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| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-07 09:05:18 -0800 |
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| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-07 09:05:18 -0800 |
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+ <head> <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" />
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" />
+<title>
+ The Project Gutenberg eBook of The
+unwritten history of Old St. Augustine, by Mrs. Annie Averette.
+</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+ p {margin-top:.2em;text-align:justify;margin-bottom:.2em;text-indent:4%;}
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+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's The unwritten history of old St. Augustine, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: The unwritten history of old St. Augustine
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: A. M. Brooks
+
+Translator: Annie Averette
+
+Release Date: May 28, 2017 [EBook #54804]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE UNWRITTEN HISTORY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images available at The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="[Image of the cover unavailable.]" />
+</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""
+style="border: 2px black solid;margin:auto auto;max-width:50%;
+padding:1%;">
+<tr><td>
+
+<p class="c"><a href="#CONTENTS">Contents.</a></p>
+<p class="c">
+An attempt has been made to correct the myriad typographical errors and
+mis-spellings
+of persons’ names. <a href="#transcrib">A list follows the text</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="c">(etext transcriber's note)</p></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/frontispiece_lg.jpg">
+<img src="images/frontispiece.jpg" width="500" height="356" alt="Image
+unavailable: Founding of St. Augustine By Pedro Menendez, September 8,
+1565." /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">Founding of St. Augustine By Pedro Menendez, September 8,
+1565.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/decoration.png" alt="[Image
+of text decoration unavailable.]" />
+</div>
+
+<h1>
+THE<br />
+UNWRITTEN<br />
+H I S T O R Y <i>of</i><br />
+<span class="eng"><big>Old St. Augustine</big></span></h1>
+<p class="cb">
+Copied from the Spanish Archives<br />
+in Seville, Spain, by Miss<br />
+A. M. Brooks and<br />
+Translated<br />
+by<br />
+Mrs. Annie Averette<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/decoration.png" alt="[Image
+of text decoration unavailable.]" />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_iv" id="page_iv"></a>{iv}</span><a name="page_v" id="page_v"></a></p>
+
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE</h2>
+
+<p>We take pleasure in presenting to our readers information connected with
+St. Augustine never before published. It is composed largely of reports
+and letters to the King of Spain, much of it written by Pedro Menendez
+himself, and contains decrees and letters from the King to the Governor,
+Generals and Officers having charge of the Florida Provinces. It has
+been buried for over three centuries, in Seville, Spain. It is reliable,
+having been written in old Spanish and guarded with care. It contains
+facts for which many have sought in vain. The style in which it is
+written is clear and comprehensive, without being diffuse or overdrawn.
+It is the true history of our country.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_vi" id="page_vi"></a>{vi}</span><a name="page_vii" id="page_vii"></a></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary=""
+style="margin:auto auto;max-width:85%;">
+
+<tr><td class="indd"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">Chapter I</a></span>—A. D. 1565</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_1">1</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nind" colspan="2">Royal Decree from King Philip II in reference to further discovery
+and settlement of Florida—Officers and number of
+men appointed to go in the Armada—Reports from the Armada
+after leaving—Report from Pedro Menendez to his
+Majesty—The English and French have already settled here—Necessity
+of Spaniards taking entire control—Letter from the
+King to Pedro Menendez—Tells of English and French vessels
+reported to have sailed for these Provinces—King sends
+Fleet with sailors, soldiers and supplies that the person of
+Pedro Menendez may be guarded properly as Governor and
+Captain General of the Province of Florida.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="indd"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">Chapter II</a></span>—A. D. 1565</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_13">13</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nind" colspan="2">Pedro Menendez gives an account to his Majesty of the Fort
+Matanzas Massacre—Menendez and army escape from being
+made prisoners by the French on account of a tornado—Because
+of the swollen river the Council agree to make a land
+attack—Spaniards surprise and take Fort Matanzas without
+loss of a single man—Killing over two hundred Frenchmen
+and capturing Laudonnier—Find Indians enchanted with the
+Lutherans—Shipwrecked Frenchmen found on coast—With
+hands tied behind them are stabbed in the back by Spaniards.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="indd"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">Chapter III</a></span>—A. D. 1598</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_27">27</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nind" colspan="2">Report of Fernando Miranda, agent to the King, complains
+of Governor—Espionage over vessels—Gives account of work
+of negroes—Houses and churches built, land cleared—Soldiers
+assist in repairing Fort—Report of Bartolome De Arguellas—Capture
+of rebellious Indians—Sending some to Havana to be
+hanged, some to be imprisoned—Casiques render obedience
+to the Governor who assures them of his good intentions—Pedro
+Pertrene reports to the King of being newly appointed
+to be Captain of a Garrison in Florida—Insufficiency of salary
+to meet expenses—Because of long service to his Majesty
+implores aid and satisfaction—Dona Maria Menendez,
+Casique, writes the King asking aid in meeting the expenses
+of instructing the Indians in Christianity and good government.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_viii" id="page_viii"></a>{viii}</span></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="indd"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">Chapter IV</a></span>—A. D. 1598</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_34">34</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nind" colspan="2">Extract from official report made by Gonzales Menendez
+Canso, Governor and Captain-General—Six priests of the San
+Franciscan order murdered by Indians—Lieutenant Eciga
+sent to see if any of the priests are still living—Hears of
+one—Is refused permission to see him—After much persuasion
+and many threats Friar Fray Francisco is delivered—Manner
+of the death of the others is investigated—Fray
+Francisco makes a statement in regard to the death of the
+other priests, is forbidden by the Canons of the Church to
+reveal all—Notary Public Juan Ximenes swears to the investigation
+of several Indians through an interpreter—Execution
+of Indian Lucas as participating in the murder of Fray Blas.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="indd"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">Chapter V</a></span>—A. D. 1600</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_49">49</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nind" colspan="2">Letter from one of eleven monks sent out by his Majesty to
+spread the gospel—Report eighty churches in different Missions—Indians
+lazy and improvident—Avarice of Governor
+causes dissatisfaction—People desire his immediate removal—Fray
+Lopez, a Missionary, has converted many Indians in
+twelve years of service, among them Don Juan, a Casique,
+who stands highly among his people—His influence quells
+many uprisings—Juan Nunez Rios complains of Governor in
+a letter to the King—Begs for an open Port that the people
+may go back and forth and trade—An officer asks to be
+allowed to serve his Majesty elsewhere—Fray Blas De Montes
+implores that he may be allowed to come to Spain for retirement—Gives
+account of a fire which burned the church among
+other houses—Slow progress among the Indians—Advices
+that a Bishop be sent—Report of Gonzales Menendez Canso
+to his Majesty—A shipmaster bearing dispatches shipwrecked
+in storm—Governor aids him from the Royal Treasury—Auditor
+from his Majesty arrives—Reports the Garrison
+abounding in fruits and grain—Grieves over the death of the
+Christian Indian Don Juan—Return of Fray Lopez from New
+Spain in good health—Reports the money brought to establish
+a hospital—More money needed for Garrison expenses—Francisco
+Redondo Villegas, Officer of Customs, is not treated
+with the respect due his Royal Office by the Governor—Reports
+affairs in a muddled condition—Soldiers well drilled—Much
+land under cultivation—Wages small—Rations insufficient.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="indd"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">Chapter VI</a></span>—A. D. 1605-1608</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_67">67</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nind" colspan="2">Minutes of a Bull or Bill of Supplication to be presented to
+the Holy See asking for concession of graces and powers for
+Catholic residents in Florida—Minorcan families brought
+priest and monk with them—Wish new privileges and graces<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_ix" id="page_ix"></a>{ix}</span>
+granted—In regard to a Cedula from his Majesty, which instructs
+as to duties on wine—Priests and Monks of Tasco
+use Municipal monies for their own interests—Advises a
+change in the office of Treasurer of the Royal Chest—Vessels
+carry important papers for his Majesty lost—Favors
+shown to Don Francisco gratifies the people—Letter from
+Pedro Ibarra to his Majesty says there is not sufficient support
+for the Garrison—Solicits aid for a poor widow—Soldiers
+find amber in a fish, for which Menendez exacts a duty—French
+and English pirates cause much anxiety—A few captured,
+some imprisoned and ten hanged—Visiting Indian chiefs
+so impressed with the religious services and processions that
+they ask for friars to instruct their people—Asks for assistance
+in building a fort at the mouth of Miguel Moro—Endeavors
+to find the source of river San Mateo and Lake
+Miami—A garrison of warlike people—Proposition to establish
+a Manager of the Inquisition to subjugate and control
+them—Does not wish to let certain priest and captain—Report
+of Juan Menendez Marquez—Deplores the decision to reduce
+the garrison—Advises a return to the policy of Pedro Menendez,
+his cousin—Desires permission to come to Spain to
+more fully lay the condition before his Majesty.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="indd"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">Chapter VII</a></span>—A. D. 1622-1640</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_82">82</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nind" colspan="2">Report of Antonio Benavides to his Majesty—The Spanish
+King instructs the establishment of friendly relations with the
+English of the Carolinas—Don Francisco Menendez with
+other officers sent out—Mission fails owing to the English
+not having yet received instructions from London—Requested
+the removal of an English fort built on Spanish territory—Refusal—The
+matter fully laid before his Majesty—Report
+of Luis De Rojas—A Frigate sent out to assist a fleet in
+bringing supplies, run down by an enemy, boat stripped and
+burned, soldiers and crew escape to shore and finally reach
+the garrison—They collect Indians and soldiers and return—The
+enemy take to their launches and escape—Forty-seven
+persons only saved from a Spanish Fleet which had been
+captured by a Dutch Fleet—Recommends that his Majesty
+build a fort at the bar of the place called Jega—Report of
+Luis Ussitinez to his Majesty—The Mandate of the King
+carried out for prayer to Almighty God for the success of
+the King’s arms taken up against France—At a meeting of
+the Board of the City Council of Havana appears a clergyman
+of the Holy Office of the Inquisition with an Auto from
+the Señor Comissionado, Don Francisco de las Casas, containing
+instructions as to certain ceremonies in connection
+with the Inquisition.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="indd"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">Chapter VIII</a></span>—A. D. 1655-1657</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_96">96</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nind" colspan="2">An anonymous letter to his Majesty—Death of Governor
+Benito Ruid Salazer—Two others appointed to serve <i>pro
+tem.</i> die suddenly of a contagious disease—Certain related
+officials gather in the night and elect Don Pedro Ruitinez
+Governor—A distressing condition follows—The people’s
+money squandered—Officials intimidated and abused—Material
+sent for repairing Fort used to barter with the Indians
+for amber and the money used by the Governor and Treasurer—Consults
+his own pleasure as to obedience to church laws
+and vows—A report from Diego Rebolledo, 1657, as to the
+necessity of guarding the Ports of the Province owing to pirates
+and as a prevention from the enemy entering and entrenching
+themselves in some of the distant but rich Provinces—The
+Friars object to the fortifications as the Spaniards would retard
+the conversion of the Indians—The Governor thinks the
+real reason is, that because of the present condition the Friars
+are the masters of the Indians—A Friar reports to his Majesty
+that owing to the Governor insisting upon some Indian
+chiefs carrying heavy burdens of corn, when there were vassals
+for such labor—The chiefs cause an uprising—They
+march into the Garrison and hang the Governor—The Island
+of Jamaica heavily fortified by the English who intend taking
+Cuba, so it is rumored.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="indd"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX">Chapter IX</a></span>—A. D. 1662-1670</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_107">107</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nind" colspan="2">Alonzo Aranqui y Cortez reports the auditing of accounts and
+condition of the Royal Treasury—Finding of large nuggets
+in a hill, supposed to be a silver mine—Goes to investigate—Report
+of Juan Cebadilla to his Majesty of having sent out
+the King’s orders concerning who shall keep the keys of the
+Royal chest—Administration of the negroes—Harshness
+shown the Royal employees—Francisco Guerra Vega reports
+a Captain of the Garrison for indecency and offense to his
+superiors, for which same he was reprimanded and imprisoned
+as a warning—Afterward given his liberty—The King
+to the Captain-General of Provinces of Florida—Instructions
+as to the continuance of the passage to Marcana Guale—Founding
+of the town of Santiago—As to the performance of
+certain duties by soldiers, for which money shall be paid—Soldiers
+shall be permitted to raise their crops, and not employed
+in personal work for the Governor—The Governor
+shall look after the wants and needs of his people—By order
+of the King, 1670.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="indd"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_X">Chapter X</a></span>—A. D. 1671-1673</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_112">112</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nind" colspan="2">Pedro Menendez received the title of Governor by right of
+conquest, and Captain-General and Commander of the Fleet<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xi" id="page_xi"></a>{xi}</span>
+by conference of his Majesty for faithful, valorous service—Don
+Martin Menendez receives the title of perpetual Governor
+by right of inheritance—Important papers burned at
+Simancas—Manuel De Mendoza reports to his Majesty as to
+the designs of the English enemy—Discovery of the South
+Sea—Condition of this Garrison and other Provinces—Implores
+aid in completing fortifications—Report to his Majesty
+by Francisco De La Guerra y Vega concerning an Englishman
+taken prisoner in the Province of Guale—One of a crew
+sent out from a settlement of English at St. Elena—This man
+who was second in authority was confined in prison on
+soldiers’ rations—An effort made to break up the English
+settlement, which was unsuccessful.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="indd"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XI">Chapter XI</a></span>—A. D. 1675</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_121">121</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nind" colspan="2">Letters to the King from the Governor Pablo Ita Salazer—Oath
+of office administered in the tower of the old Fort which
+is rapidly going into ruins—The Garrison needing supplies
+and ammunition—No warehouses, and owing to the distance
+and frequency of storms delaying supplies, the people are
+forced to hunt in the woods for roots to appease their hunger—The
+Fort in danger from pirates—Ammunition and guards
+exposed to the fatalities of the weather—Pleads for more
+money to complete the Castle—Its great importance—A pentagonal
+shape recommended—The Viceroy of Spain fails to
+send the ten thousand dollars—One hundred men needed to
+guard the Castle—Great danger from pirates—Two hundred
+leagues from Havana and five hundred from New Spain.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="indd"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XII">Chapter XII</a></span>—A. D. 1675</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_130">130</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nind" colspan="2">An effort made to dislodge the English from Santa Elena—Governor
+ordered to complete the Castle and defense of the
+Garrison—Yucatan families—Master weavers asked for to
+settle in Florida—Appalache considered the best Province for
+settlement—Supplies sent from New Spain—Barracks to be
+made in the Fort for the soldiers—Money sent to finish the
+new Castle, also supplies for the soldiers—The neighbors to
+assist in building the new Castle—Repairs on the bulwarks
+of Guale—Increase of troops for St. Augustine—A fortress
+ordered built at Appalache.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="indd"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIII">Chapter XIII</a></span>—A. D. 1680-1685</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_136">136</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nind" colspan="2">Letter from Pablo Ita Salazer to his Majesty—Indians of the
+Province of Guale declare themselves friendly to the English,
+and make war upon the Spaniards of the Island of St. Catherine—They
+surprise the six sentinels, killing all but one who
+escaped and gave warning—The people gather in the convent
+of a Friar and defend themselves from day light until four<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xii" id="page_xii"></a>{xii}</span>
+o’clock, when aid reaches them from the Garrison of St. Augustine,
+whereupon the enemy retires—The natives of the
+Island greatly alarmed—Disquieting news of the intentions
+of the enemy upon this Garrison—Implores aid from the King
+quickly, that the English may be ejected from the land—Don
+Juan Marquez Cabrera, Governor and Captain-General of
+Florida—Gives account to his Majesty of hostilities in the
+Provinces—Two Fleets, French and English, going and coming
+from Havana—Seize Fort Matanzas and, after plundering,
+burn it to the ground—Is now being rebuilt—Great depredations
+committed up and down the coast by the enemy—Pushing
+the work on the Castle—Grieved over its slow progress,
+owing to lack of workmen—Begs to be allowed to retire because
+of age and long service—To Charles II, our principal
+Casique, the King—From the people of the territory of
+Habalache—The King to the Governor and Captain-General
+of Florida—Concerning ten negroes from St. George, who
+asked for the water of baptism—A Sergeant-Major from St.
+George comes to claim them—Because they have become
+Christians the Spanish King decides to buy them—After
+receiving a receipt they are to be set at liberty, each one given
+a document to that effect—The King reprimands Don Diego
+Quiroga for not attending to these matters—Orders a full
+account to be sent as soon as it is accomplished.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="indd"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIV">Chapter XIV</a></span>—A. D. 1689-1698</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_147">147</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nind" colspan="2">Letter of the Governor and Captain-General of Florida, Don Diego
+Quiroga y Losada, to his Majesty—Giving an account
+of a custom obtaining in the Garrison which endangers the
+safety of the people—When the Host is taken out in the night
+to administer communion to the dying the bells are rung until
+its return which is often hours, thus preventing the hearing
+the firing of the sentries across the river who are instructed
+to fire as often as there are numbers of vessels sighted—This
+danger fully laid before the Priest, who refused to discontinue
+the ringing of the bells, notwithstanding the city has been
+in arms awaiting the enemy for some days—In a Cedula by
+his Majesty of July 18th, 1674, he asks for a statement concerning
+the order and place of the Holy Tribunal of the
+Inquisition—These questions answered by Severino Mausaneda
+March 17th, 1690—An account of a military review in
+St. Augustine by Governor Don Diego Quiroga y Losada—Also
+recounts the great advantage to the City by building a
+sea wall to extend from the Fort the entire length of the City
+thus securing it against the sea which at present comes up
+to the houses during a storm—The soldiers and citizens subscribe
+ten thousand dollars, and the King is petitioned for aid
+that the citizens seeing his Majesty’s interest will be encouraged
+to proceed—The King rebukes Governor Don Diego<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xiii" id="page_xiii"></a>{xiii}</span>
+Quiroga y Losada of the city of St. Augustine for unjustly
+taxing the Indians—Misappropriating funds sent by agreement
+for canvas and provisions for them—Not attending to
+their wants and comfort and treating them alone as vassals—Extracts
+from the investigations of the Council as to alleged
+excesses committed by the Governor Don Francisco Moral
+Sanchez—His ill treatment of a Captain of Grenadiers—Acting
+according to his own will and not to military law—The Governor’s
+removal desired—A report according to the King’s
+command concerning affairs under Governor Don Francisco
+Morales Sanchez—Investigation shows that the facts set forth
+in the different papers and petitions sent to his Majesty to
+have been only too true—Impossible to put upon paper the
+strange, divers and extraordinary excesses committed by this
+Governor—The abuses sufficient to chill the soul and congeal
+the blood.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="indd"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XV">Chapter XV</a></span>—A. D. 1708-1723</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_163">163</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nind" colspan="2">Francisco Córcoles y Martinez in a letter to his Majesty reports
+all possible measures taken to prevent the destroying of
+this Province—Indians from the villages bordering on the
+Carolinas, aided by the English, each day carry off certain
+families, Christians and natives, more than ten thousand
+having been carried off to date—Probably sold into slavery—A
+Treaty urged with the English of the Carolinas, else there
+will be a continuance of hostilities and the spread of the
+Gospel impeded—In a second letter the Governor gives an
+account of certain Friars in a dispute with the Priest of the
+Parish concerning the rights to marry soldiers, Spaniards,
+Indians and half-breeds—The matter laid before the Governor,
+who in turn refers it to his Majesty—Recommends the
+abolishing of all Heathen customs—By a Royal dispatch,
+A. D. 1721, the Governor of Florida is commanded to go in
+person to the Governor of the Carolinas and arrange with
+him a Treaty of Peace between the English and Spanish of
+those Provinces adjoining—Which same was carried out as
+far as possible—Trinkets and clothing sent to the Casiques
+and chiefs of Apalachicola as commanded—Indians restless
+making preparations for war—English spreading dissatisfaction—A
+Council of war decides to send a vessel to Havana to
+the Governor asking for men, arms and provisions.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="indd"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVI">Chapter XVI</a></span>—A. D. 1736-1739</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_174">174</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nind" colspan="2">Governor Señor Montiano in a letter to his Majesty says: It
+is reported that Don Diego Oglethorpe has said openly “that
+should he receive orders from his Government to fix the
+boundary lines between the Spanish possessions and the Carolinas,
+he would so delay its execution that there should never
+be a sign of these limits”—Montiano thinks “it will be impossible<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xiv" id="page_xiv"></a>{xiv}</span>
+to ever discuss matters of importance with such a man
+and it will be best that he be removed”—An Indian, Juan
+Ygnacio de las Reyes, gives himself up to the English, under
+pretext of having killed an Indian, to gain information concerning
+the strength and intentions of the English toward the
+Spanish—After misleading the English as to the strength
+and numbers in the Spanish fortifications, he makes his escape
+and returns to this Province—Statement of what has been
+ordered for the aid of Florida Provinces—The dislodging of
+the enemy from certain settlements on its territory up to 1674—Dispatch
+of 1675 commands that if the negro slaves sent to
+Havana have not already been sold, they shall be sent to
+Florida to be put to work upon the construction of the Castle
+to relieve the Indians.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="indd"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVII">Chapter XVII</a></span>—A. D. 1741-1743</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_185">185</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nind" colspan="2">A letter from the Governor Francisco Córcoles y Martinez—Conduct
+of the Christians worse than the Heathen—Soldiers
+guarded while cutting timber to repair the Fort—The Castle
+in a tumble-down condition—The Garrison to be maintained
+for the propagation of the Holy Gospel and to shelter the
+workers of the Apostolic faith—A paper of representation to
+his Majesty concerning certain properties willed to the Royal
+Treasury by Don Francisco Menendez, and designated by
+the King for use as hospitals—The Royal Officers of the
+Province think these properties should be sold at auction, and
+the proceeds applied to the back pay of soldiers who are
+suffering and in need.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="indd"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVIII">Chapter XVIII</a></span>—A. D. 1770-1771</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_191">191</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nind" colspan="2">A letter of resolution to his Majesty concerning a letter of
+appeal made to the Governor and Bishop of Havana asking
+for patent and Holy oil to administer baptism and extreme
+unction to the Catholic families taken from the Island of
+Minorca by the English—These families bringing with them
+Don Pedro Campos, Doctor of Sacred Theology, as a Parish
+Priest, and Don Bartolome Casanovas of the St. Augustine
+order as Vicar—These same claiming to have received their
+appointment from the Supreme Pontificate, not knowing to
+which Bishop the jurisdiction of Florida belonged—In order
+that a thorough investigation may be made the whole matter
+was referred to his Majesty—Letter of the Archbishop of
+Valencia concerning this matter—Letter of the Bishop of
+Cuba to his Majesty, expressing gratification over the zeal of
+his Majesty in this matter—Advices that the privileges be
+conferred—Letter of the Bishop of Minorca giving information
+concerning same.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xv" id="page_xv"></a>{xv}</span></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="indd"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIX">Chapter XIX</a></span>—A. D. 1771</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_204">204</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nind" colspan="2">The opinion of the Judge—Having examined the different
+letters from the Bishop and made a thorough investigation
+into the matter concerning the granting of certain privileges
+to these Priests of the Minorcan families of the English
+colony of Florida, decides that these privileges should be
+granted as per reasons set forth in his written opinion,
+Madrid, 1771—Bishop of Cuba for the Council to Dr. Don
+Pedro Campos and the Rev. Father Bartolome Casanovas,
+extending to these same Priests the title of Parish Priest
+and Vicar—Also sending a box containing three flasks of
+sacred oil—Hopes soon to be able to send a more extended
+prorogation of other powers—King solicited these powers
+from the Court of Rome—Asks for a detailed report of the
+number of families and condition of the congregation.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="indd"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XX">Chapter XX</a></span>—A. D. 1773</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_214">214</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nind" colspan="2">Proceedings of the Council at the Court of Rome concerning
+the appeal made by the Parish Priest and Vicar of the
+Catholic families established in the English colony of Florida—The
+different Bishops’ letters—Also those of the Priest
+and Vicar asking for patent and further privileges and containing
+a report of the condition of the said Minorcan families
+who are dissatisfied with the lack of spiritual comforts—A
+brick church, and are very devout—Of their desire to throw
+off the yoke of Great Britain and their love for Spain—Reply
+of the Judge—Testimony sent by the Bishop of Cuba.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="indd"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXI">Chapter XXI</a></span>—A. D. 1773-1786</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_226">226</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="nind" colspan="2">Letter from the King to the Bishop of Cuba concerning the
+petition soliciting an extension of time and of the privileges
+for the Priest and Vicar of the Minorcan families in Florida,
+and enclosing an open mandate of His Holiness, enlarging
+and extending the time for twenty years—A copy of a letter
+and statement sent in by Lieutenant Don Nicolas Grenier in
+regard to the importance of the Provinces of the St. Marys
+and St. Johns rivers—The need of vessels to impress and
+control the inhabitants—Provinces rich in timber, turpentine,
+tar and pitch—Considers it detrimental to Spanish interests
+for Americans to introduce any commerce in the Provinces—Letter
+from the same Don Nicolas Grenier to the Governor
+urging the necessity of further protecting Spanish interests
+along the St. Marys and St. Johns rivers—Tranquility of the
+country jeopardized by outlaws—Some have been arrested
+and paid the penalty with their lives—Matter referred to the
+Governor—1774.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xvi" id="page_xvi"></a>{xvi}</span> </p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_1" id="page_1"></a>{1}</span> </p>
+
+<h1>The Unwritten History<br />
+
+<i>of</i> Old St. Augustine</h1>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1565.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Royal Decree of King Philip II in regard to the further discovery
+and settlement of Florida—Officers appointed—Number of men to go
+in the Armada—Captains and men to be paid in advance, to increase
+diligence in service—Reports from the Armada after leaving—Pedro
+Menendez reports that the English and French have already settled
+here—Necessity of the Spaniards taking entire control of the
+country—Letter from the King to Pedro Menendez in regard to
+English and French settlers.</i> </p></div>
+
+<h3>ROYAL DECREE.</h3>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The King.</span></h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>To our officers who reside in the City of Sevilla in charge of the
+India contracts</i>: </p></div>
+
+<p>I have named the captains, as you will see, from the description shown
+by General Eraso, that they may enlist the 1400 men who are to go to
+Florida in the Armada which we have ordered equipped, instructing them
+immediately upon their arrival what they are to do, and notify me of
+their safe arrival. You must be immediately notified when the men are
+gathered together, and as it is expedient with each captain, you<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_2" id="page_2"></a>{2}</span> are to
+send a responsible person that he may pay each man one month’s salary in
+advance from the treasury on the day he enlists. It will cost, we
+suppose, upwards of 11,000 ducats, that they may go provided according
+to instructions received. You are to give each captain a copy of the
+order sent, that he may be sure of his men—who, receiving this aid,
+neither he nor they be deceived. I also command that according to these
+orders you instruct the paymasters so that they may well understand that
+each soldier is to have the money in his own hands so that there be a
+good understanding between us. This is paid to them as it will be a long
+and arduous campaign, and so that they may work with more zest and the
+town be established quickly. See that the captains go at this work with
+diligence and haste, and you must immediately see and attend to where
+you are to lodge these people and from there embark them. Send with them
+a person of trust to guide and lodge them and to see that they are well
+provided with food and all necessaries for their money. Keep them well
+together without disorder or vexation to the people of the land. Inform
+me of how you have provided for them and you will have served me. From</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Bosque de Segovia</span>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>August 15th, 1565.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>REPORT OF DON TRISTAN DE LUNA Y AVELLANO, CONCERNING AFFAIRS IN FLORIDA.</h3>
+
+<p>The Armada which went to found the town in Florida at the place called
+Santa Elena in the port of Juan Ponce on the eleventh of June, and
+sailed with good<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_3" id="page_3"></a>{3}</span> and mild wind. On the seventh day out we were on the
+river Espiritu Santo, twenty leagues south of said river, in 27th
+degree, from there we sailed six days to the southeast and south until
+we found ourselves in the chain. South from there we sailed north in
+search of the coast of Florida, and at the end of the eighth day, which
+was the eve of the visitation of Saint Elizabeth, we discovered the
+coast of Florida eight leagues to the west where the Armada cast anchor
+and took on water and wood. Now we began to have rough weather. From
+there the fleet sailed on the eighth of July in search of the Port
+Achusa, sending ahead along the coast a frigate, the pilot not knowing
+exactly where Port Achusa was. The Armada passed ahead and anchored in
+the Bay of Phillipina, which was discovered by Julio de Labazares, from
+whence the Governor sent to seek Port Achusa, having heard that it was
+the best and safest port on all that coast. Navigating along the same
+coast where the Armada had come, they found Port Achusa which is twenty
+leagues from Bay Phillipina and thirty, more or less, from the Bay of
+Miruelo, so that it is between two bays—latitude 30 1-3 degrees. On the
+return of the frigate with the news, we immediately determined to set
+sail with the Armada. It seemed best to have the horses go by land, so
+we put them off in said Bay of Phillipina, thus some of our captains
+made the trip overland with one hundred and forty horses, out of the two
+hundred and forty we started with, the others having died at sea. On the
+bar of Phillipina we had some trouble with the Armada in crossing, on
+account of its shallowness for the larger vessels, also the strong and
+swift current—besides the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_4" id="page_4"></a>{4}</span> weather had changed, and it was rougher. The
+Armada left Bay Phillipina for Achusa on the 10th of August, the day of
+St. Lawrence, and it entered Port Achusa on the day of Our Lady of
+August, for which reason we gave it the name of St. Mary of Phillipina.
+It is the best port discovered in the Indias. The shallowest part at the
+entrance is eleven cubits, and after you enter there are seven or eight
+fathoms. It is spacious, having a front of three leagues, the Spaniards
+are already there. The entrance of the bar is half a league in width, on
+the eastern coast is a cliff at the mouth of the bay, and large vessels
+can anchor in four or five fathoms within a stone’s throw from land. It
+is so safe that the winds and storms cannot hurt one. We found a few
+Indian ranches, they seemed to be fishermen. Judging from appearances it
+seems to be a fertile and good soil. There are many walnuts and many
+fruit trees—good hunting and fishing and good in many ways. We also
+found some plantings of corn. On the 25th of said month of August, the
+Governor sent Don Tristan de Avellano in a galleon, of those we brought,
+for this, from New Spain, with the news of all that had happened so far.
+He entered the Port of San Juan de Ulloa on the 9th of September. He
+will supply himself quickly with provisions, which at present we have
+sent to ask for, and we expect the boats to return soon. They will again
+go to this New Spain, and wait there to see the lay of the land, and
+where we are to found this town, and understand all the particulars and
+qualities to inform you.</p>
+
+<p>When the boats return I will give the details to your Majesty in the
+order that the Governor, Friars and other Officers write me, and I shall
+be careful to aid<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_5" id="page_5"></a>{5}</span> them in the name of your Majesty with everything that
+they need, so they may not vex the natives, but give themselves up to
+friendly intercourse with them, until the time for planting grain. In
+future it will not be so expensive, the ground being so fertile we can
+gather large harvests, thus serving and exalting your Majesty and the
+Catholic faith of Our Lord.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>To His Catholic Royal Majesty Pedro Menendez says:</h3>
+
+<p>That what he sends your Majesty is what he declares to know of the coast
+and lands of Florida, and of the corsairs whom it is said have gone to
+populate it and seize the vessels coming from the Indias—and the damage
+they may do, and the remedy to be used in cases where they should have
+settled. Give them no quarter, and appropriate the coast and lands so
+that they can be the more easily turned out—that your Majesty can send
+to spread the Gospel, prevent the damages that can be done the vessels
+coming from the Indias is as follows: That while in Sevilla last May, he
+knew and understood positively from persons coming from the Canary
+Islands that they had been on the Island of Teneriffe and Port Garachico
+with a Portuguese named Mimoso, who is a pilot on the run of the Indias,
+and has a wife and home in France, that he has become a pirate, seizing
+the vessels of your Majesty. He carried four men of war, and it was said
+he was going to settle the coast of Florida; that two other large
+vessels were awaiting him, as soon as he took on water and provisions in
+that port, and he saw them there in a small vessel without disembarking<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_6" id="page_6"></a>{6}</span>
+for five or six hours, where some of the people who wish to be under
+them came to speak to them. He then returned to his vessel and set sail
+to return to the Indias. Also, that he heard in Sevilla and in this
+court of your Majesty that the English had gone out with a fleet to the
+coast of Florida to settle and to await the vessels from the Indias—and
+about a month ago he learned that five large English galleons with heavy
+artillery had passed about the end of December along the coast of Gaul
+and the tempest had driven them into the harbor of Ferrol, where they
+were anchored for a day and a half without landing, but the fishermen
+had gone on board to speak to them, and he says: If the above be true,
+and the English, French or any other nation should feel disposed to go
+and settle any part of Florida, it would be very damaging to these
+kingdoms, because on said coast of Florida and in said strait of the
+Bahamas, they could settle and fortify themselves in such a way, that
+they could have galleons and vessels of war to capture the fleets and
+other private vessels that came from the Indias, and pass through there,
+as they would run great risk of being captured.</p>
+
+<p>Also, that if last summer the French and English went to Florida as we
+are certain they did, and should have settled and built a fort in any
+port, and summered there, giving notice to their home government as to
+how they are situated, and should they be supplied this summer before we
+can raid upon them, and turn them out, it would be very difficult to do
+so on account of the friendship formed by them with the natives who
+would help them in such a way as to cause serious difficulty, and even
+should we finally succeed the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_7" id="page_7"></a>{7}</span> natives would remain our enemies, and
+this would be extremely disadvantageous. Should they be supplied this
+summer the merchantmen which we expect from the Indias would also run
+great risk of being captured. Also, that it would be very annoying to
+have the above mentioned or others settle in Florida. Considering the
+proximity of the Islands of Santo Domingo, Puerto Rico and Cuba, where
+there are such vast numbers of negroes and mulattoes of bad disposition,
+there being in each of these islands more than thirty negroes to each
+Christian. And it is a land in which this generation multiplies with
+great rapidity. In the power of the French and English, all these slaves
+would be freed, and to enjoy their freedom would help them even against
+their own masters and lords and there would be an uprising in the land,
+and with the help of the negroes it would be easy to capture us. As an
+example of this, take Jacques de Soria, France, which in the year
+fifty-three, with one boat of a hundred tons and eighty men, by simply
+freeing the negroes, took and plundered the Islands of Margarite and
+Saint Martha, and burned Carthagena, plundered Santiago de Cuba and
+Havana, although at the time there were two hundred Spaniards there.
+They took the Fort with all it contained, and twelve pieces of bronze
+artillery and carried them all off. I consider these negroes a great
+obstacle to having the French or English settle in Florida or to have
+them so near, even though they should not be in favor with these two
+nations, there is danger of an uprising as there are so many cunning and
+sagacious ones who desire this liberty that I feel sure the design of
+those who should settle in Florida is to domineer over those islands,
+and stop<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_8" id="page_8"></a>{8}</span> the navigation with the Indias, which they can easily do by
+settling in said Florida. Also he says: That on account of these dangers
+and many others, it seems to him it would be to the service of God Our
+Lord, and your Majesty for the general good of your Kingdoms the Indies
+it would be well for your Majesty to try and domineer over these lands
+and coasts, which on account of their position, if other nations should
+go on settling and making friends with the Indians, it would be
+difficult to conquer them, especially if settled by French and English
+Lutherans, as they and the Indians having about the same laws, they
+would be friendly, and being near could rule and each year send out a
+thousand vessels to easily treat and contract with these lands which are
+said to be fertile and prolific for sugar plantations, which they so
+much need and are supplied from these Kingdoms. There might also be many
+cattle good for their tallow and wool and other necessities. What seems
+to him that your Majesty should do in the service of God and your
+Majesty’s and for the salvation of so many souls, and the aggrandizement
+of your kingdoms and your royal estates, is as follows:</p>
+
+<p>As there are neither French nor English nor any other nation to disturb
+them, that your Majesty should send five hundred persons, sailors,
+laborers, etc., and that among them should be one hundred master
+carpenters, blacksmiths, plasterers and builders of mud walls, all with
+their implements and appurtenances for every thing, with their arms of
+defense, such as arquebuses, cross-bows, etc. That among this number of
+five hundred people should be four Friars, four teachers and twelve
+Christian children, so that<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_9" id="page_9"></a>{9}</span> the principal Indians would send their
+children to school to learn to read and learn the doctrine of
+Christianity. There should be three surgeons who would go about in small
+boats, canoes or row boats with supplies for one year—go straight to
+Santa Elena and from there find all the paths, rivers and ports most
+suited and best, by land and water. See the condition of the land for
+planting and settle two or three towns in the best vicinity, build their
+fort, to be able to defend themselves against the Indians, that each of
+these forts should have artillery and ammunition. All this supply with
+the cost of the voyage will amount to eighty thousand ducats or more.
+There will be left vessels enough to carry a number of cattle. These
+must be sent from Spain, because in the Indias we could not find
+suitable vessels nor head workmen of the necessary qualifications and it
+could not give the desired results, besides the delay would cause much
+damage. It would be difficult to find the proper kind of people, and
+even if found the cost would be very much greater, as head workmen gain
+very large wages in those parts, as do also laborers and sailors. From
+Havana it would be still more impossible to bring them, as there are
+none to be obtained, and if they have to settle they must go a long way
+’round, as they cannot enter the mouth of the Bahama Channel, it being
+as easy and quick to come from Spain as from Havana. It would be more
+important that your Majesty do this at your own cost and as briefly and
+with as secret a diligence as possible, and if your Majesty is not well
+served in this, find some one in whom your Majesty can place more
+confidence, confer with them and let them take charge of
+affairs—<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_10" id="page_10"></a>{10}</span>although it would be far better for your Majesty to do this at
+your own cost, and with all brevity and secrecy which is the most
+important thing. Also, he says: That should there be French in this land
+or on the sea awaiting the merchant vessels from the Indias, it would be
+necessary to increase this squadron to four more galleons and one
+thousand men, principally marines—the cost of which for six months
+would be five hundred thousand ducats more or less.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Pedro Menendez.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The King.</span></h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>To Gen. Pedro Menendez de Avilez, Knight of the Order of Santiago,
+and our Governor of the Province of Florida</i>: </p></div>
+
+<p>Know—Having understood that from the Kingdoms of France and England
+many war vessels have been sent out with a great number of sailors and
+soldiers, with intent of going to that Province, and that now again they
+are arming and equipping vessels for the same purpose at Havre de Grace
+and other Ports of said Kingdoms of France and England. And that you may
+do everything to defend yourselves and capture the Forts they have built
+and thrust them from the land, that you may hold it in peace. You might
+overlook the damage they have done to navigation. We have arranged for
+and ordered 1,500 infantrymen to join you and those you have with you
+and we send them with the fleet and also all the necessaries—and we
+have provided as Captain-General of the fleet Captain Sancho de
+Archimiaga, an expert and experienced man of the sea, ordering him to go
+to said Province, and in joining you, it gives you protection by sea as<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_11" id="page_11"></a>{11}</span>
+well as by land. Your flag alone must float, as our Captain-General, and
+all undertakings must be done under your flag. And for all enterprises
+to be undertaken by land we have appointed a Field Marshal and five
+Captains to be under him, and that both they and the infantry are to be
+directly under you as our Captain-General and Governor, because this is
+our will, and we have expressly ordered it. That your person must be
+carefully guarded. With your experience both by land and sea we are
+perfectly satisfied, still, that you may the better succeed, and that
+there may be conformity and good will, as it is important, affairs that
+between you and said Captain Archimiaga and Field Marshal and the other
+Captains accompanying him as they are men of much experience in war. It
+is our will, and so we order you, that in all things occurring on sea as
+well as on land concerning the war, you will call these Captains and
+consult with them, more especially Captain Archimiaga and the Field
+Marshal—that in this way alone must you decide upon questions of
+war—because thus it suits us and our service. That I trust in them to
+look into matters and provide all that is deemed advisable in such
+undertakings—and they will follow and obey you as our Captain-General.
+Let it be in such a way that there be good will and intelligence between
+you—no dissensions or quarrels, which would be a great drawback, but
+that you will proceed with mildness and consideration, as I feel assured
+you will, proceeding to free those lands, and give no quarters to the
+enemy to take root in them—and if it were possible, and there should be
+no notable inconvenience, you divide the fleet. Captain Juan Zurita and
+his company of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_12" id="page_12"></a>{12}</span> Artillery go with the Infantry, as you will see. Of
+their success you will see to it, and give an account.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Philip II.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Madrid, September 8th, 1565.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_13" id="page_13"></a>{13}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1565.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Menendez reports that his army escapes from being made prisoners
+by the French on account of a tornado—The Council agree to make a
+land attack, the river being too much swollen for their
+transports—The Spaniards surprise and take Fort Matanzas without
+the loss of a single man, killing over two hundred Frenchmen and
+capturing Laudonnier—The Indians enchanted with the
+Lutherans—Shipwrecked Frenchmen found on the coast—With their
+hands tied behind them they are stabbed in the back by the
+Spaniards.</i> </p></div>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Fort Matanzas Massacre, 1565.</span></h3>
+
+<p>I wrote to your Majesty from aboard the galleon San Salvador on
+September 11th, this being the day she left Port. The duplicate of the
+letter goes in this, and later on will send the other. While I was on
+the Bar in a sloop with two small boats with artillery and ammunition
+there came upon us four French galleons which had run us down with two
+or three small vessels to prevent us from landing here. Taking the
+artillery and provisions, although the weather was not propitious for
+crossing the Bar, I preferred to take the chances rather than surrender
+myself and one hundred and fifty persons, who were with me, into their
+power. Our Lord miraculously saved us. The tide was low, there being
+only one and a half scant fathoms of water on the bar, and their<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_14" id="page_14"></a>{14}</span> vessel
+required one and a half long fathoms. They saw we had escaped them, as
+they spoke asking me to surrender, to have no fear. They then turned to
+search for the galleon, thinking we could not escape them. Two days out
+a heavy storm and tornado overtook them. It seemed to me they could not
+return to their Fort, running too great a risk of being lost, and to
+return to capture us they would have to bring a larger force and of the
+best they had. Thinking that their Fort would remain weak and it was the
+right time to capture it I called a council of the captains, who agreed
+with me, and decided to attack the fort by land. I therefore took five
+hundred men, the three hundred arquebusiers, the rest pikemen, and with
+these few, taking our knapsacks and putting in each six pounds of
+biscuit and a measure of one and a half gallons of wine, with our arms
+and ammunition; each Captain and soldier—I was among the first setting
+the example, carrying this food and arms on my back. Not knowing the
+way, we hoped to get there in two days, it being distant about eight
+leagues or so, as we were told by two Indians who went with us as
+guides. Leaving this Fort of St. Augustine in the order above described
+and with determination on the eighteenth of September, we found the
+rivers so swollen from the copious rains that it was impossible to ford
+them and we were obliged to take a circuitous route which had never been
+used before through swamp and unknown roads to avoid the rivers.</p>
+
+<p>After walking until nine or ten o’clock at night, on the morning of the
+twentieth, which is the feast of San Mateo, we arrived in sight of the
+Fort. Having offered prayers to the Blessed Lord and His Holy<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_15" id="page_15"></a>{15}</span> Mother,
+supplicating them to give us victory over these Lutherans, it was agreed
+that with twenty ladders, which we carried, to assail the Fort. His
+Divine Majesty had mercy upon us and guided us in such a way that
+without losing one man and with only one injured (who is now well), we
+took the Fort with all it contained, killing about two hundred and
+thirty men, the other ten we took as prisoners to the forest. Among them
+were many noblemen, one who was Governor and Judge, called Monsieur
+Laudonnier, a relative of the French Admiral, and who had been his
+steward. This Laudonnier escaped to the woods and was pursued by one of
+the soldiers who wounded him, and we know not what has become of him, as
+he and the others escaped by swimming out to two small boats of the
+three vessels that were opposite the Fort, with about fifty or sixty
+persons. I sent them a cannonade and call of the trumpet to surrender
+themselves, vessels and arms. They refused, so with the artillery found
+in the Fort we sunk one vessel, the others taking up the men went down
+the river where they had two other vessels anchored laden with
+provisions, being of the seven sent from France, and which had not yet
+been unloaded. It did not seem to me right to leave the Fort and pursue
+them until I had repaired three boats we found in the Fort. The Indians
+notified them of our actions. As they were so few they took the two best
+and strongest vessels and sank the other. In three days they had fled.
+Being informed of this by the Indians, I did not pursue them. Later from
+the Fort they wrote me that about twenty Frenchmen had appeared in the
+forest with no clothing but a shirt, and many of them were<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_16" id="page_16"></a>{16}</span> wounded. It
+was believed that Monsieur Laudonnier was among them. I have sent word
+that they make every effort to capture them and bring them to justice.
+In the Fort were found, among women, creatures and children under
+fifteen years of age, about fifty persons. It causes me deep sorrow to
+see them among my people on account of their horrid religious sect, and
+I fear our Lord would punish me should I use cruelty with them. Eight or
+ten of the boys were born here.</p>
+
+<p>These French have many friends among the Indians, who show much feeling
+at their loss, especially for two or three teachers of their hateful
+doctrine which they taught to the Indian chiefs, who followed them as
+the Apostles did our Lord. It is a thing of admiration to see how these
+Lutherans enchanted the poor savage people. I shall use every means to
+gain the good will of these Indians who were such friends to the French,
+and there is no reason why I should break with them, and if I can live
+with them at peace it will be well; they are such traitors, thieves and
+drunkards, that it is almost impossible to do so. These chiefs and the
+Indians, their enemies, all show friendship towards me, which I return
+and shall continue, unless their depredations increase that I may have
+to do otherwise.</p>
+
+<p>On the 28th of September the Indians notified me that many Frenchmen
+were about six leagues from here on the coast, that they had lost their
+vessels and escaped by swimming and in boats. Taking fifty soldiers I
+was with them next morning at daylight, and, leaving my men in ambush, I
+took one with me to the banks of the river, because they were on one<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_17" id="page_17"></a>{17}</span>
+side and I on the other bank. I spoke to them, told them I was Spanish;
+they said they were French. They asked me to come over to them either
+alone or with my partner, the river being narrow. I replied that we did
+not know how to swim, but that they could safely come to us. They agreed
+to do so, and sent a man of some intellect, master of a boat, who
+carefully related to me how they had left their Fort with four galleons
+and eight small vessels, that each carried twenty-four oars with four
+hundred picked soldiers and two hundred marines and John Ribaut as
+General and Monsieur LeGrange, who was General of the Infantry, and
+other good captains, soldiers and gentlemen, with the intention of
+finding me on the sea, and if I attempted to land, to land their people
+on the small boats and capture me. That if they had wanted to land they
+could easily have done so, but they had not dared and wanted to return
+to their Fort. That they were overtaken by a hurricane and tempest and
+were wrecked about twenty or twenty-five leagues from here. That of the
+four hundred only forty had survived; that the others had perished or
+were killed by the Indians. That fifty were carried prisoners by the
+Indians; that John Ribaut with his captain were anchored five leagues
+from there in the swamp without trees, and he had in the vessel with him
+two hundred persons, more or less, and they believed them to have
+perished with all the artillery and ammunition, which was a great deal
+and good. Part of it was with John Ribaut and what they had, was
+certainly lost. They were saved, and he asked for himself and companions
+safe passage to their Fort, since they were not at war with the
+Spaniards. I<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_18" id="page_18"></a>{18}</span> then told him how we had taken their Fort and hung all
+those we found in it, because they had built it without your Majesty’s
+permission and because they were scattering the odious Lutheran doctrine
+in these Provinces, and that I had war to fire and blood, as Governor
+and Captain-General of these Provinces, against all those who came to
+sow this hateful doctrine; representing to him that I came by order of
+your Majesty to place the Gospel in these parts and to enlighten the
+natives in all that the Holy Church of Rome says and does so as to save
+their souls. That I would not give them passage; rather would I follow
+them by sea and land until I had taken their lives. He begged to be
+allowed to go with this embassy and that he would return at night
+swimming, if I would grant him his life. I did so to show him that I was
+in earnest and because he could enlighten me on many subjects.
+Immediately after his return to his companions there came a gentleman, a
+lieutenant of Monsieur Laudonnier, a man well versed and cunning to
+tempt me. After much talk he offered to give up their arms if I would
+grant their lives. I told him he could surrender the arms and give
+themselves up to my mercy, that I might do with them that which our Lord
+ordered. More than this he could not get from me, and that God did not
+expect more of me. Thus he returned and they came to deliver up their
+arms. I had their hands tied behind them and had them stabbed to death,
+leaving only sixteen, twelve being great big men, mariners whom they had
+stolen, the other four master carpenters and caulkers—people for whom
+we have much need, and it seemed to me to punish them in this manner
+would be serving<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_19" id="page_19"></a>{19}</span> God, our Lord, and your Majesty. Hereafter they will
+leave us free to plant the Gospel, enlighten the natives, and bring them
+to obedience and submission of your Majesty. The lands being extensive
+it will be well to make them work fifty years—besides, a good beginning
+makes a good end, so I have hopes in our Lord that in all He will grant
+me prosperity and success, so that I and my descendants may give to your
+Majesty those Kingdoms full and return the people Christians. My
+particular interest as I have written your Majesty is this: We are
+gaining great favor with the Indians and will be feared by them,
+although we make them many gifts.</p>
+
+<p>Considering what John Ribaut had done, I find that within ten leagues of
+where he was anchored, three of the vessels of his company were lost;
+whether they were lost or not, they would have landed the people,
+unloaded what supplies they could, employed themselves in getting out
+the brass artillery and the upright posts and tackle, if not lost, of
+the three vessels, rig themselves as best they could, and if the vessel
+he was on was not lost he will make every effort to come by sea. Should
+he do so I await him, and with the help of God, he will be lost. He
+might also go inland with one of the Casiques, his friend, who lives
+thirty leagues from here, and is very powerful. Should this be the case
+I will seek him there, because it is not convenient that he and his
+companions should remain alive. Should he come by sea to the Fort I have
+the entrance to the Bar mined with two savage canon and guns, so that
+should they succeed in making an entrance, we can sink them. A
+brigantine is kept in readiness to capture the people and I shall<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_20" id="page_20"></a>{20}</span> do
+all in my power to prevent his escape. The things found in the Fort were
+only four pieces of brass of about five tons, the canon and guns which
+had come from France were dismounted and carried to the galleons when
+they went in search of me. There were found besides twenty-five bronze
+musket and as much as twenty tons of powder and ammunition for these
+pieces, about one hundred and sixty barrels of flour, twenty casks of
+wine. The balance of the supplies had not been unloaded, as they were
+hesitating whether they should fortify this Port, fearing I should land
+here, which I could easily have done. Since their arrival they had spent
+most of their time in debaucheries over the joy felt at the news they
+had received that northeast of Santa Elena was a range of mountains
+coming from the Zacatecas where there were great mines of silver. The
+Indians from those parts had brought them many pieces of silver to the
+amount of five and six thousand ducats. We found to the amount of three
+thousand ducats, more or less, in clothes and all kinds of valuables;
+some hogs, male and female; also sheep and asses; all this was ransacked
+by the soldiers; nothing escaped them. Besides the two vessels found in
+the Port we found two near the Bar and two others they had stolen from
+the Indians, loaded with hides. Of these they had drowned the crews and
+the cargo had been given to an English vessel to carry it and sell it in
+England or France, and there remained with them two Englishmen. The
+French had no mariners by whom to send these vessels. These two
+Englishmen were hung when the Fort was captured by us. The Englishmen by
+whom they sent the cargo arrived in port at the Fort we<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_21" id="page_21"></a>{21}</span> have taken from
+them, the early part of August of this year, in a galleon of a thousand
+tons called the Queen of England, with three heavy tiers of artillery;
+all who saw her wondered and had never seen a vessel so heavily armed
+that drew so little water; the other three vessels were smaller. It was
+agreed between the English and French that as the French awaited help
+from France that Monsieur Ludovic, who was Governor here, should wait
+for them until the end of September; failing to return, he, Ludovic, was
+to go to France in search of them, and that by the month of April they
+would return with a large fleet, to await and capture the fleet of New
+Spain, which was forced to pass their Fort; that if aid came, for which
+they had written to France, they would advise the English who would come
+to this coast by the month of April. It was for this purpose that I
+found in the Fort a large vessel and seven small ones, and another five,
+one or two of which had been stolen, and the four they wished to send to
+France to have them equipped with men and provisions to join the English
+and themselves by April; that by that time John Ribaut would have
+returned and with the eight hundred men who remained he wished to go by
+January to Los Martyres, about twenty-five leagues from Havana, and
+there build a fort. They had reconnoitered and found it a very desirable
+port. This was agreed between them, and that before leaving France John
+Ribaut was to obtain the order that they should fortify Los Martyres, a
+strait by which no vessel could enter or depart without being sighted by
+them. To keep there always in readiness six vessels, it being the best
+sea in the world for them. That from there they would take Havana,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_22" id="page_22"></a>{22}</span> free
+all the negroes; that they would then send to make the same offer to the
+Spanish of Porto Rico and all other colonies. All this information I
+gained from the skilful Frenchman to whom I granted life. They had with
+them six Portuguese pilots whom they hung when no longer needed; two
+others had been killed by the Indians, and two were with Ribaut. The
+river San Mateo, running by the Fort we captured, goes seventy leagues
+inland and turns to the southeast emptying into the bay of Juan Ponce,
+and from there to New Spain and the port of San Juan de Luca, where
+there is only upwards of fifty leagues. In the bay of Juan Ponce they
+thought next year to build a fort on account of its proximity to New
+Spain, distant a hundred and fifty leagues and about the same distance
+from Honduras and as many more from Yucatan, and where with their six
+vessels they could navigate with ease. On this river are three large
+Indian towns. The Indians are great friends of the French who have been
+there three times in search of corn. These French landed there in great
+need of supplies, having only enough to carry them eight days. Corn they
+found scarce and took it almost by force. The Indians themselves are
+great thieves—a poor but brave people. All the Indians are not more
+friendly to them than to us, and I will not consent to take a grain of
+corn from them, but prefer to give them of what I may have. I consider
+this country so vast and fertile and the danger from enemies and
+corsaires so great and that they can appropriate to themselves the land
+lying north of here near New Foundland, of which they are already lords,
+and can be sustained by them with ease. Everything should be done to aid
+me<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_23" id="page_23"></a>{23}</span> instead of cutting me off, and your Majesty must be undeceived and
+know that I am much better able than your Majesty to enlarge and
+aggrandize these your Kingdoms. This Port is 29½ degrees, and the San
+Mateo which we captured is 31 degrees. The French and their pilots were
+mistaken. I have had it taken by the sun on land. From here to the Cape
+of Canaveral there are fifty leagues, three rivers, two ports between
+here and Havana, one hundred miles, more or less, which are navigable in
+boats among the keys of Canaveral and Los Martyres, and from there to
+Havana. I agree to take the good field pieces which we have captured
+from the French, and one hundred men go along the borders of the coast,
+the boats by sea, anchoring at night near land among the keys of
+Canaveral where the sea is as smooth as a river, with the boats they
+will be able to discover among the keys the best port and surroundings
+to build a fort. So that with the one in Havana and this one we can at
+all times guard against the enemy and their entering to fortify
+themselves. Nor should we expect fleets or boats of the Indians. With
+the people of Havana, Santo Domingo and Pedro de la Roda, whom I shall
+have to come to my assistance, I will have until the last of March to
+build it, then with these vessels go over to Havana and seek these
+people. Having discovered the Port, and on the arrival of Pedro de la
+Roda in Havana he will find his vessels which I do not propose to take
+out of that Port, also his men, so that he may return to Spain as strong
+as when he left there. That I shall place one hundred and fifty
+Spaniards in possession to guard against the Indians who are great<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_24" id="page_24"></a>{24}</span>
+warriors and whose good will we must gain. Then, by the 1st of April, I
+shall return to these two Forts, and in six or eight days I shall again
+take to the sea. By the month of March, leaving these two Forts well
+equipped and guarded each with three hundred men, I shall go in vessels
+that draw little water which I will soon have here, most of them the
+ones taken from the French. I will man as many as I can with five
+hundred soldiers and one hundred mariners, found a town at Santa Elena,
+which is fifty leagues from here, and has within three leagues of it
+three Ports and rivers, the largest of six fathoms of water, the other
+four fathoms; admirable Ports and the one we call Santa Elena is the
+third, the one the French occupied is very small; the three are
+navigable, one within the other, so that he who is lord of one is lord
+of the three. It is the best place to build a fort leaving three hundred
+men to finish it, pass on up the bay to Santa Maria, which is 36
+degrees, one hundred and thirty leagues beyond Santa Elena; then on to
+the land of the Indians which is in Mexico, fortify another fort and
+leave another two hundred soldiers. This will be the key to all the
+fortifications of this country, because from those to the new land it
+does not have to be founded. Inland, about eighty leagues, are to be
+found a range of mountains, at their base an arm of sea which leads to
+the New Land. This arm of the sea enters the New Land which is navigable
+seventy leagues where there is another sea turning northeast and we
+suspect it leads to the South Sea. The Indians send many cattle from New
+Spain which were found on these plains by Francisco Basques Coronado.
+They carried the hides to the New Land in canoes to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_25" id="page_25"></a>{25}</span> sell to the French
+in exchange for barter. From here, in the past two years, they have
+carried in their fishing boats more than six thousand hides. The French
+can go from here in their vessels to the foot of the mountain range four
+hundred leagues from the mines of San Martin and New Galicia and can
+mine them to their heart’s content. It would be well to fix our frontier
+lines here, gain the water-way of the Bahamas and work the mines of New
+Spain. This key and strength is necessary that your Majesty should
+become Lord of all of it, because by it you will be master of the world.
+I have written to Pedro del Castillo to send me three hundred soldiers
+and supplies for eight hundred persons. It would be useless not to have
+the three hundred soldiers to serve your Majesty and to provide the
+necessaries. Thus on, from the first of February, your Majesty can send
+a hundred mariners and the equipments and let them bring everything
+necessary to found a town in the Bay of Juan Ponce, as this river is
+part of San Mateo, which we captured from the enemy. Eighteen leagues
+inland from this bay, and from one bay to the other, we can easily trade
+with the multitude of Indians that are there and make them soon learn
+the Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ. In this Bay of Juan Ponce is the
+Province of Appalache, an indomitable people with whom the Spaniards
+have never been able to treat. Thus will all difficulties be overcome so
+far as New Galicia which is about three hundred leagues, and so many
+more to Vera Cruz, and the same distance to Yucatan. From there this
+town will be provided with corn, as there is much of it. As we found the
+place and build a good City, there will be no need of founding<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_26" id="page_26"></a>{26}</span> others
+in Florida. We will then proceed to the New Land, easily work the many
+mines of silver which are found there, and are the mines of the
+Zacatecas. In a few years the silver worked from them will support this
+country and be a treasure to your Majesty and a suburb of Spain which
+can be reached in forty days from these Kingdoms. With the scarcity of
+supplies in the Forts we are suffering much hunger as the grain was
+burned and so, unless we receive aid soon, we shall suffer terribly. I
+trust your Majesty is satisfied that we serve you faithfully and with
+love and in all truth. Without extending myself further, but promising
+to keep you advised of all that may happen, may God protect your
+Majesty, increasing your royal Catholic personage with greater kingdoms
+and possessions as Christianity has need of and your servants desire it
+should be.</p>
+
+<p>From these Provinces of Florida from the banks of San Pelayo and Fort of
+St. Augustine, October 15th, 1565.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Pedro Menendez de Aviles.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_27" id="page_27"></a>{27}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1583-1596-1598.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Report of Fernando Miranda, agent to the King—Complains of
+Governor—Espionage over vessels—Gives account of the work of the
+negroes—Haste makes it necessary to employ soldiers in repairing
+the Fort for which they were paid—Partial failure of crops
+increases the cost of living—Report of Bartolome De Arguellas
+giving account of rebellious Indians—Some of those captured were
+sent to Havana to be executed, others to be imprisoned—Casiques
+render obedience to the Governor who assures them of his good
+intentions—Report of Pedro Pertrene to the King—Is newly called
+to take charge of a company of Infantry in the Garrison of
+Florida—Salary not sufficient to meet expenses of living, recalls
+his long service to the King, and asks for increase of pay—Letter
+from Dona Maria Menendez, Casique, to the King—Asks for assistance
+in meeting the necessary expenses for instruction of the Indians in
+Christianity and good government.</i> </p></div>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1583.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Fernando Miranda and Rodrego Junco, assistant Agent, who was of
+these Kingdoms, to His Majesty</i>: </p></div>
+
+<p>After the Governor had given a decree of the same suspension, we asked
+him that until your Majesty should otherwise provide, we be allowed to
+continue in office and watch over your Majesty’s interest. Another thing
+which occurs to us to inform your<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_28" id="page_28"></a>{28}</span> Majesty: Yesterday there sailed from
+this Port for Havana a vessel belonging to some one in Havana, and the
+Governor made every effort to see if we had sent any papers by her—he
+searched the vessel and not wishing to give testimony, we understood he
+did not wish any letters sent, and so we dared not write more. We felt
+that this would be sufficient for your Majesty to place the remedy and
+investigate the cause, and punish the culprit.</p>
+
+<p>In the two years that your Majesty’s negroes have been here, they have
+made a platform for the artillery of this Fort of an indestructible
+wood—as the one they had previous to this rotted away in two years.
+They have made a blacksmith shop, and whatever repairs were needed on
+the Fort. Ten of the best of them were sent to Santa Elena to saw boards
+to cover that Fort which needed it. On beginning the work it was found
+that the whole Fort was in such a damaged condition it was necessary to
+tear it all down and rebuild as quickly as possible. On account of the
+haste required the soldiers were obliged to help for which work they
+were paid. It was completed in four months, during which time the
+negroes had to be fed on bread, meat and wine. Besides they have helped
+to build a church here, sawed lumber for the building of many dwellings,
+and have cleared the woods to some extent for planting. The first crop
+not being good, caused extra expense of food and ammunition which was
+given them—but for the past six months they have been fed on the
+harvest made, with no other expense but the oil and salt. They have corn
+enough to last until the next harvest, and all the expense incurred to
+the end of June of the present year is six thousand<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_29" id="page_29"></a>{29}</span> five hundred reals,
+from the Treasury of your Majesty—because, although there have been
+some other expenses, we have availed ourselves of advantages we had
+after having had recourse to what has been offered to your Majesty’s
+service. About six months ago eleven of these negroes were hired to
+soldiers of this Fort, without the knowledge of the Treasurer, rendering
+an account of this to the Governor. It is about a year and a half since
+we notified the Governor that he should not keep these accounts, but as
+provided by your Majesty they should be sent to this Court. He has never
+sent them. Your Majesty will act as best suits him in this affair of our
+suspension; we again implore your Majesty to give us a hearing, and some
+satisfaction, since we are left in this sterile country without the
+means of sustenance. May God preserve your Majesty for many years with
+great aggrandizement.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Fernando Miranda.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, August 20th. 1583.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Your Majesty</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>As the Governor, Don Domingo Martinez Avendano, has been sending your
+Majesty an account of the proceedings of our journey, I have not done so
+until now, that we have landed in these Provinces of Florida, and seen
+the condition of things, the people of the Garrison and the natives. It
+was a blessing of God that it was all quiet and peaceful, and the
+Governor with much gentleness and discretion entered, and proceeded
+well, to support the service of your Majesty. It was a very fortunate
+thing, as many of the culprits had made threats, which if carried into
+effect, would have<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_30" id="page_30"></a>{30}</span> resulted disastrously—but they had not the heart to
+carry them out, although a number of the worst criminals were out of the
+country. Of those who remained, ten were captured, and with their
+accusations were sent by Captain Francisco Salazar to Havana, in the
+custody of a trusted lieutenant and twelve soldiers, as guards, so that
+they may be executed there and accomplish your Majesty’s will. With this
+imprisonment and a public reprimand made by the Governor to the other
+Indians, all of which remain quiet. Being overcome with fear, I
+understand they will return promptly to their employment, and your
+Majesty will be well served. The Casiques of this country came to render
+obedience to the Governor, who caressed them and instructed them of the
+manner and order in which they were to attend to your Majesty’s work—he
+told them he wished to visit them in their homes, and the good
+intentions and desires he brings of attending to your service and the
+proofs he has already given of them. We entertain great hopes that all
+will soon be settled. From Havana they dispatched to the Treasurer Juan
+Menendez Marquez to be present at the paying off of the employees of
+this Garrison. While the Governor intended to have me assume control of
+this collection, he seemed to change his mind, and I came here with him,
+where I remain attending to the duties under my charge until he thinks
+that I may go out and make use of the license your Majesty granted me if
+nothing more occurs. May Our Lord guard the person of your Royal
+Catholic Majesty, as we have need of you.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Bartolome de Arguellas.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Florida, July 6th, 1596.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_31" id="page_31"></a>{31}</span></p>
+
+<hr />
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1598.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Your Majesty</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>I do not wish to make a long report in this letter, as I understand
+a detailed account of all that occurs in these provinces will be
+made by your Majesty’s Governor, Gonzalo Menendez Canso, who in
+every thing appertaining to your Majesty’s service and welfare is
+proceeding with caution—reforming, arranging everything in the
+most approved manner, discovering as he goes, all the secrets of
+the service, and governing himself in accordance. He has strong and
+brave resolutions, as I know, having communicated them to me, and
+given me an account of his good intentions.</p>
+
+<p>Having served your Royal Highness for twenty-six years in this part
+of your Royal Fleet, in charge of your Captains-General the
+Adelantado Pedro Menendez Aviles, Diego Flores Valdez, Cristobal
+Eraso, and Alvarez Flores de Quinones, as Officer in the companies
+in which I served as Lieutenant of the Governor of the Castle,
+under Diego Fernandez de Quinones, in Havana. Being in that City,
+retired in my home, I was called by the above mentioned Governor to
+give and honor me with one of your Majesty’s companies of infantry
+who served in this Garrison of Florida. In his absence to Guale to
+the chastising of the Indians, who so horribly killed six priests
+of the San Franciscan Order, he left me in his place. Of the spoils
+which are usually divided, he has shared with me moderately, but
+even with these, and the two hundred ducats I have as salary, and
+the advantages given me, I cannot sustain myself, nor assist at the
+obligations of such Captains, on account of every thing in the land
+being so dear—provisions are the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_32" id="page_32"></a>{32}</span> same—and the servant we had,
+was taken from us by your Governor. I implore your Majesty to
+attend to the above mentioned facts, and as my desire is to end my
+life in your Royal Service—and that I may live and keep up my
+obligations I may be given some help toward my expenses, and that I
+may be allowed a servant, as is customary with all Captains serving
+in this Garrison, and trusting that your Majesty will grant me
+these things as are granted to all who serve you with good will.
+God preserve your Royal Person as I desire and Christianity needs
+you.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Pedro Pertrene.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Florida, February 20th, 1598. </p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Your Majesty</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>My poverty and the frequency with which the Indians, both Christians and
+infidels, gather at my home to be instructed in matters concerning their
+conversion, and other important things concerning the good Government
+need with the Governor of these Provinces, places me under the necessity
+of asking your Majesty to assist me in the expenses I am obliged to
+incur with the Indians, as is certified to by the report accompanying
+this letter which implores your Majesty to assist and see to this need,
+since from it will result the coming of the Indians with more heartiness
+to become Christians and in this way guard the faith. Your Royal
+Highness being merciful. That I may do in all the above mentioned what
+is just and right, I also implore your Majesty to send me a letter of
+friendship that the Indians may see the good feeling<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_33" id="page_33"></a>{33}</span> which exists
+between your Majesty and ourselves. God grant you may have all graces.</p>
+
+<p>Florida, February 20th, 1598.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_34" id="page_34"></a>{34}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1598.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Extract from an official report made by Gonzalo Menendez Canso,
+Governor and Captain General of the Provinces of Florida,
+concerning the murder of six priests of the San Franciscan Order by
+the Indians—Lieutenant Eciga sent to see if any of the priests are
+still living—Ascertains that there is one, but is refused
+permission to see him—After much persuasion and many threats Friar
+Fray Francisco is delivered—Makes statement as to death of the
+others, but is forbidden by the canons of the Church to reveal
+all—Juan Ximenes, a Notary Public and secretary, swears to the
+investigation of several Indians through an interpreter—Indian
+Lucas is found to have been present and participated in the killing
+of Fray Blas for which he is condemned to be executed.</i> </p></div>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Dona Maria Menendez—casique.</span></h3>
+
+<p>This is a good and faithful copy taken from one of the official reports
+made by Gonzalo Menendez Canes, Governor and Captain-General of these
+Provinces of Florida to His Majesty, concerning the death of the
+Religious of the Order of San Francisco, who perished at the hands of
+the Indians who revolted. Its tenor is:</p>
+
+<p>In the city of St. Augustine, Province of Florida, July 1st, 1598,
+Gonzalo Menendez Canes, Governor and Captain-General for the King our
+Lord, says: That in the month of October past of 1597, he was<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_35" id="page_35"></a>{35}</span> notified
+of an uprising of the Indians of the Peninsula of Guale. They had
+refused to obey your Majesty, and killed the Religious of the Order of
+San Francisco sent out to convert and teach them, and that he had made
+every and the greatest efforts, having gone in person with a number of
+infantry, ammunition and water craft to said peninsula, to investigate
+and punish the cases, and ascertain the cause the Indians had for
+committing such an atrocious crime. Although he made all the ravages he
+could, acting upon advices received, he could not punish them more for
+the time being, nor could he capture a live Indian, except one, an
+interpreter, from whom they could get no information further than that
+the Religious had been killed, as will be seen by his declaration.
+Seeing the importance of ascertaining the root and cause of the killing
+of these Religious, and if any were still living—and why they had lost
+obedience to your Majesty, he has made the boldest efforts possible,
+going by way of the Luna. Finding the Casiques in conference, we agreed
+to send them presents and keepsakes, to induce them to let us know and
+understand if any of the Religious or Friars were still living that we
+might ransom them, sending to offer them even interest for them, and
+also sending a launch with some of the infantry to the Fort Santa Elena,
+distant fifty leagues from this Garrison, to enlist the Casique of that
+country, on account of the friendship he has shown the Spaniards, and
+because he has Indian warriors, and being so near he could do much
+damage to the Peninsula of Guale. Lieutenant Exiga, who went in the
+launch, found him and treated with him to make war and do all the damage
+possible to said peninsula and ascertain if any of them were
+living<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_36" id="page_36"></a>{36}</span>—bestowing upon him many gifts from your Majesty’s treasury that
+he might go. It was agreed that Lieutenant Exiga should return to the
+Casique in sixty days, and ascertain what military exploits he had had,
+and what success. Being a matter of so much importance to your Majesty,
+Lieutenant Exiga left this port on the 23rd of May, with two launches,
+with infantry and ammunition to accomplish the agreement made with the
+Casique. On the 24th, one day after leaving this fort, having gone as
+far as the Bar of Asae, twenty leagues from here, he was caught in a
+storm and hurricane, forcing him to put into harbor in distress. The
+storm did so much damage to the food and ammunition they carried, that
+he was obliged to strike with the launch for the shore of San Mateo.
+Notwithstanding all the above mentioned, he continued his voyage to the
+port Santa Elena, there taking another launch in better condition for
+making the journey, leaving his in bad condition grounded on the beach.
+Having arrived at Santa Elena and seen and spoken to the Casique who
+delivered to him four gentlemen, he said he had taken from four Indians
+of the Peninsula of Gaule where he went to make war. That three other
+Indians had captured the Casique of Carague, who had accompanied him,
+with the intent of making war. In the same way he certifies that they
+had alive in the Peninsula of Gaule, near Solofina, one of the six
+friars, named Toray Francisco de Avila. Having learned this he came
+coasting along the shore and ports of Guale, to see if any Indians
+should come out to speak to them. None appeared, until he came to
+Tolomato where he saw one, who by much coaxing and presenting of gifts
+and reasoning, succeeded in<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_37" id="page_37"></a>{37}</span> getting him to tell what he knew. Finally
+they learned from him that the said Friar was still living. They paid
+the Indian to take a letter to him, and they would await the reply—he
+did so, and in the meantime they amused themselves coasting along the
+shores of Tolomato, until the Indian returned with some of the Casiques,
+whom they begged would show them the Friar, that they might certify to
+his being alive, and treat with them for his ransom. At first, although
+they had heaped the Indians with gifts, they would neither accept of the
+gifts nor promise to deliver the Friar, unless in return for certain
+boys, sons of some of the Casiques, who had been brought to Governor
+Domingo Martinez Avendano, as hostages. As better security Lieutenant
+Exiga promised to bring their boys within thirty days as ransom for the
+Friar, also a quantity of hatchets and spades they asked for. Lieutenant
+Exiga returned to Port Tolomato in fifteen days, and began treaty with
+Casiques for the ransom of the Friar, and although he heaped gifts upon
+them with a free hand, it made no impression. They are such liars and
+traitors, and all their treaties are founded on treachery and cunning.
+Seeing that they did not intend to keep their word and deliver the
+priest, he found it necessary to change his tactics and show anger,
+swearing that unless they did deliver the prisoner they would send for
+three hundred soldiers and would run them through with the sword, cut
+down all their crops and follow them to Tama. After these threats they
+promised to deliver the Priest at once, which they did. After receiving
+him, and having him in their power, Lieutenant Exiga made reprisal of
+the hostages he carried, and of seven other Indians he had detained on
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_38" id="page_38"></a>{38}</span> launch until he saw what success he was going to have. Four of
+these Indians are sons and brothers of Casiques. The Governor holds them
+and has brought them to this city where they are at present, and where
+he protests he will investigate and take their declarations as to the
+manner of death the other friars suffered—where, in what form, and for
+what cause? Finding any of them to have taken part in this crime, to
+punish them and do justice to the service of your Majesty, and that this
+punishment may serve as an example to them, as they have at other times
+committed these treacheries, killing captains and officers and other
+persons. This I provide and sign from his hand, Gonzalo Menendez Vanso,
+by order of His Lordship the Governor and Captain-General.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Juan Ximenes.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Later the said Governor and Captain-General ordered me, the secretary,
+that I should go to the Monastery of San Francisco, of this city, and in
+his name ask the custodian priest of said house, Fray Francisco Marron,
+to give permission to Fray Francisco de Avila, who had been sent to
+teach and convert the Indians, that under the oath which is administered
+to the Religious of his Order, he declared how his companions were
+killed, what he has seen and heard, and the causes that have moved them
+to commit such a crime as the killing of the priests. To deny obedience,
+and tell only what he knows and understands of the matter. They
+continued the examination, so that all the above may be certified as the
+truth. This I provide and sign in his name—and from the declaration of
+the father custodian might result many worthy considerations in
+questioning the Indians.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Gonzalo Menendez Canso.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_39" id="page_39"></a>{39}</span></p>
+
+<p>Later—The present notary public went to the Monastery of San Francisco,
+of this city, read and showed the decree above disposed of by his
+Lordship the Governor and Captain-General Gonzalo Menendez Canso, to
+Fray Francisco Marron, custodian of the provinces, who said: that
+mindful that Fray Francisco de Avila was one of the friars sent out to
+teach and convert in the Peninsula of Guale, and as the Lord, Our God,
+had seen proper to deliver him from being killed by the Indians, as his
+companions had been, and as a person who knew the habits and manners of
+the Indians, and knew their language, he deemed it wise to give him
+freedom to say and declare all he considered would be to the service of
+God of the killing of his companions—except in cases and things
+criminal where his rights of priesthood prohibited, such as death by the
+cutting of members—and this I say and sign in his name—Fray Francisco
+Marron—in my presence.</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Fla., July 20th, 1598.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Juan Ximenes.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Gonzalo Menendez Canso, Governor and Captain-General for his Majesty in
+these Provinces, ordered to be called Fray Francisco de Avila that in
+virtue of the permission granted him by the Custodian Fray Francisco
+Marron, to say and declare all he knows concerning the killing of his
+companions by the Indians, and of his imprisonment and
+captivity—whether his person was badly treated, and all that had
+occurred worthy of relating—so as to punish such crime as it deserves
+to be.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_40" id="page_40"></a>{40}</span></p>
+
+<p>Fray Francisco de Avila said: Although it was true Fray Marron had
+granted him permission to speak, he could not make use of it, in cases
+so grave and criminal as the present—it was prohibited him by the
+sacred canons of priesthood, to attest in such crimes, because it would
+force him to say that which might condemn some, and so, he did not wish
+to speak or declare in this case, not to fall into any error. Besides
+being mindful that the Governor had brought seven Indians from the
+peninsula at the time of his ransom, to this city, he could know and
+understand from them all that they might claim. This he said, and I sign
+it in his name.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Fray Francisco de Avila.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>In my presence—</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Juan Ximenes</span>,<br />
+Notary Public.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Later—The Governor and Captain-General Gonzalo Menendez Canso, in order
+to investigate, had appeared before him Gaspar de Salas, an interpreter
+of the Indians of Guale who, having been sworn in the proper form, gave
+promise to tell the truth and nothing but the truth—and that he would
+declare all that he was ordered to say to the Indians who claim to give
+information; that he will say and declare all that said Indians say in
+reply, under the oath that he has taken.</p>
+
+<p>Later the Governor ordered to appear before him one of the seven Indians
+who were brought from the peninsula, to whom the following questions
+were put: From where do you come and what is your name? He came from
+Tupique and that his name was Lucas. Are you a Christian? Yes. The name
+of your parents, are they, or have they been Casiques? His father’s
+name<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_41" id="page_41"></a>{41}</span> was Felipe, and he was Casique of Tupique. Where was he from? He
+was a native of the town of Tupique. Had there been any priest there?
+There had been one named Fray Blas Rodriguez. Tell and declare what had
+become of Fray Bias? That about ten or eleven moons past, eight Casiques
+held a conference, they were Asao, Tolafo, Atmehe, Fulo, Tupique and
+Alnate. When night came they killed the Priest. A helping hand was given
+them by a chief called Pisiache, that he might kill him with a hatchet,
+with which he gave him a blow on the head, from which wound he died
+almost immediately. Afterward they buried him in the church. Say and
+declare what cause they had for killing this priest? That Micas and
+Casiques said they killed him because he was artful and took away their
+enchantment or witchcraft, and would not allow them to have more than
+one wife.</p>
+
+<p>Did you hear them say anything else? No. Did he know Fray Miguel de
+Annon, and Fray Antonio Lego, among the teachers of Guale, and Fray
+Pedro de Corpa, among the teachers of Tolomato, and Fray Francisco de
+Avila, among the teachers of Ospo?</p>
+
+<p>I have known them all, and they have been killed. Fray Miguel had his
+hands tied behind him, but he did not know if they had killed him—Fray
+Antonio was tied, but he does not know how he was killed—he had heard
+it said that they killed him with wooden weapons, and that Fray Pedro
+Corpa two Casiques had killed in the night while sleeping; that Fray
+Francisco de Avila they had not killed, but had him captive near
+Tolofino until he should be ransomed by the Governor.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_42" id="page_42"></a>{42}</span></p>
+
+<p>Was Fray Francisco well or ill-treated in the prison?</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes they beat him with sticks and abused him. They sometimes fed
+him, but not always, and when they did it was on the leaves and tendrils
+of vines.</p>
+
+<p>Had he seen or heard it said why they killed these Priests and
+ill-treated Fray Francisco de Avila?</p>
+
+<p>He knew no more than what he had already stated, that the Micos and
+Casiques said they were artful and did not wish them to have more than
+one wife, and that they reproved them.</p>
+
+<p>Do you know where the ornaments belonging to the Church are, such as the
+chalices and other things used by the priests?</p>
+
+<p>They were all divided up in such a way, that nothing is left of them.</p>
+
+<p>Was he present at the death of Fray Blas and the other priests when they
+were killed?</p>
+
+<p>He arrived in time to see Fray Blas die—the others he had not seen, but
+had heard it said that they had been killed as he stated above.</p>
+
+<p>Had he seen or heard any of his companions who were brought with him,
+say they were present at the killing of the priests?</p>
+
+<p>One from Tolomato, named Francisco, he heard him say he had seen Fray
+Pedro Corpa after he was killed—the rest he does not know.</p>
+
+<p>All this the said Gaspar Salas said and declared as interpreted under
+the oath which he has taken. He does not sign because he does not know
+how to write.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Gonzalo Menendez Canso.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>In the presence of</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Juan Ximenes</span>,<br />
+Notary Public.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_43" id="page_43"></a>{43}</span></p>
+
+<p>For further investigation of the above, the Governor and Captain-General
+had appeared before him the other Indian, said to be named Francisco and
+native of Tolomato, and by the said interpreter under oath had him
+declare the following:</p>
+
+<p>Are you a Christian, and who are your parents?</p>
+
+<p>I am a Christian, my name is Francisco, my mother is nearly related to
+the Casique and my father is dead.</p>
+
+<p>What priest was teacher at Tolomato?</p>
+
+<p>Fray Pedro Corpa, and I knew him there for some time.</p>
+
+<p>What became of Fray Pedro Corpa?</p>
+
+<p>He was killed while sleeping, with wooden weapons, and he was killed by
+one of the chief Casiques of the Salcachecos.</p>
+
+<p>Did you see him killed, or were you present at his death?</p>
+
+<p>I was far away, but I heard it said that this Micos of Tolomato and Don
+Juan, his heir, had sent to have him killed. I went there, but he was
+already dead.</p>
+
+<p>Did the little dress which you wear belong to some religious of that
+peninsula?</p>
+
+<p>Yes, but I do not know to which one, I ransomed it from one of the
+Casiques.</p>
+
+<p>What was the cause of the killing of the priests?</p>
+
+<p>The cause was, that they reproved Don Juan, heir of Tolomato. By his
+cunning he had the other Casiques meet with him, and there was an
+uprising in the land, and these killings were done.</p>
+
+<p>Did you know Fray Miguel Annon, and Fray Antonio Lego in the conversion
+and teachings of Guale, and Father Berahula, and Fray Francisco de
+Avila?<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_44" id="page_44"></a>{44}</span></p>
+
+<p>I knew them all—they had been killed by the Indians, except Fray
+Francisco de Avila, who was ransomed by the Governor.</p>
+
+<p>Tell and declare what manner of death they have given these religious?</p>
+
+<p>Fray Miguel and Fray Antonio Lego were killed with wooden weapons—he
+had so heard it said—the others he did not know.</p>
+
+<p>While in prison was Fray Francisco de Avila well treated?</p>
+
+<p>I have heard it said that he was badly treated by the Indians of
+Tolofino—they whipped him—the boys teased him. He ate badly, because
+the Indians had little food, and some times he was forced to eat vines
+and tendrils.</p>
+
+<p>Do you know where the ornaments of the Church are, and the other
+belongings of the priests?</p>
+
+<p>All the ornaments and clothes of the priests were divided among them
+all, and the Indians had carried them to their country inland.</p>
+
+<p>Do you know if any of the Indians with you here, were present at the
+killing of the priests?</p>
+
+<p>I have heard it said that the Indian Lucas, son of Don Felipe, was
+present when they killed Fray Blas—that about the others he does not
+know. All of which the said Gaspar Salas Atiqui says and declares
+according to his oath given, and because the Indian Francisco said so,
+and did not sign because he did not know how.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Gonzalo Menendez Canso.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>In the presence of</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Juan Ximenes</span>,<br />
+Notary Public.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_45" id="page_45"></a>{45}</span></p>
+
+<p>Later the Governor had appear before him the Indian Bartolome, of the
+Peninsula of Guale, who with other Indians was sent to the peninsula
+with a message from him to the Micos and Casiques, to the better
+ascertain, if any of the priests were still living. Although he had been
+sent, he did not return with the message, until after the treaty for the
+ransom of Fray Francisco de Avila. He stated that they would not let him
+come—that he wanted to come and stay with the Governor; that he did not
+wish to remain among the Indians, and through the interpreter, Atiqui,
+he declared the following:</p>
+
+<p>Where are you from, and what is your name, and are you a Christian?</p>
+
+<p>My name is Bartolome; I am a Christian and a native of Tolomato. I was
+sent about eight months ago, by this Governor, with a message to the
+Micos and Casiques of the peninsula; they would not let me come back,
+making threats that they would kill me.</p>
+
+<p>During the time you were in the peninsula tell what you know and heard
+said of the killing of the priests; what kind of death they were given?</p>
+
+<p>I heard that Fray Pedro Corpa was killed at night in his cell, with
+wooden weapons, and that Fray Miguel, Fray Antonio and Fray Blas were
+also killed with wooden weapons. That Fray Francisco de Avila, who had
+just been brought as ransom, was the first one taken prisoner. They
+stuck him with their arrows, but God did not let him die of the wounds.
+They would have killed him as they did the others but for the
+intervention of the Casique of Tulapo, who took him from the Indians,
+saying at the time that he was his father, and as such he would protect
+him.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_46" id="page_46"></a>{46}</span></p>
+
+<p>What was the motive and cause of the killing?</p>
+
+<p>I heard it was because they reproved them; that the priests were crafty,
+and did not care for them, and did not wish them to have more than one
+wife.</p>
+
+<p>Where are the ornaments and appurtenances of the Church?</p>
+
+<p>They were divided among them, those from the interior carrying many, and
+many were also broken, and the children tore and destroyed them.</p>
+
+<p>Did you hear it said whether Lucas, the son of the Casique Don Felipe,
+or any of the other Indians brought in with you were present at the
+killing of the priests?</p>
+
+<p>I heard that Lucas was there at the killing. I know nothing more.</p>
+
+<p>How was Fray Francisco de Avila treated while a prisoner?</p>
+
+<p>I have heard it said that in Tufina and Chacalaga the boys would chase
+him through the streets perfectly naked and whip him with horsewhips,
+and that he was starving to death, because the Indians had little to eat
+themselves and gave him none. All this Gaspar Salas says and declares to
+have been said by the Indian Bartolome under the oath which he has
+taken, and it is the truth; he cannot sign, not knowing how to do so.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Gonzalo Menendez Canso.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>In the presence of</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Juan Ximenes</span>,<br />
+Notary Public.<br />
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>For further investigation of the above, the Governor and Captain-General
+had appear before him another of the seven Indians who through the same
+interpreter said and declared the following: (This declaration is not
+given.)<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_47" id="page_47"></a>{47}</span></p>
+
+<p>In view of said declarations of these proceedings, the crime falls upon
+Lucas the Indian, son of the Casique de Tuqui, for having been present
+and participated in the killing of Fray Blas, who was sent to convert
+the people of Tupiqui. I must condemn him by this my decree, sentenced
+according to his declaration, with the penalty of death. The justice
+which I order shall be done him is: That when he leaves the jail where
+he now is, it shall be with a rope around his neck, his hands tied
+behind him, and with a loud voice it must be proclaimed to the public
+his crime; that he be taken to the gallows, already prepared for this
+purpose, and that there he shall be hung by the neck and strangled until
+dead. Because, thus is it well to punish with real justice those who
+dare to commit such crimes, and as an example to the other Indian
+natives of these provinces that they may not commit similar crimes. So
+do I pronounce sentence and command. And if the said Lucas is not
+mindful of receiving baptism and should not die repenting, and in the
+Catholic faith, I order that he be hung and after his death his body be
+burned to powder.</p>
+
+<p>Regarding the other six Indians detained for this cause, proceedings
+will not continue for the present against them—they being boys under
+age. We shall so send and notify the Indian Lucas.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Gonzalo Menendez Canso.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Alonzo Diaz de Badajoz, Sergeant-Major of this Fort and Garrison of
+St. Augustine: </p></div>
+
+<p>I order you by this sentence, which will be shown you by Juan Ximenes,
+Notary Public, against the Indian Lucas, prisoner in this city, that he<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_48" id="page_48"></a>{48}</span>
+shall be executed as is stated in this sentence, because it so pleaseth
+his Majesty. This execution is done in justice to his Majesty, and must
+be so accomplished.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Gonzalo Menendez Canso.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, July 29th, 1598.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+Notary Public.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Before me</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Juan Ximenes</span>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_49" id="page_49"></a>{49}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1600.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Letter from Father Francisco Parga to the King, as one of eleven
+monks sent out by his Majesty to spread the Gospel—Eighty churches
+in different Missions—Complaint of lazy Indians—Avarice of the
+Governor causes dissatisfaction and suffering among the garrison
+and impedes the work—Unnecessary war with Indians—People desire
+the Governors removal—Fray Baltazar Lopez has labored for twelve
+years converting many Indians, among them the Casique, Don Juan,
+who stands highly among his people and has quelled many
+uprisings—Letter from Juan Nunez Rios—Complains of Governor—Who
+allows one Juan Garcia to represent him—People forced to buy of
+this Garcia who takes all advantages—Begs for an open port that
+the people may be allowed to go back and forth and trade—Antonio
+Menendez Canso writes to his Majesty complaining of injustice by
+the Governor, and asks to be allowed to serve his Majesty
+elsewhere—Letter to his Majesty from Fray Blas De Montes imploring
+that he may be allowed to come to Spain for retirement—Gives
+account of a fire which burned the church among other
+houses—Reports slow progress with the Indians and advises that a
+Bishop be sent to administer sacrament of confirmation—Report of
+Gonzalo Menendez Canso to his Majesty—A shipmaster bearing
+dispatches<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_50" id="page_50"></a>{50}</span> from New Spain shipwrecked in a dreadful storm—He and
+his crew escape in a boat—Governor aids them from the Royal
+treasury—Arrival of the Auditor for his Majesty—Garrison
+abounding in fruits and grain—Death of a Christian Indian, Don
+Juan—Fray Lopez returns from New Spain in good health—Money
+brought to establish a hospital—More money needed for Garrison
+expenses—Report of Francisco Redondo Villegas, Officer of Customs
+and Auditor for his Majesty—Complains of not being treated with
+the respect due to Royal officers—Finds affairs in a muddled
+condition—Soldiers well drilled—Much land under cultivation which
+will be needed as wages are small and rations insufficient.</i> </p></div>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Patron Letter From Fray Francisco Parga, of the San Franciscan Order, to
+the King.</span></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Your Majesty</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>This is a duplicate of a letter sent your Majesty by a vessel which left
+this port of St. Augustine in the month of February of this year via
+Havana. I wrote giving an account as I was one of the eleven monks sent
+by your Majesty to spread the Gospel and teach the natives of this
+country. When we arrived we were assigned to different places or posts,
+each one trying his utmost and best to do what he could for the
+redemption of these souls. It being such an arduous and difficult life,
+having to traverse on foot, bad roads, with little or nothing to eat at
+times, that little fruit has yet been yielded, although the harvest,
+which we hope eventually to reap for the Lord, is worth the trials and
+sacrifices made, as we know that<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_51" id="page_51"></a>{51}</span> He suffered death and passion to
+redeem the souls and rejoiceth over the salvation of one; how much more
+should we be willing to suffer for the conversion of so many souls as
+there are in this country and whom we hope to save with the help of God?
+And so I say that while your Majesty has control of these lands as the
+Religious have charge of this Garrison in time of need, and they also
+help to support the Church under their care and the ornaments and other
+things necessary for the worship of the Divine Lord, not having for this
+purpose any income from your Royal Finance. There are more than eighty
+churches which have been built in the different missions and others
+under construction. We are moved to do this to encourage the Indians who
+are incapable of good conceptions and obedience. They have always had
+their ministry so that they listen with little appreciation to what we
+preach and teach, in grave detriment to the poor newly converted
+Indians, notwithstanding that our teaching and converting accrues to
+their own good, as we aid and provide for them in their time of hunger,
+and when crops have failed. The Indians are so lazy and improvident that
+if we did not take care of the crops after planting they would have
+nothing. They do not even save the seed for another planting. Of the
+Governor I wish to say as little as possible, but the misery, impediment
+and calamities among Indians and Christians is due to his avarice, and
+if the poor Spaniards who are in the Garrison of St. Augustine had not
+the hope that your Majesty would be informed in some way and send them
+relief from the fearful calamity which this Garrison is suffering, the
+affliction among the married men as well as the single<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_52" id="page_52"></a>{52}</span> would become
+unendurable. They dare not, under any circumstances, send you
+information, as it would cost them their lives, and so they have prayed
+and implored me as Chaplain, who live from day to day upon the charity
+of your Royal Treasury, and have to render a strict account or others
+would slander us, and our account of the war and other matters must be
+true. The war with the Indians where many have been killed and many
+brought in as prisoners was uncalled for and the Indians at “Cabeza de
+Martyres” are much incensed. As it is a place where many vessels are
+wrecked, the Spaniards have taken whole crews and kept them until
+ransomed. We fear the Indians of that place will do much damage to
+vessels passing to and fro. We feel very sorry that the present Governor
+has shown so much anger and resentment towards the Indians and has sent
+your Majesty such meagre accounts of the true condition of this
+Garrison. It is swampy, little inhabited by Indians, and the roads
+difficult to traverse. The Bar is a rough one; there are said to be
+better ones on this coast towards the north. I have not seen them, but
+have heard through Fray Baltazar Lopez, Vicar of that Island, who has
+been there for twelve years working in the conversion of souls, with
+other Friars who came with him, and who have left for New Spain. He
+alone remains at his post, much encouraged, as he has mastered the
+Indian language; it is of great help to him in preaching. He has
+converted many who frequent the sacraments of confession and communion.
+Had it not been for him and through his persuasions, having converted
+and taught the Casique Don Juan, there would have been a terrible
+uprising among the Indians,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_53" id="page_53"></a>{53}</span> and probably not a Spaniard left. Thus, by
+the industry and influence of Fray Baltazar over Don Juan, who is highly
+in favor of Christianity and all civilized ideas, this trouble was
+averted. Don Juan has sent relief to the people of this garrison in
+times of famine. I recognize in Fray Baltazar that spiritual zeal for
+the service of God and your Majesty that this land may be converted,
+increase in civilization and aggrandize your kingdom. As Fray Baltazar’s
+experience is of long standing, it has been decided that he write to
+your Majesty and give a full account of all the happenings. To this
+letter of his, which I shall remit to your Majesty, you can give full
+credit, as he speaks scientifically and from long experience.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="nind"><i>Your Majesty</i>:</p>
+
+<p>As a final remedy and forced by necessity and worry which we poor
+citizens of this garrison suffer ever since the arrival of Gonzalo
+Menendez Canso, we come to implore you, as King and Christian, not to
+permit that your subjects and vassals be so ill treated and afflicted by
+those who govern here, since your Majesty in your Cedulas always orders
+the contrary. There being no corporation as in other cities of like size
+to whom we can appeal for protection, I take the liberty of writing
+this. We have not done so before, and gone on suffering all that is
+possible for us to suffer, because we understood you had been informed
+by other parties, and we hoped and waited daily to be delivered by your
+sending some one else who would proceed in a different manner, and thus
+we poor citizens would receive better treatment at his hands,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_54" id="page_54"></a>{54}</span> and
+enable us to proceed in better condition to advance your interests which
+have been decreasing and losing ever since the said Governor came. Much
+of the land that was gained from the Indians, and who themselves had
+become quiet and peaceful, has been lost. I came to this country in the
+year 1568, twenty years ago, with others from your Kingdom, to aid and
+succor, as was commanded by your Majesty in transferring us to these
+Provinces, having assisted and served in them on all occasions which
+have presented themselves at Port Elena and St. Augustine. I married a
+daughter of one of the settlers who was here and had come enthused by
+the promises made by the previous Governors, but who spent his life
+eking out a meagre existence for his wife and children by taking
+advantage of the license which at that time was granted the citizens of
+going abroad to seek work which was so much needed. This Governor has
+withdrawn this license and forces us to remain in the town proper. The
+town is frequently left to the government of his cousin who calls
+himself Juan Garcia and whom he brought with him to this Province with a
+large stock of merchandise which he sells at exorbitant prices and he,
+the Governor, collects all payments. Before this Governor came we were
+paid off, but since his assumption of affairs he forces us to buy all we
+need of this cousin, and the Governor informs us that if we do not obey
+his order in this we must go without. On pay day he keeps all our pay
+saying we have already spent it. If one of the soldiers is sick
+requiring anything and sends to ask for money<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_55" id="page_55"></a>{55}</span> to get the needed
+medicine the Governor refuses to give it, forcing him to buy it of Juan
+Garcia. All law suits or troubles of any kind which arise are brought
+before the Governor by this same Juan Garcia, who seems to be supreme.
+It is understood that the vast estate is a joint one of Juan Garcia and
+Governor Menendez Canso. My house was burned, as can be testified by any
+of the inhabitants, fearing to notify Juan Garcia of the fact. I sent to
+him and asked him with all due respect to come, accompanied by the
+Mayor, who is the only representative of the law, and see the condition
+I was in. For this act he has levied upon me for fifty maravedies and
+six months’ imprisonment in the Fort. That I must appear before him, and
+he has worried me in many other ways. He has taken from us the only
+means of making a living for our wives and children and refuses to grant
+us any rights whatsoever, except those which in your Cedula are so plain
+he is obliged to grant them. And yet he grants all rights to Mexico. It
+is a great injustice not to allow us the same privileges. We trust that
+being so far from us and it takes so long to inform you, that you will
+have mercy upon us and immediately send some one to replace this
+Governor. One who will treat us with more kindness and justice. We
+implore you to grant the privileges of an open port, that we may be
+allowed to go back and forth and trade, so as to enable us to make a
+living. Others would write to you imploring the same grace, only all
+fear to do so, as we run great risk of having the Governor intercept our
+letters.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_56" id="page_56"></a>{56}</span> I send this at the risk of my life. There are many more things
+upon which I could enlighten you, but fear prevents us from doing so,
+and we trust your Majesty will send us relief as speedily as possible.</p>
+
+<p>God preserve the Royal Person of your Catholic Majesty for many years,
+as christianity has need of it.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Juan Nunez Rios.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Fla., Feb. 19th, 1600.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Sire</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>While serving your Majesty in this Garrison of St. Augustine, Florida,
+as Captain of one of the companies with the title given me by General
+Menendez Canso, it is the same position my father served previously for
+a year and a half before the work and place was turned over to me as
+your Majesty’s service required. Later Lieutenant Alvarez Hernando Metas
+having arrived with certain dispatches regarding my father, who had
+preceded me, the Governor, without giving any reason or consulting me in
+any way, has taken the company from me and given it to Lieutenant Metas,
+who is at present serving. The Governor has only said to me that he
+wished to employ me in other services of your Majesty for which reason I
+am detained in this Province on half pay. Although I have asked
+permission to serve on the Armada and assist in any way I am ordered, as
+is my duty, he will not allow me to do so, but detains me here. I
+implore you to send me orders if only to be in the infantry of this
+Garrison; anything until I am ordered elsewhere, to serve your Majesty.
+This is my profession and I have always followed it, and for which I
+shall<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_57" id="page_57"></a>{57}</span> always hope to receive special encomiums from your Majesty, whom
+I pray our Lord will bless and protect and preserve from all harm.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Antonio Menendez Canso.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Fla., 26th ——, 1600.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Sire</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>In other letters I have written to your Majesty I have given an account
+of the fire we had on the 14th of March of last year, 1599, in this
+city. Among other houses burned with the church was ours and we came to
+the hospital for shelter, where we still are, and I implore your Majesty
+to rebuild our house. The seven hundred ducats required to repair and
+cover the house which was burned, and which we hope you will send us,
+will be placed in deposit with the treasurer of this Province until a
+decision has been reached regarding this country. On account of its
+ruined and barren condition it is incapable of maintaining so many
+natives as there are, and as was demonstrated the other day, many seem
+to think they will order this Garrison removed to another part more
+advantageous. Should this be the case, your servants will advise you at
+once of all that occurs.</p>
+
+<p>In the report I give you of the Indians I must say, my Lord, that we
+make little progress and are but poorly esteemed by them. The fault must
+lie in us, as there will no doubt be those who will so report it to your
+Majesty. The good esteem which I am ordered to have for the Governor I
+shall comply with in every respect except that I shall not lose my
+rights; <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_58" id="page_58"></a>{58}</span>sending out the Friars to convert and teach the doctrine, I
+have always observed the order given by your Majesty with the title of
+Royal Patron. Since it is a truth perfectly well known that no Friar has
+been sent by me or my predecessors to convert and teach without the
+permission and sanction of the Governor, and should it become necessary
+I will so make him confess this truth, which he well knows, as there are
+so few of us he cannot ignore it, as we eat from his hands at all times.
+If this country is to be increased and civilized it would be well to
+send a Bishop here, as it is quite necessary to administer the sacrament
+of confirmation; therefore, for the peace of those who live here, it
+would be well for your Majesty to consider and provide as you see fit
+and God would wish. There is nothing a man can desire more than the
+salvation of his soul, for this it seems to me urgent that I should
+retire from this work and take shelter where I can obtain this end,
+serving in quietude your Majesty. For this I beg and humbly implore your
+Majesty to send me a permit to go to Spain, as I feel assured of the
+little success I can obtain by remaining in this country. May our
+blessed Lord preserve your Majesty in peace and love, Yours,</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Fray Blas de Montes.</span><br />
+St. Augustine, Fla., Feb. 25th, 1600.<br />
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Your Lordship</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>On the 13th there arrived in this city Diego Ramirez, a citizen of
+Triana of Sevilla, a second class shipmaster from New Spain, sent by
+your Viceroy and Royal Officers from San Juan de Ullva. On entering<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_59" id="page_59"></a>{59}</span> the
+Bahama channel he was overtaken by a dreadful storm, his vessel sprung a
+leak and took in so much water they were forced to make for the nearest
+land which was on the coast of this Province about one hundred and
+eighty leagues from this city to the north, about thirty-four degrees,
+more or less, where, on entering a port, the vessel was completely
+wrecked and the Master made his escape in one of the boats with the
+papers and dispatches for your Majesty and also some private letters.
+Coming along the coast, landing at night until he reached the Province
+of Guale, where last year the Indians had killed two Friars. There he
+found two vessels in the service of this Garrison which had been sent to
+carry three or four Casiques, two of them men of great influence in
+their tribes, who had come to implore mercy for themselves and others
+for the terrible crime they had committed. I now have them quiet and
+pacified. These natives carried the master to the ships of this Garrison
+where he and his men were given shelter and brought to this City.</p>
+
+<p>The natives also gave them what relief they could. On the arrival here
+of the Master he told me of the dispatches he brought for your Majesty
+and which he understood were of much importance as they had learned in
+New Spain that Chinese, English and Flemish were settling there. He
+asked me for passage for himself and men, for any dispatches I might
+have for your Majesty and any private mail. He also asked for the means
+of sustenance from your Royal Treasury, for himself and men, as they had
+lost all. Considering the importance of the dispatches and papers, and
+that you might receive them with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_60" id="page_60"></a>{60}</span> utmost speed, I granted their
+request and also gave them a change of clothes. He did not wish to go to
+Havana on account of the variable winds and so, as I had a frigate in
+Port just suitable for the purpose, I fitted it out against the wishes
+of its owners, to whom I paid the cost of the trip which three pilots
+assured me would amount to one thousand ducats, not counting the
+maintenance of the Master and his men. I felt it my duty to aid them
+from your Royal Treasury, as they were shipwrecked and there was no one
+in this country who could raise a subscription to supply their wants,
+all being soldiers or men who have no employment. An account of this may
+be kept by the judges and officers in Sevilla against this Province.
+Pedro Redondo Villegas, Auditor of the Artillery of Havana, whom your
+Majesty nominated to come here to straighten the accounts of this
+Province, arrived and has commenced his work. He tells me that he is
+notifying your Majesty of all and calling your attention to some. He
+says that having notified me of the Royal balance made to Juan
+Sebadilla, deceased, being as it is, a large sum, it will be well that
+you send a bill, stating what must be done about its collection. Captain
+Alonzo de las Alas has not yet satisfied his balance because while
+investigating his accounts in virtue of the royal decree of appointments
+and of which he was in charge, was suspended for four years. In accounts
+taken of different royal officers, they have paid up many losses against
+your royal estate. I had noticed this and when the accountant Pedro
+Redondo arrived I suspended these payments until he could look into them
+and I shall point out to him the result of what I found in them.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_61" id="page_61"></a>{61}</span></p>
+
+<p>On the eighth of February of this year I rendered your Majesty an
+account of how I sent the collections to your Treasurer, Juan Menendez
+Marquez. This time the causes made known in the letter which arrived at
+this Port on the 21st of this month with four vessels and their cargo of
+provisions, ammunition and money collected from the allowance was too
+late, so that hereafter your Royal order set forth in Cedule will be
+obeyed.</p>
+
+<p>This Garrison and territory is at present abounding in the fruits of the
+earth—corn and other vegetables. Having encouraged and aided in
+cultivating the land our Lord has seen proper to give us the most
+fertile year ever known in these Provinces. On the 16th of this month
+Don Juan, Casique of the Province of San Pedro, died—the one your
+Majesty was so kind to in sending him two hundred ducats which were
+given him. I feel his death very much as he was one of the most faithful
+and influential in this Territory; he was sagacious and practical,
+having faith, and agreed in all that you ordered. He died as a good
+Christian, receiving the sacraments and giving a good example at the
+hour of his death to all the Indians and natives. His niece becomes his
+heir; according to their custom the nieces and nephews become the heirs
+and not the children.</p>
+
+<p>Fray Baltazar Lopez, of the Franciscan order, has arrived from New
+Spain. He was crippled and sick, so I gave him permission to go to New
+Spain where he was cured and has regained his health which has been a
+great happiness for me as he is greatly needed in the conversion. He has
+brought many to a realization of the truth of Christianity, and I trust
+in God he<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_62" id="page_62"></a>{62}</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_pg_062_lg.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill_pg_062.jpg" width="500" height="280" alt="Image
+unavailable: Land Approach to Fort Marion." /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">Land Approach to Fort Marion.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_63" id="page_63"></a>{63}</span></p>
+
+<p class="nind">may keep well and continue his good work. In this I try to aid him as
+much as possible and with some of the officers and soldiers go to visit
+the Indians from time to time to assure them of our good will and to
+trade with them. They have just brought from New Spain the five hundred
+ducats your Majesty gave in charity to the hospital of this City,
+established for the benefit of the poor soldiers of this Garrison. They
+also brought five hundred more from Mexico for the Franciscan Convent,
+and we have also given to said Convent two thousand eight hundred and
+forty-two reals which were in this Treasury and which were found on the
+beach of San Mateo from some of the vessels wrecked on that shore, and
+although your Royal Cedula said it should be three thousand and
+forty-two reals and a half, the Royal Officers have not been able to
+find that much on your books, only the amount stated above which was
+delivered to them for the repairs of the convent. If your Majesty wishes
+to obtain information regarding Jacon from England you must ask for it
+by the name of Virginia which is the name given it by the English; if
+you inquire for Jacon you will get no satisfaction. I send with this a
+duplicate of the letter written you on February 28th by Pedro Alvarez
+Castillon via Havana, on the fleet in command of General Sancho Pardo,
+and as the sea is an uncertain thing I send a duplicate. The frigate
+which carries this paper and those of the Auditor, Pedro Redondo,
+belongs to Pedro Gonzales, of Havana, who also goes on her. Should you
+wish to send dispatches for this Province, Havana or New Spain, this
+vessel is very appropriate; it is good, small, and sails fast, being of
+only fifteen tons, and Pedro Gonzales<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_64" id="page_64"></a>{64}</span> is perfectly familiar with all
+this coast and is a practical and experienced sailor and can be trusted
+with anything you wish to send by him. I cannot fail to remind you to
+grant me a reasonable sum for expenditures of this Garrison, as the
+expenses are so heavy I am obliged to implore this grace of your
+Majesty.</p>
+
+<p>May God preserve you in health for the good of Christianity.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Gonzalo Menendez Canso.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Fla., June 28th, 1600.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>I wrote your Majesty by General Sancho Pardo, giving full and detailed
+account of how I had arranged matters and placed in office as Auditor of
+the Custom House, of this City, Pedro Redondo, my son, a person
+perfectly trustworthy, competent and reliable. I have done everything
+according to your Majesty’s orders. I came to the Province of Florida on
+the fleet, as you graciously ordered me to investigate the accounts of
+your Royal Officers and other employees. I arrived in Florida on the
+29th of March, presented my commissions, which were accepted by the
+Governor, Gonzalo Menendez. On the 14th of April, after making all
+inquiries necessary regarding the accounts, I commenced to investigate,
+not meeting from the Officers that respect which is shown by the army
+and navy to your Royal employees. Their books being in such a disordered
+condition, it will take more time than I calculated to finish these
+investigations, but I will accomplish them with all possible speed. As I
+have informed your Majesty through others who the persons are, having to
+give account and the many and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_65" id="page_65"></a>{65}</span> arduous difficulties encountered, there
+being among auditors, agents and shipmasters, about twenty persons—it
+will take a longer time to accomplish, although I came quite encouraged
+and desirous of finishing speedily so as to return to Havana to attend
+the grand artillery review and take my command. I left town for the term
+of one year, but find I shall be unable to complete these investigations
+in that time, as it is impossible to leave them in the muddled condition
+they are at present. Doctor Juan Gonzales, of the Royal Court of the
+Indias, has told me he could obtain with the consent of the Governor, a
+prerogative. I implore your Majesty will send this prerogative and see
+and notify me as to what I am to do. As I have been here so short a time
+I cannot inform you of all that you ordered me to investigate. All I can
+say at present is that there are about two hundred and fifty soldiers in
+this Garrison; they are good and well drilled and disciplined; that the
+Governor has planted and under cultivation many acres of land, which
+will be a great help in the sustenance of these people, who are mostly
+married, and whose small wages and rations given them does not suffice
+for their support. They certainly need this grain. Besides others,
+seeing the good results and what good land it is, are following the
+example and are clearing and planting fields. With the cutting down of
+the timber it has done away with the vast quantities of mosquitoes and
+has helped to improve the City, as one sees on all sides houses in
+course of construction. The greatest difficulty I find is the difference
+existing between the Officers of the Royal command and the people. As
+you have ordered that all should obey them, they are overbearing, as<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_66" id="page_66"></a>{66}</span>
+occurs in many other places. If you could devise some remedy for this,
+all would go well. I shall continue to keep you advised of all that
+occurs, especially on the matter of investigations and as to who the
+guilty parties may be. May God grant you a long life of prosperity.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Francisco Redondo Villegas.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Florida, April 18th, 1600.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_67" id="page_67"></a>{67}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1605-1608.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Minutes of a Bull to be presented to the Holy See, asking
+concession of graces and powers for Catholic residents in
+Florida—Minorcan families brought a Priest and Monk with them, and
+wish privileges and new license granted—Instructions as to duties
+on wine—Priests and Monks of Tasco use municipal monies for their
+own interests—Advises change in office of Treasurer of the Royal
+chest—Loss of vessels carrying papers for his Majesty—People of
+the Kingdom gratified at favor shown by his Majesty to Don
+Francisco—Letter from Pedro Ibarra to his Majesty—Insufficient
+support for the Garrison—A widow, who was the wife of two Army
+Captains, in need—Two poor soldiers find amber in a fish for which
+Menendez exacted a duty—Anxiety on account of French and English
+pirates—Some taken prisoners and ten hanged—Several Casiques and
+chiefs visit Augustine—Are impressed with religious services and
+procession—Ask for Friars to return to their country with them to
+instruct their people—Asks for men to assist in building a fort at
+the mouth of Miguel Moro—Has made inquiry as to origin and source
+of River San Mateo and Lake Miami—A Garrison of warlike
+people—Proposition to establish a Manager of the Inquisition to
+control them—Does not wish to let go certain Priest and
+Captain—Report of Juan<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_68" id="page_68"></a>{68}</span> Menendez Marquez to the King—Deplores the
+decision to reduce the Garrison—Advises return to the policy of
+Pedro Menendez, his cousin—Desires permission to go to Spain to
+more fully lay the matter before his Majesty.</i></p>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1605.<br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Minutes of the Bull or Supplication which the Minister of this Court in
+Rome should present to the Holy See, asking for the concession of new
+graces and powers in favor of the Catholic residents in Florida, which
+precepts have been formulated by the Judge complying with the Royal
+Decree of your Majesty in consultation with the Council.</p>
+
+<p>As formal instructions they should state that these Minorcan families
+transmigrated to Florida under the English dominion, but with the free
+use and privilege of their Catholic Religion. They carried with them as
+spiritual directors Don Pedro Campos, secular Priest, and Padre
+Bartolome Casanovas, a Monk, that these, for the legitimate discharge of
+their Ministerial duties, repair to the Holy See, begging they be
+constituted Pastor of that flock, dispensing them all the powers
+necessary, that your Holiness benignantly accede to their urgent
+petition, to grant them different privileges and powers, among others
+the administering to that Catholic people all the sacraments, even those
+not Parochial, except confirmation and Orders, extending this privilege
+for a term of three years when they shall obtain a new license from the
+superior Prelates or Bishop nearest to Florida. That is what has been
+done, because I have received a new Cedula from your Majesty ordering
+that the proceeds of the duties on<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_69" id="page_69"></a>{69}</span> wine should not be spent on anything
+but the bringing of water. I cease, satisfied, that before suspending
+the execution of this Cedula. I shall take time to inform your Majesty
+that it was necessary for me to avail myself of this money for these
+purposes. I do not at present send an account, until I can send it
+finished, that it may not be a work which the Viceroy may consider
+impossible to accomplish at so small a cost. I beg of your Majesty to
+consider it. Otherwise I shall obey to the letter this Cedula and I
+await your reply. Not receiving a reply, I shall take for granted that
+your Majesty is satisfied. Being so general and important in this
+Kingdom the practise of other business, and there being a possibility of
+misunderstanding in this matter, I resolved to visit some of the
+vineyards of this kingdom, and so I went to Tasco, some twenty-eight
+leagues from this city, taking advantage of the Christmas holidays, not
+to lose any time from my ordinary business, it has been of great
+advantage as I can state just how these things are conducted. I have
+stated to your Majesty in other letters, the municipality of this City
+is not governed as it should be, because the Priests or Monks think more
+of their own interests, reducing all to their own profit. As this takes
+place the Royal Officers cannot ordinarily attend the meetings, it would
+be well that the Viceroy should elect four persons of the best standing
+and principles upon whom your Majesty should bestow Government offices
+and that the Viceroy should oblige them to accept, for at least four
+months in the year, giving them precedence after the Royal Officers, and
+thus assure their attention to matters which are looked upon
+indifferently in one of the best Cities you possess, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_70" id="page_70"></a>{70}</span> which is
+improving each day. If the Council will consider this proposition and
+your Majesty pleases to execute it.</p>
+
+<p>The Decree sent by me and the Official documents for the high notaries
+of Government and legislative bodies of this Audience and particularly
+for the notaries of the Treasury, that they might transact some
+important business which was taken from the books and have been badly
+attended to because there is no one to be solicitous about this matter,
+and it not belonging to the duties of the Judge, it is neglected as are
+other affairs. It becomes obligatory to find some faithful and
+trustworthy person of influence to take charge of this Office and assign
+them a salary of $800.00 a year. Show and make them understand the
+anxiety which I feel concerning it and how it retards other business.
+Being new in my Office I have not cared to assign any one until I had a
+license from your Majesty for doing so. I shall await your decision. It
+seems to me the salary could be assigned through the Legislature, and if
+they neglect their duties discharge them.</p>
+
+<p>In New Vera Cruz, Pedro Casco Calderon has been serving as Treasurer of
+the Royal Chest by nomination of your Majesty, he also occupied other
+Offices in Spain. He is old, the many years of service at that Post and
+the conduct of his wife, have disturbed his mind; he is also running a
+butcher shop and other enterprises not in accordance with the Royal
+Office. The situation is such that nothing should be concealed from you.
+In being served you might give him some small Office at home, and I
+should remove him to some other place, if I did not understand the
+necessity of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_71" id="page_71"></a>{71}</span> his attending to his estate, which is in that
+neighborhood, and all his other profitable enterprises.</p>
+
+<p>The first registered vessel was lost on the coast of Campeachy, and
+although the Papers for your Majesty were taken out, they had been under
+water so long that they were useless, scarcely legible. The second
+vessel of advice was taken by the French on its return from Saona, and
+they stripped it of everything, leaving vessel and crew in such a ruined
+condition they could proceed no further than Santo Domingo. Seeing that
+they were lost they threw the papers for your Majesty overboard. Thus it
+becomes necessary that one and the other be duplicated. Your Majesty
+will please see that the person in Sevilla who has charge of these
+vessels be careful of the person to whom he entrusts these Documents as
+so far the person in charge does not seem to understand their
+importance, and so, it is only miraculous that we get them at all. It
+has been very gratifying to all in this Kingdom the favor shown by your
+Majesty to Don Francisco. I trust he will serve you well and faithfully.
+It is prohibited that an Alderman should serve a private individual
+under penalty of losing his Office. In this city Don Luis Maldona, son
+of Maldona who was Judge of this Supreme Court, has a regiment. On
+account of his talent and the good services he can render I have him
+occupied in my service, and that he may not fall under the penalty of
+the law I implore your Majesty to send him a permit that he may attend
+to both, or a license that he may resign his place in the regiment and
+serve your Majesty otherwise, on a salary that you shall name. I
+consider the first plan best. Don Luis Valasco has arrived and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_72" id="page_72"></a>{72}</span> I
+thought best to introduce him and have some attention bestowed upon him,
+on account of his position. I shall show him all respect and visit him,
+feeling sure you will thus be well served. The case is free of
+consequences. Having sent you a letter of dispatch through the Supreme
+Court of Castile stating that Dr. Lievana will go over to that Kingdom
+and render an account of the expenses of the residence and trip of the
+first Lieutenant of Assistencia of Sevilla. Dr. Lievana acted as Mayor
+in the interim between the death of Señor Trufillo and your appointing
+Don Francisco de Onate. He is a person who will render you good service,
+he can be relied on, is among the noblest here, and could fill any
+office. I have detained this vessel that I might inform you of the
+departure of the vessel for the Philippines.</p>
+
+<p>May God preserve you for many years.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">The Marquez of Montes Claras.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Mexico, March 31st, 1605.</p>
+
+<p class="c">
+(There is a Rubrica.)<br />
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1605.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Sire:</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>I sent your Majesty one of your royal Cedulas dated in Valladolid, April
+3rd, in which I laid before your Majesty the necessity and want these
+poor married men are in. It is impossible for them to support
+themselves; there are seven and eight in a family to be fed on the
+father’s rations. As I have before stated to you, it would be a great
+charity as well as a service to God to help them that they may not
+perish. This may be remedied when the other people arrive. I can<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_73" id="page_73"></a>{73}</span> then
+give permission to the valetudinarians and sick to return home, your
+Majesty having sent as a reward for so many years of service the means
+to defray the cost of the voyage. I can give according to the condition
+of each one and to the married men who remain here in service please
+order an extra half ration for each child with some other slight
+assistance while they serve as soldiers and their daughters are too
+young to marry. I assure you that aside from being a great charity it
+will be no more than justice, as they are among the best soldiers I have
+ever seen on land or sea. Among the necessities your Majesty may see
+proper to relieve is the suffering of a lady of standing, widow of two
+captains who served many years in this Province and who had charge of it
+in the absence of the Governors. Aid given here will be one of the
+greatest of charities, as before stated. The negroes who were here for
+over forty years, working in the Havana forces, have died, and it will
+be well to send about a dozen more and three or four negro women.</p>
+
+<p>Your order that I should not collect from the New Spain more than was
+necessary I have carried out so far, and I wish to remind you to send a
+trustworthy accountant as the one at present occupying that office is
+not fitted for it. During the residence of Gonzalo Menendez Canso, the
+Treasurer, Juan Menendez, asked and exacted that duty should be paid
+your Majesty on some amber which Bartolaine Perez and Gaspar Martin,
+soldiers, had found in a fish’s craw, and with promises which Gonzalo
+Menendez made the soldiers, he palliated them and said the duty must be
+paid according to one of the chapters of royal instruction. At that time
+we could not ascertain if it<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_74" id="page_74"></a>{74}</span> were true. The said soldiers had already
+put in a plea to the said Gonzalo Menendez and as interested parties
+could not be witnesses in these investigations. The other person through
+whose hands it must pass was Lieutenant Fabeicio Lopez, and he was not
+here. He has returned now and makes the accompanying declaration, which
+you can place with the declaration of the soldiers, and you can have
+your duties and give the soldiers what was taken from them, not allowing
+them to make a manifestation. The Treasurer has asked me to let him use
+a permit he has to go to that kingdom on business and solicitations. I
+have not allowed him to use it, because we are so much in need of men
+and there are so few I can put my hand on in case of need. God protect
+your Majesty.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Pedro Ibarra</span>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 26th, 1605, St. Augustine, Florida.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1607.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Sire</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>In a letter of the 22nd of January of the present year, which was sent
+from Havana with a notice of the death of Governor Don Pedro Acuna I
+have forwarded you, I have also notified you of what I thought of doing
+with the French and English pirates I held as prisoners. One day after
+the departure of the boat I sent to have them hanged, using with them
+such religious treatment as is customary. Ten of them were baptized, the
+others stated they had already been baptized. It seems that all died as
+Christians, so that this whole City with their fraternities turned out
+to lay them out and bury them. I only wish that with<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_75" id="page_75"></a>{75}</span> these pirates we
+might put an end to them all on these coasts. There are so many they
+keep me in great anxiety and I implore you to send me people to destroy
+them. I have every one on this coast enlisted to aid in their
+destruction. But my experience is that many have not only sheltered
+them, saved their lives and estates, but continue to serve them and
+allow them to come and go at will. They come from a distance of a
+hundred leagues with all confidence and safety. This week, which is Holy
+week, I have had here several Casiques and Chiefs who are the lords of
+the mouth of Miguel Mora, where, I have before told you, we should erect
+a fort and from there capture the fleet of Charles. I shall tell you the
+names of these Casiques that you may know who they are and the great
+achievement I have made in gaining their services. They have returned to
+their country dressed and very happy and edified with the religious
+services and processions they have witnessed during this Holy season.
+They ask for Friars to instruct them. I told them I would come there to
+visit them. I notify you that this is the time that with more security
+and less cost a fort could be built there; they themselves would act as
+peons, and if possible to do so I would myself ask that from Havana they
+would send me an engineer and eighty men with two launches. Look into
+this, as I am quite sure they would all lend themselves to serve in the
+building, as they would feel safe all along that coast from the
+invasions of the enemy. The other Provinces are very peaceful. With the
+warriors, silver miners and woodmen I have so long asked your Majesty to
+send me. I trust in God that we can touch with our hands the great
+wealth we surely have<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_76" id="page_76"></a>{76}</span> in the interior of this land. All this I ask of
+you I am moved to do by the zeal to serve you and enlarge your estate
+and not for rest or gain. From all these parts I have had here this week
+over five hundred Indians, and, God knows, to make them understand it,
+will require more men than I have in our Order to guide them.</p>
+
+<p>In a letter of September 23rd your Majesty commands me to make every
+possible inquiry to know the origin and source of the River San Mateo
+and Lake Miami. As I have always tried to make inquiries, about six
+months ago I discovered on the southern coast a river which I have had
+examined by three different pilots, and find that it has nine fathoms of
+water at the entrance of a much wider river. I notified your Majesty of
+this new river. This garrison is composed of a warlike people and the
+Friars of San Francisco are thinking of establishing a Manager of the
+Inquisition to subject them and control their passions. When I came here
+these warriors were in great want and I have come to an agreement
+together with the Royal Officers, that we should have Juan Nunez go to
+Castilla and try to make terms with some merchant to remedy these
+occurrences. To Fray Pedro Ruiz they have brought an Order from your
+Majesty in which you command me to let him go to Castilla on account of
+his age and failing health; that he is of no further use. It seems to me
+this Friar has not been here so many years and he is perfectly sound and
+fresh and robust, never having had so much as a headache.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Alonzo de las Alas has presented me a Cedula from your Majesty
+which gives him permission<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_77" id="page_77"></a>{77}</span> to go to Castilla for a term of two years
+and that during that time he is to receive no salary. He claims that it
+is an oversight in not appointing some one in his place and allowing him
+to draw his salary as heretofore and which is just, because whoever
+takes his place is entitled to half of his pay, and for this it will be
+necessary that your Majesty order Bartolome Arruchas to return to his
+Post as the permit granted him by your Majesty has expired.</p>
+
+<p>God protect your Majesty.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Pedro Ibarra.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>May 16th, 1607, St. Augustine, Fla.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1608.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Your Lordship:</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Through a letter of September 20th of last year, 1602, and an account
+rendered the Bishop of Cuba (the past year of 1606) who came to confirm
+the Spanish Christians not yet confirmed and the native Indians of these
+Provinces, I told him all that I thought would be most convenient to the
+service of God our Lord and your Majesty regarding the conversion of
+this Garrison to which I again refer, it having come to my knowledge
+that your Royal Council did not repeat it to you, fearing to tire or
+annoy you. Now, on learning the resolution you have taken of reforming
+this Garrison and reducing it to one hundred and fifty infantry, I am
+sure you have listened to the advice of persons who have never seen this
+coast, nor do they know anything about the interior of the country, nor
+the great benefits which have been accomplished in the conversion of the
+natives who are idolaters and savages, hesitating at no crime however
+horrible.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_78" id="page_78"></a>{78}</span></p>
+
+<p>If Gonzalo Menendez Canso were moved with the true zeal of God and a
+proper desire to serve your Majesty it would have been no more than just
+that when he first assumed control of this Government he should have
+given you a full and detailed account of the existing state of affairs
+and sought your advice and not waited until he was quite sure that his
+Office was to be filled by some one else.</p>
+
+<p>Again, I decided to write this to implore you to consider and look
+closely into the matters upon which I have advised you and which I have
+done in all truth and fidelity as I am obliged to for my King. Knowing
+also that the King of glorious memory, your father, had more trouble and
+combats than at present on account of economy and the abandoning of this
+Garrison, he never listened to such things; on the contrary, in the time
+of Governor General Pedro Menendez Marquez, my first cousin, he
+increased the force to one hundred and fifty soldiers of Infantry and by
+thus assigning them to this Post their aid and succor succeeded in
+subjugating the Indians and in bringing and attracting them to hear the
+Holy Gospel, and listen to the words of the Friars who preached. This is
+a public truth. And since that time no Governor has made any conquests
+or discoveries, nor gone in person to treat with the Indians nor draw
+them towards civilization by gifts or other means. And if you would at
+least grant us a Garrison of defense of three hundred Infantry and
+thirty marines besides the Friars, Governor and Royal officials, with
+orders that they proceed to ferret out the secrets of the interior of
+the country, where Lieutenant Mocana entered, and in which latitude
+there can no doubt be found an excellent port,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_79" id="page_79"></a>{79}</span> particularly at Cayagua,
+where any Armada could with safety enter in an altitude of thirty-three
+and one-fourth degrees, and where I have myself been in the past year of
+1588. Should it prove advantageous and convenient in the Bay of the
+Mother of God, of Macan, at a height of thirty-seven degrees at its
+mouth, and which terminates at the foot of the mountain range where I
+was also, in the same year, in search of the English settlement. It is a
+more sheltered harbor than this one and nearer for obtaining aid, and an
+entrance could be made through the Province of Guale in the land of
+Tulufino, which corresponds with that called Tama, on the skirts of the
+mountain range. It might be a very advantageous move which would result
+in the glory of God and your Majesty’s interest; for if we could bring
+these people to honor the Governor of the garrison and when they found
+that he was working for their good and not the contrary, there would
+naturally result a reform among the enemies and we might aspire to carry
+out your designs in a satisfactory manner. Under existing circumstances
+it is impossible for this Garrison, composed of so few men, to march out
+or in any way try to defend themselves against the enemy, and nothing
+remains but to die bravely defending the Garrison as best they can, and
+when there remains no one else to defend it, it leaves the Friars and
+converted Indians to the mercy of God, for it is the only help they can
+look to, the Forts and Castles of Flanders being so far away they would
+be slow to respond. If there is to be no more infantry sent I think it
+would be well to agree upon making this Fort a ravelin and build a good
+trench of defense along the coast to prevent the enemy<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_80" id="page_80"></a>{80}</span> from jumping
+over and in every possible way attend to the preservation of all the
+above mentioned regarding the Friars and converted natives. Put a stop
+to all these ambushes and skirmishes and other nuisances which oblige
+them (the natives) to leave their settlements and fortify themselves
+upon your domains and do great damage to vessels coming in and going out
+at the mouth of the Bahama channel, making it unsafe all along the coast
+of this part of the Indies, possessed by your Majesty and which you will
+possess for many years for the glory of God and the welfare of the souls
+of these poor natives, and may His Divine Majesty not permit these
+arbitrations and troubles caused by a few men who are incited by their
+passions and own selfish interests and with the pretext of saving you
+some twenty or thirty thousand dollars cause such great trouble that
+your expenses will be more than doubled in repairing the damage. You
+support and maintain the Garrisons of Havana and Porto Rico from rents
+and taxes of New Spain and it is not just nor proper to put difficulties
+in your way to prevent you from preserving and sustaining in the same
+way this one which should be well defended as it is a Port from whence
+you can pass through those same inland regions to Mexico, and, in my
+opinion, it is very important to preserve it for this purpose. Havana is
+of importance, being the key to the Indias and a place where the Armadas
+and fleets can replenish and repair to continue their voyages through
+these Kingdoms. With all humility I beg you receive my zeal and good
+wishes which is to always serve you with fidelity and truth as has been
+done by my parents, and if on this occasion I did not call your
+attention to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_81" id="page_81"></a>{81}</span> these matters, which are of vast import, I should be
+committing a crime, and in all this I subject myself to better judgment
+and implore your Majesty with all humility that as I can be of no other
+use in this Post, but to serve as Treasurer of these Provinces, which I
+am at present doing, you will consider my application and give me
+permission to go to Spain and render an account of the Royal finances
+intrusted to my care since June of the past year of 1602, hereafter and
+for this purpose that I be given receipts of my charge, and that during
+my absence from this Port the employment be at the risk and account of
+the person left in my place, and who must give bond as is customary in
+vacations of similar Posts and offices and at the same time that the
+Governor provide that he be given one half of the salary and that I
+receive the other half as a means of helping me to defray my expenses,
+and if my mind does not deceive me my services are deserving of it for
+the care and anxiety I have suffered in this Garrison by wishing to
+defend the cause of the profit of the Royal finance of your Majesty and
+the desire that I have of settling my accounts, not only those I have of
+my own, but also those of Pedro Redondo which will seem to have been
+given with pay, which will be the case with those I render if God will
+give me life for it to employ in your Royal Service. May God grant you
+many and happy years for the mercy and defense of the faith, the
+preservation of peace and tranquility of many more kingdoms, and the
+conversion of as many idolaters as are in these parts.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Juan Menendez Marquez.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Fla., January 5th, 1608.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_82" id="page_82"></a>{82}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1622-1640.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Report of Antonio Benavides to his Majesty—Endeavored to execute
+order of the King to establish friendly relations with the English
+of the Carolinas—Sent Don Francisco Menendez together with other
+Officers—The Mission a failure owing to the English not having
+instruction from London—Find that the English have built fort on
+Spanish territory—Requested its removal in order to avoid trouble
+between the two nations—The English Governor refused—Matter fully
+laid before his Majesty—Report of Luis De Rojas—Frigate sent from
+Augustine to Havana to help fleet from New Spain bring over
+supplies for Garrison—They discover thirteen vessels, which proves
+to be an enemy who give chase to the Frigate—The pilot and
+soldiers landed, followed by the enemy, until a forest is reached,
+where the enemy leaves them—Returning to their launches the enemy
+strip the Frigate and burn the hull—The enemy coast along shore
+frightening the Indians, lodging in their huts—A large force of
+Indians were gathered together with one hundred and fifty soldiers
+to pursue the enemy at which they reembark and sail away—A Spanish
+Frigate arrives bearing forty-seven persons, all that was left of
+three vessels which had been captured by the enemy who proved to be
+bearing provisions to a Dutch Fleet in Havana—<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_83" id="page_83"></a>{83}</span>Recommends his
+Majesty to build a fort at the Bar at the place called Jega—Report
+of Luis Ussitinez to his Majesty—The Mandate of the King has been
+carried out in regard to prayer to God for the success of the
+King’s arms taken up against France—1636—An account of a meeting
+of the Board of the City Council of Havana at which a clergyman of
+the Holy Office of the Inquisition appears with an Auto from the
+Senior Commissionado, Don Francisco de las Casas, of the Holy
+Office of this city, containing instructions as to certain
+ceremonies in connection with the Inquisition.</i> </p></div>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Your Lordship:</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>By your Royal dispatch of last year you ordered me to immediately
+establish friendly relations with the English of the Carolinas, and that
+your Majesty had asked that the Court of London should pass efficacious
+measures to have the order repeated, which was given in virtue of the
+suspension of arms between your Majesty’s crown and that of England, to
+the end that these vessels be not disturbed by the English of the
+Carolinas, nor the Indians of their Province, so that they may derive
+the benefits of the land and live in tranquility and love as your
+Majesty desires. That for this purpose I should in my ministerial
+capacity go to the Governor of Carolina instigating him to make them
+observe punctually the treaty of suspension of arms. I executed this
+order immediately and sent the Auditor Don Francisco Menendez
+accompanied by other Officers of the Garrison of this Post, with orders
+to adjust a firm agreement with the Governor that on the part of the
+English they should<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_84" id="page_84"></a>{84}</span> cease to incite the Indians, and thus they and the
+laborers might live without injury one from the other; that this
+agreement was equally important for both Nations. To this proposition,
+and others certified, in the testimony of the letter which the referred
+to Don Francisco Menendez carried and on this occasion I remit to you.
+The Governor and parliament of the Carolina replied that they had
+received no orders from the King of Great Britain, but that
+notwithstanding they would try to maintain friendly relations with this
+Government during the suspension of arms. Immediately upon the arrival
+of Auditor Don Francisco Menendez in Carolina, he was informed that the
+English had built a wooden fort at the mouth of Talaje, one of your
+Provinces, where for many years were settled the Indians, and on account
+of the blockade we put upon it, they retired. Don Francisco immediately
+demanded of the Governor and Parliament the reason for building there;
+that it was your Majesty’s Territory, etc., and stating that it might
+cause trouble between the two Nations and once that war was started it
+would be difficult to stop on account of the Indians. His reply was
+simply that to secure his dominions from invasion and harm, the King of
+Great Britain had ordered it built, and that they should found Towns in
+the best and most approved manner. The Auditor requested its removal
+from your Territory, but they refused to do so, stating that his orders
+were not sufficient, and expressed nothing whatever in regard to this
+Fort. I infer that with the incoming of this new Governor in the
+Carolinas, not only will the Fort be completed, but they will settle all
+the Islands belonging to your jurisdiction, and thus make the Carolinas
+impregnable<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_85" id="page_85"></a>{85}</span> and reduce this Garrison to a more lamentable condition
+than it is, and the Indians watching their opportunities will come upon
+us and also takes sides with the English, who will supply them with arms
+and ammunition, a thing they most ardently desire. The Auditor was also
+informed that in the Carolinas they were waiting the arrival of large
+quantities of arms and ammunition from England. They can in time of war
+easily invade this Castle, the only desire and aim they have, on account
+of the great importance it would be to the preservation of their
+colonies in this New England and the facility it would give them for
+capturing vessels coming and going through the Bahama Channel, the
+nearness of this Castle being just what they most desire. In giving you
+this information I not only appease my conscience but fulfilled my
+obligations to you by showing you the great danger which threatens you
+and the terrible results it might cause, and I leave it to the
+intelligence of your Royal Highness to act in this matter as best
+pleases you.</p>
+
+<p>May God save you.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Antonio Benavides.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Fla., April 21st, 1622.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="r">
+1627<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Sire</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>After having written your Majesty giving an account of having faithfully
+fulfilled all the instructions of your different Royal Cedula, I will,
+in this, give a detailed account of what occurred on August 25th of this
+year. I ordered Captain Diego del Pozo to embark in one of the frigates
+of your Majesty’s Service in this Garrison, and proceed to Havana, to
+help bring<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_86" id="page_86"></a>{86}</span> over the supply for this Garrison, which was to come on the
+fleet from New Spain. Following his journey and coasting along these
+Provinces, near the Cape of Canaveral, on Sunday, the 13th of September,
+in the morning, he discovered thirteen vessels, ten large ones and three
+smaller ones. Believing it to be the Fleet, he made signals and hoisted
+the flag, but as no answer was returned he saw clearly that it was the
+enemy. At the same time one of their three smaller vessels came forward
+and gave him chase. The Frigate being small went so near in shore that
+the vessel could not reach it, seeing which they lowered two rowboats to
+chase and attack the Frigate, each boat carrying twelve soldiers and ten
+mariners. The Frigate resisted the attack with arquebuses. The enemy not
+making any headway, called for more aid, which was sent them by two more
+larger launches with a hundred men. Captain Diego del Pozo finding
+himself in such a tight place, and the pilot and soldiers thinking they
+would stand a better chance on land, he decided to land. The enemy
+followed close, he fought them step by step until they came to a thick
+forest, when the enemy decided to leave them. The skirmish lasted about
+two hours. On returning to their launches the enemy first stripped the
+Frigate of all they wanted and burned the hull. When Captain Pozo saw
+that he would have to abandon the ship, he threw the two pieces of
+artillery he carried overboard. All this occurred about forty leagues
+from this Garrison. In a few days I was notified of this misfortune and
+I sent a launch with infantry to get the men from the Frigate. All
+arrived safely without the loss of a single man. I had the testimony
+taken and ascertained the truth and found<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_87" id="page_87"></a>{87}</span> that the Captain and his men
+were here and did their duty faithfully. Further proof and truth was
+ascertained a few days later from the soldiers I sent by land to
+reconnoitre the coast where the Frigate was lost—they brought word that
+the thirteen vessels which had been sent to chase the Frigate were
+coasting along slowly taking on water and wood. They had disembarked and
+taken up lodging in the Indian huts, the Indians fleeing with fear.
+Some, by gifts, had been induced to return, others came to me for
+protection. Following this, I received further news that three of the
+thirteen vessels were lost and the crew on land. This proved not to be
+true—in going over the Bar three launches were lost and a few of the
+men drowned. Feeling it was not right to have the enemy land on your
+Majesty’s domain, where we are at present safe and on friendly relations
+with the Indians, I immediately gave orders and gathered a large force
+of Indians and, with a hundred and fifty of our men, I set out
+determined to find the enemy and thrust them out. I appointed Captain
+Melchar Durante to take command here during my absence, he being an old
+man of much experience. I was continuing my pursuit of the enemy when I
+received news of their having re-embarked and sailed off, so I returned
+sending one of the Sergeants with a squad of twenty men to the Bar, and
+that they might recover the three launches if they were worth it. This
+they did promptly, returning with two of the launches in fair condition,
+the third they left as it was too badly injured to be of use. They
+brought the same news of the enemy’s proceedings. On the 20th of said
+month a Frigate arrived. On sending out to recognize her, we found it to
+be Spanish.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_88" id="page_88"></a>{88}</span> It was one of the fleet which was overtaken by the enemy
+and brought in forty-seven persons, mariners and passengers, among them
+an Augustinian Monk. It was what was left of the three vessels taken by
+the enemy of the thirteen vessels. They were captured off Cape San
+Antonio. On one of the vessels were the papers and information sent by
+the Viceroy to Don Carlos Ybarra, General of the Spanish fleet, which
+was coming from Spain. They captured it near Cape Catoche, and the
+papers for General Ybarra and your Majesty were thrown overboard to
+prevent the enemy from getting them. They were in the enemy’s power for
+twelve days, when they put them on this small Frigate with scant
+rations, and told them they were free to come to this Garrison, where
+they arrived half-starved. I took them in and fed them at your Majesty’s
+expense, as part of them had lost their lives in your service and they
+were your vassals. They remained here a month, and on the first
+opportunity which presented itself, I gave them passage for Havana.
+Among the forty-six persons were four pilots and four boatswain who gave
+a long account of what they heard while prisoners. They particularly
+spoke of the Armada in charge of Tomas Raspuro, which they had been
+waiting for, but on seeing so many large vessels of war and knowing they
+would be outnumbered, they desisted and retired along the coast—it was
+then they captured these three frigates of this Garrison of which I have
+given you detailed account. These Pilots informed me that these thirteen
+vessels came with supplies and ammunition and provisions for the Dutch
+fleet, which was in Havana, but they learned it had departed and they
+were<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_89" id="page_89"></a>{89}</span> too late. Being unable to assault our Fleet as she entered the
+mouth of the channel, they decided to take one of the Pilots who was
+experienced in the Honduras waters and there await the Admiral and
+Captain of our fleet and make them prisoners. They questioned them the
+whole time they were prisoners and asked their advice, finally turning
+them loose on the small frigate, so that it was a miracle they were
+saved. The thirteen vessels were manned by very young men, most of them
+boys, and they could not tell the name of the squadron, but the Admiral
+was Pedro Yanez, a German, a native of Amsterdam. They got all the
+information possible regarding this Garrison, and say that next summer
+they will come and ransack and burn the City. At that time there were
+only forty men, less than the three hundred you should always maintain
+here—so, I selected others, forced them into service and have them
+drilled and armed. I have given you a full account of all the happenings
+on the coast this summer. I hope I have done so, as a good vassal, and
+for this reason I should warn and advise your Majesty to build a Fort at
+the Bar at a place they call Jega—it being the place where vessels all
+come to cast anchor when they want to take on water, wood, and to await
+the merchant ships and others they wish to capture. Many of your ships
+and nearly all those bringing supplies to this Garrison are lost in this
+way. A Fort at this place would act as a sentinel, and guard against
+their landing and helping themselves. It would also be well to have it
+in case of vessels being wrecked along this coast, as so many are, to be
+able to rescue and save the crews and passengers, who so often perish at
+the hands of pirates and cruel Indians. One cannot trust<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_90" id="page_90"></a>{90}</span> the Indians,
+they are children born of traitors. I am sure the Germans would not
+approach if they saw the place occupied by Spaniards. For this you would
+be obliged to increase a hundred soldiers more than are in this
+Garrison. Besides the men would have to be relieved from time to time
+from there as the work would be arduous, and no soldier or any one could
+withstand the mosquitoes which are so bad they kill the men, and destroy
+much of the food. The cost of this Fort you would have to send some one
+to estimate. I could not feel that I had properly complied with my duty
+until I have notified you of this great and urgent need. Hoping your
+Majesty may spend many happy years, as your vassals need you.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Luis De Rojas.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Fla., February 13th, 1627.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1636.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Sire</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>By a Cedula of your Royal Highness, dated in Madrid, on the 28th of June
+of last year, you command me to have a general offering of prayer in all
+the churches in the district under my command, imploring God that you
+may be successful in the arms you have taken up against France, on
+account of her evil designs against you. You also recommend that I
+improve the conduct and manners of the people here; that if necessary I
+punish them publicly for their offences. I immediately complied with
+your order, and had them go out from the high church in procession,
+those of the Seraphic Order joining with all the others. They went
+through all the streets of the City, then a high mass was sung, and
+prayers offered for<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_91" id="page_91"></a>{91}</span> your success. I also sent a message to all the
+other Churches and Convents to have like services celebrated. In regard
+to the conduct of the residents of these Province, Spaniards as well as
+natives, I have great care in every respect, and from today, complying
+with your Mandate, I shall redouble my vigilance. May God spare your
+Majesty many years, for the good of Christianity.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Luis Ussitinez.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Fla.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="r">
+Havana, A. D. 1640.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>In the city of Havana on the 13th day of April, 1678, there was a
+meeting of the Board in the Hall of the City Council as is usual and
+customary. The Master of the Field, Don Francisco Davila, Governor and
+Captain-General of said City, and the Messrs. Nicolas Castellan,
+Lieutenant-Major Don Pedro Valdes, Don Pedro Recio de Oquendo, First
+Alderman, Captain Don Blas Pedraso.</p>
+
+<p>In the presence of the Notary, the following was agreed:</p>
+
+<p>They had begun to discuss some business when there was a rap at the
+door, the Governor rang the bell, the porter opened the door and said
+that outside was the Lieutenant Don Antonio Grazeano, a noted clergyman
+of the Holy Office of the Inquisition, that he brought a message from
+the Inquisition for his Lordship of the Board. He sent this youngest
+Alderman with the Secretary to receive him, as he came in the name of
+the Inquisition. Entering and having been seated in the midst of the
+Aldermen, he announced that he brought an Auto from the Señor
+Commissionado,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_92" id="page_92"></a>{92}</span> Don Francisco de las Casas, of the Holy Office of this
+City. He was told to read it, which he did, and delivered it. His
+Lordship asked that he give testimony of his authority in order to agree
+upon the matter of which it treated, and for the better veneration of
+God and of so Holy a Tribunal. Don Antonio Glaziano drew forth from his
+pocket a folded paper which he delivered in my, the Notary’s’ presence.
+Opening it, it contained a sheet of paper, the first leaf of which was
+written on both sides, signed, it appeared, by the said Don Antonio
+Graziano. This duty performed, he arose and left, accompanying him to
+the door, the same ones who received him, and I, the present Notary. The
+door being closed his Lordship ordered inserted to the letter the
+testimony, the tenor of which is as follows:</p>
+
+<p>In the City of Havana on the same day, Dr. Francisco de las Casas,
+“Comissionado” of the Holy Office of the Inquisition in the City of
+Carthagena, said: That last Sunday, the eighth of the current month,
+seeming to him opportune, and by order of the Holy Tribunal for which
+purpose he warned and made known to the present Notary and all the
+gentlemen of the Board, that they might concur to their duty as ordered
+by your Majesty, preceding these courtesies and compliments.</p>
+
+<p>That on the day appointed they should go from the residence of the Lord
+Comissionado to the Holy Parochial Church of this City, in the order
+referred in the testimony given by the present Notary. The function
+terminated, they should leave the church, return to the residence of the
+Lord Comissionado. It seems they wished to alter this form at the gates
+and places<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_93" id="page_93"></a>{93}</span> they had been, and, as on the day of the Anathema the same
+celebration must be repeated, the Lord Comissionado wished, with the
+best intentions, and not to be lacking in the form observed by the
+Tribunal for said act to which they should cling, this was entirely for
+the reasons of his Office and to avoid public altercations, from which
+originate unnecessary noise and unrest, contrary to the decency and
+gravity of this Tribunal. This is well known to the Tribunal and Board
+of said City, it must be done in the following manner: That the Board
+should come in this form to the residence of the Lord Commissionado and
+conduct him to the church, he going by the side of the Governor, the
+other ministers each one between two Aldermen, according to the Office
+and time of service and somewhat in advance of this Lord Commissionado
+and Governor with the standard of the Faith which must be carried by the
+person of greatest authority who should be present. The balls of the
+standard by the next in authority. That on arriving at the church the
+priests must come out to receive them, sprinkling them with holy water,
+and conduct them to their seats, which shall be in the High Chapel, on
+the Gospel side, in a chair covered with velvet and a carpet at the
+feet. Consecutively, next to the Governor and Lord Commissionado on a
+covered bench, the High Constable and other attendants and ministers of
+the Holy Office. That the Governor and Board are to be seated thus the
+day of publication, on the Gospel side; that the Lord Commissionado
+should be the preferred in all things; that at the hour for leaving, the
+Notary accompanied by two attendants, will mount the pulpit and from
+thence he shall swear them in, in a loud voice,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_94" id="page_94"></a>{94}</span> to the oath of Faith.
+This finished, they are to take the Lord Commissionado back to his
+residence. They are to try and carry out these ceremonies in as grave
+and reverential a manner as possible, this being one of the most
+important ceremonies of the Holy Office of the Inquisition, and this
+City belongs to its District. There are reasons for other ceremonies,
+and so I, the present Notary, was ordered to witness them, that I might
+give testimony and the work proceed according to the acts published, and
+so that all could be reported to the Lord Inquisitadores of the Holy
+Tribunal. Then it was provided and ordered to be signed.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Dr. Francisco de las Casas.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>This agrees with the original which I have in my possession, and having
+consulted the matter, the following was agreed upon:</p>
+
+<p>First: As regards the form in which the City, according to the acts of
+Faith, must proceed to the Residence of the Lord Commissionado and
+Minister of the Holy Office, as also in the public streets, we cite or
+quote a Cedula from your Majesty where you refer to Don Juan Solozano,
+whose political authority in Peru entitles him to have a voice, and on
+this point we are warned by your Majesty to guard against the Lord
+Commissionado assuming superiority of the Governor. In Peru, where the
+matter was first discussed of precedence the form is as follows: The
+City goes from the City Hall, as customary, to the residence of the Lord
+Commissionado, where he is awaiting them in the yard. There he is
+incorporated in the procession, being placed at the left of the
+Governor, and all march in twos, the magistrates and constables of
+longest<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_95" id="page_95"></a>{95}</span> standing given the preference, and the Ministers of the Holy
+Office intermixed, but preference always to the Officers of Justice. On
+arriving at the church, assigning seats and all through the ceremonies
+care is taken that the greatest preference and respect be shown the
+Governor, as stated in your Royal Cedula, and thus it was conducted last
+Sunday in going and coming from which much discussion has arisen, as
+certified in the testimony which I, the present Notary, insert to the
+letter, although the Lord Commissionado states in the Auto that all
+preference was given the Governor.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+1640.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_96" id="page_96"></a>{96}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1655-1657.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>An anonymous letter to his Majesty recounts the death of Governor
+Benito Ruid Salazer by a contagious sickness during the absence of
+the Sergeant Major—The office is held by two others pro tem.—They
+also died suddenly after serving a short term—Certain officials of
+the Garrison who are related meet at night and elect as Governor
+Don Pedro Ruitinez—Who intimidates the people and squanders the
+money sent for their support—The Treasurer a partner in the
+illegality, and the Judge receives hush money—This Governor
+maltreated an official who is also a soldier and a conveyor of
+monies and goods for this port from Havana, for his
+Majesty—Traffic in amber from the Indians—Taking the iron and
+implements sent to be used in repairing the Fort as money to
+purchase this amber—Declares he will consult his own pleasure
+concerning the laws of the Church, taking communion once in one and
+one-half years—A distressing condition of mismanagement—No name
+signed to the letter—A report from Diego Rebolledo, 1657,
+concerning the necessity of having an officer to guard the port for
+incoming and outgoing vessels as pirates had frequently entered and
+landed before notice could be given—Also the appointment of an
+officer and twelve infantrymen to guard other ports of the
+coast—He desists from building more<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_97" id="page_97"></a>{97}</span> fortifications because of the
+opposition of the Friars, who protested that the proximity of the
+Spaniards would retard the conversion of the Indians—The Governor
+feels that the danger is far greater to the development of his
+Majesty’s Provinces to allow the enemy a foothold in a Province as
+rich as Apalachicola—The great distance of some of the
+Provinces—Indians dying with smallpox—The burden of carrying food
+such a distance on the shoulders of men—Fray Juan Gomez reports
+(1657) of the uprising of some of the Indian Chiefs who march to
+St. Augustine and hang the Governor because of his insistance on
+their carrying heavy loads of corn into the settlement, when they,
+the Indians, had vassals to perform such labors—Reports that the
+Island of Jamaica is heavily fortified by the English who intend
+taking Cuba—These reports causing much uneasiness in these
+Provinces.</i> </p></div>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1655.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>My Lord</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Moved by piety, and a desire for peace and quietude, it has seemed to me
+timely to notify you regarding the Government of this Province and
+Garrison of St. Augustine, Fla., being as you are so high and
+compassionate a Minister, who is always thinking and caring for the
+welfare of his people. My Lord, Governor Benito Ruid Salazar, former
+Governor of this Province, died at the time the Sergeant-Major was
+absent. God, it seems, took him by a contageous sickness, and although
+two others have been nominated <i>pro tem.</i>, by the death of Benito Ruiz,
+the reins of government were left in charge of the Auditor Nicolas Ponce
+de<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_98" id="page_98"></a>{98}</span> Leon, who governed for six months more or less, when he died
+suddenly. For this reason, a few of the Officials of this Garrison, who
+are related, met at night in different parts of the City, and with
+sufficient defamatory speech elected as Governor Don Pedro Ruitinez,
+with flattering promises to those who would give their vote. When he had
+been Governor one year and a half, he had given twenty-three patents of
+captain, the most of them to two companies of this Garrison, four
+positions as wardens of the Fort, three Sergeant-Majors said to be
+andantes—three Auditors, one Treasurer—calling himself Governor and
+Captain-General. In granting these patents, and other things he has
+done, he has thrown down the flags, and had the artillery at the Fort
+salute. He arrived here on the seventeenth of July, with the Auditor,
+Treasurer, Sergeant-Major and the two captains of infantry who all left
+that court at the same time. The Sergeant-Major brought a Cedula from
+your Majesty, for the Governor, which he presented to Don Pedro
+Ruitinez, and it was not possible to comply with it, it being a military
+promotion, placing the Sergeant-Major as Governor. Don Pedro Ruitinez
+had received notice that Don Diego de Rolallado had been appointed
+Governor and Captain-General of this Port—he sent some friends over to
+Havana to meet and entertain him during his stay in that City, and thus
+Don Pedro has maintained his friendly relations with the Governor,
+although he has not said a word of how he intimidated the people to
+elect him Governor—nor his other doings—nor how he refused to turn
+over the Government to the Sergeant-Major. But he did demand his pay.
+Your Lordship, the Governor and Captain-General arrived<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_99" id="page_99"></a>{99}</span> at this
+Garrison on the 18th of June, 1654, having received in Havana $20,000
+sent by the Auditor and placed to the credit of this Garrison. This
+money he used in Havana as follows: Goods—$7,000, gaining in this
+purchase more than 200 per cent. He sent Don Alonzo Menendez with $8,000
+to relieve the suffering and need of the infantry and others who are in
+your service, and he sold to advantage the remaining goods. In the month
+of February of this present year there arrived a vessel laden with
+flour, iron implements and other goods, and although it is true that the
+person in whose charge they came, brought over $40,000 to be delivered
+to this treasury, he only delivered $15,000, because in Havana the
+duties were so heavy and they demanded the pay. The soldier in whose
+care this money and goods came, is Domingo Nunez. He spent in Havana
+$2,000 on clothing, filling an order received from the Governor, and
+another $2,000 in clothing he was to bring from New Spain. The Governor
+after ordering this became infuriated with Domingo Nunez, cursing him,
+beating and slapping him in the most unheard of manner—accusing him of
+not bringing all the clothing ordered, and finally he had him placed in
+the stockade on the beach. He then had the boxes and packages taken to a
+neighbor’s and soldier, and opened them—finding after pricing them and
+adding one-fourth more than the cost to them, that they amounted to more
+than the $2,000. He then went several times to Domingo Nunez, demanded
+his papers, searched them, kept him in prison, and then without cause or
+reason turned him out. It is true he becomes enraged for the slightest
+cause. It is a positive fact, that he and another spendthrift named
+Fanfan, have sent out<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_100" id="page_100"></a>{100}</span> from his (the Governor’s) house, chocolate to be
+sold on the streets by his body guards. At the time there was such great
+distress and scarcity, he sent out wine to be sold at such exorbitant
+prices that only those compelled to have it could buy. In this tavern of
+his, the people sell cutlasses for bread, chocolate and tobacco. In the
+large store, run now by Lorenzo Josi, they sell rum and clothing—a
+bottle of rum costs eight dollars which is an outrage. According to
+Manuel Barrios, the tavern keeper, he makes thirty-one dollars on a
+cask. Since there is no more money left to buy these commodities for
+cash he has adopted another method of selling them in exchange for
+labor, and makes out checks for this amount. My Lord, in the month of
+July of last year, there came to this Garrison a party of Indians, who
+live on the coast near the Bahama Channel with a large quantity of
+amber, some of which they presented to the Governor, the rest they gave
+in exchange for goods, and because a few of the soldiers bought some in
+exchange for clothing he was exceedingly angry. When these Indians left
+the land he had them followed by two rowboats with soldiers. He finally
+sent Don Alonzo Menendez with goods that he should bring him all the
+amber he could obtain, he also sent out others. The Lieutenants were Don
+Alonzo Menendez and Juan Dominguez and Alonzo Garcia. This trading for
+amber was carried on for six months. They used up all the iron
+implements. At first we thought that these implements were broken and
+thrust aside as worthless, soon, however, we discovered they were used
+to trade for amber, as well as five hundred tons more of iron which was
+brought from New Spain. All this was paid for from<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_101" id="page_101"></a>{101}</span> your Treasury. The
+amber was sold in Havana for the sum of forty thousand dollars. In the
+meantime the Fort has been allowed to suffer, it is falling to pieces in
+many places, the timber that was cut in the forest has rotted and the
+troops’ time and iron implements are all used in the trade for amber.
+The infantry and other persons drawing a salary from your Highness have
+been on several occasions in a great rage with the Treasurer who abuses
+them and threatens them that Don Diego Rovellado will have them killed
+in the field—the guards, for the slightest offense, are beaten through
+the streets, and even imprisoned in the Church of San Francisco, and at
+times when he can catch them in his own house he slaps and beats them
+unmercifully. In a year and a half that he has been Governor he has only
+once complied with the laws of the Church, confessing and receiving the
+communion publicly. He says that every one can do as he pleases; that he
+does as he pleases. At the Fort he does not have the flag hoisted, only
+two guards at night and their round is an easy one, but he takes the men
+to guard his house every night, paying them a few dimes, and in the day
+he takes others to whom he pays two or three dimes, notwithstanding that
+your Majesty sends money each year to pay these men, but I am told that
+Don Diego Rovellado has paid the judge some five or six thousand dollars
+and he can escape free from any charge made against him. All that I
+state to your Highness in this letter, you may be quite sure is the
+truth, and I hope you will deem it proper to relieve your vassals from
+this unnecessary suffering. May God guard you and make you happy for
+many years.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">No Signature.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Fla., November 20th, 1655.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_102" id="page_102"></a>{102}</span></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1657.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>His Lordship</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Having begun the conversion of the Indians in the Province of Apalache
+at the close of the administration of Governor Louis Harristenir, who
+was immediately succeeded by Dannian de las Vegas. He placed a few
+soldiers in this Province to guard the going out and incoming of
+vessels. Having been informed that they entered and left the Port, and
+there was no one to give any report of them. This guard was kept there
+during the assumption of power by Benito Ruiz Salazar and the Auditor
+Nicolas Ponce de Leon, until the Sergeant-Major Don Pedro Harristenir
+entered as Governor. This latter, to please the Friar, he not only
+dismantled the estates of your Majesty in those parts, but he also
+retired the Lieutenant and soldiers who assisted him, having no one to
+administer justice to the Natives, nor to give information concerning
+the Post, and so, immediately upon my taking the place of Governor,
+having been informed by the General Governors and other notables who
+were convened in Havana, and notified further by all the principal
+people of this Garrison who demonstrated how necessary it was to have a
+Lieutenant in said Province to guard and advise, as there had entered a
+vessel of the enemy, and the natives had aided them and supplied them in
+exchange for furs, hatchets, knives and other goods, without its being
+known in this Garrison. For this reason I named to the position Captain
+Antonio Sartucha and two soldiers with the instructions which I send
+enclosed—so that justice might be administered to the Natives, it being
+too laborious and the distance too great for them to come to this
+Garrison to adjust their quarrels and differences and to guard the Port<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_103" id="page_103"></a>{103}</span>
+and advise me. In a few days after his arrival he notified me of another
+vessel of the enemy (pirates) who had entered the Port. He asked for aid
+for infantrymen, which I sent him, to the number of forty, in command of
+Captain Gregorio Bravo. Before this aid reached him, the enemy was able
+to procure what they wanted. By pushing into service the natives, he was
+however able to prevent them from landing. It being urgent that I should
+go in person to pacify and punish the natives of the Province of
+Timagua, testimony of which decrees were made. I remit them to your
+Majesty. I passed on to visit the other Provinces and investigate the
+condition of the harbors. I did this with the consent of all the
+Casiques, and the approved judgment of Fray Francisco de San Antonio and
+other Friars, with the advice also of the Treasurer of the Royal
+Hacienda, and many of the reformed natives. I left in command the
+Sergeant-Major Don Adrian de Canizares, being a person of experience and
+trustworthy, giving him twelve infantrymen with which to defend the Port
+and coast of these Ports, and that he should administer justice to the
+Natives for which purpose I elected a syndicate of Friars who work in
+said Province, and some of their friends. Having determined upon this at
+the time you ordered me to be vigilant and careful, since the English
+enemy had attempted to occupy one of the Ports of this Province,
+according to information given your Majesty by Don Diego Cardenas,
+ambassador to England, and had been sent to me by Field Marshal Don Juan
+Montiano, Governor who was of Havana—information he gained from some
+prisoners, which confirms the information you had. There has been a
+fleet of the enemy on<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_104" id="page_104"></a>{104}</span> these coasts of Florida and the Bahama Channel.
+Although I had intended to increase the force of soldiers, build a Fort
+and found a settlement of Spaniards as I reported was agreed upon in the
+visit, which testimony, and that of the taxes and good government I
+remit with the decrees. I have desisted from this on account of the many
+contradictions and opposition of some of the Friars, who with the
+pretext that the vicinity of the Spaniards would be dangerous to the
+conversion, and who do not consider that this danger has a remedy, and
+it would be much more dangerous that the enemy should occupy that Port
+and plant foot on your territory and fortify themselves in a province so
+rich and abundant as those of Apalachicola, the knowledge of which the
+enemy is sure to be fully aware, and the danger would be irreparable and
+would lose in totem the conversions of these Provinces, and this
+Garrison would be unable to dislodge the enemy, from the distance at
+which we are, and that we could not scatter our forces, being too few of
+them, besides the consequences and damage which would accrue from
+pirates on the coast of Havana and the Bahama Channel—and there is no
+way of reaching us under five or six days of sailing. Finally your
+Lordship, the greater part of these conversions are reduced to three
+Provinces where Friars officiate—they are the Provinces of Guale,
+Tunnuqua and Apalache. In the two first there are few Indians, because
+for some time they have been diminishing, many having died out from the
+plague and small-pox which has been raging. The same is the case in
+Apalache, and in a few years very few will be left, and even now the
+condition they are in, it is unnecessary to assign as many Friars as
+you<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_105" id="page_105"></a>{105}</span> have. Besides their conversion would long be delayed owing to the
+great distance from this Garrison, the impassable roads and untold
+difficulties in sending relief, even should your Majesty send the
+wherewith to do so. Food must be carried eighty leagues from this
+garrison to the Province of Apalache and Chacata, on the shoulders of
+men—the burden is often more than they can carry. Although I have been
+admonished to relieve the twelve soldiers and Lieutenant for the good of
+the natives and the benefit they receive. I have sent persons there to
+remedy the evil, and seeing all I have herein stated that you may order
+things as you deem most advantageous and I shall carry out your orders
+regardless of the petitions of the Friars, who only base their
+objections in not wanting the Spaniards about them, as in their present
+condition they are absolute masters of the Indians.</p>
+
+<p>May God preserve your Catholic Majesty.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Diego Rebolledo.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Fla., October 18th, 1657.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1657.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Things are in a most disastrous condition in Florida, there will soon be
+no government left, if God does not help us. The Casique of Tarihila
+refused to send some of his principal Indians to St. Augustine with
+heavy loads of corn. I don’t know why the Governor insisted on this
+labor, but the Casique gathering together the other Casiques insisted
+that their principal Indians should not be made to do this work that
+they had vassals to perform their labor. The Governor<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_106" id="page_106"></a>{106}</span> took the refusal
+much to heart, and as a man of so little experience insisted until he
+caused them to rise. They said they were not slaves; that to obey God
+they had become Christians—they had never been conquered, but had
+listened to the word of God the Priest had taught them. So the Casique
+of San Martin at the head and all the Casiques who would follow him,
+which were the Casiques of Santa Fe, Potano and San Pedro, who marched
+from San Francisco and San Mateo with the others, making in all eleven
+Casiques, entered and hung the Governor. Think, your Fatherly Majesty,
+of such happenings. In a land where such war is carried on, I cannot
+tell you of the atrocities perpetuated by these poor Florida Indians.
+Nor do you understand how the Island of Jamaica is settled by the
+English, who have it well fortified with three strong Forts, and all the
+harbors are guarded. All prisoners from there tell us, and all who come
+from there tell us that now, in this month of May forty store ships
+arrived for them, and it is their intention to take Cuba. This has been
+known here and in Havana by mail, which has come. It is very important
+to notify you of all this, for soon it will be impossible to travel from
+here to Spain nor from there here. By giving this information I feel
+that I fulfill my duty, and you can act towards your vassals in a
+fatherly manner.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Fray Juan Gomez.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Fla., April 4th, 1657.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_107" id="page_107"></a>{107}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1662-1670.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Report of Alonzo Aranqui y Cortez concerning the auditing of the
+accounts and condition of the Royal Treasury—Reports the finding
+of a large hill supposed to be a silver mine—Report of Juan
+Cebadilla to his Majesty—The Governor not to keep the keys of the
+Royal chest—The administration to be adopted with the negroes—Too
+much harshness shown the Royal employees—Francisco Guerra y Vega
+reports a Captain of the Garrison for indecency and offense to his
+superiors, for which same he was reprimanded and imprisoned as a
+warning, then given his liberty—The King to the Captain-General of
+the Provinces of Florida—Instructions as to the continuance of the
+passage to Marcana Guale—Founding the town of Santiago near
+Augustine—The performing of certain duties by soldiers for which
+money shall be paid—Soldiers shall be permitted to raise crops
+which are their principal sustenance—That the Governor shall not
+employ the people of the town in personal work for personal
+aggrandisement—But shall look that he, the Governor, shall look to
+the needs and wants of the people—By order of the King, 1670.</i> </p></div>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>To His Catholic Royal Majesty</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Having presented before the tribunal on behalf of the Royal officers of
+Guadalapara the sworn bills, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_108" id="page_108"></a>{108}</span> others not sworn to, by which were
+adjusted and proven the accounts of your administration which had been
+running from the 7th of March, 1663, up to August 15th of the same year,
+it was found to result in a liquidated balance in favor of your Royal
+Treasury. Information of which was immediately sent to Don Geronimo de
+la Luna, judge for your Majesty, that he should have it delivered to the
+Treasury. He provided an Auto ordering Don Diego Salazar, Treasurer, to
+place it in the Treasury. This person replied to him stating that he had
+no money whatsoever from Jacon or Virginia. The infantry I sent out to
+investigate tell me that in the Province of Apalache there is a very
+large hill, which, in their opinion, is a silver mine, from the
+specimens found in the ground and from pieces they picked up on the hill
+and brought as samples. Persons who are versed in such matters say that
+from their accounts they must be mines.</p>
+
+<p>As these matters do not admit of delay, and much care and caution is
+required, I am myself going to investigate the matter thoroughly, and
+give you a long and detailed account, being absolutely necessary for the
+tranquility of this Province. May God preserve your Majesty for many
+years.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Alonzo Aranqui y Cortez.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Fla., September 8th, 1662.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1666.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>To His Catholic Royal Majesty</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>On the 27th of November of this year we received a document from Your
+Royal Highness with six orders containing the form and manner in which
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_109" id="page_109"></a>{109}</span> Royal Treasury must be conducted in its administration and other
+things which were herein referred to, and what has passed in the
+accomplishment of them. The order in which your Majesty states that the
+Governor is not to keep the keys to the Royal Chest, but that your
+officer alone must keep them, and that an account must be kept and sent
+to this Treasury each year. We notified him and he obeyed, but as to its
+accomplishment he desired us to say nothing to him about it, as things
+were different here from other places—because all allowances and pay
+are collected by his order, and thus he wishes the keys to the chest
+where the money is kept. As to the accounts, he will provide them as
+should be just, which is the same answer he gave before as shown in the
+accompanying letter. The order for the administration that must be
+adopted with the negroes was obeyed by the Governor, and all are placed
+in compliance with it. We also notified him of the order your Majesty
+sent, reproving him for speaking so harshly to your Majesty’s Royal
+Employees.</p>
+
+<p>As the order sent by your Majesty regarding the labor of the estates,
+all necessary steps have been taken. The one received stating that
+hereafter one of your employees should be present at the paying of the
+workmen, and the providing of supplies and ammunition for these forts,
+was obeyed, and although the Governor also obeyed in the fulfilment of
+it, he did not do so to the letter and there has been trouble between us
+ever since.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Juan Cebadilla.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_110" id="page_110"></a>{110}</span></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Your Highness</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Don Francisco Larra whom your Majesty has had the mercy to send as
+Captain of a Company of soldiers to this Garrison of St. Augustine,
+Fla., is a person of such daring, restless and bold and has a mind—who
+is led astray by the impulses of his will—that with his manner of
+acting and talking he has given offense to the better and greater part
+of the people of this Garrison, not excepting the Ecclesiastics whom he
+offends and speaks in such abusive and indecent a manner of their
+character. And so on this account as well as the little respect with
+which he treats me, not paying the slightest attention to my office
+extrajudicially. I have admonished him in the kindest terms to correct
+his ways and fulfill his duties as Captain of the Infantry—not alone
+was this effort a vain one, but he took a bold and daring step with me,
+in the presence of the Ministers and principal people of the
+Garrison—for this incivility and profanation I had him imprisoned in
+the Fort, expressing to him my wrath and indignation, a copy of which I
+send you. With this as a warning, I then had him set at liberty. I beg
+your Highness that seeing this, you will proceed as you think best for
+the peace of this Garrison. May God give you the prosperity of a
+Christian.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Francisco Guerra y Vega.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Fla., September 2d, 1666.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The King.</span></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>To My Captain-General of the Provinces of Florida</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The principal people of the town of Santiago de Tolomato have written me
+a letter on the 21st of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_111" id="page_111"></a>{111}</span> March, 1658, that Don Luis Reyes y Borhas,
+being Governor of those Provinces, laid the foundation of the town of
+Santiago, which is three leagues distant from the Garrison of St.
+Augustine with the intention of continuing a passage to Morcana Guale
+and surrounding Provinces and although at the founding there were many,
+only about thirty remained including Casiques and persons of standing,
+to continue the work. They beg that you will send more people, since
+they are quick and disposed to work, so that they may complete the
+passage as far as San Juan, a distance of twelve leagues, as much for
+the relief of the soldiers as other things that may occur. That they
+should not be called upon to perform other duties, as they have been by
+the Governors who has not recompensed them for their services. Calling
+upon them to unload vessels arriving at the Garrison, cut timber from
+the forests and other services not in their line of duty, taking them
+from their labor when planting corn, which is the principal sustenance
+for themselves and families, causing them to lose their crops and suffer
+hunger. Having seen in my Council of the Indias what I said to my Judge,
+it has seemed right that I should order and command you, as I have done,
+that hereafter you do not employ the people of said town in your own
+personal work and that you proceed to preserve them and relieve their
+wants by every possible means in your power and you will serve me best.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">I The King.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="nind">
+Madrid, February 26th, 1670.<br />
+By order of the King our Lord.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Juan Tubiza</span>,<br />
+Chairman of the Council.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_112" id="page_112"></a>{112}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X.</h2>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1671-1673.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>’Tis the judgment of the Court that Pedro Menendez received the
+title of Governor of Florida by right of conquest, Captain-General
+and Commander of the Fleet by appointment of the King, Don Felipe,
+the Second, as well as other positions of trust because of his
+valor and faithful service and that these titles shall be given to
+his legitimate heirs and for which same the Don Gabriel Menendez
+Tarres y Aviles doth petition and it is the judgment of this Court
+that said titles shall be so conferred—Important papers burned in
+Simancas—Manuel De Mendoza gives information commanded by his
+Majesty as to the designs of the English enemy—The discovery of
+the South Sea by the four vessels sailing through the Straights of
+Magellan—Condition of this Garrison and fortification and other
+Provinces implores assistance for completing the work already
+begun—Report of Francisco De La Guerra y Vega to the King
+concerning an Englishman taken prisoner while he was Governor—The
+prisoner was one of a crew who landed in the Province of Guale—The
+Indians killed seven men, imprisoned three and two women—They
+proved to be part of company coming over to settle in St.
+Elena—This man, who was second in authority in the settlement, I
+detained as a prisoner, putting him on soldier’s rations—He was
+turned over to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_113" id="page_113"></a>{113}</span> my successor upon the expiration of my term of
+office—An effort was made to break up this settlement upon your
+Majesty’s soil, without success, however.</i> (1673.) </p></div>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Judgment of the Court.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The Governor, Don Gabriel Menendez Torres y Aviles, sets forth in the
+preceding petition that His Highness the King Don Felipe II (whom God
+grant may come to glory) agrees with the Governor Pedro Menendez y
+Aviles, Knight of the Order of Santiago, that his uncle, brother of his
+grandfather, had agreed about the year 1565, that he, the said Pedro
+Menendez, had to discover all the provinces of Florida, settle and build
+in them two or three towns, all at his own expense, for which service
+your Grace granted him the title of Governor of said Province and lands
+of Florida, with all the privileges and prerogatives that are granted
+the other Governors of Castile—and that having set sail to accomplish
+this, and make these settlements with a private galleon of his own, of
+900 tons, and many other ships and vessels which he also carried at his
+own expense and having conquered, as he effectively did, the said
+Province, and having settled and established two towns in it, which are
+today flourishing and supplying this crown, even before completion of
+this conquest. Your Majesty has named him Captain-General of the Royal
+Fleet which is to be commanded and joined in Santander against the
+English, commanding him to assist in this military exploit,
+notwithstanding that he is under obligations in the first place, by the
+treaty and agreement he had made of discovering all the land of the
+Province of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_114" id="page_114"></a>{114}</span> Florida within the given term of three years counting from
+the day he embarked and set sail in the Bay of the Port of Cadiz with
+the fleet he carried for said conquest. Being of the greatest importance
+the business for which the Royal Fleet was formed and arranged, and
+while he was preparing and getting it ready, the said Governor Menendez
+de Aviles died—and by his death the Duke of Medina Sidonia was
+immediately named Captain-General. Afterwards having been asked on the
+part of the legitimate heirs of the said Governor Pedro Menendez de
+Aviles, the accomplishment of all these services which your grant had
+offered him, it was contradicted by the Attorney-General of this
+Court—taking advantage of one of said agreements which reads: “That if
+in the expressed term of three years the Governor Pedro Menendez de
+Aviles should not have finished and completed in all the said conquest
+according to agreement, neither your Majesty nor any other Kings, your
+successors, should be bound to fulfil any of the rewards offered.” For
+this reason the heirs brought suit against the Attorney-General which
+was continued. For sentence, by revision of the Court it was ordered to
+be given to Don Martin Menendez, oldest brother of the petitioner, the
+title of perpetual Governor of said Provinces, as had been done with his
+uncle, and besides they were to give him forty thousand ducats of
+silver.</p>
+
+<p>Withholding the charge of the Indias to augment from the right of
+succession which his uncle left established, and a fishery in said
+Province which the said Don Martin should select without any
+remuneration for the many expenses he incurred in the conquest, Don
+Martin Menendez having died without issue, or<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_115" id="page_115"></a>{115}</span> heir to his estate, the
+petitioner asked they expedite the title of Governor upon him, as it was
+expedient. Although endeavors have been made in the archives of Simancas
+to find these papers, they have not been found, and it is said they were
+burned in the fire which occurred in these archives. Imploring your
+Majesty’s order that the pre-eminence and prerogative be reserved and
+observed as with the title of all the other courts and marquises of
+Castile, and also in consideration of the services rendered by the
+Governor his uncle, and other Generals of the Indias who were members of
+his house. Having seen in the Council of the Indias the petition and
+letters patent of nobility, and considering the great services done by
+Pedro Menendez de Aviles in the conquest of Florida as well as in other
+positions of trust where he has acted with so much valor as to deserve
+that his King Felipe the Second should have voluntarily given him the
+title of Governor, and that his successors continue to occupy positions
+as Generals—his house having spread such glory and honor as to be
+noted, it has seemed well that your Majesty should grant the petitioner
+the title of Castile, that he may enjoy the honors he so well deserves
+as a reward for his many and remarkable services. Your Grace will
+command that which is most deserved.</p>
+
+<p>Madrid, November 28th, 1671.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Sire</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>By Cedula of January 20th of this year, your Majesty commands me to give
+information regarding the designs of the English enemy. Also of the
+discovery<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_116" id="page_116"></a>{116}</span> of the South Sea by the four vessels which sailed through the
+Strait of Magellan, from which I had news that they arrived at Baldivia
+dismantled. A German Captain was in command. He showed great zeal in
+serving you. He gave a long account of the Viceroy of Peru, and what he
+intended doing. The Government Places under my charge are the Garrison
+of St. Augustine, Harbour and Port of Apalache and the river St.
+Catherine, a frontier of St. Elena, where the English enemy are at
+present; a few other less important harbours, all of which I desire to
+have guarded as by your orders I am obligated.</p>
+
+<p>As regards this Garrison, head of this Province, and the state of the
+Fortification which is being built and the designs of the English enemy
+and the overtures made by them. This being a frontier of the Province of
+Guale where I have stationed some infantry to watch the movements and
+intuitions of the enemy, and where they could detain them, while I sent
+aid and as strong a reinforcement as possible. It seems the proper thing
+for us to have sufficient troops there to impede the approach of the
+enemy on this Garrison and place sentinels all along to notify should
+they approach by land or sea. As to the Province of Apalache which falls
+almost in the bosom of Mexico, I am sure it is a place of no less
+importance than this Garrison, rather I should say more so, being
+thickly settled and reached by land from all the Provinces far as New
+Mexico, and all others still to be discovered far as the Strait of
+David, of which the German Captain discourses at such length in his
+statement. Besides, it is a fertile land, and much longed for by the
+enemy as it is noted for its agriculture, for which<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_117" id="page_117"></a>{117}</span> cause it should be
+well settled and fortified, its Harbour should have a good fort and at
+least one hundred infantry who could at any rate give the English enemy
+some trouble to occupy it or set foot in said Province. This should be
+done to prevent any damage, not alone in the Province, but to vessels
+plying the Mexican path. I implore you to look into the matter with the
+care and attention the case requires. So far as I am concerned, I have
+made every effort in my power to secure and protect it. I shall try to
+push this building through rapidly, that I may go and reconnoitre that
+Province, carrying with me the military engineer, Ygnacio Daza, who
+resides in this Garrison, that he may point out what is needed at
+present. I implore your Majesty most earnestly to look with pious pity
+upon your Royal Provinces and send all the assistance you can to
+complete this building and the other works of which this Garrison stands
+in such need, lacking all the means of protection by which we can serve
+your gracious Majesty.</p>
+
+<p>May God spare you for many years.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Manuel de Mendoza.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Fla., Dec. 15th, 1672.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="r">
+1673.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Your Majesty</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>In a letter of Yours of the present month and year, you tell me that
+seeing in the Council a letter which was received, written in English,
+it was agreed that I should inform you of what had happened to an
+Englishman, said to be prisoner in St. Augustine, Fla., where I was
+Governor. The cause and pretext for<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_118" id="page_118"></a>{118}</span> making him a prisoner. Complying
+with what your Majesty asks, I inform you in the following manner:</p>
+
+<p>About the end of May of last year there arrived in one of the ports of
+the Province of Guale, which belongs to the Christian Indians, an
+English vessel. Some of the crew having landed in a launch, the Indians
+of that Province killed seven men, imprisoned three men and two women,
+then the vessel with all speed turned and went off, not giving time that
+from St. Augustine, where I was Governor, we should send help to those
+Ports to aid in imprisoning them. Bringing me these prisoners I ordered
+that their declaration be taken, at which I was present. They declared
+that they had come over with vessels to settle in the Port of St. Elena,
+distant from the Garrison of St. Augustine forty or fifty leagues north.
+In the month of June of last year there came to the Garrison a soldier
+with the news that the vessels had returned and entered the same Port,
+reinforced and with the flag of truce, the captain and four other men
+had landed and that speaking to a Lieutenant in command of the infantry
+on guard, they told him how they were establishing a settlement near St.
+Elena, with two hundred men, and that they came in search of the
+prisoner, delivering at the same time to the Lieutenant two letters from
+the Governor of that settlement, written in Latin, in which he asks that
+the prisoner be delivered, if not, they declared themselves enemies.</p>
+
+<p>With this news I called a general meeting of the Royal Officers and
+Commanders of the war, from which resulted that all agreed it was the
+better way to serve God and your Majesty, and secure the quietude of
+those Provinces, to break up said settlement, and that<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_119" id="page_119"></a>{119}</span> we should go to
+work before they fortified themselves and take possession of more land.
+For this purpose they prepared themselves and equipped three vessels at
+that time in Port. The Chief in command being appointed by the Board,
+assigning him a number of warriors to obtain the object for which they
+went. A storm overtook the vessels and they could not get there in time
+and so arrived without accomplishing anything. Of the referred to
+notice, on two or three occasions, it was presented to your Majesty and
+to the Marquez of Macera, Viceroy of New Spain, always stating what was
+best to the service of God and your Majesty. To make every effort to
+dislodge the said settlement, it belonging to the Christian Indians, and
+they being new to our doctrine, might be easily influenced by the
+heresies of the English. And although not new to our Holy Faith, we
+might have the same doubts as they are a variable and roving people. It
+was advisable for your Majesty’s service that we should dislodge them at
+that time, that they might not possess themselves of that Province and
+the interior land, and make themselves owners. It would not be well to
+have a settlement of a strange Nation on your Majesty’s territory
+without your orders. From this information I awaited a reply to follow
+out the Orders from your Majesty and the Viceroy, and that together you
+would aid me, and with some help, as that Post lacks people, I detained
+the prisoner, not ill-treating him, in the house of one of his
+countrymen, allowing him military rations, which is what the soldiers in
+service have. As I was advised that the prisoner was the second person
+in authority in that settlement, I placed him under better security,
+that he<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_120" id="page_120"></a>{120}</span> might not escape and inform them of the lack of forces in the
+Garrison, for without doubt knowing it the settlement would come and
+take possession at very little cost. Just at this time my term of
+Governor came to an end, without having determined upon a method to work
+in this affair, I turned all over to the Governor, my predecessor, that
+he might act as ordered in the reply to my information. This is all that
+I can tell you regarding the English prisoner. By this the Council will
+know that I always worked with Christian zeal, trying to stop anything
+opposed to the increase of our Holy Catholic faith. God preserve you
+many years.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Francisco de la Guerra y Vega.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Madrid, July 12th, 1673.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_121" id="page_121"></a>{121}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI.</h2>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1675.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Letters to the King from the Governor, Pablo Ita Salazer—The oath
+administered in the tower of the old Fort, which is tumbling
+down—The Garrison in want of supplies and ammunition—No
+warehouses—Exposed to the fatalities of the weather—The Fort in
+danger from pirates—Necessary to use Spanish daggers for the land
+side protection—More money badly needed to finish the
+works—Importance of the Castle to the Garrison—A pentagonal form
+recommended—A hundred men needed to guard the Castle—The Viceroy
+of Spain did not send the ten thousand dollars—Fort in danger from
+pirates—Two hundred leagues from Havana and five hundred from New
+Spain.</i> </p></div>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1675.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Sire</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>I have repeatedly given you an account of the manner in which I assumed
+control of this Government, taking the oath of fidelity in the tower of
+the Old Castle, which is almost in ruins, the artillery dismounted and
+scattered as if on a beaten field of battle. The blind obedience my duty
+demands in any employment of your Majesty, forces me to again repeat the
+condition of things. The old wooden Fort is in ruins, the stone one
+incomplete and with no defense whatever. No income or means to finish
+it. In the commissary department only one hundred “arrobas” of corn, and
+no<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_122" id="page_122"></a>{122}</span> other produce of any description. The Garrison is in the greatest
+want, as no vessels with supplies have yet arrived from New Spain.
+Seeing that we could not hold out three weeks longer, I seized two small
+vessels carrying about two thousand arrobas of corn. As the Fort was in
+such a demolished condition, with no defense and exposed to losing what
+was done, I detained these vessels, intending to give them some amount
+of embargo, conceding to each his share, but having communicated it to
+the Royal Officers, they thought it too severe treatment and that I
+should pay freight and the conquered’s pay; that it would be better to
+pursue such a course. I let the matter stand for the present, retained
+the crew and the vessels I sent to bring peons to continue the building
+of the Castle, which is so absolutely important. This was done with the
+greatest care and promptness, as demonstrated on the maps I submit to
+you. Being entirely without means for carrying on this work, I implore
+you will send it. The Fort has neither walls nor moat, some of the
+ramparts only half finished, no means of closing it to make it secure.
+It would seem that they have been careless in the guarding of the Fort,
+sending only twenty-five men each day to do duty when it should have at
+least one hundred men constantly on the watch. I repaired things as well
+as I could for the lodging of the men and guards that they might stay
+in, as is done in Flanders and Milan and other places, but the Officers
+refuse to occupy them, stating they are in no condition nor have they
+sufficient conveniences for them to go in. As it will be profitable and
+advantageous to you, I implore you again not only to send the money but
+the order compelling them to enter at least<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_123" id="page_123"></a>{123}</span> one hundred to guard the
+Castle. May God guide thee in what is right.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Pablo Ita Salazar.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Fla., Aug. 23rd, 1675.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Your Highness</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Not to fail in my duty, knowing as I do from twenty-two years’ service
+in your Majesty’s States of Flanders and other ports, the importance of
+fulfilling. It has seemed necessary for me to give you a full and
+detailed account of the fortification being built in this Garrison by
+your Royal Order. I have already informed you of the condition I found
+it in, on assuming control of this Government of Florida. Considering it
+one of your defenses and territory under whose banner it was conquered,
+I have taken the greatest pains to investigate matters thoroughly. At
+first I could not give as true a statement as I should have wished,
+seeing so many faults and errors; but the untiring efforts I have made
+to ascertain facts have brought to light certificates of the enormous
+cost of this building. Being a place for the defense of the Bar, or
+entrance to the Harbor, I find that by making this fortification in a
+pentagonal form the bulwarks will point directly towards the Bar serving
+to defend from and towards an attack, and by building a battery it
+covers us in a measure from the enemy. Wishing to discuss this matter I
+called a meeting of the Royal Officers showing them the great saving of
+cost to the Royal Exchequer; but they seem opposed to the plan and,
+having no orders from your Highness, I am obliged to leave the work as
+it is. My greatest desire is to finish it and have the opportunity of
+defending<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_124" id="page_124"></a>{124}</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_pg_124_lg.jpg">
+<img src="images/ill_pg_124.jpg" width="500" height="415" alt="Image
+unavailable: Remains of the St. Augustine City Gateway." /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">Remains of the St. Augustine City Gateway.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_125" id="page_125"></a>{125}</span></p>
+
+<p class="nind">it with my life. As on other occasions in other places, I have exposed
+that life. God grant you a long life.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Pablo Ita y Salazar.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Fla., Nov. 23rd, 1675.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Sire</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Having done me the honor to appoint me Mayor of the new city of Vera
+Cruz and port of San Juan de Ulloa, you still further honored me by
+appointing me Governor of Florida.</p>
+
+<p>I immediately began an investigation of the state of the Old Castle and
+the new stone one being made by your order. In the first place I found
+it had the shape which will be clear to you in the report and letter of
+the same date as this. Secondly, they continued with many difficulties
+the building of the new one, as the Viceroy of New Spain has not
+assisted with the ten thousand dollars a year to which this Garrison is
+entitled by provision of your Majesty, and as you have no money or other
+effects in your Royal Chests to supply the wants, I have made it known
+to the Archbishop and Viceroy of New Spain by report and petition,
+showing them how urgent it was to send us a certain sum for the
+continuance of the building. I also notified the Judge of the Royal
+Audience of Mexico, as is evident through all that I place before you
+also what I have forwarded to the general finance office, who refused to
+send any sum whatever until I had from this Garrison given a report of
+the state of the building of the Castle, and the distribution made of
+the salary assigned since I took possession of this Government. I found
+the Port in a most dilapidated<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_126" id="page_126"></a>{126}</span> condition with no defense. I took the
+oath of fidelity as you ordered, and not to be wanting in my duty as a
+faithful vassal, as by being this, I have merited the great honors you
+have bestowed upon me in the field. Having taken the oath I received
+different Royal Cedules, among them one in which you command the Viceroy
+to send ten thousand dollars more for the building, and that the
+citizens and soldiers aid as far as they are able, as is done in other
+places, as the benefits redound to their good and security. I must tell
+you that they do, coming in person to assist in the building, with the
+accustomed punctuality which is all they can do, because this Garrison
+is composed of a few married soldiers who are extremely poor, their
+income not exceeding the salaries earned each year. This being a land of
+no commerce nor communication by entrances or departures of vessels,
+there being no produce or other necessaries with which to accumulate an
+income. And although you pay their salaries they never receive it in
+full, as they must first assist in the buying of accoutrements for the
+three vessels that bring the supplies. From their salaries they have
+also paid for the repairs of the Old Castle and the furtherance of the
+new building, warehouses, Royal Houses and all other necessary things
+which present themselves in a post, as you have not assigned to this
+Garrison any means for similar expenses, nor is there anything in the
+Royal Chests. There are no rents of any kind to supply them and it is in
+charge only of Royal Officers. The poor allowance divided among the
+infantry and the state of the Castle will be evident to you from the
+reports sent you, and I assure you that having served you for a period
+of forty-two<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_127" id="page_127"></a>{127}</span> years in the armies of Germany, Flanders and Badajos, in
+none of them have I been so well pleased as in this one, for the many
+difficulties and dangers. The lack of means for completing the
+fortification, the invasions and the lack of forces in which I find
+myself, as you will see by the lists I forward you of the subjects who
+are disabled and old and enjoy the privileges of false muster through
+your kindness. The soldiers and sailors, who at present run on these
+vessels and are absent most of the time, and those who are on guard as
+sentinels. So, when the boats are obliged to go out for supplies I am
+left with about eighty men who can serve. Besides this, we have no
+ammunition nor supplies, so much so that when I arrived the want was so
+great that families were obliged to go in the woods and hunt for roots
+to keep themselves from starvation. So exposed and in need were they
+that had a vessel landed and offered them food they would have miserably
+surrendered. And we are always thus exposed to this fatality, because we
+have no warehouses of food supplies as in every other port such as San
+Juan de Ulloa, Acapulco and Morro of Havana, in these parts. My
+experience in Flanders, Castillo de Amberes, Gante y Cambria, they have
+supply stores of vegetables, biscuit, cheese and hung beef, enough to
+last at least one year. I have sent them supplies for a long time, for
+in cases of accident, and here on account of the distance and slowness
+of communication there should be more care. Havana, the nearest point,
+is two hundred leagues, and New Spain is five hundred, so you see the
+vessels have to sail a long way exposed to the fatalities of storm,
+weather and pirates, which can at any time<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_128" id="page_128"></a>{128}</span> overtake them. I have
+thought proper to place all these statements before you, as being so
+important to your Royal Service you may consider them. And I beg you
+will aid in this building of the Fort, by sending the required means for
+its continuance. It would be a very great affliction for these Provinces
+to leave it in its present state. While I have seen many castles of
+importance and great renown, none surpass this one, nor have been built
+at so small a cost in the Indies, as will be demonstrated to you in the
+accompanying certificates given by the Royal Officer. It seems that the
+peons earn only one real a day and three pounds of corn, making the
+twenty-five pounds come to eight reals, which is the correct price.
+Their living in other places would be at least four reals. Two of the
+Captains who assist in the building and hewing of stone, earn only six
+reals a day, where in other places they would make at least three and
+four dollars per day. All the material and other things needed are in
+other places placed convenient for the workmen, so that had it been
+built elsewhere than in this Garrison it would have cost more than
+eighty thousand dollars. I find it very damaging for this Garrison to be
+without any fortification. We are obliged to tear down the old Castle
+just next to it, and the new one is not yet closed in, so that we fear
+the enemy who with a much larger force could easily capture us. They are
+only distant fifty leagues, two days’ sailing, and once that they were
+owners of this Port, they would be of the entire Province destroying all
+the conversions of the Indians who to the service of God are supported
+and protected by the King and a great trouble to your vassals who sail
+back and forth in the commerce with<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_129" id="page_129"></a>{129}</span> this America. Being owners, they
+would have all the ports, and with their pirates stationed everywhere
+that vessels should pass. I feel the Port a little more secure than when
+I came, for one of the bastions is about completed, and by closing the
+other side looking landward with a palisade of Spanish daggers and tuna,
+I can retire if it should become necessary. In the meantime your Majesty
+will kindly apply the means sufficient to finish the work as speedily as
+possible, as the petition states the danger and risk this Garrison is
+in. May God spare you many years of the work of Christianity.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Pablo Ita y Salazar.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Fla., June 15th, 1675.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_130" id="page_130"></a>{130}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII.</h2>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1675.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>An effort to be made to dislodge the English from Santa
+Elena—Orders to complete the Castle—Appalache considered the best
+Province for settlement—Families from Yucatan for settlers, also
+the Carrabies—Supplies sent from New Spain—Barracks to be made in
+the Fort for the soldiers—Money sent to finish the new Castle,
+also supplies for the soldiers—The neighbors to assist in building
+the new Castle—Repairs on the bulwarks at Guale—Increase of
+troops ordered for St. Augustine—A Fortress ordered built at
+Appalache for the defense of that Province.</i> </p></div>
+
+<p>By dispatch of the same month and year notice was given Governor Pablo
+Ita Salazar of the commands issued to his predecessor and to the Viceroy
+of New Spain regarding the dislodging of the English from the Port of
+St. Elena, of which they had taken possession with the intention of
+settling near the mouth, which in effect they did, occupying a passage
+called St. George. For this reason notice was sent the Sergeant-Major
+Nicolas Ponce de Leon to proceed to dislodge the English from this
+settlement, gathering all the forces of that Province and asking aid of
+the Viceroy of New Spain who was ordered to reinforce him with what he
+needed. He did not think there would be any considerable difficulty in
+accomplishing this, as<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_131" id="page_131"></a>{131}</span> from four English fugitives he had learned all
+they had done.</p>
+
+<p>By another dispatch the Governor of Florida was told that the Viceroy of
+New Spain had notified them of having aided that Garrison with all the
+supplies needed. As to the hundred families he asked for, that should go
+as laborers for the increase and culture of crops, they would look into
+the matter and attend to his representation of it when the case came up,
+and he was specially charged to be very careful and watchful in
+completing the Castle and defense of that Garrison.</p>
+
+<p>By Cedula of 1673 the Governor of Yucatan was asked to send to Florida
+twenty-four families of Indians—master weavers—for the increase of
+those Provinces for which purpose he would place himself in
+correspondence with the Governor of the Islands, that both might work
+out the best means of accomplishing it.</p>
+
+<p>The Governor of Florida replied that the best and most desirable
+Provinces for the Spanish nation to settle would be Appalache and others
+very near it. It was exceedingly fertile, and if the settlers were
+laborers the crops would be very abundant. They gather wheat as
+abundantly as corn which is the general sustenance. It would be easy to
+grow the fruits, the land being level and easy to reach on account of
+the many navigable rivers—to cultivate the lands in cotton, grain and
+indigo, which grows wild in those Provinces and the crops lost for the
+want of some one to cultivate them—and it would pay beautifully. This
+could be increased by putting the twenty-four Yucatan families in for a
+limited time. Having seen all this in the Council, they again commanded
+the Governor of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_132" id="page_132"></a>{132}</span> Yucatan to place himself in communication with the
+Governor of Florida and try to send these families, since such great
+gain would result from it, to those who go as native Indians of Florida
+to whose Governor he ordered, if this was carried into effect to supply
+them with the necessaries as per order of Cedula of 1673.</p>
+
+<p>By dispatch of this same year the Governor of the Canaries was ordered
+and informed of the statement made by the Government of Florida
+regarding the hundred families going over to settle, telling him the
+means which could be used, and that it be carried and quickly and
+effectively that they might have the chance of obtaining the settlements
+of these Provinces. The Council of War having seen what Governor Pablo
+Ita Salazar had to say of the lack of food from which the Province was
+suffering, and the lack of means for obtaining it, commanded the Viceroy
+of New Spain to send that Garrison the necessary supplies for six months
+in advance, both ammunition and food, on account of the condition of the
+Garrison, so that it could be prepared for any emergency which might
+arise, and not be without defense, and to give an account of its
+execution. It was also commanded the Viceroy to send the necessary money
+to Florida that they might make Barracks and lodgings in the Fort for
+the soldiers who entered as guards, that they might be comfortable under
+cover and suffer less hardships. He was advised that all should be done
+with as little expense as possible, and to communicate with the Governor
+to whom the same order had been given. He said Don Pablo Ita Salazar
+made a report of the state in which he found the building of the new
+Castle in<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_133" id="page_133"></a>{133}</span> Florida, and the lack of means with which to continue it. The
+Council of War having seen this report notified the Viceroy to send the
+supplies of three hundred troops, the quota of that Garrison, and three
+thousand dollars to be expended in the delayed fortification of said
+Castle; approved by the Governor, it should continue the work of the
+Castle, and he was recommended to try and reduce the expenses to the
+absolute necessary. That the neighbors might help in the building, as
+they were interested, and it was for their own convenience and defense
+that they could assist without loss of time, and with the supply of
+three hundred troops who would remain in the Castle. That the number of
+soldiers there was so reduced it would not only pay the people well but
+there would be a surplus of capital to provide all that was needed. That
+this complement of infantry should be kept in the Garrison, and his
+Majesty had resolved to send a hundred more soldiers by the first
+opportunity. He again commanded the Viceroy to punctually supply the
+wants, so that no cause can stop the building of the Castle.</p>
+
+<p>In a letter of August 24th, 1675, the Governor, Don Pablo Ita Salazar,
+reported to have decided upon making a roof or covering for the bulwarks
+at Guale, to put the powder and other ammunitions used in the Garrison,
+and a Barracks and guard house, because what they had was of wood and
+exposed to incendiaries. That the Royal Officers were so opposed he
+desisted in its execution to avoid unpleasant encounters until it should
+be known in the Council, and together with the reports of the Officers.
+He ordered the continuance of the Castle for better security and defense
+at the least cost to the Royal Treasury.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_134" id="page_134"></a>{134}</span></p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Fortification of Appalache.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Don Manuel Cendiga, being Governor of Florida, reported among other
+things the need of infantry in that Garrison—of what they had, much was
+in the Province of Appalache which belongs to that jurisdiction. For
+this reason his Majesty resolved to increase the troops of the Garrison
+of St. Augustine. He commanded the forty-three missionaries and the
+Viceroy of New Spain to order the Royal Officers of Mexico to increase
+the supply of troops in Florida, so that the quota remain at three
+hundred and fifty, besides the missionary fathers who must punctually
+supply them each year and solicit their complement.</p>
+
+<p>Don Pablo Ita Salazar, Governor of Florida, gave a report of the
+numerous infidel Indian settlements there were in the Province of
+Appalache, and that in the Province of Guale the English had a
+settlement at St. George. That with the vexations, killing and thefts,
+with the vicinity of one and the other the Christian Indians receive, we
+find the only remedy to be in erecting a fortification in the Province
+of Appalache and place in it one hundred soldiers, and a body of one
+hundred families around them. Then we might promise to keep them in
+obedience and subjection to this throne. The Council having seen this,
+ordered that at present they should prepare to make a fortress in the
+Port of Appalache in the best and easiest manner for the defense of that
+Port, and report by the first opportunity the time and amount required
+for building it. By still another dispatch he ordered the Governor to
+send a perfectly clear report of what he had already done regarding the
+fortress of the Port, and of all the Province; the spot best adapted for
+it,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_135" id="page_135"></a>{135}</span> the form and disposition, forces needed for the defense, and if
+there would be any difficulty in opening up the entrance of the Bay,
+where it was built; the depth of the water, if vessels could enter, and
+of what tonnage; have a very careful and minute report from some one of
+experience and a master. Send a map and report attached of what this
+work will cost, giving your opinion so that seeing it and the
+information asked on the matter the most advantageous resolutions may be
+taken for the security and defense of that Province.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_136" id="page_136"></a>{136}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1680-1685.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Letter from Pablo Ita Salazer to his Majesty—Indians of the
+Province of Guale ally themselves with the English and together
+with over three hundred men make war against the Spaniards of the
+Island of St. Catherine—Surprising and killing the sentinels, only
+one of whom escaped to warn the Garrison—The people gather in the
+convent of a Friar and defend themselves from daylight until four
+o’clock, when aid from this Garrison reached them—The enemy
+retires—Natives of the Island greatly alarmed—Disquieting news of
+the intentions of the enemy upon this Garrison—Implores the aid of
+the King quickly that the English may be ejected from the land—Don
+Juan Marquez Cabrera, Governor and Captain-General of Florida,
+gives an account to his Majesty of hostilities in the
+Provinces—Two Fleets, French and English, going and coming from
+Havana—Seize Fort Matanzas and after plundering, burn it to the
+ground—Is being rebuilt—Great depredations committed up and down
+the coast by the enemy—Indians and half-breeds taken and sold into
+slavery—Pushing the work on the Castle—Grieved over its slow
+progress, owing to lack of workmen—Begs to be allowed to retire
+because of age and long service—To Charles II, our principal
+Casique, the King—From the people of the territory of
+Habalache—<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_137" id="page_137"></a>{137}</span>The King to the Governor and Captain-General of Florida
+concerning ten negroes from St. George who asked for the waters of
+baptism—A Sergeant-Major from St. George comes to claim
+them—Because they have become Christians the Spanish King decides
+to buy them—After receiving a receipt they are to be set at
+liberty, each one given a document to that effect—The King
+reprimands Don Diego Quirago for not immediately attending to these
+matters—Orders a full account to be sent as soon as it is
+accomplished.</i> </p></div>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1680.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Sire</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>In a letter of April last year I stated to you the misgivings I felt
+about the English who have populated the Province of Carolina and River
+St. George. In November of the following year I repeated this with some
+evidence, and such a plan or a map from the River St. George to Mobile.
+Afterwards I was notified that five Englishmen had put to flight one of
+the Towns and penetrated as far as the Province of Guale, which belongs
+to the jurisdiction of this Garrison, where they came to take
+declarations and give information concerning the coming of the English
+to those parts; all of which I submit to your Majesty.</p>
+
+<p>My duty today is to give an account of what happened in the Province of
+Guale this year. The Chuchumacos, Bechizes and Chulucas who were at war
+among themselves, but had maintained friendly relations and trading with
+this Province, became friendly with the English and have declared
+themselves our enemies. They made an invasion first on the Island of
+Guadalquiri in Guale, then on the main land they killed<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_138" id="page_138"></a>{138}</span> and scalped a
+number of the Natives until these latter rallied and, with one of our
+Lieutenants at the head, sallied forth and repulsed them. A few days
+later they made an entrance on the Island of St. Catherine, one of the
+frontiers, with a force of over three hundred men. They killed the
+Sentinels who were six in number, one only escaping, who gave the alarm
+and the citizens were able to defend themselves. There were forty-five
+Spaniards from this Garrison and about a hundred Natives. They took
+refuge in the Convent of the Friar, who teaches the Gospel in that
+Province, Captain Francisco Suentes, whom I sent two years ago to take
+charge of that place, who defended himself and army with great valor and
+distinction from daylight until four o’clock in the afternoon against
+these Indians, who were armed with firearms. Instantly upon receiving
+information of the danger I sent aid to the number of thirty soldiers on
+foot and a vessel with eighteen marines. When they arrived the enemy had
+retired. I am assured that among them were several Englishmen who
+instructed them in the use of the firearms, which consisted of long
+guns. This caused great consternation and horror among the natives who
+at first evacuated the Island of St. Catherine, but am informed have
+since returned doubling their forces. I had sent eight men to them from
+this Garrison and I am resolved to send twenty—it being a place of the
+utmost importance to this Garrison, as a protection against invasions
+and also to obtain food and supplies. The entrance to the Bar of Zapola
+is easy and distant from it, as you can see on the map, only two
+leagues. Information has been brought me by a pilot, who left here and
+was taken prisoner by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_139" id="page_139"></a>{139}</span> French, that he overheard them say they would
+come to this Province, possess themselves of the Island and Bar of
+Zapala. This is damaging news, and my greatest trouble is lack of
+troops, for altogether I have only some two hundred and ninety. I have
+increased this with a few natives of seemingly good disposition, should
+a fight occur in this Fort, but so inexperienced that they could not
+support us. This Post is mainly composed of mariners, pilots,
+shipmasters and mates, twelve artillerymen, six widows and a few
+children to whom, through your mercy, you grant pay, and ten or twelve
+decrepit old men who by age are exempt from toil. I have twenty-four men
+in Apalache, distant eighty leagues, and two in Timuqua, two in the pass
+of Salamatoto, ten leagues distant from this Garrison. The sentinels of
+Matanzas and the Bar. All this causes me great distress as I should be
+obliged to repair to the field and I have no resources possible with so
+few people. Notwithstanding, I propose, with the help of God, to improve
+it, and thus will the conversions advance and secure the road to Mexico.
+It is expedient to run the English out of that land, and there are not
+two hundred firearms in the armory nor among the soldiers and natives.
+If the thirty lancers and hundred infantry I sent for three years ago
+had come, things would be in a different shape. With a hundred families
+to protect, a good deal of aid is needed as speedily as possible and
+your Majesty will send them promptly as to the interest of your service.
+God protect you.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Pablo Ita Salazar.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Fla., May 14th, 1680.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_140" id="page_140"></a>{140}</span></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1682.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Sire</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Don Juan Marquez Cabrera, your Governor and Captain-General of the
+Provinces of Florida, gives you an account of how since last February of
+this year they have experienced many hostilities in these Provinces from
+two French and English fleets who, since they discovered and settled
+with ten vessels they brought on these coasts towards the south, have
+taken and settled all the entrances and Ports, having seized seven
+vessels that were coming and going to the City of Havana, entered and
+plundered the Fort of Matanzas with no resistance from those within, and
+on another occasion in the same place, where there were forty-five
+Spaniards, captains, lieutenants and soldiers, there came four hundred
+Indians with firearms and arrows to one of the trenches at the edge of
+the two rivers at the foot of the Fort and this time they did not
+discharge a single shot, but set fire to the Fort and burned it, being
+of wood. I am again rebuilding it in the shape of a bonnet or cap with
+its inclinations bias, which it did not have before, with twenty-five
+stone houses, so that twelve or sixteen soldiers can defend it. On
+retiring they entered the River of Point Martin in Laungara, eighteen
+leagues inland and forty from this Garrison; thirty-five Frenchmen
+entered and plundered the estate Lachua, imprisoning the owner and some
+of his slaves and other persons and their servants. They were assisted
+in this by three of the neighbor Casiques, with sixteen Indians. As they
+retired they were met by an ambush who liberated the owners of the
+estate with the loss of one Indian. Although there were five Spaniards,
+with the degree of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_141" id="page_141"></a>{141}</span> Captain who enjoy the rank and pay, excused
+themselves on the occasion because they feared if they had any one to
+encourage them the enemy would not have left one. As soon as I received
+the news, although I am very scarce of people for the defense of the
+Castle, I made every effort possible to send the Sergeant-Major of this
+Post with forty soldiers as quickly as possible. Finding the enemy
+already embarked, I ordered him to obstruct the river, seeing the danger
+to this Province, not having had any orders from you to keep it open.
+Notwithstanding all the Sergeant-Major’s efforts to place obstructions,
+I fear the enemy will invade this Garrison if only to see the Fort that
+is being built. It is to be in the shape I have shown you on the map,
+and plan I have given the Adjutant Alonzo Solano, superintendent of the
+work, a man of much intelligence and quite capable of carrying it on. At
+the time the French were destroying the estate Lachua the English landed
+at the bar of Mosquito Inlet; they killed ten Indians and captured
+eighteen. They had also captured the frigate that left this Post for New
+Spain; they captured it with a pirate vessel which had come from
+Jamaica, as testified to by the “Autos” I sent, in which I also stated
+the other hostilities and depredations as you can see in the Office of
+the Royal Council. It is a source of grief to me to see the manner in
+which they take these poor Indians and sell them into slavery, as they
+have done with many, selling them on the Island of Barbado. They even
+take the mixed ones, children of Spaniards and Indians. Although I am
+quite advanced on the building and defense of the Castle, I feel
+disconsolate when I think of the scarcity of troops and the inferior<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_142" id="page_142"></a>{142}</span>
+quality of those I have who are cowardly and pusillanimous as I have
+before represented them to you. I repeat it, in hopes that you will send
+me at least two good Captains and a hundred first class men. Besides
+being dastardly those I have, many of them are too old to be of service,
+having been retired and pensioned off. I am heartily sick of those who
+have been pensioned off, and of the children who have been pushed into
+service with no other object than to receive the pay. While mindful of
+the humane interests, this at times is exceedingly trying to my
+patience. And so, since the Fort is assuming such shape, I implore you
+to give the order needed of sending more men. I also implore your
+Majesty that having served you so many years without complaint against
+me, that you will replace me in this Garrison and give me permission to
+retire.</p>
+
+<p>God grant you a long and prosperous life.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Juan Marquez Cabrera.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Fla., July 16th, 1682.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Charles II, Our Principal Casique, to the King.</span></h3>
+
+<p>God, who with His power has created us from nothing, it being His
+will—we live, although with work and misfortune, it matters not how, so
+we live, with our limited understanding, every day without ceasing as we
+are commanded by our Creator, since He so wishes it, we praise and
+reverence Him. Leaving this apart we also, the nobility and all in
+general, old men and old women, children, orphans and disabled, as many
+as are found in this territory called Habalache, every day we say it
+seems to us, we do not reverence, embrace<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_143" id="page_143"></a>{143}</span> and receive in our hearts our
+principal Casique and King and his noble words. Saying this among
+ourselves it seems to make us more humble and disposed to receive your
+words when it reaches our ears. As at present, we could long since have
+written you, for the obedience we show you, and not waited for your many
+noble works, and to make known to you of what we are here seeing and
+suffering, being not only ourselves, but all in this world, who were
+created from nothing by the will of God. Our priests whose duty it is to
+care for our souls, cleanse them and absolve them, teaches us good
+things, and takes away and quenches in us ugly and evil things helping
+us on to be good Christians, as it is for this you have shown us such
+great mercy, and so we recognize it, and are believing with one heart.
+Second: Although we are ignorant people, we think that our hearts and
+souls belong to our Creator—our bodies and their government, and to
+whom they belong to teach and punish is to our Head, whom thou art, and
+whom we recognize as our chief Casique and King, and as the grass grows
+and has roots, bathed by the dews of night, so we and all your miserable
+vassals are nourished by your noble words, and although bodily we do not
+see you with our eyes, we take it from the one who represents you as
+your Governor and Captain-General—and to him we look as to you and as
+your words coming from him who we see, hear and understand, and guard,
+believing and obeying him—</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Sire</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>From information that I was able to gather by means of gifts to the
+native Indians, I succeeded in<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_144" id="page_144"></a>{144}</span> finding out the designs of the settlers
+of St. George and of the new settlement in St. Elena, where this
+Garrison was first—distant from here some sixty leagues. About 50
+Indians, with orders from the Governor of St. Elena, were to enter the
+Province of Tamaqua, do all the damage and hostilities they could,
+taking prisoners and killing the natives. I immediately sent a dispatch
+by carrier to the Lieutenant of that Province to be on guard and care
+for the towns. It seems that some six hours before he received my
+notice, they had entered and destroyed the town of Afinca, a place of
+about sixty natives. About fifty men entered with sixteen guns and the
+balance with bows and arrows and machetes, everything exactly as I had
+been informed. They belong to the Yamares nation who have retired from
+this dominion and gone over to the English. They killed and carried off
+the prisoners as certified by a letter from the Lieutenant. I have
+restored as far as possible the Garrison of Tamaqua for the peace of its
+natives. If I had had the force sufficient I would have sent the vessels
+that I have to the settlement of Santa Elena and done them some damage,
+but, as it is, I have not sufficient forces for anything. The two
+Captains experienced in that part of the country are old, one of 70 and
+the other 60 years old. I am sorry to say, the enemy are settling in the
+interior, where they find the lands so rich and productive of all kinds
+of fruit. Should they come here they could easily capture us for the
+lack of men—we need men—more troops. I am informed that forty days
+ago, eleven vessels with seven hundred men, had been sent out from
+England. I am awaiting them with fear, for lack of men and ammunition we
+have. I also<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_145" id="page_145"></a>{145}</span> distrust my sentinels. I hope you will immediately send me
+re-enforcements.</p>
+
+<p>God preserve you, etc.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Juan Marquez Cabrera.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, April 15th, 1685.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The King.</span></h3>
+
+<p class="hang">
+<i>To my Governor and Captain-General of the City of St.
+Augustine in the Province of Florida, and Field Marshal
+Don Diego de Quiraga y Lasada, in whose charge that
+Government is now</i>:</p>
+
+<p>The Royal officers of that City have given me an account in different
+letters of their having arrived at that Garrison ten remaining negroes,
+eight males and two females, from St. George. That they asked for the
+waters of baptism, it was given them, after which a Sergeant-Major from
+St. George came to claim them. Not appearing to be the proper thing to
+return them after becoming Christians, it was agreed upon with the
+Sergeant-Major to buy them with the money from my Royal exchequer for
+the sum of sixteen hundred dollars, granting a writing to that purpose,
+to pay said sum at a stated time specified. To satisfy this I sent to
+the new city of Vera Cruz for this sum of money which was brought and
+deposited in my Royal coffers of that city, advising the Governor of St.
+Augustine and notifying the Governor of St. George to send for it. It
+seems they came for it at the time the Governor was distributing aid to
+the soldiers. He had notified me of the receipt of this money, but not
+receiving a reply, he supposed I was not satisfied with the transaction,
+imploring I<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_146" id="page_146"></a>{146}</span> should tell him what to do with the negroes. The men had
+been put to work on the Fort, and the women the Governor had retained as
+servants in his household. He paid the cost of them, and he only awaited
+my orders. In view of all that he asks, through the judge of my Council
+of the Indias, it occurs to me to say to you that Don Diego Quiraga was
+wanting in his duty by not sending to pay the money deposited in the
+Royal coffers for the purchase of said negroes and in the word he had
+given the English. He should have considered that in refusing to deliver
+them to the English, it was done to protect the religion; this alone
+would have sufficed, being as I am such a Catholic. For any excess
+expended in their purchase, notwithstanding my failure in replying to
+him on this point, and so, it appears strange what this Governor has
+done. And so, that you perfectly understand what I order you, as I do
+order you, that of the first money which comes into my Royal coffers of
+that City you immediately pay up the whole amount, and give the Governor
+of St. George perfect satisfaction for the 1,600 dollars agreed upon for
+the sale. The defraying of this to be done as quickly as possible. And
+as a reward for having come to these provinces to live under the laws of
+the Gospel and become Catholics, I order that immediately upon receipt
+of this, you give them all their liberty in my name, giving each one,
+males and females, a document to that effect, so that seeing their
+example others may do likewise. As soon as you have accomplished this
+you are to send me a full account, as this is my will.</p>
+
+<p>I, the King, sent by the King our Lord,</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Don Juan de la Vea</span>,<br />
+<i>Chairman of the Council</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_147" id="page_147"></a>{147}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV.</h2>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1689-1698.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Letter of the Governor and Captain-General of Florida, Don Diego
+Quiroba y Losada, to his Majesty—Giving an account of a custom
+obtaining in the Garrison which he deems dangerous to its
+safety—That is, the ringing of the church bells at midnight, when
+the Host is taken out to administer communion to the dying until
+the same is returned, oftentimes lasting hours, which same drowns
+the fire of the sentinel across the river, who is to fire as many
+times as there are vessels sighted—This danger has been fully laid
+before the Priest, but to no purpose, notwithstanding the city has
+been in arms for some days awaiting the enemy—There is also
+testimony accompanying this letter of the same purport—His Majesty
+by a Cedule of July 18th, 1694, asks for a statement of the order
+pursued in the functions of the Edicts of Faith and Anathema and
+the places where they conduct the Holy Tribunal of the
+Inquisition—These questions answered by Severino Mausaneda, March
+17th, 1690—In 1691 Governor and Captain-General of Florida, Don
+Diego Guiroga y Lorada, gives an account of a military review of
+St. Augustine—Of the great advantage and security to the city of
+building a sea wall extending from the Fort the entire length of
+the town, thus securing it against the sea which in storms comes up
+to the houses—<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_148" id="page_148"></a>{148}</span>The soldiers and citizens subscribe ten thousand
+dollars and his Highness is implored to designate a sum to help to
+build this wall that the people will be convinced of his Highness’
+interest—The King, A. D. 1698, to the Governor and
+Captain-General, Don Diego Guiroga y Losada, of the City of St.
+Augustine, in which he rebukes the said Governor for unjustly
+taxing the Indians, whom he wishes civilized, and not treated alone
+as vassals, but as his children, attending to their comfort and
+want, and imposes a fine if the money sent to be spent for canvas
+and provisions be not paid to these Indians as per
+agreement—Extracts from the investigations of the Council, in
+regard to alleged excesses committed by the Governor of Florida,
+Don Francisco Moral Sanchez—Besides the scandalous reports
+certified to, is his ill treatment of a Captain of Grenadiers
+acting according to his own will instead of by military law—The
+Royal Officers protest—Certify to the truth of these
+investigations, and implore justice from the King—A report
+according to his Excellency’s desire concerning affairs under
+Governor Don Francisco Marales Sanchez—The investigation shows
+that the facts set forth in the different papers and petitions sent
+to his Majesty to have been only too true—Impossible to put upon
+paper the strange, divers and extraordinary excesses committed by
+this Governor.</i> </p></div>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1689.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Sire</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Today I must give you an account of a custom I have found here, which
+might redound to the injury<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_149" id="page_149"></a>{149}</span> of this Garrison. It is that at any hour of
+the night when the Host is taken out to administer communion to the
+dying the church bells are rung and continue to ring until its return to
+the church, with the same solemnity as is done in the day time. Now,
+this might cause very serious results, as when we have the sentinel who
+is on duty across the river, to fire as many times as there are vessels
+in view, then the bells are rung and the people gather together. This
+makes us very attentive in listening for the firing and the noise of the
+bells at all hours prevents us from hearing and would give the enemy an
+opportunity of entering and capturing the Town. I always keep the Fort
+well guarded and am prepared, but as we know from so many occurrences in
+the Indias in the past few years, all the misfortunes of invasions have
+come from carelessness. I have solicited the Priest not to have this
+done and even refused to let him have the soldiers to follow in the
+procession, but he is very impertinent and says the church belongs to
+him and he shall do as it pleases him. Since the 28th of May we have
+been in arms awaiting the enemy, and I sent the Priest word not to ring
+by one of the soldiers, then by the Sergeant-Major—in spite of my
+message he rang the bells from half-past ten at night until half-past
+two o’clock. To avoid danger from this, I have given orders that none of
+the soldiers attend. If he desists from ringing I will allow him all the
+soldiers necessary. Things will work thus until your Majesty orders
+otherwise for the safety of this Garrison. God grant you long life.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Diego Quiroba.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Fla., August 16th, 1689.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_150" id="page_150"></a>{150}</span></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Testimony Which Accompanies This Letter.</span></h3>
+
+<p class="c">
+In the City of St. Augustine, Fla., May 28th, 1689.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The Captain of Cuirassiers, Don Diego Quiroba y Losada, Governor and
+Captain-General of this city and Province, by order of your Majesty.</p>
+
+<p>Says: That this Garrison being in arms and awaiting signals since
+Sunday, the 22nd. The church has on several occasions rung the bells
+after midnight in taking out the Holy Sacrament, continuing the ringing
+for two hours or more, without ceasing. This is contrary to all customs
+in Spain and the Indias, where the sacrament is not carried in pomp
+after night, but only by the Priest, the sacristan and two other persons
+who carry the lights. In a close Garrison it is more strictly observed,
+and for that reason should be more strictly enforced in this Garrison,
+as such things are risky, especially as we are under arms, and injury
+might result, as it would give the enemy time and opportunity to
+accomplish their intentions. We are trying to stand on the defensive and
+it might injure this very church itself. For this reason I sent word to
+the Priest, Don Alonzo de Legurion, Parish Priest and Vicar of this
+city, in all due form by St. Sebastian Lopez begging him to cease the
+ringing and setting forth the danger which could result. That he should
+not go out in pomp, but ask for all the soldiers he wanted and they
+would be sent. He would not listen, and threatened the Lieutenant with
+excommunication should he return. Another message I sent by the
+Sergeant-Major, Pedro Arauda y Avellanedas, to whom he made the same
+reply, stating that the Church was his and he would ring when he
+pleased—it had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_151" id="page_151"></a>{151}</span> given him by the Pontificate, and the Governor had
+nothing to do with it, and must not meddle. Such language and conduct
+disturbs the public peace. That all this may be certified to I have
+ordered testimony taken of the case and had the Sergeant-Major and
+Adjutant Sebastian Lopez examined, and so I sent it and sign</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Diego Quiroba y Losada</span>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Appeared before me, Alonzo Solano, Notary Public of the government, in
+the City of St. Augustine, Fla., as witness.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Sebastian Lopez.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="r">
+May 22nd, 1689.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Captain Diego Quiroba y Losada, Governor and Captain-General of said
+city, ordered to appear before me, the Adjutant, Sebastian Lopez, who is
+the actual Sergeant-Major in the Garrison, who was in my presence
+received and sworn in by the Notary Public, in the name of God and the
+Holy Cross, and having promised to tell nothing but the truth. Asked for
+the tenor of the Auto at the head of this Document, he said: That at
+about half-past two o’clock the bells of the church of this City were
+ringing. Having started out, his Lordship, the Governor, called him and
+ordered him to take a message to the Priest, telling him that he knew
+well that the City was in arms, the enemy being on this coast, and they
+had received signals that the vessels were in sight of the City, and to
+cease ringing the bells as the noise would prevent them from hearing the
+signal “to arms.” That coming to the church he told the Priest to stop
+ringing, that it made too much noise. The Priest’s reply was to order
+him to leave the church under pain of excommunication,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_152" id="page_152"></a>{152}</span> the witness
+returned three times with the Governor’s Message, but no attention was
+paid to his Lordship’s Message, and the bells continued to ring. That
+this is the truth, under sworn oath he states and affirms and that he is
+twenty-two years old and he signs it.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Sebastian Lopez Toledo.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Before me, Alonzo Solano, Notary Public and of the Government. It agrees
+with the original of which mention has been made and which I send.
+Executed in St. Augustine, Fla., on July 15th, 1689.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Alonzo Solano</span>,<br />
+Notary Public and of the Government.<br />
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>By Cedule of your Majesty dated in Madrid, July 18th, 1674, you ask for
+a statement of the order pursued in the functions of the Edicts of Faith
+and Anathena and the places where they conduct the Holy Tribunal of the
+Inquisition. And also the cause of the controversies offered by the city
+whenever they are performed and what has been done this year. The city
+to avoid all scandal resolved to allow the Commissioner of the
+Inquisition to conduct things his own way—taking testimony of all the
+proceedings to report to your Majesty. These acts have no fixed time,
+but left to the arbitration of the Commissioner who has them when he
+pleases, every two, three, and even six years. After discussion it was
+decided not to have them executed this year, as it is not a regular
+custom, and we wished to report before giving more examples of
+dissensions. For twenty years the City has allowed itself to be fined
+for neglect of duty in assisting at the performances. As there is no
+Tribunal of Inquisition<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_153" id="page_153"></a>{153}</span> here the Commissioner succeeded in getting the
+City to go to his house for him, and he, precedes the City. In church,
+his place to be on the Gospel side, with the humility recognized in such
+places. The decision of this controversy seems to depend on Law 20,
+Chapter 26, of the ninth recompilation of the Indias. This last, the
+Holy Tribunal of the Inquisition pretends is only understood by your
+Majesty, the Viceroys and Captain-Generals in whom are found a living
+representation. So that to represent the Holy Tribunal of the
+Inquisition the power is solely invested in your Commissioner—from this
+comes the act of tramping under foot your Government, whom the
+Commissioner tries to subdue in all, to his will, as well as the Notary
+Public and Ministers. That a stop may be put to his audaciousness it has
+seemed wise and prudent to make a report with testimonies attached to
+your Majesty, that you may act as you deem proper in the case.</p>
+
+<p>May God grant you long life.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Severino Mausaneda.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Havana, March 17th, 1690.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1691.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Your Highness</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Don Diego Quiroga y Lorada, Governor and Captain-General of the Province
+of Florida, in a letter dated January 8th, 1690, gives you an account of
+the general review which he passed on the soldiers of infantry and
+militia of that Garrison. He proposed the advantages and security
+occurring to the City by building a wall from the Fort, the whole length
+of the City along the sea, seeing the danger in which it now is of being
+ruined by floods from the sea<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_154" id="page_154"></a>{154}</span> (which already comes up to the houses)
+when we have the slightest storm. The soldiers seeing the necessity of
+it, immediately offered what they could, the citizens of the Province
+doing likewise, that the work might advance. I send a certificate
+showing that the amount of the offering they have made is ten thousand
+dollars, and that they will use every effort to build the wall, and they
+have commenced to get out the stone and other necessary things. I
+implore your Highness to designate a sum to help build this wall, which
+is so important and that these poor soldiers and citizens may feel
+encouraged to give more, seeing that your Majesty helps them in such
+needed work, since nothing less depends upon this wall than the
+preventing a flood of the place and separating the Castle, losing all
+that has been spent in the building of it. The Board is obliged to
+represent you. What the voluntary contributions of the soldiers and
+citizens of the Province is for the building of this wall, estimate the
+cost of it, and how much will be needed to continue the work, and with
+this and what you order, the Count of Galva, Viceroy of the New Spain,
+must send to Florida the sum of two thousand dollars, that the Governor
+may apply it to this work, and that he inform the Board of the size,
+latitude and thickness, the design of it, that they may better
+understand it. And that the Royal Officers certify that said portion of
+the two thousand dollars was spent on this work, sending an exact
+account and cause. Then, the soldiers and citizens of Florida seeing
+that your Majesty takes an interest in them and helps them, will feel
+encouraged to continue subscribing. You will decide as most convenient.</p>
+
+<p>Madrid, August 11th, 1691.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_155" id="page_155"></a>{155}</span></p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The King.</span></h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>To the Field Marshal Don Diego Quiroga y Losada—My Governor and
+Captain-General of the City of St. Augustine, in the Province of
+Florida, or to the Person or Persons in Whose Care His Government
+May Be</i>: </p></div>
+
+<p>In a letter of June the 8th, 1640, it refers, among other things, that
+you have sought the means of spending the money assigned for the
+purchasing of canvas and provisions for the Indians of the Pass of the
+River Salamototo, as was evident by the certificate and agreement that
+together with the Royal Officers of that city you made. Seeing all in my
+Council of War of the Indians—how special attention was called to the
+new tax imposed for the canoes that serve as transports at the referred
+river, I have resolved to order and command you (as I do) that the
+moment you receive this order, that you revoke the one by which you have
+distinguished yourself together with the Royal Officers, as the
+agreement of the 1st of February, of 1698, being worthy of reproof, the
+one that you and they are working in this matter, without any orders
+whatsoever from me—as should always be the case in questions of this
+nature especially when my royal soul is so moved towards the Indians, my
+desire so great, that they should be civilized and treated not alone as
+my vassals, but as my own children subjugating them and attending to
+their wants and comfort. Thus you will proceed to revoke what you have
+done. Advise my Royal Officers by dispatch of the date that they take
+note of this resolution in the books under their charge—so that at all
+times it shall be evident. And I also command that you immediately have
+published and posted proclamations to this effect in all<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_156" id="page_156"></a>{156}</span> public places
+in the city and Province inserting to the letter in the proclamation the
+contents of this dispatch, and sending to the board by the first
+opportunity presenting itself, testimony of having executed this
+procedure. A fine of a thousand reals imposed upon you, to be remitted
+if you do not execute this order immediately in the form that I have
+imposed and commanded. And that the canoes remain and be paid as they
+have been up to the present, and as they were up to the date when you
+imposed the above expressed tax. And you shall advise me clearly and
+plainly what has been the amount of these taxes up to the date of
+receipt of this dispatch, and if there be any portion of it, you have it
+placed at once in my Royal Chest in that city, to remain there until
+receiving my further orders. So does it suit me and my Royal service.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The Council.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Continuing the account of investigations which have been obtained and
+were promised in a letter of October 22nd to ascertain with certainty of
+the excesses committed by the Governor of Florida, Don Francisco Moral
+Sanchez.</p>
+
+<p>The Council makes known that the events are so strange and
+extraordinary, which by divers means have been understood to have taken
+place in that Garrison and its administration, that the very excess
+itself stuns one with astonishment and paralyzes the credulity of our
+mind—but, having complied with his duty as commanded, he explains: That
+he is quite assured of the truth of the report of the Engineer Don
+Antonio Arredondo, who was an eye-witness and had<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_157" id="page_157"></a>{157}</span> no reason whatever to
+judge him otherwise than impartially, being in no conceivable manner
+dependent. That his report agrees in every particular with the other
+letters written of the excesses of the above mentioned Governor as will
+be recognized by the document which accompanies this and is certified to
+by the Engineer Arredondo at the continuation of them in a private
+declaration made by the decree expedited for this purpose.</p>
+
+<p>That the few Indians of our faith represent and express their true
+sentiments, as indicated by a document I remit to this Council, through
+the Rev. Bishop of Micale, which they obliged Señor Arredondo to receive
+and remit to your Majesty. That other certificates of military and
+private individuals of that Garrison, with other documents which
+accompany this, and not only confirm, but add such scandalous excesses
+of the private life of that Governor, that it is impossible to find
+decent and decorous words with which to express them. And some of these
+words are from the mouth of religious Monks and Priests who affirm all
+these letters as well as the one written by Don Antonio Benavides—there
+are also later letters giving accounts of the same proceedings.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the scandalous reports being certified to by all, in about the
+same manner, they accuse the Governor of his treatment of the Captain of
+Grenadiers Don Felipe de Iturrieta, commandant of the detached troops,
+forgetting his personal merits, and official position, and his being a
+person of implicit integrity. He had him thrust into prison in a most
+shameful and scandalous manner—even depriving him of the resources of
+writing—and after trampling him in every<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_158" id="page_158"></a>{158}</span> way he incriminates him for
+disobedience in the performance of his duties—a mere pretense, for it
+was that this Officer refused to neglect his duty or allow his men to do
+so, by being off guard at the Barracks, where it is imperative,
+according to all military laws that guards should be at their post. The
+Governor wishing the men for his private purposes ignored or formed
+false conception of military duties and suspended and imprisoned the
+Captain. Of the same nature is the charge made against him of violating
+the Royal ordinance and defying it—when he replied to the Governor in
+words which would rather indicate respect. It is a shameful act to treat
+an Officer of honor of his well known character, who has the heavy
+responsibilities which are recognized as belonging to said Captain, and
+are certified to in the statements of the circumstances, as also a
+petition in which is set forth all that has occurred, and imploring that
+justice be shown Captain Iturrieta that he may not be stigmatized. While
+all written in these reports and certificates are true, I did not depose
+him immediately from office until I received the report asked of the
+Bishop of Micale, knowing his prudence and virtue and that his word
+would be more approved than all else in the case. In the meantime while
+awaiting his report I am taking every step to conquer the difficulties
+which may arise to name a subject who can act in the interim, because it
+seems the need is so great that it is impossible to form any resolution
+whatever in the case pending in that Province, and this consideration
+has suspended all movement of removing him until the order comes for
+doing so. This in our judgment being more prudent, as the referred to
+Governor is so engrossed<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_159" id="page_159"></a>{159}</span> in his private affairs as certified to in the
+papers of Don A. Arredondo, in which he speaks of the Barracks for
+lodging the soldiers, and the looking into this matter belongs to the
+Viceroy of New Spain—that in proper time he take the precautions which
+he deems most essential.</p>
+
+<p>Concluding with the disposal of the reports, and taking the less
+scandalous means to depose the Governor of Florida, Don Francisco Moral
+Sanchez, as he has not been forewarned of what is to happen, it seems
+doubtful which is the best means to adopt, we will therefore consider
+the matter with more deliberation proceeding in the safest and most
+certain way and rendering a personal account as quickly as possible
+thereafter.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">The Council.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Excellent Lord</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>In conformity with what your Excellency desires, and satisfying the
+private order sent me, asking a report and true statement of affairs
+under the Governor Don Francisco Morales Sanchez. To assure myself from
+a responsibility devoid of all partiality, and to the truth of the
+excesses perpetrated by this Governor and a few other private
+individuals and priests, of which that Garrison wrote you a complaint,
+asking that you immediatly depose the Governor and name some one in his
+place, <i>pro tem.</i>, so that your Majesty being informed, may place some
+one who looks more to your interests. For this purpose you sent me a
+blank dispatch, that in time, I might fill out with the names of the
+subject elected and the investigation I had made in this affair. I must
+say, that they are so<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_160" id="page_160"></a>{160}</span> strange and extraordinary, and such divers means
+used in their performance—that the accounts I hear in this garrison
+chill the soul and congeal the blood in one’s veins. There is no way of
+hiding the misery and misfortune to which this Garrison is exposed. With
+the same truthfulness I must expose the fact, that I am positively
+certain from the reports of the Engineer Don Antonio Arredondo, as an
+eye-witness, that all the excesses committed by this Governor are
+strictly true as written you and certified to in a report from this
+Garrison.</p>
+
+<p>The few Indians of our faith represent and express their lamentable
+sentiments on a paper written you, and sent through the Rev. Bishop of
+Micale. Other certificates of priests, military men, and private
+individuals of that Garrison, which I enclose add such scandalous
+excesses in the manner of living of that Governor that I cannot find
+decent words in which to express it. Some of these are signed by the
+same priests who wrote to Don Antonio Benavides, and there are others,
+citing what the Governor has perpetrated on the Captain of Grenadiers,
+Don Felipe Iturricta, whom I sent there. Forgetting his merits and that
+he was a person of implicit confidence, whom I trusted for his
+unimpeachable conduct, they have placed him in prison under scandalous
+circumstances, intending to take from him the management of the troops
+over whom I placed him. He has been under the most rigorous guard,
+searching even his food, depriving him of the privilege of writing to
+ask for a hearing, accusing him of crimes and lack of obedience. They
+have no other course, in my opinion, than a pretext, as this Officer has
+fulfilled his duty with promptness<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_161" id="page_161"></a>{161}</span> and rectitude, showing only the
+ordinary precautions observed in the regiments for infinite reasons. The
+guards cannot be excused from the Barracks where the troop is
+stationed—which is one of the principal rudiments of military
+tactics—as well for safety as anything which might occur. The Captain
+insisted on maintaining these principles from which has arisen this
+trouble, and the assigning of the wrong conception of duty and want of
+obedience preferred against him. Of the same nature is the other charge:
+that he had defied the Governor. To this Captain Iturricta replied: if
+you were not the Governor you could not use such language to me—showing
+that he respected the office of Governor. The Governor does not seem to
+recognize the respect due to a man and Officer of standing and
+distinguished character, and let me add incidentally, placed here by me,
+as commandante of a detached body, to encourage and hold this fagged out
+Garrison. They should consider it an honor, for so distinguished a
+personage to accept this place, and so honorably discharge his duty.
+Your Majesty will understand all from the report of said Captain and the
+testimonials stating the circumstances. I also enclose a petition from
+the Captain in which he implores you to do him justice, a virtue so in
+keeping with your Royal heart, and not allow an officer of his standing
+to remain in disgrace. I can positively assure you, that had not the
+Captain and other Officers been true and faithful to their duty, they
+could have caused much trouble among the inhabitants of this Garrison,
+from this unjust act. Although I have reported all the abuses said to
+have been committed by the present Governor of Florida, and you should
+place some one<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_162" id="page_162"></a>{162}</span> of experience and good conduct in his place. I hope that
+your Majesty with your great experience, will pardon me for troubling
+you on the present occasion, and look unprejudiced into this affair. All
+that has been said of the matter, and all that I have been commanded in
+so important a trust—I am trying to investigate to the very root. Going
+cautiously, feeling my way, trying to right troubles without any
+scandal, so that I may send you the name of some worthy subject who can
+act <i>pro tem.</i> in that capacity—as, from all the information I have
+expounded it seems urgent you should remove this man, so as to restore
+the confidence your vassals have in your Majesty, and the responsibility
+I represent. The engineer, Don Antonio Arredondo, assures me no other
+expedient can be taken, while the present Governor is so engrossed in
+his own private interests, as you may infer from the last chapter.</p>
+
+<p>Regarding the Barracks for lodging the hundred men, it is an evident
+fact, that but for the persistent effort of the Engineer Arredondo, they
+would have been returned to that Kingdom. All of which he reported to
+the Viceroy of Mexico that he might take the necessary precautions.
+Having disposed of the duty of having the Governor removed, I am
+doubtful of what will be best to do next toward your Majesty’s
+interests, but I shall act as in my judgment seems best and as
+circumstances present themselves.</p>
+
+<p>May God preserve you.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Juan Francisco Horcasitas.</span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_163" id="page_163"></a>{163}</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV.</h2>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1708-1723.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Letter from Francisco Carcoles y Martinez to his Majesty reports
+all possible measures taken to prevent the enemy from destroying
+this Province—The Indians, aided by the English who supply them
+with guns, ammunition, knives and pistols, come from the Indian
+villages bordering the Carolinas and carry off each day certain
+persons—Families and Christians taken off to be sold into
+slavery—More than ten thousand up to the present have
+disappeared—A treaty urged with the English of the Carolinas, else
+there will be a continuation of war and the spread of the Holy
+Gospel impeded—In a second letter the Governor gives an account of
+certain Friars who are getting up a dispute and lawsuit with the
+Priest of the Parish concerning the right and whose right to marry
+soldiers, Spaniards, Indians or mixed Indians—These disputes
+brought before the Governor to settle, who in turn refers them to
+his Majesty—Recommends the abolishing of all Heathen customs—By a
+Royal dispatch, A. D. 1721, the Governor of Florida is commanded to
+go in person to the Governor of the Carolinas and arrange with him
+the observance of the Treaty of Peace between the English and
+Spanish of those Provinces adjoining, which same was carried out as
+far as possible—A letter from the Governor, Antonio<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_164" id="page_164"></a>{164}</span> Benavides,
+reports the sending of clothing and trinkets to pacify the Casiques
+and Chiefs of the Province of Apalachicola—Find the Indians
+restless and making preparations for war—English spreading
+dissatisfaction—A Council of War decides to send a vessel to
+Havana for arms, men and provisions in anticipation of troubulous
+times.</i> </p></div>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The Governor’s Letter.</span></h3>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1708.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Your Lordship</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>My principal care since assuming control as Governor has been to procure
+by all possible means to prevent the enemy from destroying at once this
+Province, and the few natives of it who have remained. When I took
+possession I called a meeting of the Board to discuss matters and we
+decided to retire the troops from the town of Santa Fe, adding those of
+San Francisco and the infantry that was at the pass of Salamototo river,
+as I have already informed you on the 20th of November, 1706, so that
+with a larger force we might resist the enemy, and the citizens of this
+City feel some relief. I had built on the line a thick palisade, as I
+informed you. I have also organized a company of cavalry who should go
+about on the skirts, as they have done, to gather up stores and guard
+the carpenters and persons who go out to work cutting timber for the
+Royal buildings. This has not sufficed to stop the enemy from continuing
+their scalping and hostilities which are being constantly felt. They
+come from the Indian villages bordering on the Carolinas, aided by the
+English, who supply them with guns, ammunition, knives and pistols; at
+times they even accompany them, which strengthens and encourages<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_165" id="page_165"></a>{165}</span> them
+so that all the terra firma along the southern coast is desolate. And
+each day the number of families these Indians carry off is increased.
+The Christians have all disappeared, no doubt they have taken and sold
+them into slavery—more than ten or twelve thousand persons have gone. I
+have about three hundred with men, women and children. Even these are
+being carried away daily, when they go out to gather (guano) palmetto
+with which the Indians clothe themselves—and wild roots which they use
+for eating, not having sufficient with the Royal Rations which we daily
+allow them. Today they bring me an account of how they carried off —— to
+Mica, who had gone out in search of roots—in all they have carried
+today twenty-eight persons, four of whom escaped and have brought the
+news. The fact of there being some capitulation of peace would be much
+added to the service of God and your Majesty by relieving us of these
+miserable Indians. All the natives from this Province are sold,
+imprisoned or detained in the Carolinas. If a treaty could be made with
+England to prevent the English in Carolina from supplying them with
+arms, ammunition, etc., for it is with this they make war against us,
+and the dexterity with which they use them is amazing—as though they
+had been brought up to their use. Unless such a treaty can be
+immediately reached, hostilities will continue, and in this America
+there will never be anything but war. And the English will always have
+the Indians on their side, as they protect them and furnish them with
+arms and ammunition, as they have done heretofore. Unless this treaty
+can be effected immediately, the best thing for us to do will be to
+abandon the place entirely, as you have sug-<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_166" id="page_166"></a>{166}</span>gested, before they
+desolate it. But as it is so important to the Crown and the vast
+importance and revenue which will and can be derived from it would make
+it deplorable to give it up now. Besides the great importance of
+spreading the Holy Gospel, as it is being done, has made me delay in
+giving you this necessary information.</p>
+
+<p>May God guard you for many years as a true Christian.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Francisco Córcoles y Martinez.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Fla., January 14th, 1708.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Letter of the Governor of Florida to His Majesty.</span></h3>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1708.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Sire</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The continued coming of the enemy who took up quarters at San Francisco
+Garrison, caused the natives to retire to this Garrison to seek
+protection under the Royal arms. From the same fear, the palisade castle
+of Salamototo having been attacked, the few natives withdrew, running
+from the cruel ravages of these enemies. About eight or nine persons
+having called a meeting to discuss the matter of evacuating these
+Garrisons, the board decided that for the safety and better security of
+these natives it would be best to evacuate them. A more extensive
+account is given you in the testimony of each thing that I remit with
+this information, so that you may be well notified of the reasons for
+retiring from these two towns and others near them, that had already
+been deserted. We have assigned them land near by, in line of the cannon
+of this Royal Fort, and we are maintaining them and helping with the
+best we can at your expense and from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_167" id="page_167"></a>{167}</span> Royal warehouses so that they
+may not perish until they can till the land and raise a crop to help
+support themselves, until things take a better turn. I hope your Majesty
+will approve and accept in good faith the step taken by the Board and
+that I am working and maintaining these natives for the best and
+greatest service of your Majesty. May God guard you as a Christian.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Francisco Córcoles y Martinez.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Fla., November 30th, 1708.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Letter of the Governor of Florida to His Majesty.</span></h3>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1709.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Sire</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>I write to give you an account of the Friars of San Francisco. Fray
+Francisco, Teacher of the Gospel at Santa Maria de Guale, and the
+guardian of this Convent, Fray Martin de Molina, have been trying to get
+up lawsuits and have had disputes with the Pastor of this Parish, Don
+Pedro Lorenzo Acevido. These Friars are opposed to having the Pastor
+marry the soldiers or any Spaniard to the Indians or mixed Indians,
+wishing themselves to administer this and the other sacraments to them
+and their children. For this they have drawn up Autos and presented them
+to me that I might grant them justice. I referred them each to your
+Majesty, suggesting that they draw up their testimony and I am to
+reserve the right of informing you on the subject. I therefore call to
+your Royal attention how these law suits, occurring daily, only tend to
+disturb the peace. This is all done, because these Friars, to obtain the
+fee, wish now to administer these sacraments, which have been
+administered for the last thirty years by the parish priest of this
+parish, who has performed<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_168" id="page_168"></a>{168}</span> the marriage ceremony and had them watch
+(velar) from the fathers down to the grandchildren, without once
+interfering with the rights of these Friars to administer to their own
+people, the Indians in the towns they have charge of, and whose language
+they understand, and as is customary, if a soldier or any one wishes to
+marry an Indian or mixed Indian they must do so in the Parish and church
+to which the Indian belongs—thus, by degrees, leaving off all Heathen
+customs. Your Majesty after seeing the Autos and receiving this
+information will decide as he thinks best and most desirable for the
+good of all. May God preserve your Royal person that you may show
+justice.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Francisco Córcoles y Martinez.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Fla., September 12th, 1709.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1722.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Sire</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>By your Royal dispatch of May 25th of last year, 1721, you commanded me
+that taking advantage of the suspension of arms and the friendly
+relations I had observed with the English of the Carolinas since then;
+that your request at the Court of London had been granted. That under
+all these circumstances I should go in my official capacity to the
+Governor of Carolina and arrange with him to observe strictly the
+Treaty, that the vexation among the Indians who were allied to the two
+nations should cease. I immediately complied with your order and sent
+the Contador, Don Francisco Menendez, accompanied by other officials,
+from this Garrison, with the commission of having a firm agreement with
+the Governor of Carolina to make the Indians attached to his nation<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_169" id="page_169"></a>{169}</span> and
+to cease aggravating those with us, and thus live in peace and
+tranquility, pursuing agriculture. This peace being as important to one
+nation as the other, for, should war be declared, there would be no end
+to it. To this proposition and others as certified in the accompanying
+letter which I take this occasion of sending you, the Governor and
+Parliament of the Carolinas replied that they had received no such
+orders from the King of Great Britain, but that notwithstanding he would
+try to enforce peace during the suspension of arms. Immediately upon the
+arrival of Don F. Menendez in the Carolinas he was notified that the
+English had constructed a wooden fort on the tongue at the mouth of
+Talauje Province on your Majesty’s territory, where, for many years the
+Indians and Guajas were settled and by reason of the siege this nation
+put on this Garrison, they had retired to where they still are. Don
+Francisco Menendez hearing this, considered it wrong for them to
+trespass upon your Territory, and so stated it to the Governor, and also
+that he feared harm would result from it. The reply given was: that the
+King of Great Britain had ordered them to strengthen his dominions with
+fortifications in any form they deemed expedient. Under different
+pretexts the “Contador” tried to have them show the order, but they
+refused to do so, saying it was sufficient that they said they had the
+order, and the Governor of Florida had nothing at all to do with it.
+From which I infer, your Lordship, that with the arrival of this new
+Governor in these colonies, not only will he complete the building of
+this Fort and settlement, but that he will also settle all the islands
+belonging to this jurisdiction,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_170" id="page_170"></a>{170}</span> thus making the Carolinas impregnable
+and reducing this Garrison to a more lamentable state than it is in
+today on account of its easy access to the Indians who would immediately
+come to possess themselves of the ammunition and arms which it is the
+very heighth of their ambition to obtain. So Menendez learned that
+provision had been made by the English Government to equip this Colony,
+and they were awaiting, at any moment, vessels with supplies and arms.
+Then, at a moment’s notice, they will invade this Castle, it being their
+great ambition, and the only and sole aim of it, to capture this Fort
+for the protection of the New England, and the great use they could make
+of it in capturing your Majesty’s vessels coming through the Bahama
+Channel. In giving you this information I feel that I not only comply
+with my royal duty, but also discharge the debt to my conscience in
+showing you the danger of this Province. With this intelligence you can
+act as most agreeable and convenient. May God preserve your Royal
+personage for many years.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Antonio Benavides.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Fla., Apr. 21st, 1722.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>The letter accompanying it:</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+St. Augustine, Fla., Feb. 11th, 1722.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Finding myself with an order from the King of Spain, my Lord and Master,
+for security with this and that government of reciprocal relations
+regarding the hostilities which on one and the other side has been
+completed, for the welfare of the Indians, I resolved to send to the
+Carolinas the “Contador” Don Francisco Menendez Marques, with other
+officials accompanying him, to confer with his Excellency and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_171" id="page_171"></a>{171}</span> the Lords
+of Parliament for some agreement by which the annoyances of the infidel
+Indians toward those attached to our nation, might cease, and they be
+allowed to continue their agricultural pursuits without further
+disturbances and incentives—and not forgetting the agreement with Don
+Francisco Menendez Marques that during the suspension of arms, they try
+not to hostile the Indians of this Nation. That I, for my government,
+will keep them in subjection as I have done ever since the news of
+suspension of arms arrived, but that, if they should in any way fail in
+their agreement, they might rest assured that I shall take vengeance,
+and nothing shall deter me but their absolute subjection to our
+agreement. I shall make all necessary provision and watch with zeal, as
+I am fully persuaded that the keeping of this reciprocal agreement is
+the only foundation for tranquility and peace. Your Excellency will
+acknowledge receipt of this, and the agreement reached with Señor
+Menendez Marquez, that I may report to our King and Master.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Antonio Benavides.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">To the King From the Governor of Florida.</span></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Sire</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>I place in your Royal hands the testimony of the letter written me by
+the Commandant whom I have in charge of the Garrison and Fort of San
+Marco, forwarded to him by Lieutenant Don Diego Pena who, by order, was
+sent to visit the Province of Apalachicola, with clothing and trinkets
+to gratify the Casiques and Chiefs. Both inform me that the Province of
+the Talepuses and others partial to the English of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_172" id="page_172"></a>{172}</span> Carolinas, are
+restless and trying to destroy the nation of Arinaco who yield obedience
+to this government. That they are making all preparations for war, which
+from the evil designs we may soon expect. The number of the discontented
+is far in the ascendency of those who seem to be on our side, but in
+whom we can place no confidence, they being so deceitful. Then again,
+the fear they may entertain seeing that the English are mustering the
+Indians of so many nations and spreading dissatisfaction among them,
+against the Spaniards. The news given us by the Lieutenant that some of
+those we should and ought to trust have him detained in Colache from
+where he wrote this letter which, with the one from the commandant, I
+attach to these “Autos.” Of the steps taken by the Council of War, whom
+I called together to discuss this matter, I will not send you testimony
+nor in any way trouble you. I shall only make known to your Royal
+intelligence that the Council of War decided to send a vessel to Havana
+with letters to the Governor of that place, that he might aid us in
+sending provisions, arms and men—the latter to land at some point
+further down and, taking horses, make their way in by land. The enemy
+may already have the place blockaded. Should you decide that this plan
+ought not to be carried out I am willing to sacrifice my life to have
+the disturbances among these Nations cease, and that all under control
+of this Government should live in peace, without any of the prejudices
+of those who disturb them. Besides, as is written in the Holy Gospel,
+“we will ravish the enemy, punish and destroy them.” But, my Lord, the
+condition of this garrison is such that it will be impossible for us to
+hold out for any<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_173" id="page_173"></a>{173}</span> length of time. The rapidity with which they are
+gathering and preparing indicates we are to have serious and trying
+times. Ever since 1702 our forces have been falling off, and we are
+weak. In giving you this information I am stating truths and fulfill my
+duty. Act as in your judgment with the aid of God is best.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Antonio Benavides.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Fla., August 18th, 1723.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_174" id="page_174"></a>{174}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVI" id="CHAPTER_XVI"></a>CHAPTER XVI.</h2>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1736-1739.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+<i>In a letter to his Majesty Governor Señor Montiano
+says it is reported that Don Diego Oglethorpe has
+said openly “that should he receive orders from
+his Government to fix the boundary limits between
+the Spanish possessions and the Carolinas he
+would so delay the execution that there should
+never be a sign of these limits”—Montiano thinks
+it would be wise for such a gentleman to be removed
+as it can never be possible to discuss questions
+of importance with him—In A. D. 1738 the
+same Governor reports the result of a trip of
+investigation by one Juan Ygnacio de los Reyes,
+an Indian—Under the pretext of giving himself
+up from having killed an Indian, he gains much
+information concerning the English, their plans
+against the Spanish, misleading the English as to
+the strength, numbers and condition of Spanish
+fortifications, finally escaping under pretext of
+hunting—Returns with valuable information to
+the Spanish—Statement of what has been ordered
+regarding the aid to Florida Provinces, the dislodging
+of the enemy from certain settlements on
+its territory, since its government up to 1674—Dispatch
+of 1675 commands that if the negro
+slaves sent to Havana have not already been sold,
+they shall be sent to Florida, to be put to work on<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_175" id="page_175"></a>{175}</span>
+the construction of the Castle to relieve the Indians.</i>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Letter for His Majesty from the Governor of Florida, Señor Montiano.</span></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>My Lord</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>In a letter of the 28th of March of this year, you were kind enough to
+acknowledge receipt of my letter of August 14th of last year, in which I
+reported that Don Diego Oglethorpe, Commander of the English colonies,
+had said openly that although he should receive orders from his King and
+Court to fix the boundary limits between this government’s possessions
+and those of the Carolinas, he would delay the execution of it, so that
+there should never be a sign of these limits, and they must bear this
+always in mind, for whatever might present itself. With this
+intelligence it would be well to relieve these Colonies of such a man,
+because on questions of importance upon any occurrence which should need
+discussion, it would be exceedingly troublesome to manage a gentleman
+who even refuses to answer my former letters. This is all I can say on
+the subject—placing it before your Sovereign Majesty to whom God grant
+many years.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Manuel Montiano.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Fla., August 11th, 1736.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1738.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Information given by the Indian, Juan Ygnacio de los Reyes, of the
+Iquaha Nation, one of the neighbors of the town of Pocotalaca in the
+immediate vicinity of this Garrison. He says: That he left under my
+orders<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_176" id="page_176"></a>{176}</span> on the 4th of July of this year to go to the neighboring English
+colony, and ascertain by as many ways and artifices as he could, their
+intentions, the state or condition they are in, and everything. He took
+a small canoe at the Fort of Picolata and went down that river and
+sailed through the mouth of the Sarabai, going as far as the Fort of San
+Pedro, which belongs to the English, meditating upon what scheme he
+should take to gain all this information, and not go about hiding and
+endangering his life needlessly. He thought of delivering himself up, as
+he did, pretending that he had killed an Indian here, and was fleeing
+not to be hung; that he was seeking protection from them. On learning
+this he was favorably received, and could see a Fort which was square
+and stockaded with two pieces and a cannon looking seaward; in it was a
+detachment of twenty soldiers more or less, there is no neighborhood,
+and saw but four houses before coming to the Fort or Stockade; a few
+laborers planting corn; that the soldiers who are there are from a small
+vessel or Piroque of war, intended to seek the mouths of rivers; that
+from this Fort of San Pedro he was taken by two soldiers to the Bar of
+Ballenas, that is where the first place called San Andres is, there he
+saw a number of soldiers drilling with spears, and although he did not
+then know their exact number, he afterwards learned in St. Simons from
+Lieutenant-Colonel Cochran that there were three hundred; that he there
+saw a number of houses, newly built and close together as in Havana, a
+number of English women, wives of the soldiers, but he could not tell
+the number of houses in the place; that there is also a square Fort,
+with four cannon, towards the sea, and on the other side he could<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_177" id="page_177"></a>{177}</span> not
+see; that there were small guard houses around it. He could not see if
+they had artillery, because they would not allow him too near; that from
+here to the sea inland by the Bay there is a thick palisade of earth
+with a parapet and at the extreme end there is a wharf and they told him
+that there they had flints for the Spaniards, and they keep a launch
+ready and armed so that at any moment of the day or night she can be
+used. She is manned with sixteen men. They carried him to St. Simons to
+the presence of Colonel Cochran. Immediately upon his arrival there,
+they sent six soldiers with bayonets to escort him to the Colonel’s
+house. He was asked where he was going, he replied to seek protection
+and favor from them; he had killed an Indian in St. Augustine. Colonel
+Cochran extended his hand to him, but when he went to take it he only
+gave him one finger. He was asked about the Armada which was to
+encounter them; how many vessels and men it brought. He told them he had
+not seen it, but had heard there were a hundred vessels with more than
+4,000 men, and that the Governor of St. Augustine had told them to
+return, that he did not wish to hurt the English. He was asked how many
+troops were in this Garrison—he replied that there used to be four
+companies of one hundred soldiers on horse, but that recently five more
+companies of one hundred men each had arrived. They then asked if there
+was much silver in Florida. He replied: Yes, as there were so many
+soldiers, money flowed freely. Then Colonel Cochran told him all that
+would soon belong to the King of Great Britain. He was then asked about
+the Castle and Garrison. He told them the Castle had one hundred and
+sixty cannons so large he could not reach<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_178" id="page_178"></a>{178}</span> around them; the Garrison had
+twelve bulwarks with ten cannon each. To which Colonel Cochran told him:
+Well, see here; when you hear that General Oglethorpe, whom I am
+expecting with seven thousand men, has arrived, then you will see me
+place a vessel of war at the mouth of the Bar, and prevent any food from
+entering Florida. On the keys I shall place others and no one shall
+enter Havana, expressing himself in such a way as to say that the King
+of England would gain more by taking Florida than Gibraltar; that while
+that was advantageous, this would yield them a great deal more. This
+conversation was continued, asking if the Castle could be reached if
+there was water inside, to all of which he told them it was impossible.
+Speaking of the Governor, he asked for a grape arbor he had in his
+house, said to yield great quantities of grapes. He told them the
+Governor was a saintly man, and that while he knew him to be so good, he
+could not help but flee from the punishment he knew he deserved for
+killing the Indian, because the Governor was also a just man. That it
+was true he had a grape arbor producing large quantities of grapes.
+Colonel Cochran then said: Very well, within one or two years we will
+make our wine and whiskey there. He says that day and night he never
+tired asking about Florida; that now they were fortifying to afterwards
+come and take it; that in St. Simons he had three hundred troops, as
+many more in San Andres and Sabanato. He had brought these to take
+Florida, but hearing of the Spanish Armada, they had desisted and sent
+for seven thousand more men, whom Oglethorpe would bring, and upon the
+arrival of this Commander in less than two months they would<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_179" id="page_179"></a>{179}</span> gather
+506,000 Indians; that he would make his entrance by the river St. Johns
+in schooners and small vessels and disembark at a place some seven
+leagues distant from Florida, where they had two small ports. These Juan
+Ygnacio saw with his own eyes, where they have the men they were
+drilling at San Andres. That in St. Simons he saw ten squares with ten
+houses and seventy houses in six squares, the other four squares were
+not completed. That in each of the houses they lodged six soldiers. That
+he also saw a Fort with fifteen cannon, and as it was in a bad
+condition, they were making brick to rebuild it. That going out to hunt,
+he came near the house of “Frederico” distant from St. Simons three
+leagues more or less. The English would not allow him to enter there,
+but turned him back to St. Simons. That about one league from this place
+he saw a vessel called the Mamal, and there he saw them building six
+large houses in which they had fifty men, that they had large timber
+works. This he knows positively, having been there twice. That Cochran
+and another Englishman whom he thinks they call William Houston, he
+overheard say that they had offered the Indians fifty dollars for every
+Spanish scalp they killed, black or white, or Christian Indian, any one
+partial to Spain. That his escape to return was accomplished in the
+following manner: That one Thursday at ten o’clock in the morning he
+told Cochran that he was going hunting, if he found no game he would
+remain over night and fish, returning the next day; he allowed him to
+go; taking advantage of the occasion he took his canoe and sailed along
+the rivers until Friday morning, when he got on terra firma, leaving<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_180" id="page_180"></a>{180}</span>
+his canoe he walked two days in the direction of the sunset, then
+crossed over the land and at the end of ten days he was on the St. Johns
+river where he found the launch from this Garrison, which is there on
+guard. Having called and taken his shirt for a flag, they went and
+brought him over. The same day he started for this place where he
+arrived at twelve o’clock at night and gave the information as I send
+it.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Manuel Montiano.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Fla., Aug. 20th, 1738.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>By a Cedula of June 20th, 1671, the Viceroy of New Spain has been
+ordered to communicate with the Governor of Florida, hoping that through
+his zeal much can be accomplished in the cause of the English,
+preventing them from getting a strong foothold so near the mouth of the
+river St. Elena, which would be prejudicial to our interests. Therefore
+the Viceroy is requested to give all the aid required. As to the
+proposed fortification to this Port for its defense, do what is
+necessary to defend the Province and communicate also with the Viceroy
+whom I have commanded to try and give all the assistance possible,
+always bearing in mind not to violate the laws of the capitulation of
+peace. The Governor of Havana being nearest to Florida was also
+commanded to communicate with the Governor of Florida and render all the
+aid and assistance possible in the dislodging of the English from the
+river St. Elena, who if remaining in said place would cause much
+trouble. The Governor of Florida must also keep him informed of the
+state of affairs. In a letter dated April, 1671, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_181" id="page_181"></a>{181}</span> Viceroy Marquez de
+Mancera gives an account of the aid sent to the Garrison of St.
+Augustine in accordance with Cedula received. The papers showing that
+this aid had been received and approved by the Council of War,
+accompanying this letter, which also states the order given the Governor
+of New Spain to be very careful in keeping a continual correspondence
+with the Governor of Florida, send supplies promptly, and notify the
+Viceroy of all that occurs. Act in every way for the best security of
+that Garrison, using the greatest diligence in its fortification and
+defense, being as I understand of such importance. State what steps have
+been taken in regard to the fortification that was to be built, and to
+which reference is made in this dispatch to the Governor Manuel Cendovia
+and if the supplies of the soldiers and provisions to begin the work
+have arrived.</p>
+
+<p>By Cedula of May 9th it was again commanded the Viceroy, calling his
+special attention to it, that he must aid and supply this Garrison that
+it may be in readiness for any emergency which may arrive. By another
+Cedula the Governor of Florida was to inform the inhabitants of that
+Fort, find out if they had their full quota for its defense, or if they
+found it necessary to increase the number on account of the new
+settlement of English sixty miles north. How long they had been there,
+and if they were sufficiently provided to dislodge the English, which
+information must be given so as to provide all and anything that is
+necessary. The Governor represented that in the past, the number of
+infantry in the Garrison was three hundred in which were included men of
+different trades, forty missionary priests without whom the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_182" id="page_182"></a>{182}</span> number was
+not complete, adding that the total number was three hundred. When the
+news of the looting by the English arrived they immediately sent to the
+Viceroy of New Spain to send five hundred men to increase the infantry,
+appealing to Mexico for more men to complete the number, they replied
+that they had sent assistance to other Garrisons where they were
+watching and had to have supplies and artillery, so that the War
+Department had provided all it could. But to send to Havana and have the
+Governor of that Post to act as he had been commanded and send with the
+utmost speed the necessary defense for that Garrison. That the Viceroy
+had been notified to order the Royal officers of Mexico to increase the
+supplies of Florida each year by forty-three recruits, so that there
+should never be less than three hundred and ninety in quarters. A Notice
+of which was sent the Governor of Florida that he might keep them
+informed of its fulfilment. To pay special care and vigilance to the
+Province, having it well defended against accident from the enemy
+entering, they could instantly banish and punish them. The Governor of
+Florida also made known the great want of artillery, having consulted
+with the War Department that same date, the War Department ordered the
+Viceroy of New Spain and Governor of Havana each to send without delay
+two pieces of bronze artillery at the same time they had sent an order
+to the contracting house in Sevilla to send other pieces that were in
+that City on the first occasion and also the two hundred arms asked for,
+that the Garrison may not be without the means of defense and safety. To
+keep the infantry under good discipline and that the Governor<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_183" id="page_183"></a>{183}</span> place
+himself in communication with the Viceroy and the Governor of Havana to
+see that they send him four pieces of artillery. The Florida Governor
+gave an account in this letter also, of having formed a cavalry company
+and a military company enlisting in them all who were able, old men and
+boys not yet of age, his own sons among them. This he did for the
+greater safety of the place against the enemy. He was giving the utmost
+zeal and care to his duties. In a letter of 1674 the Sergeant-Major
+acting as Governor of the Province of Florida, states that a vessel had
+arrived at that Port and they had received four pieces of artillery and
+other ammunition from the contracting house in Sevilla, that with this
+and the artillery that was to come from Havana and New Spain, these
+would be sufficient for the defense of the Garrison. By a dispatch of
+1674 thanks were sent the Archbishop, Viceroy, for having sent to
+Florida all the supplies due that Garrison. It was sent that it might
+leave on the fleet passing Vera Cruz for Spain.</p>
+
+<p>By another dispatch the Governor, Pablo Ita Salazar, was recommended
+that he apply himself with much zeal in perfecting the fortification of
+the Royal Fort being built in that City and that it be accomplished in a
+manner for the best safety of the Province. By Cedula of 1675 the
+Sergeant-Major Don Nicolas Ponce de Leon, in reply to a letter of his,
+and attentive to an order sent the Governor of Cuba, that if the negro
+slaves sent to Havana had not already been sold, he should send
+immediately upon their arrival fifty of them to Florida, where they
+should be put to work on the Castle under construction. The Indians<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_184" id="page_184"></a>{184}</span> who
+served as peons were not strong and their people were much opposed to
+their leaving the planting of corn which is the sustenance of their
+families. And the Governor was ordered upon their arrival in Florida to
+apply them to this work and relieve the Indians and to finish the
+construction as quickly as possible.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_185" id="page_185"></a>{185}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVII" id="CHAPTER_XVII"></a>CHAPTER XVII.</h2>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1741-1743.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>
+<i>Conduct of the Christians worse than the heathen—Soldiers
+guarded while they are cutting timber to
+repair the Fort—The Castle in a tumble-down condition—The
+Garrison to be maintained for the
+propagation of the Holy Gospel, and to shelter the
+workers of the Apostolic faith—A paper of representation
+to his Majesty concerning the properties
+belonging to the Treasurer, Don Francisco Menendez,
+deceased, left by will to the Royal Treasury—The
+pressing need of the Infantry of this Garrison;
+it having no capital, the property should be
+sold at public auction and proceeds go to restore
+back pay of troops to alleviate suffering, hunger
+and need for clothing, instead of being used for a
+hospital as per the King’s desire—A letter from
+Governor Manuel Montiano informs his Majesty
+of fourteen English vessels anchored off the Bar
+of this Port—Six Spanish galleys sent to meet
+them at which the enemy retires.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1741.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Sire</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>By the dispatches which, on this occasion, I send you duplicates as well
+as the original, you and your Royal and Supreme Council of the Indias
+will see the condition of this Port. The continued watch and worry I
+have. The continuous watch by day and night<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_186" id="page_186"></a>{186}</span> of the Infantry to repulse
+the hostilities of these enemies. The heathen not being as bad as the
+Christians who have risen and commit the most bloody deeds upon all
+those whom they catch, carrying off Indians as well as soldiers
+prisoners to the Carolinas, where they sell them into bondage. For the
+execution of this they have a different set of soldiers stationed at the
+terminus of all the roads leading to this Garrison. I am forced to send
+out troops on foot and horse to accompany any party going out to fell
+and saw timber for the much needed repairs of the ramparts, gather wood,
+coal, etc. I began these repairs as soon as I took possession, otherwise
+the whole thing would have been demolished and left us with no defense
+whatsoever. These repairs cannot last long, for the reasons I have
+already repeatedly informed you, and lastly, the great need the Royal
+Troops have of rebuilding the ramparts, quarters, warehouses and roofs
+that they may stay in at all. To save you such enormous expense as each
+day occurs, it will be necessary to fortify the place at once, because
+with the English in such close proximity as the Carolinas, this Port is
+in the greatest danger of being lost, as the troops are defenseless and
+needy as you have been repeatedly informed, and you have given such
+stringent orders that the Viceroy should supply all that is needed for
+the expulsion of these English, and for which I have done my part far as
+possible, as you will see from the consultation I had with him on the
+10th of April of this year, an account of which I rendered your Majesty.
+Notwithstanding the risk of encountering these enemies, no occasion is
+lost of going out to find what is needed and necessary for the
+preservation and defense<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_187" id="page_187"></a>{187}</span> of the Port. Cutting and sawing timber for the
+stables and artillery, the most important things—the soliciting of
+supplies that we may not be in want as the entire Garrison and
+neighborhood depend entirely upon the Royal Warehouses for their
+sustenance, as I long ago informed you on the 24th of March. I am hourly
+awaiting my successor, to whom I shall give all needed instruction
+regarding the defense of this Port from the enemy. I have decided to
+surrender as far as possible the execution of the repairs I have
+mentioned that he may apply all that he gets to the service of the two
+Majesties; that this Garrison may be maintained for the propagation and
+extension of the Holy Gospel, as has been done by the good Catholics,
+the Kings, your predecessors of a hundred and sixty years, at such
+enormous expense with no other interest than to shelter with these arms
+the Workers of the Apostolic faith to the greater honor and glory of
+God. May He preserve your Majesty.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Francisco Córcoles y Martinez.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Fla., December 11th, 1741.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Representation.</span></h3>
+
+<p class="r">
+1743.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The Officers of the Royal Treasury of this Garrison, at the most
+convenient time and without prejudice to the definite appeal and
+protests made in favor of the same Royal Treasury, represent to your
+Highness that in view of this Post having more than seven hundred men,
+re-enforcement over and above the troops of its Garrison. That with the
+demise of Don Francisco Menendez Marquez, Auditor who was, of these
+same<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_188" id="page_188"></a>{188}</span> Royal Coffers, your Highness has thought that the houses occupied
+by him as residence, and all the balance of his property to which he
+made the King his sole and only heir, should be dedicated to the use of
+hospitals to serve these same troops of the infantry of this Garrison
+when occasion offers, on account of the war. Before your Highness
+determines to take this step, it becomes indispensable that we should
+expose the fact to you that we cannot consent to have the abovementioned
+houses assigned to any such uses for the following reasons:</p>
+
+<p>First, because in his will Don Francisco Menendez Marquez himself
+declares that, not being able from the balance of his accounts to
+satisfy the Royal Treasury, he understood directly that it became
+compulsory for him to ease his conscience that he should name the King
+his sole and only heir. From this is deduced that all property known as
+that of Don Francisco Menendez is, with legitimate title, the property
+of the Royal Treasury. Not having the authority to sell these without an
+order from your Majesty, it is consistent that we who are his executors
+and lack the Royal permit to determine what disposition to make of it
+resist the intention and thought your Highness has formed of the use of
+the above mentioned houses and balance of property of the aforementioned
+gentleman. It seemed to us that in all fairness and justice they should
+be closed out at public auction and the proceeds thereof distributed
+among the Infantry of this Garrison; because this Garrison has no
+capital of its own, it follows that the legitimate creditors to the
+property are these same troops. The Royal Treasury is under obligation
+to restore to the Infantry the back<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_189" id="page_189"></a>{189}</span> pay due them, and never better than
+now, that they lack clothing and are perishing, should aid come at a
+more opportune time, and it could be done with the proceeds of this
+property, lessening the obligation of the Royal Treasury that amount.</p>
+
+<p>Second: Your Highness can have no conception of the increased suffering
+occasioned by the war. The curing of the wounded soldiers and sailors
+who have been in this Post for over two years, there being no capital to
+apply to the indispensable expense of medical attendance for this
+purpose, it is easy to understand that the situation is burdened by
+heavy expenses, and to make it clearer, up to the present date no
+provision has been made to cover the cost of the many works of
+fortification in this Post and on the bar of Matanzas to defend them
+against the continued attacks of our enemy, and for the multitude of
+Indians who have attached themselves to us with so much firmness and
+friendship, who forgetting us, and the word given to your Highness of
+remaining neutral in the actual war between ourselves and the English,
+and of the liberality of the King who orders them always to be treated
+with so much kindness and affection when they come.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>In a letter of September 15th of last year we explained to your Majesty
+how fourteen English vessels had anchored off the bar of this Port,
+coming prepared and perfectly sure they could disembark and take
+possession. The six galleys of your Majesty met them, and
+notwithstanding their continued firing they made them retire. We await
+and naturally expect them to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_190" id="page_190"></a>{190}</span> return and try to carry out their
+intentions. And therefore, your Majesty’s service is as vigilant as
+possible to be on the alert to prevent it. It has been a great pleasure
+and satisfaction to us to inform your Majesty of the good results
+obtained by the efforts of your six galleys in expelling the enemy. We
+are watching closely along the coast of this Province for any other
+design they may have of entering. God preserve you.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Manuel Montiano.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>El Prado, March 30th, 1743.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_191" id="page_191"></a>{191}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVIII" id="CHAPTER_XVIII"></a>CHAPTER XVIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1770-1771.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>A letter of resolution to his Majesty in respect to a letter of
+appeal made to the Governor and the Bishop of Havana asking for
+patent and Holy oil to administer baptism and extreme unction to
+the Catholic families taken from the Island of Minorca by the
+English—These families bringing with them one Don Pedro Campos,
+Doctor of Sacred Theology, as a Parish Priest, and Don Bartolome
+Casanovas, of the St. Augustine order, Vicar—These same claiming
+to have received their appointment from the Supreme Pontificate,
+not knowing to which Bishop this jurisdiction of Florida
+belonged—At the end of three years to appear in writing to the
+Prelate of the Apostolic choir of that Diocese—This letter sent
+secretly by a fisherman—In order that a thorough investigation may
+be made, the matter is referred to his Royal Highness—Letter of
+the Archbishop of Valencia concerning same—Letter of the Bishop of
+Cuba to his Majesty, in which he expresses gratification over the
+zeal his Highness has shown concerning this matter—Advises that
+these privileges be conferred upon Dr. Pedro Campos and Pedro
+Casanovas—Letter of the Bishop of Minorca giving information
+concerning the exporting of these families from the Island of
+Minorca by the English.</i> </p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_192" id="page_192"></a>{192}</span></p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Letter of Resolution.</span></h3>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1770.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Sire</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>By order of his Majesty I sent the Knight of the Order, Fray Don Julian
+de Arriaga, with papers of February 27th of this year, to the Governor
+of Havana, and documents which treat especially of the appeal made to
+the Bishop of that diocese, asking him for patent and Holy oil to
+administer baptism and extreme unction to the Catholic families who were
+taken from Minorca, to colonize the territory in Florida, belonging to
+the English, so that it may be recognized and consulted in the Council
+whatever may come up on this subject. The proclaimed Governor Don
+Antonio Bucareli y Ursna give an account referring to the above
+mentioned documents. He states that he received a letter addressed to
+the Bishop of that diocese by one of the passing fish boats on its way
+to the northern coast for the fisheries. That immediately upon its
+receipt, he made returns of a copy of it, and its entire sentiment,
+which he forwarded. From the appearance of its contents, the subject
+treated, in their judgment it seemed proper to lay the whole matter
+before your Majesty, including a copy of the aforementioned letter, that
+you might decide what was most agreeable to your Royal pleasure. In the
+already mentioned letter signed it seems by Don Pedro Campos, Doctor of
+Sacred Theology, dated from Mosquito on the 20th of October of 1769, the
+prelate lays before the public the fact that one year previous Mr.
+Andrew Turnbull, an Englishman, had taken from the Island of Minorca
+about 1300 persons to colonize Florida, for whom he was appointed
+Parish<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_193" id="page_193"></a>{193}</span> Priest and Don Bartolome Casanovas, of the St. Augustine order,
+Vicar of said jurisdiction. They had received their appointment from the
+Supreme Pontificate, not knowing to which Bishop this jurisdiction of
+Florida belonged, but it was their duty to appear by writing before the
+expiration of three years to the Prelate of the Apostolic chair in that
+diocese. That both of them are natives of Minorca, which Island was
+temporarily subject to the King of Great Britain and spiritually to the
+Bishop of Minorca. That he had studied philosophy and theology, received
+all the orders, been one of the governing body and Vicar. This last
+office he had held for twelve years in Minorca. Preached during several
+Lents, as had also Padre Casanovas. For all these reasons he begs that
+he be sent a patent of Parochial Priest and one of Vicar to Fray
+Casanovas. He also asks for some of the Holy Oil used in baptism and
+extreme unction. That all these be sent him by the same secret means of
+the fishermen for the spiritual aid and advancement of those Catholic
+people.</p>
+
+<p>Successively the same Knight of the Order sent another paper and
+testimony to the Bishop of Cuba, Don Santiago Echevarria, saying that
+the dispatch or expedient sent belonged to the Council. With the order
+of February 27th referring to the solicitude felt by that Vicar and
+Parish Priest for the families who had been transported from Minorca, so
+that they might be united to this tribunal which could proceed to
+recognize them as stated in the prepared information. In it the same
+prelate, Don Julian Arriaga, of the diocese, states that at the same
+time he had full knowledge of the letter of Dr. Campos, the Governor<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_194" id="page_194"></a>{194}</span>
+passed a bill considering it not worthy of his consideration and not
+recognizing the legitimacy of the letter of the pretendent nor his
+pontifical jurisdiction. Affirming that the testimony was of little
+value or belief. The simple say so of a letter. The class of foreigners
+who lived among heretics, diminished their estimation of the Holy Oil,
+finally that he considered it absolutely necessary to lay the whole
+matter before your Majesty. Considering each clause of the letter, he
+deemed that it should be answered by the minister, arranging all
+according to his judgment and resolution to be made known, so that
+hereafter he may know how to proceed in similar cases. The Council, in
+view of the referred report, placed it before the Judge, whose original
+answer is in the hands of your Royal Highness confirming the opinion it
+contains and placing before your Royal consideration that the judgment
+found by the Bishop of Cuba has been very prudent, that he has worked
+with wise precaution, because truly the contents of Dr. Campos’ letter
+are very delicate, and one should be cautious in being influenced by a
+weak letter entrusted to uncertain fishermen. That at all events it
+lacks the necessary antecedents required for an affair of less
+importance. That the foundation should be the legitimizing of the
+persons referred to by the Priest and the Fray Casanovas. The claims
+with which they passed to Florida in company with the families from
+Minorca and the jurisdiction they assure us to have received from the
+Supreme Pontificate. Nothing of this has been sent in document form, nor
+promised to be sent in such form, ignoring also whether the families
+from said Island taken out by the English were Catholics, and if they<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_195" id="page_195"></a>{195}</span>
+had passed into Florida as such and with the freedom of enforcing their
+religion. That Catholics, permanent residents of Florida, should ask
+spiritual aid of the Bishop of Cuba, is perfectly proper, because,
+before the occupation of the English, Mosquito was under his
+jurisdiction. Neither should sacred things be exposed to the scorn and
+ridicule of heretics, nor should it be badly administered. The secret
+manner in which Dr. Campos seeks this aid, so very queer, because if the
+families from Minorca are Catholic and were transported as such to
+Florida with the free privilege of their religion, as is seen by their
+efforts in bringing with them a Parish Priest and Vicar. The English
+would certainly not oppose them in publicly asking for and having all
+that is required by these same Catholics for administering the
+sacraments, education of the masses, and spiritual good of their souls.
+All this makes it indispensable that we should have a thorough knowledge
+and investigation of these affairs by other means before we can decide
+on this matter with any certainty. To which is added that by the article
+eleven of the Treaty of Peace adjusted on the 13th of July of the year
+1713, in which was ceded to the crown of Great Britain the Island of
+Minorca, (among other things) promised by his British Majesty was that
+the inhabitants of the said Island should enjoy in all safety and
+peacefulness all the honors and privileges of the Roman Catholic
+religion, and also that for the preservation of this religion they
+should take all measures which did not appear exposed to the Government
+of Sevilla and laws of Great Britain. Thus it seems to the Council that
+your Minister in Rome should be appointed to investigate the matter<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_196" id="page_196"></a>{196}</span>
+with the greatest solicitude, because if the Catholics of the above
+mentioned Island of Minorca, transported by the English in the year 1768
+(as we deduce from Dr. Campos’ letter), have made an appeal to the
+Apostolic Secretary in order to carry with them their own Pastor, and if
+his Holiness has named in the capacity of the Parish Priest and Vicar
+the referred to Don Pedro Campos and Don Bartolome Casanovas of the St.
+Augustine Order, and such jurisdiction assigned to them.</p>
+
+<p>Being informed as briefly and clearly as possible, extend an order to
+the Captain-General of the Island of Minorca and to the Bishop of that
+Diocese that they may separately inform if they know of the exportation
+of the families of Minorca by the English to populate Florida. If the
+declared families were Catholic, and if the Prelates lived and behaved
+as priests; if they passed over here with the understanding that they
+had free use of their religion, if Dr. Campos and Pedro Casanova were
+elected as Parish Priest and Vicar of them. What is the character and
+circumstances of these two subjects, and if on accepting they gave
+notice and obtained permission of that minister and that prelate. In the
+meanwhile if the steps have been taken, it is imperative that the
+Governor of Havana and the Bishop of Cuba be given to understand that
+the prudent steps taken by them was exactly and perfectly agreeable to
+your Majesty. Their determination and your agreeing with it perfectly as
+though they had anticipated your resolution on the present subject. That
+without appearing in it, the Bishop should try by all means available to
+investigate the manner of practising the Catholic religion<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_197" id="page_197"></a>{197}</span> by these
+Minorcans in Florida. The position of Dr. Campos and Fray Casanovas who
+are supposed to be Parish Priest and Vicar of the Catholic portion of
+the settlement. Let a similar order be given the Governor so as to
+advance as speedily as possible with the news, giving information of the
+results of the search that your Majesty may decide on what is most
+agreeable to your Royal Highness.</p>
+
+<p>Madrid, Sept. 27th, 1770.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Letter of the Archbishop of Valencia.</span></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>My Dear Sir</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Having formed the corresponding petition, begging for an extension of
+the privileges granted Don Pedro Campos and Pedro Bartolome Casanovas, I
+also asked the Pope in the name of his Royal Majesty to grant these
+ministers all privileges in their spiritual management, as requested by
+his Majesty.</p>
+
+<p>Your Lordship notified me as seems quite proper the time to investigate
+concerning these privileges, he being one of the supervisors at the
+tribunal of the Holy Office, he immediately accomplished what was asked
+by sending to his Holiness at the instigation of Monseñor Autoville,
+Assessor of said Tribunal, who spoke favorably of helping them with his
+influence, as he did, and you will see by the enclosed letter of
+Saturday sent by Señor Zelada. He informs me that his Holiness extends
+to them the privileges for a term of twenty years and inquires of me if
+I have attended to the balance of the communications soliciting greater
+privileges for these Ecclesiastics, enclosing for my instruction the
+printed pamphlet of privileges granted<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_198" id="page_198"></a>{198}</span> the Bishop of Cuba, where he
+facilitates the authentic open mandate. Seeming to me to be agreeable
+and satisfactory to the King, I replied that he should ask these
+privileges and notify me, as he has done, and which I send you, hoping
+they will deserve your approval and the pleasure of his Majesty. I take
+this occasion of placing myself at your disposal, and may God grant you
+a long life is the wish of</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">The Bishop of Valencia.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Trascati, August 28th, 1771.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Letter of the Bishop of Cuba.</span></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Sire</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>I have had the honor of receiving the Royal Cedule of your Majesty dated
+in Idelfonso 16th of August, of this year, in reply to my letter of
+February 19th. You condescend to enclose me a copy of what the Rev.
+Bishop of Minorca has written regarding the Catholic families who were
+taken from Minorca to establish themselves in the English territory of
+Florida, called Mosquito, and a literal copy of the privileges granted
+by the Apostolic See to the Parish Priest and Vicar of them.</p>
+
+<p>You order me that in the use of peculiar privileges and delegated in
+consequence of the subordination under which these Presbyters declare
+themselves. I should grant them the titles they ask of parochial and
+assistant in the most approved form under the present state of
+affairs—to furnish them with the Holy Oil as long as there should be no
+reason for withholding it, and take entire care of those faithful,
+governing them by means of these ministers, and taking as many
+precautions<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_199" id="page_199"></a>{199}</span> as I consider proper to the preservation of the faith,
+availing myself in case of need of the Governor and Captain-General of
+this Island. Your Majesty advises me of the official letters addressed
+by the Secretary of State to the Court of London, representing clearly
+what was said by the Bishop of Minorca, and also the result of the
+solicitation which by your order has aided the Rev. Archbishop of
+Valencia with his Holiness, in obtaining from him an extension of the
+privileges granted these Ecclesiastics extend even beyond mine—and it
+is well and needed for the spiritual good of this Catholic portion. Have
+the goodness to permit me to express the sweet commotion my soul has
+felt at seeing the proper zeal on the part of your Majesty, and the
+interest you take in extending the Kingdom of Christ over all the world.
+This example must influence the Pastors, as we have the honor of
+rendering homage to so great and Catholic a Monarch.</p>
+
+<p>As to the instructions of your Sovereign Majesty that I should
+communicate your resolutions to the Marquez de la Torre, the new
+Governor and Captain-General of this city and Island, I did not have to
+encourage his zeal in the affair. Full of the greatest energy in the
+service of God and your Majesty, he immediately fitted up a vessel
+which, under the pretext of fishing along the coast of Florida, should
+approach Mosquito Inlet and deliver to Dr. Pedro Campos, through safe
+hands, the two titles, for himself that of Parish Priest and Vicar for
+his companion, Pedro Casanovas—a delegation of various privileges I
+have considered advisable for the spiritual good of that Diocese under
+its dangerous constitution. A casket<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_200" id="page_200"></a>{200}</span> containing three vessels of the
+Holy Oil needed, and two assistants for the divine worship, all of which
+I offer up to the service of God.</p>
+
+<p>These documents I place at the foot of your throne. By them you will see
+how I have written to these Ministers inspiring them with a spirit of
+gratitude. I encourage and sustain them to carry out their good
+enterprise, exacting a report under pretext of aiding them in their
+spiritual emergencies. The moment I obtain them I shall send to your
+Majesty all the light I obtain on the subject. I shall be on the lookout
+to consult the books used by these Religious men, and aid them in all
+that is needed for the reasonable administration of the sacraments and
+health of their souls. Judging by the measures I have taken of their
+delegation they will scarcely need the extension of the first words of
+the Holy Chair. On the arrival of these, I shall take other means more
+suitable to these circumstances, and in all shall try to carry out the
+real intentions your Majesty has deemed proper to state to me and
+nothing will be more gratifying than to ascertain them through my
+fidelity to God, who I hope will preserve you for many years.</p>
+
+<p>Havana, December 14th, 1771.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Letter of the Bishop of Minorca.</span></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>My Dear Sir</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>On date of October 27th just passed and by order of your Majesty, on the
+occasion of a representation made you by common accord by the Bishop and
+Governor of Havana, I was commissioned by Don Tomas Melio, predecessor
+of your Majesty’s, to give any information<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_201" id="page_201"></a>{201}</span> I could regarding the
+exporting of the families from the Island of Minorca by the English to
+colonize Florida. If these families were Catholics and if Dr. Pedro
+Campos and Padre Bartolome Casanovas, who accompanied them, had been
+elected for that purpose, their character and circumstances and if for
+the acceptance of this commission they notified me and obtained my
+license.</p>
+
+<p>It seems suitable to my ministry to give a categorical reply to what has
+been asked, the impediments imposed on my jurisdiction by the Governor
+of said Island when the exportation was carried into effect, with me to
+the extent of opening my private letters, suspecting others might be
+enclosed in them for me. This deprived me of all news regarding the
+exportation, which by means of some who came from said Islands brought
+me news of my Vicar-General by word of mouth, it being impossible to
+write under the circumstances, that the families were all Catholics and
+passed over with the free use of their religion having accompanied them
+two Ecclesiastics to serve as Parochial Priests, and I am persuaded they
+were the same who gave rise to the representation. During the opposition
+of that Governor to the exercise of my authority I many times resorted
+to carry from the Island to the Court, to men who were worthy to protect
+the benignity of our Catholic religion with messages to your Ambassador
+at the Court and at my instigation they were placed at your Royal feet
+by the Marquez of Grimalde with whose powerful help and meditation we
+finally obtained a hearing of the private Council of the King of Great
+Britain which took place on last June, when a Decree was sent stating
+that no<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_202" id="page_202"></a>{202}</span> state, and I have placed myself in communication with the Vicar
+to whom I have written that without loss of time he informed me of all
+that had occurred in the exportation, how executed, the circumstances of
+the two Ecclesiastics and if they went with this permission, and all
+else conducive to a satisfactory reply. This I will fulfill immediately
+I receive a reply. In the meantime the exportation being undoubtedly
+public and notorious, also that it was occasioned by the want and
+suffering endured in that Island by many families on account of poor
+crops for several consecutive years which obliged me to grant
+dispensation from the eating of lactenacious food and meat on prohibited
+days. Most of the families who went to Florida had come to this Island
+to colonize the unhappy city of Aludia, and if I rightly understand, I
+do not doubt but that some went to Cierra Morena or other places in
+Spain, from the manner in which the Vicar-General communicated to me the
+exportation, I doubt if the Ecclesiastics went with his permission, he
+would only have allowed and tolerated it for the good of the religion
+and not to irritate the Governor more by reports which, when I first
+arrived on this Island, he gave me of all the Ecclesiastics. It results
+that Dr. Campos was a good and laborious Priest, devoted strictly to his
+ministerial duties, and had been Vicar for some years. That he was Vicar
+of a village of that Island. This is confirmed by several persons of
+Minorca who, in this unsettled state, are still here, and although some
+of the clergy do not give such good reports, those they have given of
+his conduct are not bad, but being obliged to state all that I
+understood in this city regarding the exportation, I am assured by
+several<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_203" id="page_203"></a>{203}</span> persons that bad news is being spread of the unhappiness in
+which these families live, their disgust with the country where there is
+nothing but hard labor and want, in place of the happiness and riches
+they had been promised by the English, and what is worse, that they
+themselves (without stating the reason) had assassinated the said
+Clergyman who had accompanied them. This is all I can tell you at
+present, until I have a reply for the worse from my Vicar-General of
+Minorca. In the meantime I take this occasion to congratulate your
+Majesty upon your new destiny and after my services praying God may
+grant you long life.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Bishop of Minorca.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Palma, February 5th, 1771.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_204" id="page_204"></a>{204}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIX" id="CHAPTER_XIX"></a>CHAPTER XIX.</h2>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1771.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>The opinion of the Judge, after having examined the different
+letters from the Bishops and those in authority connected therewith
+and after making thorough investigation into this matter concerning
+the granting of the patent and graces asked for by these Priests of
+the Minorcan families of the English colony of Florida—The Bishop
+of Cuba for the Council to Dr. Don Pedro Campos and the Rev. Father
+Bartolome Casanovas, extends to these Priests the title of Parish
+Priest and Vicar—Also sends a box containing three flasks of
+Sacred Oil—Hopes soon to be able to send a more extended
+prorogation of other powers—This grace having been solicited by
+the King from the Court of Rome—Asks for a more extended report of
+the number of families and condition of the congregation.</i> </p></div>
+
+<p>The Judge has seen a letter of the Rev. Archbishop of Valencia, Minister
+of his Majesty, in the Court of Rome, dated Dec. 13th of the last year,
+in which replying to another of Nov. 3rd by the Secretary of State, he
+informs him of some indulgences and privileges granted by the Apostolic
+See to Dr. Pedro Campos, secular priest, and to Father Bartolome
+Casanovas of the St. Augustine Order, who accompanied the Catholic
+families of Minorca in the year 1768<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_205" id="page_205"></a>{205}</span> selected by the English for their
+colony in Florida in America. He has also seen another letter from the
+Rev. Bishop of Minorca of the 5th of February last, who informs him that
+by Royal Cedula of November 7th of the past year, he has been asked
+regarding the manner practised in the selection of the families of
+Minorca and the circumstances of said prelates; he gives all the
+information he knows and can at present, promising that immediately upon
+receipt of news he expects and has asked for he will forward. Lastly
+that he has investigated and informed himself of the Royal order of the
+1st of the present March by which these letters have passed to the
+Council, that they may agree in the provisions they deem worthy and
+advisable. For the better understanding of all this affair it must be
+remembered that the Governor of Havana, Don Antonio Bucareli, gave an
+account on the 11th of January of the referred to year, of the arrival
+of another certificate of the virtues of one for Beatification, directed
+to the Rev. Bishop and seemingly written by Dr. Pedro Campos who calls
+himself Parish Priest of the families of Minorca who were selected by
+the English for their colony of Florida; that this letter had been put
+in the hands of the Diocesan Prelate; that one and the other had
+notified his Majesty of the difficulties surrounding the request and
+proposition of Dr. Campos, as has been demonstrated by the antecedent
+documents. It is also worthy of consideration that Dr. Campos in his
+letter at the same time that he states the selection and transmigration
+of the Minorcans to Florida participates that he had been elected Parish
+Priest of said families, and Father Casanovas, Vicar of them, which
+jurisdiction they had<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_206" id="page_206"></a>{206}</span> received from the Supreme Pontificate who ignored
+to which Bishop they were subject in that English colony; but placing
+them under obligation to appear by writing before the expiration of
+three years to the Holy See and the Diocesan Prelate that one and the
+other were natives of Minorca, subject under the temporal power to Great
+Britain and spiritually to the Bishop of Minorca, both having exercised
+for many years the position of priests in preaching the Gospel and moral
+doctrines. And for this reason they begged the Rev. Bishop of Cuba to
+send them patents of Parish Priest and Vicar for Father Casanovas, as
+also the Holy Oil for baptism and extreme unction, and two assistant
+priests, proceeding with circumspection and secrecy and taking advantage
+of the fishermen of that coast, being all the inducement required for
+the help and benefit of the spiritual good of the Catholics. The Rev.
+Bishop of Cuba, considering the grave importance of the matter,
+refrained from replying to Dr. Campos, being ignorant of the quality and
+jurisdiction of his authority, and not to expose to irreverence the
+sacred matter of the Holy Oil, sending it to a Protestant Colony, and
+not knowing the person nor authority he had for exercising the place of
+Parish Priest, especially as the letter had not come in a legitimate
+way; but by the uncertain conduct of fishermen entrusted with the secret
+of an affair which did not seem to require this means, as there was
+liberty of religion observed in the English Colony, and as the Minorcans
+reserved the right to practise the Catholic religion.</p>
+
+<p>The Judge, in view of all this, adopts the idea of the Rev. Bishop of
+Cuba, and approves his prudent resolution,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_207" id="page_207"></a>{207}</span> and was of the opinion that
+this matter be illustrated by investigation, as to whether it was true
+that this authority was granted by the Apostolic See, to the Prelates
+Campos and Casanovas—and under what terms and considerations. What
+subjects they were, if they had been appointed by the Diocesan of
+Minorca, if they were of good habits, and if the Minorcans were
+Catholics. If under these terms they had come to Florida with the view
+of carrying out the necessary orders of the Prelate and Governor of
+Minorca, and the Minister of your Majesty in the Court of Rome. All of
+which was accomplished, this being the antecedent which gives motive to
+the reply of the letters which have remained so long unanswered. The
+Minister of Rome gives information that in the month of June of 1768
+were deputised as Apostolic missionaries for the English Province of
+Florida, the aforementioned Dr. Campos and Father Casanovas, this last
+as Vicar for the Minorcan families who asked of the Apostolic See, that
+different authority should be granted these Prelates for the term of
+three years, and in the meantime permission of his Holiness, according
+to terms which result by a simple copy which will accompany their
+letter. This Minister adds to have stated to his Holiness that if it
+were agreeable to His Majesty that this authority be promulgated and
+privileges granted that his only object was to please and serve the
+Catholic King.</p>
+
+<p>The Apostolic indulgences being examined, it results that they were
+reduced to six: administering the sacraments, asking permission of the
+Bishop, and under the same condition the authority in all hidden cases
+of granting dispensation to the poor, for contracting<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_208" id="page_208"></a>{208}</span> matrimony, to
+erect churches and chapels—all these must be exercised without pay for
+the term of three years, in the meantime with the approbation of the
+Apostolic See. The Rev. Bishop of Minorca says: that he cannot furnish
+the information asked of him until he obtains news of his Vicar-General
+of Minorca, who has not been able to execute it by writing, but he
+assures us that these Prelates and all the Minorcan families were
+Catholics and passed to Florida carrying with them two Ecclesiastics who
+might be the said Campos and Casanovas. The Judge, with reference to
+all, considers that he has discovered sufficient truth to assuage the
+just fears of the Rev. Bishop of Cuba, to the recourse to the Apostolic
+See, by the Minorcan families or of the Prelates Campos and Casanovas
+and the authority granted to these by his Holiness. The application for
+help of Dr. Campos dispels all doubt which might arise from the distance
+between Florida and the Island of Cuba. From all this result other
+useful things, since all this authority granted Dr. Campos and Father
+Casanovas is left at the disposal of the Bishop of Cuba and as this
+Prelate and to all those of America so many pontifical authorities are
+granted, he can very well make use of it for the spiritual government of
+the little flock of Catholics residing in the English Colony and examine
+the privileges granted to these Presbyters, adopting them according to
+the nature and delegate of the authority of their Pastoral Office. It is
+true that the secrecy asked by Dr. Campos caused some misgivings, but in
+view of what it expounded by the Rev. Bishop of Minorca the mystery is
+solved, as perhaps it has happened in Florida as in Minorca and Minorca
+in regard to the disturbances<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_209" id="page_209"></a>{209}</span> of the Catholic religion, the English
+having been wanting in their promises drawn up in their agreement. So
+that, as the Vicar-General of Minorca had no expedient in his
+jurisdiction, the same may have happened to Dr. Campos and Father
+Casanovas who, in consequence of the determination of the Court of
+London, cannot proceed in all concerning the education and spiritual
+care of the Catholics.</p>
+
+<p>Under these considerations the Judge feels that the Rev. Bishop of Cuba
+should send him a copy of all that he wishes, sharing with him the care
+of the faithful of Florida, governing them by means of the
+aforementioned ministers and taking as much forethought as his zeal
+dictates and he considers convenient to a good government and conversion
+of that Catholic portion, availing themselves of the necessary form of
+Governor of Havana and Captain-General of that Island of Cuba, not only
+for having been the means of which Dr. Campos availed himself, but also
+that he may communicate with the Governor and Chief of Florida, and that
+the Rev. Bishop of Minorca send him notice of his letter and beg him to
+take charge and investigate such reports as may come up, informing
+himself through the Vicar-General of Minorca and also of those Catholic
+subjects who from said Island have passed to the city of Alzuvia as we
+are assured in his letter. That the Commandant of Minorca be stimulated
+anew to obtain the information demanded of him. And that he send
+documents to the Marquez of Gremaldin to the effect that he send notice
+to the Council of the church service, which by the Secretary in charge
+has been made in the Courts of London at the instance of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_210" id="page_210"></a>{210}</span> clergy and
+Bishop of Minorca, and of the resolution taken by the Council, provided
+by the King of Great Britain. These documents being necessary, to send a
+copy to the Governor and Bishop of Cuba that they may proceed securely
+and provide such resources as are needed, for all of which they can free
+themselves with necessary speed. Notwithstanding the Council will
+remember what is most agreeable.</p>
+
+<p>Madrid, April 16th, 1771.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">For the Council.</span></h3>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1771.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>My Dear Sir</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>I have not forgotten your Excellency’s letter of Oct. 20th of 1768, in
+which you state to me your merits and occupation as also that of Father
+Bartolome Casanovas of the St. Augustine Order, and you expound to me
+the motives which induce you to apply to me for your title of Parish
+Priest of the Catholic families of Minorcans established in Mosquito,
+English territory of Florida, and that of Vicar for the other Priest.
+Also asking for the Sacred Oils with which to administer baptism and
+extreme unction, and for two assistant Priests of the Divine office. In
+order that I might reply to your claims I considered it advisable to
+submit it to the higher authority and intelligence of the King, my Lord,
+and that I might be enlightened by his Sovereign order regarding all
+requirements for so delicate and serious a subject. I have received all
+the light on the subject I wished through a Royal Cedula of Aug. 16th of
+the present year, composed of documents which legitimatize the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_211" id="page_211"></a>{211}</span>
+character of your executive and that of your companion. The power and
+authority invested in you by the Holy See and the professed Catholicism
+of the Minorcan families to whom you both administer. Also the various
+instructions all relative to my government in that Catholic Colony whose
+obedience and prompt attention to the kind intentions of the King our
+Sovereign, I extend to you (by means of a safe and trusty guide) the
+title of Parish Priest and Vicar. A copy containing the only and
+extraordinary powers of the Apostolic Chair, which I hold and which I
+convey to your Excellency and by your death, sickness or other
+legitimate impediment, to your companion. That the time with the
+requirements expressed therein, two assistant priests of the Divine
+office and a box with three flasks of sacred oil, distinguished as the
+Chrisma, Catecuma, and for the sick. I hope soon to send you a more
+extended prorogation of other powers, that you may make good use of them
+to the benefit of that small flock, and in case of you and your
+companion’s death, the Priest I should nominate. This is a grace that
+the Catholic and clement heart of the King has solicited from the Court
+of Rome, through the means of his Minister. It is also reserved that I
+shall be promptly advised of the results of the Offices made in the
+court of London, by order or representation of the Illustrious Bishop of
+Minorca, and the resolutions taken by the private council of the King of
+Great Britain in the month of June of the past year, with the only
+desire that their people do not become discouraged in the Holy Religion
+they profess, and that they owe such great blessings to the best of
+Monarchs whose large soul guides all his thoughts and intentions<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_212" id="page_212"></a>{212}</span> to the
+sustenance and propagation of the true Roman Faith, making it noticed
+and perceived by the whole world his pious and eminent care for humanity
+and his heroic and glorious zeal. Your Excellency will make it
+understood by those chosen few, the gratitude and acknowledgment these
+sublime demonstrations bind them to fulfill. Apply yourself to guide
+them and make them patient with all love and charity. Apply yourself to
+all this and count on my assistance in all that is needed to secure this
+important work. That I may better form an idea of your wants and desires
+to relieve them with the spiritual aid that your condition requires, it
+would be well you should send me immediately an individual report of the
+constitution, material and formula of your church and a list of the
+families who compose your congregation. State all excesses, and anything
+you deem worthy of my consideration and within my Province. These last
+will always have for their object the salvation of the souls confided to
+the good conscience and care of your Excellency and your companion,
+whose good conduct I flatter myself leaves nothing to desire, being
+perfect and complete in the discharge of his respective ministerial
+duties to the honor and glory of God. These are of such interest that we
+are obliged to sacrifice our best efforts, the repose and even loss of
+our own lives. I remain with best wishes and always ready to conciliate
+your wishes. May God guide you for many happy years.</p>
+
+<p>I kiss your hand and am your affectionate and sincere Chaplain,</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">The Bishop of Cuba</span>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Señor Dr. Don Pedro Campos (absent).</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Father Bartolome Casanovas.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_213" id="page_213"></a>{213}</span></p>
+
+<p>It agrees with the original letter and its contents, which remain in the
+Secretary under my charge and which I remit by order of the Bishop, my
+Lord. I took this out in Havana on the 3rd day of December, 1771.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Dr. Jose de la Bandera</span>, Secretary.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_214" id="page_214"></a>{214}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XX" id="CHAPTER_XX"></a>CHAPTER XX.</h2>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1773.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Proceedings of the Council upon information obtained from his
+Majesty’s Minister at the Court of Rome concerning the appeal made
+by the Parish Priest and Vicar of the Catholic families established
+in the English territory of Florida—The matter contained in the
+different Bishops’ letters, also the letters of the Priest and
+Vicar asking for patent and further privileges rehearsed—A report
+of the condition of the said Minorcan families who are dissatisfied
+with the lack of spiritual comforts—Have built a brick church and
+are very devout—Of their desire to throw off the yoke of Great
+Britain and their love for Spain—Reply of the Judge—Testimony
+sent by the Bishop of Cuba.</i> </p></div>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Council.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Report relative to information obtained from His Majesty’s minister at
+the Court of Rome in reply to the order expedited as a result of the
+appeal made by the Parish Priest and Vicar of the Catholic families
+established in the English territory of Florida, to the Bishop of Cuba,
+asking for the Holy Oil.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Proceedings.</span></h3>
+
+<p>First—In Council on September 27th of last year, it was called to your
+Royal attention in Council, what had been represented by the Governor of
+Havana<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_215" id="page_215"></a>{215}</span> and Rev. Bishop of Cuba, concerning the appeal made to the
+Bishop of Cuba by Dr. Pedro Campos and Padre Bartolome Casanovas, the
+first Parish Priest, the second Vicar of the Catholic families who were
+taken from Minorca to colonize the territory of Florida, belonging to
+the English, asking for the Holy Oil, with which to administer baptism.
+It seemed that your Majesty’s Minister in the Court of Rome was the most
+worthy person to solicit and obtain with promptness the information as
+to whether the Catholics taken from the Island of Minorca by the English
+in the year 1768, had made an appeal to the Holy See that they might
+carry with them their own Pastors, and if his Holiness had named in the
+capacity of Parish or Parochial Priest and Vicar of the referred to
+people, the Presbyters Dr. Campos and Padre Bartolome Casanovas, and
+what jurisdiction had been conceded to them, giving all information with
+the greatest clearness; also, that the correspondence and letter be
+expedited to the Captain-General of the Island of Minorca and the Bishop
+of that Diocese that they should inform separately all details they knew
+of the extraction of the families of Minorca made by the English to
+colonize Florida, if said families were Catholics and lived and behaved
+as such. If they went over with the privilege of the free use of their
+religion, and if Dr. Campos and Padre Casanovas were elected Parish
+Priest and Vicar of them. What was the character of these two Subjects,
+and if for the acceptance of this charge they gave notice and obtained
+permission from that Minister. In the meantime, while such steps are
+being taken, that they should acknowledge to the Governor of Havana and
+Bishop<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_216" id="page_216"></a>{216}</span> of Cuba, the receipt of their letters stating it to have been to
+the Royal approval of your Majesty the determination they had agreed
+upon—notifying each that your Majesty would take some action in the
+matter, but that the Bishop should try to inform himself of the manner
+of practising the Catholic religion by these Minorcans in Florida, and
+the manner of assistance by the Parish Priest and Vicar of the Catholic
+Town and that the same be forwarded to the Governor, so that one and the
+other advance the information resulting therefrom. And your Majesty
+having agreed in this opinion should order the corresponding Royal
+Cedulas and letters agreed upon with date of October 27th and November
+7th of last year.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Final Condition.</span></h3>
+
+<p>In this condition the Council received a letter from the Rev. Bishop of
+Minorca of February 5th of this year, stating that he could not take the
+required steps for obtaining information asked, as he awaited news of
+his Vicar-General of Minorca, who had sent him some messages by word of
+mouth, not being able to do so by writing on account of the interference
+of the Governor of that Island. Notwithstanding the difficulties the
+Vicar had communicated to him the fact that all the families were
+Catholics who went to Florida with the free use of their religion,
+carrying with them, to serve as Parish Priest and Vicar, two
+Ecclesiastics, one secular and one monastic (belonging to an order), and
+they might be the ones mentioned. This Prelate adding that the first was
+a good and laborious Priest, applying himself strictly to his
+Ministerial duties, and had been Vicar for many years on that<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_217" id="page_217"></a>{217}</span> Island.
+That of the other he did not have such good reports, although those he
+had were not so bad. That it was reported the English had assassinated
+this Priest without stating a reason for doing so. That last June, on
+account of the troubles between this Court and the Court of London, a
+decree was obtained from the private Council of the King of Great
+Britain that in Minorca there should be no further interference with the
+Ecclesiastics; that now a more quiet state exists and things are
+restored to their normal state, therefore the Rev. Bishop awaited news
+of the matter from his Vicar, having asked for it last October 27th.</p>
+
+<p>Prior to this Fray Julian Ariaga had sent a document, dated March 1st of
+the present year, written upon the resolution of your Majesty, expressed
+in a letter notifying your Minister at the Court of Rome, who having
+verified and accomplished the same the accompanying note, showing the
+powers and privileges invested in Dr. Campos and Padre Casanovas. These
+documents are sent by order of his Majesty to the Council, that upon
+seeing them they may agree upon the provisions most expedient. In this
+letter the Minister of your Majesty in Rome states that in the month of
+June of 1768 they were empowered as Apostolic Missionaries for the
+English Province of Florida. The Minorcan families had petitioned the
+Holy See to invest these Prelates with certain powers, which was done,
+granting them these powers for a term of three years, in the meantime a
+Permit of His Holiness accompanied it set forth in these terms, as shown
+by the copy—if it should be agreeable to your Majesty that they make
+use of these powers and privileges<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_218" id="page_218"></a>{218}</span>—that he was only too glad and
+willing to serve and please so good and Catholic a King.</p>
+
+<p>From the above mentioned letter of indulgences, it appears that they are
+six, reduced to the administering of the Parochial Sacraments, obtaining
+first permission from the Bishop or his Vicar. These places are near,
+not further than two days’ journey of ten leagues each day by land from
+the Province of Florida, and under the same conditions these Priests are
+invested with the power of absolving abroad all such hidden cases,
+although it be reserved for the Holy See to give dispensation to the
+poor, where they wish to contract matrimony within certain degrees of
+kinship. Some of these privileges of dispensation are granted to some
+Priests approved by their Bishop. They could construct churches and
+chapels in the Colony under the same restrictions of getting a permit
+from the Diocesan Bishop, if not absent and at too great a distance.
+These privileges were to be exercised in a gracious manner for only
+three years, in the meantime under permit of the Holy See. The Council
+of March 4th of this year, having agreed that this expedient be
+transferred to the Judge with the former proceedings. In his reply of
+August 16th is the following. With regard to all that is stated he says:
+that he discovers ample reasons to quiet the mind and anxieties
+indicated by the Bishop of Cuba, as it is evident the Minorcan families
+obtain direct permission from the Holy See granting these powers to Dr.
+Campos and Padre Casanovas—leaving them, however, subordinates to the
+Diocesan Bishop while he was not at too great a distance. That the
+proceedings of Dr. Campos remove all doubt which might arise<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_219" id="page_219"></a>{219}</span> of the
+distance of the Bishop, as this Presbyter recognizes him as his own and
+proper Pastor. From this the Judge decides that the Bishop of Cuba can
+grant, without any further fear, the requests of Dr. Campos; that he
+should contribute to it, not alone for the consolation it would bring
+those Catholic families, but also to confirm and establish his
+jurisdiction, and have it under his control in all things concerning the
+Faith. Under these terms occur many others which are useful, as the
+privileges are granted these Ecclesiastics, but places them legally
+under control of the Bishop of Cuba. And as to this Prelate, as well as
+to all those in America, such ample privileges are granted, he might
+well avail himself of them for the spiritual government of the flock of
+Catholics residing in the English Colony. He could examine the
+privileges conceded and interpret them as the new ones of his Pastoral
+Office. It is true that the caution and secrecy used by Dr. Campos
+caused some anxiety and suspicion, but in view of what the Rev. Bishop
+of Minorca says, the mystery is discovered, supposing that the same
+circumstances had arisen in Florida as in Minorca, and there had been
+religious disturbances, or that the English had failed to comply with
+the treaties of the capitulation. That as the Vicar-General of Minorca
+was prevented from carrying on his correspondence with the Diocese of
+Minorca, the same might have occurred with Dr. Campos, owing to the
+proceedings at the Court of London he could have no intercourse with any
+other Diocese. That aside from these considerations, which are to be
+regretted, the Judge considers it well for the Bishop of Cuba to retain
+a copy with all the particulars given by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_220" id="page_220"></a>{220}</span> Bishop of Minorca,
+referring to the good standing of the Catholics who emigrated to the
+English Colony, and that the high standing of Dr. Campos and Padre
+Casanovas and send a literal copy of the privileges granted to them by
+the Apostolic See, omitting the expression used in the summary of the
+“Bula de la Cena.” But that the Bishop make use of all the privileges
+granted him, and expedite the titles of Parochial Pastor and Vicar which
+have been asked of him in such terms as are best suited for the present,
+and send them the Holy Oils, if nothing new should arise to prevent it.
+So care for the faithful of Florida and govern them by means of these
+same Ministers—using all the zeal and care he considers good for
+them—making use of the Governor of Havana and the Captain-General if
+necessary. Not only that he was the means used by Dr. Campos for
+obtaining these concessions, but that documents may be passed between
+himself and the Governor of Florida, he should have the Bishop of
+Minorca to acknowledge receipt of his letter, and beg him to verify the
+reports and information given by the Vicar-General of Minorca of those
+Catholic subjects who passed from the City of Alusia (Alcubea) as he
+assures us in his letter. That the commandant of Minorca make it
+obligatory that he give this information asked, and that an official
+report be made of it and sent to the Marquis of Grimaldi that he in turn
+may report it to the Council as his individual report of what the
+secretary under his charge has done in the Court of London at the
+representation of the Clergy and Bishop of Minorca and the resolution
+taken by the private Council of the King of Great Britain in the month
+of June of the past year,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_221" id="page_221"></a>{221}</span> as affirmed by the same Bishop. These
+documents are necessary according as what may be produced or forwarded
+by the Governor or Bishop of Cuba, so as to proceed with security and
+remit to the Ministers of Florida the necessary resources and forward
+categorical documents if found necessary. By means of these dispatches
+and letters all things may be facilitated.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Note.</span></h3>
+
+<p>This expedient being ready for the Councils, two letters have been
+received, one from the proclaimed Bishop of Minorca and the other from
+the Commandant of that Island, Marques de Alos, both dated April 22nd of
+the present year. The first states that in consequence of what he spoke
+of in his preceding letter of February 5th, that an account of the
+troubles on the Island of Minorca in trying to open war with this Court,
+His Vicar-General who resides there did not dare to answer His letter of
+December 14th past, regarding the various families who had passed into
+Florida. That only by a note, without his signature, did he intimate
+that this Priest had the title of Prelate and the power to confess and
+preach. That he was a person of merit, capacity and virtue. That the
+Monk who accompanied him had the license and power to preach and hear
+confessions; that immediately after the publication of peace he heard
+from the same Vicar, who after writing of several affairs corresponding
+to his ministerial duties, He states that from his Parish alone on
+account of the great suffering from failures of crops, there had gone to
+Florida with others from that Island and Spain, more than three hundred
+families. They were urged by insinuations<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_222" id="page_222"></a>{222}</span> from the Government who
+offered them homes, with land to cultivate and hold and the free use of
+their Catholic religion, adding these remarks regarding the proclaimed
+Priests: Dr. Campos, who had served as Vicar and Parish Priest in the
+Parish of Mercadal, had asked him for letters and testimonials to pass
+over to Florida, which he granted and in them stated the good character
+He bore and exemplary life He had led and good work he had done for the
+Church, having served many years as Vicar and being well versed in
+literature. The St. Augustine Monk who accompanied Him was Padre
+Bartolome Casanovas; he found nothing wrong in His conduct; He had
+preached in the Parish of Alazor and was consequently the Confessor of
+men; he did not remember more. He concludes his letter stating that this
+is about all He can say on the subject. The Commandant, Marques de Alos,
+in His letter stated that He had not been able sooner to make the
+necessary inquiries and comply with the order on account of the
+differences between this Court and that of London, but that things
+having quieted he has been able to ascertain that the transmigration of
+these families was made by the offer of lands to cultivate and retain
+with the free use of their Catholic Religion as practised by the
+Minorcans of that Island, according to the treaty between both Courts.
+That Dr. Campos was assistant Parish Priest of Mercadal—a Priest of
+exemplary life and habits, taking with Him his credentials from the
+Vicar of the Diocese in Mahon. It was supposed that the Augustine Monk
+went also with permission of his Superior, but of that nothing certain
+was obtained, as that portion of the Island of Minorca was under the
+dominion of Great Britain,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_223" id="page_223"></a>{223}</span> and only the Ecclesiastics recognized the
+superiority of the Bishop of that Diocese—this was all he could certify
+in obedience to the command received. Later a letter came from the
+Bishop of Cuba, dated February 19th; on the same subject in response to
+the order sent by Royal Cedula of November 7th, he says: That having
+devoted himself to find out, with every precaution, he was able to
+obtain the following information from one of the fishermen who has been
+in the Catholic Minorcan settlement. That these families are established
+in their homes, the house of Dr. Campos and Padre Casanovas being the
+principal one of the place. They have a church built of brick, quite
+commodious and decent; that having obtained last year large and abundant
+crops of corn and indigo, they loaded two vessels with indigo, but that
+they are dissatisfied on account of the number of deaths occurring among
+them and also the lack of spiritual comforts from this same Priest, who
+had asked for the Holy Oil of the Bishop of Cuba. That most of the
+Minorcan Colonists are very devout; He saw them daily praying the Rosary
+and receiving communion, but all wish to throw off the yoke of Great
+Britain and pass again to the dominion of your Majesty—demonstrating
+with strong and lively expressions their love and conservatism for the
+Crown of Spain. This I believe, from all He tells me, He saw during His
+stay among them. The Bishop concludes by stating: It is all he can tell
+us regarding this affair, but he has taken steps for further information
+which he will forward to your Majesty when obtained. All of which I make
+known to the Council that it may proceed as most convenient.</p>
+
+<p class="c">
+Number 87—3—27— <span style="margin-left: 10%;">Year 1773.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_224" id="page_224"></a>{224}</span></p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Reply of the Judge.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The Judge being cognizant of your Majesty’s Royal Decree regarding the
+consultation held by the Government on December 10th, 1772, at which
+time said Tribunal recalling the proceedings and last state of the
+expedient of the Minorcan families who passed over to Florida, with the
+free use of their Catholic religion, he brings to the consideration of
+your Majesty, among other things, that they implore of the Apostolic See
+the grace and power for the actual missionaries of the Commission or
+Bull from the Vatican, that they may administer the Sacrament of
+confirmation to these faithful ones, while the Bishop of Cuba does not
+dare concede these powers to them, on account of the natives and his
+peculiar Episcopal dignity. That your Royal person deign to confer with
+the Council in the following terms. As the Judge has decided, it seems
+proper that my Minister in Rome should supplicate the Vatican for a
+Bull, granting power to these missionaries, and have it sent by the
+reserved way for their direction. In obedience to this sovereign
+resolution, and to accomplish it in the spirit intended, the Judge has
+had present the origin of this affair and the motive which actuated the
+sentiment of the Council to the referred consultation of December 10th,
+and with reference to one and the other He has found the minutes which
+are rubricated by His hand, and accompany this reply. The proclaimed
+minutes comprehend a general idea of the manner and style in which the
+Minister of this Court in Rome should present the supplication and urge
+the granting thereof in the order and regularity with which these
+affairs are conducted in the Offices and Tribunals of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_225" id="page_225"></a>{225}</span> Rome. The Judge
+has not seen proper to state the form of these Bulls, leaving that to
+the arbitration of your Majesty’s Minister, that time may not be lost
+when the opportunity presents itself. The Judge feels that if the
+Council finds nothing to correct in the minutes they should be sent by
+the “via reservada” as arranged by the Royal Decree already mentioned,
+that your Majesty may give it the direction which corresponds and is of
+your Royal pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>Madrid, Aug. 21st, 1773.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Testimony Sent by the Bishop of Cuba.</span></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Sire</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>With regard to the Royal Cedula of the present January 3rd in which your
+Royal Highness advises me to assist, care for, and aid the Catholic
+Minorcan families established in the English Territory of Florida, in
+accord with the Governor of the Post, I have given the interlocutory
+decree comprehended in the testimony which I remit to your Majesty for
+your sovereign approval.</p>
+
+<p>May God preserve your Majesty for many years.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Santiago Jose</span>, Bishop of Cuba.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Havana, June 30th, 1773.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_226" id="page_226"></a>{226}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXI" id="CHAPTER_XXI"></a>CHAPTER XXI.</h2>
+
+<p class="r">
+A. D. 1773-1786.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Letter from the King to the Bishop of Cuba concerning the petition
+soliciting an extension of time and the privileges conceded to Dr.
+Pedro Campos and Padre Bartolome Casanovas, Parochial Priest and
+Vicar of Catholic families of Minorca in Florida—Enclosing an open
+mandate of his Holiness enlarging and extending the time for twenty
+years, Madrid, 1773—A copy of a letter and statement sent in by
+Lieutenant of Hibernians, Don Nicholas Grenier, in regard to the
+importance of the St. Johns and St. Marys river Provinces, stating
+the need to his Majesty of vessels armed to impress and control
+these Provinces which are rich in timber, turpentine, pitch and
+tar—Considers it detrimental to Spanish interests for Americans to
+introduce any commerce in those Provinces—Letter for the
+Captain-General of Florida to the Governor of the post of St.
+Augustine concerning the great necessity of further protecting the
+Spanish interests along the St. Marys and St. Johns
+rivers—Tranquility of the country jeopardized by outlaws—Some
+have been arrested and paid the penalty with their lives—Matter
+referred to the Governor, 1774.</i> </p></div>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The King to the Rev. Father in Christ, Bishop of the Holy Church,
+Cathedral of Santiago de Cuba.</span></h3>
+
+<p>In a letter of August 29th, 1771, I am informed by Don Lamas Acpuro,
+Archbishop, who was of Valencia<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_227" id="page_227"></a>{227}</span> and my Minister to the Court of Rome,
+that in virtue of a warning from the Marquez of Grimalde in a letter of
+July 23rd, he had formed the corresponding petition soliciting an
+extension of time of the privileges conceded to Dr. Pedro Campos and
+Padre Bartolome Casanovas, Parochial Priest and Vicar of the Catholic
+families of Minorca, who went to establish themselves in the English
+territory of Florida, asking also that his Holiness accord to these
+Ecclesiastics and their successors the other graces and privileges
+needed to administer to the spiritual nourishment of their flocks—and
+having deemed it desirable to transmit them through Monseñor Zelada of
+whom they had also availed themselves to investigate the truth of these
+privileges, being one of the Prelates who served in the Tribunal of the
+Holy Office. He immediately complied with the petition in consequence of
+having sent it to his Holiness at the instigation of Monseñor Antonelli,
+assistant of the same Tribunal, who spoke to his Holiness in audience,
+using his favorable influence with the result shown in his letter to
+Monseñor Zelada of August 24th, informing him that his Holiness extended
+these privileges to twenty years—asking if he had complied with the
+balance of the communication for greater privileges and followed the
+instructions mentioned in the open mandate. He replied asking if he
+would pass on to solicit in the practical way which was proper, and
+hoping it would deserve my approbation. Having seen the referred to
+document with my Council of the Indias, represented by Marquis de la
+Torre, Governor and Captain-General of that Island, by letter dated
+December 4th, 1771, concerning what you had done in consequence<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_228" id="page_228"></a>{228}</span> of the
+warning given you in the affair of the aforementioned families,
+explained by my Judge, and consulted me regarding it about the last of
+December past. I have resolved (among other things) to send the
+aforementioned open Mandate which has been obtained from his Holiness to
+certify to you the enlargement and extension of time granted the
+aforesaid Dr. Campos and Padre Casanovas and charging you (as I do) to
+use all means that are proper for your Pastoral Ministry and those of
+his Holiness, it has latterly been conceded you—having present by
+Chapter 28 of the Mandate, you can communicate it to all the Priests
+whom it may effect, and as the notice given you by the referred to Royal
+Cedula of August 16th, 1771, you will attend to and aid spiritually all
+the Catholics of Florida, this being my will.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">The King.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Madrid, August 4th, 1773.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>Excellent Sire</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>I enclose you a copy of a letter and statement which by my order was
+sent in by Lieutenant of Hibernians Don Nicholas Grenier, upon his
+return from the River St. Mary’s where since my arrival I have placed
+him rather as a Commissioned than a detached Officer, as I have before
+notified your Majesty, because it has seemed to me that is the most
+important place in this Province as no doubt it will be in the future,
+on account of its fine and accessible Bar, the abundance of magnificent
+timber, the thorough knowledge the English have of the river, the
+scarcity of this nation for building material would be a stimulus to the
+Bahamas as well as to Satavento and Barlovento, that in future<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_229" id="page_229"></a>{229}</span> they
+should be supplied from them. In a previous report I stated to your
+Majesty the necessity I felt for two vessels for said river and the St.
+John’s, but today I consider it my duty to make known to your Majesty
+the great need we have of vessels, and would ask that you send a
+Man-of-war with some schooners, launches and boats around as reserve
+guards, not only for the St. Mary’s, but the St. John’s also, where the
+Bar, although not as many feet deep as the St. Mary’s, is better and its
+waters are navigable for larger vessels thirty leagues up the river, and
+its banks abound in magnificent timber, especially the pine, from which
+the English have taken many millions of barrels of turpentine, pitch and
+tar. I also consider it important to have the armed vessels to secure
+the tranquility of this Country and put a restraint upon the many
+disturbers of peace who not knowing where to go and wishing to remain in
+the Province refused to be subjected to Government or laws of any kind.
+It is certain that in such cases a few armed vessels would make more
+impression than two regiments since the swamps and woods make it almost
+impossible for them to operate. The twenty-five Dragoons I now have are
+not sufficient to maintain my orders with the proper authority,
+therefore I fear to issue orders not to compromise the dignity of this
+Government. My only resource and hope is that your Majesty will place me
+in a position where, when occasion demands, I can act with the proper
+spirit and decorum. God preserve you for many years.</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, November 12th, 1784.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_230" id="page_230"></a>{230}</span></p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Copy of Letter of Commandant of Detached Body of Troops on the St.
+Mary’s River to the Governor of Florida.</span></h3>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<i>My Dear Sir</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Acting upon the order imposed upon me by His Majesty, when I presented
+myself for resignation of the commission under my charge on the river
+St. Mary’s. I enclose adjusted a report stating as far as my ability
+allows all that I have observed and consider worthy of your notice. God
+preserve you many years.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Nicolas Grenier.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Statement.</span></h3>
+
+<p>The Bar of St. Mary’s, so called, although its true name is Bar of
+Amelia, is considered one of the best and least dangerous of the America
+Septentrional. Vessels of 500 tons can enter. On either side are
+Islands. The one on the right is called Cumberland, belonging to the
+Americans; it is sparsely inhabited, exceedingly fertile in timber, as
+American vessels come to cut it. The one on the left is called Amelia,
+its land is considered very fertile, producing pine, cedar and oak in
+abundance. Its inhabitants number some twenty families; these people
+belong as much to one Island as the other, being variable and erratic in
+their habits. The distance between Amelia and Cumberland, which forms
+the channel where all vessels going up the St. Mary’s are obliged to
+pass, is more or less—miles. For this reason a Fort or Castle at the
+northern extremity of Amelia would be of the greatest advantage. The
+channel formed by these Islands is at the mouth of the river. In front
+of these Islands is a third one called Tiger, entirely depopulated, as
+it is sterile, full of swamps and lakes so that<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_231" id="page_231"></a>{231}</span> no advantage can be
+derived from it. From the anchoring grounds of Amelia to the entrance of
+St. Mary’s river is a distance of one and a half miles and the River is
+navigable for forty miles. At the mouth of said River there is a place
+called by the English New Town or Princetown which was selected for
+building a City, but the work was never carried out. The number of
+outlaws between the towns of St. John’s and St. Mary’s is about sixty
+families. Among them some might be useful to our Nation, but the others
+the sooner we drive them out of the Province the better, as they are men
+who have neither God nor law, and men who are capable of the greatest
+atrocities. There is another River further in where vessels can navigate
+for several miles, but it requires an experienced pilot, on account of
+the numerous sand banks and small streams and the most experienced are
+frequently deceived. There are four or five other small Islands. The
+Talbot, St. George, Doctor and the Pierce, all these Islands, although
+in themselves small, are of much value for their beautiful pines, cedars
+and oaks. I consider it detrimental to our interests that the Americans
+introduce any commerce in this Province, and at the same time I believe
+the best way to prevent it would be to establish a fleet. These Islands
+produce timber to build the vessels.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Nicolas Grenier.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Augustine, Fla., Nov. 10th, 1784.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+1786.<br />
+</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Letter for the Captain-General of Florida to the Governor of the Post of
+St. Augustine.</span></h3>
+
+<p>Don Vicente Manuel de Cespedes gave an account in three letters directed
+to your Excellency that Don<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_232" id="page_232"></a>{232}</span> Nicolas Grenier, who commanded the detached
+company on the River St. Mary’s, stated the urgency and necessity of
+protecting that post for the advantages which would accrue from it to
+the Royal service, and tranquility of the Country. The inhabitants have
+openly declared against us, but conceal themselves in wilderness on the
+banks of the St. John’s as far as St. Mary’s controlling that Province.
+He warned the English Governor Don Patrick Louin to prosecute the
+perfidity of such men, if he would secure a peaceful Government. The
+opinion he had formed of them was afterwards confirmed by the frequent
+thefts and deprivation, it could not be remedied for the want of aid.
+Under such circumstances I judge it better to wait and allow them to
+leave and then vigorously oppose their re-entering the Province. At
+present, the beginning of the year 1785, we find ourselves free from
+many of the principal leaders of them, who went over to Pensacola and
+other English settlements and to the United States, where some have paid
+the penalty of their misdeeds with their lives. The Señor Louin seemed
+to think the time had arrived when they should be prosecuted, and so he
+sent to arrest one of the outlaws, Daniel Mc——, in the name of Great
+Britain. Candido Salteador and Guillermo Cunningham are even worse than
+the others, being constant receivers of stolen goods. He afterwards gave
+them their liberty under bond that they should leave the Province with
+the tide, using the launch San Pedro to convey them, he made them take
+oath never to re-enter the Province nor surrounding country. We are to
+consult with Providence as to what steps must be taken with Cunningham’s
+wife and children. The reports having<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_233" id="page_233"></a>{233}</span> been examined by the Council of
+Indians, they have decided to take no steps at present, the King
+agreeing to the proposition, and his Majesty commands me to return your
+Excellency the above referred reports and testimonials, that as
+Captain-General of the Province of St. Augustine, is to proceed in the
+case, as your Excellency, under the circumstances, should determine in
+things of weight as well as in minor affairs, as behooves a Governor of
+Florida. Render a just account of the results, and of the Royal Order. I
+warn your Excellency that you fulfill it.</p>
+
+<p>God preserve you for many years.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<span class="smcap">Señor.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Madrid, December 5th, 1786.</p>
+
+<div class="errata">
+<p><a name="transcrib" id="transcrib"></a></p>
+
+<p class="cb">Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:</p>
+
+<p>Jaun=> Juan {multiple times}</p>
+
+<p>Jaun Cebadillo=> Juan Cebadilla</p>
+
+<p>Juan Cebadillo=> Juan Cebadilla</p>
+
+<p>take Jaques de Soria=>
+take Jacques de Soria {pg 7}</p>
+
+<p>Fernando Mirando=>
+Fernando Miranda {pg 27}</p>
+
+<p>Notary Public Juan Ximanes=>
+Notary Public Juan Ximenes {pg viii}</p>
+
+<p>Fray Blas DeMontes=>
+Fray Blas De Montes {pg viii}</p>
+
+<p>day of the Anethema=>
+day of the Anathema {pg 93}</p>
+
+<p>Don Diego de Rolallado=>
+Don Diego de Rebolledo {pg 98}</p>
+
+<p>Diego Robelledo=>
+Diego Rebolledo {pg x, 96, 105}</p>
+
+<p>retard
+the convertion=>
+retard
+the conversion {pg x}</p>
+
+<p>Alonzo Aranqui y Cartez=>
+Alonzo Aranqui y Cortez {pg x}</p>
+
+<p>Report of Fernando Mirando, agent to the King=>
+Report of Fernando Miranda, agent to the King {pg vii}</p>
+
+<p>Notary Public Juan Ximanes=>
+Notary Public Juan Ximenes {pg viii}</p>
+
+<p>Juan Ximanes, a Notary
+Public and secretary=>
+Juan Ximenes, a Notary
+Public and secretary {pg 34}</p>
+
+<p>Nothwithstanding all the above=>
+Notwithstanding all the above {pg 36}</p>
+
+<p>he saw what sucess=>
+he saw what success {pg 38}</p>
+
+<p>go to the Monastary=>
+go to the Monastery {pg 38}</p>
+
+<p>they proceed to
+feret=>
+they proceed to
+ferret {pg 78}</p>
+
+<p>three hudred=>
+three hundred {pg 89}</p>
+
+<p>Senor =>
+Señor {x10}</p>
+
+<p>Monsenor=>
+Monseñor {x4 }</p>
+
+<p>such exhorbitant=>
+such exorbitant {pg 100}</p>
+
+<p>large quanitity=>
+large quantity {pg 100}</p>
+
+<p>Francisco De La Guerre y Vega concerning=>
+Francisco De La Guerra y Vega concerning {pg xi}</p>
+
+<p>Francisco Guerray
+Vega reports=>
+Francisco Guerra y
+Vega reports {pg 107}</p>
+
+<p>Jaun Marquez Cabera, Governor and Captain-General of
+Florida=>
+Juan Marquez Cabrera, Governor and Captain-General of
+Florida {pg xii}</p>
+
+<p>The King reprimands Don Diego
+Quiraga=>
+The King reprimands Don Diego
+Quiroga {pg xii}</p>
+
+<p>Don-Diego
+Quiroba y Losada=>
+Don Diego
+Quiroga y Losada {pg xii}</p>
+
+<p>Augustine by Governor Don Diego Guiroga y Losada=>
+Augustine by Governor Don Diego Quiroga y Losada {pg xii, xiii}</p>
+
+<p>His illtreatment of a Captain=>
+His ill treatment of a Captain {pg xiii}</p>
+
+<p>Francisco Carcoles y Martinez=>
+Francisco Córcoles y Martinez {pg xiii}</p>
+
+<p>Francisco Carcales y Martinez=>
+Francisco Córcoles y Martinez {pg xiv}</p>
+
+<p>Appalachicola=>
+Apalachicola {pg xiii. 97, 164}</p>
+
+<p>Corcoles=>
+Córcoles {x4}</p>
+
+<p>so they many not vex the natives=>
+so they may not vex the natives {pg 5}</p>
+
+<p>them a canonade and=>
+them a cannonade and {pg 5}</p>
+
+<p>the keys
+of Canavarel=>
+the keys
+of Canaveral {pg 23}</p>
+
+<p>Diego Fernandez de
+Guinones, in Havana=>
+Diego Fernandez de
+Quinones, in Havana {pg 31}</p>
+
+<p>Having been imformed=>
+Having been informed {pg 102}</p>
+
+<p>which to accummulate=>
+which to accumulate {pg 126}</p>
+
+<p>ocupying a passage=>
+occupying a passage {pg 130}</p>
+
+<p>send me reenforcements=>
+send me re-enforcements {pg 145}</p>
+
+<p>Diego Guiroba y Losada=>
+Diego Quiroba y Losada {pg 151}</p>
+
+<p>He proposed the
+the=>
+He proposed
+the {pg 153}</p>
+
+<p>Antonio Bienavidos=>
+Antonio Bienavides {pg 160, 170, 171, 173}</p>
+
+<p>Antonio Bienavides=>
+Antonio Benavides {pg 164, 173}</p>
+
+<p>Governor of St. Augutine=>
+Governor of St. Augustine {pg 177}</p>
+
+<p>they were drillng=>
+they were drilling {pg 179}</p>
+
+<p>they are cuttng=>
+they are cutting {pg 185}</p>
+
+<p>available to investige=>
+available to investigate {pg 196}</p>
+
+<p>Fray Casanova=>
+Fray Casanovas {pg 194, }</p>
+
+<p>Father Bartolome Casanova=>
+Father Bartolome Casanovas {pg 204, 205, 212}</p>
+
+<p>Fray Casanova=>
+Fray Casanovas {pg 193, 194, }</p>
+
+<p>Don Bartolome Casanova=>
+Don Bartolome Casanovas {pg 196, 197}</p>
+
+<p>Father Casanova=>
+Father Casanovas {pg 206, 207, 208}</p>
+
+<p>From all this results=>
+From all this result {pg 208}</p>
+
+<p>St. Marys River to the Governor=>
+St. Mary's River to the Governor {pg 230}</p>
+
+<p>the America Septentional=>
+the America Septentrional {pg 230}</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
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