de Saint-Simon de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Courtomer, Marquise de, iv. 121</span><br /> -Custine, Louis Philippe Enguerrand<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 121</span><br /> -Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, Saint, ii. 309<br /> -Cyrano de Bergerac (see Bergerac)<br /> -Czartoriska, Princess, i. <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> -Czelakovsky, Frantisek Ladislav, v. 389<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -D<br /> -<br /> -Dagobert I. King of the Franks, i. <a href="#Page_74">74</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_120">120</a>; ii. 32; iii. 182; iv. 35</span><br /> -Dalayrac, Nicolas, v. 198; vi. 162<br /> -Dalberg, Archbishop-Elector of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mayence, Prince Primate, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grand-duke of Frankfort, Karl Theodor</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anton Maria Prince von, v. 337</span><br /> -Dalberg, Emmerich Joseph Wolfgang<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heribert Duc de, iii. 73; iv. 16</span><br /> -Dalesme, Jean Baptiste Baron, iii. 106-107<br /> -Dallas, Governor of St Helena, iii. 225<br /> -Dallas, Lady, iii. 225<br /> -Dalmatie, Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Duc de, iii. 49, 99, 111-112</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">115-116, 122, 141, 155, 164; iv. 75; v. 303</span><br /> -Damas, Alfred Charles François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gabriel Comte de, v. 374-375</span><br /> -Damas, Anne Hyacinthe Maxence<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron de, iv. 99, 135, 139; v. 80,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">342-343, 361-365, 367, 371-372, 374-375,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">377, 379-380, 382, 415; vi. 29, 138</span><br /> -Damasus I., Pope Saint, v. 11<br /> -Damaze de Raymond, M., iii. 36<br /> -Dambray, Charles Henry Chancelier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 100, 123, 127, 136; iv. 7; v. 28;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 136</span><br /> -Damian, Herr, vi. 142<br /> -Damiens, Robert François, vi. 202<br /> -Dampierre, Marquis de, v. 245<br /> -Damrémont, Charles Marie Denys,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iii. 57</span><br /> -Dandini, Ercole Cardinal, v. 24<br /> -Dandolo, Doge of Venice, Enrico, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">400; vi. 69</span><br /> -Dangeau, Philippe de Courcillon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, iv. 44</span><br /> -Dante Alighieri, i. <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a>-<a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_89">89</a>; ii. 122, 124, 141, 186, 212; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">208, 219; iv. 1, 42-43, 140, 225-228;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 66, 78, 85; vi. 50, 54, 60-61,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">82, 89, 222</span><br /> -Danton, Georges Jacques, ii. 4, 12, 18-21,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">106, 109, 159, 259; iii. 196; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">152; v. 215, 310; vi. 47</span><br /> -Darius III. King of Persia, iii. 149<br /> -Daru, Pierre Antoine Noel Brunot,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. 23-24</span><br /> -Darwin, Charles, ii. 129<br /> -Darwin, Erasmus, ii. 129<br /> -Dasies, Sieur, iii. 86<br /> -Dasté, Dame, iv. 24-25, 59<br /> -Dautancourt, Major, ii. 262-264, 267<br /> -Daunou, Pierre Claude François, v. 96<br /> -David King of Israel, vi. 36, 207, 237<br /> -David II. Bruce, King of Scots, v. 411<br /> -David, Jacques Louis, i. <a href="#Page_189">189</a>; ii. 17,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">158; iii. 7, 211; iv. 162; v. 290</span><br /> -Davout (see d'Auerstädt)<br /> -Dazincourt, the actor, i. <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> -Deane, Silas, ii. 23<br /> -Deboffe, J., ii. 70, 76, 81, 94, 97<br /> -Debrett, John, ii. 97<br /> -De Brosses, Charles Président, iv. 242,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">248-249, 257; v. 14-17, 30</span><br /> -Decazes, Élie, later Duc, i. <a href="#Page_186">186</a>; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">7, 9-11, 13, 23,25-26,63, 68; v. 98,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">161</span><br /> -Decazes, née Muraire, Madame, iv. 10<br /> -Decazes, née de Saint-Aulaire, Duchesse, iv., 10<br /> -Decazes, Élie Baron, i. <a href="#Page_185">185</a><br /> -Decazes the Elder, M., iv. 10-11<br /> -Decius, the Emperor, ii. 309; vi. 64<br /> -Deffant, Marie de Vichy-Chamroud,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise du, ii. 172</span><br /> -Degousée, Marie Anne Joseph, v. 141<br /> -Deguerry, Abbé Gaspard, vi. 262-263<br /> -Dejean, Napoléon Aimé Comte, v. 95<br /> -Delacroix, Charles, vi. 187<br /> -Delacroix, Ferdinand Victor Eugène, vi. 187<br /> -Delarue, M., v. 131<br /> -Delattre, Doctor, ii. 62<br /> -Delaunay, Matthieu, v. 140<br /> -Delaunay-Boisé-Lucas (see Boisé-Lucas)<br /> -Del Drago, Teresia Massimo, Principessa, iv. 256<br /> -Delessert, Jules Paul Benjamin Baron, v. 116, 123<br /> -Delessert, Dame, v. 249<br /> -Delga, M., ii. 276<br /> -Deliège, M., iv. 67<br /> -Delille, Abbé Jacques, i. <a href="#Page_132">132</a>; ii. 102-103,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">118; iii. 27-28, 35</span><br /> -Delille, Dame, ii. 102<br /> -Delisle de Sales, Jean Baptiste Isoard,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, i. <a href="#Page_126">126</a>-<a href="#Page_127">127</a>; ii. 157</span><br /> -Della Gracia (see Lucchesi-Palli)<br /> -Della Marmora, Teresio Cardinal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ferrero, v. 21</span><br /> -Della Somaglia, Bishop of Frascati,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later of Ostia and Velletri, Giulio</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria Cardinal, v. 5-6, 17</span><br /> -Della Villa, Giovanni Battista Manso,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marchese, vi. 91</span><br /> -Delloye, Lieutenant-Colonel H. D., vi. 97-98<br /> -Delphin-Récamier (see Récamier)<br /> -Demangeat, M., v. 266<br /> -Demosthenes, i. <a href="#Page_252">252</a>; ii. 129; iii. 195,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">214; v. 56; vi. 180</span><br /> -Denain, Dame, ii. 294<br /> -Denis, Jean Ferdinand, iii. 21<br /> -Denis, the notary, iv. 12<br /> -Denis, Dame, i. <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> -Dennewitz, Friedrich Wilhelm Bülow,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count von, iii. 162</span><br /> -Denon, Dominique Vivant Baron, iii. 7<br /> -Denys (see Damrémont)<br /> -Deplace, Père Étienne, v. 363<br /> -Desaix de Veygoux, General Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Antoine, ii. 261</span><br /> -Desbrosses, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hall-porter, v. 250</span><br /> -Desclozeaux, M., iii. 104<br /> -Des Escotais, Louis Joseph, i. <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> -Desèze, Raymond Comte, iii. 139<br /> -Desgarcins, Mademoiselle, i. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; ii. 104<br /> -Desgraviers-Marceau (see Marceau)<br /> -Desgranges, M., v. 48<br /> -Deshayes, Baron de Courmenin, Louis, iv. 245<br /> -Deshoulières, Guillaume de Lafon de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boisguérin, Seigneur, vi. 174</span><br /> -Deshoulières, Antoinette du Ligier de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Garde, Dame, vi. 174</span><br /> -Desilles, André, i. <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a><br /> -Désirée Clary, Queen of Sweden, iv. 208-210<br /> -Des Mahir, M., i. <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br /> -Desmarais, Cyprien, v. 240<br /> -Desmarais (see also Régnier-Desmarais)<br /> -Desmare (see Champmeslé)<br /> -Desmarets, Charles, iii. 15<br /> -Desmarets, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> -Desmortiers, Louis Henri, v. 258-260<br /> -Desmoulins, Benoit Camille, i. <a href="#Page_129">129</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_155">155</a>; ii. 17-18, 20-21, 158; v. 215</span><br /> -Desmoulins, Dame, ii. 20<br /> -Desmousseaux de Givré (see Givré)<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">des Nétumières (see Hay des Nétumières)</span><br /> -des Oliviers (see Flins des Oliviers)<br /> -Despagne, the boatman, iii. 14-15<br /> -Desport, Messieurs, ii. 242<br /> -Despréaux (see Boileau-Despréaux)<br /> -Desprès, M., i. <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> -Desprez, Louis, iv. 285-286<br /> -des Réaux (see Taboureau des Réaux<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Tallemant des Réaux)</span><br /> -Desrenaudes, Abbé Martial Borye, iii. 130<br /> -Dessolle, Jean Joseph Paul Augustin<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis, iii. 94</span><br /> -De Stendhal (see Stendhal)<br /> -Determes, P. G. Jules, vi. 142<br /> -Deuteric, ii. 52<br /> -Deutz, Simon, iii. 156; v. 307; vi. 156<br /> -Devienne, Jeanne Françoise Thévenin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as Sophie, ii. 308</span><br /> -Devoise, M., ii. 330<br /> -Devoise, Dame, ii. 330<br /> -Devonshire, William Cavendish, fifth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duke of, iv. 160</span><br /> -Devonshire, Georgiana Spencer, Duchess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, iv. 160-162</span><br /> -De Witt, Cornelis, iii. 88<br /> -De Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jan, iii. 88</span><br /> -Diaz de Bivar, the Cid Campeador,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ruy, i. <a href="#Page_244">244</a>; v. 239; vi. 91</span><br /> -Dickens, Charles, vi. 54<br /> -Diderot, Denis, i. <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>; ii. 85, 180, 197<br /> -Dido Queen of Tyre, ii. 331; iii. 19,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">108; iv. 284; vi. 81, 127, 178, 236</span><br /> -Die, Béatrix Comtesse de, vi. 172<br /> -Diesbach, M. de, vi. 245<br /> -Dighton, John, ii. 75<br /> -Di Gregorio, Emmanuele Cardinal, v. 4-5, 8, 23<br /> -Dillon, Arthur Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> -Dillon, Théobald de, i. <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> -Dillon, Captain, i. <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> -"Dinarzade," ii. 46-47<br /> -Dinelli, Captain, ii. 328<br /> -Dino (see Talleyrand-Périgord)<br /> -Diocletian, the Emperor, iii. 11-12,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">113; v. 58; vi. 189</span><br /> -Diogenes, vi. 180<br /> -Domenichino, Domenico Zampieri,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, v. 26; vi. 17, 89</span><br /> -Dominic Loricatus, Saint, ii. 43<br /> -Domitian, the Emperor, ii. 108; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">299; vi. 104</span><br /> -Donarin (see Le Donarin)<br /> -Donnadieu, Gabriel Vicomte, iii. 139<br /> -Donoughmore, John Hely-Hutchinson,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">third Earl of, iii. 110</span><br /> -Dorat, Claude Joseph, ii. 106<br /> -Doria, Lamba, ii. 66<br /> -Doria, Principessa, iv. 235<br /> -Dorica, the courtezan, vi. 180<br /> -Dorléans, Louis, i. <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /> -Douay (see Merlin de Douay)<br /> -Doudeauville (see La Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville)<br /> -Douglas, Marquess of (sec Hamilton)<br /> -Downshire, Wills Hill, first Marquess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, iv. 161</span><br /> -Dowson, Ernest Christopher, vi. 266<br /> -Drago (see Del Drago)<br /> -Drake, Francis, ii. 259<br /> -Drouet d'Erlon, Jean Baptiste Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. 111</span><br /> -Drouot, Antoine Comte, iii. 84, 169<br /> -Drovetti, M., ii. 327-328<br /> -Druilhet, Père Julien, v. 363<br /> -Dryden, John, ii. 121<br /> -Du Barry, Jeanne Vaubernier, Comtesse,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_177">177</a>; v. 51, 215; vi. 202</span><br /> -Du Bartas, Guillaume de Salluste, vi. 88<br /> -du Bellay (see Bellay)<br /> -Dubochet, M., v. 95<br /> -Dubois, Archbishop of Cambrai,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guillaume Cardinal, vi. 200</span><br /> -Dubois, Paul François, v. 260-261<br /> -Du Bois de La Ferronnière, Marquis, i. <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /> -du Boistelleul (see Boistelleul)<br /> -Du Bourg, iii. 74<br /> -Dubourg-Butler, "General" Frédéric,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 181; v. 112-113, 118-120, 139</span><br /> -Du Cange, Charles Du Fresne,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur, i. <a href="#Page_146">146</a>; iii. 124</span><br /> -Duchatelet, Dame, ii. 84<br /> -Du Châtelet, Gabrielle Émilie Le<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tonnelier de Breteuil, Marquise, vi. 9</span><br /> -Duchesnois, Catherine Joséphine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rafin, known as Mademoiselle, ii. 177</span><br /> -Ducis, Jean François, iii. 29, 68-69; iv. 212<br /> -Duclos, Charles Pineau, i. <a href="#Page_74">74</a>; ii. 180;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 25; iv. 252-253</span><br /> -du Deffant (see Deffant)<br /> -Dudevant, Dame (see Sand, George)<br /> -Dudley, Lord Guildford, ii. 74<br /> -Dufay, Major, v. 110-111<br /> -Dufey, Pierre Joseph Spiridion, v. 55<br /> -Dufougerais, Alfred Xavier Baron, vi. 133<br /> -Du Fourni, Honoré Caille, i. <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> -Dufour de Pradt (see Pradt)<br /> -Dufresne (see Duris-Dufresne)<br /> -Dugazon, Henri Gourgaud, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></span><br /> -Dugazon, Louise Rosalie Lefèvre,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame, i. <a href="#Page_173">173</a></span><br /> -Dugied, the conspirator, v. 140<br /> -Duguay-Trouin, René, i. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> -Du Guesclin, Connétable Comte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Longueville, Bertrand, i. <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 39, 200; v. 319</span><br /> -Du Guesclin, Tiphaine, i. <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> -Duhamel, Abbé, i. <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> -Duhamel de Monceau, Henri Louis, i. <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br /> -Dujardin Pinte-de-Vin, Captain, i. <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a><br /> -Dulau, A., ii. 97, 116, 147<br /> -Dulong, François Charles, vi. 99, 158<br /> -Dumas the Elder, Alexandre Davy de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Pailleterie Dumas, known as, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">195; v. 290</span><br /> -Dumont, Baron von Carlskron, Jean,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 246-247</span><br /> -Dumont d'Urville, Jules Sébastien<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">César, vi. 222</span><br /> -Dumorey, M., iv. 287<br /> -Dumoulin, Évariste, v. 95, 120<br /> -Dumouriez, General Charles François,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 14, 25, 259, 263, 300; iii. 73,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">203, 299; v. 127</span><br /> -Duncker, Maximilian Wolfgang, v. 412<br /> -Duncombe, John, vi. 18<br /> -Dunmore, John Murray, fourth Earl of, i. <a href="#Page_253">253</a><br /> -Dupan (see Mallet-Dupan)<br /> -Dupanloup, Bishop of Orleans, Félix<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antoine Philibert, vi. 190</span><br /> -Dupaty, Charles, iv. 253<br /> -Dupaty, Charles Marguerite Jean<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baptiste Mercier, iv. 253</span><br /> -Du Paz, Père, i. <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> -Dupeloux, Sub-prefect of Aix, iii. 84<br /> -Duperron, Bishop of Évreux, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Sens, Jacques Davy</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, v. 14, 50</span><br /> -Dupin the Elder, André Marie Jean<br /> -Jacques Dupin, known as, ii. 264-269,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">274, 277; v. 95; vi. 161</span><br /> -Dupleix, Joseph François Marquis,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 201-202</span><br /> -Dupont, Jacques François, v. 95<br /> -Dupont de l'Étang, Pierre Antoine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. 86, 99</span><br /> -Dupont de l'Eure, Jacques Charles,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 173</span><br /> -Dupont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 56, 73</span><br /> -Duport du Tertre, Louis François,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 25</span><br /> -Duport du Tertre, Dame, ii. 25<br /> -Dupuis, Charles François, ii. 180<br /> -Duquesne, Abraham Marquis, i. <a href="#Page_38">38</a>; ii. 35<br /> -Durand de Mareuil, M., iv. 211<br /> -Durante, Francesco, iv. 185<br /> -Duranton, Dame, iv. 24-25, 59<br /> -Duras, Emmanuel Félicité de Durfort,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Duc de, i. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></span><br /> -Duras, Louise Françoise Macloven<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Céleste de Coëtlequen, Maréchale</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, i. <a href="#Page_17">17</a></span><br /> -Duras, Amedée Bretagne Malo de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Durfort, Duc de, iii. 101, 125-126,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">128, 174-175; v. 107, 114</span><br /> -Duras, Claire Lechat de Coetnempren<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Kersaint, Duchesse de, ii. 104;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 51, 101-102, 126, 128, 140; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">86, 121, 205-206, 222</span><br /> -Duras, Duchesse Douairière de, iii. 183<br /> -Dureau de La Malle, Adolphe Jules<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">César Auguste, ii. 335</span><br /> -Dureau de la Malle, Jean Baptiste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">René, ii. 335</span><br /> -Duris-Dufresne, François, v. 162<br /> -Durrieu, Xavier, v. 96<br /> -Dussard, Hippolyte, v. 96<br /> -du Thiel (see Thiel)<br /> -Du Tillet, Bishop of Meaux, Jean, iv. 112<br /> -Duval, Alexandre, v. 199<br /> -Duvergier de Hauranne, Prosper Louis,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 114, 217</span><br /> -Du Viviers, M., iv. 296; v. 28<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -E<br /> -<br /> -d'Eckmühl (see d'Auerstädt)<br /> -d'Eckstein, Ferdinand Baron, iii. 161<br /> -Edgeworth, Maria, ii. 126<br /> -Edgeworth de Firmont, Henry Essex,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Abbé, vi. 196</span><br /> -Edith the Swan-necked, i. <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> -Edmund II. King of England, v. 377<br /> -Edward I. King of England, i. <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> -Edward III. King of England, ii. 73-74<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">108, 137-138; iii. 138; iv. 58,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">175; v. 411</span><br /> -Edward IV. King of England, ii. 75; v. 351<br /> -Edward V. King of England, ii. 75<br /> -Edward VII. King of Great Britain and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland and of the British Dominions</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">beyond the Seas, Emperor of India,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H.M., v. 372</span><br /> -Edward VII. (see also Charles III. King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of England, Scotland and Ireland)</span><br /> -Égault, Abbé, i. <a href="#Page_44">44</a>-<a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>-<a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> -Eggers, Karl, iv. 240<br /> -Eginhard, iv. 50<br /> -d'Églantine (see Fabre d'Églantine)<br /> -d'Egmont, Comtesse, i. <a href="#Page_132">132</a>; ii. 10<br /> -d'Eichstadt (see Leuchtenberg)<br /> -d'Elbée, General Gigot, ii. 187; v. 245<br /> -Elbeuf (see Lambesc)<br /> -d'Elchingen, Prince de la Moskowa,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Michel Ney, Maréchal Duc, iii. 50,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">90, 114, 122, 169; iv. 7, 10; v. 246</span><br /> -Eldon, John Scott, first Earl of, iv. 70<br /> -Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of France,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later of England, iv. 17</span><br /> -Elfrida Queen of England, ii. 129<br /> -Elgin and eleventh of Kincardine,<br /> -Thomas Bruce, seventh Earl of, vi. 59<br /> -Élisa Bonaparte, Princess Bacciochi,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Princess of Lucca and Piombino,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Grand-duchess of Tuscany,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 166, 212, 219, 246, 253-254,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">294; iii. 46, 147</span><br /> -Élisabeth, Princess of France, Madame,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>; ii. 37, 295</span><br /> -Elizabeth Queen of England, v. 351<br /> -Elizabeth Tudor, Queen of England,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 121, 138; iv. 72, 93; vi. 173</span><br /> -Elizabeth of Brunswick, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prussia, iv. 38</span><br /> -Elizabeth Empress of All the Russias,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_13">13</a>; vi. 101</span><br /> -Elizabeth Farnese, Queen of Spain, v. 15<br /> -Elleviou, Jean, v. 199<br /> -Elleviou the Elder, M., v. 199<br /> -Elzear of Sabran, Saint, i. 144<br /> -Emanuel I. King of Portugal, vi. 104<br /> -Emanuel Philibert Duke of Savoy, ii. 206<br /> -d'Embly, Thomas Artus, Sire, iv. 73<br /> -Emery, Abbé Jacques André, ii. 212-213<br /> -Emma Princess of France, iv. 50<br /> -Emo, Admiral Angelo, vi. 60<br /> -d'Enghien, Louis Antoine Henri de<br /> -Bourbon-Condé, Duc, i. <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 110, 164, 188, 252, 255, 257-293,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">295; iii. 4, 18, 21, 47, 60, 102, 117,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">125, 194, 219, 226; iv. 143, 145, 189,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">198; v. 293; vi. 167, 183-185, 221</span><br /> -d'Enghien, Charlotte Louise Dorothée<br /> -de Rohan-Rochefort, Duchesse, ii. 279<br /> -d'Enghien, François de Bourbon-Vendôme,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, ii. 279</span><br /> -Enke, the musician, iv. 38<br /> -d'Entragues, Comte, i. <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br /> -d'Entragues, François de Balzac, i. <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br /> -d'Entragues, Marie Touchet, Dame de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Balzac, i. <a href="#Page_117">117</a></span><br /> -d'Entragues, Demoiselle de Balzac, i. <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br /> -d'Entragues (see also Saint-Huberti and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Verneuil)</span><br /> -Epaphroditus, vi. 104<br /> -d'Épernon, Jean Louis de Nogaret<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de La Valette, Duc, ii. 202; v. 385</span><br /> -Epictetus, vi. 104<br /> -Epicurus, v. 129<br /> -Epimenides, iv. 94<br /> -d'Épinay, Denis Joseph de La Live, ii. 26<br /> -d'Épinay, Louise Florence Pétronille<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tardieu d'Esclavelles, Dame de La</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Live, ii. 26, 197</span><br /> -Erasmus, Desiderius, v. 272<br /> -Érard, Sébastien, iv. 42<br /> -d'Ercilla y Zuñiga, Alonso, i. <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>; vi. 222<br /> -Eresby (see Gwydyr)<br /> -d'Erlon (see Drouet d'Erlon)<br /> -d'Ermenonville, Dominique de Vic,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte, v. 402</span><br /> -Ernest I. King of Hanover, iv. 33, 46<br /> -Ernest II. Duke of Saxe-Gotha, ii. 197<br /> -Erskine, Thomas first Lord, ii. 143<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Esclavelles (see d'Épinay)</span><br /> -Escotais (see Des Escotais)<br /> -Esmenard, Joseph Alphonse, iii. 30<br /> -Espaing, Messire, v. 70<br /> -Espartero (see Vittoria)<br /> -d'Esprémenil, M., ii. 84<br /> -d'Essling (see Rivoli)<br /> -d'Estaing, Charles Hector Comte, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></span><br /> -Esterhazy von Galantha, Nikolaus<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Field-Marshal Prince von, iii. 64</span><br /> -Esterhazy von Galantha, Paul Anton<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince von, iv. 69, 79; v. 146</span><br /> -Esterhazy, Countess von, v. 408<br /> -Esterhazy, Demoiselle, v. 408-409<br /> -Esther Queen of the Medes and Persians, v. 383<br /> -Esther, Anna, v. 383<br /> -Éstoile (see L'Éstoile)<br /> -d'Estrées, Duchesse de Beaufort,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gabrielle, i. <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>; ii. 193; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">63; iv. 79; vi. 242</span><br /> -d'Étampes, Anne de Pisseleu d'Heilly,<br /> -Duchesse, i. <a href="#Page_120">120</a>; vi. 238<br /> -Étang (see Dupont de L'Étang)<br /> -Ethelred II. King of England, v. 377<br /> -Étienne, Charles Guillaume, iv. 15, 129; v. 87<br /> -Eudes, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> -Eudes (see also Odo)<br /> -Eudes de Mézeray (see Mézeray)<br /> -Eugène, Francis Eugène Prince of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Savoy-Carignan, known as Prince, v. 333</span><br /> -Eugenius, iii. 47<br /> -Eupert, ii. 218<br /> -Eure (see Dupont de l'Eure)<br /> -Euripides, ii. 124, 178; iii. 29<br /> -Eve, vi. 88, 110-111, 237<br /> -Everett, Edward, vi. 159-160<br /> -Exelmans, Isidore Maréchal Comte, v. 108<br /> -Exmouth, Edward Pellew, first Viscount, v. 86<br /> -Eyck, Hubert van, iii. 135<br /> -Eyck, Jan van, iii. 135<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -F<br /> -<br /> -Fabert, Abraham Maréchal, vi. 24<br /> -Fabert, Abraham, vi. 24<br /> -Fabre, François Xavier Pascal, iv. 249-250<br /> -Fabre, Jean Raymond Auguste, v. 88, 96<br /> -Fabre, Marie Joseph Victorin, v. 89<br /> -Fabre d'Églantine, Philippe François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nazaire, ii. 18, 20, 21</span><br /> -Fabricius Luscinus, Caius, iii. 31<br /> -Fabry, Jean Baptiste Germain, iii. 87<br /> -Fabvier, Charles Nicolas Baron, iii. 57;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 117-118</span><br /> -Fagel, Robert Baron, iv. 211<br /> -Fairfax, Edward, i. <a href="#Page_203">203</a><br /> -Falconieri, Signora, iv. 256<br /> -Falkland, Lucius Carey, second Viscount,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 39; v. 57, 295</span><br /> -Fall, pseud., John (see Chateaubriand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Armand Louis de)</span><br /> -Fallon, P. J., vi. 134<br /> -Falloux, Frédéric Alfred Pierre Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 310-311</span><br /> -Faneau de Lahorie (see Lahorie)<br /> -Farcy, Jean George, v. 109<br /> -Farcy, Annibal Pierre François de Farcy<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Montavallon, Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_66">66</a></span><br /> -Farcy, Julie Marie Agathe de Chateaubriand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, i. <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_66">66</a>-<a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>-<a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>-<a href="#Page_112">112</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>-<a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_180">180</a>; ii. 6, 9, 27, 65, 114-115, 146,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">176, 208, 312-313, 319; v. 65, 258;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 246, 265</span><br /> -Farcy, Demoiselle de, ii. 319<br /> -Fare (see La Fare)<br /> -Faria, Abbé Joseph, ii. 195<br /> -Fariau (see Saint-Ange)<br /> -Fauche, J. F., ii. 97<br /> -Fauche-Borel, Louis, iv. 107<br /> -Faure, the "knight of July," v. 240<br /> -Fauriel, Claude, ii. 205<br /> -Fauvelet de Bourrienne (see Bourrienne)<br /> -Faverolles (see Salvage de Faverolles)<br /> -Favorinus, vi. 172<br /> -Favras, Thomas Mahi, Marquis de, i. <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br /> -Fayette (see La Fayette)<br /> -Fayolle, M. de, i. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>-<a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> -Fazy, Jean Jacques, v. 96<br /> -Feltre, Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte d'Hunebourg, Maréchal Duc</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 112, 127, 133, 181</span><br /> -Fénelon, Archbishop of Cambrai,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François de Salignac de La Mothe, i. <a href="#Page_14">14</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_107">107</a>; ii. 105, 313-314, 336; iii. 18-19</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">30, 33, 176; vi. 200, 246</span><br /> -Ferdinand I. the Emperor, vi. 84<br /> -Ferdinand II. the Emperor, v. 355<br /> -Ferdinand V. King of Spain, iii. 127, 176<br /> -Ferdinand VII. King of Spain, i. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 257; iii. 221; iv. 53, 83-84, 96,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">236, 272; v. 5, 8, 74-75, 84; vi. 97,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">140, 207</span><br /> -Ferdinand III. Grand-duke of Tuscany,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">also of Würzburg, vi. 12, 45, 235</span><br /> -Ferdinand I. King of the Two Sicilies<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and IV. of Naples, ii. 25, 139, 153;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 147, 156; iv. 52, 193, 196-197;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 51, 74, 134; vi. 45</span><br /> -Ferdinand II. King of the Two Sicilies,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 322-323</span><br /> -Ferdinand IV. King of the Two Sicilies,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 202</span><br /> -Ferdinand of Prussia, Prince, ii. 289;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 34</span><br /> -Ferdinand Victor of Modena, Archduke, iv. 251<br /> -Ferrand, Antoine François Claude<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. 110</span><br /> -Ferrari, the supercargo, v. 244<br /> -Ferrero Della Marmora (see Delia Marmora)<br /> -Ferron de La Sigonnière, François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prudent Malo, ii. 48, 54-55</span><br /> -Ferronnays (see La Ferronnays)<br /> -Ferronnière (see Du Bois de La Ferronnière)<br /> -Feryd-Eddyn-Atthar, i. <a href="#Page_259">259</a><br /> -Fesch, Archbishop of Lyons, Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal Comte, ii. 213-214, 219,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">221-222, 230, 237, 246 248; iii. 64,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">215-216; iv. 238; v. 6, 30, 44-45,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">52, 293</span><br /> -Feuchères, Madame de, i. <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> -Feuillade (see La Feuillade)<br /> -Feuquières, Manassés de Pas, Marquis, de, ii. 40<br /> -Feutrier, Bishop of Beauvais, François<br /> -Jean Hyacinthe Comte, iv. 139, 304<br /> -Fézensac (see Montesquiou-Fézensac)<br /> -Fielding, Henry, ii. 125<br /> -Fiévée, Joseph, i. <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /> -Fieschi, Joseph Marie, v. 101<br /> -Figeac (see Champollion Figeac)<br /> -Filippo de' Giunazzi (see Romano)<br /> -Firmont (see Edgeworth de Firmont)<br /> -Fitz-James, Édouard Duc de, i. <a href="#Page_97">97</a>; iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">74; iv. 67, 242, 250, 256, 258-260</span><br /> -Fitz-James, Jacques Duc de, vi. 249<br /> -Flahaut de La Billarderie, Auguste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Joseph Comte de, iii. 169</span><br /> -Flamarens, M. de, ii. 302<br /> -Flavigny, Maurice Adolphe Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte de, iv. 33</span><br /> -Flesselles, Jacques de, i. <a href="#Page_158">158</a><br /> -Fleury, Bishop of Fréjus, André Hercule<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal de, i. <a href="#Page_13">13</a>; vi. 200</span><br /> -Fleury, Joseph Abraham Bénard, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as, i. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>-<a href="#Page_129">129</a>, 173</span><br /> -Flins des Oliviers, Claude Marie Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emmanuel Carbon, i. <a href="#Page_127">127</a>-<a href="#Page_128">128</a>; ii. 10, 208</span><br /> -Flora, the courtezan, v. 204<br /> -Florio, John, i. <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>; ii. 22,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73, 127, 206; iii. 60, 149; iv. 243-244; v. 333</span><br /> -Flotte, Étienne Gaston Baron de, ii. 257<br /> -Foissac-Latour, Vicomte de, v. 151<br /> -Foix (see Lautrec, Narbonne and Nemours)<br /> -Folks, Mr., v. 98-99<br /> -Fonchais (see La Fonchais)<br /> -Fontaine, Pierre François, iii. 102-103<br /> -Fontaine (see also La Fontaine)<br /> -Fontanes, the Elder, Marquis de, ii. 104<br /> -Fontanes, Jean Pierre Louis Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>-<a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 27, 104-107, 109-114, 146, 156-167,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">161-162, 166, 168, 170-171, 177,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">187, 210, 212, 239-240, 243, 253-254,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">307, 319; iii. 3-4, 7-8, 10-11,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">28, 35-36, 51, 140; iv. 39, 71, 147,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">183, 213, 250-251, 258-159; v. 334;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 93</span><br /> -Fontanes, Marquise de, ii. 105<br /> -Fontanes, Christine Dame de, ii. 105<br /> -Fontanes-Saint-Marcellin (see Saint-Marcellin)<br /> -Fontanges, Marie Angélique de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scoraille de Roussille, Duchesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 215</span><br /> -Fontenay, Chevalier de, iv. 106<br /> -Fontenille, Philippe de Laroche, Baron de, ii. 205<br /> -Fontenille, known as Fair Paule, Paule<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Vignier, Dame de Bayganuet,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Baronne de, ii. 205</span><br /> -Fontevrault, née de Kochechouart de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mortemart, Abbesse de, i. <a href="#Page_103">103</a></span><br /> -Forbin, Louis Nicolas Philippe Auguste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, ii. 304-305</span><br /> -Forbin-Janson, Palamède de, v. 116<br /> -Force (see La Force)<br /> -Foresta, Marie Joseph Marquis de, vi. 136<br /> -Formage, Alexandre, v. 254<br /> -Forrest, Miles, ii. 75<br /> -Foscari, Doge of Venice, Francesco, vi. 50<br /> -Fossombroni, Vittorio, vi. 235<br /> -Fotrad, ii. 218<br /> -Fouchard de Grandmenil (see Grand-ménil)<br /> -Fouché (see d'Otrante)<br /> -Foullon, Joseph François, i. <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a><br /> -Fouquet (see Belle-Isle and Hachette)<br /> -Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine Quentin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 20, 83-84; v. 310</span><br /> -Fourier, Charles, ii. 184<br /> -Fourni (see Du Fourni)<br /> -Fourquet (see Hachette)<br /> -Fox, Charles James, i. <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a>; ii. 128,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">143-145; iii. 215; iv. 70; v. 50</span><br /> -Foy, General Maximilien Sébastien,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 128, 218-219</span><br /> -Français de Lalande (see Lalande)<br /> -France (see La France and Marie de France)<br /> -Francesca da Rimini (see Malatesta)<br /> -Franceschetti, General Dominique<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">César, iv. 196</span><br /> -Franceschini, the sculptor, vi. 46<br /> -Francis of Assisi, Giovanni Francesco<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bernardone, known as Saint, ii. 219;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 230; v. 65-66; vi. 143-145</span><br /> -Francis of Paula, Saint, i. <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /> -Francis I. Emperor of Austria (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Francis II., the Emperor)</span><br /> -Francis II. Duke of Brittany, i. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /> -Francis I., the Emperor, i. <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /> -Francis II., later Francis I. Emperor<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Austria, King of Hungary and</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bohemia, the Emperor, ii. 9, 14, 58,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">264; iii. 34, 49, 64, 86, 107; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">187, 191, 193; v. 272, 339, 341,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">358, 364, 369; vi. 12, 45, 106, 108,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">113-114, 230-231</span><br /> -Francis I. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland (see Francis V. Duke of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Modena)</span><br /> -Francis I. King of France, i. <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_85">85</a>-<a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>; ii. 17,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">205-206, 219; iii. 77, 188, 228;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 58, 180, 239; v. 110, 227, 330,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">395; vi. 27, 173, 196, 238</span><br /> -Francis II. King of France, i. <a href="#Page_109">109</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_245">245</a>; v. 49; vi. 173</span><br /> -Francis III. Duke of Modena, v. 230<br /> -Francis IV. Duke of Modena, iv. 251;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 38, 40, 146; vi. 78, 102</span><br /> -Francis V. Duke of Modena, de jure<br /> -Francis I. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland, iv. 251</span><br /> -Francis I. Duke of Saxe-Saalfeld-Coburg, vi. 118<br /> -Francis I. Grand-duke of Tuscany, vi. 238<br /> -Francis I. King of the Two Sicilies,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 157, 238, 322-323</span><br /> -Franco (see Campo-Franco)<br /> -François de Neufchâteau, Nicolas<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis, iii. 23</span><br /> -Françoise d'Aubigné, Queen of France<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see Maintenon)</span><br /> -Franconi, Antonio, vi. 68<br /> -Franklin, Sir John, i. <a href="#Page_136">136</a>; vi. 222<br /> -Franklin, Benjamin, i. <a href="#Page_251">251</a>; ii. 23<br /> -Franqueville, M., v. 48<br /> -Fraser, J., v. 249<br /> -Frayssinous, Bishop of Hermopolis,<br /> -Denis Comte de, iv. 135, 138-139;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 88, 363; vi. 193</span><br /> -Frederic Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, iv. 38<br /> -Frederic II. Elector of Brandenburg, iv. 36-37<br /> -Frederic VI. King of Denmark and Norway, iv. 79<br /> -Frederic VII. King of Denmark and Norway, iv. 79<br /> -Frederic I. King of Prussia, Frederic<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">III. Elector of Brandenburg, later,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 37, 58, 107</span><br /> -Frederic II. King of Prussia, i. <a href="#Page_97">97</a>-<a href="#Page_99">99</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">107; ii. 33, 46, 258, 289; iii. 146;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 32, 34, 37-38, 40, 47, 55, 58,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">106; v. 57, 381; vi. 6-7</span><br /> -Frederic I. King of Wurtemberg, v. 41<br /> -Frederic Augustus I. Elector of Saxony<br /> -(see Augustus II. King of Poland)<br /> -Frederic Augustus III. King of Saxony, iii. 146<br /> -Frederic Christian Duke of Schleswig-Holstein<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, iv. 49</span><br /> -Frederic Eugene Duke of Wurtemburg-Mumpelgard,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 49</span><br /> -Frederic Josiah of Coburg, Prince, iii. 162<br /> -Frederic William Elector of Brandenburg, iv. 37<br /> -Frederic William Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, ii. 34, 162<br /> -Frederic William I. King of Prussia, v. 37<br /> -Frederic William II. King of Prussia, i. <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 33-34, 52-53, 258; iv. 38, 55</span><br /> -Frederic William III. King of Prussia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>; ii. 258, 290; iii. 60, 86,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">94, 107, 164; iv. 30, 33, 35, 41-42,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">44, 49, 60, 102, 271, 279; v. 272</span><br /> -Frederic William IV. King of Prussia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 33-34, 271</span><br /> -Frederic William Charles of Prussia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince, iv. 33</span><br /> -Frederica of Baden, Queen of Bavaria, v. 345<br /> -Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of Hanover, iv. 33, 35, 40-41,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">46-50, 58, 62</span><br /> -Freemantle, Messrs., i. <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a><br /> -Freslon, Bailli de, i. <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /> -Friedland (see Wallenstein)<br /> -Frimont, Prince of Antrodocco, Johann<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria Field-marshal Baron, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count von, iv. 193</span><br /> -Frisell, John Fraser, v. 249<br /> -Frisell, Eliza, v. 249, 255-256<br /> -Froissart, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a>; v. 70<br /> -Fronsac, Duc de, iii. 51<br /> -Fronsac, née de Gallifet, Duchesse de, iii. 51<br /> -Fronsac, née d'Hautefort, Duchesse de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 51; iv. 77</span><br /> -Fruglaye (see La Fruglaye)<br /> -Fuguera, Basco, v. 227<br /> -Führich, Joseph, iv. 240<br /> -Fulton, Robert, i. <a href="#Page_251">251</a><br /> -Funchal, Conde de, iv. 237; v. 18, 52<br /> -Fürst, Walther, v. 27, 277<br /> -Fuscaldo, Conte, iv. 236<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -G<br /> -<br /> -Gabriella of Savoy, Queen of Spain, iv. 80<br /> -Gagarin, Prince, iv. 236<br /> -Gaillard, Dr., iii. 227<br /> -Gaillard, M., iii. 141, 143<br /> -Galaizière (see La Galaizière)<br /> -Galantha (see Esterhazy von Galantha)<br /> -Galerius, the Emperor, iii. 12<br /> -Gall, Franz Joseph, ii. 195<br /> -Galleffi, Pietro Francesco Cardinal, v. 6, 23<br /> -Gallienus, the Emperor, ii. 184<br /> -Gallon II. King of Brittany, i. <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /> -Gama, Viceroy of India, Vasco da,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_196">196</a>; iii. 30, 208; vi. 86</span><br /> -Gamaches, Léonore de Montaigne,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomtesse de, iv. 231</span><br /> -Gamba, Bartolommeo, vi. 53, 55<br /> -Gamberini, Cardinal, v. 6<br /> -Garambouville (set Turreau de Garambouville)<br /> -Garat, Dominique Joseph, ii. 105-106; vi. 202<br /> -Garcia, Manuel del Popolo Vicente, vi. 175<br /> -Gamier, Jean Jacques, i. <a href="#Page_222">222</a><br /> -Gasc (see Kop)<br /> -Gassicourt (see Cadet-Gassicourt)<br /> -Gauja, M., v. 95<br /> -Gay, Marie Françoise Sophie Nichault<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Lavalette, Dame, iii. 35; v. 200</span><br /> -Gay (see also Girardin)<br /> -Gelée (see Lorraine)<br /> -Gellius, Aulus, vi. 247<br /> -Gemistus Pletho (see Pletho)<br /> -Geneviève, Saint, v. 232<br /> -Geneviève of Brabant, Saint, vi. 17<br /> -Genlis, Stéphanie Félicité Ducrest de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saint-Aubin, Comtesse de, iv. 44,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">120, 149, 172-173, 200-201, 220, 237</span><br /> -Genoude, Eugène, i. <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /> -Genseric King of the Vandals, ii. 45<br /> -Gensonne, Armand, ii. 14<br /> -Gentz, Friedrich von, iii. 79; v. 342; vi. 46<br /> -Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, i. <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /> -Geoffrin, Marie Thérèse Rodet, Dame,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 51, 172</span><br /> -Geoffroy, Julien Louis, i. <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> -George Podiebrad, King of Bohemia, v. 355<br /> -George II. King of Great Britain<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland, Elector of Hanover,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 120; vi. 239</span><br /> -George III. King of Great Britain,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland and Hanover, ii. 68, 71,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">139, 142, 145-146; iv. 77, 250-251</span><br /> -George IV. King of Great Britain,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland and Hanover, i. <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_236">236</a>; ii. 79, 91, 139, 142-143, 298;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 189-190; iv. 33, 49, 63, 68, 71,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73-74, 76-80, 85, 87-88, 91, 161-162,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">164, 281; v. 19, 325; vi. 45, 252</span><br /> -George V. King of Hanover, Prince<br /> -George of Cumberland, later, iv. 47, 49-50<br /> -George I. King of the Hellenes, iv. 118<br /> -George William Elector of Brandenburg, iv. 37<br /> -Gérard, Étienne Maurice Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, v. 94, 105, 112, 117, 139</span><br /> -Gérard, François Pascal Simon Baron,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_189">189</a>; iv. 34, 162, 172; v. 317</span><br /> -Gerbe, Abbé de, i. <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> -Germanicus, the Emperor, ii. 33, 258,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">291; iii. 34</span><br /> -Germanus of Auxerre, Saint, ii. 43<br /> -Gervase of Tilbury, ii. 30<br /> -Gesbert de La Noé-Sécho, Jean Baptiste, i. <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> -Gesril, M. de, i. <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br /> -Gesril, Demoiselles de, i. <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br /> -Gesril du Papeu, Joseph François Anne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. <a href="#Page_32">32</a>-<a href="#Page_36">36</a>, 43, 64, 66, 69-70; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">66-67; iii. 13-14</span><br /> -Gessler, Hermann, v. 277, 279<br /> -Gessner, Salomon, v. 291<br /> -Gevres, Duchesse de, v. 319<br /> -Giannuzzi (see Romano)<br /> -Gibbon, Edward, ii. 120; iv. 120<br /> -Gibert-Arnaud, the "knight of July,"<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 240-241</span><br /> -Gibours (see Anselme)<br /> -Gigot d'Elbée (see d'Elbée)<br /> -Ginguené, François Écuyer, i. <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> -Ginguené, Thérèse Françoise Jean,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame, i. <a href="#Page_23">23</a></span><br /> -Ginguené, Pierre Louis, i. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>-<a href="#Page_131">131</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_178">178</a>; ii. 27, 99, 157-158, 181</span><br /> -Ginguené, Dame, i. <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> -Giorgini, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">courier, iv. 232</span><br /> -Giorgione, Giorgio Barbarelli, known as, vi. 48-49<br /> -Giovanni, Fra (see John, Friar)<br /> -Giovinezza (see Cellamare)<br /> -Girac (see Bareau de Girac)<br /> -Girardin, Alexandre Comte de, iv. 21<br /> -Girardin, Émile de, iv. 21; v. 200;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 133, 167</span><br /> -Girardin, Delphine Gay, Dame de, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">35; v. 200</span><br /> -Girod de l'Ain, Amédée Baron, v. 115<br /> -Girodet Trioson, Anne Louis Girodet<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Roussy, later, iii. 7</span><br /> -Gisors, Fouquet, Comte de, vi. 201<br /> -Gisquet, Henri Joseph, iv. 115, 250,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">256-257, 261-264, 370</span><br /> -Gisquet, Dame, v. 256-257, 261<br /> -Gisquet, Demoiselle, v. 256-257, 261-262<br /> -Giunazzi (see Romano)<br /> -Giustiniani, Bishop of Imola, Giaccomo<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, v. 4-6, 8, 23</span><br /> -Giustiniani, Bishop of Nebbis, Agostino<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pantaleone, i. <a href="#Page_196">196</a></span><br /> -Givré, M. Desmousseaux de, v. 28, 31-32, 114-115<br /> -Gluck, Christopher Willibald, i. <a href="#Page_179">179</a>; iv. 41<br /> -Gnathæna, the courtezan, vi. 180<br /> -Gobbien (see Le Gobbien)<br /> -Godard, Sieur, ii. 277<br /> -Godet de Châtillon, Comte, i. <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /> -Godfrey of Bouillon, King of Jerusalem, v. 110<br /> -Godwin, William, i. <a href="#Page_254">254</a>; ii. 126<br /> -Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, i. <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 127, 133; iv. 32, 181, 253 254;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 412; vi. 75, 83-84</span><br /> -Goldsmith, Oliver, ii. 125<br /> -Gomer, i. <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br /> -Gondi, Archbishop of Paris, Henri de, iii. 131<br /> -Gondi (see also Retz)<br /> -Goodwyn, Dr. Edmund, ii. 70<br /> -Gontaut-Biron, Vicomte de, ii. 104<br /> -Gontaut-Biron, née de Montault-Navailles,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomtesse, later Duchesse de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 103-104; v. 361-362, 364-365,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">375, 376, 378, 391; vi. 130-131, 134</span><br /> -Gordon, Captain, i. <a href="#Page_227">227</a><br /> -Gordon, John, i. <a href="#Page_227">227</a><br /> -Gosch (see Abou Gosch)<br /> -Gottorp, pseud., Count of Holstein (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gustavus IV. Adolphus King of Sweden)</span><br /> -Gouffier (see Choiseul-Gouffier)<br /> -Goujon, Jean, iv. 238<br /> -Gourgaud, Gaspard Baron, ii. 280; iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">169, 192, 209, 211; v. 98</span><br /> -Gourgaud (see also Dugazon)<br /> -Gourlet de Lamothe (see Lamothe)<br /> -Gouvion-Saint-Cyr, Laurent Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis, i. <a href="#Page_172">172</a>; iii. 120</span><br /> -Gouyon-Beaufort, Luc Jean Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> -Gouyon de Miniac, Pierre Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alexandre de, ii. 35, 54</span><br /> -Goyon, Citizeness, i. <a href="#Page_108">108</a>-<a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /> -Goyon, M. de, v. 103<br /> -Goyon-Miniac (sec Gouyon de Miniac)<br /> -Goyon-Vaurouault, M. de, iii. 16-17<br /> -Goyon-Vaurouault, Dame de, iii. 17<br /> -Gracia (see Lucchesi-Palli)<br /> -Gracchus, Caius Sempronius, iii. 30; v. 10<br /> -Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, v. 10<br /> -Grammaticus (see Saxo Grammaticus)<br /> -Gramont, Duc de, ii. 84<br /> -Gramont, Duchesse de, ii. 84<br /> -Gramont (see also Guiche)<br /> -Grandmaison, Geoffroy de, v. 259<br /> -Grandmenil, Jean Baptiste Fouchard de, i. <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> -Grant, Mr., iii. 98<br /> -Grant (see also Talleyrand-Périgord)<br /> -Gray, Thomas, ii. 99, 140-141; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">233; vi. 123</span><br /> -Gregorio (see Di Gregorio)<br /> -Gregory Bishop of Tours, Saint, ii. 52<br /> -Gregory I., Pope Saint, v. 4, 11<br /> -Gregory V., Pope, v. 376<br /> -Gregory VII., Pope Saint, iv. 260; v. 47<br /> -Gregory IX., Pope, vi. 143<br /> -Gregory X., Pope, v. 12<br /> -Gregory XIII., Pope, ii. 18; vi. 142<br /> -Gregory XVI., Pope, i. <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a>, 65; v. 4,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">8, 23, 295, 384; vi. 95, 216, 234-235</span><br /> -Grenier, Paul Comte, iii. 167-168<br /> -Grenville, William Wyndham, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lord, ii. 143</span><br /> -Grétry, André Ernest Modeste, i. <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br /> -Grétry, Demoiselles, i. <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br /> -Greville, Hon. Charles, ii. 139; iv. 185<br /> -Greville, Hon. Fulke, i. <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br /> -Grew, Nehemiah, i. <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br /> -Grey, Lady Jane, ii. 74<br /> -Grey, Charles second Earl, iv. 73, 92; vi. 134<br /> -Grey de Wilton, Arthur Grey, fourteenth Lord, v. 57<br /> -Griffi, Count, vi. 47, 66<br /> -Grignan, Françoise Marguerite de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sévigné, Comtesse de, i. <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></span><br /> -Grimm, Friedrich Melchior Baron, ii. 26, 197<br /> -Grimod, Seigneur de La Reynierc, Gaspard, ii. 27<br /> -Grimod (see also Malesherbes)<br /> -Grotius, Hugo de Groot, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hugo, iii. 22; iv. 280; v. 51, 57</span><br /> -Grotius, Pieter de Groot, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peter, v. 51</span><br /> -Grouchy, Emmanuel Maréchal Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 163-164, 169</span><br /> -Grünstein, the Duc d'Enghien's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">body-servant, ii. 260</span><br /> -Guadagni, Bishop of Arezzo, Bernardo<br /> -Gaetano Cardinal, v. 15<br /> -Guarini, Giovanni Battista, vi. 79<br /> -Guastalla (see Borghese)<br /> -Guehenneuc de Boishue, Louis Pierre<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. <a href="#Page_154">154</a></span><br /> -Guénan, Chevalier de, i. 106<br /> -Gueneau de Musey, M., ii. 171<br /> -Guer, Julien Hyacinthe de Marnière,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chevalier de, i. <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></span><br /> -Guercino, Giovanni Francesco Barbieri,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, vi. 80</span><br /> -Guérin, Pierre Narcisse Baron, iv. 234,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">241, 285; v. 317</span><br /> -Guernon-Ranville, Martial Côme Annibal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Perpétue Magloire Comte de, v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">82, 88, 131, 189, 422</span><br /> -Guerrande (see La Guerrande)<br /> -Guerri de Maubreuil (see Maubreuil)<br /> -Guesclin (see Du Guesclin)<br /> -Guiccioli, later Marquise de Boissy,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Teresa Gamba, Contessa, ii. 136;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 227; v. 59, 89</span><br /> -Guichardière (see La Guichardière)<br /> -Guiche, later Duc de Gramont,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antoine Geneviève Héraclius Agenor</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Gramont, Duc de, iv. 78; v. 130,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">360, 363, 365</span><br /> -Guiche, later Duchesse de Gramont,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne Quintina Albertina Ida de</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grimaud d'Orsay, Duchesse de, iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73, 78; v. 363-365, 381,409</span><br /> -Guiche, later Duc de Gramont, Antoine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis Marie de Gramont, Duc de, ii. 142;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 78; v. 130, 360</span><br /> -Guiche (see also La Guiche)<br /> -Guidal, General Maximilien Joseph, ii. 269<br /> -Guignes, Duc de, iv. 160<br /> -Guilford, Frederick Lord North, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">second Earl of, ii. 143</span><br /> -Guillaume Le Breton (set Le Breton)<br /> -Guillaumy, the Saint-Pierre fisherman,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_202">202</a>-<a href="#Page_203">203</a></span><br /> -Guilleminot, Armand Charles Comte,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 299; v. 19</span><br /> -Guillemot, Commandant, v. 246<br /> -Guillon, Bishop of Morocco, Nicolas<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Silvestre, ii. 222-223, 247</span><br /> -Guinard, Joseph Augustin, v. 109-110,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">126, 137, 141</span><br /> -Guiscard (see Robert Guiscard)<br /> -Guise, Archbishop of Rheims, Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">II. de Lorraine, Cardinal de, ii. 21</span><br /> -Guise, Charles de Lorraine, Duc de, v. 402<br /> -Guise, François de Lorraine, Duc de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 15, 21, 45; iii. 74; v. 131; vi. 23</span><br /> -Guise, Henri I. de Lorraine, Duc de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 21; iii. 173; iv. 245; v. 104-105,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">131, 257-258; vi. 143, 162</span><br /> -Guise, Henri II. de Lorraine, Duc de, iv. 245<br /> -Guizard, Sylvain, v. 95<br /> -Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">99-100; iv. 73-74, 219, 289; v. 80-81,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">87, 105, 116, 123, 135, 258</span><br /> -Gundling, Johann Paul, iv. 37<br /> -Gurowsky, the poet, v. 412<br /> -Gustavus IV. Adolphus King of Sweden,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 257-258; iv. 32, 37, 212</span><br /> -Gustawson, pseud. Colonel (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gustavus IV. Adolphus King of Sweden)</span><br /> -Guy of Penthièvre (see Penthièvre)<br /> -Guyet, Isidore, v. 95<br /> -Guyomarais (see La Guyomarais)<br /> -Gwydyr, Peter Burrell, first Lord, i. <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br /> -Gwydyr, Baroness Willoughby de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eresby, Priscilla Barbara Elizabeth</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bertie, Lady, i. <a href="#Page_188">188</a>; iv. 73</span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -H<br /> -<br /> -Hachette, Jeanne Fouquet, Fourquet or<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lainé, known as Jeanne, iii. 181</span><br /> -Hadrian, the Emperor, i. <a href="#Page_249">249</a>; vi. 104, 172<br /> -Hall, Captain Basil, iii. 212<br /> -Hallay-Coëtquen, Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> -Hallay-Coëtquen, Jean Georges Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emmanuel Marquis de, i. <a href="#Page_17">17</a></span><br /> -Halleck, Fitz-Greene, i. <a href="#Page_254">254</a><br /> -Ham, ii. 125<br /> -Ham (see also Jacqueminot)<br /> -Hamilton and seventh of Brandon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alexander Douglas-Hamilton,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquess of Douglas, later tenth Duke</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, iv. 161</span><br /> -Hamilton, Anthony Count, iii. 136<br /> -Hamilton, Sir William, ii. 139; iv. 185<br /> -Hamilton, Emma Lyon or Hart, Lady,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 139-140; iv. 185</span><br /> -Hamilton, Horatia, ii. 139<br /> -Hampden, John, vi. 123<br /> -Handel, George Frederick, ii. 146<br /> -d'Hane de Steenhuyse, Jean Baptiste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. 141</span><br /> -Hanka, Vaclav, v. 389<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannibal, ii. 330-331; iii. 87;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 123-124, 232; v. 336; vi. 178</span><br /> -d'Harcourt, Duc, ii. 107<br /> -Hardenberg, Karl August Prince von,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 44, 51</span><br /> -d'Hardivilliers, M., vi. 134<br /> -Harel, F. A., v. 290<br /> -Harel, Jacques, ii. 270<br /> -Harlay, Achille de, ii. 21; v. 257-258<br /> -Harlotta of Falaise, ii. 62<br /> -Harmodius, vi. 180<br /> -Harold II. King of England, i. <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> -Harpe (see La Harpe)<br /> -Harrowby, Dudley Rider, first Earl of, iv. 80<br /> -Hasdrubal, the third, ii. 331<br /> -Hasdrubal, the fourth, ii. 331<br /> -Hassenstein, Boguslav Lobkowitz,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron von, v. 389, 410</span><br /> -Hastings, Warren, ii. 143<br /> -Hatte-Longuerue, Madame de, ii. 210<br /> -Hauranne (see Duvergier de Hauranne)<br /> -d'Haussez, Charles Le Mercher de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Longpré, Baron, v. 72, 379, 422</span><br /> -Haussmann, Nicolas Valentin, v. 96<br /> -d'Haussonville, M., v. 28<br /> -d'Hautefeuille, Charles Louis Felicité<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Texier, Comte, i. <a href="#Page_119">119</a></span><br /> -d'Hautefeuille, née de Beaurepaire,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse, i. <a href="#Page_119">119</a></span><br /> -d'Hauterive, Alexandre Maurice Blanc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de La Nautte, Comte, iii. 121-122</span><br /> -Hauteville, Tancred de, iv. 185-186<br /> -Hay des Nétumières, Comte, i. <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /> -Haymès, M., v. 135<br /> -Hazlitt, William Carew, iv. 243-244,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">257; vi. 122</span><br /> -Hearne, Samuel, i. <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a><br /> -Heber, Bishop of Calcutta, Reginald, ii. 335<br /> -d'Hector, Charles Jean Comte, i. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> -Heiden, Lodewijk Sigismund Vincent<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gustaaf Count van, iv. 270</span><br /> -Helen, the Empress, Saint, iii. 206<br /> -Helen Pavlowna of Russia, Princess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frederica Charlotte Mary of Wurtemburg,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grand-duchess, iv. 36; v. 35, 41-42, 330</span><br /> -Helerius, Saint, ii. 62<br /> -Helgine, ii. 218<br /> -Hélier (see Helerius)<br /> -Heliodorus Bishop of Tricca, vi. 110<br /> -Heliogabalus, the Emperor, vi. 213<br /> -"Hell," M., ii. 84<br /> -Hello, Charles Guillaume, v. 258-259<br /> -Hello, Ernest, v. 258<br /> -Héloïse, i. <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>; 310-311; iii. 53<br /> -Helvétius, Claude Adrien, ii. 180; iii. 139<br /> -Hely-Hutchinson (see Donoughmore)<br /> -d'Hénin, Madame, i. <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> -Hennequin, Antoine Louis Marie, vi. 229<br /> -Hennin, Pierre Michel, ii. 300<br /> -Henrietta Maria of France, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England, iv. 251</span><br /> -Henry IV. the Emperor, v. 47<br /> -Henry VI. the Emperor, v. 377<br /> -Henry Emperor of the East, vi. 69<br /> -Henry I. King of England, i. <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 62; iv. 209</span><br /> -Henry II. King of England, i. <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 17</span><br /> -Henry IV. King of England, ii. 121;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 138</span><br /> -Henry V. King of England, ii. 121; vi. 10<br /> -Henry VI. King of England, ii. 121, 200<br /> -Henry VII. King of England, i. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 74-75; v. 351</span><br /> -Henry VIII. King of England, ii. 74,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">122, 124, 138; iii. 30; iv. 93; v. 14</span><br /> -Henry IX. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland, ii. 221; iv. 249, 251-252</span><br /> -Henry II. King of France, i. <a href="#Page_109">109</a>; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">172, 206, 294; iii. 176; iv. 58; v. 49</span><br /> -Henry III. King of France and I. of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poland, i. <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>; ii. 18,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21, 202, 206; iii. 74, 173, 188; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">72-73, 124, 280; v. 16, 84, 137, 257;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 83, 173, 196</span><br /> -Henry IV. King of France and III. of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre, i. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>; ii. 37, 56, 63,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">121, 152-153, 172, 206; iii. 29,63,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">74-75, 77, 89, 97, 116, 127, 177, 228;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 58, 79, 124, 275, 280; v. 14, 50,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">74, 118, 137, 142, 147, 155, 162, 170,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">187-188, 196, 215, 223, 227, 229,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">239, 266, 303, 324-325, 333, 346-347,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">366, 377, 395-396, 401-402;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 27-28, 33, 61-62, 77, 105, 114,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">151-152, 173, 196, 241-242</span><br /> -Henry V. King of France and Navarre,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_124">124</a>; ii. 54, 104, 216, 246; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">119, 140-141, 166, 178; iv. 12, 24,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">47-49, 58-59, 122, 138-139, 252;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 81, 111, 146-147, 149-151, 153,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">155, 157-159, 168-169, 171, 174,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">179, 191-192, 211-212, 215, 217,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">220, 222-223, 226, 235, 246, 255,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">266, 269, 302-303, 307-312, 321-325</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">327, 336, 342, 359-368, 371-372,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">374-385, 390-391, 396-397, 402,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">406-408, 415-417; vi. 16-17, 24, 27-28,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">31-32, 34-35, 37-39, 47, 61, 68,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">77-78, 94-100, 102, 113-118, 123,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">128-141, 148, 151, 163, 165, 192-194,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">197, 201, 231-232, 243-246, 248-254,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">256, 263</span><br /> -Henry I. King of Hayti (see Christophe)<br /> -Henry II. King of Navarre, vi. 173<br /> -Henry Prince of Nassau-Saarbrück, iv. 10<br /> -Henry of Prussia, Prince, iv. 38<br /> -Henry Albert of Prussia, Prince (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Albert of Prussia, Prince Henry)</span><br /> -Henry-Larivière, Pierre François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joachim, iii. 13, 16</span><br /> -Hérault (see Rio)<br /> -d'Herbey (see Saint-Aubin)<br /> -d'Herbois (see Collot d'Herbois)<br /> -d'Herbouville, Marquis, i. <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /> -Hercules I. Duke of Ferrara, vi. 92<br /> -Hercules II. Duke of Ferrara, vi. 96<br /> -Hercules III. Duke of Modena, vi. 78<br /> -Herder, Johann Gottfried von, v. 412<br /> -Hermer, M., i. <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /> -Herod King of Judæa, vi. 220<br /> -Herodias, v. 173<br /> -Herodotus, i. <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>; v. 401; vi. 220<br /> -Herrara, Juan de, iv. 58<br /> -Herschel, Sir William, ii. 140<br /> -Herschel, Caroline, ii. 140<br /> -Heytesbury, Sir William A'Court, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first Lord, iv. 83</span><br /> -Hilary Bishop of Poitiers, Saint, v. 161<br /> -Hildebert Archbishop of Tours, ii. 30<br /> -Hill, George, i. <a href="#Page_254">254</a><br /> -Hingant, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> -Hingant de La Tiemblais, François<br /> -Marie Anne Joseph, ii. 66, 72, 76-78,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">80, 85, 90; iv. 71, 213</span><br /> -Hingray, Charles, v. 126, 137<br /> -Hinton, the boatswain, iii. 89<br /> -Hipparchus, vi. 180<br /> -Hippocrates, iii. 7; v. 229-230<br /> -Hlodwigh (see Clovis)<br /> -Hoche, General Lazare, ii. 109; iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">67-68, 203</span><br /> -Hocquart, née Pourrat, Dame, ii. 172<br /> -Hoffman, François Benoît, iii. 9<br /> -Hohenhausen, Élise Philippine Amalie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von Ochs, Baroness von, iv. 35-36</span><br /> -Holbein the Younger, Hans, v. 272-273<br /> -Holland, Henry Richard Vassall Fox,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">third Lord, ii. 128; iii. 215; iv. 70</span><br /> -Holstein (see Staël-Holstein)<br /> -Holstein-Gottorp, pseud. Count of (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gustavus IV. Adolphus King of Sweden)</span><br /> -Homer, i. <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>; ii. 48,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">86, 124; iii. 5, 12, 24, 214; iv. 12,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">123, 160, 258, 284; v. 347, 351; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">47, 91, 194</span><br /> -Honoria, Tusta Grata, iii. 47<br /> -Honorius III., Pope, vi. 143<br /> -Honorius, the Emperor, i. <a href="#Page_74">74</a>; iv. 227<br /> -Hontan (see La Hontan)<br /> -Honoratus, Bishop of Aries, Saint, iii. 228<br /> -Hôpital (see L'Hôpital)<br /> -Horace, Quintus Horatius Flaccus,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, i. <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>; ii. 124, 204;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 23, 99; iv. 185; v. 25, 55, 63,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">285, 314; vi. 4, 47, 237</span><br /> -Horatius Cocles, i. <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> -Horrion, Father, vi. 142<br /> -Hortense de Beauharnais, Queen of<br /> -Holland, iii. 17, 110, 122, 154; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">203, 287; v. 44, 291-298</span><br /> -Houdet, Comte de, ii. 196<br /> -Houdetot, Élisabeth Françoise Sophie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de La Live de Bellegarde, Comtesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 196-197, 301; iv. 285</span><br /> -Houdetot, General César Ange de, iv. 285<br /> -Hovius, Mayor of Saint-Malo, i. <a href="#Page_xxxi">xxxi</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 264</span><br /> -Hubert, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> -Hubert, M., v. 137<br /> -Hugh Capet, King of France, iii. 137;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 7, 112; v. 196, 376; vi. 135, 196</span><br /> -Hugo, Victor Marie Vicomte, iii. 68;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 104</span><br /> -Hulin, Pierre Auguste Comte, ii. 262,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">264-265, 267, 269-275, 283; iii. 16, 18</span><br /> -Hulot, Madame, iv. 167<br /> -Humbert I. King of Italy, i. <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> -Humbert I. Count of Savoy, iv. 209<br /> -Humbert II. Count of Savoy, iv. 209<br /> -Humboldt, Friedrich Heinrich Alexander<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, iii. 207-208; iv. 39</span><br /> -Humboldt, Friedrich Wilhelm Christian<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Karl Ferdinand Baron von, ii. 242; iv. 39</span><br /> -Humboldt, Fräulein von, iv. 39<br /> -Hume, David, ii. 120; iv. 250<br /> -Humphrey Count of Apulia, iv. 185<br /> -Hunt, James Henry Leigh, ii. 128<br /> -Huss, John, v. 296, 388<br /> -Hutchinson (see Donoughmore)<br /> -Hyacinthe (see Pilorge)<br /> -Hyde de Neuville, Jean Guillaume<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron, iii. 177; iv. 91, 102-103,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">139-140, 142; v. 68, 117, 123, 250,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">256, 258-259, 304; vi. 256</span><br /> -Hyperides, vi. 179<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -I<br /> -<br /> -Ibrahim Pasha, Viceroy of Egypt, ii. 338; iv. 263<br /> -Ignatius Loyola, Saint, v. 367<br /> -Inez de Castro (see Castro)<br /> -Infantado, Duquesa de, iii. 74<br /> -Innocent VIII., Pope, ii. 53<br /> -Innocent X., Pope, v. 14<br /> -Innocent XIII., Pope, v. 15<br /> -Ippolito of Este, Cardinal Archbishop<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Milan, Lyons and Narbonne,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince, vi. 82</span><br /> -Ireneus Bishop of Lyons, Saint, ii. 308<br /> -Irving, Washington, i. <a href="#Page_254">254</a><br /> -Isabel of Bavaria, Queen of France, vi. 10<br /> -Isabella of Angoulême, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England, i. <a href="#Page_9">9</a></span><br /> -Isabella I. Queen of Spain, iii. 127<br /> -Isabella II. Queen of Spain, H.M.,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 221; v. 75; vi. 207</span><br /> -Isabey, Jean Baptiste, iii. 211<br /> -Isaias, iii. 195<br /> -Isaure, Clémence, ii. 207; v. 72<br /> -Iscariot, Judas, v. 307; vi. 26, 156<br /> -d'Isly, Thomas Robert Bugeaud de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Piconnerie, Maréchal Duc, vi. 99,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">114, 158</span><br /> -Isnard, Maximin, ii. 14<br /> -Isoard (see also Delisle de Sales)<br /> -d'Isoard, Archbishop of Auch, Joachim<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jean Xavier Cardinal Duc, v. 22</span><br /> -Isotta (see Nogarola)<br /> -Ivan VI. Tsar of All the Russias<br /> -Ives, Rev. John Clement, ii. 80,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">86-88, 92-93</span><br /> -Ives, Mrs., ii. 86-88, 92-93, 96<br /> -Ives, Charlotte (see Sutton)<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -J<br /> -<br /> -Jacob, iii. 25<br /> -Jacob, J. J., i. <a href="#Page_253">253</a><br /> -Jacquemin, potter and inn-keeper, iii. 227<br /> -Jacqueminot, Vicomte de Ham, Jean<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François, v. 153-154</span><br /> -Jacquin, Nikolaus Joseph Baron von, i. <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br /> -Jacquin, Major, ii. 262-263<br /> -James Intercisus, Saint, ii. 43<br /> -James I. and VI. King of England,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scotland and Ireland, ii. 122</span><br /> -James II. and VII. King of England,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scotland and Ireland, i. <a href="#Page_187">187</a>; iv. 67,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">106; v. 50, 115, 163, 178, 372;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 134</span><br /> -James III. and VIII. King of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England, Scotland and Ireland, iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">242, 249, 373</span><br /> -James I. King of Scots, ii. 201<br /> -Janson, Madame de, ii. 200<br /> -Janson (see also Forbin-Janson)<br /> -Japhet, i. <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /> -Jaucourt, Arnail François Marquis de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 73, 99, 127, 171</span><br /> -Jauge, M., v. 369; vi. 39<br /> -Jay (see Le Jay)<br /> -Jean de Bruges (see Eyck)<br /> -Jeannin, Pierre Président, v. 50<br /> -Jebb, M.P., Sir Richard Claverhouse,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 56, 335</span><br /> -Jefferson, President of the United<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">States of America, Thomas, i. <a href="#Page_252">252</a>-<a href="#Page_253">253</a></span><br /> -Jenny, the Marquise de Custine's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">maid, ii. 193</span><br /> -Jepson, Mr. Edgar Alfred, vi. 266<br /> -Jeremias, v. 37<br /> -Jerome, Saint, iv. 232, 244<br /> -Jerome, King of Westphalia, iii. 64,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">99, 162-163, 200; iv. 57, 242; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">44, 46</span><br /> -Jerome of Brescia, vi. 102<br /> -Jerome of Prague, v. 296<br /> -Jersey, George Child Villiers, fifth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earl of, i. <a href="#Page_188">188</a></span><br /> -Jersey, Sarah Fane, Countess of, i. <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 79; iv. 73</span><br /> -Joan of Arc, Venerable, ii. 109, 128;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 90, 98; iv. 41, 108, 112; vi. 78</span><br /> -Joan of Penthièvre, Duchess of Brittany,<br /> -i. <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /> -Joan Queen of Castile, iii. 127<br /> -Joachim II. Elector of Brandenburg, iv. 37<br /> -Joachim King of Naples, ii. 25, 219,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">223, 250, 262, 273, 275, 278, 283;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 46, 122, 144, 154-155; iv. 10,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">184-185, 189-198, 220</span><br /> -Job, i. <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>-<a href="#Page_83">83</a>, ii. 201, 211, 212, 339<br /> -John the Baptist, Saint, v. 173<br /> -John the Evangelist, Saint, ii. 243; vi. 217<br /> -John the Silent, Bishop of Colonus, Saint, ii. 43<br /> -John of the Gridiron, Blessed, i. <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> -John I. King of Bohemia, v. 355, 410-411<br /> -John III. Duke of Brittany, i. <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /> -John IV. Duke of Brittany, i. <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /> -John V. Duke of Brittany, i. <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /> -John King of England, i. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>; ii. 22, 121<br /> -John II. King of France, ii. 46, 108;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 193; vi. 196</span><br /> -John III. King of Portugal, vi. 104<br /> -John VI. King of Portugal and Brazil, iv. 53<br /> -John, Friar, vi. 46<br /> -John, the Marquess of Londonderry's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">groom, iv. 87</span><br /> -John of Bruges (see Eyck)<br /> -John of Gaunt (see Lancaster)<br /> -John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, iv. 37<br /> -Johnson, Samuel, ii. 121; iii. 23; v. 413<br /> -Johnson, Thomas, iii. 216<br /> -Joinville, François Ferdinand Philippe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis Marie d'Orléans, Prince de, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">280; iii. 81, 225</span><br /> -Joinville, Jean Sire de, i. <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a>; ii. 132,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">202, 278</span><br /> -Joly (see Crétineau-Joly)<br /> -Joques, Père Isaac, i. <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> -Jordan, Camille, iii. 68-69; iv. 128,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">180, 213</span><br /> -Joseph King of Naples, later of Spain,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; ii. 223, 257, 280; iii. 46,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">54-55, 63-64, 73, 110, 154, 188; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">164, 195, 210, 241; v. 44; vi. 91,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">184</span><br /> -Joseph, the Milanese tinman, ii. 321-322; v. 326<br /> -Josephine of Sardinia, Queen of France, iv. 9<br /> -Josephine of Saxony, Dauphiness of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France, ii. 298</span><br /> -Joséphine Tascher de La Pagerie,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomtesse de Beauharnais, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame Bonaparte, later Empress of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the French, ii. 261-262, 282; iii. 17,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">98, 110, 184, 196; iv. 42, 165-166,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">178; vi. 12</span><br /> -Joubert, General Barthélemy Cathérine, iii. 67-68<br /> -Joubert, Joseph, ii. 104, 157, 167-177,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">213, 226-227, 230, 236, 239, 244,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">307, 310, 317-319; iii. 51; iv. 213,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">221; vi. 6</span><br /> -Joubert, Dame, ii. 171, 174<br /> -Joubert the Younger, ii. 174<br /> -Joubert, the conspirator, v. 140<br /> -Jouberthon, Jean François Hippolyte, ii. 166<br /> -Jouffroy, Théodore Simon, vi. 256-257<br /> -Jourdain, M., i. <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br /> -Jourdan, Jean Baptiste Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. 67, 155, 162, 203</span><br /> -Jowett, Benjamin, vi. 105<br /> -Judas Iscariot (see Iscariot)<br /> -Julia, Saint, i. <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /> -Julian, the Emperor, i. <a href="#Page_97">97</a>; v. 196,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">378; vi. 18</span><br /> -Julie Clary, Queen of Naples, later of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spain, iv. 210-211; v. 44; vi. 184</span><br /> -Julien, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">body-servant, i. <a href="#Page_xvi">xvi</a>; ii. 319-333, 338</span><br /> -Julius II., Pope, iii. 176; iv. 42, 228<br /> -Julius III., Pope, iv. 241<br /> -Jullien, M., ii. 177<br /> -Jumilhac, Simplicis du Plessis,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, iii. 51</span><br /> -Junken, Bishop of Dol, i. <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> -Junot (see d'Abrantès)<br /> -Jussac, M. de, ii. 302<br /> -Jussieu, Alexis de, v. 95<br /> -Jussieu, Bernard de, i. <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br /> -Justinian, the Emperor, iv. 227; v. 230<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -K<br /> -<br /> -Kaumann, Captain, v. 101<br /> -Keith, tenth Earl Marischal, George, iv. 106<br /> -Keith, George Keith Elphinstone, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viscount, iii. 191-192</span><br /> -Keller, Xavier, v. 289<br /> -Kellermann (see Valmy)<br /> -Kepler, Johann, v. 337<br /> -Kéralieu (see Kersalaün)<br /> -Keranevant, Abbé de, iv. 168<br /> -Kératry, Auguste Hilarion Comte de, v. 27<br /> -Kératry, Jean François de, i. <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /> -Kergariou, Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br /> -Kergorlay, Louis Florian Paul Comte de, v. 244<br /> -Kergorlay, Louis Gabriel César Vicomte,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Comte de, v. 244</span><br /> -Kergu (see La Baronnais)<br /> -Kersalaün, Marquis de, i. <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /> -Kersalaün, Jean Joseph Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /> -Kerviler, M. René, vi. 265<br /> -Khlodwig (see Clovis)<br /> -Khufu (sec Cheops)<br /> -Kincardine (see Elgin)<br /> -Kléber, General Jean Baptiste, iii. 67<br /> -Knowles, James Sheridan, ii. 128<br /> -Koller, Franz Baron von, iii. 78, 84, 87<br /> -Komierowski, Colonel, v. 107<br /> -Kop, Ol de, ii. 207<br /> -Kop, Honorine Gasc, Fru de, ii. 207<br /> -Koreff, Dr. David Friedrich, iv. 44-45<br /> -Kotzebue, Captain Otto von, iv. 40, 46<br /> -Kotzebue, August Friedrich Ferdinand<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, iv. 40, 46</span><br /> -Krüdener, Baron von, ii. 232<br /> -Krüdener, Barbara Juliana von<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vietinghoff-Scheel, Baroness</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, ii. 232- 233, 299; iv. 203-204</span><br /> -Kutuzoff, Field-marshal Prince of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smolensk, Mikhail, iii. 190</span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -L<br /> -<br /> -La Balue, Jean Cardinal, ii. 53<br /> -La Baronnais, Chevalier de, ii. 41<br /> -La Baronnais, François Pierre Collas,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur de, ii. 41-42</span><br /> -La Baronnais, Renée de Kergu, Dame<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 41</span><br /> -Labat, Père Jean Baptiste, iv. 247-248<br /> -Labé, Dame Perrin, Loyse, ii. 308;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 173</span><br /> -La Bédoyère, Charles Angélique François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Huchet, Comte de, iii. 170</span><br /> -La Belinaye, Armand Magdelon Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> -La Belinaye, Renée Élisabeth de, i. <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> -La Besnardière, Jean Baptiste de Gouy,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iii. 144-145</span><br /> -La Billarderie (see Flahault de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Billarderie)</span><br /> -La Billardière (see Launay de La Billardière)<br /> -La Bletterie, Abbé Jean Philippe René<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, vi. 18</span><br /> -La Bonnière (see Beaumont de La Bonnière)<br /> -Laborde, Captain, iv. 168<br /> -Laborde, Alexandre Louis Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, ii. 291; iii. 4, 39, 56; v. 96, 115</span><br /> -La Borde, Jean Joseph de, ii. 296<br /> -Laborie, Antoine Athanase Roux de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 175; iii. 56, 86, 131, 177</span><br /> -Laborie the Younger, Roux, vi. 163<br /> -Labouchere, M. P., Mr. Henry Du Pré,<br /> -ii. 121<br /> -La Boüétardais, Marie Joseph Annibal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Bedée, Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>-<a href="#Page_23">23</a>; ii. 4</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">9, 62, 64-65, 69, 78, 80-81; iv. 71;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 205; vi. 252</span><br /> -La Boüétardais, Marie Vincente de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Francheville, Dame de Trélan,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, ii. 69</span><br /> -La Boüétardais (see also Bedée)<br /> -La Bouillerie, François Marie Pierre<br /> -Roullet, Baron de, iv. 288<br /> -La Bourdonnais, Bertrand François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mahé de, i. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>; vi. 201</span><br /> -La Bourdonnaye, François Régis Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 136; v. 72, 81-82</span><br /> -La Bourdonnaye de Montluc, Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. <a href="#Page_146">146</a></span><br /> -La Bourdonnaye-Montluc, Chevalier de, i. <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> -Labrador, Pedro Gomez Kavalo,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marques de, iv. 236; v. 8</span><br /> -Labre, Blessed Benedict Joseph, ii. 9<br /> -La Briche, Alexis Janvier de La Live<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 191</span><br /> -La Briche, Adélaïde Edmée Prévost,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de La Live de, ii. 191</span><br /> -La Bruyère, Jean de, iii. 33<br /> -La Chalotais, Louis René de Caradeuc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></span><br /> -Lachambre, M., i. <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br /> -Lachaud, M. de, v. 244<br /> -Laclos, Pierre Ambroise François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Choderlos de, i. <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></span><br /> -Lacombe, Charles de, vi. 256<br /> -Lacretelle the Elder, Pierre Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lacretelle, known as, i. <a href="#Page_51">51</a>; iii. 23</span><br /> -Lacretelle the Younger, Charles Jean<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lacretelle, known as, i. <a href="#Page_51">51</a>; iv. 128;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 80</span><br /> -Lacroix, the Polytechnic scholar, v. 110<br /> -Ladvocat, the publisher, iv. 120, 136<br /> -Lælius Sapiens, Caius, v. 56<br /> -Laensberg, Mathew, vi. 7<br /> -La Fare, Bishop of Nancy, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Sens, Anne Louis Henri</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal Duc de, v. 22</span><br /> -Lafaye, Pierre Benjamin, vi. 256-257<br /> -La Fayette, Marie Paul Joseph Gilbert<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Motier, Marquis de, i. <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_181">181</a>; ii. 14, 23, 102; iii. 28, 68-69,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">118, 165-168, 177; iv. 127; v. 94,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">105-107, 112-113, 126, 128, 135-139,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">141, 159, 163, 217; vi. 158, 162, 191</span><br /> -La Fayette, née de Noailles, Marquise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, vi. 161</span><br /> -La Fayette, Georges Washington Motier<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, vi. 161</span><br /> -La Fayette, Marie Madeleine Pioche<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de La Vergne, Comtesse de, ii. 152;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 128; vi. 240</span><br /> -La Ferronnays, Pierre Louis Auguste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ferron, Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>; iv. 36, 91,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">104-106, 138, 215-216, 261-263,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">265-284, 290-296; v. 22, 28, 68,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">77; vi. 100, 120, 229-335, 264</span><br /> -La Ferronnays, Albert de, iv. 36<br /> -La Ferronnays, Alexandrine d'Alopeus,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, iv. 36</span><br /> -La Ferronnière (see Du Bois de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ferronnière)</span><br /> -La Feuillade, Pierre Raymond Hector<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Aubusson, Comte de, iii. 141</span><br /> -Laffitte, Jacques, iv. 137; v. 105-107,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">113-114, 116-117, 127-128, 133,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">137-139, 141, 159, 265, 267, 370</span><br /> -Lafitau, Père Joseph François, i. <a href="#Page_232">232</a><br /> -La Fonchais, Angélique Françoise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, i. <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></span><br /> -Lafontaine, August Heinrich Julius, v. 344<br /> -La Fontaine, Jean de, ii. 56, 124, 128,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">152, 169; v. 314, 334; vi. 25, 201, 246</span><br /> -La Force, Armand Maréchal de, vi. 20<br /> -La Force, François Philibert Bertrand<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nompar de Caumont, Marquis de, ii. 103</span><br /> -La Force, Marie Constance de Lamoignon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise de Caumont de, ii. 103-104</span><br /> -Laforest, Antoine René Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mathurin Comte de, ii. 279-280, 289</span><br /> -La France, the Comte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">man-servant, i. <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></span><br /> -La Fruglaye, Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /> -La Galaizière, M., i. <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /> -Lagarde, M., vi. 51<br /> -Lagrange, Bishop of Chartres, François,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 190</span><br /> -Lagrange, Joseph Louis Comte, ii. 187<br /> -La Guerrande (see Chateaubriand de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guerrande)</span><br /> -La Guichardière, Thibault de, vi. 255<br /> -La Guiche, Philibert de, i. <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> -La Guyomarais, Dame de La Motte de, i. <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br /> -La Harpe, Jean François de, i. <a href="#Page_127">127</a>-<a href="#Page_128">128</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>; ii. 27, 99, 104-105,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">138, 172, 194, 208-210; iii. 17,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">152-155, 158, 220; v. 335</span><br /> -La Harpe, née de Hatte Longuerue,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, ii. 210</span><br /> -Laher (see Brignon)<br /> -Lahire, Étienne de Vignoles, known as, v. 378<br /> -La Hontan, Armand Louis de Delondarce,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron de, i. <a href="#Page_232">232</a></span><br /> -Lahorie, General Victor Claude<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alphonse Faneau de, ii. 269</span><br /> -l'Ain (see Girod de l'Ain)<br /> -Lainé, Jean Henri Joachim Hostein,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte, ii. 247; iii. 100-101, 118;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 12, 27, 118, 202; v. 303-304, 416</span><br /> -Lainé (see also Hachette)<br /> -Lais, the courtezan, vi. 180<br /> -Lalande, Joseph Jérôme Le Français<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 252-253, 257</span><br /> -La Laurencie, Chevalier de, i. <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> -La Live d'Épinay (see d'Épinay)<br /> -La Live de La Briche (see La Briche)<br /> -Lallemand, Charles François Antoine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron, iii. 111</span><br /> -Lallemand, Henri Dominique Baron, iii. 111<br /> -Lallemant, Père Jérôme, i. <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> -Lally, Thomas Arthur Baron Tolendal,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iii. 127</span><br /> -Lally-Tolendal, Trophine Gérard<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, i. <a href="#Page_161">161</a>; ii. 294; iii. 127,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">131; iv. 5-6, 128</span><br /> -Lalor, Alice, i. <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> -La Luzerne, Bishop of Langres, César<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guillaume Cardinal de, i. <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 16</span><br /> -La Luzerne, Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_73">73</a>; ii. 234<br /> -La Luzerne, Guillaume Comte de, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">167, 234, 239</span><br /> -La Luzerne, Victoire de Montmorin<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saint-Hérem, Comtesse de, ii. 167, 234</span><br /> -La Luzerne, César Henri de, ii. 234<br /> -La Maisonfort, Antoine François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Philippe Dubois-Descours, Marquis</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 223</span><br /> -La Maisonfort, Dame de, vi. 241<br /> -La Malle (see Dureau de La Malle)<br /> -Lamarque, Maximilien Comte, v. 243, 290<br /> -Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 57, 79-80</span><br /> -Lamartinière, Antoine Auguste Bruzen<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 125</span><br /> -La Martinière, M. de, i. <a href="#Page_106">106</a>-<a href="#Page_107">107</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_125">125</a>-<a href="#Page_126">126</a>; ii. 35; iii. 176; v. 317</span><br /> -La Mauvissière (see Castelnau)<br /> -Lamballe, Marie Therèse Louise de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Savoie-Carignan, Princesse de, i. <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 222</span><br /> -Lambesc, Charles Eugène de Lorraine,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc d'Elbeuf, Prince de, i. <a href="#Page_157">157</a></span><br /> -Lambruschini, Archbishop of Genoa,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Luigi Cardinal, iv. 300; v. 23, 29, 35</span><br /> -Lamennais, Abbé Hugues Felicité<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert de, i. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>; iv. 16; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">174, 214-216</span><br /> -Lameth, Alexandre Théodore Victor<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iii. 170</span><br /> -Lameth, Charles de, iv. 43<br /> -La Mettrie, Offroy de, i. <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> -Lamoignon, René Chrétien Auguste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, ii. 100, 146, 156</span><br /> -Lamoignon, Anne Pierre Christian<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte de, ii. 100, 137, 146, 167</span><br /> -Lamoignon, Guillaume Président de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>; ii. 100</span><br /> -Lamoignon, Chrétien François de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_134">134</a>; iv. 164</span><br /> -Lamoignon, Christian de, i. <a href="#Page_134">134</a>; iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">57; iv. 164</span><br /> -Lamoignon (see also Basville and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Malesherbes)</span><br /> -Lamoignon de Baville, Nicolas, i. <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /> -La Morandais, François Placide Maillard,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur de, i. <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></span><br /> -Lamothe, Étienne Auguste Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gourlet de, iii. 177</span><br /> -La Mothe-Fénelon (see Fénelon)<br /> -Lamotte, Demoiselle, ii. 232<br /> -La Motte de La Guyomarais (see La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guyomarais)</span><br /> -Lamotte-Piquet, Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> -Lancaster, John of Gaunt, Duke of, iii. 138<br /> -Lancelotti, Ottavio Principe, iv. 238<br /> -Lancelotti, Giuseppina Massimo<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Arsoli, Principessa, ii. 221; iv. 238</span><br /> -Lanchantin (see Valmore)<br /> -Lander, Richard Lemon, vi. 121<br /> -Langhorne, John, ii. 337; vi. 243<br /> -Langhorne, William, ii. 337; vi. 243<br /> -Langres, Pierre de, i. <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> -Lanjamet, Chevalier de, i. <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /> -Lanjuinais, Jean Denis Comte, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">68-69, 165, 167</span><br /> -La Noue, François de, ii. 56<br /> -La Noue, M. de, v. 80<br /> -Lansdowne, Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">third Marquess of, iv. 78</span><br /> -Lansfeld, Marie Dolores Eliza Rosanna<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gilbert, known as Lola Montes, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Countess von, v. 25</span><br /> -Lante Monfeltrio delle Rovere, Maria<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Colonna, Duchessa di, iv. 256</span><br /> -Lanty (see Chastenay-Lanty<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Pailleterie Dumas (see Dumas)</span><br /> -Lapanouze, Alexandre César Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 201-202</span><br /> -Lapelouse, V. de, v. 95<br /> -La Pérouse, Jean François Galaup,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>; ii. 36</span><br /> -La Piconnerie (see d'Isly)<br /> -Laplace, Pierre Simon Marquis de, ii. 187<br /> -La Porta (see Sébastiani de La Porta)<br /> -La Porte, Arnaud de, i. <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /> -Laprade, Pierre Marin Victor Richard<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, vi. 257-260</span><br /> -Laqueville, Jean Claude Marin Victor<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, ii. 4</span><br /> -La Revellière-Lepeaux, Louis Marie,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 119</span><br /> -La Reynière (see Grimod)<br /> -Larive, Jean Mauduit de, i. <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> -Larivière (see Henry-Larivière)<br /> -Larnage, Dame de, vi. 71<br /> -Laroche (see Lenoir-Laroche)<br /> -La Rochefoucauld, Prince de Marcillac,<br /> -François Duc de, ii. 152; iii. 128, 131<br /> -La Rochefoucauld, Louis Alexandre,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, i. <a href="#Page_174">174</a></span><br /> -La Rochefoucauld, Sosthène de, iii. 97; v. 97<br /> -La Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville, Ambroise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Polycarpe Duc de, iv. 134-135, 177; vi. 184</span><br /> -La Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville, Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Gabriel Sosthène Duc de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 12, 177</span><br /> -La Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville, Élisabeth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Montmorency-Laval, Duchesse de, iv. 12</span><br /> -La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alexandre Frédéric Duc de, i. <a href="#Page_171">171</a>; iv. 132</span><br /> -La Rochejacquelein, Auguste du<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vergier, Comte de, iii. loi</span><br /> -La Rochejacquelein, Claire Louise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Augustine Félicité Magloire de</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Durfort, Princesse de Talmont,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Comtesse de, iii. 101</span><br /> -La Rochejacquelein, Henri du Vergier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_181">181</a>; ii. 107; v. 245</span><br /> -La Rosa (see Martinez de La Rosa)<br /> -La Rouerie, Armand Marquis de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>-<a href="#Page_181">181</a></span><br /> -La Rouerie, Anne Joseph Jacques<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tuffin de, i. <a href="#Page_126">126</a></span><br /> -La Rouerie, Therèse de La Belinaye,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, i. 126</span><br /> -Larousse, Pierre Athanase, vi. 266<br /> -Larreguy, F., v. 96<br /> -Larrey, Félix Hyppolite Baron, v. 103<br /> -Larrey, Jean Dominique Baron, v. 103<br /> -La Sablière, Antoine Rambouillet de, vi. 25<br /> -La Sablière, Dame de, vi. 25<br /> -La Salle, Antoine de, v. 371<br /> -La Saudre, François Guillaume de, i. <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br /> -La Saudre, Pierre de, i. <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br /> -Las Cases, Emmanuel Augustin Dieudonné<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, ii. 281, 285-288;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 192, 209, 211, 215</span><br /> -Las Cases the Younger, M. de, iii. 209, 211<br /> -La Sigonnière (see Ferron de La Sigonnière)<br /> -La Somaglia (see Della Somaglia)<br /> -Lassalle, Sieur, ii. 156<br /> -Lassalle, pseud. (see Chateaubriand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François René Vicomte de, passim)</span><br /> -La Suze, Marquis de, iii. 176<br /> -Latapie, Colonel, iii. 216<br /> -La Tiemblais (see Hingant de La Tiemblais)<br /> -Latil, Bishop of Amycla, later Bishop<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Chartres, later Archbishop of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rheims, Jean Baptiste Marie Anne</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antoine Cardinal Duc de, v. 18,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">20, 22-23, 35, 52, 343, 363, 373-375,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">378, 415; vi. 136, 193</span><br /> -La Tour, pseud., Abbé de (see Charrière, Madame de)<br /> -Latour (see also Foissac-Latour)<br /> -Latour-Maubourg, Marie Victor Nicolas<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Fay, Marquis de, v. 321, 323; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">26, 136</span><br /> -La Tournelle, Marquis de, ii. 298<br /> -La Tournelle (see also Châteauroux)<br /> -La Trémoille, Vicomte de Thouars,<br /> -Prince de Talmont, Louis II. Sire de, i. <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /> -Lauderdale, James Maitland, eighth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Earl of, ii. 143</span><br /> -Laughton, M.A., Professor John Knox, vi. 155-156<br /> -Laujon, Pierre, iii. 23, 29<br /> -L'Aulne (see Turgot)<br /> -Launay de La Billardière, David, i. <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> -Launay de La Billardière, Gilles Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></span><br /> -Launey, Bernard René Jourdan, Marquis de, i. <a href="#Page_158">158</a><br /> -Lauraguais, Diane Adélaïde de Mailly-Nesle,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, ii. 297</span><br /> -Laurence, Saint, v. 307<br /> -Laurencie (see La Laurencie)<br /> -Lauriston, Jacques Alexandre Bernard<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Law, Maréchal Marquis de, iv. 62</span><br /> -Lautrec, Odet de Foix, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte de, i. <a href="#Page_120">120</a>; ii. 219; iv. 228</span><br /> -Lautrec de Saint-Simon, M., i. <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> -Lauzun, later Duc de Biron, Armand<br /> -Louis de Gontaut de Biron, Duc de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>; ii. 142; v. 318</span><br /> -Laval, Agnes of, i. <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /> -Laval (see also Montmorency-Laval)<br /> -Laval-Montmorency, Anne Pierre<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adrien Prince de Montmorency,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Duc de, ii. 179; iii. 97; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">140, 158-160, 164-166, 213, 302; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">3, 7-8, 17, 27, 49, 52, 68, 78</span><br /> -Lavalette, M. de, iii. 5<br /> -Lavalette, Marquise de Béville, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, iii. 5</span><br /> -Lavallette, Antoine Marie Chamans,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iii. 110, 169, 190</span><br /> -Lavallette, Émilie Louise de Beauharnais,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, iii. 110</span><br /> -La Vallière, Françoise Louise de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baume Le Blanc, Duchesse de, i.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>; ii. 172; v. 215; vi. 201, 242</span><br /> -Lavandier, M., i. <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> -Lavater, Johann Caspar, v. 291<br /> -La Vauguyon, M., i. <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /> -Lavergne, Louis Gabriel Léonce Guilhaud de, ii. 207<br /> -La Vergne (see Pioche de La Vergne)<br /> -La Vigne, Alexis Jacques Buisson de, ii. 5<br /> -La Vigne, Céleste Rapion de La Placelière,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Dame Buisson de, ii. 5</span><br /> -La Vigne the Elder, M. Buisson de, ii. 5-6<br /> -La Vigne (see also Chateaubriand and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Plessix de Parscau)</span><br /> -La Villate, M. de, v. 361-362, 380; vi. 136<br /> -La Villate the Elder, M. de, v. 362<br /> -La Villedeneu (see Loisel de La Villedeneu)<br /> -Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, vi. 161<br /> -Law, John, vi. 200, 239<br /> -Laya, Jean Louis, iii. 16<br /> -Leæna, the courtezan, vi. 180<br /> -Lebeschu, Mathilde, v. 244; vi. 98, 100<br /> -Lebon, Joseph, iv. 4<br /> -Le Borgne, Sieur, i. <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> -Le Bouthillier de Rancé (see Rancé)<br /> -Le Breton, Guillaume, i. <a href="#Page_199">199</a>; ii. 30<br /> -Lebrun, Third Consul, later Duke of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Piacenza, Charles François, ii. 259;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 68</span><br /> -Le Brun, Ponce Denis Escouchard, i. <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /> -Lebrun, Élisabeth Vigée, Dame, i. <a href="#Page_131">131</a>; ii. 168<br /> -Le Chapelier, Isaac René Guy, i. <a href="#Page_167">167</a>; ii. 84<br /> -Leclerc, General Victor Emmanuel, ii. 223;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 30, 191</span><br /> -Le Coigneux de Bachaumont (see Bachaumont)<br /> -Le Corvaisier (see Corvaisier)<br /> -Lecoulteux, née Pourrat, Dame, ii. 172<br /> -Led'huy, Édouard, v. 244<br /> -Le Donarin, M., i. <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /> -Ledru, Charles, v. 261, 309-310<br /> -Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste, v. 261<br /> -Lefebvre, Jacques, v. 96<br /> -Lefebvre-Desnoettes, Charles Comte, iii. 111<br /> -Lefebvre de Vatimesnil (see Vatimesnil)<br /> -Lefranc, Jean Baptiste Antoine, iii. 213<br /> -Le Français de Lalande (see Lalande)<br /> -Le Gobbin, i. <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> -Legouvé, Gabriel Marie Jean Baptiste, iii. 23<br /> -Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, iv. 292</span><br /> -Leiberich (see Mack von Leiberich)<br /> -Leigh, Hon. Augusta Ada Byron, Mrs., ii. 136<br /> -Le Jay, the bookseller, i. <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> -Le Jay, Dame, i. <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> -Lelièvre, the boatman, iii. 16<br /> -Lemaire (see Cauchois-Lemaire)<br /> -Le Maître, M., ii. 191<br /> -Lemercier, Louis Jean Népomucène, ii. 187;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 68-69</span><br /> -Le Metel (see Boisrobert)<br /> -Lemierre, Antoine Marie, ii. 99<br /> -Lemierre, Auguste Jacques, ii. 99, 157<br /> -Lemoine, M., v. 319<br /> -Lemontey, Pierre Édouard, iv. 44; v. 230<br /> -Le Motha, Captain, v. 129<br /> -Lemoyne-Saint-Paul, Paul Lemoyne,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, iv. 285</span><br /> -Lenclos, Anne, known as Ninon de, ii. 100<br /> -Lenglet-Dufresney, Abbé Nicolas, vi. 78<br /> -Lenoir-Laroche, Jean Jacques Comte, ii. 195<br /> -Lenormant, Charles, iv. 180, 299;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 85, 200, 261</span><br /> -Lenormant, Amélie Cyvoct, Dame, i. <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 180, 188, 234, 299; v. 85,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">197, 261; vi. 237, 258-261</span><br /> -Le Normant, the publisher, ii. 181;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 91, 103, 133; iv. 7, 15-16;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 122</span><br /> -Le Nôtre, André, vi. 241-242<br /> -Leo I., Pope Saint, ii. 185<br /> -Leo III., Pope, ii. 32<br /> -Leo IV., Pope Saint, v. 11<br /> -Leo X., Pope, iv. 226, 228; v. 14, 58, 273<br /> -Leo XII., Pope, ii. 238, 247; iv. 232,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">234-235, 238, 287, 290-290, 299-303;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 1-5, 7-8, 15, 18, 20, 23, 31, 36-37,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">53, 316, 373, 384</span><br /> -Leo XIII., Pope, v. 57<br /> -Léon, Bishop of Saint-Pol-de-Léon,<br /> -Jean François de La Marche, Comte de, ii. 103<br /> -Leonardo da Vinci (see Vinci)<br /> -Leonidas I. King of Sparta, i. <a href="#Page_216">216</a>; iv. 298<br /> -Leonora of Este, Princess, v. 330; vi.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">82-84, 87, 92, 100</span><br /> -Leonora (see also Castellani)<br /> -Leopold I. Duke of Austria, v. 377<br /> -Leopold I. King of the Belgians, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">323, 381; vi. 118</span><br /> -Leopold I. the Emperor, iv. 37<br /> -Leopold II. the Emperor, ii. 9; vi. 114<br /> -Léotaud, the gaoler, v. 252-253<br /> -Léotaud, Dame, v. 252<br /> -Lepeaux (see La Revellière-Lepeaux)<br /> -Lepelletier, the committee-man, v. 126<br /> -Lepelletier d'Aulnay (see d'Aulnay)<br /> -Lepelletier de Saint-Fargeau (see Saint-Fargeau)<br /> -Le Prestre de Vauban (see Vauban)<br /> -Leprince, Abbé, i. <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> -Lerminier, Jean Louis Eugène, vi. 10<br /> -Leroux, Pierre, v. 95, 260<br /> -Lerva, Gendarme, ii. 262-263<br /> -Le Sage, Alain René, ii. 81, 332<br /> -Lescarbot, Marc, i. <a href="#Page_232">232</a><br /> -Lescourt (see Maillard de Lescourt)<br /> -Lescure, Louis Marie Marquis de, ii. 107<br /> -Lesdiguières, François de Bonne de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Créqui, Maréchal Duc de, vi. 19-20</span><br /> -Lesseps, Ferdinand Vicomte de, vi. 223<br /> -L'Estoile, Pierre de, i. <a href="#Page_175">175</a>; ii. 15; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">104, 187-188, 239</span><br /> -Le Sueur, Eustache, ii. 309<br /> -Le Sueur, Dame, ii. 309<br /> -L'Étang (see Dupont de L'Étang)<br /> -Leuchtenberg, Prince d'Eichstadt,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viceroy of Italy, Eugène Vicomte de</span><br /> -Beauharnais, Duc de, ii. 261; iii. 17; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">165-166, 191; v. 103</span><br /> -l'Eure (see Dupont de L'Eure)<br /> -Levasseur, M., v. 96<br /> -Lévis, Gaston François Christophe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Victor Duc de Ventadour and de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 140-141; v. 268</span><br /> -Lévis, Marie Cathérine Amande<br /> -d'Aubusson de La Feuillade, Duchesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 141</span><br /> -Lévis, Gaston Marc Pierre Duc de, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">136, 139-140, 174</span><br /> -Lévis, Pauline Louise Françoise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charpentier d'Ennery, Duchesse de, iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">51, 139-140, 176; iv. 14-15</span><br /> -Lewis, Matthew Gregory, ii. 126<br /> -Lewis, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">footman, i. <a href="#Page_190">190</a></span><br /> -L'Herault (see Rio)<br /> -L'Hôpital, Michel Chancelier de, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">102; v. 49-50, 55</span><br /> -Liancourt (see La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt)<br /> -Libba, or Libbe, Armand de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mistress, ii. 50</span><br /> -Liberi, Pietro, vi. 103<br /> -Lichtenau, Wilhelmina Enke, Frau<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rietz, later Countess von, iv. 38</span><br /> -Licino, Monsignor, vi. 85<br /> -Lieven, Khristopher Andreievitch<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count, later Prince de, iv. 74</span><br /> -Lieven, Doroteya Khristoforovna von<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benkendorf, Countess, later Princess</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 72; iv. 73-74</span><br /> -Ligne, Charles Joseph Field-marshal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince de, ii. 58-59</span><br /> -Lille, pseud., Comte de (see Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">XVIII. King of France and Navarre)</span><br /> -Limoëlan de Clorivière, Joseph Pierre<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Picot, i. 65</span><br /> -Lindsay, Mrs., ii. 100, 147, 155, 156,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">193; iii. 35</span><br /> -Linnæus, Carolus, i. <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br /> -Lioult de Chênedollé (see Chênedollé)<br /> -Lippi, Fra Filippo, iv. 232<br /> -Lippold, the poisoner, iv. 37<br /> -Lipsius, Joest Lips, known as Justus, v. 62<br /> -Live d'Épinay (see d'Épinay)<br /> -Live de La Bride (see La Bride)<br /> -Liverpool, Charles Jenkinson, Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hawkesbury, first Earl of, iv. 81</span><br /> -Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">second Earl of, i. <a href="#Page_187">187</a>; ii. 145-146;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 215; iv. 81-82, 89, 92, 217; vi. 252</span><br /> -Livorel, Robert Lambert, i. <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /> -Livy, Titus Livius, known as, i. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">335; iv. 185, 225; v. 155; vi. 79,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">105, 142, 157</span><br /> -Lobau, Georges Mouton, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, v. 113</span><br /> -Lobineau, Dom, i. <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> -Lobkowitz (see Hassenstein)<br /> -Lodi, Vice-president of the Cisalpine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Republic, Francesco di Mela, Duca</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">di, ii. 219</span><br /> -Lodin, Mayor of Combourg, i. <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /> -Lœwenhielm, Gustav Karl Frederik<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count, v. 144, 146</span><br /> -Logan, James, i. <a href="#Page_253">253</a><br /> -Logan, Tah-Gah-Jute, known as John, i. <a href="#Page_253">253</a><br /> -Lointier, the tavern-keeper, v. 137<br /> -Loisel de La Villedeneu, Demoiselles,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>; ii. 310</span><br /> -Lomaria, M. de, i. <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br /> -Lombard, Charles, i. <a href="#Page_227">227</a><br /> -Loménie-Brienne (see Brienne)<br /> -Londonderry, Robert Stewart, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquess of, i. <a href="#Page_188">188</a></span><br /> -Londonderry, Robert Stewart, Viscount<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Castlereagh, later second Marquess</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, i. <a href="#Page_xxxi">xxxi</a>, 188; ii. 79, 93; iii. 49,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">163; iv. 65-67, 71, 73, 76, 80-83,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">86-90, 92, 190</span><br /> -Londonderry, Amelia Anne Hobart,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marchioness of, iv. 65, 87</span><br /> -Longuerue (see Hatte-Longuerue)<br /> -Longueville, Anne Geneviève de Bourbon-Condé,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, ii. 151-154, 172; vi. 77</span><br /> -Longueville (see also Du Guesclin)<br /> -Longueville-Nemours, Marie Duchesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 106-107</span><br /> -Lopez, Fernando, iii. 207<br /> -Lorgeril, Comte de, v. 87<br /> -Lorges, Comte, later Duc de, v. 245<br /> -Lorrain, Claude Gelée, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Claude, iv. 242, 258-259; v. 288</span><br /> -Lorraine, Charles de Guise, Cardinal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 30, 74</span><br /> -Lothair King of France, iv. 112<br /> -Lothon, the Polytechnic scholar, v. 107<br /> -Loudoun, John Campbell, fourth Earl<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, i. <a href="#Page_224">224</a></span><br /> -Louis I. King of Bavaria, iv. 118, 164;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 25, 41</span><br /> -Louis I. Count of Flanders, iii. 138<br /> -Louis I. King of France, the Emperor,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 11; vi. 195</span><br /> -Louis V. King of France, iii. 137; iv. 112<br /> -Louis VI. King of France, i. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>; iv. 209<br /> -Louis VII. King of France, iv. 17; vi. 196<br /> -Louis VIII. King of France, ii. 256;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 225; vi. 196</span><br /> -Louis IX. King of France, Saint, i. <a href="#Page_6">6</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>; ii. 15, 38, 192, 202,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">204, 256, 278, 297, 331; iii. 90, 103,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">120, 138, 144-145, 177, 228; iv. 5,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">11, 22-23, 143, 291; v. 12, 85-86,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">142, 155, 175, 188, 212, 225,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">229, 239, 268, 273, 296, 302, 336,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">356, 372, 379, 396; vi. 27, 36, 96,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">117, 139-140, 194, 196, 251</span><br /> -Louis XI. King of France, ii. 32, 53,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">105, 201; iii. 153; v. 355; vi. 49,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">147, 196</span><br /> -Louis XII. King of France, i. <a href="#Page_141">141</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>; ii. 17; iii. 176; iv. 229;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 395; vi. 27, 96; vi. 196, 238</span><br /> -Louis XIII. King of France and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre, i. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>; ii. 151, 205;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 245; vi. 28-29, 33, 196</span><br /> -Louis XIV. King of France and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre, i. <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>; ii. 100,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">105, 151, 159, 172, 188, 192, 202,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">204-205, 207, 309; iii. 25, 27, 58,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">94, 177, 194, 197-198, 225, 228;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 22, 34-35, 38, 44, 58-59, 79, 89,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">122, 137, 217, 274; v. 50, 85-86,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">101, 137, 143, 215, 230, 272, 330,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">332-333, 403; vi. 19-20, 27, 32, 33,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">151, 174, 185, 196, 199, 222, 238-242,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">246-247, 250</span><br /> -Louis XV. King of France and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre, i. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>-<a href="#Page_177">177</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_224">224</a>; ii. 102, 188, 230, 298-299, 301;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 127, 181, 194; iv. 8, 38, 89,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">109, 252; v. 51, 137, 215, 333; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">69, 78, 80, 151, 174, 199-200, 202,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">241-242</span><br /> -Louis XVI. King of France and<br /> -Navarre, i. <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>-<a href="#Page_112">112</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_118">118</a>-<a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>-<a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_156">156</a>-<a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>-<a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>-<a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>; ii. 4, 5, 12-14,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">18, 22, 25, 34, 43, 48, 52, 54, 61-62,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73, 82, 106-107, 119, 142, 156-157,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">167, 171, 234, 257, 259, 296, 300-301;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 5, 16-17, 56, 59, 65, 73,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">75-76, 79, 94, 99, 102-104, 119,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">127, 139, 142-143, 167, 177, 182,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">188, 218; iv. 4, 22, 25, 38, 40, 55,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">84, 91, 96, 109-111, 124, 189, 198,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">252; v. 162, 175, 177-178, 180,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">189, 275, 303, 321, 332, 356, 387,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">393, 402, 407-409; vi. 30, 32-33,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">140, 146, 150, 153, 159, 162,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">174, 181, 194-196, 198, 202-203,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">242</span><br /> -Louis XVII. King of France and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre, i. <a href="#Page_156">156</a>-<a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">216; iii. 94; iv. 109</span><br /> -Louis XVIII. King of France and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre, i. <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_160">160</a>-<a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>-<a href="#Page_186">186</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_190">190</a>; ii. 4, 17, 22, 34, 40, 64, 71,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">79, 100-101, 104, 107, 137, 156,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">187, 195, 251, 257-259, 279-280,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">301; iii. 13, 37, 57, 61, 63, 65, 68,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73, 76, 78-81, 84-85, 87, 89-102,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">104, 111-112, 116-124, 126-129,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">131-133, 136-139, 141-147, 150, 153, 155</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">158-159, 161-162, 165, 168-178,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">180-184, 188-189, 211; iv. 1, 3, 7-12,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">14, 21, 27, 29-30, 43-44, 59, 61-63</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">65-66, 68-69, 79, 85-86, 90-91,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">96-97, 101, 106-107, 109, 111, 138-139,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">169-170, 187, 199, 212, 217,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">230, 302; v. 18, 44, 78, 81, 97, 106,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">108, 119, 146-148, 160, 172, 178,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">227, 267, 339, 342, 348, 360, 393,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">395, 398-399, 401; vi. 45, 97, 113,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">155, 183, 185, 187, 194-195</span><br /> -Louis XIX. King of France and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre, Louis Antoine Duc</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Angoulême, later, i. <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">63, 259; iii. 119-120, 122, 129-130,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">140; iv. 8, 96, 116, 169, 219, 252,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">280, 299; v. 69, 84, 88, 96, 104, 106,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">110-111, 129-132, 143, 147-151, 153,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">157, 168-169, 191-192, 220, 307,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">321, 342, 360-361, 372, 374-375, 378-379,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">385-386, 394, 402, 406, 417;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 35, 62, 97, 128, 131-132, 134,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">137-138, 140, 193, 197, 243, 245,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">253-254</span><br /> -Louis King of Holland, iii. 17; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">241; v. 44, 292</span><br /> -Louis II. Duke of Anjou, King of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Naples, ii. 202</span><br /> -Louis of Bavaria, H.R.H. Prince, iv. 251<br /> -Louis of Bavaria, <i>de jure</i> Mary IV.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of England, Scotland and</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland, Maria Theresa Henrietta</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dorothea of Modena, H.R.H. Princess, iv. 251</span><br /> -Louis Dauphin of France, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Great Dauphin, vi. 241</span><br /> -Louis Duc de Bourgogne, later Dauphin<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of France, vi. 241, 246</span><br /> -Louis of Prussia, Prince, iv. 33<br /> -Louis, Joseph Dominique Abbé Baron,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_177">177</a>; iii. 100, 127, 129-131, 171-173;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 72, 115, 172-173</span><br /> -Louis Ferdinand of Prussia, Prince, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">289-290; iv. 34</span><br /> -Louis-Philippe Duc d'Orléans, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of the French, i. <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_185">185</a>; ii. 26, 100, 163, 168, 222-223,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">261, 280, 293; iii. 13, 50-51, 57, 65,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">89-90, 95, 99, 111-112, 117, 119,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">124-125, 137, 139, 143, 145, 163, 165,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">168, 178, 225; iv. 15, 21, 58, 75,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">102, 111, 114, 135, 138, 145, 161;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 27, 86-87, 94, 101, 103, 105-106,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">108, 114, 118, 123, 126-128, 132-143,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">147-152, 156-163, 168, 171-174,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">178, 193, 211, 218-220, 222, 225,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">238, 253, 258, 260-261, 264, 290,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">307-308, 325, 327, 366, 368, 396,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">398; vi. 26, 33-34, 37, 78, 95, 113-114,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">117-118, 130-131, 146-152, 155,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">159, 162, 164-166, 170-171, 242,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">244, 249, 261</span><br /> -Louisa of Mecklemburg-Strelitz, Queen<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Prussia, ii. 258; iii. 60, 86; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">41, 49, 58, 164</span><br /> -Louise of Orleans, Queen of the Belgians,<br /> -vi. 118<br /> -Louise of Stolberg-Godern, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England, known as Countess of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Albany, ii. 202; iv. 249-250</span><br /> -Louise of France, Duchess of Parma,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 174, 321, 324-325, 359, 361-366,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">374-378, 383, 388, 390-391, 406-408,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">415; vi. 24, 129, 132, 134, 136, 193,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">231-232, 243-245, 254-255</span><br /> -Louvel, Louis Pierre, ii. 54; iii. 89,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">119; iv. 11, 21-23, 59; v. 303</span><br /> -Louverture (see Toussaint-Louverture)<br /> -Louvois, François Michel Letellier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, vi. 19</span><br /> -Louÿs, M. Pierre, i. <a href="#Page_xiii">xiii</a>.<br /> -Lovelace, Richard, v, 255<br /> -Lowe, Sir Hudson, ii. 286; iii. 88,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">192, 210</span><br /> -Lowes, Mrs., ii. 97<br /> -Loyola (see Ignatius Loyola)<br /> -Luc (see Vintimille du Luc)<br /> -Lucan, Marcus Annæus Lucanus,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, v. 29</span><br /> -Lucas (see Boisé-Lucas)<br /> -Lucchesi-Palli di Campo Franco e<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pignatelli, Duca Della Gracia, Ettore</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Conte di, iii. 156; v. 321-323, 366;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 94, 96, 98, 231-232, 234-235</span><br /> -Lucchesi-Palli Demoiselle de, iii. 156<br /> -Lucchesi-Palli (see also Campo-Franco)<br /> -Lucian, v. 379; vi. 179<br /> -Lucretius, Titus Lucretius Carus, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as, 53, 83; v. 229</span><br /> -Lucrezia Borgia, Duchess of Ferrara, v. 13<br /> -Lucrezia de'Medici, Duchess of Ferrara, vi. 84<br /> -Lucrezia of Este, Princess, vi. 82<br /> -Luke, Saint, v. 300, 307; iv. 240; vi. 90, 220<br /> -Luna, Pedro de, v. 13<br /> -Lusignan, Hugh of, i. <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> -Lussigny (see d'Ancre)<br /> -Luther, Martin, iv. 32; v. 16, 273, 332, 388<br /> -Lützow, Count von, iv. 236; v. 7, 32, 38<br /> -Lützow, Countess von, iv. 236<br /> -Luxembourg, François Henri de<br /> -Montmorency-Bouteville, Maréchal Duc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 162; vi. 19</span><br /> -Luynes, Charles d'Albert Connétable<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, ii. 172; vi. 28-29</span><br /> -Luynes, née de Montmorency-Laval,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, ii. 192</span><br /> -Luynes, Duc de, iv. 178<br /> -Luynes, Duchesse de (see also Chevreuse)<br /> -Luzerne (see La Luzerne)<br /> -Lycurgus, iv. 31<br /> -Lydia, the courtezan, v. 285<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -M<br /> -<br /> -Macbeth King of Scotland, ii. 122<br /> -Mac Carthy, Abbé Nicolas de, v. 367<br /> -Mac Carthy, Mr., v. 367<br /> -Macchi, Archbishop of Nisibis, Vincento<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, v. 18, 38-39</span><br /> -Macdonald (see Tarente)<br /> -Maceroni, Colonel Francis, iv. 197<br /> -Machault d'Arnouville, Jean Baptiste,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 181; vi. 202</span><br /> -Machiavelli, Niccolo, vi. 78<br /> -M'Intyre (see Simms and M'Intyre)<br /> -Macirone (see Maceroni)<br /> -Mack von Leiberich, Karl Baron, ii. 40<br /> -Mackenzie, Sir Alexander, i. <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a><br /> -Mackintosh, Sir James, ii. 139<br /> -Macpherson, James, ii. 133<br /> -Macrobius, Ambrosius Theodosius, vi. 247<br /> -Madrid, Duque de (see Charles VII.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and XI. King of Spain, France and</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre)</span><br /> -Madrid, Duquesa de (see Bertha Queen<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Spain and France)</span><br /> -Magnay, Christopher, iv. 71<br /> -Magon, Hervine, i. <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /> -Mahaffy, Dr. John Pentland, v. 56, 229<br /> -Mahé de La Bourdonnais (see La Bourdonnais)<br /> -Mahis (see Des Mahis)<br /> -Mahmud II. Sultan of Turkey, iv. 267-269,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">272, 277-279, 283-284, 297, 303;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 25-26, 51, 389</span><br /> -Mahomet, iv. 277<br /> -Mailhe, Jean Baptiste, iii. 75<br /> -Maillard de Lescourt, Major, iii, 62<br /> -Mailleville, M., v. 55<br /> -Mailly, Louis Marie Due de, ii. 297<br /> -Mailly, Louise Julie de Mailly-Nesle,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, ii. 297-299</span><br /> -Mailly (see also Coislin and Nesle)<br /> -Maintenon, later Queen of France,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Françoise d'Aubigné, Dame Scarron,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Marquise de, i. <a href="#Page_14">14</a>; ii. 172,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">192; iii. 27; iv. 79; vi. 238,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">240-243, 246-247</span><br /> -Maison, Nicolas Joseph Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, later Marquis, iii. 89-90; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">267; v. 152-153; vi. 244</span><br /> -Maison-Blanche, Sieur, iv. 245-246<br /> -Maisonfort (see La Maisonfort)<br /> -Maitland, Admiral Sir Frederick Lewis,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 189-190, 192</span><br /> -Majorian, the Emperor, ii. 45<br /> -Malatesta, Francesca da Rimini,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Signora, iv. 229; vi. 57</span><br /> -Malcolm, Admiral Sir Pulteney, iii. 212<br /> -Malescot, i. <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> -Malesherbes, Guillaume de Lamoignon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur de, i. <a href="#Page_134">134</a></span><br /> -Malesherbes, Chrétien Guillaume de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lamoignon de, i. <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_134">134</a>-<a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>-<a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 22-23, 27, 32, 49, 60, 81-82, 84,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">295; iii. 139; iv, 4; v. 64-65, 304;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 202</span><br /> -Malesherbes, Françoise Thérèse Grimod,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, ii. 27</span><br /> -Malet, General Claude François de, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">262, 269</span><br /> -Malfilatre, Alexandre Henri de, i. <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /> -Malfilatre, Jacques Charles Louis de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clinchamp de, i. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>; ii. 176</span><br /> -Malherbe (see Bonnet de Malherbe)<br /> -Malibran, Mr., vi. 175<br /> -Malibran, later Dame de Bériot,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria Felicita Garcia, Dame, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">207; vi. 175</span><br /> -Malipieri, Podesta of Padua, Angelo,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 104</span><br /> -Malle (see Bureau de La Malic)<br /> -Mallet-Dupan, Jacques, i. <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br /> -Malo Bishop of Aleth, Saint, i. <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> -Malouet, Pierre Victor Baron, ii. 100;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 99</span><br /> -Malte-Brun, Conrad, iii. 8<br /> -Mame, Auguste, iii. 53<br /> -Mandaroux-Vertamy, M., v. 304<br /> -Mandelot, François de, ii. 308<br /> -Mandini, Signor, i. <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br /> -Mandini, Signora, i. <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br /> -Mandricardo, Silvio Pellico's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">messenger, vi. 107, 109, 111</span><br /> -Mangin, Jean Henri Claude, v. 94, 96<br /> -Mansfield, David Murray, second Earl of, i. <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br /> -Mansfield, Louisa Cathcart, Countess of, i. <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br /> -Manso (see Della Villa)<br /> -Manuel I. Emperor of the East, v. 400<br /> -Manuel, Jacques Antoine, iii. 166; iv. 128<br /> -Manutius, Aldus, vi. 67<br /> -Manutius the Younger, Aldus, vi. 67<br /> -Manutius, Paulus, vi. 67<br /> -Manzoni, Alessandro Conte, i. <a href="#Page_32">xxiii</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 214; v. 229-230; vi. 15, 65, 79</span><br /> -Marat, Jean Paul, i. <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 14, 16-19, 21, 159; iv. 189</span><br /> -Marbod (see Maroboduus)<br /> -Marceau, General François Séverin<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Desgraviers, iii. 67</span><br /> -Marcellus, Marie Louis Jean André<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Demartin du Tyrac, Comte</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, 185; iv. 139, 215-219; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21, 40-41, 153; vi. 14, 260</span><br /> -Marchais, André Louis Augustin, v. 105<br /> -Marchal, Pierre François, v. 96, 115<br /> -Marchand, Abbé, i. <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> -Marchand, Napoleon's valet, iii. 211<br /> -Marck, Alexander Count von der, iv. 38<br /> -Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, the<br /> -Emperor, v. 57-58; vi. 104<br /> -Maret (see Bassano)<br /> -Mareuil (see Durand de Mareuil)<br /> -Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England, ii. 200<br /> -Margaret of Lusignan, Queen (?) of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England, i. <a href="#Page_9">9</a></span><br /> -Margaret of Provence, Queen of France,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 192</span><br /> -Margaret of Scotland, Dauphiness of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France, ii. 200</span><br /> -Margaret of Valois, Queen of France<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Navarre, ii. 172-173, 206; vi. 173</span><br /> -Margaret of France, Queen of Navarre, vi. 173<br /> -Margaret of Valois, mother of Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Blois, i. <a href="#Page_141">141</a></span><br /> -Margherita di Gonzaga, Duchess of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ferrara, vi. 84</span><br /> -Maria Christina of Austria, Duchess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Saxe-Teschen, vi. 58</span><br /> -Maria Christina of Naples, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spain, iii. 221; v. 74, 207</span><br /> -Maria Feodorowna (Maria Sophia) of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wurtemberg-Mümpelgard, Empress</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Russia, iii. 49; iv. 281</span><br /> -Maria Isabella of Spain, Queen of the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Two Sicilies, v. 74-75</span><br /> -Maria Louisa of Spain, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Etruria, iv. 224</span><br /> -Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungry and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bohemia, the Empress, v. 410; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">78, 202</span><br /> -Maria Wilhelmina of Hesse-Darmstadt,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of Bavaria, v. 345</span><br /> -Marie Leczinska, Queen of France, ii. 299<br /> -Marie de Medici, Queen of France, i. <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 28</span><br /> -Marie de France, vi. 172<br /> -Marie, Sister, iv. 207<br /> -Marie-Amélie of Naples, Duchesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Orléans, later Queen of the French,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 134, 156-161; vi. 37</span><br /> -Marie-Antoinette of Austria, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France, i. 32, 100-101, 118-119, 156-157,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">160-161, 163, 175, 187, 216-217;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 12; iii. 102-104; iv. 4; v. 144,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">307, 309, 356, 407-408; vi. 7, 78,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">202</span><br /> -Marie-Antoinette of Naples, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spain, iv. 178</span><br /> -Marie-Louise of Austria, Empress of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the French, later Duchess of Parma,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 264; iii. 34, 54-56, 64, 73,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">108-109, 144, 154, 156, 194, 217; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">187, 224; v. 322; vi. 46</span><br /> -Marie-Thérèse Duchesse d'Angoulême,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Queen of France, i. <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>-<a href="#Page_157">157</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_160">160</a>; iii. 65, 73, 91, 103, 119-120</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">139, 176; iv. 91, 96-97, 111,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">134; v. 111, 144, 147, 275, 297,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">321, 325, 359, 361, 363, 365-366,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">372, 374, 391, 405-410, 412-417;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 7, 29-36, 102, 129, 133-134, 140,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">193, 243, 245, 253-254</span><br /> -Marie-Thérèse of Modena, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France, v. 146; vi. 78</span><br /> -Marigny, Jean Joseph Geffelot, Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. <a href="#Page_53">53</a></span><br /> -Marigny, Marie Anne Françoise de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chateaubriand, Comtesse de, i. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>-<a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>; ii. 175,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">319; vi. 255-256</span><br /> -Marin, Chevalier, iv. 162<br /> -Marischal (see Keith)<br /> -Marius, Caius, iii. 87; iv. 14; v. 40<br /> -Mark, Saint, iii. 123; v. 374; vi. 58<br /> -Marlborough, John Churchill, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duke of, ii. 139; iii. 197; v. 333;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 20</span><br /> -Marlborough, Sarah Jennings, Duchess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, v. 333</span><br /> -Marmont (see Raguse)<br /> -Marmontel, Jean François, i. <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /> -Marmora (see Della Marmora)<br /> -Marnes, pseud., Comte and Comtesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de (see Louis XIX. King of France</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Navarre and Marie-Thérèse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of France)</span><br /> -Maroboduus King of the Marcomanni, vi. 127<br /> -Marolles, Abbé Michel de, i. <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> -Maroncelli, Signor, vi. 56<br /> -Marot, Clement, vi. 75, 96, 238<br /> -Mars, Marguerite Salvetat, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Madame, i. <a href="#Page_128">128</a></span><br /> -Mars, Anne Françoise Hippolyte<br /> -Boutet, known as Mademoiselle, i. <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> -Martignac, Jean Baptiste Silvere Gaye,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte de, iv. 13, 138, 221, 261;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 67-69, 120</span><br /> -Martin Bishop of Tours, Saint, vi. 26<br /> -Martin, K.C.B., Sir Theodore, iv. 225<br /> -Martinez de La Rosa, Francisco, i. <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a><br /> -Martinière (see La Martinière)<br /> -Mary II. Queen of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland (see Mary I. Queen of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scots)</span><br /> -Mary III. Queen of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland (see Mary Beatrice</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchess of Modena)</span><br /> -Mary IV. Queen of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland, H.M. (see Louis of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bavaria, H. R. H. Princess)</span><br /> -Mary I. Queen of Scots, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France, de jure Mary II. Queen of</span><br /> -England and Ireland, i. <a href="#Page_245">245</a>; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">251; vi. 173</span><br /> -Mary of Saxe-Altenburg, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hanover, iv. 47</span><br /> -Mary I. Queen of Portugal, iv. 53<br /> -Mary II. Queen of Portugal and the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Algarves, iv. 237</span><br /> -Mary, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">house-maid, i. <a href="#Page_190">190</a></span><br /> -Mary Beatrice of Sardinia, Duchess of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Modena, <i>de jure</i> Mary III. Queen</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of England, Scotland and Ireland,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 251; vi. 78</span><br /> -Masinissa King of Massylia and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Numidia, ii. 331</span><br /> -Mason, William, ii. 129<br /> -Massa, Claude Ambroise Regnier, Duc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 273</span><br /> -Masséna (see Rivoli)<br /> -Massias, Nicolas Baron, ii. 280<br /> -Massillon, Bishop of Clermont, Jean<br /> -Baptiste, i. <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> -Massimo (see d'Arsoli)<br /> -Masson, M. Frédéric, iv. 189<br /> -Matignan, Madame de, iii. 17<br /> -Matthew, Saint, iv. 291; v. 374<br /> -Mattos (see Teixeira de Mattos)<br /> -Maubourg (see Latour-Maubourg)<br /> -Maubreuil, Marie Armand, Comte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guerri de Maubreuil, Marquis</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Orvault, known as Marquis de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 86-87; vi. 181</span><br /> -Maud <i>de jure</i> Queen of England, the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Empress, i. <a href="#Page_8">8</a></span><br /> -Mauduit, Quarter-master, iii. 15<br /> -Mauduit de Larive (see Larive)<br /> -Mauguin, François, v. 96, 113, 116<br /> -Mauléon (see Causans de Mauléon)<br /> -Maulevrier, Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> -Maulevrier, Louis de Brézé, Comte de, ii. 294<br /> -Maulevrier (see also Colbert de Maulevrier<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Valentinois)</span><br /> -Maunoir, Père, i. <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> -Mauny (see Noury de Mauny)<br /> -Maupcou, René Nicolas, i. <a href="#Page_138">138</a>; vi. 202<br /> -Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de, i. <a href="#Page_18">18</a>-<a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> -Maurel, the game-keeper, v. 244<br /> -Maurepas, Jean Frédéric Phelippeaux,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, vi. 202</span><br /> -Maurice, Saint, vi. 190<br /> -Mauro, Fra, vi. 54<br /> -Maury, Bishop of Montefiascone, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Paris, Jean Siffrein</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, iii. 30</span><br /> -Mauvissière (see Castelnau)<br /> -Maximian, the Emperor, iii. 206<br /> -Maximilian I. Elector of Bavaria, ii. 51<br /> -Maximilian I. King of Bavaria, iv. 57,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">164; v. 25, 345</span><br /> -Maximilian II. King of Bavaria, v. 25<br /> -Maximilian I., the Emperor, i. <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 176</span><br /> -Maximus, v. 60<br /> -Mayenne, Charles de Lorraine, Duc de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 15, 21; iii. 74-75</span><br /> -Mazarin, Jules Cardinal, ii. 151, 153;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 9, 245; v. 50; vi. 125</span><br /> -Méchin, Alexandre Edme Baron, v. 138-139<br /> -Mecklenburg (see Wallenstein)<br /> -Medici (see Sforza)<br /> -Megret de Sérilly (see Sérilly)<br /> -Mehemet Ali Viceroy of Egypt, i. <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 264, 278</span><br /> -Melanchthon, Philipp, vi. 142<br /> -Melbourne, Peniston Lamb, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viscount, iv. 160</span><br /> -Melbourne, Elizabeth Milbanke,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viscountess, iv. 160</span><br /> -Melchthal, Arnold von, v. 274, 277<br /> -Melmoth the Younger, William, v. 60<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Melzi (see Lodi)</span><br /> -Mennais (see Lamennais)<br /> -Méot, the tavern-keeper, ii. 17<br /> -Mercier Dupaty (see Dupaty)<br /> -Mercœur, Élisa, vi. 175<br /> -Mercy, Franz Field-Marshal Baron von, ii. 510<br /> -Méré (see Courier de Méré and Poltrot de Méré)<br /> -Merfeld, General, v. 103<br /> -Méricourt (see Théroigne de Mencourt)<br /> -Mérilhou, Joseph, v. 95, 115, 265<br /> -Méritens (see Allart de Méritens)<br /> -Merlin, the auctioneer, iv. 11<br /> -Merlin de Douay, Philippe Antoine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, ii. 108; iii. 153</span><br /> -Merlin de Thionville, Antoine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Christophe, ii. 108; iii. 153</span><br /> -Mérona, M. de, iv. 103<br /> -Merovius (see Merowig)<br /> -Merowig King of the Franks, ii. 29<br /> -Mesmer, Friedrich Anton, i. <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /> -Mesnard, Paul, iv. 128<br /> -Mesnard, Louis Charles Bonaventure<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pierre Comte de, v. 244; vi. 38</span><br /> -Mesnard, Vicomte de, v. 28<br /> -Mesnier, Louis Marthe, iv. 7<br /> -Metastasio, Pietro Bonaventura<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Trapassi, known as, ii. 78</span><br /> -Metel (see Boisrobert)<br /> -Métel, Hugues, ii. 44<br /> -Metella, Cæcilia, ii. 244; iv. 236; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">58, 61; vi. 2</span><br /> -Metternich-Winneburg, Clemens<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar Prince von, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">134, 143; iii. 154; iv. 73-74, 96,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">102, 128, 266; v. 38, 91, 123, 181,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">339, 341-342, 352-353, 369, 384,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">408; vi. 16, 46, 114, 118, 187, 232</span><br /> -Mettrie (see La Mettrie)<br /> -Meunier, Captain, v. 110<br /> -Mézeray, François Eudes de, i. <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> -Mézy, Dame de, ii. 296<br /> -Micara, Luigi Cardinal, v. 8<br /> -Michael I. King of Portugal and the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Algarves, iv. 237; v. 81</span><br /> -Michael II. King of Portugal and the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Algarves, iv. 237</span><br /> -Michael Pavlowitch of Russia, Grand-duke, iv. 36<br /> -Michael Angelo, Michelagnolo Buonarotti,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, i. <a href="#Page_166">166</a>; ii. 123,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">219; iii. 225; iv. 181, 226, 236, 239,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">241-243, 256, 286; v. 2, 29, 36, 59,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">61, 316; vi. 17, 59, 103</span><br /> -Michaud, Joseph, ii. 233; iv. 131-132, 204<br /> -Migneret, the publisher, ii. 157, 181, 198, 209<br /> -Mignet, François Auguste Marie, v. 82-83,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">95-96, 105, 127, 206; vi. 189-190</span><br /> -Mila, the Indian girl, i. <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>; vi. 66<br /> -Milbanke-Noel, Sir Ralph, ii. 136<br /> -Milton, John, i. <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>; ii. 17, 74, 94,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">110, 121-122, 220, 292; iii. 22, 24,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">27, 34; iv. 42-43, 93-94, 245, 257;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 133; vi. 47, 91, 123, 179</span><br /> -Miniac (see Gouyon de Miniac)<br /> -Mionnet, Theodore, v. 53-54<br /> -Mirabeau, Victor Riquetti, Marquis de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_167">167</a>; vi. 42</span><br /> -Mirabeau, Gabriel Honoré Riquetti,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a>, 83, 155, 166-<a href="#Page_171">171</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">175-<a href="#Page_177">177</a>, 179, 182; ii. 4, 12, 71, 77,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">109; iii. 166; iv. 6, 39, 47, 55-56;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 42, 155</span><br /> -Mirabeau, André Boniface Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Riquetti, Vicomte de, i. <a href="#Page_170">170</a>-<a href="#Page_171">171</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_175">175</a>-<a href="#Page_176">176</a>; ii. 4, 80</span><br /> -Mirabeau, Jean Antoine Joseph Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elzéar de Riquetti, known as the</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bailli de, i. <a href="#Page_167">167</a></span><br /> -Misson, François Maximilien, iv. 246<br /> -Mithridales VI. Eupator King of Pontus, v. 335<br /> -Mnata, v. 386<br /> -Mocenigo, Doge of Venice, Giovanni, vi. 59<br /> -Mocenigo, Doge of Venice, Luigi, vi. 59<br /> -Mocenigo, Doge of Venice, Tommaso, vi. 59<br /> -Moëlien de Trojolif, Thérèse Josèphe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 66, 92, 126</span><br /> -Mohl, Julius von, vi. 258<br /> -Mohl, Madame, vi. 258<br /> -Molé, Matthieu Louis Comte, i. <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 168, 192, 319; iv. 26, 118-119</span><br /> -Molé, Édouard, i. <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /> -Molé, Matthieu, i. <a href="#Page_134">134</a>; ii. 192<br /> -Molé, François René Molet, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></span><br /> -Molé de Champlatreux, Édouard François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Matthieu Président, i. <a href="#Page_134">134</a>; ii. 192</span><br /> -Molet (see Molé)<br /> -Molière, Jean Baptiste Poquelin, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as, ii. 122, 124, 128, 170; iv. 2; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">15, 19, 70, 345, 353; vi. 74</span><br /> -Moligny, Abbé de, v. 363, 372<br /> -Molin, Captain, ii. 262, 267<br /> -Monceau (see Duhamel de Monceau)<br /> -Moncey (see Conegliano)<br /> -Monet, M., i. <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> -Monet, Demoiselle, i. <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> -Monfeltrio delle Rovere (see Lante<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Monfeltrio delle Rovere)</span><br /> -Monge (see Péluse)<br /> -Monica, Saint, i. <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> -Monmerqué, Louis Jacques Nicolas, iv. 44<br /> -Monnier, Marquis de, i. <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> -Monnier, Sophie Ruffei, Marquise de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_167">167</a>-<a href="#Page_168">168</a></span><br /> -Monroe, President of the United States<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of America, James, iv. 66, 127</span><br /> -Montaigne, Michel Eyquem, Seigneur<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>; ii. 22, 73,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">124, 126-127, 206, 220; iii. 60, 177;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 149, 231, 243-244, 257; v. 72,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">333; vi. 47, 122</span><br /> -Montaigne (see also Gamaches)<br /> -Montaigu, M. de, vi. 70<br /> -Montalivet, Marthe Camille Bachasson,<br /> -Comte de, iv. 114-115, 247-248, 259, 266<br /> -Montauban, Arthur de, i. <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> -Montbel, Guillaume Isidore Baron,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, v. 72, 81-82, 379, 422;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 100, 116-118, 229-230, 234-235</span><br /> -Montboissier, Baron de, ii. 32, 49, 60<br /> -Montboissier, née de Malesherbes,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baronne de, ii. 49</span><br /> -Montboissier (see also Colbert de Montboissier)<br /> -Montboissier-Beaufort-Canillac, Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Philippe Simon Marquis de, i. <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></span><br /> -Montboissier-Beaufort-Canillac,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Françoise Pauline de Malesherbes,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise de, i. <a href="#Page_135">135</a></span><br /> -Montbourcher, René François Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_153">153</a></span><br /> -Montcalm, Armande du Plessis de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vignerot, Marquise de, iii. 51, 97;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 26-27; v. 398</span><br /> -Montcalm de Saint-Véran, Louis Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, i. <a href="#Page_224">224</a>; vi. 202</span><br /> -Montchenu, Marquis de, iii. 210-211<br /> -Montebello, Jean Lannes, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, iv. 300; v. 28</span><br /> -Montebello, Napoléon Auguste Lannes,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, later Duc de, iv. 300-302; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">18, 28-29</span><br /> -Montenoy (see Palissot de Montenoy)<br /> -Montenuovo, Wilhelm Albert Prince<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, iv. 187, 224; v. 322</span><br /> -Montes, Lola (see Lansfeld)<br /> -Montespan, Françoise Athénais de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rochechouart de Mortemart,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise de, i. <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>; v. 215; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">246-247</span><br /> -Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron de La Brède and de, ii. 220; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">10, 22, 33, 129; iv. 122, 127, 253;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 75</span><br /> -Montesquiou-Fézensac, François Xavier<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marc Antoine Abbé Duc de, iii. 73-74,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">99-100, 127, 131; iv. 59</span><br /> -Montesquiou-Fézensac, Ambroise Anatole<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Augustin Comte, later Marquis</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 134, 156-157</span><br /> -Montesquiou-Fézensac, Élisabeth Pierre<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, vi. 183-184</span><br /> -Montesquiou-Fézensac, Louise Joséphine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de La Live de Briche, Comtesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 191</span><br /> -Montesson (see d'Orléans)<br /> -Montfort, Simon Comte de, ii. 206<br /> -Montfort, pseud., Comte de (see Jerome<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of Westphalia)</span><br /> -Montgascon, M. de, v. 131<br /> -Montgelas, Max Jose Garnerin, Count<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, iv. 57</span><br /> -Montgomery, Comte de, ii. 192<br /> -Montholon-Sémonville, Charles Jean<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François Tristan Comte, later Marquis</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 280; iii. 192, 209, 211, 222-223</span><br /> -Montholon-Sémonville, Albinie Hélène<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Vassal, Comtesse de, iii. 209</span><br /> -Monti, Vincenzo, i. <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a>; vi. 79<br /> -Montléart, Prince de, v. 322<br /> -Montlosier, François Dominique<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reynaud Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_175">175</a>; ii. 71,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">100-102; iv. 123-125</span><br /> -Montlouët, François Jean Raphaël de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brunes, Comte, later Marquis de, i.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>-<a href="#Page_109">109</a></span><br /> -Montluc, Blaise de Lasseran-Massencome,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Seigneur de, i. <a href="#Page_109">109</a>; v. 380</span><br /> -Montluc (see also La Bourdonnaye-Montluc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and La Bourdonnaye de Montluc)</span><br /> -Montmirel, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cook, iv. 98; v. 326; vi. 14</span><br /> -Montmorency, Anne Maréchal Connétable de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 182</span><br /> -Montmorency, Mathieu I. Connétable<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur de, iv. 209</span><br /> -Montmorency, Aline Dame de, iv. 209<br /> -Montmorency, Henry II. Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, ii. 105</span><br /> -Montmorency, François Duc de, ii. 121<br /> -Montmorency, née de Matignon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baronne-Duchesse de, iii. 17</span><br /> -Montmorency, Baronne de, ii. 31<br /> -Montmorency, Demoiselle de, i. <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Montmorency (see also Adelaide,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Laval-Montmorency and Luxembourg)</span><br /> -Montmorency-Laval, Mathieu Jean<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Félicité Vicomte, later Duc de, i.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_163">163</a>; ii. 192; iv. 12, 29-30, 62, 65-69</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">76-77, 83-91, 95, 122, 133, 160,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">164-166, 169, 171, 176-177, 180,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">207-209, 213, 216-217, 286; vi. 45,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">161</span><br /> -Montmorin the Elder, Comte de, ii. 35<br /> -Montmorin, Antoine Hugues Calixte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 172</span><br /> -Montmorin, Auguste de, ii. 237<br /> -Montmorin, Louis Victor Hippolyte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Luce de, ii. 167</span><br /> -Montmorin-Saint-Hérem, Armand Marc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">167, 213, 230, 237, 241, 251; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">183; v. 319</span><br /> -Montmorin-Saint-Hérem, Comtesse de, ii. 167<br /> -Montolieu, Baron de, iv. 120<br /> -Montolieu, Jeanne Isabelle Pauline<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Polier de Bottens, Dame de Crouzas,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Baronne de, iv. 120</span><br /> -Montor (see Arnaud de Montor)<br /> -Montpensier, Antoine Philippe d'Orléans,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, iv. 161</span><br /> -Montrond, M. de, iii. 143<br /> -Monvel, Jacques Marie Boutet, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">as, i. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; vi. 162</span><br /> -Moore, Thomas, ii. 128<br /> -Morandais (see La Morandais)<br /> -More, Blessed Sir Thomas, v. 57<br /> -Moreau, Marshal Jean Victor, i. xxi,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">65, 153; ii. 249, 252; iii. 67, 68,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">203; iv. 164-170, 220, 299; v. 246,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">330, 332, 387</span><br /> -Moreau, née Hulot, Maréchale, ii. 64;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 166-167, 169</span><br /> -Moreau, Demoiselle, iv. 169<br /> -Moreau, Annibal, i. <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>-<a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 44; iii. 8</span><br /> -Moreau, Julie Angélique Hyacinthe de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bedée, Dame, i. <a href="#Page_101">101</a></span><br /> -Moreau de Saint-Méry, Méderic Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Élie, i. <a href="#Page_161">161</a></span><br /> -Morellet, Abbé André, ii. 51, 163; iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21-22, 28; iv. 6</span><br /> -Moréti, Louis, i. <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> -Morey, the assassin, v. 101<br /> -Morice, Dom, i. <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> -Mornay, Demoiselle de, v. 115<br /> -Morny, Charles Auguste Louis Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, iii. 169</span><br /> -Morosini, Doge of Venice, Michele, vi. 59<br /> -Mortemart, Casimir Louis Victurnien<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Rochechouart, Prince de Tonnay-Charente,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, v. 111, 113-114,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">116-118, 122-123, 128</span><br /> -Mortemart, Gabriel de Rochechouart,<br /> -Marquis de, i. <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br /> -Mortemart, Victurnien Bonaventure<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Victor de Rochechouart, Marquis de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_106">106</a>; ii. 35; vi. 246</span><br /> -Mortemart (see also Fontevrault,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Montespan and Thianges)</span><br /> -Mosbourg, Jean Michel Laurent Agar<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iv. 190</span><br /> -Mosbourg, née Marat, Comtesse de, iv. 190<br /> -Moses, ii. 218; iv. 226, 285; v. 392<br /> -Moskowa (see d'Elchingen)<br /> -Mosselmann, M., iv. 170<br /> -Motha (see Le Motha)<br /> -Motier de La Fayette (see La Fayette)<br /> -Motteux, Peter Anthony, i. <a href="#Page_133">133</a>; iv. 243<br /> -Motteville, Nicolas Langlois, Sieur de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 245</span><br /> -Motteville, Françoise Bertaud, Dame<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 245; v. 71</span><br /> -Mouchy, Philippe de Noailles, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, i. <a href="#Page_163">163</a></span><br /> -Mouchy, Antoine Juste Léon Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Noailles, Prince de Poix, Duc de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 239</span><br /> -Mouchy, Philippe Louis Marie Antoine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Noailles, Prince de Poix, Duc de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 95</span><br /> -Mouchy, Arthur Jean Tristan Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Languedoc Comte de Noailles, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, ii. 296</span><br /> -Mouchy, Nathalie Luce Léontine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joséphine de La Borde de Méréville,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de Noailles, later Duchesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 296</span><br /> -Mounier, Claude Philibert Édouard<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron, iii. 131, 171</span><br /> -Mounier, Jean Joseph, iii. 131<br /> -Mousette, M., v. 95<br /> -"Mousset," M. de, ii. 84<br /> -Muiron, Colonel, iii. 210<br /> -Müller, Johann von, v. 274<br /> -Munich, Christoph Burchard,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fieldmarshal Count von, i. <a href="#Page_13">13</a></span><br /> -Muraire, Honoré Comte, iv. 10<br /> -Murat, Napoléon Achille Prince, iv. 198<br /> -Murat, Napoléon Lucien Charles Prince,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 219; iv. 198</span><br /> -Murat, the inn-keeper, ii. 25; iv. 184<br /> -Murat (see also Caroline Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Naples, Joachim King of Naples,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pepoli and Rasponi)</span><br /> -Murillo, Bartolomé Estéban, iv. 239;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 381</span><br /> -Musset, Louis Charles Alfred de, v. 203<br /> -Mussy (see Gueneau de Mussy)<br /> -Mustapha II. Sultan of Turkey, vi. 101<br /> -Mustapha IV. Sultan of Turkey, iv. 267-268<br /> -Muther, Dr. Richard, iv. 240<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -N<br /> -<br /> -Nacquart, Colonel de, v. 245<br /> -Nagault (see Nagot)<br /> -Nagot, Abbé François Charles, i. <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a><br /> -Nangis, Guillaume de, ii. 30<br /> -Napoleon, Saint, iii. 209<br /> -Napoleon I. Emperor of the French, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>-<a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>-<a href="#Page_214">214</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>; ii. 17, 25-26, 40, 52,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">54, 100, 108, 110, 118, 139, 147,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">154, 159, 161, 175, 180-181, 187-188</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">190, 195, 200, 210-214, 219-220</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">222-224, 232, 246-247, 249-255,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">257-265, 269-275, 278, 280-292, 294,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">301, 303, 309; iii. 4-5, 7-9, 12, 15-18,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21-24, 29-30, 34-36, 46-52, 54-91,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">93-99, 102-103, 106-124, 127,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">129-131, 133-134, 136-137, 139-141,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">143, 145-146, 148-171, 179-180, 182-206</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">208-228; iv. 1-3, 6-7, 10, 19,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21, 32, 40, 49, 53, 56, 58, 75-76,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">107, 109-111, 143, 145, 158, 163-169,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">174-180, 183-184, 187-203, 205, 208,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">220, 223-224, 231, 237-238, 242, 254-255,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">264, 274, 295; v. 4-5, 40, 43-44,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">46, 48, 58-59, 68, 80-82, 90, 92,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">100, 103, 108, 113, 116, 121, 134,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">150, 160, 162, 164, 166, 174, 176,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">180, 202, 211, 227, 232, 235, 245,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">249, 263, 272, 280, 291-296, 330-331,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">332-333, 337, 379, 390, 393-394,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">397-401, 403; vi. 7, 10-12, 19-21,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">25, 30, 33, 42-43, 46, 51, 61, 79, 91,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">95, 97, 120, 148, 151, 155, 162,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">182-185, 195, 197, 200, 203-204, 221,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">253</span><br /> -Napoleon II. Emperor of the French,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 264; iii. 34, 54, 64, 109, 143,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">154, 166-167, 170, 217; iv. 59, 224,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">44; v. 92, 280; vi. 117</span><br /> -Napoleon III. Emperor of the French,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince Louis Napoleon Bonaparte,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">President of the French Republic,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later, i. <a href="#Page_185">185</a>; ii. 219, 280, 295; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">64, 109, 143, 169, 192, 227; iv. 33,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">114; v. 58, 83, 94, 103, 108, 292-298,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">301-302: vi. 99</span><br /> -Narbonne, Duc de, vi. 138<br /> -Narbonne, Duchesse de, vi. 138<br /> -Narbonne, Jean de Foix, Vicomte de, i. <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /> -Narischkine, Alexander, iv. 236<br /> -Narischkine, Maria Antonovna, iv. 236<br /> -Navarre, Dame de, ii. 311, 316<br /> -Nay, M., v. 256, 263<br /> -Neale, Mary, ii. 99<br /> -Necker, Jacques, i. <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>-<a href="#Page_157">157</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>-<a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>; ii. 240-241;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 120, 158-160, 170, 183; v. 300;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 203</span><br /> -Necker, Suzanne Curchod, Dame, iv. 120, 300<br /> -Necker de Saussure, Albertine Adrienne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Saussure, Dame, v. 200</span><br /> -Nefftzer, A., v. 96<br /> -Neipperg, Adam Adalbert Count von,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 264; iv. 187, 224; v. 322; vi. 46</span><br /> -Nelson, Duke of Bronte, Horatio first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viscount, i. <a href="#Page_21">21</a>; ii. 139-140; iv.</span><br /> -Nemours, Gaston de Foix, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, i. <a href="#Page_120">120</a>; iv. 228</span><br /> -Nemours (see also Dupont de Nemours<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Longueville-Nemours)</span><br /> -Nero, the Emperor, ii. 258, 291; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">233, 299; v. 196, 215</span><br /> -Nerva, the Emperor, iv. 229<br /> -Nesle, Regent of France, Jean II. de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 297</span><br /> -Nesle, Raoul Connétable de, ii. 297<br /> -Nesle, Louis de Mailly, Marquis de, ii. 297<br /> -Nesle the Younger, Marquis de, ii. 299<br /> -Nesle, Drogon de, ii. 297<br /> -Nesselrode, Karl Robert Count, v. 384<br /> -Nettement, Alfred François, v. 99,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">101; vi. 131, 193</span><br /> -Nétumières (see Hay des Nétumières)<br /> -Neuchâtel (see Wagram)<br /> -Neufchâteau (see François de Neufchâteau)<br /> -Neuhof (see Theodore King of Corsica)<br /> -Neuville (see Hyde de Neuville)<br /> -Neveu, the painter, ii. 194, 196<br /> -Neville, Archbishop of York, George, v. 336<br /> -Newton, Sir Isaac, i. <a href="#Page_151">151</a>; ii. 74, 86,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">187; v. 387</span><br /> -Ney (see d'Elchingen)<br /> -Nicholas Bishop of Myra, Saint, i. 174;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 289</span><br /> -Nicholas II., Pope, v. 11<br /> -Nicholas III. Marquis of Este, vi. 92<br /> -Nicholas I. Tsar of All the Russias,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>; iv. 33, 36, 118, 266-270, 274-279,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">281-283; v. 322</span><br /> -Nicholas of Russia, Grand-duke (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nicholas I. Tsar of All the Russias)</span><br /> -Nicholas of Russia, Grand-duchess (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alexandra Feodorowna Empress of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Russia)</span><br /> -Nicholas of Pisa (see Pisano)<br /> -Nicolaï, Monsignore Nicola Maria, iv. 259<br /> -Nicolas (see Chamfort)<br /> -Niebuhr, Barthold Georg, iv. 236<br /> -Nivelon, M., i. <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br /> -Nivelon (see also Carline)<br /> -Nivernais, Louis Jules Mancini-Mazarini,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, i. <a href="#Page_156">156</a></span><br /> -Noah (see Noe)<br /> -Noailles, Adrien Maurice Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de Noailles, vi. 238-240</span><br /> -Noailles, nie d'Aubigné, Duchesse de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 238, 240</span><br /> -Noailles, Adrien Maurice Victurnien<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mathieu Duc de, ii. 191; vi. 239</span><br /> -Noailles, Clotilde de la Ferté-Méung-Molé<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Champlatreux, Duchesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Douairière de, ii. 191</span><br /> -Noailles, Paul Duc de, vi. 236, 242-244,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">246, 249, 259</span><br /> -Noailles, Alice de Rochechouart-Mortemart,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, vi. 243-244, 246</span><br /> -Noailles, Alexis Louis Joseph Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 97; iv. 199</span><br /> -Noailles, Louis Marie Vicomte de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></span><br /> -Noailles, Alfred Louis Dominique<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vincent de Paule Vicomte de, iv. 78</span><br /> -Noailles, Charlotte Marie Antoinette<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Léontine de Noailles-Mouchy,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomtesse de, iv. 78</span><br /> -Noailles (see also Mouchy)<br /> -Noe, v. 182<br /> -Noel (see Milbanke-Noel)<br /> -Nogart, Guillaume de, v. 48<br /> -Nogarola, Isotta, vi. 110-111<br /> -Noirot, Lieutenant, ii. 262-263; v. 103<br /> -Normandie, Duc de (see Louis XVII.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of France and Navarre)</span><br /> -Normant (see Le Normant)<br /> -North (see Guilford)<br /> -Norvins, Jacques Marquet de Montbreton,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron de, iv. 180, 182</span><br /> -Nôtre (see Le Nôtre)<br /> -Nouail, Pierre Henri, i. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>-<a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> -Noue (see La Noue)<br /> -Noury de Mauny, i. <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /> -Nova, João de, iii. 206-207<br /> -Nugent, Charles Vicomte de, vi. 133<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -O<br /> -<br /> -Obizzo I. Marquis of Este, vi. 92<br /> -Obizzo I. Marquis of Este and Lord of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ferrara, vi. 92</span><br /> -O'Connell, Daniel, iv. 92, 293<br /> -Odescalchi, Carlo Cardinal, iv. 235;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 5, 8</span><br /> -Odo King of France, iii. 58<br /> -Odo of Orleans, ii. 30<br /> -Odoacer King of the Heruli, iv. 227;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 195</span><br /> -Oger or Ogier, v. 378<br /> -O'Heguerty the Elder, Comte, v. 371,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">374-375, 378; vi. 138</span><br /> -O'Heguerty the Younger, M., v. 408, 410<br /> -O'Larry, Mrs., ii. 99<br /> -O'Larry, Miss. ii. 99<br /> -Olewieff, Major, iii. 83-84<br /> -Olga Nicolaiëvna of Russia, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wurtemberg, v. 322</span><br /> -Olimpia (see Pamfili)<br /> -Olivarez, Gasparo de Guzman, Conde<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 51</span><br /> -Olive, Demoiselle, iv. 148<br /> -Olivet, Captain, vi. 70<br /> -d'Olivet, Pierre Joseph Thoulier, Abbé,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 41</span><br /> -Olivier, François Chancelier, v. 49-50<br /> -Olivier, Jeanne Adélaïde Gérardine, i. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br /> -Oliviers (see Flins des Oliviers)<br /> -O'Meara, Dr. Barry Edward, iii. 216<br /> -Oppian, ii. 27, 306-307<br /> -Oppizzoni, Carlo Cardinal, iv. 235; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">18, 21, 23</span><br /> -d'Ops, M., iii. 134<br /> -d'Ops, Dame, iii. 134<br /> -d'Orbesan, Sieur, vi. 103<br /> -Orford, Horace Walpole, third Earl of, ii. 172<br /> -d'Orglandes (see Chateaubriand)<br /> -O'Riordan (see Connell)<br /> -d'Orléans, Philippe I. first Duc, iv. 251; v. 137<br /> -d'Orléans, Henrietta Anna of England,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse, iii. 128; iv. 251; v. 137</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Charlotte Elizabeth of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bavaria, Duchesse, v. 137</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Philippe II. second Duc, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">137, 230; vi. 199-200</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Françoise Mademoiselle de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Blois, Duchesse, v. 137</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Louis third Duc, v. 137<br /> -d'Orléans, Augusta of Baden, Duchesse,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 137</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Louis Philippe fourth Duc,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 137</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Louise de Bourbon-Conti,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse, v. 137</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Jeanne Béraud de La Haye<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Riou, Marquise de Montesson,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Duchesse, v. 137</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Louis Philippe Joseph fifth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc, i. <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">71, 294; iii. 111, 143; iv. 12; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">137, 141, 151</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Louis Philippe sixth Duc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see Louis-Philippe King of the</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">French)</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Ferdinand Philippe Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Henri seventh Duc, vi. 150</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Louise Marie Adélaïde de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Penthièvre, Duchesse, iv. 12</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Helen of Mecklenburg-Schwerin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse, vi. 150</span><br /> -Orléans (see Dorléans and Odo of Orléans)<br /> -d'Ornano, Philippe Antoine Comte, iii. 109<br /> -d'Ornano (see also Walewska)<br /> -d'Orsay, Gillion Gaspard Alfred de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grimaud, Comte, iv. 73</span><br /> -d'Orsay, Lady Harriet Gardiner,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse, iv. 73</span><br /> -Orsini, Duca di Bracciano, iv. 80<br /> -Osman Seid, ii. 333<br /> -d'Osmond, René Eustache Marquis, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">103; iv. 74</span><br /> -d'Osmond, Éléonore Dillon, Marquise, iv. 74<br /> -d'Ossat, Bishop of Rennes, later of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bayeux, Arnaud Cardinal, iv. 280;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 50, 55, 70</span><br /> -Ossian, ii. 133; iii. 214; vi. 79<br /> -Osten-Sacken, Fabian Wilhelm Prince<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von der, iii. 63</span><br /> -Otho, the Emperor, i. <a href="#Page_158">158</a><br /> -d'Otrante, Joseph Fouché Duc, ii. 17,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">118, 259, 261; iii. 16-17, 111, 141-144</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">144, 151, 154-155, 165, 167-168,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">175-176, 178-180, 182-184; iv. 3,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">11, 180, 194, 196</span><br /> -Otto III., the Emperor, v. 376<br /> -Otto IV., the Emperor, ii. 43<br /> -Otto King of the Hellenes, iv. 118<br /> -Ottoboni, Pietro Cardinal, v. 15<br /> -Otway, Thomas, vi. 74-75<br /> -Oudart, M., v. 135<br /> -Oudinot (see Reggio)<br /> -Outcaire (see Oger)<br /> -Ouvrard, the printer, v. 132<br /> -Ouvrier, the Polytechnic scholar, v. 110<br /> -Overbeck, Friedrich Johann, iv. 240<br /> -Ovid, Publius Ovidius Naso, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 9, 186; v. 63, 69, 229</span><br /> -Oxenstiern, Axel Count, v. 51<br /> -Oxenstiern, Benedikt, v. 51<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -P<br /> -<br /> -Pacca, Bishop of Velletri, Bartolommeo<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, v. 4-5, 23</span><br /> -Paganini, Nicola, iv. 237<br /> -Paisiello, Giovanni, i. <a href="#Page_225">225</a><br /> -Pajol, Pierre Claude Comte, v. 108,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">138, 152-153</span><br /> -Pajol, Élise Oudinot de Reggio,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse, v. 108</span><br /> -Palestrina, Principessa Barberini-Colonna<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">di, iv. 256</span><br /> -Palissot de Montenoy, Charles, i. <a href="#Page_132">132</a><br /> -Palladio, Andrea, vi. 17, 46<br /> -Palli (see Lucchesi-Palli)<br /> -Pallucci, Field-Marshal, vi. 62<br /> -Palm, Johann Philipp, iii. 78-79<br /> -Palma the Elder, Jacopo, vi. 49<br /> -Palma the Younger, Jacopo, vi. 49, 103<br /> -Palma-Cayet (see Cayet)<br /> -Pamfili, Olimpia Maldachini, Donna, v. 14<br /> -Pan (see Mallet-Dupan)<br /> -Panat, Chevalier de, ii. 100, 117-118<br /> -Panckoucke, Charles Joseph, ii. 300<br /> -Pange, François de, i. <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> -Pange (see also Silléry)<br /> -Panormita, Antonio Beccadelli, vi. 105<br /> -Paolo, Pietro Paolo Sarpi, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fra, vi. 65</span><br /> -Paolo, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Italian servant, vi. 47</span><br /> -Parc (see Chateaubriand du Parc)<br /> -Pardessus, Jean Marie, v. 304<br /> -Paris, Louis Philippe Albert d'Orléans,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, v. 22</span><br /> -Paris (see also Robert Count of Paris)<br /> -Pâris, Body-guard, ii. 296; vi. 162<br /> -Parma (see Cambacérès)<br /> -Parmentier, M. de, ii. 84<br /> -Parny, Évariste Désiré Desforges,<br /> -Chevalier de, i. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>; iii. 30<br /> -Parny, M. de, i. <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> -Parny, Dame de (see Contat)<br /> -Parquin, Charles, v. 296<br /> -Parquin, née Cochelet, Dame, v. 296<br /> -Parry, Sir William Edward, i. <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 62, 122, 222</span><br /> -Pascal, Blaise, ii. 152, 216; v. 406<br /> -Paskevitch (see Warsaw)<br /> -Pasquier, Étienne Denis Baron, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chancelier Duc, i. <a href="#Page_37">37</a>; ii. 168, 253;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 87; iv. 26, 30, 45, 51-55, 59;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 89, 172-173, 256</span><br /> -Pasquin, the lampooner, v. 273<br /> -Pasta, Giuditta Negri, Dame, ii. 86;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">v. 67; vi. 175</span><br /> -Pastoret, Claude Emmanuel Joseph<br /> -Pierre Chancelier Marquis de, v. 303-304;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 26, 136, 138</span><br /> -Patin, Charles Gui, vi. 103-104<br /> -Patin, Gui, vi. 103-104<br /> -Patrick Bishop of Armagh, Saint, vi. 172<br /> -Paul the Apostle, Saint, v. 241<br /> -Paul the Hermit or the Simple, Saint,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 43; v. 54</span><br /> -Paul IV., Pope, ii. 45<br /> -Paul V., Pope, vi. 65<br /> -Paul I. Tsar of all the Russias, ii. 289;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 49; iv. 33, 281</span><br /> -Paul (see also Vincent of Paul)<br /> -Paul Charles Frederic Augustus of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wurtemberg, Prince, iv. 36; v. 41</span><br /> -Paule, Fair (see Fontenille)<br /> -Paulin, the bookseller, v. 127<br /> -Paulus (see Æmilius Paulus)<br /> -Paz (see Du Paz)<br /> -Pecquet, Jean, i. <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> -Pedicini, Carlo Maria Cardinal, v. 8,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21, 23</span><br /> -Peel, Sir Robert, iv. 80, 219<br /> -Peggy, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">house-maid, i. <a href="#Page_190">190</a></span><br /> -Pellico, Silvio, i. <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a>; v. 348; vi. 55-57,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">65, 79, 105-112</span><br /> -Pellisson, Paul, iv. 292<br /> -Peltier, Jean Gabriel, i. <a href="#Page_175">175</a>; ii. 71-72,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">76, 80-81, 99-100, 139-141; v. 205, 333</span><br /> -Péluse, Gaspard Monge, Comte de, ii. 187-188<br /> -Penhoën, Auguste Théodore Hilaire<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron Barchon de, v. 86</span><br /> -Penhouet (see Becdelièvre-Penhouët)<br /> -Penn, William, i. <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> -Penthièvre, Louis Joseph Marie de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bourbon, Duc de, iv. 12</span><br /> -Penthièvre, Eudon Count of, i. <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> -Penthièvre, Guy of, i. <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /> -Pepe, General Florestano, iv. 52<br /> -Pepin King of the Franks, iv. 109-110, 228<br /> -Pepin, the assassin, v. 101<br /> -Pepoli, Contessa di Castiglione, Letizia<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Josefina Murat, Marchesa, iv. 198</span><br /> -Peretti, Signorina, v. 13<br /> -Pericles, i. <a href="#Page_252">252</a>; iii. 45, 96; v. 56, 272<br /> -Périer, Augustin Charles, v. 116, 123<br /> -Périer, Casimir, iv. 115, 137, 142; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">88, 95-96, 98, 106-107, 113, 116-117,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">128, 154, 229</span><br /> -Périer, ex-President of the French<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Republic, M. Jean Paul Pierre Casimir,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 137</span><br /> -Périgord (see Chalais-Périgord and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Talleyrand-Périgord)</span><br /> -Pérouse (see La Pérouse)<br /> -Perray, M. de, iii. 175<br /> -Perrin, Ennemond, ii. 308<br /> -Perrin (see also Bellune and Labé)<br /> -Perlet, Adrien, v. 120<br /> -Perrers, Alice, ii. 138<br /> -Perron (see Duperron)<br /> -Perseus King of Macedon, iii. 34<br /> -Persil, Jean Charles, v. 96, 310<br /> -Perugino, Pietro Vannucci, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 240</span><br /> -Pesaro (see Sforza)<br /> -Peter, Pope Saint, ii. 219; v. 9-10, 78,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">316; vi. 216, 221</span><br /> -Peter I. Tsar of All the Russias, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">271; vi. 101, 203</span><br /> -Peter III. Tsar of All the Russias, i. <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 289</span><br /> -Peter I. King of Portugal, vi. 24-25<br /> -Peter IV. King of Portugal and I.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emperor of Brazil, iv. 53</span><br /> -Peter, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">footman, i. <a href="#Page_190">190</a></span><br /> -Petermann, Lieutenant, ii. 261<br /> -Pétion de Villeneuve, Jérôme, ii. 13-14, 27<br /> -Petit, Jean Martin Baron, iii. 78<br /> -Petit, Louis Sébastien Olympe, ii. 193<br /> -Petit, René, i. <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /> -Petit-Bois, Roger Vicomte du, i. <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> -Petit-Bois (see also Pinot du Petit-Bois)<br /> -Petrarch, Francesco Petrarca, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 33, 124, 200-201, 220; iv. 181;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 49-50, 78</span><br /> -Peyra, Adolphe, vi. 170<br /> -Peyronnet, Charles Ignace Comte de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 62, 117, 135-136; v. 87-88, 189,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">422; vi. 229</span><br /> -Peysse, M., v. 95<br /> -Pezay, Alexandre Frédéric Jacques<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Masson, Marquis de, i. <a href="#Page_162">162</a></span><br /> -Pharamond King of the Franks, iv. 109<br /> -Phidias, v. 26; vi. 59<br /> -Phila, the courtezan, vi. 179<br /> -Philip III. Duke of Burgundy, iii. 135<br /> -Philip II. Augustus King of France,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_199">199</a>; ii. 43, 173; iii. 177; vi. 27,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">196</span><br /> -Philip III. King of France, i. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>; vi.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">140, 196</span><br /> -Philip IV. King of France, v. 48<br /> -Philip VI. King of France, i. <a href="#Page_141">141</a>; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73; v. 355, 411</span><br /> -Philip II. King of Macedon, iv. 192<br /> -Philip Duke of Parma, vi. 202<br /> -Philip II. King of Spain, Naples, Sicily<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and England, i. <a href="#Page_212">212</a>; ii. 50; iii. 176;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 58, 239; v. 13</span><br /> -Philip III. King of Spain, ii. 151<br /> -Philip V. King of Spain, iv. 80; v. 15;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 200, 238, 246</span><br /> -Philip of Austria, Archduke, iii. 127<br /> -Philip, Pompey's freedman, ii. 337<br /> -Philipon, Charles, v. 261-263<br /> -Philipon, Emma, v. 261-263<br /> -Philippa of Hainault, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England, iii. 138</span><br /> -Phocion, i. <a href="#Page_223">223</a>; iii. 96<br /> -Phryne, the courtezan, vi. 180<br /> -Piacenza (see Lebrun)<br /> -Piat, Demoiselles, ii. 310<br /> -Pibrac, Gui du Faur, Seigneur de, ii. 206<br /> -Picard, Louis Benoit, ii. 170<br /> -Piccini, Nicola, i. <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> -Piccolomini, Octavio Trince, vi. 4<br /> -Piccolomini, Max, vi. 4<br /> -Pichegni, General Charles, i. <a href="#Page_65">65</a>; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">249, 252, 263; iii. 67, 203;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 167-168, 299</span><br /> -Piconnerie (see d'Isly)<br /> -Piégard Sainte-Croix (see Sainte-Croix)<br /> -Pierre, Madame de Bedée's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">man-servant, i. <a href="#Page_22">22</a></span><br /> -Pierres de Bernis (see Bernis)<br /> -Piet-Tardiveau, Jean Pierre, iv. 14<br /> -Pietro di Filippo de' Giunazzi (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Romano)</span><br /> -Piffre, M., iv. 67<br /> -Pilate, Pontius Pilatus, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pontius, vi. 220</span><br /> -Pillet, Léon, v. 96<br /> -Pilorge, Hyacinthe, iv. 45, 90, 97, 298;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 28, 89, 121, 197-198, 218, 236,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">325, 330-331, 338, 340-341, 348,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">351; vi. 102, 105, 121, 129, 139, 168</span><br /> -Pindar, i. <a href="#Page_131">131</a>; ii. 254; vi. 172<br /> -Pindemonte, Giovanni, vi. 79<br /> -Pindemonte, Ippolyto, i. <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a>; vi. 79<br /> -Pinelli, Bartolomeo, iv. 241<br /> -Pinot du Petit-Bois, Jean Anne Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 48, 108</span><br /> -Pinsonnière, the Polytechnic scholar,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 107</span><br /> -Pinte-de-Vin (see Dujardin Pinte-de-Vin)<br /> -Pioche de La Vergne, Aymar, iii. 128<br /> -Piron, Alexis, v. 55<br /> -Pisan, Thomas de, vi. 140<br /> -Pisan, Christine de, vi. 140<br /> -Pisano, Nicholas of Pisa, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Niccola, vi. 46, 59</span><br /> -Pitt, William, i. <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>; ii. 69, 142-143,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">145-146; iv. 82, 93, 120</span><br /> -Pitton de Tournefort (see Tournefort)<br /> -Pius II., Pope, ii. 53<br /> -Pius VI., Pope, iii. 30; v. 373<br /> -Pius VII., Pope, i. <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>; ii. 180,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">213, 219-220, 230, 238, 248; iii. 9,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">51,63, 194, 209; v. 29, 110, 180,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">182, 198-199, 220, 225, 229, 231,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">255, 262, 297, 302; v. 1-2, 4-6,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">23-24, 48, 59; vi. 45</span><br /> -Pius VIII., Pope, v. 4-5, 23, 27, 29-31,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">35-40, 46, 49, 53, 61, 78, 384</span><br /> -Pius IX., Pope, iv. 33<br /> -Placence (see Lebrun)<br /> -Placidia Queen of the Visigoths, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Empress Galla, iv. 227</span><br /> -Plagnol, M., v. 96<br /> -Planta, Joseph, iv. 65<br /> -Plato, ii. 169; iv. 93; v. 53; vi. 194<br /> -Plautus, Titus Maccius, ii. 204<br /> -Pleineselve, Colonel de, v. 103<br /> -Plélo, Louis Robert Hippolyte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bréhan, Comte de, i. 13</span><br /> -Plessix, M. du, v. 85<br /> -Plessix de Parscau, Hervé Louis Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marie Comte du, ii. 5; v. 85</span><br /> -Plessix de Parscau, Anne Buisson de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Vigne, Comtesse du, ii. 5, 24</span><br /> -Plessix de Parscau née de Kermalun,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse du, ii. 5</span><br /> -Pletho, Georgius Gemistus, vi. 49<br /> -Pliny the Elder, Caius Plinius Secundus,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, i. <a href="#Page_39">39</a>; iv. 140; v. 60, 334;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 237</span><br /> -Pliny the Younger, Caius Plinius<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cæcilius Secundus, known as, v. 60</span><br /> -Ploërmel, Bemborough, Lord of, i. <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> -Plotinus, ii. 184<br /> -Plouer, Françoise Gertrude de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Contades, Comtesse de, i. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>-<a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></span><br /> -Plutarch, i. <a href="#Page_23">23</a>; ii. 337; iii. 220; vi.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">157, 236</span><br /> -Podenas, née de Nadaillac, Marquise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, vi. 94, 98, 100</span><br /> -Podiebrad (see George Podiebrad, King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Bohemia)</span><br /> -Poe, Edgar Allen, i. <a href="#Page_254">254</a><br /> -Poitiers (see Saint-Vallier and Valentinois)<br /> -Poix, Dame de, i. <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> -Poix (see also Mouchy)<br /> -Polastron, Vicomte de, v. 373<br /> -Polastron, Marie Louise Françoise de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lussan d'Esparbès, Vicomtesse de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 373-374</span><br /> -Polignac, Jules François Armand<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte, later Duc de, i. <a href="#Page_160">160</a></span><br /> -Polignac, Yolande Martine Gabrielle<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Polastron, Vicomtesse, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, i. <a href="#Page_160">160</a>; v. 373</span><br /> -Polignac, Armand Prince de, iii. 97<br /> -Polignac, Jules Auguste Armand Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince de, i. <a href="#Page_160">160</a>; iii. 97, 129; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">29, 33, 136, 138, 167; v. 69, 72,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">74-78, 81-82, 84, 87, 92-93, 95-96,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">99-100, 106, 108, 144, 189, 320, 375,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">380, 422; vi. 117</span><br /> -Pollio, Caius Asinius, iii. 197<br /> -Polo, Maffeo, vi. 77<br /> -Polo, Marco, vi. 77-78<br /> -Polo, Nicolo, vi. 77<br /> -Poltrot de Méré, Sieur, ii. 45<br /> -Pombal, Sebastiio Jose de Carvalho e<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mello, Marques de, v. 51</span><br /> -Pommereul, François René Jean Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 104-105; iii. 36</span><br /> -Pommereul, Messieurs de, i. <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> -Pompadour, Jeanne Antoinette Poisson<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Le Normant d'Étioles, Marquise de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 166, 298: iii. 181; iv. 38, 79;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 51; vi. 242</span><br /> -Pompey, Sextus Pompeius Magnus,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as Sextus, i. <a href="#Page_68">68</a>; ii. 331, 337;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 14, 180; v. 85, 204</span><br /> -Pomponne, Simon Arnauld, Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 54</span><br /> -Poncelet, alias Chevalier, Louis, v. 220<br /> -Pons de L'Hérault (see Rio)<br /> -Pons de Verdun, Philippe Laurent, ii. 52<br /> -Ponsonby, Hon. Sir Frederick Cavendish, iv. 81<br /> -Ponsonby, née Bathurst, Lady Emily<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charlotte, iv. 81</span><br /> -Pontbriand (see Breil de Pontbriand)<br /> -Pontcarré, Vicomte de, iv. 106<br /> -Pontecoulant, Louis Gustave Le<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Doulcet, Comte de, iii. 168, 170</span><br /> -Pontmartin, Armand Augustin Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marie Ferrand, Comte de, v. 101</span><br /> -Pope, Alexander, ii. 121; iv. 80<br /> -Poppœa Sabina, the Empress, v. 215<br /> -Poquelin (see Molière)<br /> -Porcher, Abbé, i. <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>-<a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> -Porta (see Sébastiani de La Porta)<br /> -Portal, M., i. 108<br /> -Portalis, Joseph Marie Comte, iv. 138,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">296, 299-303; v. 2-8, 17-18, 20-24,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">27, 30-34, 37-42, 46-49, 52, 68, 77</span><br /> -Porte (see La Porte)<br /> -Portland, Henrietta Scott, Duchess of, ii. 79<br /> -Portsmouth, Duchesse d'Aubigny,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louise Renée de Kerouaille, Duchess</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, ii. 137</span><br /> -Potelet, Seigneur de Saint-Mahé and de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Durantais, François Jean Baptiste,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 47</span><br /> -Pothin Bishop of Lyons, Saint, ii. 308<br /> -Potier, Charles, v. 21<br /> -Potocki, Jan Count, iv. 232<br /> -Poubelle, M., v. 137<br /> -Poullain, known as Saint-Louis, Louis,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 27-29</span><br /> -Poultier, M., v. 258<br /> -Pouqueville, François Charles Hugues<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Laurent, v. 206, 234</span><br /> -Pourrat, ii. 172<br /> -Pourtales, Louis Comte de, iv. 107<br /> -Poussin, Nicolas, iv. 232, 242, 258-259,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">285-286, 298, 304</span><br /> -Poussin, Anne Marie Dughet, Dame,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 242</span><br /> -Pozzo di Borgo, Carlo Andrea Count,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 50, 111, 158, 162, 171-172; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">76; v. 145-147</span><br /> -Pradon, Nicolas, vi. 240<br /> -Pradt, Bishop of Poitiers, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Mechlin, Dominique Baron</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dufour de, iii. 72, 78, 98</span><br /> -Prague (see Jerome of Prague)<br /> -Praslin, Charles Laure Hugues Théobald<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de Choiseul, iii. 168</span><br /> -Praslin, Altarice Rosalba Sébastiani,<br /> -Duchesse de Choiseul, iii. 168<br /> -Praxiteles, vi. 54, 180<br /> -Pressigny (see Cortois de Pressigny)<br /> -Prestre de Vauban (see Vauban)<br /> -Princeteau, Marie Decazes, Dame, iv. 10<br /> -Prior, Matthew, iv. 80<br /> -Probus, the Emperor, ii. 105<br /> -Procopius, iv. 227<br /> -Propertius, Sextus, i. <a href="#Page_162">162</a>; iv. 248<br /> -Proudhon, Pierre Joseph, v. 219<br /> -Proudhon, née Sainte-Croix, Madame, v. 219<br /> -Provence, Comte de (see Louis XVIII.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of France and Navarre)</span><br /> -Provence, Comtesse de (see Josephine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Sardinia, Queen of France)</span><br /> -Prudhomme, Louis Marie, vi. 154<br /> -Prunelle, Dr. Clement François Victor<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gabriel, iv. 120</span><br /> -Ptolemy I. King of Egypt, iv. 75<br /> -Ptolemy II. King of Egypt, iv. 75<br /> -Ptolemy, Claudius Ptolemæus, known as, v. 335<br /> -Pufendorf, Samuel Baron von, iv. 280<br /> -Puyravault, Pierre François Audrey de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 98, 105-106, 113</span><br /> -Pythagoras, i. <a href="#Page_196">196</a>; iv. 206; v. 68; vi. 4<br /> -Pytheas, ii. 202<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Q<br /> -<br /> -Quatt, Herr, iv. 37<br /> -Québriac, Seigneur de Patrion, Jean<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François Xavier Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></span><br /> -Québriac, Comtesse de (see Chateaubourg)<br /> -Quecq, Jacques Édouard, iv. 241<br /> -Queensberry, William Douglas, fourth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duke of, ii. <a href="#Page_138">138</a></span><br /> -Quélen, Archbishop of Paris, Hyacinthe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 111-112; v. 190, 241-242;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 190, 263</span><br /> -Quincy (see Cortois de Quincy)<br /> -Quinette, Nicolas Marie Baron, iii. 167-168<br /> -Quintal, the boatman, iii. 13, 15, 17<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -R<br /> -<br /> -Rabbe, Colonel, ii. 262<br /> -Rabbe, Alphonse, v. 97<br /> -Rabelais, François, i. <a href="#Page_133">133</a>; ii. 98, 124,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">155; 243</span><br /> -Rachel, iii. 25<br /> -Racine, Jean Baptiste, i. <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 102, 106, 128, 178, 183, 293;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 10, 33, 131, 223; iv. 23; v. 57,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">335; vi. 36, 202, 240</span><br /> -Racine the Younger, M., vi. 202<br /> -Radcliffe, Ann Wood, Mrs., ii. 126<br /> -Radziwill, Princess von, iv. 46<br /> -Radziwill the Younger, Princess von, iv. 46<br /> -Rafin (see Duchesnois)<br /> -Raguse, Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Marmont, Maréchal Duc de, iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">50, 57, 118, 124; iv. 202; v. 94-96,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">98, 100-101, 106-110, 130-131</span><br /> -Raineral (see Ruvigny and Raineval)<br /> -Rainneville, Alphonse Valentin Vaysse,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iv. 97</span><br /> -Ranville (see Guernon-Ranville)<br /> -Rambouillet de La Sablière (see La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sablière)</span><br /> -Rameses II. King of Egypt (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sesostris)</span><br /> -Rancé, Abbot of the Trappe, Armand<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jean Le Bouthillier de, vi. 251, 253</span><br /> -Raphael Sanzio, i. <a href="#Page_31">31</a>; ii. 140, 178,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">306, 309; iii. 135; iv. 181, 225, 232,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">239-240, 242-243, 248-249; v. 42,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">47, 58, 61, 89, 273, 286, 353; vi. 3,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">22, 59, 84, 141</span><br /> -Rasponi, Luisa Giulia Carolina Murat,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Contessa, iv. 198</span><br /> -Raulx, the Comte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">game-keeper, i. <a href="#Page_49">49</a></span><br /> -Rauzan, Henri Louis Comte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chestellux, later Duc de, iii. 101</span><br /> -Rauzan, Claire Henriette Philippine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamine de Durfort, Duchesse de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 101, 128</span><br /> -Ravenel du Boistelleul (see Boistelleul)<br /> -Ravier, Colonel, ii. 262<br /> -Raymond IV. Count of Toulouse,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duke of Bordeaux, Marquis of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Provence, ii. 207, 292</span><br /> -Raymond (see also Damaze de Raymond)<br /> -Raymond Berengarius IV. Count of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Provence, ii. 192</span><br /> -Raynal, Abbé Guillaume Thomas<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François, i. <a href="#Page_110">110</a></span><br /> -Rayneval, François Joseph Maximilien<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gérard Comte de, iv. 102</span><br /> -Raynouard, François Juste Marie, iii. 29<br /> -Razumowsky, Cyrille Field-Marshal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count, iii. 49</span><br /> -Réal, Pierre François Comte, ii. 259, 283<br /> -Réaux (see Taboureau des Réaux and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tallemant des Réaux)</span><br /> -Rebecque (see Constant de Rebecque)<br /> -Reboul, Jean, ii. 203<br /> -Récamier, Jacques Rose, i. <a href="#Page_189">189</a>; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">210; iv. 150, 158, 170-171, 178</span><br /> -Récamier, Jeanne Françoise Julie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adélaïde Bernard, Dame, i. <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 67; iii. 102; iv. 34, 40, 119, 121,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">147-174, 177-184, 186-192, 194, 198-214</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">220, 233-234, 261-262, 284-288,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">296-299, 302-304; v. 2, 18-19,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21-22, 25, 30, 35-37, 49, 64, 66 67, 89,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">93-94, 156; v. 162, 197-201, 217,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">260-261, 291-293, 296-301; vi. 25,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">56, 102, 236, 250, 258-262</span><br /> -Récamier, Madame Delphin, iv. 178<br /> -Reeve, Henry, vi. 155-156<br /> -Reggio, Nicolas Charles Oudinot,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Duc de, iii. 95; iv. 135</span><br /> -Regnaud de Saint-Jean-d'Angély,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Michel Louis Étienne, iii. 23</span><br /> -Regnaud de Saint-Jean-d'Angély,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame, iii. 35</span><br /> -Regnault, Jean Baptiste, iv. 234<br /> -Regnier (see Massa)<br /> -Régnier, Mathurin, ii. 305; vi. 29<br /> -Régnier-Desmarais, François Séraphin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 336</span><br /> -Regulus Bishop of Senlis, Saint, iii. 177<br /> -Regulus, Marcus Atilius, i. <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> -Reid, Thomas, vi. 256<br /> -Reinhard, Charles Frédéric Comte, vi. 189<br /> -Rembrand van Rijn, Paul, ii. 178<br /> -Rémusat, Jean Pierre Abel, v. 80<br /> -Rémusat, Auguste Laurent Comte de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 261</span><br /> -Rémusat, Claire Élisabeth Jeanne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gravier de Vergennes, Comtesse de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 261, 282; iii. 17</span><br /> -Rémusat, Charles de, v. 95<br /> -Rémusat, M. Paul Louis Étienne de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 282</span><br /> -René I. Duke of Anjou, King of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Naples, ii. 200, 202</span><br /> -Renée of France, Duchess of Ferrara,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 75, 96</span><br /> -Renouard de Brussières, M., i. <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> -Renouard de Brussières (see also Buffon)<br /> -Reshid Pasha, Mustapha Mehemed, v. 51<br /> -Retz, Archbishop of Paris, Jean François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paul de Gondi, Cardinal de, iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">131; iv. 246; v. 14, 16</span><br /> -Revellière-Lepeaux (see La Revellière-Lepeaux)<br /> -Reynière (see Grimrod)<br /> -Riario, Lord of Imola and Forli,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Girolamo, iv. 229</span><br /> -Riario, Ottaviano, iv. 229<br /> -Riario (see also Sforza)<br /> -Ricé, M. de, iii. 171, 173<br /> -Richard I. King of England, v. 70,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">329, 377</span><br /> -Richard II. King of England, ii. 121;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 138</span><br /> -Richard III. King of England, i. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 75, 121</span><br /> -Richard de Laprade (see Laprade)<br /> -Richardson, Samuel, ii. 125-126<br /> -Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal Duc de, i. <a href="#Page_114">114</a>; iv. 212,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">245; v. 50, 55, 90</span><br /> -Richelieu, Louis François Armand du<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Plessis de Vignerot, Maréchal Duc</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. <a href="#Page_132">132</a>; ii. 298</span><br /> -Richelieu, Armand Emmanuel du<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Plessis de Vignerot, Duc de, iii. 51,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">123, 223; iv. 4, 7, 9, 11, 25-29, 43,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">59-77, 87, 141; v. 398</span><br /> -Richelieu, née de Rochechouart,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, iv. 77</span><br /> -Richer, vi. 139<br /> -Richmond and Lennox, Charles Lennox,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first Duke of, ii. 137</span><br /> -Richmond and Lennox, Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lennox, third Duke of, iv. 72</span><br /> -Ricimer, ii. 48<br /> -Riedmatten, President of the Town<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Council of Sion, M. de, ii. 250</span><br /> -Rietz, Frederic William II.'s footman,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 38</span><br /> -Rietz (see also Lichtenau)<br /> -Rigaud, Chief Syndic of Geneva, v. 201<br /> -Rigny, Henri Comte de, v. 72<br /> -Rigoltus (see Rigord)<br /> -Rigord, ii. 30<br /> -Rijn (see Rembrand van Rijn)<br /> -Rimini (see Malatesta)<br /> -Rio, André Pons de L'Hérault, Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 109</span><br /> -Riouffe, Honoré Jean Baron, ii. 52<br /> -Rivarol, Antoine Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_175">175</a>-<a href="#Page_176">176</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 31-32, 80, 100; iii. 125; v. 267;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 158</span><br /> -Rivarola, Agostino Cardinal, iv. 235<br /> -Rivaux, M., v. 103<br /> -Rivera, Dame de, vi. 244<br /> -Rivière, Charles François Riffordeau,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, iv. 138-139, 167; v. 342, 379</span><br /> -Rivoli, Prince d'Essling, André Masséna,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Duc de, ii. 269; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">63, 68, 112, 120, 170, 203; iv. 164,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">170, 227, 282</span><br /> -Robert I. Bruce, King of Scots, v. 411<br /> -Robert I. King of England (see Robert<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">II. Duke of Normandy)</span><br /> -Robert I. King of France, vi. 28<br /> -Robert II. King of France, iv. 58; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">376; vi. 196</span><br /> -Robert I. Duke of Normandy, ii. 62<br /> -Robert II. Duke of Normandy, de jure<br /> -Robert I. King of England, ii. 62<br /> -Robert Count of Paris, vi. 28<br /> -Robert I. Duke of Parma, H.R.H., iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">224; v. 361; vi. 254</span><br /> -Robert of Geneva, Count, v. 12<br /> -Robert, Hubert, ii. 296<br /> -Robert, Louis Léopold, iv. 240-241<br /> -Robert de Lamennais (see Lamennais)<br /> -Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Calabria, iv. 185-186</span><br /> -Robertson, Étienne Gaspard, ii. 159<br /> -Robertson, William, ii. 121, 300<br /> -Robespierre, Maximilien Marie Isidore,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>-<a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>; ii. 19-21,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">52, 160, 222, 257, 259; iii. 124, 201;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 4, 23, 189; v. 215; vi. 166</span><br /> -Robion, M., i. <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /> -Robusti, the dyer, vi. 48<br /> -Robusti (see also Tintoretto)<br /> -Rocca, M. de, i. <a href="#Page_163">163</a>; iv. 177-178,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">205-206</span><br /> -Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste Donatien<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Viveur, Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_218">218</a>-<a href="#Page_219">219</a></span><br /> -Roche, Achille, ii. 265, 275-276<br /> -Rochechouart, Dame de, ii. 84<br /> -Rochefort (see d'Enghien)<br /> -Rochefoucauld (see La Rochefoucauld)<br /> -Rochejacquelein (see La Rochejacquelein)<br /> -Rockingham, Charles Watson Wentworth,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">second Marquess of, ii. 143</span><br /> -Rocoules, Madame de, iv. 37<br /> -Rodriguez de Silva Velasquez (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Velasquez)</span><br /> -Rodney, George Brydges, first Lord, i. <a href="#Page_215">215</a><br /> -Roederer, Pierre Louis Comte, vi. 184<br /> -Roger I. Count of Sicily, iv. 186<br /> -Roger I. King of the Two Sicilies,<br /> -Roger II. Count of Sicily, later, iv. 186<br /> -Roger, Lieutenant, iv. 211-212<br /> -Rogers, Samuel, ii. 128; vi. 88-89<br /> -Roh, Père Jacques, vi. 43<br /> -Rohan, Edward of, i. <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> -Rohan, Margaret of, i. <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> -Rohan, Renée de, i. <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> -Rohan-Chabot, Archbishop of Auch,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later of Besançon, Louis François</span><br /> -Auguste Prince de Léon, Cardmal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, iv. 187-188; v. 64; vi. 136</span><br /> -Rohan-Chabot, née de Serent, Duchesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 187</span><br /> -Rohan-Rochefort (see d'Enghien)<br /> -Roland de La Platière, Jean Marie, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">12, 14, 25, 106</span><br /> -Roland de la Platière, Manon Jeanne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Philipon, Dame, ii. 12, 25, 26</span><br /> -Rolle, Jacques Hippolyte, v. 95<br /> -Rollin, Charles, i. <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> -Rollin, Dame, v. 261<br /> -Rollin (see also Ledru-Rollin)<br /> -Rollo Duke of Normandy, i. <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> -Romano, Giulio di Pietro di Filippo<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de' Giunnazzi, known as Giulio, iv. 239</span><br /> -Romanzoff, Nikolai Count, iv. 40<br /> -Romberg, Édouard, iii. 132<br /> -Romulus King of Rome, vi. 196<br /> -Ronsard, Pierre de, i. <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>; vi. 82<br /> -Roqueplan, Louis Victor Nestor, v. 96<br /> -Rosa (see Martinez de La Rosa)<br /> -Rosanbo, Marquis de, ii. 296<br /> -Rosanbo, Louis Le Péletier, Vicomte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. <a href="#Page_135">135</a></span><br /> -Rosanbo, Louis de Péletier, President<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>; ii. 28; v. 64</span><br /> -Rosanbo, Marie Thérese de Malesherbes,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Présidente de, i. <a href="#Page_135">135</a>-<a href="#Page_136">136</a>; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">49, 81, 84; v. 64</span><br /> -Rosanbo, Dame de, ii. 296<br /> -Rose, the milliner, Madame, i. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>-<a href="#Page_100">100</a><br /> -Rose, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">house-maid, i. <a href="#Page_190">190</a></span><br /> -Rose Récamier (see Récamier)<br /> -Roseau, Jean, ii. 21<br /> -Rosny (see Sully)<br /> -Rospigliosi (see Zagarolo)<br /> -Ross, Sir James Clark, vi. 222<br /> -Rossignol, General Jean Antoine, iii. 213<br /> -Rossini, Gioachino Antonio, iv. 41; v. 19, 43<br /> -Rostopchin, Feodor Count, iii. 55<br /> -Rostrenen, Père Grégoire de, i. <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /> -Rothenflue, Père Gaspard, vi. 43<br /> -Rothesay (see Stuart de Rothesay)<br /> -Rothschild, Nathaniel Mayer first Lord, iv. 71<br /> -Rothschild, Alphonse Baron de, iii. 72<br /> -Rothschild, Anselm Mayer Baron de, iv. 71<br /> -Rothschild, Charles Mayor Baron de, iv. 71<br /> -Rothschild, James Mayer Baron de, iv. 71, 79<br /> -Rothschild, Nathan Mayer Baron de, 71, 79<br /> -Rothschild, Salomon Mayer Baron de, iv. 71<br /> -Rothschild, Mayer Anselm, iv. 79<br /> -Rouërie (see La Rouërie)<br /> -Rouillac, Abbé de, i. <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> -Rousseau, Jean Baptiste, i. <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /> -Rousseau, Jean Jacques, i. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_219">219</a>; ii. 22, 26, 85, 105, 133, 164,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">176, 197, 215, 244, 303-304, 307-308;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 106-107, 122, 202, 253, 285; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">292, 300-301, 318; vi. 65, 70-75, 82,</span><br /> -Rousseau, Dame, ii. 164<br /> -Rousseau, the clock-maker, vi. 72<br /> -Roussel, the boatman, iii. 13<br /> -Roussy (see Girodet)<br /> -Roux, Jacques, iv. 4<br /> -Roux de Laborie (see Laborie)<br /> -Rovere (see Lante Monfeltrio delle Rovere)<br /> -Roxana Queen of Macedon, iv. 192<br /> -Rovedino, Signor, i. <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br /> -Rovigo, Anne Jean Marie René Savary,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, ii. 261-262, 265, 270,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">272-277, 279, 283; iii. 188; iv. 176</span><br /> -Roy, Antoine Comte, iv. 138-139<br /> -Royer-Collard, Pierre Paul, iv. 61, 136,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">138, 142; v. 304, 416</span><br /> -Rubempré, Louis de Mailly, Comte de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 297</span><br /> -Rubens, Peter Paul, iv. 250; vi. 74<br /> -Rudolph II., the Emperor, v. 387<br /> -Rulhière, Claude Carloman de, i. <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 10</span><br /> -Rupert Bishop of Worms, Saint, vi. 126<br /> -Russell, John first Earl, iv. 69<br /> -Ruvigny and Raineval, Melville<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Amadeus Henry Douglas Heddle de La</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Caillemotte de Massue de Ruvigny,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, iv. 237</span><br /> -Rysbrack, Michael, ii. 74<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -S<br /> -<br /> -Sabatier, Alexis, v. 244<br /> -Sablière (see La Sablière)<br /> -Sabran, Marquis de, i. <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /> -Sabran, Elzéar Louis Marie Comte de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 164</span><br /> -Sabran (see also Boufflers and Elzear)<br /> -Sacchetti, v. 14<br /> -Sacchini, Antonio Maria Gasparo, i. <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> -Sacken (see Osten-Sacken)<br /> -Sagan (see Wallenstein)<br /> -Saget, M., ii. 307-309<br /> -Saint-Agnan, Comte de, v. 247<br /> -Saint-Aignan (see Chalais-Périgord)<br /> -St. Albans, Sir Francis Bacon, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lord Verulam, first Viscount, ii. 74;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 57</span><br /> -Saint-Ange, Ange François Fariau,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as de, ii. 9</span><br /> -Saint-Aubin, Jeanne Charlotte Schroeder,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame d'Herbey, known as Madame, i. <a href="#Page_173">173</a></span><br /> -Saint-Balmont, Alberte Barbe d'Ercecourt,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, ii. 53</span><br /> -Saint-Chamans, Alfred Armand Robert<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, v. 101</span><br /> -Saint-Cyr (see Gouvion de Saint-Cyr)<br /> -Saint-Germain, Claude Louis Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, vi. 202-203</span><br /> -Saint-Germain, Germain Couhaillon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, ii. 236, 239-240, 316-317</span><br /> -Saint-Germain, Dame, ii. 236-237<br /> -Saint-Gilles (see Raymond IV. Count<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Toulouse)</span><br /> -Saint-Huberti, later Comtesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Entragues, Antoinette Cécile Clauvel,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame, i. <a href="#Page_113">113</a></span><br /> -Saint-Hyacinthe, Hyacinthe Cordonnier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as Thémiseuil, v. 413</span><br /> -Saint-Fargeau, Michel Lepelletier de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 296; vi. 162</span><br /> -Saint-Fargeau, Dame de, ii. 295-296<br /> -Saint-Gall, the Monk of, iv. 170<br /> -Saint-Jean d'Angely (see Regnaud de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saint-Jean d'Angely)</span><br /> -Saint-Just, Antoine, iii. 196<br /> -Saint-Lambert, Henri François Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 196-197, 209</span><br /> -Saint-Léon, M. de, iii. 143<br /> -Saint-Leu, pseud., Duc de (see Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of Holland)</span><br /> -Saint-Leu, pseud., Duchesse de (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hortense Queen of Holland)</span><br /> -Saint-Leu, pseud., Comte de (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Napoleon III. Emperor of the French)</span><br /> -Saint-Louis (see Poullain)<br /> -Saint-Luc (see Toussaint de Saint-Luc)<br /> -Saint-Mahé (see Potelet)<br /> -Saint-Marcellin, M. de Fontanes,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, ii. 105; iii. 140</span><br /> -Saint-Marsault, Baron de, i. <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /> -Saint-Marsault-Chatelaillon, Baron de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_119">119</a></span><br /> -Saint-Martin, Louis Claude de, ii. 194-196<br /> -Saint-Martin, Antoine Jean, v. 80<br /> -Saint-Méry (see Moreau de Saint-Méry)<br /> -Saint-Paul (see Lemoyne-Saint-Paul)<br /> -Saint-Phal, the actor, i. <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> -Saint-Pierre (see Bernardin de Saint-Pierre)<br /> -Saint-Pol, Antoine Montbreton,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal de, v. 131</span><br /> -Saint-Priest, François Emmanuel<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guignard, Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_156">156</a>; vi. 96,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">230-231, 234-235</span><br /> -Saint-Priest, Duque de Almazan,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emmanuel Louis Marie Guignard,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte de, vi. 97-192, 112</span><br /> -Saint-Priest, Vicomtesse de, vi. 97,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">99-100</span><br /> -Saint-Riveul, Henri du Rocher, Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. <a href="#Page_64">64</a></span><br /> -Saint-Riveul, André François Jean du<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rocher de, i. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></span><br /> -Saint-Simon, Claude Anne Duc de, i. <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> -Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvray, Duc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. <a href="#Page_167">167</a>; iv. 80; v. 333</span><br /> -Saint-Simon, Claude Henri Comte de, ii. 184<br /> -Saint-Simon (see also Lautrec de Saint-Simon)<br /> -Saint-Tropez (see Suffren de Saint-Tropez)<br /> -Saint-Val the Elder, Demoiselle, i. <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> -Saint-Val the Younger, Demoiselle, i. <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> -Saint-Vallier, Jean de Poitiers,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur de, ii. 294</span><br /> -Saint-Véran (see Montcalm de Saint-Véran)<br /> -Sainte-Aulaire, Louis Clair Comte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beaupoil, de, iv. 10; v. 161-162;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 113</span><br /> -Sainte-Aulaire, Comtesse de, iv. 10<br /> -Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">105; iii. 147; iv. 107; vi. 190</span><br /> -Sainte-Beuve, Demoiselle, vi. 143<br /> -Sainte-Croix, Gaudet de, ii. 163<br /> -Sainte-Croix, Piégard, v. 219<br /> -Sainte-Hyacinthe de Charrière [see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charrière)</span><br /> -Sainte-Rosalie, Père Ange de, i. <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> -Saintsbury, Professor George Edward<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bateman, vi. 88</span><br /> -Sala, Alexandre Adolphe, v. 101, 244;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 97-98, 100</span><br /> -Sales (see Delisle de Sales)<br /> -Salisbury, William de Montacute, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earl of, ii. 74</span><br /> -Salisbury, Catharine Grandison,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Countess of, ii. 74, 138</span><br /> -Salisbury, James Cecil, seventh Earl,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later first Marquess of, iv. 161</span><br /> -Salisbury, Emily Mary Hill,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marchioness of, iv. 161</span><br /> -Salle (see La Salle)<br /> -Sallust, Caius Sallustius Crispus, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as, ii. 335; vi. 157</span><br /> -Salluste, Du Bartas (see Du Bartas)<br /> -Salmasius (see Saumaise)<br /> -Salome, v. 175<br /> -Salvage de Faverolles, née Dumorey,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame, iv. 287, 297; v. 297</span><br /> -Salvandy, Narcisse Achille Comte de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 144</span><br /> -Salverte, Eusèbe, v. 105<br /> -Salvetat (see Mars)<br /> -Salvianus, ii. 36<br /> -Samoyloff, Countess, vi. 120<br /> -Sand, Karl Ludwig, iv. 46, 56<br /> -Sand, Armandine Lucile Aurore Dupin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame Dudevant, known as George,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 70; vi. 175-180</span><br /> -Sannazaro, Jacopo, iv. 185; vi. 48<br /> -Sanson, Charles Henri, i. <a href="#Page_156">156</a>; ii. 11;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 202</span><br /> -Sansovino, Francesco, vi. 103<br /> -Sansovino, Giacomo Tatti, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 103</span><br /> -Santeuil, Jean Baptiste, v. 255<br /> -Sappho, vi. 172, 180<br /> -Sarrans the Younger, Bernard Alexis, v. 96<br /> -Saudre (see La Saudre)<br /> -Saumaise, Claude de, ii. 53<br /> -Saunois, the Revolutionary, iii. 213<br /> -Saussure, Horace Benedicte de, v. 200<br /> -Saussure (see also Necker de Saussure)<br /> -Sautelet, the publisher, v. 83; vi. 168-169<br /> -Sauvigny (see Bertier de Sauvigny)<br /> -Sauvo, François, v. 116<br /> -Savarin (see Brillat-Savarin)<br /> -Savoie-Carignan (see Carignan and Eugène)<br /> -Savary (see Rovigo)<br /> -Saxo Grammaticus, v. 277<br /> -Say, Thomas, i. <a href="#Page_253">253</a><br /> -Scaliger, Joseph Justus, ii. 204; vi. 45<br /> -Scaliger, Julius Cæsar, vi. 45<br /> -Scandiano (see Bojardo)<br /> -Scarron, Paul, vi. 241<br /> -Schadow, Wilhelm Friedrich von, iv. 240<br /> -Scheffer, Ary, v. 128<br /> -Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 41, 108, 253, 274, 279; v. 412;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 4-5</span><br /> -Schiller, the gaoler, vi. 56<br /> -Schnetz, Jean Victor, iv. 240<br /> -Schnorr von Carolsfeld, Julius, iv. 240<br /> -Schouwaloff, Paul Count, iii. 63, 78,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">81, 83-84, 87</span><br /> -Schonen, Auguste Jean Marie Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 96, 98, 113, 152-153</span><br /> -Schwartz, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">travelling footman, v. 326,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">330, 339-340, 352; vi. 12</span><br /> -Schwarzenberg, Karl Philipp Fieldmarshal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince von, iii. 56-57, 94</span><br /> -Schwed, Margrave, iv. 38<br /> -Sciarra, Marco, vi. 88<br /> -Scipio Africanus, Publius Cornelius<br /> -Scipio Africanus Major, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>; ii. 331; iii. 33; iv. 184-185,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">247; v. 56; vi. 2, 50, 237</span><br /> -Scipio Numantinus, Publius Cornelius<br /> -Scipio Æmilianus Africanus Major,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, v. 56; vi. 2, 50, 237</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scipio, Metellus, ii. 331; iv. 184; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">2, 50, 237</span><br /> -Scott, Sir Walter, i. <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">123-124, 127; iii. 88-89, 209; v. 246</span><br /> -Scudéry, Madeleine de, i. <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> -Sébastiani de La Porta, Horace François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bastien Comte, iii. 167-168; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">117, 127-128, 137, 142; v. 88, 105,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">116, 123, 154</span><br /> -Sedaine, Michel Jean, i. <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> -Ségalas, Anais Ménard, Dame, vi. 174<br /> -Séguier, Pierre Chancelier, i. <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br /> -Séguier, Antoine, i. <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br /> -Séguier, Antoine Louis, i. <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br /> -Séguier, Matthieu, i. <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br /> -Séguier, Pierre, i. 134-<a href="#Page_135">135</a><br /> -Ségur, Philippe Henri Maréchal Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 29</span><br /> -Ségur, Louis Philippe Comte de, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">28-29</span><br /> -Ségur, Philippe Paul Comte de, iii. 29,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">89; v. 80</span><br /> -Ségur, Joseph Alexandre Vicomte de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_177">177</a></span><br /> -Seleucus I. Nicator King of Syria,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Macedon, Thrace and Asia Minor,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 75</span><br /> -Selkirk, Thomas Douglas, fifth Earl<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, i. <a href="#Page_233">233</a></span><br /> -Semallé, Comte de, iii. 87<br /> -Semonville, Charles Louis Huguet,<br /> -Marquis, later Duc de, iv. 8, 110-111,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">132; v. 111, 113-114, 116-118, 122,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">128, 173</span><br /> -Sénacour, Étienne Pivert de, vi. 175<br /> -Seneca, Lucius Annæus, ii. 258, 335;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 89</span><br /> -Senozan, Président Marquis de, ii. 295<br /> -Senozan, Anne Nicole de Lamoignon<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Malesherbes, Marquise de, ii. 295</span><br /> -Senty, M., v. 96<br /> -Sequin, Abbé, vi. 253, 256-257<br /> -Sérilly, Antoine Jean François de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Megret de, i. <a href="#Page_174">174</a></span><br /> -Sérilly, later Dame de Pange, Anne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louise Thomas, Dame de, i. <a href="#Page_174">174</a></span><br /> -Seroux d'Agincourt (see d'Agincourt)<br /> -Serre, Pierre François Hercule Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 103, 128; vi. 46</span><br /> -Serres, Olivier de, vi. 242<br /> -Sérurier, Jean Marie Philippe Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. 91</span><br /> -Sesmaisons, Donatien Comte de, v. 28<br /> -Sesmaisons, née Dambray, Comtesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 28</span><br /> -Sesmaisons, Vicomte de, v. 28<br /> -Sesostris King of Egypt, Rameses II.,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, vi, 198</span><br /> -Severoli, Cardinal, v. 6<br /> -Sévigné, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise de, i. <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 100, 152, 179, 228-229, 302;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">6, 89, 246; vi. 201</span><br /> -Sévigné, M. de, i. 143<br /> -Sévin, Abbé René Malo, i. <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>-<a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /> -Sèze, Raymond Comte de, iv. 24-25<br /> -Sforza, Galeazzo Maria, iv. 229<br /> -Sforza, later Signora Riario, later<br /> -Signora de' Medici, Caterina, iv. 229<br /> -Sforza, Lord of Pesaro, Giovanni, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">13; vi. 50</span><br /> -Shakspeare, William, ii. 57, 75, 110,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">121-125, 142, 202; iv. 93-94, 297;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 272, 387-388; vi. 46, 74, 169</span><br /> -Shelley, Percy Bysshe, i. <a href="#Page_254">254</a><br /> -Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs., i. <a href="#Page_254">254</a></span><br /> -Sheridan, Richard Brinsley Butler, i. <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 143; iii. 68</span><br /> -Sicard, Abbé Roch Ambroise Cucurron,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 16, 29</span><br /> -Siddons, Sarah Kemble, Mrs., iv. 78<br /> -Sidonius Apollinaris, Saint, ii. 45, 102;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 11</span><br /> -Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph Comte<br /> -Sieyès, known as Abbé, v. 68-69<br /> -Sigonnière (see Ferron de La Sigonnière)<br /> -Silvester II., Pope, v. 376<br /> -Simiane, Dame de, i. <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> -Simmons, Mr. Frederic John, i. <a href="#Page_xvii">xvii</a>.<br /> -Simms and M'Intyre, i. <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a>.<br /> -Simon, Père Richard, i. <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> -Simon, Antoine, i. <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /> -Simond, Louis, iv. 258<br /> -Simonde de Sismondi, Jean Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Léonard, iii. 152; v, 200</span><br /> -Simonides of Amorgos, v. 56<br /> -Simplicius Bishop of Bourges, Saint, v. 11<br /> -Sismondi (see Simonde de Sismondi)<br /> -Sivry, M. de, iv. 120<br /> -Sixtus V., Pope, ii. 18; iv. 296; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">13, 47; vi. 87 88</span><br /> -Skrynecki, General Jan Sigismund<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boncza, v. 381-382</span><br /> -Skrynecki, Dame, v. 381-382<br /> -Smith, William, i. <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /> -Smolensk (see Kutuzoff)<br /> -Smollett, Tobias George, ii. 120<br /> -"Snaffle," pseud., vi. 266<br /> -Socrates, iii. 96; v. 63, 229; vi. 172<br /> -Solm-Braunfels, Frederic William<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince of, iv. 33</span><br /> -Solon, v. 6<br /> -Somaglia (see Della Somaglia)<br /> -Somerset, Edward Adolphus Seymour,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">eleventh Duke of, ii. 68; iv. 75, 161</span><br /> -Somerset, Charlotte Douglas-Hamilton,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchess of, iv. 161</span><br /> -Sophia Charlotte of Hanover, Queen<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Prussia, iv. 58</span><br /> -Sophocles, ii. 124, 178, 294; iii. 29;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 56</span><br /> -Sophonisba, ii. 331<br /> -Soubise, Charles de Rohan, Prince de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 293</span><br /> -Soult (see Dalmatie)<br /> -Southey, Robert, ii. 128<br /> -Spenser, Edmund, v. 57<br /> -Spinoza, Baruch, ii. 183<br /> -Spon, Jacques, ii. 208; iv. 246-247<br /> -Spontini, Gaspardo, iv. 42<br /> -Spontini, née Érard, Dame, iv. 42<br /> -Stadion, Johann Philipp Karl Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count von, iii. 49</span><br /> -Staël-Holstein, Baron de, i. <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br /> -Staël-Holstein, later Dame de Rocca,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne Louise Germaine Necker,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baronne de, i. <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>; ii. 99,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">104, 134, 161, 177, 179, 187, 241-243,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">289-290, 303-304; iii. 61, 68-69,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">101-102, 128; iv. 120-121, 148-149,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">158-160, 163-164, 166, 170-178,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">183, 200-201, 205-206, 213, 220, 254,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">286; v. 198, 200, 202, 209, 237,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">301; vi. 42, 75-76, 187</span><br /> -Staël-Holstein, Auguste Baron de, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">178; v. 300</span><br /> -Staël-Holstein, Matthieu Baron de, ii. 242<br /> -Staël-Holstein the Younger, Baron de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 178; v. 300</span><br /> -Stanislaus I. Leczinski, King of Poland,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 299; iii. 27; vi. 101</span><br /> -Stapfer, Albert, v. 95<br /> -Statius, Publius Papinius, i. <a href="#Page_56">56</a>; v. 326;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 79</span><br /> -Stauffacher, Werner, v. 274, 277<br /> -Steele, Sir Richard, ii. 121<br /> -Steenhuyse (see d'Hane de Steenhuyse)<br /> -Steibelt, Daniel, iv. 213<br /> -Steinle, Eduard, iv. 240<br /> -Stendhal, Marie Henri Beyle, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 202</span><br /> -Sterne, Rev. Laurence, ii. 125; iv. 80<br /> -Stewart, Dugald, v. 109; vi. 256<br /> -Stoltzenberg, Baroness von, iv. 38<br /> -Strabo, i. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>; vi. 68, 247<br /> -Strozzi, Pietro Marshal, ii. 45<br /> -Strozzi, Ercole, vi. 79<br /> -Strozzi, Tito Vespasiano, vi. 79<br /> -Stuart de Rothesay, Sir Charles Stuart,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first Lord, iii. 49, 90; v. 144-145</span><br /> -Stürmer, Bartholomäus Baron von,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 210-211</span><br /> -Suard, Jean Baptiste Antoine, ii. 300;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 24, 28</span><br /> -Suard, née Panckoucke, Dame, ii. 300<br /> -Suetonius Tranquillus, Caius, i. <a href="#Page_57">57</a>; iv. 225<br /> -Sueur (see Le Sueur)<br /> -Suffren de Saint-Tropez, Pierre André<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a></span><br /> -Suger, Abbot of Saint-Denis, vi. 133<br /> -Suidas, vi. 247<br /> -Suleau, François, i. <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br /> -Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, iv. 14; vi.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">224-225</span><br /> -Sulla, Metella, vi. 224<br /> -Sully, Maximilien de Béthune, Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Rosny, later Duc de, i. <a href="#Page_117">117</a>; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">121; iv. 127</span><br /> -Surcouf, Robert, i. <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> -Survilliers,pseud., Comte and Comtesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de (see Joseph King of Naples, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Spain and Julia Queen of Naples,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later of Spain)</span><br /> -Sussy, Jean Baptiste Henry Collin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, v. 117, 122, 128</span><br /> -Sutton, Admiral Sir John, ii. 92<br /> -Sutton, Charlotte Ives, Lady, ii. 86-94,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">96-97; iii. 135; iv. 63, 65, 94-95;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 13, 252</span><br /> -Sutton, Captain, iv. 95<br /> -Sutton, Mrs., iv. 95<br /> -Suze (see La Suze)<br /> -Suwaroff, Alexander Count, v. 282<br /> -Swanton. Mr. Calvert Hutchinson, vi. 266<br /> -Swanwick, Anna, vi. 83-84<br /> -Swedenborg, Emanuel, ii. 76, 86<br /> -Swift, Dean Jonathan, iv. 80<br /> -Swift, the fur-trader, i. <a href="#Page_217">217</a>-<a href="#Page_218">218</a><br /> -Symmachus, Quintus Aurelius, v. 418<br /> -Symonds, John Addington, iv. 181<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -T<br /> -<br /> -Taboureau des Réaux, M., i. <a href="#Page_162">162</a><br /> -Tacitus, Cornelius, ii. 29, 97, 201, 291,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">335; iii. 9. 195; iv. 225; v. 177;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 19, 126-127, 137, 157</span><br /> -Taillepied de Bondy (see Bondy)<br /> -Talaru, Louis Justin Marie Marquis de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 194; iv. 101</span><br /> -Talaru, Comtesse de Clermont-Tonnerre,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Marquise de, ii. 193-194; iv. 153</span><br /> -Tallart, Camille d'Hostun, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, v. 333</span><br /> -Tallemant des Réaux, Gedeon, iv. 44<br /> -Talleyrand-Chalais, Prince de, iv. 79<br /> -Talleyrand-Périgord, Bishop of Autun,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince de Bénévent, Charles</span><br /> -Maurice Duc de, i. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>-<a href="#Page_177">177</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 175, 214, 230, 247, 252,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">259, 261, 265, 274-276, 279-284,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">289; iii. 55-56, 60, 64, 72-74,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">86-87,98-100, 111, 122, 127, 131, 143,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">148, 157, 159. 165, 171-175, 177-178,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">180, 182, 196; iv. 3, 16, 26;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 83, 271, 325; vi. 40, 181-192</span><br /> -Talleyrand-Périgord, Mrs. Grant, née<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wortley, later Duchesse de, iii. 98</span><br /> -Talleyrand-Périgord, Iidouard Duc de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dino, later Duc de, i. <a href="#Page_99">99</a></span><br /> -Talleyrand-Périgord, Princess Dorothea<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Courland, Duchesse de Dino,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Duchesse de, i. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>; iv. 33</span><br /> -Talma, François Joseph, i. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 177-178, 193; iv. 212</span><br /> -Talma, Charlotte Vanhove, Dame<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Petit, later Dame, ii. 193</span><br /> -Talma, Louise Julie Carreau, Dame,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 193</span><br /> -Talmont, Charles Léopold Henri de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Trémoille, Prince de, iii. 101</span><br /> -Talmont (see also La Rochejacquelein<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and La Trémoille)</span><br /> -Talon, General, v. 101<br /> -Tamerlane Khan of Tartary, iii. 191<br /> -Tancred Prince of Galilee, later of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edessa, ii. 177; iv. 186</span><br /> -Tancred (see also Hauteville)<br /> -Tardieu d'Esclavelles (see d'Épinay)<br /> -Tardiveau (see Piet-Tardiveau)<br /> -Tarente, Étienne Jacques Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alexandre Macdonald, Maréchal Duc de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 90, 112, 177-178</span><br /> -Tasso, Bernardo, vi. 79, 81<br /> -Tasso, Torquato, i. <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">86, 123-124, 220; iii. 10; iv. 185-186,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">231, 244, 286; v. 26-27, 63-64,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">70, 254, 286, 330; vi. 3, 47,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">79, 81-94, 96-97, 100, 102, 222</span><br /> -Tasso, Cornelia, vi. 84<br /> -Tastu, Sabine Casimir Amable Voïart,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame, vi. 171-172, 174-175</span><br /> -Tavernier, Jean Baptiste, i, <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /> -Taylor, the British agent, ii. 259<br /> -Teixeira de Mattos, Mr. David, i. <a href="#Page_xiv">xiii</a>-<a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a><br /> -Telemachus, ii. 48<br /> -Tell, William, v. 264-275, 277-279<br /> -Terence, Publius Terentius Afer, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as, v. 56; vi. 11</span><br /> -Termes, M. de, ii. 302<br /> -Ternaux, Louis Guillaume Baron, iv.<br /> -Terray, Abbé Joseph Marie, i. <a href="#Page_162">162</a><br /> -Tertre (see Duport du Tertre),<br /> -Tertullian, Quintus Septimius Florens<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tertullianus, known as, v. 10; vi. 59</span><br /> -Terwagne (see Théroigne de Méricourt)<br /> -Teste, Charles, v. 137<br /> -Teste, Jean Baptiste, v. 126<br /> -Tharin, Bishop of Strasburg, Claude<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marie Paul, iv. 139</span><br /> -Tharsis, Gendarme, ii. 262-263<br /> -Thiel, Jean François du, ii. 107, 111<br /> -Themistocles, i. <a href="#Page_223">223</a>; ii. 231; iii. 189-190<br /> -Theodatus King of the Ostrogoths, iv. 227<br /> -Theodebert I. King of Austrasia, ii. 52<br /> -Theodora, the Empress, iii. 206<br /> -Theodore I. King of Corsica, Theodor<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron von Neuhof, later, vi. 101</span><br /> -Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths, iv. 227<br /> -Theodoric II. King of the Visigoths, ii. 45<br /> -Theodosius I., the Emperor, iv. 227<br /> -Théroigne de Méricourt, Anne Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Terwagne, known as Demoiselle, ii. 11</span><br /> -Thévenin (see Devienne)<br /> -Thianges, née de Rochechouart de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mortemart, Duchesse de, i. <a href="#Page_103">103</a></span><br /> -Thiard (see Bissy, Thiard-Bissy and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thiard de Bissy)</span><br /> -Thiard-Bissy, Henri Charles Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>; v. 162</span><br /> -Thiard de Bissy, Auxonne Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Théodose Comte de, v. 162</span><br /> -Thibaudeau, Auguste Clair, iii. 143, 217<br /> -Thibaut IV. Count of Champagne, i. <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a><br /> -Thionville (see Merlin de Thionville)<br /> -Thierry, Amedée Simon Dominique), v. 271<br /> -Thierry, Jacques Nicolas Augustin, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">261, 288-289; v. 28, 208, 270-271</span><br /> -Thiers, President of the French<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Republic, Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 156, 192; v. 82-83, 95-96, 105,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">114, 127-128, 134, 137, 140-141, 198,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">206, 217, 307; vi. 125, 154-157</span><br /> -Thomas, Antoine Leonard, i. <a href="#Page_162">162</a>; ii. 102<br /> -Thomas, Jacques Léonard Clément, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">109, 140-141</span><br /> -Thomas, Victor, v. 310<br /> -Thomas Aquinas, Saint, ii. 184<br /> -Thomson, James, ii. 99<br /> -Thorwaldsen, Albert Bertel, iv. 241,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">297; v. 275</span><br /> -Thorwaldsen, Miss, iv. 297<br /> -Thouars (see La Trémoille)<br /> -"Thouret," M., ii. 84<br /> -Thucydides, iii. 96, 136, 195; v. 56,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">255, 177, 229-230; vi. 157</span><br /> -Thumery, Marquis de, ii. 259<br /> -Tiberius, the Emperor, ii. 331; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">291, 297; vi. 209</span><br /> -Tibullus, Albius, i. <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>; v. 63<br /> -Tiemblais (see Hingant de La Tiemblais)<br /> -Tilbury (see Gervase of Tilbury)<br /> -Tillet (see Du Tillet)<br /> -Tilleul, M. du, ii. 162<br /> -Timon, ii. 122<br /> -Tinténiac, i. <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> -Tinténiac, M. de, i. <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> -Tintoretto, Jacopo Robusti, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 48, 58</span><br /> -Tinville (see Fouquier-Tinville)<br /> -Titian, Tiziano Vicelli, known as, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">239; vi. 17, 48-49, 57-58, 75</span><br /> -Titus, the Emperor, iii. 183; v. 58,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">63; vi. 247</span><br /> -Tobias, ii. 122<br /> -Tocqueville, Hervé Louis François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph Bonaventure Clérel, Comte</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. <a href="#Page_135">135</a>; ii. 295; vi. 24</span><br /> -Tocqueville, née de Rosanbo, Comtesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. <a href="#Page_135">135</a>; ii. 295</span><br /> -Tocqueville, Alexis Charles Henri<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clérel de, i. <a href="#Page_135">135</a>; ii. 295; vi. 24,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">261</span><br /> -Tolendal (see Lally-Tolendal)<br /> -Tollendal (see Lally-Tolendal<br /> -Tolstoi, Countess, vi. 46<br /> -Tolstoi the Younger, Count, vi. 46<br /> -Tonnerre (see Clermont-Tonnerre)<br /> -Torlonia (see Bracciano)<br /> -Torrenté, M. de, ii. 250<br /> -Torrington, George Byng, sixth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viscount, ii. 68</span><br /> -Touchet (see Du Touchet and d'Entragues)<br /> -Tour (see La Tour)<br /> -Tourel, the "knight of July," v. 240<br /> -Tourneaux, the Polytechnic scholar, v. 107<br /> -Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de, i. <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br /> -Tournelle (see La Tournelle)<br /> -Tournon, Philippe Camille Marcelin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iv. 258; vi. 7</span><br /> -Tourton, M., iii. 56<br /> -Tourville, Anne Hilarion de Contentin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, v. 175</span><br /> -Toussaint-Louverture, Dominique<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François, iii. 191; vi. 42</span><br /> -Toussaint de Saint-Luc, Père, i. <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> -"Tout-le-Monde," the cow-keeper, v. 346<br /> -Townsend, John Kirk, i. <a href="#Page_253">253</a><br /> -Trajan, the Emperor, iii. 225; iv. 229;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 58, 60; vi. 239</span><br /> -Trapassi (see Metastasio)<br /> -Travanet, rufe de Bombelles, Marquise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 37</span><br /> -Trélat, Ulysse, v. 126, 141<br /> -Trémargat, Louis Anne Pierre Geslin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_145">145</a>-<a href="#Page_146">146</a>, 152</span><br /> -Trémaudun, Nicolas Pierre Philippes,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur de, i. <a href="#Page_48">48</a></span><br /> -Trémaudun, Dame de, i. <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> -Tremerello (see Mandricardo)<br /> -Trémigon, Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_21">21</a>; vi. 127, 173<br /> -Trémoille (see La Trémoille)<br /> -Trevelec, Abbé de, i. <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /> -Treves, Clement Wenceslaus Duke in<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saxony, Archbishop-Elector of, ii. 4</span><br /> -Trévise, Édouard Adolphe Casimir<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph Mortier, Maréchal Duc de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 50-51, 57, 120, 124, 155; v. 101</span><br /> -Triboulet, the Court fool, ii. 17<br /> -Trioson (see Girodet Trioson)<br /> -Trivulzio, Signorina, iv. 229<br /> -Trochu, General Louis Jules, v. 109<br /> -Trogoff, Joachim Simon Comte de, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">404-405, 408-409, 417</span><br /> -Trojolif, Sébastien Marie Hyacinthe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Moëlien, Chevalier Seigneur de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_66">66</a></span><br /> -Trojolif (see also Moëlien de Trojolif)<br /> -Tromelin, Jacques Jean Marie François<br /> -Boudin, Comte de, v. 106<br /> -Tronchet, François Denis, iii. 139<br /> -Tronjoli (see Trojolif)<br /> -Trouin (see Duguay-Trouin)<br /> -Trublet, Abbé Nicolas Charles Joseph,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></span><br /> -Truchsess von Waldburg (see Waldburg)<br /> -Tuffin de La Rouërie (see La Rouërie)<br /> -Tulloch, Francis, i. <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a><br /> -Tully (see Cicero)<br /> -Turenne, Henri Amédée Mercure<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iii. 164-165</span><br /> -Turenne, Henri de La Tourd'Auvergne,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Vicomte de, i. <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">151; iii. 27, 89, 225; v. 101, 143;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 19-20</span><br /> -Turenne (see also Bouillon)<br /> -Turgot, Baron de L'Aulne, Anne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert Jacques, i. <a href="#Page_162">162</a>; vi. 202-203</span><br /> -Turpin, Archbishop of Rheims, ii. 33<br /> -Turreau de Garambouville, Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marie Baron de, ii. 108</span><br /> -Tyler, Wat, ii. 128<br /> -Tyrtæus, v. 213<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -U<br /> -<br /> -Ulliac, M., i. <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /> -Unwin, Mr. Thomas Fisher, vi. 166<br /> -Urban V., Pope, ii. 200<br /> -Urias, vi. 237<br /> -d'Urte, Honoré, ii. 303; v. 132<br /> -Urquhart, Sir Thomas, i. <a href="#Page_133">133</a>; iv. 243<br /> -Ursins (see also Orsini)<br /> -Ursins, Anne Marie de La Trémoille,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Princesse de Talleyrand-Chalais, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Princesse des, iv. 79-80; v. 50</span><br /> -Ursinus, Anti-pope, v. 11<br /> -d'Urville (see Dumont d'Urville)<br /> -Usquin, M., iv. 67<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -V<br /> -<br /> -Vachon, Mademoiselle, v. 364<br /> -Vaillant, M., v. 96<br /> -Valangin (see Wagram)<br /> -Valence, Comte de, iv. 237<br /> -Valence, née de Genlis, Comtesse de, iv. 237<br /> -Valentine, the Vicomte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Chateaubriand's footman, i. <a href="#Page_190">190</a></span><br /> -Valentinian III., the Emperor, ii. 185;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 47; iv. 227</span><br /> -Valentinois, Diane de Poitiers,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de Maulevrier, later Duchesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 294</span><br /> -Valentinois (see also Borgia)<br /> -Valerian, the Emperor, ii. 309<br /> -Valmore, François Prosper Lanchantin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, vi. 174</span><br /> -Valmore, Marceline Josèphe Félicité<br /> -Desbordes, Dame Desbordes, vi. 174<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vallière (see La Vallière)</span><br /> -Valmy, François Christophe Kellermann,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Duc de, ii. 49; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">127; vi. 249</span><br /> -Valmy, François Edmond Kellermann,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, vi. 249</span><br /> -Vancouver, George, i. <a href="#Page_215">215</a><br /> -Vaneau, the Poly technic scholar, v. 110<br /> -Vannucci (see Perugino)<br /> -Vanozza, Rosa, v. 13<br /> -Varano, Alfonso Marchese di, vi. 79<br /> -Varenne (see Billaud-Varenne)<br /> -Vassal, M., v. 96<br /> -Vatimesnil, Antoine François Henri<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lefebvre de, iv. 139</span><br /> -Vauban, Sébastien Maréchal Le Prestre<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 52; iii. 225; vi. 23</span><br /> -Vaublanc, Vincent Marie Viennot,<br /> -Comte de, ii. 129<br /> -Vaudreuil, Louis Philippe de Rigaud,<br /> -Marquis de, i. <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /> -Vaudreuil, Dame de, i. <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> -Vaudrin, the grave-digger, vi. 170-171<br /> -Vaufreland, M. de, v. 304<br /> -Vauguyon (see La Vauguyon)<br /> -Vauquelin, Burgess, i. <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> -Vaurouault (see Goyon-Vaurouault)<br /> -Vauvenargues, Luc de Clapier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, v. 387; vi. 1-2</span><br /> -Vauvert, Michel Bossinot de, ii. 6<br /> -Vauxelles, Jacques Bourlet, Abbé de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 105</span><br /> -Vega Carpia, Lope Felix de, ii. 38; v. 318<br /> -Veit, Philipp, iv. 240<br /> -Velasquez, Diego Rodriguez de Silva,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 239</span><br /> -Velly, Abbé Paul François, i. <a href="#Page_222">222</a>-<a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> -Vendramin, Doge of Venice, Andrea,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 59</span><br /> -Ventador, Duc de, v. 130<br /> -Veremund II. King of Leon and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Asturias; v. 377</span><br /> -Vergne (see Pioche de La Vergne)<br /> -Vernet, Antoine Charles Horace Vernet,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as Carle, ii. 298</span><br /> -Vernet, Claude Joseph, ii. 298<br /> -Vernet, Émile Jean Horace Vernet,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as Horace, ii. 298; iv. 241</span><br /> -Verneuil, Cathérine Henriette de Balzac<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Entragues, Marquis de, i. <a href="#Page_117">117</a>; iv. 79</span><br /> -Veronese, Paolo Cagliari, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paul, vi. 48, 103</span><br /> -Vertamy (see Mandaroux-Vertamy)<br /> -Vespasian, the Emperor, v. 58; vi. 17<br /> -Vestris, Marie Rose Gourgaud, Dame, i. <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> -Vezderdjerd I. King of Persia, ii. 43<br /> -Vibraye, Anne Victor Denis Hubault,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, iv. 21</span><br /> -Vic (see d'Ermenonville)<br /> -Vicence, Armand Auguste Louis Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Caulaincourt, later Duc de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 275, 282-283; iii. 49, 77, 98, 157.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">167-168</span><br /> -Victoire Princess of France, Madame,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>; vi. 69, 197</span><br /> -Victor I. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland (see Victor Emanuel I.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of Sardinia)</span><br /> -Victor (see also Bellune)<br /> -Victor Amadeus II. King of Sardinia, iv. 251<br /> -Victor Amadeus III. King of Sardinia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 221; iv. 251</span><br /> -Victor Emanuel I. King of Sardinia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de jure Victor I. King of England,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scotland and Ireland, ii. 221; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">54, 251; vi. 45, 78</span><br /> -Victor Emanuel II. King of Sardinia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later of Italy, iv. 224</span><br /> -Victoria Queen of Great Britain and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland, Empress of India, iv. 47, 50,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">75, 251; vi. 207</span><br /> -Vidal, Pierre, v. 328<br /> -Vidocq, François Eugène, v. 258<br /> -Vidoni, Pietro Cardinal, iv. 235-236<br /> -Vieillard, Narcisse, v. 297-298<br /> -Viennet, Jean Pons Guillaume, v. 138-139<br /> -Vieuzac (see Barère de Vieuzac)<br /> -Viganoni, Signor, i. <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br /> -Vigarous, Dr. Joseph Marie Joachim, ii. 165<br /> -Vigée-Lebrun (see Lebrun)<br /> -Vigier, Comte, vi. 154<br /> -Vignale, Abbé, ii. 215-217<br /> -Vignola, Giacomo Barrocchio or Barozzi,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, iv. 241</span><br /> -Vignoles (see Lahire)<br /> -Vigny, Alfred Victor Comte de, v. 128<br /> -Vildéneux (see Loisel de La Villedeneu)<br /> -Villa (see Della Villa)<br /> -Villafranca (see Carignan)<br /> -Villafranca-Soisson, Conti di, i. <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> -Villaret, Claude, i. <a href="#Page_222">222</a><br /> -Villars, Louis Hector Maréchal Duc de, vi. 20<br /> -Villate (see La Villate)<br /> -Villehardouin, Geoffroi de, i. <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 69-70</span><br /> -Villèle, Jean Baptiste Guillaume Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne Séraphin Joseph Comte de, i.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>; iv. 13-17, 26-30, 51,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">59, 61-62, 85-86, 91, 95, 97-101, 111,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">117, 124-125, 131-132, 135-144, 217;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 68, 82, 88, 180, 303-304, 361,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">415-416; vi. 136</span><br /> -Villemain, Abel François, ii. 133; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">259-261; v. 29, 86, 260, 263; vi. 257</span><br /> -Villemarest, Charles Maxime de, ii. 251<br /> -Villeneuve, Pierre, i. <a href="#Page_193">193</a>-<a href="#Page_194">194</a><br /> -Villeneuve, the Vicomte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chateaubriand's nurse, i. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_30">30</a>-<a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></span><br /> -Villeneuve, Pons Louis François Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 340</span><br /> -Villeneuve (see also Pélion de Villeneuve)<br /> -Villeneuve-Bargemont, Alban de, v. 245<br /> -Villeneuve-Bargemont, Dame de, v. 245<br /> -Villeroi, François de Neufville,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Duc de, iii. 197-198; v. 403</span><br /> -Villeroi, Nicolas de Neufville, Seigneur<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 50, 55</span><br /> -Villette, Charles Michel Marquis de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_167">167</a>-<a href="#Page_178">178</a></span><br /> -Villette, Reine Philiberte Roupt de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Varicourt, Marquise de, i. <a href="#Page_167">167</a>-<a href="#Page_168">168</a></span><br /> -Villette, Demoiselle de, i. <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br /> -Villo, Gonzalo, i. <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br /> -Vincent, Baron von, iii. 158, 163<br /> -Vincent, General, v. 107<br /> -Vincent of Paul, Saint, v. 315<br /> -Vinci, Leonardo da, iv. 239; v. 26;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 59</span><br /> -Vintimille, Pauline Félicité de Mailly-Nesle,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, ii. 297-298</span><br /> -Vintimille du Luc, née de La Live de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jully, Comtesse de, ii. 172-173, 191,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">296; iii. 21</span><br /> -Viot (see Bourdic)<br /> -Virgil, Publius Virgilius Maro, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as, i. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>; ii. 89,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">97, 124, 202; iii. 27, 108, 214; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">185, 258, 284; v. 57, 63, 229, 286,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">326-327; vi. 79, 158, 237</span><br /> -Virginia, iii. 53<br /> -Virginie, the Comtesse de Caud's maid,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 316-317</span><br /> -Virginius, iii. 53<br /> -Violet, the dancing-master, i. <a href="#Page_218">218</a>-<a href="#Page_220">220</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 70</span><br /> -Visconti, Cavaliere Filippo Aureliano,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 298</span><br /> -Vitellius, the Emperor, i. <a href="#Page_158">158</a>; iv. 241<br /> -Vitré, Baron of, i. <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> -Vitrolles, Eugène François Auguste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Armand, Baron de, iii. 55, 112;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 16; v. 111, 113-114</span><br /> -Vitrolles, Baronne de, iii. 141<br /> -Vitry, Philippe de, vi. 200<br /> -Vittoria, Baldomero Espartero, Duque<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 221</span><br /> -Viviers (see Du Viviers)<br /> -Voltaire, François Marie Arouet, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as de, i. <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">63, 104, 106, 119, 135, 166, 172,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">180, 184, 186, 331; iii. 33, 127; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">32, 38, 44, 47, 58, 122, 150, 248,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">253; v. 203-204, 208, 300; vi. 1-2,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">6, 9, 41, 47, 90, 100-101, 202</span><br /> -Voss, Fräulein, iv. 38<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -W<br /> -<br /> -Wace, Robert, i. <a href="#Page_39">39</a>; ii. 62<br /> -Wagram, Alexandre Berthier, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de Valangin, Prince of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Neuchâtel, Duc de, ii. 273; iii. 91, 98;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 107, 256; vi. 11</span><br /> -Wahlstadt, Gebhart Leberecht von<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Blücher, Field-marshal Prince von,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 49, 162, 186; iv. 75</span><br /> -Waldburg, Friedrich Ludwig Count<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Truchsess von, iii. 78-85, 87</span><br /> -Waldeck, Prince Christian Augustus<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, ii. 40, 42, 44, 49-51</span><br /> -Waldeck, Prince George Frederic of,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 162</span><br /> -Waldor, Mélanie Villenave, Dame, vi. 174<br /> -Wales, known as the Black Prince,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward Prince of, ii. 46; iii. 193</span><br /> -Walewska, later Comtesse d'Ornano,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria Laczinska, Countess Walewice,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 109</span><br /> -Walewski, Alexandre Florian Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Colonna, Comte, later Duc de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 109</span><br /> -Walewski, Anastasius Colonna, Count<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Walewice, iii. 109</span><br /> -Wallenstein, Duke of Friedland,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mecklemburg and Sagan, Albrecht</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eusebius von, v. 354-355, 383; vi. 4-5</span><br /> -Wallenstein, Thekla von, vi. 4<br /> -Walpole (see Orford)<br /> -Walsh, Édouard Vicomte, vi. 192<br /> -Ward, Dr., ii. 280<br /> -Warsaw, Ivan Paskevitch, Fieldmarshal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince of, iv. 267</span><br /> -Warville (see Boissot de Warville)<br /> -Warwick, Richard Neville, sixteenth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earl of, v. 336; vi. 187</span><br /> -Washington, President of the United<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">States of America, George, i. <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>-<a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 187-188, 228; v. 113, 143; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">87, 160, 221</span><br /> -Weisse, Christian Hermann, v. 412<br /> -Weld, Bishop of Amycla, Thomas<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, v. 358</span><br /> -Wellesley, General Hon. Arthur (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wellington)</span><br /> -Wellington, Arthur Wellesley,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fieldmarshal first Duke of, i. <a href="#Page_188">188</a>; ii. 69,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">79,134; iii. 79, 136-137, 146, 158,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">160, 162-164, 166, 178, 180, 190,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">223-224; iv. 71, 76, 89, 91-92,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">204-205; v. 360; vi. 134</span><br /> -Wenceslaus VI. King of Bohemia, the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emperor, v. 388</span><br /> -Wendel, Clara, v. 289<br /> -Wentworth, Judith Noel, Viscountess, ii. 136<br /> -Werther, Karl Anton Philpp Baron von, v. 146<br /> -Werther, Wilhelm Baron von, v. 146<br /> -Westmoreland, John Fane, tenth Earl<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, i. <a href="#Page_188">188</a>; iv. 80</span><br /> -Wheler, Sir George, iv. 247<br /> -Whitbread, Samuel, ii. 143<br /> -Whitelocke, Bulstrode, ii. 122<br /> -Wignacourt, Antoine Louis, Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. <a href="#Page_50">50</a></span><br /> -Wilberforce, William, ii. 143<br /> -Wilhelmina of Prussia, Margravine of<br /> -Brandenburg-Bayreuth, Sophia, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">38; vi. 6</span><br /> -William I. Count of Apulia, iv. 185<br /> -William II. Duke of Apulia, iv. 186<br /> -William of Bavaria, Duke of Birkenfeld,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 91</span><br /> -William I. Duke of Normandy, King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of England, i. <a href="#Page_257">257</a>; ii. 62, 137; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">58, 109; v. 175</span><br /> -William III. King of Great Britain and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland, Stadtholder of the Netherlands, iv. 93</span><br /> -William IV. King of Great Britain,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland and Hanover, iv. 33, 281</span><br /> -William I. Elector of Hesse-Cassel,<br /> -William IX. Landgrave, later, iv. 57<br /> -William Duke of Mantua, vi. 84<br /> -William I. King of the Netherlands,<br /> -William Prince of Orange, later, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">163; iv. 162, 164, 237; v. 226, 323;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 115</span><br /> -William II. King of the Netherlands,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 163; v. 323</span><br /> -William V. Stadtholder of the Netherlands,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 270</span><br /> -William I. King of Prussia, German<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emperor, iv. 33, 271</span><br /> -William I. King of Wurtemberg, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">41, 329</span><br /> -William of Prussia, Amelia Marianne of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hesse-Homburg, Princess, iv. 41, 49</span><br /> -Willoughby de Eresby (see Gwydyr)<br /> -Wilson, Sir Robert Thomas, iii. 110, 190<br /> -Wilson, Alexander, i. <a href="#Page_253">253</a><br /> -Wimpfen, Louis Félix Baron de, ii. 40<br /> -Windsor, William de, ii. 138<br /> -Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jan de, v. 51</span><br /> -Witt, Cornelis de, v. 51<br /> -Wolfe, General James, i. <a href="#Page_224">224</a>; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">107; vi. 202</span><br /> -Wordsworth, William, ii. 128<br /> -Wrangham, Archdeacon Francis, iii. 23<br /> -Wright, the inn-keeper, i. <a href="#Page_185">185</a><br /> -Wyclif, John, v. 388<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -X<br /> -<br /> -Xenophon, v. 56<br /> -Ximenes, Archbishop of Toledo, Francisco<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, v. 51</span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Y<br /> -<br /> -York, Henry Cardinal of (see Henry<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">IX. King of England, Scotland and Ireland)</span><br /> -York, Richard Duke of, ii. 75<br /> -York and Albany, Bishop of Osnaburg,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frederick Duke of, ii. 68, 79; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">77, 79</span><br /> -Young, Arthur, ii. 131<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Z<br /> -<br /> -Zagarolo, Margherita Gioeni-Colonna,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Principessa Rospigliosi, Duchessa di,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 256</span><br /> -Zampieri (see Domenichino)<br /> -"Zanze," Angelica Brollo, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 56-57, 77, 105-112, 118</span><br /> -Zarviska, the poet, iv. 179-180<br /> -Zeno, ii. 136<br /> -Zeuxis, vi. 57<br /> -Zimmer, "Colonel," v. 112-113<br /> -Zuccaro, Taddeo, iv. 241<br /> -Zulietta, the Venetian courtezan, vi.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">70-72, 74</span><br /> -Zuñiga (see Ercilla y Zuñiga)<br /> -Zurla, Placido Cardinal, v. 8, 23; vi. 100<br /> -</p> - - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Memoirs of François René Vicom -e de Chateaubriand sometime Ambassad, by François René Chateaubriand and Alexander Teixeira de Mattos - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MEMOIRS OF FRANÇOIS RENÉ *** - -***** This file should be named 54743-h.htm or 54743-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/7/4/54743/ - -Produced by Laura Natal Rodriguez & Marc D'Hooghe at Free -Literature (online soon in an extended version, also linking -to free sources for education worldwide ... 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