NormalizeHEADmain

1 files changed, 0 insertions, 1518 deletions

diff --git a/old/54781-0.txt b/old/54781-0.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 1f16a47..0000000
--- a/old/54781-0.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1518 +0,0 @@
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 33,
-February 13, 1841, by Various
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 33, February 13, 1841
-
-Author: Various
-
-Release Date: May 24, 2017 [EBook #54781]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, FEB 13, 1841 ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading
-Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from
-images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-                        THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL.
-
-       NUMBER 33.      SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 13, 1841.      VOLUME I.
-
-[Illustration: CAHIR CASTLE, COUNTY OF TIPPERARY]
-
-To a large portion of our readers it will be scarcely necessary to state,
-that the little town of Cahir is in many respects the most interesting of
-its size to be found in the province of Munster, we had almost said in
-all Ireland; and that, though this interest is to a considerable extent
-derived from the extreme beauty of its situation and surrounding scenery,
-it is in an equal degree attributable to a rarer quality in our small
-towns--the beauty of its public edifices, and the appearance of neatness,
-cleanliness, and comfort, which pervades it generally, and indicates
-the fostering protection of the noble family to whom it belongs, and to
-whom it anciently gave title. Most of our small towns require brilliant
-sunshine to give them even a semi-cheerful aspect: Cahir looks pleasant
-even on one of our characteristic gloomy days. As it is not, however, our
-present purpose to enter on any detailed account of the town itself, but
-to confine our notice to one of its most attractive features--its ancient
-castle--we shall only state that Cahir is a market and post town, in the
-barony of Iffa and Offa West, county of Tipperary, and is situated on the
-river Suir, at the junction of the mail-coach roads leading respectively
-from Waterford to Limerick, and from Cork by way of Cashel to Dublin. It
-is about eight miles W.N.W. from Clonmel, and the same distance S.W. from
-Cashel, and contains about 3500 inhabitants.
-
-The ancient and proper name of this town is _Cahir-duna-iascaigh_, or,
-the circular stone fortress of the fish-abounding Dun, or fort; a name
-which appears to be tautological, and which can only be accounted for by
-the supposition that an earthen _Dun_, or fort, had originally occupied
-the site on which a _Cahir_, or stone fort, was erected subsequently.
-Examples of names formed in this way, of words having nearly synonymous
-meanings, are very numerous in Ireland, as _Caislean-dun-more_, the
-castle of the great fort, and as the Irish name of Cahir Castle
-itself, which, after the erection of the present building, was called
-_Caislean-na-caherach-duna-iascaigh_, an appellation in which three
-distinct Irish names for military works of different classes and ages are
-combined.
-
-Be this, however, as it may, it is certain that a _Cahir_ or stone fort
-occupied the site of the present castle in the most remote historic
-times, as it is mentioned in the oldest books of the Brehon laws; and the
-Book of Lecan records its destruction by Cuirreach, the brother-in-law
-of Felemy Rechtmar, or the Lawgiver, as early as the third century, at
-which time it is stated to have been the residence of a female named
-Badamar. Whether this _Cahir_ was subsequently rebuilt or not, does not
-appear in our histories as far as we have found; nor have we been able
-to discover in any ancient document a record of the erection of the
-present castle. It is stated indeed by Archdall, and from him again by
-all subsequent Irish topographers, that Cahir Castle was erected prior
-to the year 1142 by Conor-na-Catharach O’Brien, king of Thomond. But
-this is altogether an error. No castle properly so called of this class
-was erected in Ireland till a later period, and the assertion of Conor’s
-having built a castle at Cahir is a mere assumption drawn from the
-cognomen _na-Catharach_, or of the Cahir or Fort by which he was known,
-and which we know from historical evidences was derived not from this
-Cahir on the Suir, but from a Cahir which he built on an island in Lough
-Derg, near Killaloe, and which still retains his name. The true name of
-the founder of Cahir Castle, and date of its erection, must therefore
-remain undecided till some record is found which will determine them; and
-in the meantime we can only indulge in conjecture as to one or the other.
-That it owes its origin, indeed, to some one of the original Anglo-Norman
-settlers in Ireland, there can be little doubt, and its high antiquity
-seems unquestionable. As early as the fourteenth century, it appears to
-have been the residence of James _Galdie_ (or the Anglified) Butler, son
-of James, the third Earl of Ormond, by Catherine, daughter of Gerald,
-Earl of Desmond--whose descendant Thomas Butler, ancestor to the present
-Earl of Glengal, was advanced to the peerage by letters patent, dated at
-Dublin the 10th November 1543 (34 Henry VIII.) by the title of Baron of
-Cahir.
-
-In the subsequent reigns of Elizabeth and the unfortunate Charles I,
-Cahir Castle appears as a frequent and important scene in the melancholy
-dramas of which Ireland was the stage, and its history becomes a portion
-not only of that of our country generally, but even in some degree of
-that of England.
-
-It will be remembered, that, when by the battle of the Blackwater in
-1598 the English power in Ireland was reduced to the lowest state, and
-the queen felt it necessary to send Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex,
-with an army of more than 20,000 men--the largest body, as the Four
-Masters state, that had ever before come into Ireland since the time of
-Strongbow--to subdue the rebels, that unfortunate favourite, neglectful
-of the instructions imperatively given to him that he should prosecute
-the Ulster rebels, and plant their strongholds with garrisons, marched
-into Munster, where the only deed of importance he achieved was the
-taking of Cahir Castle, and the forcing of the Lord Cahir and some
-other disaffected noblemen of Munster to submit, and accept the queen’s
-protection. The only favourable result of this misguided enterprise, as
-Morrison acquaints us, “was the making a great prey of the rebels’ cattle
-in those parts; he cast the terror of his forces on the weakest enemies,
-whom he scattered and constrained to fly into woods and mountains to
-hide themselves.” But these weak rebels did not remain long inactive, or
-exhibit weakness in attack; and the earl’s journey back to Dublin towards
-the end of July was marked by a series of disasters that sealed his doom;
-or, as the Four Masters remark, “The Irish afterwards were wont to say
-that it were better for the Earl of Essex that he had not undertaken
-this expedition from Dublin to Hy-Conell Gaura, as he had to return back
-from his enterprise without receiving submission or respect from the
-Geraldines, and without having achieved any exploit except the taking of
-Cahir-duna-iasgach.”
-
-The taking of Cahir Castle was not effected without considerable trouble,
-though it is stated that Essex’s army amounted to 7000 foot and 1300
-horse. O’Sullivan states that the siege was prolonged for ten days, in
-consequence of the Earl of Desmond and Redmond Burke having come to its
-relief; and the Four Masters state in their Annals that “the efforts of
-the earl and his army in taking it were fruitless, until they sent for
-heavy ordnance to Waterford, by which they broke down the nearest side of
-the fortress, after which the castle had to be surrendered to the Earl of
-Essex and the queen.” This event occurred on the 30th of May 1599.
-
-As Morrison, however, remarks, the submission of the Lord Cahir, Lord
-Roche, and others, which followed on this exploit, were only feigned, as
-subsequent events proved. After the earl’s departure, they either openly
-joined the rebel party again, or secretly combined with them; and on
-the 23d of May in the year following, the Castle of Cahir was surprised
-and taken by the Lord Cahir’s brother, and, as it was said, with his
-connivance. Of this fact the following account is given by Sir George
-Carew in his Pacata Hibernia:--
-
-“The president being at Youghall in his journey to Cork, sent Sir
-John Dowdall (an ancient captain in Ireland) to Cahir Castle, as well
-to see the same provided of a sufficient ward out of Captain George
-Blunt’s company, as to take order for the furnishing of them with
-victuall, munition, and other warlike provision; there he left the
-eighth or ninth of May, a serjeant, with nine-and-twenty soldiers, and
-all necessary provision for two months, who notwithstanding, upon the
-three-and-twentieth of the same, were surprised by James Galdie, alias
-Butler, brother to the lord of Cahir, and, as it was suspected by many
-pregnant presumptions, not without the consent and working of the lord
-himself, which in after-times proved to be true. The careless security of
-the warders, together with the treachery of an Irishman who was placed
-sentinel upon the top of the castle, were the causes of this surprise.
-
-“James Galdie had no more in his company than sixty men, and coming to
-the wall of the bawne of the castle undiscovered, by the help of ladders,
-and some masons that brake holes in some part of the wall where it
-was weak, got in and entered the hall before they were perceived. The
-serjeant, named Thomas Quayle, which had the charge of the castle, made
-some little resistance, and was wounded. Three of the warde were slaine;
-the rest upon promise of their lives rendered their armes and were sent
-to Clonmell. Of this surprise the lord president had notice when he
-was at Kilmallock, whereupon he sent directions for their imprisonment
-in Clonmell until he might have leisure to try the delinquents by a
-marshals’ court. Upon the fourth day following, James Butler, who took
-the castle, wrote a large letter to the president, to excuse himself of
-his traitorly act, wherein there were not so many lines as lies, and
-written by the underhand working of the lord of Cahir his brother, they
-conceiving it to be the next way to have the castle restored to the
-baron.”
-
-Cahir Castle was, however, restored to the government in a few months
-after, as detailed in the following characteristic manner by Sir George
-Carew:--
-
-“Towards the latter end of this month of August, the lord deputy writing
-to the president about some other occasions, it pleased him to remember
-Cahir Castle (which was lost as before you have heard), signifying that
-he much desired to have that castle recovered from the rebels, the rather
-because the great ordnance, or cannon, and a culverin being left there by
-the Earl of Essex, were now possessed by the rebels. This item from the
-lord deputy spurred on the president without further delay to take order
-therein, and therefore presently by his letters sent for the lord of
-Cahir to repair unto him, who (as before you have heard) was vehemently
-suspected to have some hand both in the taking and keeping thereof. The
-Baron of Cahir being come, the council persuaded him to deal with James
-Butler (nicknamed James Galdie) his brother, about the redelivering
-thereof to her Majesty’s use; but his answer was, that so little interest
-had he in his brother, as the meanest follower in all his country might
-prevail more with him than himself (for he was unwilling to have the
-castle regained by the state, except it might again be left wholly to
-him, as it was before the first winning thereof); which the president
-surmising, told him, that if it might speedily be yielded up unto him,
-he would become an humble suitor to the lord deputy (in his behalf) for
-the repossessing thereof; otherwise he would presently march with his
-whole army into those parts, and taking the same by force, he would ruin
-and rase it to the very foundation, and this he bound with no small
-protestations. Hereupon Justice Comerford being dispatched away with the
-lord of Cahir, they prevailed so far with young Butler, that the castle,
-upon the twenty-ninth following, was delivered to the state, as also all
-the munitions, and the great ordnance conveyed to Clonmell, and from
-thence to Waterford.”
-
-Notwithstanding these imputed crimes of the Lord Cahir, and the open
-treason of his brother, he received the queen’s pardon by patent,
-dated the 27th day of May 1601, and died in possession of his castle
-and estates in January 1628. His brother James Galdie, however, lived
-to take his share in the troubles that followed in 1641, and suffered
-accordingly.
-
-From these stories of violence and treachery we turn with pleasure to
-record a fact of a peaceful character, in which Cahir Castle appears as
-a scene of hospitality and splendid revelry. This occurred in 1626, when
-the Lord Deputy Falkland, in making a tour of Ireland, after residing a
-considerable time at the Earl of Ormond’s castle at Carrick-on-Suir, in
-some time after came to the lord of Cahir, and was entertained by him in
-his castle with the greatest splendour.
-
-But if these old walls had tongues, they could probably tell us of many
-scenes of a different character from that we have just narrated, and of
-which one has been dimly preserved in history. Immediately after the
-death of Thomas, the fourth Lord Cahir, in 1628, as already stated, his
-property having passed to his only daughter and heir Margaret, who was
-married to her kinsman Edmund Butler, the fourth Lord Dunboyne, the
-latter, while residing in this castle with his wife, slew in it, or
-murdered, perhaps, would be the more correct word, Mr James Prendergast,
-the owner of Newcastle, for which he was confined a prisoner in the
-Castle of Dublin; and his Majesty having granted a commission on the
-4th of June in that year, constituting the Lord Aungier high steward
-of Ireland for the trial of his lordship, he was tried by his peers
-accordingly, but acquitted, fifteen peers voting him innocent, and one,
-the celebrated Lord Dockwra, voting him guilty.
-
-During the troubles which followed on the rebellion of 1641, Cahir
-Castle was taken for the Parliament, by surrender, in the beginning of
-August 1647 by Lord Inchiquin; and it was again taken in February 1650
-by Cromwell himself, the garrison receiving honourable conditions. The
-reputation which the castle had at this period as a place of strength
-will appear from the account of its surrender as given in the manuscripts
-of Mr Cliffe, secretary to General Ireton, published by Borlase. After
-observing that Cromwell did not deem it prudent to attempt the taking of
-Clonmel till towards summer, he adds, that he “drew his army before a
-very considerable castle, called Cahir Castle, not very far from Clonmel,
-a place then possessed by one Captain Mathews, who was but a little
-before married to the Lady Cahir, and had in it a considerable number of
-men to defend it; the general drew his men before it, and for the better
-terror in the business, brought some cannon with him likewise, there
-being a great report of the strength of the place, and a story told the
-general, that the Earl of Essex, in Queen Elizabeth’s time, lay seven or
-eight weeks before it, and could not take it. He was notwithstanding then
-resolved to attempt the taking of it, and in order thereunto sent them
-this thundering summons:--
-
-    ‘SIR--Having brought the army and my cannon near this place,
-    according to my usual manner in summoning places, I thought fit
-    to offer you terms honourable for soldiers, that you may march
-    away with your baggage, arms, and colours, free from injuries
-    or violence; but if I be, notwithstanding, necessitated to bond
-    my cannon upon you, _you must expect what is usual in such
-    cases_. To avoid blood, this is offered to you by
-
-                              Your servant,
-
-                                                       O. CROMWELL.
-
-      For the Governor at Cahir Castle,
-        24th February 1649’ (1650.)
-
-“Notwithstanding the strength of the place, and the unseasonableness of
-the time of the year, this summons struck such a terror in the garrison,
-that the same day the governor, Captain Mathews, immediately came to the
-general and agreed for the surrender,”--&c.
-
-It was well for Captain George Mathews, or Mathew, as the name is
-now generally written, and his garrison too, that he had not the
-hot-headedness of an Irishman, or he would probably have set this
-“thundering summons” at defiance, and Cahir Castle would not only have
-shared the fate of most Irish fortresses at that period, but, what would
-have been a far greater loss, the Apostle of Temperance, who has done as
-much to regenerate the people of Ireland as Cromwell did to destroy them,
-would in all human probability never have existed.
-
-But we are exceeding the limits assigned to us, and can only add a
-few words of general description. Cahir Castle is built upon a low
-rugged island of limestone, which divides the water of the Suir, and
-which is connected by a bridge with the two banks of the river. It is
-of considerable extent, but irregular outline, consequent upon its
-adaptation to the form and broken surface of its insular site, and
-consists of a great square keep, surrounded by extensive outworks,
-forming an outer and an inner ballium, with a small court-yard between
-the two; these outworks being flanked by seven towers, four of which are
-circular, and three of larger size, square. From a very interesting
-and accurate bird’s-eye view of the castle, as besieged by the Earl of
-Essex, given in the Pacata Hibernia, we find, that notwithstanding its
-great age, and all the vicissitudes and storms it has suffered, it still
-presents, very nearly, the same appearance as it did at that period; and
-from the praiseworthy care in its preservation of its present lord, it is
-likely to endure as a beautiful historical monument for ages longer.
-
-                                                                       P.
-
-
-
-
-IRISH MUSICIANS OF THE LAST CENTURY, STORY OF DOCTOR COGAN.
-
-
-In this grave cigar-smoking age of ours, in which Irishmen exhibit so
-little of the love of fun and merriment--the drolleries and _escapades_
-which distinguished them in preceding ages--it is a pleasant thing to
-us septuagenarians to look back occasionally to our youthful days, and
-call up from the storehouse of our memories the merry men whom and whose
-merry freaks we were either familiar with, or at least had heard of or
-seen. One of these choice spirits is just now present with us in our
-mind’s eye, and we are certain that we have only to mention his name, to
-bring him equally before a great number of our Dublin readers. We mean
-the late musical doctor, John Cogan. There, now, Dublin readers, some
-thousands of you at least have the man before you, though many of you
-are unfortunately too young to have heard his exquisitely delicate and
-expressive hands on the piano, extemporising with matchless felicity
-upon Garryowen or some other melody of Old Ireland; or participated in
-his playful and always inoffensive merriment and good humour. Even the
-youngest of you, however, must surely remember the little man--little
-indeed in size, but every inch of him a gentleman, who but a few years
-since might be occasionally seen taking an airing, when the sun shone
-on him, in Sackville Street, sometimes leaning on his servant’s arm,
-and at others driven in his pony-phaeton, which his prudence in youth
-had enabled him to secure for his days of feebleness and old age. That
-pleasant intellectual countenance, bright and playful as his own music
-even to the last, has disappeared from amongst us; but the memory of
-such a man should not be allowed to die, and we will therefore, while in
-the vein, devote a column of our Journal to a sketch of one of the many
-incidents remembered of his long life, as illustrative in some degree not
-only of his character, but also of that of society in Dublin during the
-last century.
-
-From what we have already stated, it will have appeared that Doctor
-Cogan was not only great as a musical performer, but also as a performer
-in innocent waggery. It would indeed have been difficult to determine
-in which performance he most excelled, or whether he most loved his
-music or his joke. He was not only a good theorist, but loved a bit of
-_harmony_ intensely, and a _laughing chorus_ was his prime delight. Those
-he would often accompany or direct as occasion required, to heighten
-the pleasures of a musical treat, when he rarely neglected a happy
-opportunity of introducing some _vivace_ movement of his own composing,
-provided he could previously prepare a _score_ of good fellows capable
-of performing effectively the several parts assigned them in it, which
-among his apt compeers was rarely a difficult task. A lover of good
-cheer and hospitality, which he both gave as well as partook of with a
-true Irish spirit, it was a settled point with the Doctor that brother
-professors should at all times live in harmony with each other, and
-receive brotherly encouragement; nor were such feelings of an exclusively
-national character, but extended equally to foreigners coming to Ireland,
-who, if at all known to fame, were sure of receiving a friendly and _cead
-mile failte_ reception at his hands. If, it is true, he could on such
-occasions indulge a little innocent joke, by playing off a specimen of
-Irish _counterpoint_ at the expense of such visitors, it was so much the
-more agreeable to him, as in the following instance of the concerted
-movement which he got up to do honour to the celebrated violinist Pinto,
-who visited our city about sixty years since. But before we detail the
-circumstances attendant on this reception, it is necessary that we should
-tell our worthy readers something of the person who was selected by the
-Doctor to play a leading part--the principal fiddle--on the occasion; and
-the more particularly as his name is unknown to the great majority of the
-present generation, and almost forgotten by the few who may still survive
-him.
-
-The person we allude to was Robert Meekins, or, as he was familiarly
-called, “Bob,” a violinist of great tavern-playing notoriety in his
-day. Like his brother professors, the harpers of the last century, of
-whom Mr Bunting has given us such characteristic anecdotes, Bob was a
-thoroughly Irish musician in every sense of the word; and though, as
-we believe, he had never travelled out of Dublin, his native city, few
-were found to equal him on his instrument either in tone, execution, or
-expression of feeling. From the earliest period of his musical studies,
-however, he had indulged in a wild and extemporaneous mode of practice,
-which proved most injurious to his professional career in after life, and
-unfortunately for him, being moreover an inveterate hater of _dry_ study,
-Bob more frequently wetted his whistle than he rosined his bow. Under the
-influence of such _bad practice_ he became at last incurably vicious,
-and rarely kept within reasonable bounds, either in the way of drinking
-or fiddle-playing. Indeed, whatever command poor Bob retained over his
-instrument, he had none over himself. Leader after leader sought to curb
-him in his wild extravagances of style, in the vain hope of diverting
-his great natural musical powers into legitimate courses; but Bob would
-never be led, and as to driving him, that was found to be equally
-impracticable. He would go his own way, and no other. He would read
-concerted music, not as it was intended, but as he thought it should be.
-His passion for _obligatoes_ was unconquerable, and he rarely arrived at
-an _ad libitum_ that he did not avail himself of it with a vengeance; and
-thus, while his brother musicians were attending to the pauses, perfectly
-content with the single note before them, an impromptu cadence would be
-heard meandering through a chord, telling of Bob’s wanderings, and he
-the while so absorbed as to be equally heedless of the elbow-punchings
-of his neighbours, the authority of his leader, or the intentions of the
-composer. No composer indeed came up to his fancy--entirely; something
-was always wanting, and his fingers were ever upon the alert to supply
-that something which was not set down for him: and should a remonstrance
-come from the leader, it but too frequently produced a _presto_ movement
-on the part of Bob, leaving a vacancy in the orchestra to be filled up
-as it might, at the shortest possible notice. Vain of his powers, and
-scorning restraint, his kicks against orchestral rule became beyond all
-bearing, and so he was himself at last kicked out from all decent musical
-society. Thus finding himself alone, he naturally turned _solo_ player,
-and became one of the lions of Dublin, drawing nightly crowds to the
-taverns he frequented, where he could indulge his love for flights of
-fancy to his heart’s content. But, unfortunately for him, in this new
-sphere he was enabled by the liberal contributions of his admirers to
-indulge also without restraint that more fatal passion for drink which
-had proved his bane through life, leading him step by step, as usual
-with such reckless characters, to an untimely and degraded grave. It
-is generally believed that poor Bob Meekins died from the effects of
-intemperance in some wretched doorway in an alley of our city.
-
-Such, then, was the person selected by Doctor Cogan to perform a
-principal part in the little musical drama which he had prepared for
-the reception of the great foreign violinist of the day, and the place
-chosen for its performance was the once celebrated hotel or tavern called
-the Pigeon-house, which at that period was the common resort for the
-meetings or departures of friends to or from England by the Holyhead
-packets. Thither accordingly the Doctor and his musical companions
-repaired, to await the expected arrival of the Signor, and ordered
-dinner with the determination that he should be their guest. It is not
-necessary to dilate upon the reception given to the brother professor,
-or to particularise all the good things that were said, sung, and eaten
-upon the occasion. It is sufficient to say that every thing passed off
-in true Hibernian style, to the astonishment as well as gratification
-of Pinto, who was delighted to find himself surrounded by so many new
-and warm-hearted friends, each keeping up the tide of merriment by a
-rapid circulation of the bottle amid the joyous flow of song, jest, and
-laugh. But where was Bob all this time? He was placed in an adjoining
-passage awaiting a silent signal, and being primed for action, was
-impatient for the moment of attack upon the excitable nerves of the
-delighted Italian. This signal was at length given, and so effectually
-arranged were the parts given to each of the Doctor’s apt pupils, that
-as the soul-thrilling tones of Bob’s violin vibrated through the room,
-it seemed to produce no other effect upon their ears than a _sotto voce_
-expression of displeasure, or _forzando_ of horror. All this seemed quite
-spontaneous, and was at the same time so judiciously managed as to allow
-the instrument to predominate over the voices, and thus enable the
-practised ear of Pinto to discover in the invisible minstrel a master
-spirit--nor did the well-timed _crescendo_ of “Turn the scraping villain
-out,” “Curse the noisy blackguard,” &c. &c. arrive at its climax, until
-Bob’s varied and expressive execution had completely bewildered the poor
-Signor with amazement. To him, indeed, the scene was one as unusual as it
-was unexpected; and when silence was somewhat restored, he eagerly asked
-in his broken English whence the tones had come; and truly ludicrous
-were the varied expressions of the Italian’s intellectual countenance
-on being assured by the Doctor and his assistants that the performer
-who had so enraptured him was a rascally itinerant fiddler, who gained
-a precarious livelihood by scraping at taverns. The effect may easily
-be imagined. The Signor insisted upon seeing him; and when Bob’s whisky
-face and tattered habiliments became visible, Pinto sat fixed in mute
-bewilderment, conjuring up in his excited imagination the apparition of
-a Meekins at the corner of every street; and the success of the Doctor’s
-joke was complete, when the poor Italian, with a forlorn and chopfallen
-visage, was heard to mutter, “Lit-el fid-el--lit-el fid-el--you call--if
-dis lit-el fidel, me go back, me no use!”
-
-A simultaneous burst of laughter was the response to these hurried and
-broken accents of surprise and chagrin. But enough was effected, and
-in quick compassion for poor Pinto’s feelings, he was at once made to
-understand the whole contrivance, on which he laughed as loudly as any
-of the merry Irish group around him. The scene of joyousness was kept
-up till an _early_ hour, during which Meekins occasionally revelled in
-the music of his own dear land, to the increased delight not only of the
-Signor, but of all present on the occasion.
-
-                                                                       W.
-
-
-
-
-THE INQUIRY.
-
-
-        Tell me, ye winged winds,
-          That round my pathway roar,
-        Do ye not know some spot
-          Where mortals weep no more?
-        Some lone and pleasant dell,
-          Some valley in the west,
-        Where, free from toil and pain,
-          The weary soul may rest?
-    The loud wind dwindled to a whisper low,
-    And sigh’d for pity as it answered “No!”
-
-        Tell me, thou mighty deep,
-          Whose billows round me play,
-        Knowest thou some favour’d spot,
-          Some island far away,
-        Where weary man may find
-          The bliss for which he sighs?
-        Where sorrow never lives,
-          And friendship never dies?
-    The loud waves, rolling in perpetual flow,
-    Stopp’d for a while, and sigh’d, to answer. “No!”
-
-        And thou, serenest moon,
-          That, with such holy face,
-        Dost look upon the earth
-          Asleep in night’s embrace,
-        Tell me, in all thy round
-          Hast thou not seen some spot,
-        Where miserable man
-          Might find a happier lot?
-    Behind a cloud, the moon withdrew in woe,
-    And a voice, sweet, but sad, responded “No!”
-
-        Tell me, my secret soul,
-          O! tell me, Hope and Faith,
-        Is there no resting-place
-          From sorrow, sin, and death?
-        Is there no happy spot
-          Where mortals may be bless’d--
-        Where grief may find a balm,
-          And weariness a rest?
-    Faith, Hope, and Love, best boons to mortals given,
-    Waved their bright wings, and whisper’d, “Yes! in Heaven!”
-
-                                                       --_Mackay’s Poems_
-
-
-
-
-ON THE SUBJUGATION OF ANIMALS BY MEANS OF CHARMS, INCANTATIONS, AND DRUGS.
-
-Second Article.
-
-SERPENT-CHARMING AS PRACTISED BY THE JUGGLERS OF ASIA.
-
-
-In my last paper I endeavoured to furnish my readers with a description
-of serpent-charming, as at present practised by the jugglers of Egypt,
-Arabia, and India. I now come to a review of the opinions maintained
-respecting this mysterious art, and the secret on which it depends, by
-some of the most eminent philosophers who have turned their attention to
-the subject.
-
-These opinions are as various as they are numerous, no two individuals
-who have written upon the practice agreeing in any one particular, save
-only their determination to regard the whole affair as an imposture--the
-snake-charmers as clever and designing cheats, and all who believed in
-the reality of their performances, as silly dupes. I shall merely advert
-to some of the most striking of these suppositions, and then proceed to
-an investigation of their merits, ere advancing my own theory on the
-subject.
-
-Many travellers who have written on the practice of serpent-charming have
-declared it as their conviction that the process is based in deception,
-that is, that the serpents charmed forth from holes are by no means wild
-creatures, who really and naturally inhabit those recesses, but animals
-which have been previously tamed, their poisonous fangs extracted, and
-placed there by the juggler or an accomplice, in order to the performance
-of his pretended miracle. Amongst the most prominent of these objectors
-are to be found the Abbé Dubois and the traveller Denon; and the latter
-author even goes so far as to affirm that the secret of the Psylli was
-a piece of nonsense that he might easily have discovered had he been so
-disposed. A precious traveller truly! to have had it in his power to
-discover a secret that a hundred naturalists would have given their very
-eyes to become acquainted with, and yet to neglect taking the necessary
-trouble. Ah, Monsieur Denon, how you do remind me of the witty fable of
-the fox and the sour grapes! The Abbé Dubois, though equally sceptical,
-does not venture to handle this mysterious subject quite so cavalierly as
-Denon. He says that the Psylli perform various _tricks_ with serpents,
-which, though apparently terrible, are not very dangerous, as they
-_always_ take the precaution to have the fangs previously removed, and
-to have with them the venomous vesicle extracted. He likewise informs us
-that they are _supposed_ to have the power of charming those dangerous
-reptiles, and of commanding them to approach and surrender themselves
-at the sound of music; and he quotes the passages of scripture to which
-I referred in my preceding article, as confirmatory of the authenticity
-of the practice; yet he will not admit that even this mass of evidence
-will convince that the charmer’s art is aught but an imposture. “Without
-dwelling,” says he, “on the literal accuracy of this striking passage
-of Holy Scripture, I may confidently affirm that the skill which the
-Indian _pretenders to enchantment_ claim in this particular, is rank
-imposture. The trick consists in placing a snake, previously tamed and
-accustomed to music, in some remote place, and they manage it so that in
-appearing accidentally to approach that place, and beginning to play,
-the snake comes forward at the wonted sounds. When they enter into an
-agreement with any simpleton who fancies that his house is infested with
-serpents--a notion which they sometimes contrive to infuse into his
-brain--they cunningly introduce some tame snakes into some crevice of
-his house, which come to their master as soon as he sounds his musical
-call. The chuckling enchanter then instantly whips up the serpent,
-claps it into his basket, pockets his fee, and, all the while doubtless
-laughing in his sleeve, goes to some other house, to renew his offers of
-assistance to similar dupes.”
-
-As to the idea that the snakes are previously deprived of their fangs,
-and that the jugglers secure themselves against all danger of being
-injured by the regular dancing snakes that they carry about with them in
-baskets, a single anecdote related by Forbes, in his Oriental Memoirs,
-will I think suffice to combat and refute it. Not having the book by me
-while I write, I hope my readers will excuse any slight discrepancies
-which they may detect on a reference to my authority. Forbes states
-that on the cessation of the music the reptiles lapse into a sort of
-lethargy, and appear motionless. It is, however, he adds, necessary that
-they should be immediately covered up in the baskets, as otherwise they
-may spring upon and wound the spectators; and he informs us that fatal
-accidents frequently occur from inattention to this precaution. Amongst
-his drawings is that of a Cobra de Capella, which, under the magic
-influence of a professed serpent-charmer’s music, danced before him for
-an hour upon his table while he painted it, and during that period he
-repeatedly handled it and carefully examined the structure of its head,
-hood, and jaws, and inspected minutely the variety and extreme beauty
-of its spots. The following day an upper servant of his rushed into
-his apartment, and cried out that he was a fortunate, a most fortunate
-man, doubtless under the immediate protection of the Prophet--that
-his devotions had proved acceptable, and sundry other expressions,
-totally incomprehensible to Forbes, who inquired his meaning. The man
-then related that he had just been in the bazaar, where he had seen
-the same juggler who had entertained him the day preceding, performing
-before a crowd of people, who, as was usual on such occasions, formed a
-circle around the operator, seated on the ground. At the close of the
-performance, the reptile, whether infuriated from the music ceasing too
-suddenly, or from some other cause not to be explained, darted amongst
-the spectators, and seizing a young woman by the throat, inflicted a
-wound of which she died in about an hour. Here was proof positive that
-the extraction of the serpent’s fangs was thought by no means essential
-to training him to his performance.
-
-So much for the idea that the _dancing_ snakes are always deprived of
-their fangs--now as to the reality of the circumstance of the _wild_
-serpents being drawn forth from their holes by the charmer’s pipe, and
-not being _tamed animals_ placed in those holes for the express purpose
-of deception.
-
-Perhaps the best refutation of this idea that I can adduce, will be found
-in a highly interesting account I received lately from a friend resident
-for many years in India, and who directed a more than ordinary degree of
-attention to snake-charmers and their feats; nay, not merely to them,
-but to every other description of magical rites, of which no land now
-furnishes so many wonder-working adepts as India, not even Egypt.
-
-He told me of men who would sow a seed of corn in a flower-pot, and by
-sundry mysterious incantations cause it to sprout, grow up, throw off
-leaves, bud, produce grain, and ripen, all within the space of an hour.
-He told me of men who would turn an empty hamper upside down, and produce
-from thence shawls, jewels, strings of beads, muslin turbans, and, in
-short, any article the spectators chose to demand. He told me many other
-singular and wondrous stories; but, what at present is of more immediate
-importance, he gave me a singular account of serpent-charming. I need not
-recapitulate its details, as they precisely resemble those quoted in a
-former article: I need only observe, that he assured me he had examined
-the subject too closely, and had taken too many precautions to prevent
-the possibility of fraud, to admit of its being, in any one instance,
-practised upon him. He had sent a distance of fifty miles up the country
-for a snake-catcher, and had set him to work in a spot entirely unknown
-to all as the place he had selected, until he conducted them and the
-juggler thither; and he had dozens of times seen the reptiles drawn from
-their retreats by the sounds of the flute or fife, which they evidently
-derived extreme pleasure from hearing. It was my friend’s opinion
-that the chief agent in the operation of serpent-charming was music;
-the animals positively delighted in the sound of the soft instruments
-employed by the performers, and were by its influence lulled into a sort
-of pleasurable trance whenever the exciting cause was put in operation.
-
-My friend once sat beneath the shade of a spreading tree, and was
-amusing himself with his flageolet, an instrument on which he performed
-with much skill; he had not been thus employed above an hour, when a
-native, happening to come up the approach to his residence, suddenly
-started, and began muttering prayers as fast as he was able. My friend
-could scarcely refrain from laughing at this singular exhibition, being
-entirely ignorant of its cause, and was about to rise up, when the
-stranger called out to him to remain where he was, and keep playing upon
-his instrument if he valued his life, for that imminent danger threatened
-him. This announcement, instead of producing the desired effect, only
-confirmed my friend in the supposition that the strange Hindoo was some
-mad fakir, who, half knave and half crazy, was endeavouring to play
-upon his feelings, as he so frequently and successfully did upon those
-of his silly countrymen. He accordingly sprang to his feet; but what
-his consternation was, you, reader, may judge. As he rose, a prodigious
-Cobra de Capella presented itself to his astonished and affrighted gaze,
-hanging by its tail from the tree, its gleaming eyes and hooded head
-not more than two feet from his own! For a moment he felt as it were
-fascinated, rooted to the spot; but in a second afterwards, terror acted
-in her more legitimate manner: he sprang several paces backward, and
-running to the house, procured assistance, on which he again sallied
-forth, accompanied by several natives, who by their cries and hooting
-succeeded in inducing the snake to beat a retreat. He was watched,
-however, in his departure, and traced to a hole; a guard was placed over
-it, and that too of Europeans, so that no confederacy could exist. A
-snake-catcher was procured from a distance of ten miles; he approached
-the hole, played upon his instrument, and at length the reptile crawled
-forth, and was captured and secured in the usual manner.
-
-I think that even this brief and hurried account must have compelled my
-readers to cast from their minds all notion of the snakes being _laid
-in the proper places_ by the jugglers beforehand, as preparatory to a
-performance, as I have shown in the instances above mentioned that no
-such thing could have been done. And the idea of the creature’s having
-been previously rendered harmless, is also overturned by the circumstance
-of the Cobra de Capella, handled one day with impunity by Forbes, having
-on the following morning bitten a young woman, who died of the effects
-of the poison within an hour. I trust, then, that I have brought you to
-admit that the art of snake-charming is a _genuine_ art, whether simple
-or not remains to be proved when the true secret shall have been found
-out; and that the professors of this secret are not impostors, at least
-not in this particular, but at the very least as respectable characters
-as the rat-catchers of our native country, who, my readers are of course
-aware, pretend likewise to possess the secret of charming and enticing
-rats from any place. In my next paper I shall conclude this subject of
-_charming_, and endeavour to explain some of the modes by which various
-animals are thus seduced.
-
-                                                                 H. D. R.
-
-
-
-
-KNOWLEDGE AND IGNORANCE.--No. I.
-
-BOULDERS.
-
-
-In using the above terms, let it not be supposed that I mean to imply
-by the one a perfect knowledge, or a knowledge of everything, and by
-the other a perfect ignorance, or a total want of any knowledge. Either
-of such conditions of the mind is incompatible with human organization;
-the one, a perfect knowledge, belongs alone to an order of intelligence
-infinitely excelling that of man; and the other, a perfect ignorance,
-must be sought for in creatures so far below him as to possess no
-intelligence. The idiot is not without perception and knowledge, though
-of an imperfect and irregular kind. The dog knows its master, recognizes
-and obeys his voice. The horse knows and traces, after years of absence,
-the road he had once been accustomed to travel; and even reptiles and
-fishes acquire a knowledge of persons, of times, and of things; all
-this being independent of that range of intelligences which has been
-given to every creature for the preservation of its own existence, and
-for ensuring the continuance of its species. The terms Knowledge and
-Ignorance are used, then, in a comparative sense, being, according to
-circumstances, convertible one into the other. What, for instance, is
-knowledge at one time, becomes ignorance at another; and the man who
-seems wise to those who know less than he does, seems equally foolish to
-those who know more--a strong reason surely why no one, however gifted he
-may to himself appear, should despise his less gifted brethren. Mounted
-he may indeed be on a hill so high that he can discern objects in the
-distance which are hidden from the more humble plodders of the plain
-below, and yet his own horizon be proportionately limited when compared
-to that of others who have climbed the still higher mountain above
-him. Can we not all bring home to our minds this varying value of our
-acquirements at successive periods of our lives? and are we not sometimes
-surprised to reflect that some problem was once difficult, or some fact
-obscure, which is now as familiar to our understandings as the daylight
-to our eyes? We have, in short, as regards these particular objects,
-passed from the night of ignorance into the day of knowledge. And us
-with the same individual, and even with whole classes of individuals,
-at different epochs, so is it with different individuals at the same
-time: one person holding in his hand the dim taper of ignorance, sees
-by its flickering and ill-directed light the object of his examination,
-distorted by partial and shifting shadows--just as some timid traveller
-on a dusky night sees in each waving bush, as to his alarmed imagination
-it grows to a portentous size, or assumes a fearful form, some aërial
-phantom, or some terrestrial monster. The other, raising the bright lamp
-of knowledge, dispels at once by its clear and steady light, uncertainty,
-and sees the object as it is.
-
-So many indeed are the practical illustrations of the different manner
-in which the same object is viewed by knowledge and by ignorance, that
-it is difficult to make a first choice. All around us there are objects,
-the nature and qualities of which are known to the few, unknown to the
-many, and hence either overlooked or misunderstood by the latter, studied
-and understood by the former. Each portion, however minute, of our own
-body, and of that of every other organic being, has in it wherewithal to
-exercise the ingenuity and reflection of the wisest; and yet how many
-thousands live and die without having even desired much less sought after
-such knowledge! Nor is the inorganic world less fruitful in subjects
-of inquiry, nor less neglected. The ploughman “whistles as he goes for
-want of thought,” not because nature has failed to spread around him
-inexhaustible food for thought, but because his mind has not been trained
-to think. By each movement of his ploughshare, page after page, as it
-were, is opened to his view of new and interesting matter--and yet he
-sees before him nothing but silent and unmeaning clods. By each movement
-of his foot he disturbs those pebbles which, speechless to him because he
-questions not, return to the interrogations of knowledge wonder-stirring
-answers, when asked,
-
-    1. Of what they are composed?
-
-    2. Whence they came?
-
-    3. And how they came?
-
-For the present we shall pass over these more humble whisperers of things
-curious and strange, and turn to those massive fragments of rocks which,
-far removed from their original site, are now scattered either singly or
-in groups over a large portion of the earth’s surface, resting sometimes
-on the slopes of hills composed of materials totally different from
-their own, seen sometimes on the sand and gravel of extensive plains,
-and distant from the mountains of which they were once a part, sometimes
-from one to three hundred miles: they are Boulders. Can we not picture
-to ourselves, in that remote period of our island’s history when forest
-and morass occupied the place of its bogs, and when the winds sighed
-over comparative desolation, an ancient inhabitant, imbued with nature’s
-living poetry, pausing before one of those grey lichen-covered masses
-which had withstood the warrings of the elements for perhaps thousands
-of years, and, as the awe of the surrounding solitude came like a charm
-over his soul, gazing with growing veneration at the venerable rock?--to
-him it would appear as if cast down from heaven, or planted where it now
-stands by some supernatural or giant hand. What spot, then, more fitted
-for the simple worship of nature’s child?--what temple, what altar more
-suited to his simple rites?
-
-A rock such as we have here described may have been found supported in
-part by lesser fragments, or such supports may have been introduced by
-partial excavations under favourable projections of its surface; and
-in either case, the superfluous earth, sand, or stones under and about
-it, being removed, this ancient monument of the operations of Nature
-would henceforth become an instrument in the worship of Nature’s God--a
-Cromlech!
-
-Whether, however, this be, or not, a correct view of the original impulse
-which led to the selection of these giant stones, or of the purpose to
-which they were applied, it is for our antiquarian friends to decide.
-Suffice it here to add, that the transportation of such huge masses from
-their native beds, by the power of man or of giants, was at such a remote
-epoch, and under the circumstances of the country, impossible; nor will I
-stop to inquire whether a work so mighty was performed by spirits light
-as air.
-
-Let us turn to the consideration of the phenomenon of Boulders, as it
-has appeared to the eye of science. And perhaps there are no two facts
-which place it in so strong a light, and embrace so fully the reasonings
-founded upon it, as the dispersion of blocks of the granite and other
-rocks of Sweden over a large portion of Northern Europe, the boulders,
-either singly or in clusters, being disposed in long parallel lines
-or trainées, for upwards of two hundred miles from the mountains of
-Scandinavia, to which, by identity of mineral composition, they have
-been traced, although separated from them by the Baltic Sea; and the
-occurrence of boulders of alpine granite resting on the secondary rocks
-of the Jura chain, between which and the Alps are situated the deep
-valley of the Rhone, the Lakes of Geneva and Neufchatel, the distance
-travelled by the boulders being sixty miles. Saussure, struck by the
-spectacle of clusters of these fragments so far removed from any rock
-resembling them, declared that they looked as if rained down from heaven;
-a sentence strikingly expressive of the difficulties which attend on an
-explanation of their occurrence. De Luc rightly speaks of such travelled
-masses of stone as being “one of the most important of geological
-monuments, since they offer a rigorous criterion of the different systems
-concerning the revolutions which have happened on our globe;” and in
-describing the vicinity of Cuxhaven, situated at the extremity of the
-Bremen country, which lying between the Gulfs of the Elbe and Weser, is
-as it were a peninsula, he cites the very forcible example it affords of
-a vast abundance of boulders at a distance of more than two hundred miles
-from the Scandinavian chain, the outlet, itself sixty miles wide, of the
-Baltic, forming part of the intervening space.
-
-At the time of De Luc’s visit to Cuxhaven (1797), a dike was constructing
-to secure the port from the violence of the sea, and the plan of
-employing blocks for this purpose was suggested by the quantity which
-were scattered over all the neighbouring country. From the vicinity alone
-of Hornburg, an inland town between the ports of Stade and Harborg,
-600 lasts of blocks, amounting to 240,000 quintals, or 23,679 tons,
-had at that time been brought and consumed in the dike, which, with
-the thickness necessary to resist the utmost impetuosity of the waves,
-and a height of about eight feet, already extended three leagues to
-the westward of the town. The country in which these accumulations of
-erratic boulders had taken place, is an expanse of sand covered with
-heath, except where broken by cultivated patches around the scattered
-villages, the surface being undulated by hills composed either of sand or
-of heaps of boulders. De Luc adds, “that he travelled ten miles without
-perceiving in the whole horizon any house, or even a hovel, or a single
-tree”--desolate and dreary indeed to the eye of painter or poet, yet rich
-in all the elements of sublimity to the eye of the geologist.
-
-It is quite unnecessary to adduce other and less imposing examples
-from Great Britain and Ireland of similar facts, the difficulties of
-explanation being fully embraced by those selected. How have they been
-brought to their present places? is then the question mentally asked, as
-well by the learned as the unlearned.
-
-Saussure, celebrated for his examination of the Alps, imagined a great
-debacle and retreat of the sea from the strata that had been formed, as
-he supposed, by chemical precipitations; and to the violent rush of the
-vast current he ascribed the excavation of the valleys, and the transport
-of immense masses of stones from the central chain of the Alps, beyond
-the precincts of those mountains, to the Jura. Here, then, the excavation
-of the valleys of the Alps, and the transport of the boulders, are
-considered results of one great catastrophe, by which the bottom of the
-sea became hard dry land, its waters descending into huge abysses which
-had burst open around the Alps. The phenomenon of Boulders is general in
-a large portion of the northern hemisphere; the explanation however is
-local and hence insufficient; whilst the philosopher’s machinery, of huge
-abysses, like the peasant’s giant, is born of necessity, not deduced from
-experience.
-
-Others, and even yet they are many, attribute the transport of both
-gravel and boulders to the Noachian deluge, which is their great
-geological catastrophe. The application, however, of that great
-historical event to such physical agencies, is beset with great
-difficulties. The words of scripture do not support, but rather oppose,
-the notion of a huge wave rising in the north to a great height, then
-rushing southwards over the dry land, and rooting up or sweeping before
-it, by hydrostatic pressure, fragments of the earth’s crust. Nor are
-facts more in accordance with that notion--the boulders of Scandinavia
-were moved from north to south--the boulders of the Alps from south
-to north, passing over the Jura mountains into Franchcomté--the
-stratification of many of the heaps of sand and gravel--the position
-of the boulders generally on the surface, whether of rocks, of sand,
-or of gravel--and the valleys, lakes, and seas now lying in the line
-of movement, which, if existing before the catastrophe, must have been
-filled up before the boulders could have travelled farther, if formed
-after, must have required the action of a second catastrophe of equal
-violence for their formation. And if, which is more in accordance with
-scripture, we consider the waters rising from the surrounding seas over
-the dry land, and then suppose them urged on with immense velocity, the
-effect would be a heaving up and moving forward of fragments from the
-lower land, by which the surface of the higher would be partly covered
-and protected; and at the return of the waters to their ancient beds,
-these fragments would be swept off, and carried back the same way they
-came. Neither, then, the words of scripture, nor the facts themselves,
-require us to seek in the Noachian deluge for an explanation of these
-phenomena. Another theory, still adhered to by many modern geologists,
-is, the action of submarine currents, at a time when the present dry land
-had only in part emerged from the sea. This theory has the advantage
-of dealing with bodies of diminished gravity, in consequence of their
-immersion in a fluid, and consequently of having to provide for the
-movement of weights less by one-half or one-third than they would have
-been in air. In conjunction with the theory of raised beaches, it
-explains many of the phenomena of accumulations of sand and gravel, but
-not all. And as regards the transport of boulders, it fails; the great
-size and angular form of some--their occurrence at various levels,
-resting on various strata--sometimes connected with, and sometimes
-unconnected with sand or gravel--their position frequently on the top of
-heaps and ridges of gravel, being facts in seeming opposition to such an
-explanation, even were it conceded that all the depressions now existing
-on the line of travel, as lakes and seas and valleys, were scooped out
-subsequently to their transport.
-
-The geological system of the illustrious Hutton assumed as an essential
-principle, that as the present continents and dry land were once the
-bottom of the ocean, and have been formed, either in greater part or
-entirely, of fragments of pre-existing continents now submerged, so is
-the work of destruction and renewal still continuing, the substance of
-our present dry land being loosened, abraded, or worn down by meteoric
-agencies, and carried by torrents and rivers to the ocean, to be there
-by currents distributed over the bottom of the sea, and by internal heat
-consolidated into new strata, which in time will be elevated into new
-continents and islands. To apply this theory in the case of the Jura
-boulders, Playfair assigned their transport to an epoch anterior to the
-formation or excavation of the deep valleys and lakes which would now
-form an insurmountable obstacle to such transport, and thus obtained a
-greatly inclined plane, extending from the summit of the Alps to the
-Jura, on which to trundle the fragments gradually downwards, by aid of
-the numerous streams and torrents descending from the higher to the
-lower ground. But as this theory would, as thus applied, premise that
-the land had been raised above the sea-level prior to the transport of
-the boulders, no means of effecting the great excavations, including the
-Lakes of Geneva and Neufchatel, which are supposed to have been formed
-subsequently, are left, except the slow erosive action of rains, frost,
-torrents, and such-like agents--means which few will consider adequate to
-the desired object; and hence the explanation of Playfair, resting solely
-on a bold hypothesis, must be rejected. As most of the preceding theories
-referred to the usually rounded condition of the granite boulders (many
-boulders of other rocks are angular), as an evidence of movement through
-the agency of water, De Luc, preparatory to the promulgation of his
-own theory, thought it expedient to show that blocks of granite, even
-as they stand tranquilly braving the storms, are gradually weathered
-into a rounded form. He thus cites the granite of Darmstadt as an
-example:--“Here I found a striking example of the manner in which blocks
-and even rocks of granite are rounded by the decomposition of the angles
-of their masses. I perceived it first in some angular pieces that had
-been detached and lay at the foot of the rock, surrounded with rubbish;
-for, on giving them a strong blow with an iron at the end of my stick,
-the angles fell off, detaching themselves with a concave surface on their
-inner side; and I thus produced rounded blocks, exactly resembling those
-which I had seen scattered on the plains.” This spherical concretionary
-structure has been noticed in the granite of Dublin and Down, and is
-common in trap rocks. Having smoothed away this difficulty, De Luc tacks
-on the boulders as a corollary to his theory of subsidences. Immense
-masses of strata, subsiding into huge caverns or hollows beneath them,
-fragments of the lower strata were broken off and blown upwards by the
-force of the pent-up air and gases rushing through the cracks of the
-sinking strata, the weight of which continued more and more to compress
-them, so that the boulders of M. De Luc came from below, and not from
-above. This is also a gratuitous hypothesis; and as the localities of
-many boulders exhibit no signs of such subsidences and explosions, it
-has obtained few if any adherents. So far, then, it would appear that
-philosophers, though armed with all the powers of mind invigorated
-by study and sharpened by research, have fought in vain against the
-difficulties which like a rampart fence in this rugged problem. For a
-moment they have appeared illumined by the light of knowledge, and have
-then sunk into the darkness of ignorance. But though philosophy may
-yield, she never will despair. And now, having marshalled new forces for
-the combat, we shall see her, with brighter hopes and prospects, again
-renew the assault. To the consideration, therefore, of a widely different
-class of explanations, I shall proceed to direct attention in a second
-paper.
-
-                                                                 J. E. P.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-INTELLECTUALITY OF ANIMALS.--Father Bougeant, a Jesuit, was placed in
-confinement by his superior in the College of La Fleche, near Paris, for
-what he had written on the subject of the intellectuality of animals. His
-views, if not orthodox, were certainly curious and amusing, and there
-is a sprightliness in his mode of treating the subject, graceful at
-least in the Frenchman, if not conformable to the divine. The following
-observations, extracted from that section of his work which treats of the
-language of beasts, may amuse the reader:--“Our first observation upon
-the language of beasts is, that it does not extend beyond the necessaries
-of life. However, let us not impose upon ourselves with regard to this
-point. To take things right, the language of beasts appears so limited to
-us only with relation to our own; however, it is sufficient to beasts,
-and more would be of no service to them. Were it not to be wished that
-ours, at least in some respects, were limited too? If beasts should hear
-us converse, prate, lie, slander, and rave, would they have cause to
-envy us the use we make of speech? They have not our privileges, but in
-recompense they have not our failings. Birds sing, they say; but this
-is a mistake. Birds do not sing, but speak. What we take for singing is
-no more than their natural language. Do the magpie, the jay, the raven,
-the owl, and the duck, sing? What makes us believe that they sing is
-their beautiful voice. Thus, the Hottentots in Africa seem to cluck like
-turkey-cocks, though it be the natural accent of their language; and thus
-several nations seem to us to sing, when they indeed speak. Birds, if
-you will, sing in the same sense, but they sing not for singing’s sake,
-as we fancy they do. Their singing is always an intended speech; and it
-is comical enough that there should be thus in the world so numerous
-a nation which never speak otherwise but tunably and musically. But,
-in short, what do those birds say? The question should be proposed to
-Apollonius Tyaneus, who boasted of understanding their language. As for
-me, who am no diviner, I can give you no more than probable conjectures.
-Let us take for our example the magpie, which is so great a chatterer.
-It is easy to perceive that her discourses or songs are varied. She
-lowers or raises her voice, hastens or protracts the measure, lengthens
-or shortens her chit-chat; and these evidently are so many different
-sentences. Now, following the rule I have laid down, that the knowledge,
-desires, wants, and of course the expressions of beasts, are confined to
-what is useful or necessary for their preservation, methinks nothing is
-more easy than at first, and in general, to understand the meaning of
-these different phrases.”--_Dublin University Magazine._
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-ATMOSPHERIC RESISTANCE ON RAILWAYS.--In Dr Lardner’s third lecture on
-railways at Manchester, he detailed a variety of experiments made in
-order to ascertain the source of resistance. “He found that an enlarged
-temporary frontage constructed with boards, of probably double the
-magnitude of the ordinary front of the train, caused an increase of
-resistance so trifling and insignificant as to be entirely unworthy of
-account in practice. Seeing that the source of resistance, so far as
-the air was concerned, was not to be ascribed to the form or magnitude
-of the front, it next occurred to him to inquire whether it might not
-arise from the general magnitude of the train front ends, top and all.
-An experiment was made to test this. A train of waggons was prepared
-with temporary sides and ends, so as to represent, for all practical
-purposes, a train of carriages, which was moved from the summit of a
-series of inclined planes, by gravity, till it was brought to rest;
-it was next moved down with the high sides and ends laid flat on the
-platform of the waggons, and the result was very remarkable. The whole
-frontage of the latter, including the wheels and every thing, a complete
-transverse section of the waggons, measured 24 feet square, and with
-the sides and ends up, so as to present a cross section, it amounted to
-nearly 48 square feet. The uniform velocity attained on a plane of 1 in
-177, without the sides up, was nearly 23 miles an hour; whereas, with
-the sides up, it was only 17 miles an hour; so that, as the resistance
-would be in proportion to the square of the velocity, other things being
-the same, there would be a very considerable difference, due to that
-difference of velocity. Then, at the foot of the second plane, while
-the sides were down, an undiminished velocity remained of 19½ miles an
-hour, whereas, with the sides up, it was reduced to 8½ miles an hour; so
-that a very extensive difference was produced. They would see at once
-that this was a very decisive experiment to prove that the great source
-of resistance was to be found in the bulk, and not the mere section or
-the form, whether of the front or the back of a train; but simply in the
-general bulk of the body carried through the air. It was very likely to
-arise from the successive displacements of a quantity of the atmosphere
-equal to the bulk of the body; or still more probably, from the fact of
-the extensive sides of the train; and indeed there was little doubt that
-the magnitude of the sides had a very material influence; for if they
-consider what is going on in the body of air extending from either side
-of a train of coaches, they would soon see what a mechanical power must
-be exercised upon it. Thus, when a train is moving rapidly, the moving
-power had not only to pull the train on, but it had to drag a succession
-of columns of air, at different velocities, one outside the other, to a
-considerable extent outside the train; and it did more, for it overcame
-their friction one upon the other; for as these columns of air were at
-different velocities, the one would be rubbing against the other; and all
-this the moving power had to encounter. This would go far to explain the
-great magnitude of resistance found, and its entire discordance with any
-thing previously suspected.”
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-GILDING OF METALS BY ELECTRO-CHEMICAL ACTION.--M. de la Rive has
-succeeded in gilding metals by means of this powerful action. His method
-is as follows: he pours a solution of chloride of gold (obtained by
-dissolving gold in a mixture of nitric and muriatic acid) as neutral
-as possible and very dilute, into a cylindrical bag made of bladder;
-he then plunges the bag into a glass vessel containing very slightly
-acidulated water; the metal to be gilded is immersed in the solution of
-gold, and communicates by means of metallic wire with a plate of zinc,
-which is placed in the acidulated water. The process may be varied, if
-the operator pleases, by placing the acidulated water and zinc in the
-bag, and the solution of gold with the metal to be gilded in the glass
-vessel. In the course of about a minute, the metal may be withdrawn,
-and wiped with a piece of linen; when rubbed briskly with the cloth,
-it will be found to be slightly gilded. After two or three similar
-immersions the gilding will be sufficiently thick to enable the operator
-to terminate the process.--_Athenæum._----[By referring to the article
-on the Electrotype which appeared in No. 20 of the Irish Penny Journal,
-the reader will be enabled clearly to understand the mode in which the
-gold is separated from the acid, which holds it in solution, and forced,
-or attracted, to deposit its particles upon the metallic surface; the
-solution of gold bearing in this case a precisely similar relation to the
-metal plate, as the solution of copper in the other.]
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-DEFINITION OF CHERUB.--A lady (married of course) was once troubled with
-a squalling brat, whom she always addressed as “my cherub.” Upon being
-asked why she gave it that appellation, she replied--“Because that it is
-derived from cherubim, and the Bible says, ‘the cherubims continually do
-cry.’”
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-    Printed and published every Saturday by GUNN and CAMERON, at
-    the Office of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane,
-    College Green, Dublin.--Agents:--R. GROOMBRIDGE, Panyer
-    Alley, Paternoster Row, London; SIMMS and DINHAM, Exchange
-    Street, Manchester; C. DAVIES, North John Street, Liverpool;
-    SLOCOMBE and SIMMS, Leeds; FRASER and CRAWFORD, George Street,
-    Edinburgh; and DAVID ROBERTSON, Trongate, Glasgow.
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No.
-33, February 13, 1841, by Various
-
-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, FEB 13, 1841 ***
-
-***** This file should be named 54781-0.txt or 54781-0.zip *****
-This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
-        http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/7/8/54781/
-
-Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading
-Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from
-images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org)
-
-Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
-be renamed.
-
-Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
-law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
-so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
-States without permission and without paying copyright
-royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
-of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
-concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
-and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive
-specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
-eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
-for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
-performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given
-away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks
-not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the
-trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.
-
-START: FULL LICENSE
-
-THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
-
-To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
-Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
-www.gutenberg.org/license.
-
-Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-
-1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
-destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
-possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
-Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
-by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
-person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
-1.E.8.
-
-1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
-paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
-agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
-
-1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
-Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
-of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
-works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
-States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
-United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
-claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
-displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
-all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
-that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
-free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
-works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
-Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
-comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
-same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
-you share it without charge with others.
-
-1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
-in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
-check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
-agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
-distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
-other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
-representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
-country outside the United States.
-
-1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
-
-1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
-immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
-prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
-on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
-phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
-performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
-
-  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
-  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
-  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
-  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
-  United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you
-  are located before using this ebook.
-
-1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
-derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
-contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
-copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
-the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
-redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
-either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
-obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
-additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
-will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
-posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
-beginning of this work.
-
-1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
-
-1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm License.
-
-1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
-any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
-to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
-other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
-version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site
-(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
-to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
-of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
-Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
-full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
-
-1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-provided that
-
-* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
-  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
-  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
-  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
-  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
-  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
-  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
-  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
-  Literary Archive Foundation."
-
-* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
-  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
-  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
-  works.
-
-* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
-  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
-  receipt of the work.
-
-* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
-
-1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
-are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
-from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The
-Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
-
-1.F.
-
-1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
-Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
-contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
-or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
-intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
-other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
-cannot be read by your equipment.
-
-1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
-of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.
-
-1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
-with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
-with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
-lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
-or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
-opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
-the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
-without further opportunities to fix the problem.
-
-1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
-OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
-LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
-
-1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
-damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
-violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
-agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
-limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
-unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
-remaining provisions.
-
-1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
-accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
-production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
-including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
-the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
-or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
-additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
-Defect you cause.
-
-Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
-computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
-exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
-from people in all walks of life.
-
-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
-generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
-Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
-www.gutenberg.org
-
-
-
-Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
-
-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
-U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
-
-The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the
-mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its
-volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous
-locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
-Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to
-date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and
-official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
-
-For additional contact information:
-
-    Dr. Gregory B. Newby
-    Chief Executive and Director
-    gbnewby@pglaf.org
-
-Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
-spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.
-
-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
-DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
-state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.
-
-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
-
-Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
-donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.
-
-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
-freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
-distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
-volunteer support.
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
-the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
-necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
-edition.
-
-Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
-facility: www.gutenberg.org
-
-This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
-