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diff --git a/old/55045-0.txt b/old/55045-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index d3a4aaa..0000000 --- a/old/55045-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,10752 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of All about Battersea, by Henry S. Simmonds - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: All about Battersea - -Author: Henry S. Simmonds - -Release Date: July 4, 2017 [EBook #55045] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALL ABOUT BATTERSEA *** - - - - -Produced by Clare Graham and Marc D'Hooghe at Free -Literature (online soon in an extended version, also linking -to free sources for education worldwide ... MOOC's, -educational materials,...) Images generously made available -by the Internet Archive. - - - - - -All About Battersea, - -BY - -HENRY S. SIMMONDS. - -[Illustration: S. MARY'S, built according to Act of Parliament, 14. -Geo. III. Opened Nov. 17, 1777. About 1823 an Entrance Portico of the -Doric Order was added.] - -London: -ASHFIELD, PRINTER, BRIDGE ROAD WEST, BATTERSEA. - -1882. - - - - - This small volume - IS MOST - RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED (BY PERMISSION) - TO - THE REV. JOHN ERSKINE CLARKE, M.A., - _Honorary Canon of Winchester, Vicar of Battersea;_ - AND TO THE - INHABITANTS IN GENERAL. - - - - -INDEX. - - - PAGE. -INTRODUCTION. - -Nine Elms Lane.--The King's Champion. 3 - -Thorne's Brewery.--What Battersea has been called. 4 - -London and South Western Railway Company's Goods -Station and Locomotive Works. 4-7 - -Mill-Pond Bridge.--New Road. 8 - -A Royal Sturgeon caught in the wheel of the Mill -at Mill-Pond Bridge. 9 - -Wallace's Vitriol Works. 10 - -Sleaford Street.--Coal. 11 - -Street Lighting. 12-13 - -London Gas-Light Company's Works and Vauxhall -Gardens. 14-23 - -On a recently-exposed Section at Battersea. 23-24 - -Phillips' Fire Annihilating Machine Factory -Destroyed.--Brayne's Pottery.--The Old Lime -Kilns.--Laver's Cement & Whiting Works. 25 - -The Southwark and Vauxhall Water Works. 26 - -Water Carriers and Water Companies. 27-29 - -The Village of Battersea.--Growth of the Parish. 30-31 - -Boundaries.--A Legal Contest between Battersea -and Clapham Parishes.--Clapham Common. 32-33 - -Lavender Hill.--The Seat of William Wilberforce.--Eminent -Supporters of the Anti-Slavery Movement.--Frances -Elizabeth Leveson Gower.--Mr. Thornton.--Philip -Cazenove.--Charles Curling, Lady George Pollock, -and others. 34-36 - -Battersea Market Gardens and Gardeners. 36-37 - -Stages set out for Battersea from the City.--Annual -Fair.--Inhabitants supplied with Water from -Springs.--The Manor of Battersea before the Conquest. 38 - -Battersea and its association with the St. Johns. 39 - -Henry St. John Lord Viscount Bolingbroke. 40-42 - -A Horizontal Air Mill. 43 - -St. Mary's Church. 44-46 - -The Indenture. 47-48 - -Epitaphs and Sepulchral Monuments. 49-51 - -Rectory and Vicarage. 52 - -A Petition or Curious Document. 53 - -Dr. Thomas Temple.--Dr. Thomas Church. 54 - -Cases of Longevity.--The Plague.--The Three Plague -Years.--Deaths in Battersea. 55-56 - -Vicars of Battersea from Olden Times. 56-57 - -Thomas Lord Stanley.--Lawrence Booth. 57 - -York House. 58 - -Battersea Enamel Works.--Porcelain.--Jens Wolfe, -Esq.--Sherwood Lodge.--Price's Patent Candle Factory. 59-62 - -Candlemas. 63-64 - -The Saw.--Mark Isambard Brunel's Premises at -Battersea.--Establishment for the preservation of -timber from the dry rot burnt down. 65 - -History of the Ferry.--The Old Wooden Bridge. 66-67 - -Albert Suspension Bridge. 68-69 - -Chelsea Suspension Bridge. 70 - -The Prince of Wales.--Freeing the Bridges "For Ever." 71-73 - -The Stupendous Railway Bridge across the Thames. 74 - -The spot where Cæsar and his legions are stated -by some antiquarians to have crossed the river. 75 - -A haunted house.--Battersea Fields.--Duel between -the Duke of Wellington and Lord Winchelsea. 76 - -The Red House. 77 - -"Gyp" the Raven.--Billy the Nutman.--Sports. 78 - -"The Old House at Home."--Sabbath Desecration. 79 - -Her Majesty's Commissioners empowered by Act of Parliament -to form a Royal Park in Battersea Fields.--Wild -Flowers.--Battersea Park. 80-84 - -London, Brighton and South-Coast Railway Company's two -Circular Engine Sheds and West-End Goods Traffic Department. 85-86 - -Long-Hedge Farm.--London, Chatham and Dover Railway -Locomotive Works. 87-90 - -A Canvas Cathedral. 91 - -H.P. Horse Nail Company's Factory 94 - -St. George's Church, its clergy, its graveyard, epitaphs -and inscriptions (St. Andrew's Temporary Iron Church 96). 95-99 - -Christ Church, its clergy. 100 - -St. John's Church. 101 - -St. Paul's Church. 102 - -St. Philip's Church. 103 - -St. Mark's Church. 104 - -St. Luke's Chapel-of-Ease. 105 - -St. Saviour's Church. 106 - -St. Peter's Church. 107 - -Temporary Church of the Ascension.--St. Michael's Church. 108 - -All Saints' Temporary Iron Church.--Rochester Diocesan -Mission, St. James', Nine Elms. 111 - -St. Aldwin's Mission Chapel.--The Church of our Lady -of Mount Carmel and St. Joseph. 112 - -Church of the Sacred Heart.--The Old Baptist Meeting -House, Revs. Mr. Browne, Joseph Hughes, M.A., (John -Foster), Edmund Clark, Enoch Crook, I. M. Soule, -Charles Kirtland. 113-116 - -Baptist Temporary Chapel, Surrey Lane. 116 - -Battersea Park Temporary Baptist Chapel. 117 - -Baptist (Providence) Chapel. 118 - -Baptist Chapel, Chatham Road.--Wesleyan Methodist -Mission Room and Sunday School.--United Methodist Free -Church, Church Road, Battersea.--The United Methodist -Free Church, Battersea Park Road. 119 - -Primitive Methodist Chapel, New Road. 119 - -Primitive Methodist Chapel, Grayshott Road.--Primitive -Methodist Chapel, Plough Lane. 121 - -St. George's Mission Hall.--Battersea Congregational -Church, (Independent), Bridge Road. 122 - -Stormont Road Congregational Church, Lavender Hill. 123 - -Wesleyan Methodism in Battersea. 124-126 - -Methodist Chronology. 127 - -Wesleyan Chapel, Queen's Road. 128 - -Free Christian Church, Queen's Road. 129 - -Trinity Mission Hall, Stewart's Lane.--Plymouth Brethren. 130 - -"The Little Tabernacle."--Thomas Blood. 131 - -Battersea Priory.--Alien Priories. 132 - -Ursulines. 132-134 - -Battersea Grammar School, St. John's Hill. 134 - -The Southlands Practising Model Schools.--St. Peter's -Schools.--St. Saviour's Infant. 136 - -Christ Church National Schools.--St. George's National -Schools.--Voluntary Schools. 136 - -London Board Schools. 137 - -London School Board, Lambeth Division. 138 - -The Elementary Education Acts.--Regulations affecting -Parent and Child. 139-140 - -A Coffee Palace.--Latchmere Grove.--Plague Spots.--The -Shaftesbury Park Estate. 141-142 - -The Metropolitan Artizans' and Labourers' Dwellings -Association. 143-144 - -Latchmere Allotments.--Dove Dale Place.--An Old -Boiler.--Lammas Hall.--The Union Workhouse. 145 - -Old Battersea Workhouse.--The "Cage."--The "Stocks." 146 - -The Falcon Tavern.--A Cantata. 147 - -Origin of Bottled Ale in England.--"Ye Plough Inn."--"The -Old House."--Stump of an Old Oak Tree. 148 - -"Lawn House," Lombard Road.--The Prizes for the Kean's -Sovereigns and the Funny Boat Race.--The Old Swan -Tavern.--Royal Victoria Patriotic Schools. 149 - -St. James' Industrial Schools.--Royal Masonic Institution -for Girls. 150 - -Clapham Junction.--Battersea Provident Dispensary. 151 - -Wandsworth Common Provident Dispensary.--Charity -Organization Society.--The Penny Bank.--No. 54 -Metropolitan Fire Brigade Station.--Origin of -Fire Brigades. 152 - -The Metropolitan Police.--Police Stations, Battersea.--St. -John's College of the National Society. 153 - -The Vicarage House School.--Various Wharves and Factories. 154 - -Mr. George Chadwin.--T. Gaines.--Tow's Private Mad -House.--The Patent Plumbago Crucible Company's Works. 155 - -Silicated Carbon Filter Company's Works. 156 - -Condy's Manufactory.--Citizen Steamboat Company's Works. 157 - -Orlando Jones & Co.'s Starch Works. 157-159 - -Battersea Laundries.--Spiers and Pond's.--Propert's -Factory.--The London and Provincial Steam Laundry. 159-160 - -St. Mary's (Battersea) Cemetery.--Numerous Epitaphs -and Inscriptions. Scale of Fees, etc. 161-175 - -The Battersea Charities. 175 - -Parish Officers.--Vestrymen. 176-178 - -Battersea Tradesmen's Club.--Temporary Home for -Lost and Starving Dogs. 179-180 - -London, Chatham and Dover Railway--Battersea Park -Station--York Road Station (Brighton Line).--West -London Commercial Bank. London and South Western -Bank.--Temperance and Band of Hope Meetings.--South -London Tramways in Battersea--Fares. 180-181 - - - - -[Transcriber's Note.--A list of illustrations has been added in -below. Some obvious errors in spelling and punctuation have also -been silently corrected.] - - - - -LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. - - PAGE. - -St. Mary's Church. 44 - -Price's Patent Candle Company. 59 - -St George's Church. 95 - -St. John's Church. 101 - -St. Mark's Church. 104 - -St. Luke's Chapel-of-Ease. 105 - -St. Saviour's Church. 106 - -Baptist Temporary Chapel, Surrey Lane. 116 - -Battersea Park Temporary Baptist Chapel. 117 - -The New Baptist Chapel. 119 - -Battersea Congregational Church. 122 - -Orlando Jones & Co.'s Starch Works. 157 - - - - -Introduction. - - -London, after the lapse of centuries, has been compared to an old -ship that has been repaired and rebuilt till not one of its original -timbers can be found; so marvellous are the changes and transmutations -which have come over the "_town upon the lake_" or, _harbour for -ships_ as London was anciently called, that if a Celt, or a Roman, or -a Saxon, or a Dane, or a Norman, or a Citizen of Queen Elizabeth's -time were to awake from his long slumber of death, he would no more -know where he was, and would be as strangely puzzled as an Englishman -of the present generation would be, who had never stirred further than -the radius of the Metropolis, supposing him to be conveyed by some -supernatural agency one night to China, who, on rising the next morning -finds himself surrounded by the street-scenery of the city of Pekin. -Costumes, manners, language, inhabitants have all changed! Viewed from -a geological stand-point, even the soil on which New London stands -is not the same as that on which Old London stood. The level of the -site of the ancient city was much lower than at present, for there are -found indications of Roman highways, and floors of houses, twenty feet -below the existing pathways. There are probable grounds for supposing -the Surrey side to have been some nineteen hundred years ago a great -expanse of water. London so called for several ages past, is a manifest -corruption from Tacitus's _Londinium_ which was not however its -primitive name this famous place existed before the arrival of Cæsar in -the Island, and was the capital of the _Trinobantes_ or _Trinouantes_, -and the seat of their kings. The name of the nation as appears from -Baxter's British Glossary, was derived from the three following British -words, tri, nou, bant, which signify the 'inhabitants of the new -city.' This name it is supposed might have been given them by their -neighbours on account of their having newly come from the Continent -(Belgium) into Britain and having there founded a city called _tri-now_ -or the (new city) the most ancient name of the renowned metropolis of -Britain.[1] Some have asserted that a city existed on the spot 1107 -years before the birth of Christ, and 354 years before the foundation -of Rome. The fables of Geoffrey of Monmouth state that London was -founded by Brute (or Brutus) a descendant of the Trojan Æneas the son -of Venus and called New Troy, or _Troy Novant_ until the time of Lud, -who surrounded it with walls, and gave it the name Caer Lud, or Lud's -town etc. _Leigh._ A certain Lord Mayor when pleading before Henry VI. -assumed from this mythological story with a view to establish a claim -to London's priority of existence over the city of Rome. The Celts the -ancestors of the Britons and modern Welsh were the first inhabitants -of Britain. The earliest records of the history of this island are the -manuscripts and the poetry of the Cambrians. Britain was called by the -Romans _Britannia_ from its Celtic name Prydhain. _Camden._ We need -not tarry to discuss whether Londinium originally was in _Cantium_ -or Kent the place fixed by Ptolemy and some other ancient writers -of good authority, or whether its original place were Middlesex, or -whether situated both north and south of the _Tamesis_ Thames. The -_Trinobantes_ occupied Middlesex and Essex, they joined in opposing -the invasion of Julius Cæsar 54 B.C.; but were among the first of the -British States who submitted to the Romans their new City at that time -being too inconsiderable a place for Cæsar to mention. Having revolted -from the Roman yoke they joined their beautiful Queen Boadicea and were -defeated by Suetonius Paulinus near London A.D. 61. But before reducing -the Trinobantes who had the Thames for their southern boundary, it is -the opinion of some antiquarians that the Romans probably had a station -to secure their conquests on the Surrey side, and the spot fixed upon -for the station is St. George's in the Fields a large plot of ground -situated between Lambeth and Southwark, where many Roman coins, bricks, -chequered pavements and other fragments of antiquity have been found. -Three Roman ways from Kent, Surrey and Middlesex intersected each -other in this place. It is thought that after the Normans reduced the -Trinobantes the place became neglected and that they afterwards settled -on the other side of the Thames and the name was transferred to the -New City. The author of a work entitled "London in Ancient and Modern -times." p.p. 12 and 13 writes.--Let the reader picture to himself the -aspect of the place now occupied by the great Metropolis, as the Romans -saw it on their first visit. He should imagine the Counties of Kent and -Essex, now divided by the Thames, partially overflowed in the vicinity -of the river by an arm of the sea, so that a broad estuary comes up -as far as Greenwich, and the waters spread on both sides washing the -foot of the Kentish uplands to the south, and finding a boundary to the -north in the gently rising ground of Essex. The mouth of the river, -properly speaking was situated three or four miles from where London -Bridge now stands. Instead of being confined between banks as at -present, the river overflowed extensive marshes, which lay both right -and left beyond London. Sailing up the broad stream, the voyager would -find the waters spreading far on either side of him, as he reached the -spots now known as Chelsea and Battersea--a fact of which the record -is preserved in their very names. A tract of land rises on the north -side of the river. It is bounded to the west by a range of country, -subject to inundations, consisting of beds of rushes and osiers and -boggy grounds and impenetrable thickets, intersected by streams. It is -bounded to the north by a large dense forest, rising on the edge of a -waste fen or lake, covering the whole district now called Finsbury and -stretching away for miles beyond. This tract of land, rising in a broad -knoll, formed the site of London. - -An old writer says "it is now certain that the spot, (viz. St. George's -in the Fields) on which the city was described to have stood, was an -extensive marsh or lake, reaching as far as Camberwell hills, until by -drains and embankments, the Romans recovered all the lowlands about the -parts now called St. George's Fields, Lambeth etc. London never stood -on any other spot than the Peninsular, on the northern banks, formed by -the Thames in front; by the river Fleet on the west; and by the stream -afterwards named Walbrook on the East. An immense forest originally -extended to the river side, and, even as late as the reign of Henry -II. covered the northern neighbourhood of the city, and was filled -with various species of beasts of chase. It was defended naturally by -fosses, one formed by the creek which ran along the Fleet ditch, the -other by that of Walbrook. The south side was protected by the river -Thames, and the north by the adjacent forest." - -In the reign of Nero the first notice of Londinium or, Londinum occurs -in Tacitus (Ann xiv. 33.) where it is spoken of, not then as honoured -with the name _Colonia_ but for the great conflux of Merchants, its -extensive commerce, and as a depôt for merchandise. At a later date -London appears to have been _Colonia_ under the name Augusta (Amm. -Marcell.; xxvii. 8.) how long it possessed this honourable appellation -we do not know but after the establishment of the Saxons we find no -mention of Augusta. It has received at various times thirteen different -names, but most of them having some similarity to the present one. -However as it is not a history of England's Metropolis but _All about -Battersea_[2] we write, we will at once commence at Nine Elms. - -[Footnote 1: The inhabitants of ancient Britain derived their origin -partly from an original colony of Celtæ, partly from a mixed body -of Gauls and Germans. None of them cultivated the ground; they all -lived by raising cattle and hunting. Their dress consisted of skins, -their habitations were huts of wicker-work covered with rushes. Their -Priests the Druids together with the sacred women, exercised a kind of -authority over them. - -Britain according to Aristotle, was the name which the Romans gave to -Modern England and Scotland. This appellation is, perhaps derived from -the old word _brit_, partly coloured, it having been customary with the -inhabitants to paint their bodies. - -According to the testimony of Pliny and Aristotle, the Island in -remotest times bore the name of Albion. - -The Sea by which Britain is surrounded, was generally called, the -_Western_, the _Atlantic_, or _Hesperian_ Ocean. Herodotus informs us -that the Phœnicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians, especially the first -were acquainted with it from the earliest period and obtained tin there -and designated it _Tin Island_. The name Great Britain was applied to -England and Scotland after James I. ascended the English throne in -1603. England and Scotland however had separate Parliaments till 1st of -May 1707, when during the reign of Queen Anne the Island was designated -by the name of the United Kingdom of Great Britain. The terms at first -excited the utmost dissatisfaction; but the progress of time has -shown it to be the greatest blessing that either nation could have -experienced.] - -[Footnote 2: The Manor is thus described in Doomsday-book among the -lands belonging to the Abbot of Westminster:--"St. Peter of Westminster -holds Patricesy, Earl Harold held it; and it was then assessed at 72 -hides: now at 18 hides. The arable land is--Three carucates are in -demesne; and there are forty-five villians, and sixteen bordars with -fourteen carucates, there are eight bond men: and seven mills at £42 -9_s._ 8_d._ and a corn rent of the same amount, and eighty-two acres -of meadow and a wood yielding fifty swine for pannage. There is in -Southwark one bordar belonging to the Manor paying twelve pence. From -the roll of Wendelesorde (Wandsworth) is received the sum of £6. A -villian having ten swine pays to the Lord one; but if he has a smaller -number, nothing. One knight holds four hides of this land and the money -he pays is included in the preceding estimate. The entire Manor in the -time of King Edward was valued at £80, afterwards at £30; and now at -£75 9_s._ 8_d._ - -"King William gave the Manor to St. Peter in exchange for Windsor. -The Earl of Moreton holds one and a half hides of land, which in King -Edward's time and afterwards belonged to this Manor. Gilbert the -Priest holds three hides under the same circumstances. The Bishop of -Lisieux had two hides of which the Church of Westminster was seized in -the time of William and disseised by the Bishop of Bayeaux. The Abbot -of Chertsey holds one hide which the Bailiff of this will, out of -ill-will (to the Abbot of Westminster) detached from this Manor, and -appropriated it to Chertsey." - -Hide of land in the ancient laws of England was such a quantity of land -as might be ploughed with one plough within the compass of a year, or -as much as would maintain a family; some call it sixty, some eighty, -and others one hundred acres. Villian, or Villein, in our ancient -customs, denotes a man of Servile or base condition, viz, a bond-man or -servant. (Fr. Vilain. L. Villanus, from Villa, a farm, a feudal tenant -of the lowest class.)] - - - - -ALL ABOUT BATTERSEA - - -NINE ELMS LANE it is said derived its name from nine Elm Trees which -stood in a row facing a small mansion known as "Manor House"--on the -site there has recently been erected, partly out of some of the old -materials, the offices and premises belonging to Haward Bros. Forty -years ago, Londoners wending their way to Battersea fields regarded -themselves in the country away from the smoke of town where they -could rusticate at pleasure as soon as they entered Nine Elms Lane on -their pedestrian excursions. Here were hedgerows, and green lanes, -and market gardens, and orchards, meadows, and fields of waving corn, -where reapers might have been seen in harvest-time reaping and binding -sheaves of golden grain. Dikes and ditches had to be crossed.[1] In the -event of high tide, which was of no uncommon occurrence, the district -would be partially inundated with water, in some places people might -ply in small rowing boats as easily as on the River Thames. On the -site where now stands the wharf of John Bryan and Co., the celebrated -Contractors for Welsh, Steam, Gas, and household Coals in general, were -situated the pleasure grounds and tea gardens belonging to Nine Elms -Tavern--the old tavern is still remaining. By the side of the Coal -Wharf is the Causeway where watermen used to ply for hire in order to -ferry people across the river. Steel has given us a lively description -of a boat trip from Richmond on an early summer morning when he fell -in "with a fleet of gardeners.... Nothing remarkable happened in our -voyage, but I landed with ten sail of Apricot boats at Strand bridge -after having put up at Nine Elms to take in melons." Within the -immediate vicinity is Thorne's Brewery with its clock turret at its -summit which at night is illuminated with gas so that the passers-by -looking at the clock might know the hour. On the spot where Southampton -Streets are, stood in olden time a large mansion surrounded by -extensive grounds, said to have been inhabited by the King's Champion. -The Champion _of the King, (campio regis)_ is an ancient officer, -whose office is, at the coronation of our Kings, when the King is at -dinner to ride armed _cap a pie_, into Westminster Hall, and by the -proclamation of an herald make a challenge "that if any man shall deny -the King's title to the crown, he is there ready to defend it in single -combat, etc., which being done," the King drinks to him, and sends him -a gilt cup with a cover full of wine, which the Champion drinks, and -hath the cup for his fee. - -[Footnote 1: About ten years ago a brick sewer was constructed under -the supervision of the Metropolitan Board of Works where the filthy -black ditch which partly formed a boundary line between Battersea, -Clapham, and Lambeth Parishes was filled up. T. Pearson constructed the -sewer, and Mr. Benjamin Butcher was Clerk of the Works.] - -On the north side of Nine Elms Lane, nearly opposite the place where -the "Southampton Arms" Tavern is situated was a windmill. - -On the site now occupied by Thorne's Brewery there used to be a Tan -Yard and Fellmonger's Establishment. When the ground was opened for -the purpose of drainage some old tanks were discovered in which the -hides were soaked containing remains of lime and hair. In the rear -of the Brewery there was a Hop Garden where that bitter plant much -used for brewing was cultivated. The only regular vehicle that passed -through Nine Elms Lane was the carrier's cart--the few inhabitants of -the place used to "turn out" to see it pass--a marked contrast to the -present hurried and incessant traffic! Facing the Railway Terminus -were two Steamboat Piers for landing and taking up passengers. At -race times the excitement between the rival steamboat companies was -intense--"touters," men hired expressly by each of these companies to -induce passengers to go down their respective piers, became at times so -exasperated with each other that they fell to blows, a sight which the -baser sort of the crowds assembled on such occasions enjoyed to their -hearts' content. - -Many things have been said by way of disparagement of Battersea and -not at all reflecting credit on certain localities within the parish. -Battersea has been called "the Sink Hole of Surrey." Europa Place, -Bridge Road, has been designated "Little Hell," and the spot where -Trinity Hall has been erected at the end of Stewart's Lane, received -the epithet of "Hell Corner." Persons in the habit of receiving -stolen property were said to reside in the neighbourhood; moreover, -there was a gang called "Battersea Forty Theives!" "Sharpers" are -said to have abounded in every direction, so that strangers going to -Battersea would be "cut for the simples." But we who know something of -London life know that other Metropolitan parishes have their "dens of -infamy" and localities of "Blue Skin," "Jack Sheppard," and "Jonathan -Wild" notoriety, that beneath the shadow of St. Paul's Cathedral -and Westminster Abbey, our Houses of Parliament and Mansions of the -Nobility and Aristocracy, squalor and crime, vice and grandeur walk -side by side, and oftentimes hand in hand. - -Adjoining Thorne's premises and Swonnell's Malt houses, is the London -and South Western Railway Company's Goods Station, which, before -the extension of that Company's line in 1848 to Waterloo Road, was -originally the Metropolitan Terminus. Though this part of the line -crosses the most grimy portion of Lambeth, a distance of two miles and -fifty yards, yet it cost the Railway Company £800,000. The London and -Southampton Railway (as it was first called) was opened on the 11th of -May, 1840, which, in connexion with the opposite wharf and warehouses -on the banks of the river, at that time occupied an extent of between -seven and eight acres. The entrance front of the (then) Metropolitan -Terminus at Nine Elms, erected from designs by William Tite, Esq., -Architect to the Company, was not unhandsome though at present it has -rather a dingy appearance for want of renovation, and has a central -arcade which originally led to the booking office and waiting rooms -now used for the manager's and clerks' offices for the goods traffic -department. The railroad was commenced under the authority of an Act of -Parliament which received the Royal assent on the 5th of July, 1834 (it -was opened as far as Woking Common on the 21st of May, 1838). By this -Act the Company were empowered to raise £1,000,000 in £50 shares, and -a further sum of £330,000 by loan. Since that time several additional -Acts have been passed authorizing the Company to extend their line and -increase their capital. The Company's capital for the present year -(1879) is £17,000,000. Mr. Wood was the Company's first Locomotive -Superintendent. When the London and Southampton line was first opened -all the workmen in the Company's service had a half holiday and one -shilling each given to them. The Richmond Railway--this though an -offshoot of the South Western, and worked by that Company, was executed -by a private one. It was however sold to the South Western Company in -October, 1846. It had been opened on the 27th of July previous. Number -of miles open 648. The gross receipts for the year ending December -31, 1873, were £2,195,170. The railroad intersects Battersea parish -to the extent of two miles and a half. The Goods Department comprises -the hydraulic shed, down goods shed, carriers' shed, egg shed, the old -warehouse and granary by the riverside; down office, Wandsworth Road -Gate; cartage office, Nine Elms Lane. Officers of the Company.--General -Manager, Archibald Scott, Esq.; Locomotive Superintendent, W. Adams, -Esq.; Resident Engineer, William Jacomb, Esq.; Treasurer, Alfred -Morgan, Esq.; Goods Manager, J. T. Haddow, Esq., Nine Elms; Assistant -Goods Manager, Mr. W. B. Mills, Waterloo; Superintendent, R. H. Ming, -Esq., Nine Elms; Chief Inspector, Mr. Robert Lingley, Nine Elms; Law -Clerk, M. H. Hall, Esq.; Mr. H. B. Terrill, Cashier; Mr. J. E. Hawkins, -Chief Clerk; Superintendents of the Line, E. W. Verrinder, Chief -Superintendent, Waterloo Station; John Tyler, Western Division, Exeter -Station; William Gardiner, Assistant Superintendent, Waterloo Station; -W. H. Stratton, Storekeeper, Nine Elms Works. - -Soon after the opening of the London and Southampton Railway a -collision between two passenger trains occurred at the Nine Elms -Terminus resulting in the death of a young woman, a domestic servant, -who, with a fellow servant, had been spending the day at Hampton Court. -The Coroner's Jury returned a verdict of accidental death _a deodand_ -of £300 was levied on the "Eclipse" locomotive engine, the moving cause -of death. The Railway Company paid the £300 to Earl Spencer as Lord -of the Manor, who most generously divided it amongst the deceased's -relatives. - - _Omnia qua movent ad mortem sunt deodanda:_ - What moves to death, or kills him dead, - Is deodand, and forfeited. - -On the South Western Railway Stone Wharf are the agents' offices of the -several depôts for the sale of Portland stone, Bath freestone, etc. -Huge blocks of stone direct from the quarries are here deposited and -piled block upon block. A single block in some instances weighing ten -tons elevated and removed by means of a steam traveller moving on a -gantry. - -When the workmen were engaged in "digging out" the ground for the -foundation of the goods sheds a human skeleton was discovered, on -which Mr. Carter (coroner) held an inquest. Dr. Statham, who made the -_post mortem_ examination, stated that the skeleton was that of a male -person, that there were three severe cuts upon the head either of which -was sufficient to cause death. As no further evidence was procurable a -verdict was given in accordance. - -About forty years ago, when Mr. Gooch was Locomotive Superintendent, -a fire broke out at the London and South Western Railway Works, Nine -Elms Lane, which caused great destruction of property, including a -very handsome clock tower. Various metals were fused and mingled into -shapes fantastic, portions of which were substituted for chimney-piece -ornaments in the homes of the workman and kept as mementos of this -conflagration! A man of the name of Dover who it is said accidentally -set the stores on fire was so frightened that it turned the hair of his -head grey in one night! - -At Nine Elms Locomotive, Carriage and Stores Departments are fire -precautions which the Railway Company insist upon being strictly -observed. A fire engine with hose and all necessary appliances is -kept in a building set apart for it adjoining Heman's Street Entrance -gate. A properly qualified fireman is appointed to look after the -whole of the buildings by night, as a precaution against fire. The -fireman's name is Thomas Lewin, and his residence is 51, Thorne -Street, Wandsworth Road. His hours of duty are from 5.30 p.m. to 6.30 -a.m. It is the fireman's duty to perambulate the whole of the works -during the night, and to make a daily report of the circumstances in -the book provided for that purpose. He is responsible that the fire -engine, hose, hydrants, etc., are kept in working order and tried once -a week. A statement of the trial is to be made in the fireman's report -book with any suggestions or remarks. Positions of Hydrants at Nine -Elms Works--There are 120 hydrants (always charged) distributed as -follows:--15 in the offices, paint loft and shops beneath; 4 in the -general stores; 4 in wheelwrights' and signal shops; 2 in bonnet shop; -5 in waggon shop; 4 in new waggon shop and saw mill; 5 in smiths' and -carriage fitting shops; 9 in erecting shops; 2 in turning shop; 3 in -tender shop; 4 in new erecting shop; 1 in permanent way shop; 4 in -arches under the Viaduct; 52 in running shed; 4 at outlets of water -tanks, and 2 on the coal stage. Positions of Tell-tale Clocks:--1 in -the office; 1 in general stores; 1 in wheelwrights' shop; 1 in paint -shop; 1 in saw mill. It is the fireman's duty to commence to "peg" each -of these blocks four times every night at the following hours, viz., 8 -p.m., 10.30 p.m., 1 a.m. and 3.30 a.m. - -Facing the Goods Station are the Company's Wharves with an extensive -river frontage. Here also formerly stood Francis' Cement Works, -adjoining is Nine Elms Steamboat Pier. The South Western Railway -Locomotive Works and Goods Department occupy a vast area. It is -computed that about 2,000 persons are employed in the various -departments. Here were formerly orchard-grounds--many a goodly tree -bearing fruit and pleasant to the eye has been felled. "Woodman spare -that tree!" though spoken by feminine lips would have no force of -appeal in this fast age of iron railways and steam locomotives, when -Railway Companies scruple not by virtue of Acts of Parliament to pull -down by hundreds the dwellings of the poor, it is not to be supposed -for an instant that a few fruit trees however delicious their produce -or delightful their shadow should prove a peculiar obstacle in the way -of this March of Civilization! On payment of sixpence, children at -half-price, persons might enter these orchards with full liberty to eat -as much fruit as they liked on condition that they brought none away. -The old Spring Well near Nine Elms Lane, Wandsworth Road, is within the -recollection of many, who by descending some six or eight steps reached -with their hands the iron ladle out of which they often drank cooling -draughts of nature's sparkling aquatic refreshment. Ah, everything has -a history and its lesson if we did but know. We all exert unconscious -influence either for good or evil,--some secret action performed; some -deed of kindness done; some public boon conferred with the benefactor's -name concealed shall by-and-by be proclaimed upon the house-top. A cup -of cold water given in the name of a disciple of Jesus of Nazareth -shall not lose its reward. Some persons wish to be remembered by -posterity, even wicked parents would not like after death to be -obliterated from the memories of their children. The best of all human -monuments is a good character,--Solomon says, "a good name is rather to -be chosen than riches." - -Our forefathers never dreamed of erecting such drinking fountains[1] -as we have in these days with troughs for cattle and smaller ones for -mongrel barking curs to slake their thirst; the pond by the way, the -wooden horse trough outside the road-side Inn, the long-handled iron -pump, in some instances resembling the head and tail of the British -Lion having the body of a greyhound, pleased them and suited their -purpose. The site now environed by the London Gas Works was formerly -a large market ground, here too grew apple, pear, and cherry trees, -gooseberry bushes and currants, roses were cultivated and rendered the -air fragrant with their sweet perfume. In the ditches and trenches or -small channels and streams occasioned by the tidal overflow from the -river, juveniles of both sexes might have been seen catching with hand -and cap sticklebacks and utilizing a medicine phial or gin bottle for -an aquarium. Senior boys and hobbledehoys with jovial facial aspect -who had not studied ichthyology or that part of zoology which treats -of fishes, attempted to catch larger fry by adopting the Izaak Walton -method of angling with rod and line, and thought themselves amply -rewarded if after much patient endurance the motion of their floats -indicated that their baits had taken, their eyes would glisten at the -sight of a few roaches and perches. Youngsters would amuse themselves -by watching the newts and tadpoles, the leaping and swimming of that -amphibious reptile of the _batrachian_ tribe, wondering perhaps, -supposing their biblical knowledge to have extended thus far, whether -those were the kind of creatures that crawled out of the river Nile -and crept into the houses of the Egyptians. - -[Footnote 1: His Grace the Duke of Westminster is the President of the -Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association.] - -Many a dainty dish of stewed eels have the miller's men had at -Mill-pond Bridge, who not unfrequently caught alive this precious kind -of anguilla as it lay concealed between the stones and mud, without the -aid of eel-pot or basket. Mill-Pond Bridge derives its name from the -old tidal water flour mill, the only vestige of the mill remaining is -the outward carcase, which is in a ruinous condition; beneath its cover -are the lock gates, the entrance of the creek where thousands of tons -of coal are conveyed in barges to the London Gas Works. - -NEW ROAD, as it is designated, leading from Battersea fields to the -Wandsworth Road was a lane with a mud bank on both sides. In a line -with the centre of the South Western Railway "Running Shed" was -formerly Mill-Pond which answered the purpose of a large reservoir of -water raised for driving the mill wheel. - -Water mills used for grinding corn are said to have been invented by -Belisarius, the General of Justinian while besieged in Rome by the -Goths, 555. The ancients parched their corn and ground it in mortars. -Afterwards mills were invented which were turned by men and beasts -with great labour, yet Pliny mentioned wheels turned by water. _See -Telo-dynamic Transmitter._ - -The simplest mill for bruising grain was nothing more than two stones -between which it was broken. Such was often seen in the country of -the Niger by Richard and John Lander on their expedition to Africa. -The manna which God gave to the children of Israel in the desert "the -people went about and gathered it, and ground it in mills or beat it in -a mortar," _Numbers xi._ 8. - -From mills and mortars thus rudely constructed there must have been -obtained at first only a kind of peeled grain which Dr. Eadie says -may be compared to the German _graupe_, the English _groats_, and the -American _grits_ or _hominy_. Fine flour was laboriously obtained from -household mills like our coffee mills. The oldest mention of flour is -in Gen. xviii. 6; but bread which is made of flour or meal is named -in Gen. iii. 19. In order to reduce the flour to a proper degree of -fineness it was necessary sometimes to have it ground over again and -cleared by a sieve. - -Samson when a prisoner to the Philistines was condemned to the -mill-stone to grind with his hand in the prison-house, Judges xvi. 21. -In England prisoners are sent to the treadmill as a punishment. - -The Talmudists have a story that the Chaldeans made the young men of -the captivity carry mill-stones with them to Babylon where there seems -to have been a scarcity at that time. They have also a proverbial -expression of a man with a mill-stone about his neck which they use to -express a man under the severest weight of affliction. - -Windmills are of great antiquity and stated to be of Roman or Saracen -invention, they are said to have been originally introduced into Europe -by the Knights of St. John, who took the hint from what they had seen -in the crusades (_Baker_). Windmills were first known in Spain, France -and Germany in 1299 (_Anderson_). Wind saw-mills were invented by a -Dutchman in 1633, when one was erected near the Strand in London. - -Acorns was the coarse fare of the old inhabitants of Britain, when -wild Britons painted their skin to make themselves appear more fierce, -and native tribes in a still more barbarous condition, half naked or -clad in the skins of beasts, not cultivators of the soil, subsisted -on the flesh of their cattle or on the precarious produce of the -chase. Packs of hungry, growling, cruel wolves[1] prowled in the woods -and forests, and Druidical Priests exercised an entire control over -the unlettered people they governed, and human captives seized on -Britannia's shores were offered as victims in sacrifice, a holocaust to -the divinities and false gods which ancient Britons worshipped! - -[Footnote 1: Wolves were very numerous in England, King Edgar -unsuccessfully attempted to effect their total destruction by commuting -the punishment of certain crimes into the acceptance of a certain -number of wolves' tongues from each criminal; their heads were demanded -by him as a tribute particularly 300 annually from Wales, A.D. 961. - -In 1289 Edward I. issued his Royal Mandate to Peter Corbet for the -extermination of wolves in the several counties of Gloucester, -Worcester, Hereford, Salop, and Stafford; and in the adjacent county of -Derby. - -Camden at page 900 informs us certain persons at Wormhill held their -lands by the duty of hunting and taking the wolves that infested the -country, whence they were styled _Wolf Hunt_. - -In Saxon times and during Athelstan's reign wolves abounded so in -Yorkshire that a retreat was built at Flixton in that county "to defend -passengers from the wolves that they should not be devoured by them." -On account of the desperate ravages these animals made during winter -the Saxons distinguished January by the name of the Wolf month. An -_outlaw_ was called a _wolf's head_ as being out of the protection of -law and liable to be killed as that destructive beast.] - -The Accipenser, in ichthyology, a genus of fishes belonging to the -Amphibia Nantes of Linnæus. The Accipenser has a single linear -nostril; the cirri are below the snout, and before the mouth. There -are three species of this genus. The ruthenus has four cirri, and -fifteen squamous protuberances; it is a native of Russia. The huso has -four cirri; the body is naked, has no prickles or protuberances. The -ichthyocollo, or _isinglass_ of the shops, famous as an agglutinant, -and used also for the fining of wines, is made from its sound or -scales. The Sturio, or Sturgeon with four cirri and eleven squamous -protuberances on the back. This fish annually ascends our rivers (it -has occasionally been seen in years gone by as high up the river Thames -as Wandsworth) but in no great numbers, and is taken by accident in the -salmon nets. It seems a spiritless fish making no manner of resistance -when entangled, but is drawn out of the water like a lifeless lump. -This cartilaginous fish is highly prized for food, not unlike in taste -to veal. About thirty-six years ago a Royal Sturgeon was caught in -the wheel of the mill at Mill-Pond Bridge then in the occupation of -Mr. Hutton the Miller (who was noted as a breeder of game fowls), now -the property of the London Gas-Light Company. It appears that a local -tradesman named Henry Appleton was going to town and saw a great crowd, -some with guns shooting at a great fish, but the Sturgeon's natural -armour resisted the force of their small shot such as they were then -using. Mr. Appleton upon seeing the state of affairs hastened to -procure a bullet or two as a more effectual means of capturing the -prize and the first shot or bullet fired was fatal to the poor sturgeon -which was then landed and conveyed into the garden of Mr. Hutton's -private house upon the exact spot of which at the present time stands -the house (since erected) on the banks of the Creek in the occupation -of Mr. Methven. It then became after the usual ceremony of asking the -Lord Mayor, the property of Mr. Appleton, and was exhibited by him in -York Street (now Savona Street), on premises now in the occupation of -Mr. Dulley, Butcher. After being exhibited several weeks great crowds -coming from all parts of London to see it, the Sturgeon was sold to a -Fishmonger residing in Bond Street, who publicly exhibited it in his -shop for some years with a description stating particulars, where it -was captured and by whom and its length, being upwards of 9-ft. It is -said to have been equal in weight to a sack of flour viz., 280 lbs. - -The Sturgeon is more abundant in the Northern Coasts of Europe. It is -also found in the more Southern parts. It was esteemed by the ancients -as a very great luxury and it was held in high repute for the table -by the Greeks and Romans and at their banquets it was introduced with -particular ceremonies. - -In England when caught in the Thames within the jurisdiction of the -Lord Mayor of London it is a _Royal Fish_ reserved for the Sovereign. -The flesh is white, delicate, firm and nutritious. It is used both -fresh, generally stewed. The largest species of Sturgeon is the -Bielaga, or Huso. Huso (_A. Huso_) of the Black and Caspian seas and -their rivers. It attains the length of 20 or 25 feet and has been known -to weigh nearly 3000 lbs. - -Near the site where now stands the Park Tavern at the corner of the New -Road, opposite Mr. Featherstonhaugh's Brewery and not far from "The -Plough & Harrow," were the flower gardens and beautiful residence of -John Patient, Esq., afterwards occupied by Mr. Carne the Barge Builder. -The house where Mr. Bennett, Lath-render, resides, and the house -adjoining were used as a Private Asylum for the insane and was called -"Sleaford House." - -The picturesque and retired Country Parsonage, the residence of the -Rev. J. G. Weddell, stood a considerable distance from the main -road--"The Prince Alfred" tavern situate in Haine Street occupies the -site. In this locality was a tenter-ground the entrance to which from -the road was through a white gate. - -A gateway at the commencement of "Hugman's Lane" which had "no -thoroughfare" led to the works belonging to Peter Pariss and Son, Oil -of Vitriol Manufacturers and Manufacturing Chemists. Mr. Wallace, who -subsequently held these premises had them considerably enlarged to -facilitate his project in working up gas liquor for making Sulphate -of Ammonia, which is extensively used for agricultural purposes. The -sewers in the neighbourhood became impregnated with a deleterious gas -and the stench from the drains was intolerable. After considerable -litigation with the Board of Works Mr. Wallace became a bankrupt. - -By order of the Mortgagees on Wednesday and Thursday, March 3rd and -4th, 1880, Mr. Douglas Young sold by auction the plant and machinery -of the above extensive works, including 5 large Cornish steam boilers, -tubular boiler, 3 egg boilers, a bottle boiler, a 4000 gallon wrought -iron tank, 12 smaller ditto, 4 large circular tanks, 5 steam barrel -of various sizes, flange pipes, 3 large iron coils, about 70 tons -old metal, several copper and iron boilers of various sizes, furnace -fittings, weighing bridge by Hodgson and Stead, self-feeding -boiler and engine, about 150,000 sound bricks, a large quantity of -sound timber including balk timber, yellow deals, planks, battens, -die-square, floor and lining boards, and 50 tons of breeze, several -stacks of firewood, pantiles, drain pipes and other plant materials. - -SLEAFORD STREET appears to have obtained an amount of respectability -that it had not of yore. Once upon a time one side was nicknamed -"Ginbottle Row," and the opposite side was called "Soapsuds Bay!" -Mill-Pond Bridge was very narrow, about half its present width, with a -low parapet on both sides. - -If the following statement could be relied on, it would perhaps allay -the fears created by certain alarmists respecting the physical limits -to deep coal mining and duration of the coal supply. "There are coal -deposits in various parts of Great Britain at all depths down to -10,000 or 12,000 feet. Mining is possible to a depth of 4,000 feet, -but beyond this the high temperature is likely to prove a barrier. The -temperature of a coal mine at a depth of 4,000 feet will probably be -found as high as 120º Fahr.; but there is reason to believe that by -the agency of an efficient system of ventilation the temperature may -be reduced, at least during the cooler months of the year, as to allow -mining operations without unusual danger to health. Adopting a depth -of 4,000 feet as the limit to deep mining there is still a quantity of -coal in store in Great Britain sufficient to afford the annual supply -of twenty-two millions of tons for a thousand years."--_Hull._[1] - -[Footnote 1: More than a quarter of a century ago, Professor Buckland -when examined before the House of Commons, limits the supply to 400 -years. Mr. Bailey in his Survey of Durham limits the supply to 200 -years only. But some proprietors when examined in 1830 extended the -period of total exhaustion of the mines to 1,727 years; they assumed -that there are 837 square miles of coal strata in this field and that -only 105 miles had been worked out. - -"There were 2936 collieries in Britain in 1860; from these were raised -83,923,273 tons of coal. The greatly increasing consumption of coal -has originated fears as to the possibility of the exhaustion of our -mineral fuel. It appears that, while in 1820, only 15,000,000 tons -were raised, in 1840, the amount had reached 30,000,000, and in 1860, -it was nearly 84,000,000. At the same rate of increase the known coal, -within a workable distance from the surface, would last at least -100 years. But the consumption, during the last twenty years of the -century, would at the present increasing ratio amount to 1464 million -tons a year, a quantity vastly greater than can be used. We need not, -therefore, now begin to fear lest our coal-fields should be speedily -used up."--_Chambers's Encyclopedia_.] - -"Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and -wise," was a motto adopted by our forefathers when the inducements to -promenade London streets by night were not so inviting as now. - -"Ranelagh and Vauxhall were places of frivolous amusement resorted -to even by the higher classes. From those and other haunts of folly, -lumbering coaches or sedan chairs conveyed home the ladies through the -dimly lighted or pitch dark streets, and the gentlemen picked their -way over the ruggedly-paved thoroughfares, glad of the proffered aid -of the link boys who crowded round the gates of such places of public -entertainment or resort as were open at night, and who, arrived at -the door to which they had escorted some fashionable foot-passenger, -quenched the blazing torch in the trumpet-looking ornament which one -now and then still sees lingering over the entrance to some house in -an antiquated square or court, a characteristic relic of London in the -olden time." - -Street lighting was not known to the Greeks and Romans, it was -therefore necessary for them whenever they went abroad after dark -to carry flambeaux. Street lighting was first introduced at Paris -about the beginning of the 16th century. An Edict was issued ordering -the inhabitants to keep lights burning in their windows after nine -at night. In 1558, lamps were exchanged for lanterns, and in 1671 -these lanterns were ordered to be lighted from the 20th of October -to the beginning of April. This however did not prove a satisfactory -arrangement. At length a premium was offered by the Government for a -dissertation on the best mode of lighting the streets. The successful -competitors were a journeyman glazier, M. M. Bailly, Le Roy and -Bourgeois Le Cheteaublanc. To the glazier was awarded a prize of 200 -livres, and to the other three jointly 2,000 livres. The result of -their suggestions was a general lighting of the streets by oil lamps -set upon posts. - -In London, lanterns were first used in 1688, and those inhabitants -whose houses fronted the streets were ordered to hang out their -lanterns and keep them burning from 6 to 11 o'clock at night; the -number of lanterns thus used within the boundaries of the City of -London was 5,000. Without the City, inclusive of the suburbs, the -probability is that the number was 15,000. - -In 1874, another act was passed for regulating the lighting of the City -still further. Since the lighting of the streets, alleys, courts, etc., -of our Metropolis with gas have come many other sanitary and social -improvements, and it is not unlikely that under a wise Providence we -owe to this invention as much security from the nightly depredations of -burglars as much so as from the vigilance of the police. - -The existence and inflammability of coal-gas has been known in -England for two centuries. In the year 1659, Thomas Shirley correctly -attributed the exhalations from the "burning well" at Wigan, in -Lancashire, to the coal-beds which lie under that part of the country; -and soon after, Dr. Clayton, influenced by Shirley, actually made -coal-gas, and detailed the results of his labours in a letter to -the Hon. Robert Boyle, who died in 1691. About a century later, -1753, Sir James Lowther communicated to the Royal Society a notice -of a spontaneous evolution of gas at a colliery belonging to him at -Whitehaven. Bishop Watson made many experiments on coal-gas, which he -details in his Chemical Essays. Mr. R. Taylor, on the Coal-fields of -China, says, "The Chinese artificially produce illuminating gas from -bitumen coal we are certain. But it is a fact that spontaneous jets of -gas derived from boring into coal-beds have for centuries been burning, -and turned to that and other economical purposes. If the Chinese -are not gas manufacturers, they are nevertheless gas consumers and -employers on a large scale, and have evidently been so ages before the -knowledge of its application was acquired by Europeans." In 1792, Mr. -Murdoch, an engineer at Redruth in Cornwall, erected a little gasometer -with apparatus which produced gas sufficient to supply his own house -and offices, and in 1797, he erected a similar apparatus in Ayrshire. -In the following year, he was engaged to put up a gas works at the -Manufactory of Bolton and Watts, at Soho, Birmingham,--this was the -first application of gas in a large way. Except among a few scientific -men, the manufacture of gas excited but little curiosity until the year -1802, when the front of the great Soho Manufactory was brilliantly -illuminated with gas on the occasion of the public rejoicings at the -Peace. In 1801, M. Le Bon, at Paris, succeeded in lighting up his -own house and gardens with gas from wood and coal, and had it in -contemplation to light up the City of Paris. - -Only within the present century has gas superseded in London the dim -oil lamps. About forty years ago, oil lamps and lighted candles were -used in our churches and chapels; in some places of worship evening -services were dispensed with altogether. A humorous anecdote is related -of Dr. Johnson: it is said, one evening, from the window of his house -in Bolt Court, he observed the parish lamplighter ascend a ladder to -light one of the small oil lamps. He had scarcely descended the ladder -half-way when the flame expired. Quickly returning he lifted the cover -of the lamp partially and thrusting the end of his torch beneath it, -the flame instantly communicated to the wick by the thick vapour which -issued from it. "Ah!" exclaimed the Doctor, "one of these days the -streets of London will be lighted by smoke."--_Notes and Queries_, No. -127. Certain scientific men were incredulous as to the practicability -of lighting up the whole of London with gas, and Sir Humphrey Davey -asked if it were intended to take the dome of St. Paul's for a -gasometer! In 1820 gas meters were patented by John Malan, in 1830 by -Samuel Clegg, in 1838 by Nathan Defries and others. Mr. Daniel Pollock, -father of the late Chief Baron, was governor of the first "chartered" -gas company in 1812. In 1822 St. James' Park was first lighted with -gas. In 1825, its safety had not then been established on the part -of the Government, a committee of the most eminent scientific men -immediately inspected the Gas Works, and reported that the occasional -superintendence of all the Works was necessary. However, since then -so rapidly has the invention of gas-lighting progressed, that now in -the present year of grace, there is neither City nor town in Great -Britain of any note but what is illuminated with gas and has works for -its manufacture in close proximity to the houses of its inhabitants. -Gas supply of London, receipts for the year 1872, £2,133,600, for -1873, £2,544,000. What is coke? Coke is the residual carbon of pit -coal after the volatile matters have been expelled by heat, it has a -porous texture and a lustre sometimes approaching the metallic. It -is a valuable fuel, producing an intense and steady heat and leaving -but little residue after combustion. The residual coke in retorts -has a quantity of ash, which, besides its earthy base of silicate, -usually contains sulphur and other deleterious matter. The breeze can -be used in furnaces and in burning bricks. There is a considerable -quantity of pure hydrogen produced by the decomposition of water in -cooling coke. Attempts have been made to manufacture gas from other -substances besides coal--oil, resin, peat, and even water having in -their turn commanded capital for a fair trial of their merits of all -these; however, coal has alone stood the test of commercial success, -those companies formed for other schemes having either been dissolved -or become converts to its superior advantages. No doubt it will be -considered Utopian--Mr. Robinson thinks that the electric light might -be so modified as to be used in public dwellings! There are exhaustless -stores of latent electricity, but the difficulty is to know how to -develop and utilise it. - -Street gas lit by electricity, by Mr. St. George Lane, Fox's method: -trial partially successful, Pall Mall, etc., 13th April, 1878. British -Museum Reading Room illuminated by electric light, October, 1879. - -Common bituminous coal obtained from the mines of Northumberland, -Durham, York, South Wales, and a few other coal districts is the kind -from which most of the gas of this country is manufactured. The Cannel -or Scotch Parrot coals produce a gas of a much richer quality, which, -though expensive, has the advantage of superior illuminating power. -Gas companies use to a very great extent coals from the following -mines:--Pelaw, Leverson's Wallsend, Pelton, New Pelton, Dean's -Primrose, Garesfield, South Peareth, (The London Gas-Light Company use -principally Peareth) Urpeth, Washington, Yorkshire, Silkstone, Haswell, -West Wear, Wearmouth, Brancepeth, South Brancepeth, and Ravenshaw -Pelaw. The resulting products of carbonization of these coals when an -exhauster is employed will be found to give about the following average -per ton:-- - -Gas, 9,500 cubic feet; Coke, 13 cwt., or one chaldron; Tar, 10 gallons; -Ammoniacal Liquor, 13 gallons. Ammonia, a compound of Nitrogen and -Hydrogen, is converted into Sulphate of Ammonia, Sal Ammonia, Carbonate -of Ammonia, etc., etc. Tar, which is a Hydro-carbon, after producing -Naptha and light oils, becomes useful as Asphalt, or for exterior paint -work. Benzole, the base of our newly-discovered dyes, is extracted -from the Naptha; which, besides, is either used as a solvent for -india-rubber and guttapercha, or yields a brilliant light when burned -in a common lamp. Gas, as it issues from the retorts, is chiefly -composed of light carburetted and bicarburetted hydrogen or olefiant -gas, accompanied by condensable vapours and other gaseous impurities. -The condensable vapours are principally hydro-carbon compounds -which become deposited in the form of oil, and amongst a variety of -deleterious substances may be mentioned as the chief: ammonia, carbonic -acid, carbonic oxide, and sulphuretted hydrogen, but the value of -coal-gas principally depends on the presence of bicarburetted hydrogen, -and the greater proportion of this the higher will be its light-giving -properties. - -The connection of the London Gas-Light Company's Works with Vauxhall -takes us out of the parish of Battersea for a moment into the parish -of Lambeth. Vauxhall, the early Spring Garden, was named from its site -in the Manor of La Sale Fawkes, Fawkeshall, from its possessor, an -obscure Norman adventurer, in the reign of King John.[1] The estate -was laid out as a garden about 1661, in squares enclosed with hedges -of gooseberries, within which were roses, beans and asparagus. Sir -Samuel Morland took a lease of the place in 1665, and added fountains -and a sumptuously furnished room for the reception of Charles II. -and his court, and a plan dated 1681, shows the gardens planted with -trees and laid out in walks and a circle of trees or shrubs. They were -frequented by Evelyn and Pepys; and Addison in the _Spectator_, 1712, -takes Sir Roger de Coverley there. In 1728, the gardens were leased to -Jonathan Tyers, who converted the house into a tavern. The beauty of -its rural scenery rendered it so much frequented that the proprietor -in the year 1730, introduced vocal music, the price of admission at -that time was 1s., but from the competition of others who opened public -places of amusement in the neighbourhood, the proprietor introduced a -great variety of amusements and raised the price of admission to 2s. -During the season of 1807, the price was constantly 2s., the gardens -being open only three nights in the week, and each of these nights was -what was termed a gala night. Vauxhall Gardens were extensive, they -contained a variety of walks illuminated with beautiful transparent -paintings. Opposite the west door was a magnificent Gothic orchestra, -illuminated with a profusion of lamps of various colours; and on the -left was an elegant rotunda, in which the band performed in the cold -or rainy weather. At ten o'clock a bell announced the opening of a -cascade, with the representation of a water-mill, a mail coach, etc. -Fireworks of the most brilliant description were also introduced among -the attractions of the place. In numerous recesses, or pavilions, -parties were accommodated with suppers and other refreshments and were -charged according to a bill of fare. The ham sandwiches were of such -an excellent quality and so thinly sliced that they became proverbial. -The respective boxes and apartments were adorned with a vast number -of paintings, many of which were executed in the best style of their -respective theatres. The labours of Hogarth and Hayman were the most -conspicuous. On a pedestal, under the arch of a grand portico of the -Doric order, was a fine marble statue of Handel, in the character of -Orpheus playing on his lyre, done by the celebrated M. Roubiliac. The -number of persons who were employed in the gardens during the season is -said to have amounted to 400, 96 of whom were musicians and singers, -the rest were waiters and servants of various kinds. The celebrated -Lowe and Beard were amongst the first singers who were engaged at -Vauxhall. Upwards of 15,000 lamps were said to illuminate the gardens -at one time,--the effect of the illumination was peculiarly beautiful -in a moonlight night. The band of the Duke of York's regiment of Guards -dressed in full uniform added to the attractions of these enchanting -gardens; by military harmony, as a place of public entertainment, it -became the most famous in Europe. The greatest season was in 1823, when -133,279 persons visited the gardens and the receipts were £29,590. The -greatest number of persons in one night was on the 2nd of August, 1833, -when 20,137 paid for admission. The carriages outside the gardens were -so numerous that they extended in lines as far as Westminster Bridge in -one direction and to Kennington Common in an opposite direction. The -greatest number on the then supposed last night, 5th September, 1839, -was 1089 persons. So fascinating did this place of amusement become -that it acquired the name of the "fairy land of fancy," answering in -conception to those enchanted palaces and gardens described in the -"Arabian Nights Entertainment."[2] It was in these gardens gas was -manufactured by the London Gas-light Company prior to gas being made at -the Company's Works in the neighbourhood of Vauxhall Row. - -[Footnote 1: The true derivation is supposed to be from Falk or Faulk -de Brent, a famous Norman soldier of fortune to whom King John gave -in marriage Margaret de Ripariis or Redvers. To the lady belonged -that Manor of Lambeth to which the Mansion called Faulks Hall was -annexed.--_London_, by Charles Knight, Vol. I., p. 403.] - -[Footnote 2: Vauxhall Gardens were open from 1732 to 1840, they were -re-opened in 1841 and finally closed in 1859, when the theatre, -orchestra, firework gallery, fountains, statues, etc., were sold, -with a few mechanical models, such as Sir Samuel Morland, Master -of Mechanics to Charles II. had set up here nearly two centuries -previously. The site was then cleared and a church, (St. Peter's) -vaulted throughout, was built upon a portion of the grounds, besides a -school of arts, etc.--_John Timbs_.] - -The London Gas-light Company was Incorporated in the year 1833.[1] -The Works at Vauxhall were constructed from designs furnished by Mr. -Hutchison, the Engineer. The first bed of retorts set on the Company's -premises was heated by a man of the name of William Batt, June, -1834. The old man is still living, he is seventy-five years of age, -and has been in the London Gas-light Company's service forty-three -years. At that time the Company used a small gasometer erected in -Vauxhall Gardens. It was with gas from this vessel that Mr. Green, -the celebrated æronaut used to fill or inflate his great balloon. The -first place lighted up with the Company's gas was Old Lambeth Market, -the site now occupied by the Lambeth Baths. In December, 1858, the -London Gas-light Company manufactured gas at their New Works, Nine -Elms. The following month, January, 1859, an Act of Parliament came -into operation to prevent gas companies from erecting other works for -the manufacture of gas within ten miles of London; however, it was -not until the year 1863 that the London Gas-light Company permanently -removed from Vauxhall to Nine Elms. - -[Footnote 1: The London Gas-light Company Established, (Incorporated) -1833; first Works built in High Street, Vauxhall, the lease of which -expired in 1865. - -December 2, 1872, there was a great strike of the London Gas Stokers, -2,400 out. The inconvenience was met by great exertion, 2-6 Dec. -Several were tried and imprisoned.] - -The London Gas Works are environed with a brick wall, varying in height -from ten to twenty feet, bounded on the North by Nine Elms Lane; on -the South by the South-Western Railway; on the East by Everett Street; -and on the West by Moat Street and Haine Street. The works within this -enclosure cover an area of seventeen acres, and at the field Prince of -Wales Road, about three acres more. There are five gates to the Works, -but the principal entrance is in Haward Street, by the porter's lodge. -At the right-hand-corner is a spacious building, on the basement is -the Engineer's office, the Light office, and Messenger's lobby, which -has in it a small telegraphic apparatus for communicating intelligence -between this and the Chief office. The Grand Entrance is from Nine Elms -Lane, opened by two pairs of massive folding doors leading into the -hall, facing which is a flight of stone steps with ornamental cast-iron -balusters mounted by rails on either side of polished mahogany, -communicating with a similar staircase right and left which conducts to -the Board room and Draughtsmen's offices. The Board room is a beautiful -and commodious apartment, 33 feet by 19. It has never yet been -occupied by the Board of Directors, the Board preferring to transact -their business at their Chief Office, 26, Southampton Street, Strand, -W.C. Secretary, A. J. Dove, Esq.; Engineer, Robert Morton, Esq.; -Manager, John Methven, Esq.; Outdoor Superintendent, T. D. Tully, Esq.; -Cashier, W. G. Head, Esq., with a staff of Inspectors, Collectors, -Clerks, &c. - -On the 31st of October, 1865,[1] a terrible gas explosion took place, -when ten men were killed and many others injured. At that time the -houses in Haward Street being contiguous to the works, had the window -frames shattered, and similar calamities occurred elsewhere. These -houses were occupied by some of the Company's employés. Lately, partly -on account of the recent tidal inundations, sixteen houses belonging to -the Company have been pulled down and a wall built so as to keep out -the flood, in the event of extraordinary high tides. The open space -between the inner and outer gates is used, as well as other open spaces -about the works, for heaping up the coke mountains high, which certain -youngsters in the neighbourhood would only be too delighted to have the -privilege of scrambling and of bearing some of the precious fuel home -to their fireless grates. Alas! much of the distress prevalent in the -district is caused through the drunkenness and improvident habits of -parents. - -[Footnote 1: On October 31, 1865, at the London Gas-light Company's -Works, at Nine Elms, Battersea Park Road, a gas-holder exploded killing -ten persons and injuring twenty-two. This was then one of the largest -holders in London, its capacity being 1,039,000 cubic feet. It was 150 -feet diameter, 60 feet high, with a tank depth of 30 feet, and at the -instant of the explosion was nearly full, being about 50 feet to 55 -feet high. The meter-house was blown to atoms, and the force of the -explosion struck the side of the gas-holder, bulging it in, and at the -same time driving out a portion of the top. Mr. Timbs, who records this -disaster, (which happened when the late Mr. Watson was engineer) says, -"As the side plates were eight to twelve gauge, the force must have -been very great. With the bursting of the top there was an immediate -rush of gas, which instantly caught fire, and shot up in a vast column -of flame, discernible at a great distance. The concussion ripped open -another gas-holder, the escaping gas caught fire, and meeting the -flames from the first gas-holder, rolled away in one vast expanse of -flame: an awful crash followed, and many of the neighbouring houses -were shattered to pieces."--_History of Wonderful Inventions_, by John -Timbs, p. 179.] - -Passing through the inner gate, over which is mounted the factory bell -of 2 cwt.,--its size and tone would not disgrace the belfry of many a -church steeple,--on the right is situated the timekeeper's office, the -carbonizing foreman's lobby, the meter stores, and the stores. On the -left-hand-side of the gate is the coke clerk's office, counting house, -and a range of workshops, sheds, etc. for smiths, painters, fitters, -and carpenters. Adjoining the coke office is the shop where all the -Company's meters are tested before being sent out to the consumers. -In different parts of the yard lines of iron rails are laid down, -with turning tables to allow for shunting, communicating with the -South-Western Railway, so as to admit trucks, which, when loaded with -coke from the factory, are then conveyed to their destination. The -retort houses are oblong buildings with gable wrought-iron roofs, are -strongly built of brick, the walls being of immense thickness; this is -necessary, not only on account of the great heat within, but on account -of the large quantity of coals stowed away in the coal stores, the -stock on hand being 15,000 tons. - -There are seven retort houses, five of these occupy a central position -in these works; they have been erected at different periods as the -demand for the manufacture of gas increased. Of these retort houses -No. 7 is the largest; it is 260 feet long by 80 feet wide (inside -measurement), and it is 45 feet to crown of roof. Each retort house -has independent shafts, but the tallest shaft faces the east end -of retort house No. 2. It is a splendid piece of brick-work, the -height of which is 135 feet. When the top stone was laid Mr. B. Gray, -the builder, treated the men who were under him with a dinner. On -this occasion sixteen persons sat on the summit and partook of this -sumptuous repast. Nos. 1, 2 and 3 are ground retort houses, the other -four houses are stage retort houses. With respect to the interior of -these retort houses, there is plenty of room in front of the retorts -for a storage of coal and good space for drawing the retorts. On the -whole there is good ventilation in the roofs for allowing the smoke, -etc. to escape. The floor of the stage retort houses are paved with -grooved cast-iron plates. In these retort houses an open space is -allowed between the furnace and the flooring in order that the coke -when raked out of the retorts might fall into the coke hole below. The -benches of retorts are placed in the middle of the houses. The retorts -are built in settings, they are cylindrical tubes made of Stourbridge -clay open through and through with mouthpieces at both ends. At the -front of each bed of retorts is a furnace for heating up the retorts -with the residual coke after the coals have been carbonized. The -flame and hot draft of the furnaces are made to circulate thoroughly -throughout the setting, traversing as great a space as possible round, -under and above the retorts before egress is allowed to the main flue -communicating with the chimney. The retorts are charged every six -hours. Formerly, for cooling the retort lids, a pulpy mass of lime and -mud of the consistence of mortar was used under the cognomen of "blue -billy." This has been superseded by Morton's Patent Air-tight Lid, and -Holman's Patent Lever. The two mechanical contrivances combined for -this purpose are most efficient, and when financially considered must -be a great saving to the Company. In the new house there are seven -retorts in a bed; these, when heated sufficiently, are simultaneously -charged at each end with two scoopfuls of bituminous coal; the upper -retorts, on account of their retaining more heat, are charged with -three scoops--each scoop contains 1 cwt. 2 qrs. of coal As soon as the -lids are closed with the patent lever and cross-bar the process of gas -distillation commences. In house No. 7 there are 392 mouths--total -number of mouths in all the retort houses 1,793. As clay retorts when -heated at first have a tendency to crack, it is necessary that the -process of heating should be slow, also to get them up to their proper -heat a similar caution is requisite when cooling. Apart from the -manufacture of gas, in order to attend to the furnaces with the view -of keeping up the heat of retorts, a certain amount of Sunday labour -is involved, but it is gratifying to state that at these works labour -on the Lord's day is reduced to its lowest minimum. Among several -annoyances in the manufacture of gas is the choking or stoppage of -ascension pipes; the person whose employment it is to look after, and -if possible prevent this, is called by his fellow-workmen "the pipe -jumper." Pipes connected with the mouthpieces called the ascension -pipes conduct the gas to the hydraulic main, this is a large pipe at -the back of the ascension pipes partly filled with water, when the -works are started into which the ends of the pipes from the retorts -are made to dip, and by this means forms a seal by which the gas is -prevented from finding its way back either by those retorts which the -workmen may be re-charging or to other parts of the bench that for the -time may be out of action. The hydraulic main and its supports are very -strong in order to stand the alternate and unequal heating and cooling -of the benches, and the enormous strain occasioned by the large extent -of pipage. Wrought iron is used in preference to cast-iron because of -its lightness, strength and elasticity. - -There are four lobbies for the accommodation of the stokers and -seats at either end of the retort houses. The men in the carbonizing -department are supplied with lockers in which to keep their provisions -and clothes. Each man has a half-pint of the best Scotch oatmeal per -diem allowed him to make "skilly" with. A quantity of oatmeal is put -into a bucket, water is poured on and then stirred, after the meal has -"settled" they dip it out with a mug to drink as often as they feel -themselves thirsty. The engineer has no objection to the men having -lemonade, etc., but all intoxicating drinks on the works are strictly -prohibited. On Sundays, between 9 and 10 a.m., a religious service is -conducted in the lobby at No. 6 retort house by the Missionary. - -_Scene in a retort house on week-day._--The stokers, after having been -at work in the retort houses for half an hour, are "off" for nearly -an hour, during which they employ their time in various ways; some -play at cards, some at draughts, some at dominoes, others read the -newspapers,--eight men in a group will club together and subscribe -a penny each, this enables them to purchase six dailies and two -weeklies, thus a group is furnished with newspaper intelligence for -a week. Others of the stokers will seek to bring grist to their mill -by employing the time they are off to their own pecuniary advantage -either in mending their own boots and shoes or the boots and shoes of -their fellow-workmen. At times some of the men may be seen mending -their clothes, or washing a pair of trowsers in a bucket of water and -using the wooden handle of a shovel as a substitute for a "dolly." Now -and then a man will lie on his back at full length on a heap of coals, -locked in the arms of Morpheus, presently he awakes out of his dreams, -rubs his eyes astonished at what has transpired during the past hour. -The foreman's whistle, similar to that used by a railway guard when -a train is ready to start, is the signal for the men to resume their -work, and to their credit be it said, they go at it manly and rush to -their shovels and scoops like British sailors fly to their guns when -commanded to salute a Prince or fire at an enemy! A stranger for the -first time is startled when the lids or "lips" as they are called are -removed from the mouths of the retorts by the bomb! bombing! a kind -of percussion or shock occasioned by the gaseous vapours confined in -the retorts being liberated by coming into direct contact with the -atmosphere, then commences the belching forth of flame, the issuing of -smoke, the raking out of carbonized coal blazing with tar in order to -clear the retorts which are again quickly charged with that peculiar -fossil of vegetable origin found among the carboniferous strata of the -earth. It is interesting to mark the agility with which the stokers -perform their duty. Five men constitute a gang,--there are three men to -a scoop. Scoops are made of iron. A scoop is 10 feet long, 7½ inches -wide, and 5½ inches deep with a T piece for a handle. It is placed on -the ground, filled as soon as possible, then raised by two men who put -underneath it a wrought iron bar called a "horse" so bent or curved -in the middle on which to rest the scoop. These two men, with the aid -of the man who holds the T piece, thrust the coals into the retorts -as quickly as artillerymen ram cannon, and so work at each bed of -retorts stripped to the waist, while the perspiration is oozing from -the pores of their skin like melted tallow! Now and again a hissing -noise with steam accompanied with clouds of vapour caused by buckets -of water thrown on the carbonized coal taken from the retorts. No -sooner is the coke thus cooled than it is (in keeping with all the -movements preceding) wheeled in iron barrows to a place in the yard, -where pyramidically it is piled stage upon stage until purchased by the -coal contractor and coke merchants who require it for their customers. -Respecting the employés at these important works--beneath the rough -exterior of their sooty skin, incidental to their occupation, these -sons of toil who forsooth earn their livelihood by the sweat of their -brow in common with their brother man, have hearts akin to the finest -specimens of humanity, and stand related to our Father in heaven, for -we are all His offspring, brothers for whom the Saviour died. Whatever -a man's status in social life, whatever part he may take, however -humble in the divisions of industrial, honest labour, these men know -that as Robert Burns says; "A man's a man for a' that." - -From the hydraulic main the gas passes on to a set of condensers -or coolers at the south side of the works, through which it is -made to circulate until it is reduced to a temperature bearing -some approximation to the surrounding atmosphere, also to separate -condensable vapours before allowing the gas to pass to the purifiers. -The tar well or tank is a receptacle for the overflow of the hydraulic, -etc. A branch pipe from the main is inserted and sealed in a stationary -lute at the bottom. The tar thus deposited as well as the ammoniacal -liquor is valuable. There are five scrubbers, the tops of which are -reached by flights of wooden steps with hand-rails and a stage or -gallery above communicating from one scrubber to another. Each scrubber -is a cylinder 19 feet in diameter and 70 feet high, they are made of -cast-iron plates and contain a series of iron trays or gratings on -which are spread layers of coke, furze, etc. Water is injected from -the top by means of a revolving apparatus connected with vertical and -horizontal shafting and driven by a small engine below, thereby keeping -up a constant humid spray, the object being to separate the ammonia and -acids from the gas. - -In front of houses Nos. 4 and 5 (which by the way are the oldest retort -houses inside these works) is situated the boiler and engine house. -There are three boilers 28 feet by 6 in diameter. In the engine house -four of Beal's exhausters occupy prominent positions, they are used -to exhaust or suck the gas from the retorts and afterwards force it -through the vessels for purification; two of these driven by engines -of 20 horse power work 150,000 cubic feet per hour each. Two driven by -engines of 12 horse power work 100,000 per hour each. Attached to the -inlet of each exhauster is one of Wright's exhauster governors, it is -made on the principle of pressure or suction elevating or depressing -a light cylinder working in a water-lute of sufficient depth. When -an exhaust is maintained on the water gauge, counter balance weights -equal to the exhaust on the area of the cylinder are applied, and the -oscillations, as the suction increases or diminishes, regulate to a -nicety the exhaust. The whole of the machinery in this department -is in excellent order and will bear the minutest inspection. Over -the engine house, which is reached outside by a corkscrew or spiral -iron staircase, is a workshop fitted up with machinery; it contains -a horizontal engine of eight horse power, which drives two lathes, -one bolt screwing machine, two drilling machines, and a saw bench. -Against the wall of the engine house is one of Tangye's Special Pumps -for raising water from the dock to supply the whole of the works with -water for cooling purposes. Outside the engine house an apparatus -called a jet exhauster has recently been erected composed of a series -of vertical iron tubes, a steam boiler, a generator, and jet. A vacuum -is created by a blast of steam, thereby compelling the gas to rapidly -leave the retorts and at the same time the ammonia is supposed to be -entirely removed by means of water which percolates through shavings -with which the tubes or pipes are filled. - -On the south side of the works, in addition to the coolers, there are -thirteen purifiers and fifteen plots or courts including the foreman's -lobby. Each purifier is of cast-iron, it is oblong in form, the cover -is wrought iron riveted together in sheets, and the seal is made by -means of a water-lute round the edge of the purifier. The purifying -material, which is sometimes lime but principally oxide of iron, is -carefully spread out on trays and these are disposed in tiers or sets -in such a manner as to leave a clear open space between each succeeding -layer to allow the gas to diffuse itself thoroughly throughout the -mass. Lime when once fouled cannot profitably be renewed for gas -purifying purposes, but the oxide of iron can be further utilized -by spreading out the oxide in an open court when the oxygen of the -atmosphere precipitates the sulphur and the oxide is again fit for use. - -The gas passes from the purifiers to the station meter house fronting -the stores on the north side of the yard, where the quantity of gas -made is registered; adjoining which is Mr. Methven's the Sub-Manager's -office, and a test room or laboratory where various experiments -connected with the manufacture of gas are conducted. Against the north -boundary is a small gas house with gas-holder, etc., all complete, -occasionally used for experimenting purposes. From the station meters -the gas passes to the gas-holders; each of these enormous circular -vessels possesses great storage capacity. It is made on the principle -that the circle of all geometrical figures is the one that a fixed -circumference or outline is capable of enclosing the greatest amount -of space. A gas-holder is made by riveting together light wrought -iron sheets upon an angle framing and in shape resembles an inverted -cup, the crown being either flat or the segment of a large sphere. It -works in a circular water-tank, round which columns are erected that -sustain guides at proper intervals by which the gasholder when working -is supported, etc. Erected in different parts of the works, including -those (two) in the field Prince of Wales' Road, are five immense -gasholders with double lifts capable of holding in all 7,000,000 cubic -feet of gas. The most imposing view of the Works is from the gate near -the entrance of the Creek at Mill-Pond Bridge; in the creek there -are sometimes as many as forty barges. On entering at this gate the -eye is attracted by two ponderous lifts, which, by an arrangement of -rope bands attached to shafting with revolving iron drums and pulleys -supported by columns and girders and driven by two horizontal engines -of twelve horse-power, are capable of lifting 500 tons of coals every -twelve hours. The coals are raised from the barges in iron waggons -which hold 1 ton 15 cwt. each, there are two waggons to each lift so -that while one waggon is being filled the other on the stage above -is being conveyed on iron rails to whatever part of the retort house -the coals may be required. Each engine has a powerful brake and is -worked with two levers. On the west side of the creek is the manager's -residence, and an enormous gasholder with capacity to hold 2,000,000 -cubic feet of gas; further on is a hand crane. In front of No. 7 -retort house is one of Winshurst and Hollick's engine cranes, which -is capable of lifting 200 tons of coals in ten hours by means of a -chain and bucket lifted up to the hopper, a distance of nearly sixty -feet, and emptied. The bucket holds 15 cwt. of coal. That portion of -the Company's premises known as Mill-Pond Yard is used for the storage -of pipes, bricks, fire-clay, etc. Here is the carcass of the Old -Tidal Mill with lock gates; here too is the Workman's Institute and -Band room. Mothers' Meetings are held at the Institute on Wednesdays -at 3 p.m., on Sunday afternoons at 3 o'clock for Bible readings by a -Missionary in the district.[1] - -[Footnote 1: Since the above description was written in 1877 very -extensive alterations have been made in these works. The Company have -completed a large purifying house at the south side of the Creek, -and have had constructed on the site of the Old Institute a dock for -the purpose of admitting steam colliers of 1000 tons burden; and -have erected a coal tramway from the same into the Works, crossing -Nine Elms Lane with an iron bridge 22 feet from the roadway, which -has been widened at least 20 feet. Moreover the carcass of the Old -Flour Water-Mill has been pulled down the only vestiges remaining are -the lock gates. Opposite Mr. Methven's residence a new institute and -stables have been built. In the Works the old offices, workshops, -stores, meter-house, and test rooms have been demolished, the high -shaft pulled down and the jet exhauster removed. A new meter-house has -been erected opposite the engine house and there has also been added -new machinery. The Creek has been narrowed and the portion of ground -recovered has considerably increased the size of the coke yard. A -parapet has been built on both sides of the Creek to prevent the water -from overflowing in the event of extraordinary high tides. Also a new -stage retort house is being erected parallel with retort house No. 6. -(Messrs. Kirk and Randall, Contractors). In addition, three blocks of -new buildings have been erected on the west side of the road within the -principal gate, is B (1) containing coke office, cashier's office and -strong room; timekeeper's office, weigh office, coke foreman's office, -superintendent's office and test room. On the east side of the road -is B (2) containing gate-keeper's lobby and stores. At the south-east -corner of the Works is B (3) consisting of workshops, lobby, etc. The -whole of the three blocks were completed in about four months. (B. -E. Nightingale, Builder and Contractor). The factory bell has been -mounted against one of the columns belonging to the gasholder near the -timekeeper's office, and a gasholder of colossal dimensions is being -erected in the Company's field, Prince of Wales Road. The alterations, -improvements, etc., at these Works within the last ten years have -involved an outlay of about £200,000. _Yard Foreman_, Mr. A. Wilson; -_Carbonizing Foremen_, Messrs. H. Walker, M. Walker, R. Johnston, W. -Taylor, T. Reynolds, G. Feeney; _Purifying Foremen_, Messrs. D. Brown -and H. Aylett; _Foreman of Enginemen_, Mr. G. Wilson; _Coke Foremen_, -Messrs. G. Smith and C. Meredith; _Coal Gang Foreman_, Mr. W. Clowes; -_Timekeeper_, Mr. R. Whitmore. Mr. R. Harvey was foreman over the men -in the carbonizing department and had been upwards of forty years in -the Company's employment, in consideration of his valuable services the -Company have granted him, as they have also several other of their old -and faithful servants, an annuity.] - -Upon the mains at their exit from the works valves are placed, each -valve having a revolving pressure indicator attached, the paper of -which is graduated into inches, and tenths, and marked with spaces -corresponding to the twenty-four hours of the day. In the meter-house -self-regulating governors are used for this purpose. From the -gasholders the gas is driven through cast-iron mains or pipes, and -from them by wrought iron service pipes to the lamps and burners which -help to illuminate our Metropolis. The Company's mains extend about -170 miles, and at any point they supply gas with the same abundance -and precision as at Nine Elms. At one time, the Works of the London -Gas-Light Company at Vauxhall were considered the most powerful and -complete in the world, and even now, in this age of rivalry and -sharp competition, under the judicious management of their Board of -Directors and their skilled Engineer, Robert Morton, Esq., the London -Gas-Light Company maintain an honourable position among other gas-light -companies, and are worthy the name they bear. The number of men -employed at these works in the Winter season is about 500. There is a -Sick Provident Club belonging to the works.[1] - -[Footnote 1: All workmen employed by the London Gas-light Company -(unless hired on other terms) are engaged on weekly hirings, and are -required to give, and entitled to receive, a week's notice before -leaving or being discharged from the Company's service, except in case -of misconduct, for which a workman will be discharged without notice. - -By order of the Board, - -A.J. DOVE, Sec. - -13_th March_, 1876.] - - ON A RECENTLY-EXPOSED SECTION AT BATTERSEA. - - _Extracts from a Paper read before the Geologists' Association, March - 1st, 1872, by John A. Coombs, Esq._ - - - "This section was exposed on a piece of ground recently acquired by - the London Gas-light Company for a Gas-holder Station. It is situated - to the north of the Prince of Wales' Road, Battersea, between the - high-level lines of the London, Brighton, and South-Coast, and - the London, Chatham, and Dover Railways, near the point of their - separation after crossing the Thames near the Chelsea Suspension - Bridge. The excavations were commenced at the latter end of last year, - for the purpose of constructing two gas-holder tanks, each 185 feet - inside diameter. The total length of the excavation, therefore, was - about 400 feet, by about 200 feet in width, and 30 feet in depth, the - direction of the longest distance being very nearly from N.W. to S.E. - - The average surface of the ground was 12-ft. 9-in. above the Ordnance - Datum Level, or 8 inches above Trinity High Water Mark. The general - Section was as follows:-- - - Alluvial Soil and Vegetable Mould 2 feet - Thames Valley Gravel 22 " - Altered London Clay (brown) 1 " - London Clay (excavated) 5 " - - An interesting series of mammalian remains were obtained from - the Valley Gravel, which, considering the limited extent of the - excavation, and the number of specimens destroyed in the removal of - the material, shews this section to be fully as prolific in these - remains as the long-worked pits of Erith or Crayford. The specimens - have been examined and identified by William Davies, Esq, of the - British Museum, who kindly undertook to compare them with those in the - national collection. The following is a list of these remains:-- - - _Elphas primigenius_, Blum. Portion of lower jaw and tooth, - and the shaft of a humerus of a young individual. - _Rhinoceros tichorhinus_, Cuv. Part of a cranium, a lumbar - vertebra, a right metatarsus, and a left metacarpus. - _Equus caballus fossilis_, Linn. A right metacarpus, a right - radius, and an upper molar. - _Bos._ sp. Cervical vertebra. - _Cervus elaphus_, Linn. Portion of left ramus of lower jaw, - and portion of a right radius. - _Cervus tarandus_, Linn. The base of a shed antler. (This had - suffered considerable attrition). - - There were also found a rib and a portion of an ilium of a _Cervus_ - (species indeterminable), besides many other fragments too small or - too much mutilated for recognition. But the most unusual fossil found - in such deposits was that of _Pliosaurus_, a portion of the paddle - bone of which was found associated with the remains above mentioned. - This fossil, which was probably derived from the Kimmeridge Clay, - shewed evident signs of attrition, but not so much as to efface the - marks of muscular attachment; it was, moreover, charged with peroxide - of iron. Search was made in the anticipation of shells of _Cyrena - (Corbicula) fluminalis_ being associated with these remains, but - without success. - - Immediately beneath the Thames Valley Gravel was the London Clay, - possessing all the typical features of that formation, without any of - the loamy gradations found in higher parts of the metropolis. The top - of the clay, however, to a depth varying from 9 to 12 inches, was of - a brown colour, resembling the brown (altered) London Clay found at - Hampstead and elsewhere. - - The clay was excavated only to a depth of a few feet, thus preventing - a great number of fossils being obtained. Those found, however, are - sufficient for comparison with the zones of fossils found in larger - sections, and thus may afford evidence of the amount of denudation to - which the clay had been subjected at this spot before the deposition - of the gravel. By far the most abundant fossil found in the London - Clay was the _Pentacrinus sub-basaltiformis_, which was obtained - in the rounded angular, as well as the perfectly cylindrical form. - The following Mollusca were also obtained:--_Nautilus regalis, - Pyrula Smithii, Fusus bifasciatus, Voluta Wetherellii, Pleurotoma - teretrium, Natica labellata, Dentalium_, sp., _Leda amygdaloides, - Nucula Bowerbankii, Cryptodon angulatus, C. Goodallis_, and _Syndosyma - splendens. Teredo_ borings, _Serpula_, and teeth of _Lamma_ complete - the list of organic remains. - - Septaria were abundant in the clay, many of which contained - drift-wood, bored by the _Teredo_, one contained a _Nautilus regalis_ - as a nucleus, and several exhibited the usual crystallizations of - calcite, heavy spar, and iron pyrites. Selenite, however, was very - scarce in the clay, being found only in small crystals, and these by - no means numerous." - -In Nine Elms Lane resided Mr. Sellar, a respectable tradesman who -kept a tea and cheesemonger's establishment, and who for five years -discharged his parochial duties as an overseer. Greatly deploring -the irreligious condition of the spiritually-benighted poor of the -neighbourhood, he had erected at his own expense, a hall at the -back of his premises in Everet Street, to be used for religious and -secular educational purposes. Subsequently the hall was rented by the -Wesleyan Methodists, and was used by them as a preaching station, Mr. -Farmer acting as steward and superintendent of the Sunday school which -he commenced there. When the Sunday school was opened in 1871, not -more than 20 per cent. of the children who presented themselves for -admission could read, and their knowledge of the sacred contents of the -Holy Scriptures was _nil_. However, though the task was difficult, for -seven years Mr. John Farmer, assisted by his small staff of Christian -teachers:-- - - Plodded hard, and labour'd well - As many in Nine Elms can tell. - -The hall is now engaged by the Metropolitan Tabernacle Evangelization -Society. A Sunday school is still held in the place and evangelistic -services conducted there every Lord's day evening. - -In this neighbourhood stood Phillips's Fire Annihilating Machine -Factory. The public were frequently invited to come and see the working -of the machines. At the time appointed an improvised cottage was set on -fire; when fairly alight, the machines were brought to bear upon the -flames and with marked success. A man and his wife had charge of the -factory. One Sunday morning the man went out into the fields with his -gun, leaving his wife to prepare dinner. Soon after the composition -in the factory exploded, and immediately the building was enveloped -in flames--the man hastened back to save his wife, but failed in his -attempt to rescue her--the poor woman perished. - -BRAYNE'S POTTERY for Stone-ware manufacture has been pulled down, on -the site adjoining is Laver's Portland Cement Works. The Lime Kilns -which had stood nearly two centuries have long since disappeared. The -Whiting Works which mark the site remain among the oldest structures in -this vicinity were established in the year 1666. At the entrance to the -Works stood the rib bones of a Whale which the proprietor fancifully -had placed there. One of the Whiting sheds formerly stood higher up -the river. Mr. Laver is the owner of these works. Where Lloyd and Co's -Manufacturing Joinery Works are situated were the house, timber yard -and premises, owned by Mr. Robbins, father of Mrs. Cooper, Dairy, New -Road. Near the spot where now stands the Royal Rifleman tavern, was -a timber dock. Moored close to the river's bank was a barge house or -cabin called "Noah's Ark." In the dock adjoining Noah's Ark was an old -steamboat said to have been one of the first that "ran" on the Thames. -The river about this part offered great attraction to swimmers and -became a famous place for bathing. Hayle Foundry Wharf, Nine Elms, is -now occupied by H. Young & Co., Engineers and Contractors, Founders, -Smiths, etc. Their Art Works are at Eccleston, Pimlico, and are noted -for casting the statues of Lord Derby, opposite the House of Lords; -John Bunyan, erected at Bedford; Wellington Memorial in St. Paul's -Cathedral, and (part finished) Sir John Burgoyne. - -THE SOUTHWARK AND VAUXHALL WATER WORKS.--THE BOROUGH WORKS at St. Mary -Overies, in 1820, became the property of one J. Edwards, who in 1822, -also purchased from the New River Company the Works on the South side -of London Bridge, and combined both concerns under the designation of -the "Southwark Water Works." The whole being thus possessed by one -opulent individual. In 1805, several persons united to give effect to a -scheme for organising the South London Water Works (subsequently called -the Vauxhall) and by an Act of Parliament passed in July, 1805, they -were incorporated as a Company, with authority to raise capital for -attaining their object amounting to £80,000 in 800 shares of £100 each. -In June, 1813, another Act was obtained for empowering the Company -to raise a further sum of £80,000. The operations of this Company -commenced inauspiciously for their interests by reason of their having -originally adopted wooden pipes, and having then been compelled to -substitute iron in their place. The principal works were on the south -side of Kennington Lane, formerly Kennington Common, near to Vauxhall. -These companies experienced various vicissitudes in their progress, -until in 1845, when an amalgamation took place under an Act of -Parliament, to which we owe the creation of the Southwark and Vauxhall -Water Company as it now exists. The area of the district supplied -extends for about 13 miles E. and W., and 3 miles N. and S., the home -district stretching from Rotherhithe to Clapham and the suburban and -rural districts from Wandsworth to Richmond. Thus an area of 39 miles -south of the Thames receives a supply of water distributed to about -80,000 houses, having a population of 550,000. The Company's property -at Battersea consists of one Pumping Station, standing on freehold -land of some 50 acres, and six Cornish Engines, erected by Messrs. -Harvey and Co., with a total of 1,200 horse power; two Reservoirs of -about 10 acres, containing about 46,000,000 gallons of water, and six -filter beds, having an area 10¾ acres, with a filtering capacity for -1,300,750 gallons of water per hour. The Filters are to a certain depth -filled with sand, through which the water percolates, leaving the -impurities on the surface to be removed at pleasure. There are 18 fires -or furnaces in the boiler house, the daily consumption of coal is about -22 tons. The water at this station is pumped partly over a stand pipe -186 feet high,[1] and the remainder through an air vessel to a height -of about 380 feet. The Company have considerable property at Hampton -and Peckham. The Registrar General's return shews the Company possess -about 685 miles of mains and service pipes, 100 miles of which (mains) -are perpetually charged, and could be made available for constant -supply should circumstances render it desirable. _Office_, Sumner -Street, Southwark; _Chief Engineer_, Thos. W. Humble, Esq.; _Resident -Engineer_, Mr. John Sampson. Adjacent to the Water Works are premises -belonging to Harvey and Co., Machine, Hydraulic, and Mining Engineers -of Hayle, Cornwall. - -[Footnote 1: A gentleman told the writer that this was vulgarly called -by the sobriquet of "Punch's Tuning Fork!"] - -Fitz Stephen (William) a learned Monk of Canterbury, being attached to -the Service of Archbishop Becket was present at the time of his murder. -In the year 1174 he wrote in Latin the life of St. Thomas, Archbishop -and Martyr, in which as Becket was a native of the Metropolis, he -introduces a description of the City of London with a miscellaneous -detail of the manners and usages of the Citizens; this is deservedly -considered a great curiosity, being the earliest professed account of -London extant. He describes the springs and water courses which abound -in the vicinity of Old London as "sweet, salubrious, and clear," so -that all that the inhabitants and water-carriers had to do was to draw -water from the wells and springs, or dip their vessels in the pellucid -stream of the river which was fit for culinary and all ordinary and -domestic purposes. London then though considered a "Great City" was -as a small town when compared with its teeming population of nearly -5,000,000 which people its City and environs now.[1] Since that time -the Majestic Thames and its tributary streams have been so polluted -with sewerage and other deleterious and poisonous matter as to induce -some of the most scientific men of the age to consider not only the -desirability but the necessity of obtaining for London a pure water -supply. It is asserted as a fact that in England and Wales alone -upwards of eight hundred persons die every month from typhoid fever; -a disease which is now believed to be caused almost entirely through -drinking impure water, and Dr. Frankland, the official to whom is -entrusted the analysing of such matters reports "The Thames Water" -notwithstanding the care that is taken to filter it by certain Water -Companies is so much polluted by organic matters as to be quite unfit -for dietetic purposes. - -[Footnote 1: The London Metropolitan District covers an area of 690 -square miles--contains 6612 miles of streets. 528,794 inhabited houses; -Population (June 1873) 4,025,559.] - -The first conduit erected in the City of London (Westcheap now -Cheapside) was commenced in the year 1235 but was not completed till -50 years afterwards (1285). The Citizens, who had to fetch their water -from the Thames often met with opposition from those who resided in -the lanes leading down to the river who monopolized the right of -procuring a water supply by stopping and imposing a duty upon others -who sought to obtain it. This state of things as might be expected -became unbearable and in 1342 an inquisition was made and persons were -sworn to inquire into the stoppages and annoyances complained of in -the several Wards. In the fifteenth century the authorities of the -City had erected New Conduits and had laid down leaden pipes. "In -1439 the Abbot of Westminster granted to Robert Large, the Lord Mayor, -and the Citizens of London, and their successors, one head of water -containing twenty-six perches in length and one in breadth, together -with all the springs in the Manor of Paddington for an annual payment -of two peppercorns." In the sixteenth century owing to the increased -population and the drying up of the springs other means of supply were -obtained in the neighbourhoods of Hampstead Heath, Hackney, and Muswell -Hill. An Act of Parliament applied for by the Corporation was passed -in 1544 for the purpose of obtaining from these springs an increased -supply for the North Western portions of the City. The scheme however -was not carried out until the year 1590 when another important source -of supply had been procured. In 1568 a conduit was constructed at -Dowgate, for the purpose of obtaining water from the Thames. "In 1580 -Peter Morice, an ingenious Dutchman brought his scheme for raising the -Thames Water high enough to supply the upper parts of the City, and in -order to show its feasibility he threw a jet of water over the steeple -of St. Magnus Church, a lease of 500 years of the Thames Water, and the -places where his mills stood, and of one of the arches of London Bridge -was granted to Morice, and the Water Works founded by him remained -until the beginning of the present century." About the same time that -Morice propounded his scheme for utilizing the Water of the Thames, -Stow informs us that a man of the name of Russel proposed to bring -water into London from Isleworth. In 1591 an Italian named Frederick -Genebelli said that he could cleanse the filthy ditches about the city -such as the Fleet River, Hounsditch, etc., and bring a plentiful supply -of pure, wholesome water to the City through them, but his offer does -not appear to have been accepted. - -"In 1606 nearly £20,000 was expended in scouring the River Fleet, -which was kept open for the purpose of navigation as high as Holborn -Bridge." An Act was passed in 1609 for bringing water by means of -engines from Hackney Marsh, to supply the City of London; the profits -arising from the enterprise were to go to the College of Polemical -Divines, founded by Dr. Sutcliffe, at Chelsea. At the close of Queen -Elizabeth's Reign an Act was passed empowering the Corporation to -cut a river for the purpose of conveying water from Middlesex and -Hertfordshire to the City, but nothing was done in this direction till -after the accession of James I to the throne. In 1605 and 1606 Acts of -Parliament were passed empowering the Corporation to bring water from -the Springs of Chadwell and Amwell to the northern parts of the City. -The Corporation transferred their power in 1609 to Hugh, afterwards -(Sir Hugh) Middleton, Citizen, and Goldsmith, who with characteristic -energy entered into the vast scheme which was effectually carried out -at an immense expense. On Sept. 29th, 1613 the New River was opened, -and London from this source received an abundant supply of water. The -New River Company was incorporated in 1620. The City was supplied with -its water by the conveyance of wooden pipes in the streets, and small -leaden ones to the houses. - -Among the Records known as the _Remembrancia_ preserved among the -Archives of the City of London. London, 1878. Some curious particulars -are mentioned respecting the applications made by various noblemen -to be allowed to have pipes, of the size of a goose-quill, attached -to the city pipes, for the purpose of supplying their houses with -water. "In 1592 Lord Cobham applied to the Lord Mayor for a quill of -water from the conduit at Ludgate to his house in Blackfriars, but the -consideration of the request was postponed, and in 1594 Lord Burghley -wrote to the Lord Mayor and Alderman in support of Lord Cobham's -application. Lady Essex and Walsingham asked for a supply of water -for Essex-house in 1601, and obtained the Lord Chamberlain's (Earl of -Suffolk) influence to further their suit; but on June 8th, 1608, the -Lord Mayor wrote to Lord Suffolk that the water in the conduits had -become so low, and the poor were so clamorous on account of the dearth, -that it became necessary to cut off several of the quills. 'Moreover,' -he added, 'complaints had been made of the extraordinary waste of water -in Essex-house, it being taken not only for dressing meat, but for -the laundry, the stable, and other offices, which might be otherwise -served.' As London extended itself westward, and the City came to join -Westminster, the drain must have been great upon the water supply, -which was originally intended for a considerably smaller area. In 1613 -Lord Fenton applied for a quill of water for his house at Charing -Cross, but the Lord Mayor refused to grant the request on the ground -that the conduits did not supply sufficient water for the City. Sir -Francis Bacon (afterwards the great Lord Verulam) asked, in 1617, for a -lead pipe to supply York-house, and Alice, Countess of Derby, requested -to be allowed a quill of water in the following year. This celebrated -lady, afterwards married to Lord Chancellor Ellesmere, lived in St. -Martin's-lane, and we learn from the City letter-book (quoted in the -index to the _Remembrancia_) the amount of water supplied to her was -at the rate of three gallons an hour. In subsequent years, we notice -among the applicants for quills of water the celebrated names of Sir -Harry Vane, Denzell Holles, the Dukes of Albemarle and Buckingham, and -the Earl of Northumberland." Cavendish and Watt demonstrated that water -is composed of 8 parts of Oxygen and 1 part of Hydrogen. In freezing, -water contracts till it is reduced to 42° or 40° Fahr. It then begins -to expand till it becomes ice at 32°. Water was first conveyed to -London by leaden pipes, 21 Henry III. 1237.--_Stow_. - -So late as Queen Anne's time there were water-carriers at Aldgate Pump. -The Water Works at Chelsea were completed and the Company incorporated -in 1722. London Bridge ancient water works were destroyed by fire, 29th -Oct., 1779. - -Commissioners for Metropolitan Water Supply appointed 27th April, 1867; -Report Signed 9th June, 1869; London supplied by Nine Companies. The -New River (the best) East London, Chelsea, Grand Junction, Southwark, -and Vauxhall, Kent, West Middlesex, Lambeth, and South Essex; who -deliver about 108,000,000 gallons daily, 1867; about 116,250,000 -gallons daily, 1877. - -In 1880, the Nominal Capital of Eight Water Companies was £12,011,320. - -THE VILLAGE OF BATTERSEA lies on the south side of the Thames opposite -Chelsea, to which it has some historical relationship on account of its -having been the seat of our Porcelain manufacture and of Saxon origin. -It is situated about four miles South West of St. Paul's Cathedral. -Battersea is a polling place for the Mid-divisions of the County in -the Wandsworth Division of the West Brixton Hundred. Wandsworth Union -and County Court District, Surrey Arch-Deaconry, and late Winchester, -but now Rochester Diocese;[1] it is also within the jurisdiction of -the Central Criminal Court, Metropolitan Board of Works, Metropolitan -Police, and Wandsworth Police Court. The Parish is divided into four -Wards. Penge[2] lies in Croydon district detached from the main body -seven miles distant. The entire parish comprehends an area of 3183 -acres.[3] Acres of the main body, 2177 of land 166 of water.--_Wilson's -Gazetteer of England and Wales_. In 1792, there were two places of -worship, viz., the Parish Church and the Old Baptist Meeting House -in York Road; the number of houses within the parish at that period -was 380. The following tabular statement will give but an inadequate -conception of the growth of the parish since then:-- - - Date of Year. Population. Number of Houses. - - 1831 5540 (Of whom 3021 were females) - 1839 4,764 801 -Main Body 1841 6,616 -Entire Parish 1841 6,887 -Main Body 1861 19,600 3,125 -Of Entire Parish 1861 24,615 3,793 -Ditto 1871 67,218 -Ditto 1880 15,208 - Including 13,202 in Penge Hamlet. -Main Body, not -including Penge 1877 79,000 11,500 - In 1840 the rateable value was about £28,000. - In 1856 the rateable value was about £79,100. - In 1876 the rateable value was about £331,846. - In 1880 the rateable value was about £416,000. - -Anno Domini 1658, the Hamlet of Penge, seven miles from the Parish -Church, contained twelve families. The Commissioners who were vested -with power to unite or separate parishes did nothing in this case, they -could not find a convenient place in the Hundred or County to unite it -to. The nearest place of public worship was Beckingham in Kent, about a -mile distant. - -[Footnote 1: An alteration has been made in the Diocesan arrangement. -Since 1877, Battersea together with other parishes in East and -Mid-Surrey has been added to the See of Rochester, and therefore is -under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of that Diocese. The See of -Rochester was founded A.D. 604. St. Augustin or Austin (the first -Bishop of Canterbury A.D. 598). Consecrated Justus, the first Bishop of -Rochester. The See of West Saxons (afterwards Winchester, A.D. 705) was -founded A.D. 635. The first (arch) Bishop of London was Theanus, A.D. -176 (?). Battersea is now considered to be of sufficient importance to -be made a Rural Deanery, and Canon Clarke, the Rural Dean. Southwark -Archdeaconry. "Diocese (Fr. from Gr. dioikesis, administration and -dioikeo, to govern) the territory over which a bishop exercises -ecclesiastical jurisdiction. At first, a diocese meant the collection -of churches or congregations under the charge of an archbishop. The -name came afterwards to be applied to the charge of a bishop, which -had previously been called a parish. England and Wales are divided -ecclesiastically into two Provinces, viz., Canterbury and York, the -former being presided over by the Primate of all England, and the -latter by the Primate of England, each of which is sub-divided into -dioceses, and these again into Archdeaconries and Rural Deaneries and -Parishes. A Diocese is synonymous with the See of a Suffragan bishop." -(Chamber's Encyclopedia). In England, the Archbishop of Canterbury has -the right of crowning the King, and the Archbishop of York the right of -crowning the Queen. - -Twelve years ago, the County of Surrey was divided for Electoral -purposes into three Divisions named respectively East, West, and -Mid-Surrey. At the time the Division was made in 1868 the Constituency -of Mid-Surrey numbered only 10,500. Now (March 1880) we have on the -Register 20,400 electors distributed in the following manner:-- - -Battersea Polling District 7,092 -Coulsdon " " 152 -Horley " " 465 -Kingston " " 2,649 -Reigate & Red Hill " " 1,271 -Richmond " " 2,727 -Sutton " " 1,975 -Wandsworth " " 2,596 -Wimbledon " " 1,606] - -[Footnote 2: The Village of Penge stands adjacent to the boundary -with Kent, to the London and Brighton Railway, and to the London, -Chatham and Dover Railway near the Crystal Palace, four miles N.N.E. -of Croydon; includes new streets on what was formerly a common with -picturesque oaks; and has a post office of the name of Penge Bridge -and Penge Lane. The Chapelry contains also the Crystal Palace with its -Railway Station; and it ranks politically as a Hamlet of Battersea. -Acres, 840; population in 1851, 1,169; in 1861, 5,015; houses, 668; -population 1868, nearly 10,000. Villas are very numerous, and King -William 4th Naval Asylum, the Watermen's Alms Houses, and the North -Surrey Industrial Schools are here. The Naval Asylum is for decayed -widows of naval officers, and was founded by Queen Adelaide. The -Watermen's Alms Houses were built in 1850, at a cost of £5000, and -comprises 41 residences. The Industrial Schools is for the parishes -northward of the Thames, occupies a plot of seven acres, with farm and -kitchen garden; and at the census of 1801 had 748 inmates. The Chapelry -is threefold, consisting of Penge proper, and one formed in 1868. The -livings are P. Curacies in the diocese of Winchester. Value of Penge, -£750; of Upper Penge, £800. Patrons of both Trustees.--_Wilson's -Gazetteer of England and Wales_. - -Penge, for ecclesiastical purposes, is a separate parish, and has its -own Overseers and supports its own poor. The Church of St. John the -Evangelist is a modern gothic stone structure with tower and spire. The -population of St. John's E. Parish in 1871 was 8,345, and the area is -500 acres. The Church of Holy Trinity, South Penge, to which a district -was assigned in 1873, is built of brick with stone dressings consisting -of chancel, nave and side aisles. The foundation stone was laid by the -Right Hon. the Earl of Shaftesbury, R.G., April 17, 1872. The Church -cost £7,500, and is capable of seating 1,000. The Register dates from -1874. The living is a vicarage. There are Chapels for Independents, -Baptists, and Wesleyans, and National Schools.] - -[Footnote 3: According to the Post Office Directory of the Six Home -Counties, edited by E. R. Kelly, M.A., F.R.S., 1874, Battersea -comprises 2,203 acres of land and 159 water.] - -With respect to the true etymology of the name Battersea,[1] it was -anciently written Battries-ey, and in Doom's-day Book Patries-ey, -probably a mistake for Patrice-ey and signifying St. Peter's Isle, -the termination ey, from the Saxon eze or ize, often occurring in the -name of places adjacent to great rivers; as Putney, Molesey, Chertsey, -etc. Battersea has a history dating from the time of Harold. At the -Norman Conquest it passed into the hands of William the Conqueror, who -exchanged it with the Abbey of St. Peter's, at Westminster, for lands -at Windsor. - -[Footnote 1: Some of the old inhabitants of Battersea have a notion -that Battersea took its name originally from a great battle that was -fought in shallow water knee-deep when the river was fordable, hence -Battersea, Battelsea or Battlesea--as the name itself appears to be -somewhat shrouded in obscurity there may be some partial truth in this -oral statement though we are not acquainted with any authentic records -which warrant us to affirm that Battersea derived its name from this -circumstance.] - -The earliest record we have of Battersea appears in Doomsday Book, -where it is written Pattricesy. Some authors have supposed that -because Petersham, which belonged to St. Peter's Abbey, Chertsey, -is there spelt Patricesham, that the earliest form of Battersea -originated its connexion with St. Peter's Abbey, the _c_ they say in -both these words was sibilant and therefore did not differ very much -in pronunciation from that it is now, though they admit that it is a -"curious anomaly that while P in _Patricesy_ has been changed into B -the P in _Patricesham_ remains unchanged." What the final syllable -represents is less clear as there are now no traces of Battersea -having been an island although there may have been once. Chelsea, it -is remarked, "was originally _Ceale-hythe_ or Chelc-hythe, and a haven -on the Thames, not an island, just as Lambeth was '_Lambe-hithe_' or -haven, but there is no recorded form of Battersea that would allow -us to say that _ey_ or _ea_ represented _hithe_. There was, however, -until about thirty years ago, a Creek, up which tradition reports that -Queen Elizabeth rowed. A bright little stream rising in Tooting, and -passing by Wandsworth Common, flowed into the Thames at this Creek, -which is now a mere sewer, and its better character is only kept in -remembrance by the name of Creek Street." The Rev. Daniel Lysons, in -a book entitled "The Environs of London," published in 1792, which, -through the kindness of Mr. R. J. S. Kentish, Librarian of the Beaufoy -Library, we have had the privilege of consulting, says, "the name has -undergone several changes. In the Conqueror's Survey, it is called -Patricesy, and has since been written Battrichsey, Battersey and -Battersea, each variation carrying it still further from its original -signification. Of the original signification of the word, I think there -can be little doubt. Patricesy in the Saxon is Peter's water or river; -and as the same record which calls it Patricesy mentions that it was -given to St. Peter, it might then first assume that appellation, but -this I own is conjecture. Petersham, which is precisely the same in -Doomsday--Patriceham, belonged to St. Peter's Abbey, Chertsey, and -retains its original name a little modernised. Aubrey, Vol. I. p. 135, -derives the name from St. Patrick; but Aubrey was mistaken by seeing -it written Patricesy, instead of Petricesy, in Doomsday; but the -Normans were not very accurate spellers. Petersham was written in the -same manner with an a."[1] "The Parish of Battersea is bounded on the -East by Lambeth, on the South by Camberwell, Streatham and Clapham; -on the West by Wandsworth, and on the North by the River Thames. The -greater part of Wandsworth Common, which extends nearly two miles in -length towards Streatham, and a considerable part of Clapham Common -are in the Parish of Battersea." The boundaries of Clapham Parish, -according to the oldest documents of that Parish and Manor, when taken, -have usually commenced at the corner of Wix's Lane, formerly called -Browmell's corner. The limits of Clapham Parish where it adjoins -Battersea in the early part of last century was the subject of a legal -contest, that part of Clapham Common extending to Battersea Rise -being claimed by both parishes. In 1716 the inhabitants of Battersea -inclosed with a ditch and bank the tract of land in question, and -the people of Clapham levelled the bank and filled up the ditch; in -consequence of which Henry Lord Viscount St. John, the Lord of the -Manor of Battersea, brought an action for trespass against those who -were engaged in this work, or their employers, which was tried at the -Lent Assizes at Kingston, in 1718, when the plaintiff was non-suited. -The men of Battersea however were not discouraged but persevered with -greater determination than ever in supporting their claim by including -when they beat the boundaries of their Parish the disputed ground in -their perambulations; and says Mr. Brayley "it would seem to have been -eventually successful, a certain portion of the Common being now held -on lease of Earl Spencer as Lord of the Manor of Battersea."--_Brayley, -Surrey Mantel,_ Vol. III. p. 281. - -[Footnote 1: The Manor of Peckham in the Confessor's reign belonged to -this Parish, which has since been thrown into Camberwell; Penge being -still continued as part of the Manor though separated from the rest by -Streatham and Lambeth.--_Manning and Bray's History and Antiquities of -Surrey_, Vol. I., p. 327.] - -Last century Clapham Common was little better than a morass; it covers -202 acres. The number and variety of trees both English and exotic with -which it is ornamented give it very much the appearance of a park. The -Metropolitan Board of Works have purchased the manorial rights over the -Common which is now under their supervision. "In the year 1874 (says Mr -Walford) the Enclosure Commissioners for England and Wales under the -Metropolitan Common Act, 1866, and Metropolitan Commons' Amendment Act, -1869, certified a scheme for placing the Common under the control of -the Local Board, the Common was purchased for the sum of £17,000 and it -was proposed that it should be dedicated to the use and recreation of -the public for ever. By the above mentioned scheme the Board were to -drain, plant, and ornament the Common as necessary, no houses were to -be built thereon, but eight lodges necessary for its maintenance." - -The writer of a work entitled "Clapham with its Common and Environs," -says, "The Mount-Pond was originally a gravel pit, excavated -principally to form the turnpike road from Tooting to London. The -Mount was raised, and a Pagoda Summer House planted on the top, by -Henton Brown, Esq., of the firm of Brown and Tritton, Bankers, Lombard -Street, member of the Society of Friends. Mr. Brown lived in the house, -late in the occupation of J. Thornton, Esq., and was at great expense -in forming the Mount and Pond. The Mount was larger than it now is, -and planted with choice shrubs as well as trees. A bridge was thrown -over the east side to connect it with the Common, and a pleasure -boat was kept under it, but which after the failure of Mr. Brown, -went rapidly to decay. He fenced it round with posts and rails, and -in 1748 the Parish gave him leave to put down a close fence, which -a subsequent Vestry refused to ratify. He was also at the expense -of making a conduit from the pond to supply a reservoir in his own -grounds." Lavender Hill seems to have been long noted for its nursery -gardens. Situated on the Hill was Lavender Villa--at the foot of -Lavender Hill was a brook. Now Lavender Hill has the appearance of a -busy town. Splendid shops, handsomely decorated and well stocked line -both sides of the main thoroughfare, and rows of respectable houses -and semi-detached villas forming roads and streets have sprung up in -all directions. The same may be said of a great portion of Battersea -Rise extending to Bolingbroke Grove. Stately trees have been felled -and green slopes that were are now covered with houses, with here -and there a place of worship, and all this transformation has taken -place within the last twelve years. Clapham Common and its immediate -vicinity was in the early years of the present century the seat of the -knot of zealous men who, labouring together for what they believed to -be the interest of pure religion, the reformation of manners and the -suppression of slavery, came to be known as the Clapham sect. One of -the most distinguished of them, William Wilberforce, lived at the house -known as "Broomfield," (Broomwood) on the south-west side of Clapham -Common, and there his no less distinguished son, the late Bishop of -Winchester, was born September 7th, 1805. "Conterminous with his fair -demesne was that of Henry Thornton, the author and prime mover of the -conclave, whose meetings were held, for the most part, in the oval -saloon which William Pitt, dismissing for a moment his budgets and his -subsidies, planned to be added to Henry Thornton's newly-purchased -residence.... It arose at his bidding, and yet remains, perhaps a -solitary monument of the architectural skill of that imperial mind. -Lofty and symmetrical, it was curiously wainscoted with books on every -side except where it opened on a far-extended lawn reposing beneath the -giant arms of aged elms and massive tulip trees."--_Stephen's Essays_, -Vol. II. p. 290. "In this saloon, and on the far-extended lawn, -after their long years of effort, assembled in joy and thanksgiving -and mutual congratulation over the abolition of the slave trade, -Wilberforce, Clarkson, Granville, Sharp, Stephen, Zachary Macaulay and -their younger associates and disciples. But the Villa-cinctured-Common -was also the birthplace or cradle of another and hardly less remarkable -and far-reaching religious movement or institution. Just as it was the -dwelling place, the home or haunt of every one of the most eminent -supporters of the anti-slavery movement, so was it the home or haunt -of the founders of the Bible Society, its earliest ministers or -secretaries, and above all the first and greatest of its presidents, -John Lord Teignmouth."--_Handbook to the Environs of London_, by -James Thorne, F.S.A., Part I. pp. 111, 112. Broomwood was the seat of -the late Sir Charles Forbes, contiguous to which and facing the tall -poplar tree is situated a spacious villa once the residence of the late -Frances Elizabeth Leveson Gower, an estimable Christian maiden-lady -who was a subscriber to several benevolent institutions. She used to -conduct bible readings not only for the female servants of the gentry -of Clapham Common but also for navvies and others of the labouring -classes in her own dining room, where they partook of her generous -hospitality after their daily toil in the shape of a hearty meal. - -A Good Example of liberality was given by one Mr. Thornton, of Clapham, -a noble-hearted Christian merchant. One morning, when he had received -news of a failure that involved him in the loss of no less than a -hundred thousand pounds, a minister from the country called at his -counting-house to ask a subscription for an important object. Hearing -that Mr. Thornton had suffered that loss, he apologized for having -called. But Mr. Thornton took him kindly by the hand and said: "My dear -sir, the wealth I have is not mine, but the Lord's. It may be that He -is going to take it out of my hands, and give it to another; and if so, -this is a good reason why I should make a good use of what is left." He -then doubled the subscription he intended to give. - -The recently deceased and much lamented Philip Cazenove was for -thirty years a parishioner, residing on Battersea Rise, whose name -was a Synonym for kindness and Christian charity concerning whom we -feel that we cannot pass a better eulogium than that recorded in _St. -Mary's, Battersea, Parish Magazine_ for February, 1880. "He has been a -benefactor such as a parish rarely numbers amongst its church folk. The -magnificent Girls' School in Green Lane was added to Miss Champion's -benefaction, almost at Mr. Cazenove's sole cost. To every church -building scheme, to Battersea College, to new schools, to the proposed -Hospital, to every good work he was a munificent contributor. And what -he did in Battersea, he did in all parts of East and South London, -indeed in all parts of the metropolis and in the country. And he sought -no thanks for his donations, but with a rare self-forgetfulness he -seemed to avoid the acknowledgments of gratitude. His liberality, great -as it was, by no means represented all that he did for good works. In -our parish he took a personal interest in our Schools of all grades. -He always had words of kind encouragement for the teachers. He was -always ready to preside at any meeting, or to act on any committee. And -as his alms deeds went far beyond his own parish so did his personal -service. There was no more familiar face than his in the Board-rooms -of the great Church Societies, for some of the chief of which, as the -Gospel Propagation Society, he acted as Treasurer. He was an active -member of the governing bodies of Guy's Hospital, and other like -institutions, and everywhere he freely gave his sunny sympathy and the -ripe counsels of his long experience. He was indeed a notable instance -of an open-handed, simple-hearted Churchman, some would add 'of the old -school,' and we would say, may God of His mercy put it into the hearts -of others to perpetuate such a 'school' for truly they are a blessing -and a stay to all around them. Our venerated friend was stricken with -illness in the beginning of last year, and it seemed as if he would -then have succumbed to the physical weakness of the action of that -great loving heart. But he rallied somewhat, and during the summer -and autumn he was able to sit in his garden or to drive out in his -carriage. He was able to be at S. Mark's on S. Michael's Day, 1879, and -to receive the Holy Communion there for the last time in the Sanctuary. -With the return of winter, his weakness increased, and after a year of -weariness and languor and the depression incident to his illness, he -entered into the Rest, for which he had yearned, in the early morning -of January 20. Philip Cazenove, born Nov. 23, 1798; died January 20, -1880, aged 81." - - Hear what the voice from heaven proclaims - For all the pious dead, - Sweet is the savour of their names, - And soft their sleeping bed. - They die in Jesus, and are bless'd; - How kind their slumbers are! - From sufferings and from sins released, - And freed from every snare. - Far from this world of toil and strife, - They're present with the Lord: - The labours of their mortal life - End in a large reward.--_Isaac Watts_, 1709. - -At a semi-detached villa situated in this part of the Common, -resided the late Charles Curling, Esq., whose memory many of the -poor inhabitants of Old Battersea cherish with feelings of grateful -respect. He relieved the temporal wants of the needy; opened day and -night schools in order that the poorest might be educated; under his -excellent wife's superintendence maternal meetings were conducted; at -his own expense he supported an Evangelist and a Bible Woman to work in -the district. - -The Villa adjoining that of Mr. Curling's was occupied by the late -Misses Sarah Hibbert and Mary Ann Hibbert, who erected Alms Houses in -Wandsworth Road, Clapham, for eight aged women, in grateful remembrance -of their father, William Hibbert, who was for many years an inhabitant -of Clapham. Not least among the benefactresses of the poor might be -mentioned the names of Lady George Pollock, Lady Lawrence, Mrs. Sillem, -and Mrs. Robert Jones, of this part, (all deceased). The memory of the -just is blessed! - -When Lysons wrote, Battersea Rise being a salubrious locality was -ornamented with several villas, also it was much admired for its -pleasant situation and fine prospect. Referring to the Market Gardens, -etc., he says, "About 300 acres of land in the Parish of Battersea are -occupied by the market gardeners, of whom there are about twenty who -rent from five or six to nearly sixty acres each." Fuller, who wrote in -the year 1660, speaking of the gardens in Surrey, states, "Gardening -was first brought into England for profit, about 70 years ago; before -which we fetched most of our cherries from Holland, apples from France, -and hardly a mess of rath ripe peas but from Holland; which were -dainties for ladies, they come so far and cost so dear. Since gardening -hath crept out of Holland to Sandwich, Kent, and thence to Surrey; -where, though they have given £6 an acre and upwards, they have made -their rent, lived comfortably, and set many people at work. Oh the -incredible profit by digging of ground! for though it be confessed, -that the plough beats the spade out of distance for speed, (almost as -much as the press beats the pen), yet, what the spade wants in the -quantity of the ground it manureth, it recompenseth with the plenty of -the good it yieldeth, that which is multiplying an hundred fold more -than that which is sown. 'Tis incredible how many poor people in London -live thereon, so that in some seasons the gardens feed more people than -the field."--_Fuller's Worthies_, Pt. 3, p. 77. "These gardeners," -continues Lysons, "employ in the summer season a considerable number -of labourers, though perhaps not so many as is generally supposed--on -an average I am informed, not one to an acre. The wages of the men -are from ten to twelve, of the women from five to seven shillings by -the week. Most of the women travel on foot from Shropshire and North -Wales in the spring, and as they live at a very cheap rate, many of -them return to their own country richer than they left it. The soil -of the ground occupied by the gardeners is sandy and requires a great -deal of rain. The vegetables which they raise are in general very fine; -their cabbages and asparagus particularly have acquired celebrity." The -asparagus first grown in or near London was raised by the Battersea -gardeners. Owing to its rich and alluvial soil, Battersea has always -been noted for its fine asparagus--110 heads of extraordinary size -and fit for the kitchen have been known to weigh 32 lbs.[1] There was -no market at Battersea, its vegetable produce was sent to the London -market. In _Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica Antiquities_ (British -Museum) Vol. II. p. 227, is a brief note on Battersea by Mr. Theobald. -This old writer says, "The lands are fruitful beyond most others and -this Parish is famous in the London market for its asparagus, hence -called _Battersea Bundles_. It also in the time of a noted man there, -one Mr. Cuff, was famous for producing the finest melons. The common -field called Battersea Field, is constantly cropped with peas, beans, -wheat, etc.... Lands are here let from 50s. down to 16s. an acre.... -There are three windmills on the river's brink, one for corn, one -grinds colours for the potters, and another serves to grind whitelead. -Being in the neighbourhood of London so commodiously within about four -miles of the City and on the banks of the river Thames, where so many -conveniences of carriage are constantly to be met, and the merchant can -in an hour return to his country house. Several citizens and merchants -have both built handsome houses here." - -[Footnote 1: "Among other branches of industry introduced by the -Flemings at Sandwich, that of gardening is worthy of notice. The -people of Flanders had long been famous for their horticulture, and -one of the first things which the foreign settlers did on arriving in -the place was to turn to account the excellent qualities of the soil -in the neighbourhood, so well suited for gardening purposes. Though -long before practised by the Monks, gardening had become a lost art -in England. It is said that Katherine, Queen of Henry 8th, unable to -obtain a salad for her dinner in England, had her table supplied from -the low countries. The first Flemish gardens proved highly successful. -The cabbage, carrots, and celery produced by the foreigners met with so -ready a sale, and were so much in demand in London itself, that a body -of gardeners shortly removed from Sandwich and settled at Wandsworth, -Battersea, and Bermondsey, where many of the rich garden grounds first -planted by the Flemings continue to be the most productive in the -neighbourhood of the Metropolis." - -"Some of the Flemish refugees settled at Wandsworth and began several -branches of industry, as the manufacture of felts, the making of brass -plates for culinary utensils." - -"In addition to the Flemish Churches in the City, at the West-end, -and in Spitalfields, there were several thriving congregations in -the suburban districts of London; one of the oldest of these was at -Wandsworth, where a colony of protestant Wallons settled about the year -1570. Having formed themselves as a congregation, they erected a chapel -for worship, which is that standing nearly opposite the Parish Church, -the building bearing this inscription on its front: Erected, 1573; -Enlarged, 1685; Repaired, 1809, 1831."--_Samuel Smile's Huguenots in -England and Ireland_, p.p. 85, 86, 88, 267, 4th Edition.] - -In 1816, Stages set out for Battersea from the following places:--A -coach from Pewter Platter, Gracechurch Street, and Black Dog and Camel, -Leadenhall Street, daily at 11 a.m., 3 and 7 p.m., Sunday morning at -11. Red Lion, Strand, daily 11 a.m., 3 and 7 p.m. A cart, Kings and -Key, Fleet Street; Bell, Bell Yard, and George and Gate, and Pewter -Platter, Gracechurch Street; King's Arms, Bishopgate Within; Ship and -Hope, Charing Cross, and Angel and Sun, White Hart, and Spotted Dog, -Strand, daily at 2 p.m. Boats, Queenhithe, and Globe, Hungerford Stairs -daily. Waterman's rates from London Bridge to Chelsea (Battersea) -Bridge--oars, whole fare 2/6, sculls 1/3, with company each person -oars or sculls 4d. Not more than eight persons in any passage-boat -between Windsor and Greenwich. Over the water directly every person 1d. -and sculler's fare 2d. No waterman could be compelled to go below the -Pageants, and Ratcliff Cross Stairs, or above Vauxhall and Feathers -Stairs after five, from Michaelmas to Lady Day, nor after nine in the -evening from Lady Day to Michaelmas. - -The annual fair held here in Battersea Square, at Easter, was -afterwards suppressed. The houses in Old Battersea were irregularly -built; the inhabitants were supplied with water from springs. The -County Magistrates held a meeting at Wandsworth, an adjoining village, -where also a Court of Request for the recovery of debts under £5 was -held, under an Act obtained in the 31st of George II., the power of -which was extended by an Act in the 46th of George III. The Court of -Requests, which is called a court of conscience, was first instituted -in the reign of Henry 7th, 1493, and was remodelled by a statute of -Henry 8th, in 1517.--_Stowe._ Established for the summary recovery -of small debts under forty shillings, but in the City of London the -jurisdiction extends to debts of £5.--_Ashe._ There were Courts of -Request in the principal corporate towns throughout the kingdom, until -1847, when they were superseded (those of the City of London excepted) -by the County Debts Court, whose jurisdiction, extending at first to -£20, was enlarged in 1850 to £50. The Lord of the Manor held a Court -Leet at Wandsworth, at which the Headborough and constables for -Battersea were appointed. - -"The Manor of Battersea, which, before the conquest, belonged to Earl -Harold, was given by the Conqueror to Westminster Abbey in exchange -for Windsor. The Manor was valued in the Confessor's time at £80, it -afterwards sunk in value to £30, and at the time of the Survey was -estimated at £75. In the taxation of 1291, the possessions of the Abbey -of Westminster in Battersea were rated at £15. Thomas Astle, Esq., -(says Lysons) has an original deed of Archbishop Theobald, confirming -a charter of King Stephen by which he exempts the greater part of -the Manor from all taxes and secular payments. Dart mentions several -charters relating to Battersea, viz., William the Conqueror's original -grant; a charter of privilege; a grant to the Abbot of Westminster of -liberty to hunt in this Manor; a charter of confirmation in Henry the -First, and another of King Stephen, besides that of privilege before -mentioned." - -"After the dissolution of monasteries, the Manor was reserved in the -hands of the Crown; a lease of it was granted to Henry Roydon, Esq., by -Queen Elizabeth, for twenty-one years, in the eighth year of her reign; -it was afterwards granted for the same term to his daughter, then Joan -Holcroft; and was assigned amongst others for the maintenance of Prince -Henry, A.D. 1610. In the year 1627, it was granted in reversion to -Oliver St. John Viscount Grandison. Sir Oliver St. John was the first -of the family who settled at Battersea, he married _Joan_, daughter -and heir of Henry Roydon, Esq., of this place, widow of Sir William -Holcroft. Lord Grandison died in 1630, and was succeeded in that title -and in the Battersea Estate by William Villiers, his great-nephew, -who died of a wound received at the siege of Bristol, A.D. 1644. Sir -John St. John, Bart., nephew of the first Lord Grandison, inherited -Battersea; from him it passed in a regular descent to Sir Walter St. -John, Bart., his nephew, to Sir Walter's son, Henry Viscount St. John, -and to his grandson, Henry Viscount Bolingbroke, who, by an Act of -Parliament passed before his father's death, was enabled to inherit -his estate, notwithstanding his attainder. The estate and manor -continued in the St. John family till 1763, when it was bought in trust -for John Viscount Spencer, and is now property of the present Earl -Spencer."[1]--_Lysons' Environs._ - -[Footnote 1: CUSTOMS OF THE MANOR.--In this Manor, lands descended -to the youngest sons; but in default of sons, they do not go -to the youngest daughter, but are divided among the daughters -equally.--_Lysons._] - -Battersea has many memorials; its historic interest culminates in its -association with the St. Johns. One is stated to have been "eminent -for his piety and moral virtues." Henry in 1684 pleaded guilty of the -murder of Sir William Estcourt, Bart., in a sudden quarrel arising -at a supper party. His case, if Bishop Burnet be correct, could be -regarded only as manslaughter, but he was induced to plead guilty by a -promise of pardon if he followed that advice or of his being subjected -to the utmost rigour of the law on his refusal. No pardon is enrolled -but it is stated that the King granted him a reprieve for a long term -of years; and in the Rolls Chapel is a restitution of the Estate (Pat -36 Charles II.) for which it would seem and the reprieve conjoined he -had to pay £16,000, one half of which Burnet says the King converted -to his own use and bestowed the remainder on two ladies then in high -favour.--_Burnet's History of his own times; fol;_ 1724. _Vol. I. p._ -600. - -Bolingbroke or Bullingbroke, a town of great antiquity in Lincolnshire, -gave the title of Viscount to the St. Johns of Battersea. In 1700, -Sir Walter St. John founded and endowed a free school for twenty boys, -and both he and his lady afterwards left further sums for apprenticing -some of the number. It was re-built in 1859. Over the gateway in the -High Street, are carved the Arms of St. John, and underneath them is -inscribed the motto, "Rather Deathe than false of Faythe." As we gazed -upon the above motto we were reminded of other lines which we have seen -and read elsewhere. Sir Walter St. John died 3rd July, 1808, aged 87; -his portrait is in the school. He built a gallery at the west end of -the Old Church. - - "Dare to be right, dare to be true; - Other men's failures can never save you; - Stand by your conscience, your honour, your faith; - Stand like a hero, and battle till death. - - Dare to be right, dare to be true; - Keep the great judgment day always in view, - Look at your work, as you'll look at it then, - Scanned by Jehovah, and Angels and men. - - Dare to be right, dare to be true; - God who created you, cares for you too, - Wipe off the tears that His striving ones shed, - Counts and protects every hair of your head. - - Dare to be right, dare to be true; - Cannot Omnipotence carry you through? - City, and Mansion, and throne all in view, - Cannot you dare to be right and be true? - - Dare to be right, dare to be true; - Prayerfully, lovingly, firmly pursue - The pathway by Saints, and by Seraphim trod - The pathway which leads to the City of God." - -Bolingbroke (Henry St. John) Lord Viscount, descended from an ancient -and noble family as we have already seen. His Mother was Mary, daughter -of Robert Rich, Earl of Warwick. He received a liberal education at -Eton and at Christ Church, Oxford, and when he left the University was -considered to possess uncommon qualifications, but with great parts -he had strong passions, which as usually happens, hurried him into -many follies and indiscretions. Contrary to the inclinations of his -family he cultivated Tory connections, and gained such influence in -the House of Commons, that in 1704 he was appointed Secretary of War -and of the Marines. He was closely united in all political measures -with Mr. Harley; when therefore that gentleman was removed from the -seals in 1707, Mr. St. John resigned his office; and in 1710, when Mr. -Harley was made Chancellor of the Exchequer, the post of Secretary of -State was given to Mr. St. John. In 1712, he was created Baron St. -John of Lediard Tregose in Wiltshire, and Viscount Bolingbroke. But -being overlooked in the bestowal of vacant ribands of the Order of the -Garter, it is said he resented the affront and renounced the friendship -of Harley, then Earl of Oxford, and made his court to the Whigs; -nevertheless, on the accession of George 1st, the seals were taken -from him. Having been informed that a resolution was taken to pursue -him to the scaffold for his conduct regarding the treaty of Utrecht, -Signed 11th of April, 1713, he withdrew into France and joined the -Pretender's[1] service and accepted the seals as his Secretary. But -he was as unfortunate in his new connection as those he had renounced, -for the year 1715 was scarcely expired, while being attainted of high -treason at home, he was accused by the Pretender of neglect, incapacity -and treachery, and had the papers and seals of Foreign Secretary's -Office taken away. Such a complication of distressful events threw -him into a state of reflection that produced by way of relief "a -consolatio philosophica," which he wrote the same year under the title -of "Reflection upon Exile." The next year he drew up a vindication -of his conduct with respect to the Tories in the form of a letter to -Sir William Wyndham. In 1718 his first wife died; in 1720 he married -a niece of the famous Madam Maintenon and widow of the Marquis de -Villette,[2] with whom he had a very large fortune. In 1723, after -being in exile seven years, the King was prevailed upon to grant him -a free pardon, and he returned in consequence to England. But his -spirit was not satisfied within while he remained a mere titular Lord, -and excluded from the House of Peers. His recall had been assented to -by Sir Robert Walpole, but he cherished a secret dislike to Walpole -and regarded him as the cause of his not receiving the full extent of -the King's clemency. Walpole invited Bolingbroke to dine with him at -Chelsea, but it appeared to Bolingbroke rather to shew his power and -prosperity than for any other reason. Horace Walpole, the celebrated -son of the Minister, says in his "Reminiscences" "Whether tortured at -witnessing Sir Robert's serene frankness and felicity, or suffocated -with indignation and confusion at being forced to be obliged to one -whom he hated and envied, the first morsel he put into his mouth was -near choking him, and he was reduced to rise from the table and leave -the room for some minutes. I never heard of their meeting more." He -distinguished himself by a multitude of political writings till the -year 1735, when being thoroughly convinced that the door was shut -against him, he returned once more to France. In this foreign retreat -he began his course of letters on the Study and Use of History for Lord -Combury, to whom they are addressed. Lord Bolingbroke was born and -died in the family Mansion at Battersea. The house was very large, -with forty rooms on a floor; but with the exception of a wing,[3] it -has long since been taken down and otherwise appropriated.[4] Dives' -Flour Mills cover a portion of the site where once stood this venerable -mansion. Upon the death of his father, who lived to be extremely old, -Lord Bolingbroke settled at Battersea, where he passed the remaining -nine years of his life in philosophical dignity. Pope and Swift, one -a great poet, the other a great wit of that time, almost adored him. -Arbuthnot, Thompson, Mallet, and other contemporary men of genius were -his frequent visitors. Mr. Timbs says "here took place the memorable -destruction of one of Bolingbroke's most celebrated works, his 'Essay -on a Patriotic King,' of which the noble author had printed only six -copies, which he gave to Lord Chesterfield, Sir William Wyndham, -Lyttelton, Pope, Lord Marchmont, and Lord Combury, at whose instance -Bolingbroke wrote the essay. Pope lent his copy to Mr. Allen, of -Bath, who was so delighted with it that he had five hundred copies -printed, but locked them up in a warehouse, not to see light until Lord -Bolingbroke's permission could be obtained. On the discovery, Lord -Marchmont (then living at Lord Bolingbroke's house at Battersea), sent -Mr. Gravenkop for the whole cargo, and he had the books carried out -on a waggon and burnt on a lawn in the presence of Lord Bolingbroke." -Pope, when visiting his friend Lord Bolingbroke, usually selected as -his study a parlour (the grate and ornaments were of the age of George -1st) wainscoted with cedar, and overlooking the Thames, in which he is -said to have composed some of his celebrated works. It is well known -that he received from him the materials for his famous poem the "Essay -on Man." - -[Footnote 1: Pretenders, a name given to the son and grandsons of -James II. of England. The Old Pretender, James Francis Edward Stuart, -Chevalier de St. George, born 10th June, 1688, was acknowledged by -Louis XIV. as James III. of England, in 1701 proclaimed and his -standard set up, at Braemar and Castletown, in Scotland, landed at -Peterhead in Aberdeenshire from France to encourage the rebellion -that the Earl of Mar and his adherents had promoted, 25th December, -1715. This rebellion having been soon suppressed, the Pretender -escaped to Montrose (from whence he proceeded to Gravelines) 4th -February 1716. Died at Rome, 30th December, 1765. The Young Pretender, -Charles Edward, was born in 1720, landed in Scotland and proclaimed -his father King 25th July, 1745; gained the battle of Preston-Pans, -21st September, 1745, and of Falkirk, 27th January, 1746; defeated at -Culloden, and sought safety by flight 16th April, 1746. He continued -wandering among the wilds of Scotland for nearly six months, and as -£30,000 were offered for taking him, he was constantly pursued by the -British troops, often hemmed round by his enemies, but still rescued -by some lucky incident, and at length escaped from the Ulst Morilaix -in September. He died 31st January, 1788. His natural daughter assumed -the title of Duchess of Albany; died in 1789. His brother, the Cardinal -York, calling himself Henry IX. of England, born March, 1725, died at -Rome in August, 1807.] - -[Footnote 2: When he was about twenty-six years of age he was married -to the daughter and co-heiress of Sir Henry Winchescomb, of Bucklebury, -in Berkshire, Bart., and the same year, 1700, he entered the House of -Commons, being elected for the Borough of Wotton-Basset in Wiltshire, -by a family interest, his father having served several times for the -same place.] - -[Footnote 3: The ceilings of three of the chambers upstairs are -ornamented with stucco-work, and have in their centres oval-shaped oil -paintings on allegorical subjects.] - -[Footnote 4: Bolingbroke House was pulled down about the year 1775. The -pictures were sold by auction.] - -Lord Bolingbroke was born about the year 1672, or as some think, in -1678; he was baptized October 10, 1678; died December 12, 1751, and -left the care and benefit of his M.S.S. to Mr. Mallet, who published -them together with his former printed works in five vols. 4to.; they -are also printed in 8vo. - -Lord Bolingbroke sank under a dreadful malady beneath which he had long -lingered--a cancer in the face--which he bore with exemplary fortitude. -"A fortitude," says Lord Brougham "drawn from the natural resources of -his mind, and unhappily not aided by the consolation of any religion; -for having cast off the belief in revelation, he had substituted in -its stead a dark and gloomy naturalism, which even rejected those -glimmerings of hope as to futurity not untasted by the wiser of the -heathen." He used to ride out in his chariot every day, and had a black -patch on his cheek, with a large wart over one of his eyebrows. He was -thought to be essentially selfish; he spent little in the place and -gave little away, so that he was not regarded much by the people of -Battersea. - -A popular writer states that "Bolingbroke's talents were brilliant and -versatile; his style of writing was polished and eloquent; but the -fatal lack of sincerity and honest purpose which characterised him, -and the low and unscrupulous ambition which made him scramble for -power with a selfish indifference to national security hindered him -from looking wisely and deeply into any question. His philosophical -theories are not profound, nor his conclusions solid, while his -criticism of passing history is worthless in the extreme. He was one -of those clever unscrupulous men, unhappily too common, who forget -that God has something to do with the government of this world as well -as themselves, and who in spite of their ability, can never see that -swift destruction treads like Nemesis on the heels of those who dare to -trifle with the interests and destinies of a great people." - -His opposition to revealed religion drew from Johnson this severe -remark: "Having loaded a blunderbuss and pointed it against -Christianity he had not the courage to discharge it himself, but left a -half-crown to a hungry Scotchman to pull the trigger after his death." - -Oliver Goldsmith in his life of Lord Bolingbroke says: "In whatever -light we view his character, we shall find him an object rather more -proper for our wonder than our imitation; more to be feared than -esteemed, and gaining our admiration without our love. His ambition -ever aimed at the summit of power, and nothing seemed capable of -satisfying his immoderate desires but the liberty of governing all -things without a rival." - -On the site of the demolished part of Bolingbroke House,[1] a -horizontal Air Mill was erected in 1790, of a conical form, 140 feet -in height, and having a mean diameter of 50 feet; it was 54 feet at -the base and 45 at the top. It was originally applied to the grinding -of linseed for oil, and subsequently by Messrs. Hodgson, Weller and -Allaway, of malt for the Distilleries, which were at that time in -extensive operation here. Mr. Thomas Fowler erected this mill, the -design was taken from that of another on a smaller scale, constructed -at Margate by Capt. Hooper. It consisted of a circular wheel, with -large boards or vanes fixed parallel to its axis; and upon the vanes -the wind acted as to blow the wheel round, one side of it being -sheltered from the action of the wind by its being enclosed in frame -work, with doors or shutters to open and admit the wind, or to shut and -stop it. If all the shutters on one side were open, whilst all those on -the opposite were closed, the wind acting with diminished force on the -vanes of one side, whilst the opposite vanes were under shelter, turned -the mill round; but whenever the wind changed, the disposition of the -blinds had to be altered, to admit the wind to strike upon the vanes -of the wheels in the direction of a tangent to the circle in which -they moved.--_Dr. Paris's Philosophy in Sport._ "The Mill," says Mr. -Timbs, "resembled a gigantic packing case, which gave rise to an odd -story, that when the Emperor of Russia was in England in 1814, he took -a fancy to Battersea Church and determined to carry it off to Russia, -and had this large packing case made for it; but as the inhabitants -refused to let the Church be carried away, so the case remained on the -spot where it was deposited." The Mill served as a landmark for miles -around, being more conspicuous an object at that time than the lofty -square tower of Watney's Distillery a little further westward is now. -At length the upper part of the Mill was taken down; the lower part -is still used for grinding corn. Capper, referring to this Mill, says, -"it had 96 shutters, which though only 9 inches broad, reached to the -height of 80 feet; these by means of a rope, opened and shut in the -manner of Venetian blinds. In the inside, the main shaft of the Mill -was the centre of a large circle formed by the sails, which consisted -of 96 double planks placed perpendicularly, and the same height as -the shutters; through these shutters the wind passing turned the Mill -with great rapidity, which was increased or diminished by opening or -shutting the apertures. In it were six pairs of stones, in which two -pair more might be added. Adjacent were Bullock Houses capable of -holding 650 bullocks, which were fed with the grains and meal from the -Distilleries." - -[Footnote 1: The part left standing formed a dwelling house for Mr. -Hodgson.] - -[Illustration: ST. MARY'S CHURCH.] - -ST. MARY'S CHURCH forms an interesting object from the water. It was -re-built by Act of Parliament passed 14 Geo. 3. The former church, -which was built of brick, was found to be in such a dilapidated state -that the Vestry deemed it more than desirable to erect a new church -than to enlarge and repair the old one. Their unanimous resolution -in this respect met with the sanction of Earl Spencer; his lordship -in compliance with a petition generously granted the petitioners in -the year 1772 a piece of ground, etc. for the enlargement of the -church yard. During the re-building of the church, divine service -was conducted in the tabernacle at the Workhouse. The cost of its -erection was about £5,000, which sum was raised by a brief by the sale -of certain pews for 99 years, by the sale of some estates or docks -belonging to the Parish, and by granting annuities on lives; the leases -expired Michaelmas, 1876. It was opened for divine service November 17, -1777. The ground given by the Earl Spencer for the enlargement of the -church yard was consecrated by the Lord Bishop of Oxford, on Wednesday, -the 15th of April, 1778. The Church is built of brick and has a tower -with a conical copper spire at the west end, besides a clock and -porch.[1] The belfry contains a set of eight bells, which, in addition -to their ordinary Sunday chimes, ring out their merry peals on special -occasions. - -[Footnote 1: An Entrance Portico of the Doric order was added to the -Church about the year 1823.] - - "Ring out the old year's evil, - The world, the flesh, the devil; - Let them go! let them go! - And ring in the Prince of Peace, - Messiah's gentle reign. - And let war and bloodshed cease, - And righteousness obtain. - Ring out the old year's crimes, - And ring in the new year's birth,-- - Good words, good deeds, good times; - Oh, were ever sweeter chimes - Rung on this fallen earth - Since creation's virgin anthem rang, - And morning stars together sang?" - "Chime on, ye bells! again begin, - And ring the Sabbath morning in." - -Six of the old bells were in the Old Church but re-cast, and two -were added to them. Length of church, 88 feet; breadth, 49 feet 3 -inches.--_Rev. Owen Manning, S.T.B._ In digging for the foundation of -the present structure was found an ancient coffin lid of stone, on -the top of which was a cross fleury. The Rev. Erskine Clarke in an -article headed "S. Mary's Church in the Last Century" has furnished his -parishioners with some interesting details gathered from the Parish -books respecting the re-building of the Parish Church. He says: "It -does not appear that our ancestors were more expeditious in carrying -on business of this nature than we of the present day, as the first -resolution to inquire into the state of the old Church[1] was passed by -the Vestry in December, 1769, whereas the re-building was not finished -till November, 1777. The first suggestion was to sell a portion -of Penge Common in order to raise the money required, but it was -afterwards found that the condition of the church was so bad that the -money raised by this means would not be sufficient for the necessary -repairs. On March 1st, 1771, it was ordered by the Vestry that an extra -estimate be made of the needful repairs, allowing for enlargement of -the chancel to the north wall, to elevate the roof and make galleries, -and to raise the bottom of the church so high as five inches from the -present coming in, and that the Vicar and Churchwardens wait upon Lord -Spencer to get his sanction and assistance for this, and to enlarge -the church yard. On December 14, 1771, it was resolved this Vestry is -unanimously of opinion (there not being one dissenting voice) that a -new Church shall be built in this Parish at an expense not exceeding -£4,000: the said sum to be raised by annuities at the most advantageous -rate; and the interest or annuity thereon to be paid by a rate not -exceeding sixpence in the pound. That twelve gentlemen be nominated to -be a Committee for carrying the above-named purposes into execution, -and that the following gentlemen be the said Committee with such others -as choose to attend, all having voices. Viz.: - - The Revd. Mr. Fraigneau, Vicar. - Mr. Rhodes, Mr. Dixon, Churchwardens. - Mr. Camden, Mr. Bremmer, Overseers. - Isaac Akeman, Esqr. - Chrisr. Baldwin, Esqr. - Philip Worlidge, Esqr. - Mark Bell, Esqr. - Thos. Bond, Esqr. - Thos. Misluor, Esqr. - Philip Milloway, Esqr. - -And that any five of them be a Committee to transact the business. And -that the said Committee may adjourn themselves from time to time, to -such place as they shall think proper and at their own expense: and -that the Vestry Clerk be ordered to attend the said Committee at all -times of their meeting. In the following year we find that the petition -to Lord Spencer to present an additional piece of ground was granted, -for the following resolution is recorded in the Parish Books on April -21st, 1772. 'That the Rev. Mr. Fraigneau, Mr. Rhodes and Mr. Dixon -do wait upon the Right Hon. Earl Spencer on behalf of the Parish of -Battersea, to return his Lordship their hearty thanks for his noble -and generous grant of the houses and ground north and south of the -present entrance to the church yard.' In March, 1773, a plan prepared -by Mr. Dixon was laid before the Vestry, and it was unanimously -resolved that the said plan be carried into execution with all possible -expedition, and the expenses not to exceed £3,000. On March 1, 1774, -it was reported to the Vestry by the Church Committee that it would -be necessary to apply to Parliament for power to sell some estates -belonging to the Parish, and also forty pews in the new church in -order to procure necessary funds. From this time to the reopening of -the Church there is no further reference to the restoration except an -order for the payment of £18 for 'alterations to the Tabernacle at the -Workhouse which was used for Divine Service during the re-building -of the Church.' The entire cost of the Church was £4950 13s. 9½d. -The following entry is made in April, 1778. Entered by order of the -Reverend Mr. William Fraigneau (Vicar), Mark Bell and John Camden, -Esquires, Churchwardens. The new Church of Battersea Parish was -opened for Divine Service on Sunday, the 17th of November, 1777. -The additional ground for enlarging the church yard granted by Earl -Spencer, was consecrated by the Lord Bishop of Oxford, on Wednesday, -the 15th of April, 1778. Towards the end of the year 1778 we find the -inhabitants of Battersea developing a musical taste. A faculty was -applied for to erect an organ, the petitioners making their request -on the ground that an organ would be 'a decent and agreeable addition -and ornament to the Church.' The faculty was granted, and an organ -was erected at the west end of the gallery where the present one now -stands."--_St. Mary's Battersea Parish Magazine_, Nov. 1876. The organ -has been removed to a place under the gallery, adjacent to the choir, -and the Church has been re-seated. - -[Footnote 1: There is a river view of Battersea by Boydell, which shows -the old Church as it stood in 1752.] - -The following copy of one of these leases on which the pews in St. -Mary's Church were held, will be read with interest. - - THIS INDENTURE made the Twenty-sixth day of December, in the Year - of our Lord, One Thousand Seven Hundred and Seventy Eight, and in - the Nineteenth Year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord George the - Third, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France and Ireland, - King, Defender of the Faith, &c. Between the Reverend John Gardenor - of Battersea, in the County of Surrey, Clerk, Allyn Simmons Smith, - John Camden and Thomas Rhodes, all of the same place Esquires, and - John Lumisden of the same, Surgeon, (being five of the Trustees - appointed for carrying into execution an Act of Parliament made and - passed in the fourteenth year of the Reign of his present Majesty - King George the Third, Intituled an Act for Re-building the Parish - Church of Battersea, in the County of Surrey, and for enlarging the - Church Yard of the said Parish Church) of the one part, and William - Dent of Battersea in the County of Surrey, Esquire, on the other part, - Witnesseth that for and in consideration of the sum of Thirty-one - Pounds Ten Shillings already paid and advanced by the said William - Dent to the Treasurer appointed for the purposes of the said Act of - Parliament, and also for and in consideration of the Yearly Rent and - Covenants hereinafter reserved and contained, they the said John - Gardenor, Allyn Simmons Smith, John Camden, Thomas Rhodes, and John - Lumisden, in persuance and in Execution of the powers and Authorities - vested in them in and by the said Act of Parliament, have Leased, Lett - and Demised, and by these presents, do Lease, Lett and Demise unto - the said William Dent, his Executors, Administrators and Assigns, All - that Pew situate and being in the Gallery on the North side of the - said Church of Battersea, (No. 62), with the appertenances. To have - and to hold the said Pew, with the appertenances unto the said William - Dent, his Executors, Administrators and Assigns, from the Feast day of - Saint Michael the Archangel, which was in the Year of our Lord, One - Thousand Seven Hundred and Seventy Seven, for and during, and unto - the full end and Term of Ninety Nine Years thence next ensuing and - fully to be complete and ended, Yealding and paying therefore Yearly - and every Year during the said Term, unto such person or persons, who - for the time being shall be lawfully appointed to collect or receive - the same Rent or sum of Two Shillings and Sixpence of lawful money - of Great Britain, on the Feast day of Saint Michael the Archangel, - in every year. And the said William Dent for himself, his Executors, - Administrators, and Assigns, doth Covenant and Agree to and with the - said before named Trustees, their Heirs and Assigns, That he the said - William Dent his Executors, Administrators and Assigns, shall and will - well and truly pay or cause to be paid the Rent hereby reserved and - made payable according to the reservation aforesaid, And also at his - and their own proper Costs and Charge, well and sufficiently repair - the said Pew so Leased to him, during all the said Term of Ninety Nine - Years, Provided always that if the said Yearly Rent hereby reserved, - or any part thereof shall be behind and unpaid by the space of Three - Calendar Months next over or after the said Feast day of payment, - whereon the same ought to be paid as aforesaid (being Lawfully - demanded) then and in such case the Demise or Lease hereby made shall - cease, determine, and be utterly void to all intents and purposes - whatsoever. In witness whereof the said parties to these presents have - hereunder interchangeably set their hands and seals, the day and Year - first above Written. - - _Sealed and Delivered without stamps, according to the Act of - Parliament above in the presence of:_ - - Wm. HOLT, - ROBT. CORAM. - - J. GARDNOR, - ALLYN SIMMONS SMITH, - JOHN CAMDEN - JOHN T. RHODES, - JOHN LUMISDEN. - -The window over the Communion table at the east end of the church -is decorated with portraits of Henry 7th, his grandmother Margaret -Beauchamp and Queen Elizabeth in stained glass which was carefully -preserved from the former church, and executed at the expense of the -St. Johns.[1] The following will explain why the three portraits -were placed at the end of the Church. "The first, that of Margaret -Beauchamp, ancestor (by her first husband, Sir Oliver St. John) of -the St. Johns, and (by her second husband, John Beaufort, Duke of -Somerset) grandmother to Henry VII.; the second, the portrait of that -Monarch; and the third, that of Queen Elizabeth, which is placed here -because her grandfather, Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Wiltshire, (father of -Queen Ann Boleyn), was great-grandfather of Anne, the daughter of Sir -Thomas Leighton, and wife of Sir John St. John, the first baronet of -the family."--_Oulton._ - -[Footnote 1: Here also in two circular windows pierced for additional -light are figures of the Holy Lamb and Dove of Modern Execution. - -The east window consists of painted glass, over the portraits of Queen -Elizabeth and Henry VII. are the Royal Arms in the central compartment, -and on each side, the arms and quarterings of the St. Johns. The -portraits are likewise surrounded with borders containing the arms of -the families allied to them by marriage. At the top is a white rose -inclosed in a red, under the Crown. _St. John_ bears Arg. or a chief -Gu. 2 Mullets or; and Quarters: 1 Arg. A bend Arg. Cotised between 6 -Martlets or, for _Delaberes_. 2 Arg. a fesse between 6 Cinquefoils Gu. -for _Unfreville_. 3 Erm. on a fesse Az 3 Crosses Moline or. 4 Gu. a -fesse between 6 Martlets or for _Beauchamp_. 5 Arg. a fesse Sa between -3 Crescents Gu. for _Patishall_. 6 Paly of 6 Arg. and Az on a bend Gu. -3 Eagles displayed or for _Grandison_. 7 Az 2 bars Gemelles, and in -Chief a lion passant for _Tregoze_. 8 Arg. a fesse Gu between 2 Mullets -of 6 points Sali for _Ewyas_. 9 A Saltire Engrailed Sa. On a Chief of -the Second 2 Mullets of the first, for _Iwarby_ or _Ewarby_. 10 or, 3 -lions passant in Pale Sa. for _Carew_. 11 Az 3 Battleaxes Arg. 12 Sa. -2 bars Arg. in Chief, 3 plates for _Hungerford_. 13 per Pale indented -Gu. and Vert over all a Chevron or. 14 Arg. 3 Toads Sa for _Botreux_. -15 Paly wavy or and Gu. All these are quarters on one shield with a -Viscount Coronet; the 11 first are quartered by St. John, Baronet.] - -The epitaph written by Lord Bolingbroke on his wife reads as follows: -"In the same vault are interred the remains of Mary Clara des Champs -de Marcelly, Marchioness of Villette and Viscountess Bolingbroke, -born of noble family, bred in the Court of Lewes 14th. She reflected -a lustre on the former by the superior accomplishment of her mind. -She was an ornament to the latter by the amiable dignity and grace of -her behaviour. She lived the honour of her own sex, the delight and -admiration of ours. She died an object of imitation to both with all -the firmness that reason, with all the resignation that religion can -inspire, aged 74 the 18th of March, 1750." - -The interior contains some interesting sepulchral monuments, among -which is one of Roubiliac in the reliefs to the memory of Viscount -Bolingbroke and his second wife, niece of Madame de Maintenon, both -lie in the family vault in St. Mary's Church. The epitaphs on himself -and his wife were both written by Bolingbroke. That upon himself is -still extant in his own handwriting in the British Museum, and is -as follows:--"Here lies Henry St. John, in the reign of Queen Anne, -Secretary of War, Secretary of State and Viscount Bolingbroke; in -the days of King George I. and King George II. something more and -better. His attachment to Queen Anne exposed him to a long and severe -persecution; he bore it with firmness of mind, he passed the latter -part of his life at home, the enemy of no national party, the friend -of no faction, distinguished under the cloud of proscription, which -had not been entirely taken off by zeal to maintain the liberty and -to restore the ancient prosperity of Great Britain." Another monument -commemorates the descent and preferments of Oliver St. John, Viscount -Grandison, who was the first of the family that settled at Battersea. -When studying the law at one of the Inn Courts, he killed in a duel the -Captain of the Guard to Queen Elizabeth and Champion of England. "In -1648, Sir John St. John was buried at Battersea with such unusual pomp -that the heralds were fluttered and commenced a prosecution against -the Executor for acting contrary to the usage of arms and the laws of -heraldry. William Riley, one of the heralds deposed 'that the funeral -of the deceased was conducted in a manner so much above his degree that -the escutcheons were more than were used at the funeral of a Duke; and -that he never saw so many persons but at the funeral of one of the -blood royal.' This burial is omitted in the register." In the south -gallery is a monument to Sir Edward Wynter, an officer in the service -of the East India Company in the reign of Charles 2nd, on which is -recorded an account of his having singly and unarmed killed a tiger, -and on foot defeated forty Moors on horseback. He appears to have -been a friendless youth but obtained his promotion by virtue of his -intelligence, courage and good conduct as the epitaph states:-- - - "Born to be great in fortune as in mind, - Too great to be within an Isle confin'd, - Young, helpless, friendless seas unknown he tried; - But English courage all those wants supplied. - A pregnant wit, a painful diligence, - Care to provide, a bounty to dispence, - Join'd to a soul sincere, plain, open, just, - Procur'd him friends, and friends procured him trust; - These were his fortune's rise, and thus began - This hardy youth, rais'd to that happy man, - A rare example and unknown to most - Where wealth is gain'd and conscience is not lost. - Not less in martial honour was his name-- - Witness his actions of immortal fame! - Alone, unarm'd a tiger[1] he oppress'd - And crush'd to death the monster of a beast; - Twice twenty mounted Moors he overthrew - Singly on foot; some wounded, some he slew, - Dispers'd the rest--what more could Samson do? - True to his friends, a terror to his foes - Here now in peace his honour'd bones repose." - _Vita Peregrinatio._ - -[Footnote 1: Being attacked in the woods by a tiger, he placed himself -on the side of a pond, and when the tiger flew at him, he caught him in -his arms, fell back with him into the water, got upon him, and kept him -down till he had drowned him.] - -He died March 2nd, 1685-6, aged 64. - -Near at hand is a monument--a small statue of a mourning female leaning -upon an urn--erected by the benevolent James Neild, in memory of his -wife Elizabeth, who died 30th of June, 1791, in her 36th year. The -epitaph states:-- - - Here low in beauteous form decay'd - My faithful wife, my love Eliza's laid; - Graceful with ease, of sentiment refin'd, - Her pleasing form inclos'd the purest mind! - Round her blest peace, thy constant vigils keep - And guard fair _innocence_ her sacred sleep, - 'Till the last trump shall wake the exulting day. - To bloom and triumph in eternal day. - _Conjux Mærens Posuit._ - -And of her father, John Camden, Esq., whose son, John Camden Neild, -lived in Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, and bequeathed to Queen Victoria the -whole of his property, £500,000. - -At the east end of the north gallery is a beautiful marble monument -most elaborately sculptured sacred to the memory of Sir John Fleet, -Knt., Alderman of the City of London. He was unanimously elected Lord -Mayor of the City in 1693. He received Royal favours, and all ranks -of the greatest honour and esteem from his fellow citizens, having -been one of their representatives in Parliament thirteen years, and -constantly interested in their highest stations, in which offices -and honours he was universally applauded. He was a merchant and just -magistrate, constant to church, loyal to his Prince, and true to his -country. He was fortunate and honest, bountiful in charity a generous -benefactor and a faithful friend.--_Obit_ 6 _Julii_ 1712. _Ætat:_ 65. - -Another tablet is erected to the memory of Margaret Susanna Pounsett, -wife of Henry Pounsett, Esq., of Stockwell, in this County, and eldest -daughter of Richard Rothwell, Esq., of this Parish; Alderman of the -City of London and High Sheriff of the County of Middlesex: she died on -the 22nd day of March, 1820, in the 32nd year of her age, leaving two -sons and three daughters. Her numerous amiable and exemplary qualities, -endeared her to her family in her life--Her Christian piety and -cheerful resignation alone consoled them in her death. Also of Ellen -Anne Pounsett, her second daughter, who died the 7th of December, 1834, -aged 22. - -In the west gallery is a marble tablet sacred to the memory of Richard -Rothwell, Esq., Alderman and formerly High Sheriff of the City of -London, and County of Middlesex; who departed this life most deeply -regretted, July 26th, A.D. 1821, in the 60th year of his age. In the -public station which he filled of Magistrate and Sheriff, his strict -integrity, his splendid liberality, and his genuine philanthropy, -justly merited and procured the highest esteem, and warmest approbation -of his fellow citizens. In his private character he was respected -for the vigor of his mind, the solidity of his judgment, and the -uprightness of his principles, and beloved for the urbanity of his -manners, and the benevolence of his heart. In him the perplexed found -an able counsellor, and the distressed an active friend. His feelings -were tenderly alive to the important truths of religion, and while -punctual in the performance of the duties of this life he placed his -sole reliance on the merits of his Redeemer for happiness in the life -to come. - -On the right-hand-side of the pathway leading towards the porch of -the Church is a grave stone at the bottom of which is the following -inscription:--"Mrs. Sarah Eleanor McFarlane, who fell by the hand of -an assassin the 29th of April, 1844, aged 46 years." This poor widow -resided in Bridge Road, and obtained a subsistence by keeping a Day -and Sunday School. The name of the murderer who deprived the life of -his victim by cutting her throat on Old Battersea Bridge, was Augustus -Dalmas, a Frenchman. This horrid crime was committed late at night. The -woman who had charge of the toll seeing the helpless condition of Mrs. -McFarlane conveyed her to the "Swan and Magpie" Tavern at the foot of -the Bridge, where she expired exclaiming "Dalmas did it!" - -In the north gallery is an upright marble tablet for Sir [George] -Wombwell, Bart., of Sherwood Lodge, who died October 28th, 1846, in his -77th year. - -At the east end of the south aisle is a tablet to Thomas Astle, Esq., -F.S.A., keeper of the records in the Tower, and who wrote on "The -Origin and Progress of Writing." He left a valuable collection of -manuscripts which were deposited at Stow, the seat of his noble patron -the Marquis of Buckingham, to whom he gave by his will the option of -purchasing them at a fixed sum. - -In the churchyard lies Arthur Collins, author of "The Peerage and -Baronetage of England." His grandson, David Collins, Lieutenant -Governor of New South Wales, and author of a History of the English -Settlement there. William Curtis a distinguished botanical writer, -author of the "Flora Londinensis," was buried here, January 31, 1731. - - "While living herbs shall spring profusely wild, - So long thy works shall please dear nature's child, - Or gardens cherish all that's sweet and gay - So long thy memory suffer no decay." - -The Countess de Morella, who lived in one of the five mansions which -gave its old name of Five House Lane to Bolingbroke Grove, has placed -a coped stone with a cross on it over the old grave of her aunt Miss -Elizabeth Hofer, in the church yard near the mortuary, and has had the -tablets of her family at the west end of the north gallery cleaned. - -Mr. Poole, the Curator of the monuments in Westminster Abbey, is now -engaged in cleaning some of the mural monuments in the Church which had -become grimed with the dust of years. - -In the centre of the plot in front of the portico is the family vault -of Sir Rupert George, Bart. Mr. Chadwin, one of the oldest parishioners -now living in Battersea, relates how Sir Rupert George came to select -St. Mary's Church yard as his burying place. "He was on a visit to -Lord Cremorne, at Cremorne House, on the opposite side of the Thames, -and he came over to Battersea and was so impressed with the beauty of -the view across the river that he purchased the vault as a resting -place for himself and his family. Several of his sons and daughters -are interred there, and Dr. Inglis, Bishop of Nova Scotia, the first -Colonial Bishop, was also buried in the vault of Sir Rupert George, to -whom he was fondly attached by the strongest ties of friendship and -also closely allied by marriage." The Bishop's tablet is on the wall -under the north gallery. - -Charles Williams of London was an actor of some eminence at the Theatre -Royal, Drury Lane. He died in the prime of life. His mortal remains -were interred in the church yard. As a tribute of respect his funeral -was attended by the whole body of Comedians; the pall was supported by -Wilks, Griffin, the two Cibbers, and the two Mills. "There is" says -Daniel Lysons, "no memorial of his grave." - -It is thought that as the former Church was built of brick that -probably it was not very ancient. A church is mentioned in Doomsday, -a most ancient record, made in the time of William 1st, surnamed the -_Conqueror_, and containing a survey of all the lands in England. -Lysons, from whom we take the liberty of making some liberal -quotations, when writing about 85 years ago, says, "The Church of -Battersea is dedicated to St. Mary; it is in the Diocese of Winchester, -and in the Deanery of Southwark, the benefice is a Vicarage. Lawrence, -Abbot of Westminster, first procured the appropriation of the great -tithes for that Abbey about the year 1156. The monks of Westminster -were to receive out of it two marks, reserving sufficient to the Vicar -to support the Episcopal burdens and himself. The Rectory was held -by John Bishop of Winchester in the time of Philip and Mary. The -principal profits of the Vicarage accrued from the gardens, which -rendered the living one of the most valuable in the neighbourhood of -London. The gardeners at Battersea paid 7s. 6d. an acre for tithes -to the Vicar. The living of Battersea is dated in the King's Book -at £13 15s. 2½d." The present living is estimated at about £1,000 -with residence. "In the Valor of 1291, usually termed Pope Nicholas' -Taxation, the Rectory is valued at 26 marks and a half: the Vicarage -at £4 3s. 4d. In 1658 the Rectory was stated as worth £80 a year, and -the Vicarage at £100, and in the King's Book the Vicarage stands at -£13 15s. 2½d. Battersea was one of those parishes which in memory of -the Abbey dedicated to St. Peter, presented to the Abbot and Convent -in early times, the tithes of salmon taken in this portion of the -river. The Incumbents however of Chelsea, _Battersea_, and Wandsworth -endeavoured to shake this custom off as long ago as 1231, but failed: -the composition entered into upon the occasion may be seen in Dart's -History of Westminster Abbey."--_Ecclesiastical Topography._ - -"There are two terriers of Battersea in the register of Winchester -fastened together of the dates of 1619 and 1636."--_Ducarel's -Endowments of Vicarages_, (Lambeth Library). "Owen Ridley, who was -instituted to the Vicarage of Battersea, A.D. 1570, appears to have -been involved in a tedious litigation with his parishioners and to have -encountered no small degree of persecution from them. The circumstance -would not have been worth recording but for two curious petitions which -it produced, the originals of which (date of both 1593) were in the -possession of the Rev. John Gardenor, Vicar, by whom, (says Lysons) -they have been obligingly communicated. One of these is from certain -inhabitants to Dr. Swale, one of Her Majesty's High Commissioners for -crimes Ecclesiastical; in which they state many grievances which they -suffered from their Vicar during the space of eighteen years. Amongst -other crimes alleged against him is that of conversing with a Witch. -The object of their petition was, that he might be deprived. It is -signed with thirteen names and about thirty marks. The other petition, -which is to Lord Burleigh, being the more curious of the two is here -given at large. _To the Right Honourable the Lord Burleigh, Lord High -Treasurer of England._ Most humbly sheweth unto your honor, your daiely -orators, the inhabitants of Battersey, besechinge you to extend your -favor in all just causes to our mynister Mr. Ridley: (so it is right -honorable) that some have sought his deprivation, by many trobles many -years together, and in divers courts sometymes in the Archdeacon's, -sometymes by complayninge to the busshop, sometymes before the highe -Commissioners, sometymes before the Archbusshop of Canterbury, his -grace: Yea and once he hath ben edicted at the assizes. But God the -defender of the innocent, hath so protected him that his cawse beinge -tryed and knowene he hath hadd a good issue of all theis trobles; -yet the adversarie will not cease, but seeketh to deprive him of his -life, for seekinge after Witches, and procuringe the death of a man by -Witchcraft. He hath byn our Vicar theis twenty years: he is zealous in -the gospell, honest in life, painefull to teache us and to catechise -our youth; charitable and liberall to the poore and needy accordinge -to his ability, he never sued any of all his parisheoners for tythes, -althoughe he hath hadd cawse gyven by some so to doe. Of our conscience -wee take him rather to hate wytches, than to seeke after them; for he -hath spoken often very bitterly against them out of the bible, neither -doe we thinke or suspect the woman to be a witche which is accused, -but hath always lyved honestly, quietly and painefully here, to get a -poore lyvinge truly. Therefor the man being such a one, whom for his -virtues wee love, his trobles heretofore so greate, so many and so -chandgable to the undoings of himself, his wife and children, and now -so daingerous for the hope of his life, doth move us to become suitors -unto your honour for him, besechinge your honor to take notice, and to -make due triall of him and his cawse, so that the truth being fownd -owte, justice maie take place; Your honor will defend the innocent in -his innocencee, putt an end to his tonge, many wearisome and daingerous -trobles and be a patrone unto him in all his good and honest actions; -so shall we be bound to thancke God for you, and pray for you for ever. -Signed by Robert Cooke Alias Clarencieulx Roy d'Armes, Robert Claye, -preacher, and fourteen others." - -"Dr. Thomas Temple, brother of Sir John Temple, the Irish Master of -the Rolls, was instituted to the Vicarage of Battersea in 1634, and -continued there during the civil wars; he was one of the ministers -appointed by Cromwell to assist the Committee for displacing ignorant -and insufficient School Masters and Ministers. He was likewise one -of the Assembly of Divines and a frequent preacher before the long -Parliament. Several of his sermons are in print. Mr. Temple was -succeeded in the Vicarage of Battersea by the learned Bishop Patrick, -who was educated at Queen's College, Cambridge, and was domestic -Chaplain to Sir Walter St. John, by whom he was presented to this -benefice. Several of his tracts were published while he was Vicar of -Battersea and are dedicated to his patron. He resigned the Vicarage in -1675. He was a zealous champion of the protestant religion, both by -his writings and in conversation, particularly at a conference which -he, in conjunction with Dr. Jane, held in the presence of James the -Second with two Roman Catholic Priests, in which he had so much the -superiority over his opponents in argument, that the King retired in -disgust, saying that he never heard a good cause so ill defended or a -bad one so well. At the Revolution he was rewarded with the Bishopric -of Chichester, and was afterwards translated to Ely. He died 1707, and -left behind him a numerous collection of printed works; consisting of -sermons, devotional and controversial tracts and paraphrases on the -Scriptures, which are held in great estimation and which were continued -by William South." - -"Dr. Thomas Church, of Brazen Nose College, Oxford, who was instituted -to the Vicarage of Battersea in the year 1740, distinguished himself -much in the field of controversy in which he engaged against Westley -and Whitfield, and Middleton: for his successful attacks on the latter -and his defence of the miraculous power during the early years of -Christianity. The University of Oxford gave him the degree of D.D. -by diploma. He was too zealously attached to his religion to let the -opinions of Lord Bolingbroke pass unnoticed notwithstanding he had been -his patron. His publication on this subject however was anonymous, it -was called 'An Analysis of the Philosophical Works by the late Lord -Bolingbroke,' and came out in 1755. He died in 1756, aged 49." - -"The registers of this parish begin in the year 1559, and excepting -the former part of the 18th century appear to be accurate. Dr. Church -soon after he was instituted to the Vicarage began to transcribe a -considerable part of the registers, which for many years preceding -had been kept by a very ignorant parish clerk. He proceeded so far as -to copy the whole of the baptisms, and with great industry rectified a -vast number of mistakes and supplied many deficiencies; the difficulty -of transcribing the burials of which indeed for some years there -were no notices, discouraged him from proceeding any further in this -laudable undertaking."--_Lysons._ - -Cases of longevity in the Parish Register: Goody Harleton, aged 108 -years, buried 1703; William Abbot, 101, 1733; Wiat, 100, 1790; and -William Douse, 100, 1803. The case of Rebecca, wife of Richard Harding, -a waterman, is mentioned. She gave birth to four children, she died -in labour of the fourth child, which was still-born. The mother was -buried February 8, 1730; her three infant children, Mary, Sarah, and -Rebecca were buried the 2nd of March following. Respecting the rate of -mortality in London during the plague years, in the year 1603, 30,578 -persons died of the plague. At the accession of Charles I. in 1625, -another dreadful pestilence raged in London, which carried off 35,417 -persons. In the year 1665, about the beginning of May, there broke out -in London the most dreadful plague that ever infested this kingdom, -which swept away 68,596 persons, which added to the number of those -who died of other distempers, raised the bill of mortality in this -year to 97,306. And the mortality raged so violently in July, that -all houses were shut up, the streets, deserted, and scarce anything -to be seen therein but grass growing, innumerable fires for purifying -the air, coffins, pest-carts, red crosses upon doors, with the -inscription, 'Lord have mercy upon us,' and continual cries of 'pray -for us;' or the melancholy call of 'bring out your dead.' The cause -of this terrible calamity was ascribed to the importation of infected -goods from Holland where the plague had committed great ravages the -preceding year. During the whole time of its continuance there was a -great calm, for weeks together there was scarcely any wind so that it -was with difficulty that the fires in the streets could be kept burning -for want of a supply of air, and even the birds panted for breath. The -plague as is generally agreed is never bred or propagated in Britain, -but always imported from abroad, especially from the Levant, Lesser -Asia, Egypt, etc. Sydenham, an old writer, has remarked that it rarely -infects this country oftener than once in forty years--thank God we -have happily been free from it for a much longer period. There have -been various conjectures as to the nature of this dreadful distemper. -Some think that insects are the cause of it, in the same way that -they are the cause of blights. Mr. Boyle thought that it originated -from the effluvia or exhalations breathed into the atmosphere from -noxious minerals to which might be added stagnant waters and putrid -bodies of every kind. Gibbon, in his _Roman History_, 4th Edition, Vol. -IV, p. 327-332, gives a very particular account of the plague which -depopulated the earth in the time of Emperor Justinian. He thinks -that the plague was derived from damp, hot and stagnating air, and the -putrifaction of animal substances, especially locusts. The Mahometans -believe that the plague proceeds from certain spirits, or goblins, -armed with bows and arrows sent by God to punish men for their sins; -and that when the wounds are given by spectres of a black colour, they -certainly prove fatal, but not so when the arrows are shot by those -that appear white. The learned Dr. Chandler, who travelled in Asia -Minor, was of the opinion that the disease arose from animalcules which -he supposed to be invisible. - - The three Plague years. - In 1603 the number of deaths in Battersea was 22 - " 1625 ditto 61 - " 1665 ditto 113 - - Average of Births with Burials:-- - 1580-1589 Births 13 Burials 7 - 1680-1689 " 58 " 68 - 1780-1789 " 60 " 69 - -In 1876 the number of births in Battersea Parish was 3459, and the -number of deaths 1751, not including the Hamlet of Penge. - -The subjoined is copied from "St. Mary's Battersea Parish Magazine" for -November, 1875. "Vicars of Battersea from Olden Times. The following -extract from 'A History and Antiquities of Surrey,' begun by the Rev. -Owen Manning, enlarged and continued to the year 1814 by William Bray, -Esq., printed for White, Cochrane & Co., at Horace's Head, Fleet -Street, will be of interest. - -PATRON. VICAR. INSTITUTION. - -Abbot and Convent -of Westminster Thomas de Sunbury 13 Nov. 1301 -" William Trencheuent 21 Nov. 1306 -" Gilbert de Swalelyve 26 Oct. 1320 -" Richard Condray 11 Dec. 1325 -" Thomas at Strete de - Cadyngton 20 April 1328 -" Elias de Hoggenorton 10 Aug. 1330 -" Richard de Wolword 9 Dec. 1331 -" William Handley 26 Nov. 1366 -" John Gelle Resigned, 1370 -" William Bakere 8 Feb. 1370-1 -" John Colyn 5 Oct. 1378 -The King (the -temporalities -of the abbey -being in his -hands) Henry Green 31 Oct. 1383 -Abbot and Convent -of Westminster Henry Walyngford Resigned, 1394 -" John Berewyk 22 Oct. 1394 -" Richard Gatyn 12 May 1402 -" William Comelond Died, 1413 -" John Smyth 25 Aug. 1413 -" Henry Oxyn Resigned, 1457 -" John Moreys 30 Sept. 1457 -" Thomas Huntyngton 5 Nov. 1485 -" John Heron 20 April 1487 -" Nicholas Townley Resigned, - 18 Feb. 1523-4 -" Christopher Wylson 9 Mar. 1523-4 -" Richard Rosse, L.L.D. 16 May 1530 -" John Edwyn 18 Nov. 1560 -" Thomas Mynthorne 5 Jan. 1561 -Queen Elizabeth William Gray 10 Mar. 1561-2 -" Owen Ridley 21 June 1571 -Sir John St. John, -Bart. Thomas Temple, B.D. 21 Nov. 1634 -Sir Walter St. John Simon Patrick, D.D.[1] 1658 -" Gervase Howe, M.A. 22 Mar. 1675-6 -" Nathaniel Gower 20 Oct. 1701 -Lord St. John George Osborn 4 Oct. 1727 -Henry Viscount St. -John Thomas Church, D.D 10 Mar. 1739-40 -Frederick Lord -Bolingbroke Lilly Butler 18 June 1757 -" William Fraigneau 18 Mar. 1758 -" John Gardenor[2] Oct. 1778 -The Crown[3] Robert Eden, M.A. 1 Feb. 1835 -" John Simon Jenkinson, M.A. 20 June 1847 -Earl Spencer John Erskine Clarke, M.A. 2 Feb. 1872 - -The Registers of 1345, 1366, 1415, 1446, 1492, and 1500 are lost." - -[Footnote 1: The famous Bishop of Ely.] - -[Footnote 2: He was many years a constant exhibitor at the Royal -Academy. In 1788 he published a set of Views on the Rhine. In 1798 -was printed a Sermon preached by him before the Armed Association of -Battersea.] - -[Footnote 3: The Patronage lapsed to the Crown, Dr. Allen having been -appointed Bishop of Ely, and Dr. Eden, better known as Lord Auckland, -Bishop of Sodor and Man.] - -In the reign of Henry VI. Thomas Lord Stanley held possession of -a valuable estate in Battersea, which, in order to prevent its -confiscation at that troublesome period, he had conveyed to trustees -for the benefit of himself and that of Thomas his son and heir. In -December, 1460, the property was transferred by the Trustees to -Lawrence Booth, Bishop of Durham, and his heirs, and in the year -following the grant was confirmed by the two Stanleys. The futility -of this transfer was obvious for before Edward IV. had reigned eleven -years the estate had escheated to the Crown "in consequence of the -action of John Stanley, who assigned the lands and tenements in trust -to the Abbot of Westminster, in contravention of the statute of -Mortmain. The Bishop therefore had to apply to the King and on payment -of £700 he obtained a grant under Letters Patent dated July 10th, 1472, -of the property forfeited by John Stanley." - -Lawrence Booth was made Bishop of Durham in 1457, he built a Mansion -Brygge Court at Battersea, and by the King's license enclosed with -walls and towers imparked his land there, with the right of warren and -free chase therein. In 1476 he was translated to the See of York. He -died in 1480 and bequeathed this property to the Dean and Chapter of -York as an occasional residence when the Archbishop visited London. -The name of York Road perpetuates this ancient occupancy. One of the -few prelates who resided here was Archbishop Holgate who was committed -to the Tower by Queen Mary in 1553 for being a married man, and lost -much property by illegal seizure. Strype, in his life of Cranmer, -relates that the officers who were sent to apprehend the Archbishop -rifled his house at Battersea and took away from thence £300 worth of -gold coin; 1,600 ounces of plate; a mitre of fine gold set with very -fine diamonds, sapphires, and balists; other good stones and pearls; -some very valuable rings, and the Archbishop's seal in silver; and his -signet, an antique in gold. It is contended that Wolsey resided at -York House, Battersea, where he was introduced to Anne Boleyne though -the interview is more commonly believed to have taken place at York -House, Whitehall; but Shakespere in his plays makes the King come -by water, and York House, Battersea, was a residence of Wolsey and -provided with a creek from the Thames for approach to the house. Sir -Edward Wynter is said to have resided at York House, whose exploits -surpassed even the heroic achievements of Lord Herbert Cherbury, who, -alone in his shirt chased a host of midnight robbers from his house. -Sir Edward Wynter's exploits have been already mentioned. The Mansion -House was considerably altered by Joseph Benwell, Esq., the occupier -who took down many of the old rooms. One of these called the painted -chamber had a dome ceiling and is said to have been the room in which -Wolsey entertained Henry VIII. with masquerades, and in which he saw -Anne Boleyne. When the floor was removed there was found under it a -chased gold ring on the side of which was inscribed "Thy virtue is thy -honour." This superbly painted room with a dome forms the back ground -of an ancient print representing the first interview of Henry VIII. -with Anne Boleyne. - -There was also another large building in 1818 standing parallel with -York House but nearer the river divided into two houses, then in the -possession of F. Alver and H. Tritton, Esqrs., and noted for having a -very fine terrace in front next the Thames. - -The art of transfer-printing produced from copper-plate impressions -is said to have been made at Liverpool; but Mr. Binns, F.S.A., in -his very interesting History of Worcester ware traces the claim of -transfer-printing to the Battersea Enamel Works at York House, (the -Archbishop's old palace) where Ravenet and other artists wrought in -engraving plates from which impressions were taken on enamel plaques, -etc., for snuff-boxes and other articles. The Liverpool claim to -the invention dates from 1756. Whereas Horace Walpole writes from -Strawberry Hill, six or seven miles from Battersea, to R. Bently, -September 18th, 1755; "I shall send you a trifling snuff-box only -as a sample of the new manufacture at Battersea which is done with -_Copper plates_." The Battersea Porcelain[1] Works failed and Alderman -Jansen's stock, furniture, etc., were sold by public auction, March 4, -1756. The Battersea and Chelsea wares being rarities are expensive, -particularly the former. A writer in the "Athenæum" thinks it probable -that some of the Battersea workmen found their way to Worcester and -Liverpool. - -[Footnote 1: In 1518 the Portuguese obtained their settlement at -Macao, and through them Europe obtained its first specimen of china -ware. "And because the cowrie shells which represented Oriental -money, resembled as they thought, the backs of little pigs, they -called them porcellana; and because the transparent and beautiful -texture of china ware resembled that of the delicate cowrie shell, the -same name was applied to it; whence we get, it is said, our English -designation--porcelain."--_See Marratt's History of Pottery._] - -The public may see some beautiful as well as curious specimens of -Battersea enamel exhibited at Kensington Museum, lent by the Hon. -W. F. B. Massey-Mainwaring. Also some bought at Mrs. Haliburton's -sale. Battersea enamel 1750-60. Blue and gold, pink and gold -candle-sticks, snuff-boxes, scent-bottles, needle-cases, handle for -a cane, tray (circular) from Dulparry with floral medallions, tazza, -Bulton's hunting subjects in brown transfer, thimble cases, etui with -implements. Battersea enamel portrait on copper, a gentleman in armour -wearing the garter, etc., etc. - -Jens Wolfe, Esq., who was Danish Consul to this country, had a seat at -Battersea called Sherwood Lodge. He built a gallery 76 feet long by -25, and 30 in height in the most correct style of Doric architecture -for the reception of plaster casts purposely taken for this collection -from the most celebrated antique statues. The most remarkable of these -were those from the Fighting Gladiator and the Niobe, the Barberini -Faun, the Dying Gladiator and the Farnese Hercules. The mansion was -pleasantly situated and beautifully shaded with poplar, lime, and -sycamore trees. It was the residence of Mrs. Fitz Herbert. Sir George -Wombwell chose it as his seat and resided in it about fourteen years. -Subsequently Sir Edward Hyde East dwelt here. The stable belonging -to Sherwood Lodge still remains, also the old wooden-cased pump with -leaden spout. - -[Illustration: -PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY, BELMONT WORKS, BATTERSEA, S.W. -(_above_). -PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY, BROMBOROUGH POOL, NEAR LIVERPOOL -(_below_).] - -On the site where stood York House, Tudor Lodge, and Sherwood House, -stands a great hive of industry known as Belmont Works or Price's -Patent Candle Factory. Price's Patent Candle Company (as a private -firm) was among the earliest to apply in commercial enterprise the -discoveries of Chevreul, and has continued to hold the first place -among candle manufacturers in Great Britain; and notwithstanding the -manufacture of gas, the importation of American oils and the many -competitors for supplying light-giving material this Company makes its -way by dexterity between them. At the present time the store room of -the Belmont Factory actually contains candles of about 240 different -kinds. Until Chevreul had begun his scientific investigations in -1811, oils and fats had been regarded as simple organic substances. -On the complete publication of his discoveries in 1823, the complex -character of these bodies became extensively known. In 1829 the plan -of separating cocoa-nut oil into its solid and liquid components by -pressure, was in that year patented by Mr. James Soames of London; -this patent was purchased by Mr. William Wilson and his partner, who, -trading upon it under the title of E. Price & Co., perfected it as to -manufacturing details. In 1831 the candle manufacture in England was -set free from the excise supervision to which it had been previously -subjected. From that date then its progress became possible. After a -time, in order to carry out successfully certain enterprises which -required more capital than the Company had at their command, Mr. -Wilson's partner sold his share in the beginning of 1835 to three -capitalists. With these gentlemen as sleeping partners and with the -aid of two of his sons, Mr. Wilson continued under the name of Edward -Price & Co. to carry on the concern until it passed in 1847 into the -hands of Price's Patent Candle Company, with a capital of £500,000; of -this Company Mr. Wm. Wilson became the first Chairman, and his sons, -Mr. James P. Wilson and Mr. George F. Wilson, the two Manufacturing -Directors. It is interesting to notice that in the year 1840, while -Mr. J. P. Wilson was endeavouring to produce a cheap self-snuffing -candle for the coming illumination in honour of the marriage of Her -Majesty Queen Victoria, then about to take place, succeeded in making -such candles of a mixture of equal parts of stearic acid and cocoa-nut -stearine, they gave a brilliant light and required no snuffing. -These candles came rapidly into notice, they were named "Composite" -because of the mixture in them. Africa supplies the palm-oil which -was hitherto used almost entirely for soap-making. The imports of -palm-oil into England, which amounted to about 9,800 tons in 1840, -have for many years past exceeded 40,000 tons annually, and averaged -50,000 tons in 1871, 1872, 1873 and 1874. This increase of importation -is undoubtedly due in very great part to the use of oil in the -manufacture of candles; and it is this trade which presents to the -African chiefs and kings along the West Coast the motive that they can -best understand for the abandonment of the slave-trade, they learn -in fact, that their subjects are of more value to their rulers when -collecting palm-oil than by being sold into slavery. The cocoa-nut -oil brought from Ceylon is largely used in the factory. The palm-oil -from the Coast of Africa being converted by chemical processes into -stearine, is freed from oleic acid by enormous pressure, is liquefied -by steam, and then conveyed into the moulding machinery, by which 800 -miles of wicks are continually being converted into candles. Among the -earlier operations of the new Company was the acquirement in 1848 of -the Night-Light Patent held by Mr. G. M. Clarke, and in 1849 of the -Night-Light business of Mr. Samuel Childs, and the erection of a new -factory for the purpose of carrying on this new branch of manufacture -on an extensive scale. In 1875 no less than 32½ millions of new lights -were sold by the Candle Company. Geology informs us that in the age of -the coal formation a great part of the earth's surface was covered by -a dense and tangled vegetation composed mainly of flowerless plants -growing with wonderful luxuriance in the warm damp atmosphere which -must then have prevailed--the masses of vegetable matter--the decay -of gigantic ferns sinking into the boggy soil formed peat which as -ages rolled on became converted by heat and pressure into coal. The -conditions of the earth now are so different to what they were at -that geological period that we are unable to state with certainty how -long the process must have taken to form the ancient beds of lignite -(mineral coal retaining the texture of the wood from which it was -formed) and brown coal, and the still more ancient beds or seams of -true coal. From these paraffine is extracted by chemical processes--it -is the chief material in the _Golden Medal Palmitine Candles_ (the name -given to the candles in consequence of the award to the Company at -the Paris Exhibition, 1867, and other products--the name "Palmitine" -having been given to them because of the presence of a beautifully pure -white stearine obtained from palm-oil). The paraffine thus procured -by a process of distillation yields at the same time a liquid product -affording under the name of coal oil, or petrolium, one of the cheapest -of the Company's light-giving materials. Price's Glycerine has obtained -a world-wide reputation for its purity--much of it is manufactured from -palm-oil. It was in the Company's factory that _pure_ glycerine was -first produced. The total of raw materials brought into work by the -Company in 1877 amounted to nearly 16,000 tons. The produce in the same -year was as follows;--- - - Candles of all kinds 147,000,000 - Night-lights 32,000,000 - Oils for Lamps, Machinery and Wool-working gals. 990,000 - Household and Toilet Soaps cwts. 38,000 - Stearine and Candle-material sold in bulk cwts. 16,000 - Glycerine of various qualities cwts. 3,500 - -The year's produce of candles named above would suffice to give -the continuous light of one candle during about 84,000 years. The -Night-lights would in like manner give the continuous light of one -Night-light during about 25,000 years. In 1853 the Company took a step -of much importance. Liverpool being then as now, the place of arrival -of the largest importation of palm-oil, it was felt to be desirable -that the Company should have in or near it a second factory, prepared -to manufacture this material where it could be purchased without cost -of land carriage. The capital of the Company was therefore increased -and an estate of about 60 acres was purchased at Bromborough Pool, -near Liverpool, on which was erected the second factory with cottages. -The factory village numbers 97 houses with a population of 530. It -has its own place of worship, schools, co-operative stores, rifle -corps, and all the organization of a model village. At present this -factory employs about 320 operatives. The London Works (Battersea) -occupy an area of about 13½ acres, those at Bromborough occupy 7 acres. -The buildings are all roofed with corrugated iron so as to reduce -inflammable material to a minimum. The area covered by the roofs is -a large one, as the buildings again, with a view to safety from fire -have generally no upper floor. This area amounts to nine acres for the -two factories. The operatives number about 1,300, nearly 1,000 of whom -are employed at Battersea. Connected with each factory is a mess-room -in which the work-people can either purchase their food from the -Co-operative Society established among themselves, or can have their -own provisions cooked for them. At each factory a brief devotional -service is conducted every morning. Each factory has its reading room -and library; each maintains a corps of rifle volunteers (the two -establishments together providing about 300 efficient riflemen), and -each during the winter has its evening school for boys employed in -the Works. Bromborough enjoys an excellent recreation ground and set -of allotment gardens, but the growth of buildings about London has -precluded the London operatives from having these privileges. During -the winter months, lectures and science and art classes offer amusement -and instruction to those who desire one or the other. In each factory -a medical officer pays a daily visit, and attends to all who may be -ailing; a weekly payment of one penny from each man and a half-penny -from each boy being required in return for this privilege. On the whole -this is one of the best regulated firms in the Metropolis. - - Mr. JAMES PILLANS WILSON, _Consulting Adviser_. - Mr. JOHN CALDERWOOD, _General Manager_. - Mr. W. H. WITHALL, _Secretary_. - Mr. KINGSTON GEORGE WOODHAM, _Superintendent_. - Mr. S. J. ROBERTS, _Chief Engineer_. - Mr. G. CHILDS, _Superintendent Night-Light Department_. - Mr. J. DAY, _Superintendent Bromborough Pool Works_, - near Birkenhead.[1] - -[Footnote 1: The writer has had the privilege of consulting a pamphlet -entitled "A Brief History of Price's Patent Candle Company (Limited)," -printed by Spottiswoode & Co., New Street Square, London, 1876. For -private circulation only.] - -Though hour-glasses were invented at Alexandria B.C. 149, and -water-clocks about the same period, yet it does not appear that -hour-glasses and clepsydras or water-clocks were known in England -during the reign of Alfred the Great. Sun dials might be, but were of -no use from eve to morn and when the days were sunless. In order to -allot certain portions of time to particular objects, eight hours to -sleep, meals and exercise, eight to the affairs of government, and -eight to study and devotion, Alfred contrived the expedient of having -wax candles made of equal weight and twelve inches in length, with -marks upon them at regular distances. The combustion of one candle -lasted four hours, and each intermediate part, an inch in distance, -denoted a period of twenty minutes. Six of these candles lasted -twenty-four hours. The duty of tending these candles was entrusted to -one of Alfred's domestic Chaplains who had to give the Monarch notice -of their working. As currents of air rushed through the unglazed -windows and chinks in the walls of the Royal residence as to render the -combustion irregular and the register inaccurate, the ingenious King -surrounded the candles with horn and wooden frames to make them burn -steadily in all weathers. - -It was a custom in olden time to conduct a sale or auction by inch -of candle. A small piece of candle being lighted the bystanders were -allowed to bid for the merchandize that was offered for sale--the -moment the candle went out the commodity was adjudged to the last -bidder. - -There was also excommunication by inch of candle, when the sinner was -allowed to come to repentance while a candle continued to burn; but -after it was consumed he remained excommunicated to all intents and -purposes. - -CANDLEMAS, a feast of the Romish Church, celebrated on the 2nd of -February, in honour of the purification of the Virgin Mary. It is -borrowed from the practice of the ancient Christians, who on that day -used abundance of lights both in their churches and processions, in -memory as is supposed of our Saviour's being on that day declared by -Simeon "to be a light to lighten the Gentiles." In imitation of this -custom, the Roman Catholics on this day consecrate all the tapers and -candles which they use in their churches during the whole year. At -Rome, the Pope performs that ceremony himself; and distributes wax -candles to the Cardinals and others, who carry them in procession -through the Great Halls of the Vatican or Pope's Palace. This ceremony -was prohibited in England by an Order of Council in the year 1548. - -Some writers affirm that Candlemas was first instituted by Pope -Gelasius I. in 492. "The Romans were in the habit of burning candles on -this day to the goddess Februa, the mother of Mars; and Pope Sergius -seeing it would be useless to prohibit a practice of so long standing -turned it to Christian account by enjoining a similar offering of -candles to the Virgin. The candles were supposed to have the effect -of frightening the devil and all evil spirits away from the persons -who carried them, or from the houses in which they were placed." It -is evident that the numerous superstitious notions and observances -connected with candles and other lights in all countries had a remote -origin, and may be considered as relics of the once universally -prevalent worship of the sun and of fire, for mankind had so far -forgotten the One living and true God as to worship the creature -instead of the Creator who is God over all blessed for evermore. - -A bright spark at the candle denotes that the party directly opposite -is to receive a letter. Windy weather is prophesied from the waving of -the flames without (apparent) cause, and wet weather if the wick does -not light readily. There is a tradition in most parts of Europe to the -effect that a fine Candlemas portends a severe winter. In Scotland the -prognostication is expressed in the following distich:-- - - "If Candlemas is fair and clear - There'll be twa winters in the year." - -It is said that condemned criminals making the _amende honorable_ at -the church doors were constrained to bear in their hands a wax taper -of six pounds weight. That it is only thirty-two years since a woman -convicted of the offence of brawling in church, stood, by sentence of -the Ecclesiastical Court, in a white sheet and with a candle in her -hand, _coram publico_, in a church in Devonshire. By the superstitious -in olden times in England the rescued parts of Candlemas tapers were -supposed to possess supernatural virtues. "Candlemas Bleeze" was until -recently, a bonfire festival still observed in sequestered parts of -Scotland. A "winding sheet," a "thief" in the candle, etc., were -regarded as evil omens, and anxious fears excited if suddenly a hollow -cinder were ejected from the fire to know whether it resembled a cradle -or a coffin! - -About a century ago London was so infested with gangs of highwaymen -that it was dangerous to go out after dusk. In 1705 an Act of Common -Council was passed for regulating the nightly watch of the City. A -number of strong able-bodied men had to be provided by each Ward. Every -person occupying any shop, house or warehouse had either to watch in -person or pay an able-bodied man to be appointed thereto. Watchmen were -provided with lanterns and candles and armed with halberts; to watch -from nine in the evening till seven in the morning from Michaelmas to -the first of April, and from ten till five from the first of April till -Michaelmas. Thus they went their nightly rounds calling "Lantern and a -candle! Hang out your Lights!" for during dark nights a certain number -of householders in each street had to hang out lanterns with a whole -candle, and the Watchman thundered at the door of those delinquents who -neglected to do so. The total number of Watchmen appointed by this Act -was 583. - -Facing Price's Candle Factory was a field which was rented by the -Company and used as a cricket ground for their employés. Queen's -Terrace and streets adjacent now cover this portion of land. - -Among the State Papers is a letter dated August 22, 1580, from -Archbishop Sandys to John Wickliffe, keeper of his house at Battersey, -in which he directs him to deliver up the house to the Lords of the -Council so that it might be turned into a prison for obstinate papists. -During the Commonwealth, York House was sold to Sir Allen Apsley and -Colonel Hutchinson for the sum of £1,806 3s. 6d., but it was reclaimed -by the See after the Restoration. - -Brayley in his History of Surrey says, "Besides this Mansion (near -York House) there are several handsome seats fronting the river and -various large manufacturing establishments, Chemical works, and -melting furnaces, etc. are extensive along its banks, greatly to the -annoyance of the market gardeners and florists who complain grievously -of the injury they sustain by the smoke and noxious vapours of the -numerous steam engines now employed in this hitherto rural district. -The establishment here for the preservation of timber from the dry -rot, called _Kyanizing_ from the name of its inventor, was destroyed -by fire on the 20th of March, 1847; and the conflagration extended -to other neighbouring works. The process was carried on by forcing -tar through the pores of the wood, and here was a large pond of that -fluid, the blaze of which set fire to immense piles of timber which had -either undergone the process, or were in a state of preparation for -it."--_Brayley, Surrey Mantel_, _Vol. iii. P._ 447. - -A very useful thing is that dentated instrument called the _Saw_. Pliny -says that the saw was invented by Dædalus. According to Apollodolus -Talus invented the saw. Talus it is said having found the jaw-bone of -a snake employed it to cut through a piece of wood and then formed -an instrument of iron like it. Saw-mills were erected in Madeira in -1420. At Bresdan in 1427. Norway had the first saw-mills in 1530. The -Bishop of Ely Ambassador from Mary of England in the escort of Rome -describes a saw-mill there 1555. The attempts to introduce saw-mills -into England were violently opposed, and one invented by a Dutchman in -1663 was forced to be abandoned. Saw-mills were erected near London -about 1770. The excellent saw machinery at Woolwich Dockyard is based -upon the invention of the Elder Brunel, 1806-13. Sir Mark Isambard -Brunel was the son of a Normandy farmer, and born at Hacqueville, near -Rouen, on the 25th of April, 1769. He early shewed an inclination for -mechanics, and at school preferred the study of the exact sciences to -the classics. In 1786, he became a sailor in the French Navy. In the -revolutionary period of 1793, having involved himself by his political -opinions he escaped from Paris to the United States. Brunel's career as -an engineer began 1794 when he was appointed to survey for the Canal -which now connects Lake Champlain with the river Hudson, at Albany. He -afterwards acted as an architect in New York. On his return to Europe -in 1799, he married the daughter of William Kingdom, Esq., Plymouth, -and settled in England. Here he soon established his reputation as a -mechanician by the invention of a machine for making block pulleys -for the rigging of ships. The erection of steam saw-mills in Chatham -Dockyard, a machine for making seamless shoes for the army, machines -for making nails and wooden boxes, for rolling paper and twisting -cotton hanks, and lastly a machine for producing locomotion by means -of Carbonic acid gas, which however though partially successful was -afterwards abandoned. "But the great work by which his name will be -transmitted to posterity is the Thames Tunnel which, though almost a -complete failure as a commercial transaction is nevertheless a wondrous -monument of engineering skill and enterprise. It was commenced in -March, 1825, and opened to the public in 1843, after a multitude of -obstacles and disasters." He held extensive premises at Battersea on -the site now occupied by the Citizen Steam-boat Company, where his -celebrated saw and veneer mills were burned down about the year 1814. -He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1814; was appointed -Vice-President in 1832. He was Knighted in 1840. Died Dec. 1849, in his -eighty first year, universally respected. - -Sir Richard Phillips, who had an opportunity of inspecting Brunel's -machinery at Battersea, eulogizes his fame and speaks of his merits and -scientific genius thus:--"A few yards from the toll-gate of the Bridge -on the western side of the road stand the workshops of that eminent, -modest, and persevering mechanic Mr. Brunel, a gentleman of the rarest -genius who has effected as much for the mechanic arts as any man of -his time. The wonderful apparatus in the Dockyard at Portsmouth with -which he sets blocks for the navy, with a precision and expedition -that astonish every beholder, secures him a monument of fame and -eclipses all rivalry." At Battersea Works Sir Richard witnessed four -circular saws, two of them 18-ft. in diameter and two of them 9-ft. -in diameter, besides other circular saws much smaller used for the -purpose of separating veneers. He saw planks of mahogany and rosewood -sawn into veneers the 16th of an inch thick. By the power that turned -those tremendous saws he beheld a large sheet of veneer 10-ft. long by -2-ft. broad separated in ten minutes "so even and so uniform that it -appeared more like a perfect work of nature than one of human art." In -another building Sir Richard was shown Mr. Brunel's manufactory for -shoes, where the labour was sub-divided so that each shoe passed by -aid of machinery through twenty-five hands complete from the hide as -supplied by the currier. By this means a hundred pairs of strong and -well-finished shoes were made per day. He remarks, "each man performs -but one step in the process, which implies no knowledge of what is -done by those who go before or follow him. The persons employed are -not shoemakers, but wounded soldiers, who are able to learn their -respective duties in a few hours. The contract at which these shoes are -delivered to Government is 6s. 6d. per pair, being at least 2s. less -than were paid previously for an unequalled and cobbled article." The -shoes thus made for the Army were tried for two years but afterwards -abandoned from economical views. - -Sir Richard Phillips in his "Morning Walk from London to Kew" (page -42) says, "at the distance of a hundred yards from Battersea Bridge -an extensive pile of massy brick work for the manufacture of soap has -recently been erected, at a cost it is said of sixty thousand pounds. I -was told it was inaccessible to strangers and therefore was obliged to -content myself with viewing it at a distance." This soap factory stood -by the water side, a little to the east of the Bridge, erected by Mr. -Cleaver. There were some large turpentine works in this parish, which -belonged to Mr. Flocton. - -Battersea has three bridges across the Thames communicating with -Chelsea. - -The history of the Ferry prior to the erection of the OLD WOODEN BRIDGE -at Battersea can be traced back some two or three centuries. It was -much used as a means of transporting passengers, goods, etc., over -this part of the river. At the commencement of the reign of James I. -the Ferry from Battersea to Chelsea or Chelchehith Ferry was in full -operation. When James I. ascended the throne "by Letters Patent for the -sum of £40, the King gave his dear relations Thomas Earl of Lincoln, -and John Eldred and Robert Henley, Esquires, all the ferry across the -river Thames called Chelchehith Ferry, or Chelsea Ferry." In addition -to which some grants of land were included and the Grantees were -empowered to transfer their rights to "our very illustrious subject -William Blake." In 1618 the Earl of Lincoln, who owned Sir Thomas -More's house in Chelsea which Sir Thomas More had purchased from Sir -Robert Cecil, sold the ferry to William Blake. In 1695 it belonged -to one Bartholomew Nutt. The ferry appears to have been rated in the -parish books in 1710 at £8 per annum. Between the year 1765 and 1771 -the ferry produced an average rental of £42 per annum. Sir Walter St. -John by virtue of his manorial rights held possession of the ferry, -at his death in 1708, the ferry with the rest of the property went to -his son Henry, who died in 1742 having left the family estate to his -son Henry the famous Viscount Bolingbroke, at whose death in 1751, -in consequence of his having no issue or progeny of his own, the -estates with the title descended to his nephew Frederick (son of his -half-brother, John Viscount St. John) who obtained an Act of Parliament -in 1762 to sell his estate, which, as we have already observed, was -purchased in 1763 by the Trustees of John, Earl Spencer. Earl Spencer -being anxious to replace the ferry with a bridge, in 1766 obtained an -Act of Parliament which empowered him to build the present bridge. -The bridge is in Battersea and Chelsea Parishes (the marks defining -the boundary line of these Parishes meet in the centre) it was not -to be rated to the land tax, or any public or parochial rate; nor -deemed a County bridge, so as to subject the Counties of Surrey and -Middlesex to repair the same. In the event of any casualty occurring -to the bridge thereby rendering it "dangerous and impracticable" the -Earl had to provide a convenient ferry at the same rate of tolls as -the bridge. Some old writers who have written on the Antiquities and -History of Surrey, state that the bridge was built at the expense of -fifteen proprietors each of whom subscribed £1,500. Mr. Walford says -in 1771, "Lord Spencer associated with himself seventeen gentlemen, -each of whom was to pay £100 as a consideration for the fifteenth share -of the ferry and all the advantages conferred on the Earl by the Act -of 1766. They were also made responsible for a future payment of £900 -each towards the construction of a bridge. A contract was entered into -with Messrs. Phillips and Holland to build the bridge for £10,500. The -work was at once commenced, and by the end of 1771 it was opened for -foot passengers and in the following year it was available for carriage -traffic. Money had to be laid out for the formation of approach roads, -so that at the end of 1773 the total amount expended was £15,662. For -many years the proprietors realized only a small return upon their -capital, repairs and improvements absorbing nearly all the receipts. In -the severe winter of 1795 considerable damage was done to the bridge by -reason of the accumulated ice becoming attached to the (timber) piles -and drawing them on the rise of the tide, and in the last three years -of the eighteenth century no dividends were distributed." The bridge -is 726 feet long and 24 feet wide. It originally had 19 openings, the -centre opening had a space of 31 feet, and the others decreased in -width equally on each side to 16 feet at the ends, but in consequence -of the serious hindrances which the structure caused to navigation -on the Thames within the last few years the bridge has undergone -alterations in order to widen the water-way, four of the openings have -been converted into two and strong iron girders have been introduced. -The centre opening is now 75 feet wide with a clear head-way of 15 -feet at Trinity High Water Mark. In 1799 only one side of the bridge -was lighted with oil lamps. "In 1821 the dangerous wooden railing was -replaced by a hand rail of iron, and in 1824 the bridge was lighted -with gas the pipes being brought over from Chelsea although Battersea -remained unlighted for several years afterwards." In the year 1878, the -bridge, which had hitherto remained in the hands of the descendants or -friends of the original proprietors came into the possession of the -Albert Bridge Company under their Act of Incorporation. Its revenues -in 1792 were about £1,700. About nine years ago its yearly income was -estimated at £5,000. - -Battersea Bridge Tolls by Act of Parliament 6° George III. 1766. - -For every description of vehicle drawn by one horse, -ass, mule or other beast 4d. - -" two 6d. - -" three 9d. - -" four 1s. - -For every horse, ass mule or other beast laden and -not drawing 1d. - -For every hackney carriage with plates returning -empty per horse 1d. - -For every foot-passenger whatever ½d. - -For every drove of oxen or neat cattle per score l0d. -and after that rate in any greater or less number. - -For every drove of calves, hogs, sheep or lambs per -score 5d. -and after that rate in any greater or less number. - -On a Notice Board dated 6th October, 1824, are the following words: -"Notice is hereby given that no trucks, wheelbarrows or other carriages -will be permitted to be drawn upon the foot-paths of this bridge. By -order of the Proprietors." - -The Bridge though convenient has an unsightly appearance and unworthy -its position across a river spanned by some of the finest bridges -in the world. At the foot of the Old Bridge is a toll-house with -walls twenty inches in thickness, facing which is a painted board -with charges for tolls headed "Old Battersea Bridge Tolls by Act of -Parliament 6° George III., 1766." - -ALBERT SUSPENSION BRIDGE, conceived originally many years ago by the -Prince Consort, it was not until 1864 that an Act for its construction -was obtained. Although the works were commenced soon after the -necessary powers were conferred upon the Company, they were retarded -by the action of the Metropolitan Board of Works. That body proposed -to embank the river from Pimlico to Battersea Bridge, Chelsea; the -execution of that work would involve questions affecting the bridge -level and approaches. Not until 1867 did the Board obtain their Act, -and not until the Autumn of 1870 did their engineer determine the open -question affecting the approaches and levels of the Albert Bridge. In -the mean-time the powers of the Bridge Act expired, but were revived -on application to Parliament on condition that the bridge should be -constructed on Mr. Ordish's rigid suspension principle. This principle -is now generally well known, it having been carried out in practice -on several instances, notably in that of the Francis Joseph Bridge -at Prague, which is 820 feet long and has a centre span of 492 feet, -and two side spans of 164 feet each. The Ordish system consists in -suspending the main girders which carry the road-way by straight -inclined chains, which are maintained in their proper position by being -suspended by vertical rods at intervals of 20 feet from a steel iron -cable. The total length of the Albert Bridge is 710 feet and 41 feet -in width between the parapets, which are formed of the main girders, -which are of wrought iron 8 feet deep and continuous; the upper portion -is perforated in order to lighten and improve the structure. The main -girders are connected transversely by cross girders placed 8 feet -apart, on these the planking is laid for the carriage road-way, which -is formed of blocks of wood placed with the grain vertically on the -planking. The roadway is 27 feet in width. On either side is a foot-way -7 feet wide, paved with diamond-shaped slabs of Ransome stone 12 inches -square and 1½ inches thick, laid on the planking with a layer of tar -and asphalted felt interposed. The slabs in the centre of the footpath -are of a grey color with an ornamental border. The four towers carrying -the main chains of the bridge are placed outside the parapet girders; -they are placed in pairs, each pair being connected at a height of 60 -feet from the platform level by an ornamental iron work. The towers are -of cast-iron and consist each of an inner column 4 feet in external -diameter, and surrounded by eight 12-inch octagonal columns placed -12 inches from the central shaft, the whole group being connected -together at intervals by disc pieces of collars of cast-iron. The -straight chains are composed of rolled iron bars, united end to end by -riveted joints and having swelled heads only at the extreme ends. The -curved cable from which the straight chains are suspended to preserve -their equilibrium is of steel wire and is 6 inches in diameter. It is -composed of a series of strands of straight wires, about 900 in number, -bound together by a coiled wire of smaller diameter. The bridge is -divided into a centre with two side openings, the former a span of 400 -feet, and the latter 155 feet each. There is a clear headway of 21 -feet at the centre of the bridge from the under side of the platform -to Trinity high water mark, the height being reduced to 10 feet at the -abutments. The piers carrying the four towers are formed of cast-iron -cylinders sunk down to the London clay and filled with concrete. The -foundations of the piers consist also of cast-iron cylinders, the -bottom or cutting ring being 21 feet in diameter, 4 feet 6 inches high -and 1 3/8 inches thick. The next ring above this is 5 feet high and -tapers from 21 feet at its junction with the cutting ring to 15 feet -at the top, from which point the pier is constructed with cylinders -15 feet in diameter up to the level at which the towers commence. The -thickness of the metal in the coned and upper rings is 1¼ inch. The -bottom or cutting rings are noticeable as being the largest cylindrical -castings ever made in one piece. One of the chief peculiarities in -the Albert Bridge is the method introduced by Mr. Ordish in forming -the anchorage. The arrangement is perfectly independent of the great -mass of masonry generally employed in anchorages the anchorages being -contained within an iron structure. It consists of a cast-iron cylinder -20 feet 6 inches deep and 3 feet internal diameter enlarged at the -bottom into a chamber 5 feet diameter for anchoring the chains. The -cylinder is water-tight, and is provided with a manhole and steps, so -that the anchorage can be examined at any time, and cleaned and painted -when necessary. This cylinder is set vertically in a surrounding bed -of concrete, the bottom being 26 feet below the road-way bed. From -this proceeds a vertical anchorage chain, connected to the end of -the main girder, to which is also connected the principal back chain -and the wire cable. The horizontal strain is thus taken through the -main girders and the vertical lift by the mass of concrete in which -the cylinder is embedded, and which is about one-tenth the quantity -required in ordinary anchorages. The bridge commands an extensive and -picturesque prospect, having on the one hand Battersea Park and on the -other the Thames Embankment. Messrs. Williamson and Company were the -contractors for the bridge and Mr. F. W. Bryant was their engineer. The -cylinders for the piers were cast by Messrs. Robinson and Cottam, of -Battersea; the cast and wrought iron work for the superstructure was -supplied by Messrs. A. Handyside and Company of Derby and London, and -the steel wire cables by the Cardigan Iron and Steel Works, Sheffield. -There are twenty upright lampposts in keeping with the character of -the bridge each bearing a lamp. One rather taller than the rest stands -in the middle of the road approaching the bridge, at the base of -which toll-bars are swung on iron hinges to obstruct the carriages, -the others are placed at certain distances apart opposite each other -on either side of the pathways. There are also four small lodges at -which to receive carriage and foot tolls. The bridge was opened 31st -December, 1872, at 1 p.m.; re-opened the 23rd of August, 1873, at -12.30 p.m. Estimated cost of bridge with approaches, etc., etc., about -£90,000. Battersea Old Bridge belongs to the Albert Bridge Company. - -Off Park Road, Battersea, is an antique cottage, the birthplace and -residence of Mr. Juer, who for several years discharged the duties of -Overseer and other Parochial offices in a manner creditable to himself -and highly satisfactory to the parishioners. From family records he has -been able to trace that his ancestors have occupied this dwelling for -the last three centuries. Mr. Juer died Nov. 30, and was interred Dec. -6, 1878, in the family vault in St. Mary's Church-yard, where there had -been no burial for 25 years. Canon Clarke read the burial service, and -many of the old parishioners were present who respected the memory of -the deceased. - -CHELSEA SUSPENSION BRIDGE is an elegant structure on the suspension -principle, (from the site of Ranelagh to Battersea Park): it measures -347 feet between the towers and 705 between the abutments. It was -made at Edinburgh and erected in 1857 after designs by the late Mr. -Thomas Page, the architect of the New Bridge at Westminster, at -a cost of £85,319. It was opened on the 28th of March, 1858. The -roadway is suspended upon chains, which hang from two massive and -ornamental piers in the river, the ends being firmly secured by solid -masonry on the shores. On a portion of the iron-work of the beautiful -arches connecting the towers of this magnificent bridge, beneath -the escutcheon representing the Royal Standard, are emblazoned the -following Latin inscriptions in old German characters:--_Anno Regni -Vicesimo Victoria, Anno Domini_, 1857, _Gloria Deo in Excelsis_. The -large globular lamps at the top of the piers are lighted only when the -Queen sleeps in London. - -Tolls paid for passing over this Bridge were:-- - -For every foot-passenger ½d. - -For every description of vehicle drawn by one horse -and other beast of draught 2d. - -For each and every additional horse or other beast -drawing 1d. - -For every horse, mule or ass not drawing 1d. - -For every wheelbarrow or truck not drawn by any -horse or other beast 1d. - -For every score of oxen or neat cattle and so in -proportion for any greater or less number 8d. - -For every score calves, sheep or lambs, and so in -proportion for any greater or less number 4d. - -Hackney coaches and licensed cabs without passengers, waggons, carts -and drays unladen with two or more horses, to pass over the bridge upon -payment of half the above toll. And all post chaise returning without -passengers and return post horses, to pass over the bridge free. By -virtue of an Act of Parliament 9th and 10th Victoria, cap. 39. By order -of the Commissioners of Her Majesty's Works and Public Buildings, 1858. -Office of Works, 12, Whitehall Place, Westminster. - -Londoners may congratulate themselves that they are at last allowed to -cross the bridges which connect the opposite banks of the Thames at the -western end of this great city without paying toll. The Metropolitan -Board of Works have expended £538,847 19s. in freeing these five -bridges--viz.: Lambeth Bridge, £36,059; Vauxhall Bridge, £255,230 16s. -8d.; Albert and Battersea Bridges, (including Parliamentary costs), -£170,305; Albert Bridge Company (taxed costs of arbitration), £2,253 -3s. 1d.; Chelsea Bridge, £75,000. On Saturday, the 24th of May, 1879, -Her Majesty Queen Victoria's birthday was appropriately chosen for -the occasion and great preparations had been made for giving _éclat_ -to the ceremony. The route taken by the Royal Party (which included -the Prince and Princess of Wales--two of their children, Prince -Albert Victor and Prince George of Wales, attired in naval costume -as naval cadets; the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh, the Crown Prince -of Denmark) which was gay with Venetian masts, bannerets, streamers -and flags. The Circular Engine Shed in Victoria Bridge Road and that -portion of the railway bridge which spans the Thames belonging to -the London, Brighton and South-Coast Railway Company were lavishly -festooned and decorated with coloured flags most profusely. Shortly -after 3 p.m. came three open carriages each drawn by two horses and the -well-known scarlet livery of the Court Mews on the hammer-cloths. At -the south side of Lambeth Bridge the Prince was received by Sir James -M'Garel Hogg, M.P., Chairman of the Board of Works; the Archbishop of -Canterbury, Lord Middleton, Sir Henry Peek, Sir James Lawrence, M.P., -Mr. Alderman McArthur, M.P., Mr. Selway, M.P., Mr. Coope, M.P., and -other notabilities. The keys having been surrendered with the customary -formalities, a Royal salute having been fired from the banks of the -river and the bands having played the National Anthem, Mr. J. M. Clabon -handed the Prince of Wales an address, folded and tied with green -tape, after a moment's parley His Royal Highness with a smile and an -approving nod of the head from the Princess, who was by express wish a -joint participator with the Heir Apparent in the ceremony of opening -the bridge, handed back the address asking that it might be read as -he wished to reply, then Sir James M'Garel Hogg untying the tape and -unfolding the address read as follows:-- - - "To their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales. May - it please your Royal Highness--It is with great gratification that - we, the Chairman and Members of the Metropolitan Board of Works, - receive your Royal Highnesses on the occasion of your opening free - to the public the five bridges over the Thames, from Lambeth Bridge - on the east to Battersea Bridge on the west, which serve to connect - important districts on the two sides of the river. London, which in - many respects stands at the head of the great cities of the world, has - too long, we fear, in the matter of free passage across the river, - been behind the capitals of other countries. Until to-day there has - been no free bridge in the metropolis westward of Westminster by which - the population north and south of the Thames could pass from one - side of the river to the other. We are glad that this reproach will - now be removed. The bridges which your Royal Highnesses are about to - declare free have been acquired by the board under the powers of an - Act of Parliament passed in the year 1877, which had for its object - the extinction of the tolls on all the bridges in London. Waterloo - Bridge and the Charing-cross Railway Footbridge have already been made - free. The tolls will this day be extinguished on five other bridges, - and before the end of the year it is hoped that there will be none - but free bridges over the Thames throughout the metropolitan area. - The metropolis and its inhabitants have received many proofs of the - interest which your Royal Highnesses feel in their welfare, and of - the encouragement which you are always ready to give to those who are - engaged in promoting that welfare. Your presence upon this occasion - is a further proof of the interest you feel, and we offer your Royal - Highnesses our sincere thanks for the honour you have done us. - - Signed, on behalf of the Metropolitan Board of Works, - - J. M. M'GAREL HOGG, Chairman of the Board, - - May 24, 1879. - -The Prince of Wales spoke in reply as follows: - - Sir James Hogg and Gentlemen--I thank you in my own name and that - of the Princess of Wales for your address, and I can assure you - that it gives us both sincere pleasure to take a part in this day's - proceedings. The opening of the five bridges westward of Westminster - is an important event in the annals of the metropolis, and I rejoice - that you should have chosen the Queen's Birthday to declare them free. - It is a source of great gratification to us to hear your announcement - that the other bridges will, before long, be equally open to the - public. A free communication across the Thames is an incalculable boon - to all classes of the inhabitants on both sides of the river, and it - is our earnest hope that you will be enabled to carry your promised - work into effect within the specified time. Let me state in conclusion - that the Princess and myself are always ready to assist in advancing - any object which identifies us with the population of London, and - which tends to promote the interests of the public. The Prince then, - amidst loud cheers, exclaimed, 'I declare this bridge open and free - for ever.'" - -Twenty carriages were devoted to the Members of Parliament, Members -of the Metropolitan Board and the Officials the twentieth containing -Sir James M'Garel Hogg and some ladies and following this came the -three Royal carriages. The route being kept clear of traffic and -the spectators massed in lines along side by the police--some 1600 -were on duty--the arrangements south side of the bridges being in -charge of Captain Braynes, while on the north side Colonel Pearson -had the directions. His Royal Highness proceeded by way of the Albert -Embankment to Vauxhall Bridge, the approach to which was exceedingly -picturesque the banks of the Thames fluttering with flags, and the -river crowded with boats that followed the _cortège_. The procession -crossed and re-crossed Chelsea Suspension Bridge. In the London, -Brighton and South-Coast Railway West-end Goods Traffic Yard a Royal -salute was given on the arrival of the Prince by the crushing weight -of a locomotive named Rennes, No. 130, passing over twenty-one fog -signals, an arrangement previously made by Mr. J. Richardson, the -effect of which gave general satisfaction. The west side of the -Victoria Railway Bridge which spans the Thames was elegantly decorated -from one end to the other by the London, Brighton and South-Coast -Railway Company. Festoons and tri-coloured flags representing the -colours used for signals on railways were voluntarily displayed in such -profusion by Messrs. J. Richardson and Everest as to render the scene -quite imposing. In front of Chelsea Hospital were drawn up two hundred -warriors of olden times, pensioners in their beaver cocked hats who -knowing more about "Brown Bess than the Martini rifle managed to do a -salute with tolerable precision." The people assembled in Battersea -Park made a rush for Albert Bridge as the procession approached that -graceful structure. The Albert Bridge Company was represented by Mr. -Ewing Matheson, the Chairman; Mr. Youngman, Manager; Mr. A. C. Harper, -Secretary, and Mr. Frederick Stanley, Solicitor. (The Countess of -Cadogan presented the Princess of Wales and the Duchess of Edinburgh -with handsome bouquets on behalf of the ladies of Chelsea. Button holes -of a very choice nature were also presented to the Prince of Wales -and the Duke.) Mr. Kingsbury, Chairman of the Chelsea Vestry, had the -honour of presenting a silver medal commemorative of the occasion to -the Prince of Wales which was graciously accepted. At the north side -of the bridge were drawn up the boys of the Duke of York Asylum; at -the south side the children of the local schools, all singing with as -much gusto as their little lungs would allow "God bless the Prince of -Wales." The Pier Hotel and the houses facing the Albert Bridge were -gaily and handsomely decorated with flags of all nations, and the -balconies at the corner of Cheyne Walk being filled with ladies arrayed -in summer toilets, thus lending an additional charm to the _mise en -scène_. The military display consisted of guards of honour from the -1st Middlesex Engineer Volunteers and the 2nd (South) Middlesex Rifle -Volunteers. The keys of the Albert Bridge were handed over on behalf -of the Company by Messrs. Matheson and Stanley and a device swung -across the bridge denoting that the latter was "free for ever." On the -Chelsea side Mr. Stayton was the designer of the festivities. Passing -along the Surrey side of the river the Prince made for Old Battersea -Bridge the last of the five to be opened. Here the Surrey Volunteers -and the Surrey Artillery mustered in force, and a Salvo of Artillery -from the Citizen Steamboat Company announced that the bridge was free. -At the approach to the Bridge in Bridge Road stands of evergreens were -most tastefully arranged by the employés of Messrs. H. and G. Neal -the well-known Nurserymen of Wandsworth Common. At no point in the -line of route were greater demonstrations of joy expressed and loyalty -manifested than by the Battersea people. - -The Royal party returned to Marlborough House---the other carriages -then went to Chelsea Vestry Hall where a banquet was served, and at -night there was a display of fireworks at Battersea Park supplied by -the Crystal Palace Pyrotechnists, T. Brock & Co., the expense being -borne by Earl Cadogan to wind up the eventful day's proceedings. - -At the foot of Chelsea Suspension Bridge a board is erected on which -is written the following: _Notice, Metropolitan Board of Works. No -Traction Engine, Steam Roller, or any load exceeding_ 5 _tons on each -pair of wheels, must be taken over this bridge. By order of J. E. -Wakefield, Clerk to the Board, May,_ 1879. - -Shortly after the freeing of the bridges the "bars" were removed, and -the old toll house at the foot of Battersea Bridge entirely demolished. - -The stupendous Railway Bridge across the Thames at Battersea from -Battersea Park Railway Pier to Grosvenor Road Station is said to be -_the Widest Railway Bridge in the World_. It consists of four arches -each one hundred and seventy-five feet span in the clear, with a rise -of seventeen feet six inches. The immense ribs which support the -superstructure are formed throughout of wrought iron, and are firmly -attached to massive cast-iron standards which are placed over the -piers; the whole of the frame-work is thus made continuous throughout. -On each side of the river is a land arch of seventy feet span, making -the entire length of the bridge eight hundred and forty feet. The -abutments were put in by means of coffer-dams, and the foundations are -carried down thirty feet below Trinity high-water mark. The piers are -built upon the same principle as that which was first applied by the -late Charles Fox to the building of the Bridge at Rochester, Charing -Cross, and Cannon Street, Railway Bridges. The bridge was first erected -by Mr. J. Fowler. In 1865-6 it was enlarged by the late Sir Charles Fox. - -Some antiquarians have stated that about fifty yards westward of -Chelsea Suspension Bridge, Cæsar and his legions crossed the river -Thames by a ford when in pursuit of the Britons who were retreating -from the Romans. The ford is described at low water as a shoal of -gravel not more than three feet deep, sufficient for ten men to walk -abreast, except on the Surrey side where it has been deepened by -raising ballast, and the causeway from the South bank may yet be traced -at low water. Others think that the place of crossing was higher up the -river, either at Chertsey or Kingston; the latter was anciently called -Moreford, or the Great Ford. However, landing at Deal, it is natural -the Romans would cross the river at some ford nearest that point.[1] - -[Footnote 1: The distance of Chertsey (Surrey) from London is about -nineteen miles. Here, says Camden, Julius Cæsar crossed the Thames -when he first attempted the conquest of Britain; but Mr. Gough, in -his addition to the "Britannia," has advanced some arguments against -this opinion. The passage some believe to have been effected at Coway -Stakes, about a quarter of a mile below Chertsey Bridge, where Julius -Cæsar crossed the Thames when he led the Roman army into the kingdom -of Cassivellaunus, who had encamped his forces on the opposite shore. -The Britons did everything in their power to prevent the Romans from -crossing by driving stakes into the bed of the river and fencing the -banks with wooden palisades. Obstacles of this kind were lightly -estimated by the bold legionaries. The cavalry at once entered the -river; the infantry crossed with their heads only above water, and -panic-struck at the sight of Roman intrepidity, the barbarian warriors -fled from their post without an effort to maintain it. Bede, who lived -in the beginning of the eighth century, tells us, that some of the -stakes were then to be seen, and were as big as a man's thigh. Mr. -Milner says some of these stakes have been found at a recent period, -hard as ebony, each being the body of a young oak tree.] - -We would suggest that the next Monolith brought to this country from -the land of the Ptolemys or Cæsars be erected on this spot, similar to -that of Cleopatra's Needle on the Victoria Embankment. - -Watermen and others who navigate the river have observed how very -shallow the water is at this spot. Sir Richard Phillips says "the event -was pregnant with such consequences to the fortune of these Islands, -that the spot deserves the record of a monument; which ought to be -preserved from age to age, as long as the veneration due to antiquity -is cherished among us. Who could then have contemplated that the folly -of Roman ambition would be the means of introducing arts among the -semi-barbarous Britons, which in eighteen hundred and forty years or -after the lapse of nearly sixty generations, would qualify Britain -to become mistress of Imperial Rome; while one country would become -as exalted, and the other be so debased, that the event would excite -little attention, and be deemed but of secondary importance? Possibly -after another sixty generations, the posterity of the savage tribes -near Sierra-Leone, or New Holland may arbitrate the fate of London, or -of Britain, as an affair of equal indifference."[1] - -[Footnote 1: "A Morning's Walk from London to Kew," by Sir Richard -Phillips, pp. 26-27, published 1817.] - -We shall not attempt to speculate as to what is within the range of -human possibilities knowing as all history teaches us how transient is -the glory of sublunary things. We believe that while England is true -to herself and true to God such a state of things concerning Britain -as that depicted by Sir Richard will never be realised. The overthrow -of dynasties, of nations and of empires is the result of moral -degeneracy--the effect of national and individual sins. "Righteousness -exalteth a nation but sin is a reproach to any people. By the Almighty -who doeth according to His will in the armies of heaven and among the -inhabitants of the earth, kings reign and princes decree justice, He -putteth down one and setteth up another." However, while reading the -fore-mentioned quotation we were forcibly reminded of Macaulay's New -Zealander sitting upon a broken arch of London Bridge contemplating -o'er the desolation of England's chief city, or some other traveller -from the Antipodes who shall stand on the broken arches of Westminster -Bridge, and gazing on a horizon of ruin, cry "Here stood the Metropolis -of a Mighty Empire!" - -Many years ago a person wrote a note to the Rev. John Brand, Secretary -to the Antiquarian Society, to say that as he was passing through -Battersea Fields he saw some labourers dig up a leaden coffin, in which -was a skeleton and near it there were three more human skeletons. There -is no date but it is addressed to Mr. Brand, at Northumberland House, -which he left about 1795. - -About sixty-five years ago there was a house situated in the middle -of Battersea Fields which remained for a long time uninhabited on -account of the strange and weird stories related and circulated about -it. Ignorant and uneducated people said it was "haunted." Nobody would -live in it. At midnight "lights" it was said were to be seen "flitting -about the rooms," and "dismal groans of one in extremes, at the point -to die" were to be heard, and so many believed in "old bogies" and -tales of "hobgoblins" so their minds pictured the most frightful -and hideous spectres imaginable. At length the house like other old -buildings in the neighbourhood was demolished. The Rev. John Kirk, who -wrote a Biography of the Mother of the Wesleys, says: "The legendary -literature of the world teems with wonderful stories of haunted houses -where invisible spirits were believed to utter mysterious sounds, to -perform extraordinary pranks, and sometimes communicate revelations -of the future, or disclose the dread secrets of the hidden world. -These beliefs though strongest and most prevalent where the Gospel -is unknown or least influential, are not peculiar to generations 'of -old time' or to any particular nation under heaven." Certainly the -present generation do not appear to have improved much more than -their forefathers in this respect when there is so much nonsensical -talk about communicating with the invisible world by means of "spirit -rappings," "table turnings," etc. Surely the age when men shall give -heed to seducing spirits and doctrines of demons has come! - -Battersea Fields, within the Manor along the Thames, were long notable -as a marshy tract producing a great variety of indigenous plants; and -were the scene on March 21st, 1829, of the duel between the Duke of -Wellington and Lord Winchelsea.[1] Battersea Fields were reputed as -a place for duelling and prize-fights but are now partly disposed in -a fine Public Park, and partly covered with streets and buildings. A -lane from Nine Elms past Tuggy's Mill and Rock's Tea Gardens, by the -poplar trees led to the Red House which faced the river near the foot -of the South side of Chelsea Suspension Bridge since erected. Here in -front was a tall flag-staff with flag waving in the breeze on which -were letters denoting the sign of the house. Seats and ale-benches, -embowered with clusters of elm trees with wide-spreading branches -overhead, were placed for the accommodation of persons who resorted -thither for refreshment. The space here embanked and enclosed with -an iron palisade formed a kind of jetty, divided in the centre by a -flight of steps from the river as well as having a flight of steps -at both ends where watermen landed their passengers or took up their -fares. There was a ferry here to the "White House" on the opposite -side of the Thames. The "Red House" was built of red bricks with white -pointings, wide but not high in elevation. It had one story above the -basement with slanted slated roof, and contained in all fourteen rooms. -Each of the windows on the ground-floor had wooden shutters hung on -hinges painted green, which, when closed or folded, fastened inside -with bolts. The windows did not project from the general face of the -building except the refreshment bar and the upstairs dining room. -This apartment and the long room adjoining commanded an extensive and -pleasant prospect of the river. A large lamp, supported by means of -an iron branch fastened to the wall, projected over the middle door. -The Royal Humane Society's drags were always kept here in readiness in -case of emergency, and notice was written on a board suspended outside -the west end of the house to that effect. The gardens were laid out in -small arbours decorated with Flemish and other paintings and fancifully -formed flower-beds. In the centre of the garden was a fish-pond; the -walks were prettily disposed; at the end of the principal one was a -painting, the perspective rendered the walk in appearance much longer -than it really was. The shooting ground was about 120 yards square, -and inclosed by palings. Beyond the east end of the house was situated -a range of "boxes" or alcoves--seven in number--which at night were -illuminated with oil-lamps. Each "box" had a table in the centre -with seats all round so that twelve persons could sit inside very -comfortably. Of a morning several of the Guards were in the habit of -arriving here by water from Whitehall stairs to enjoy their "Flounder -breakfast" at ten o'clock. And certain noblemen dignified with their -presence and patronage the annual "Sucking Pig Dinner," which generally -took place in the month of August. - -[Footnote 1: The Roman Catholic Emancipation Bill passed the Commons -by a majority of 320 to 142, March 30, and was carried on the third -reading in the Lords by 313 to 104, April 10. The Bill met with -determined opposition from the Marquis of Winchelsea who said some -things which the Duke regarded as a personal insult. This led to the -hostile meeting at Battersea Fields. It was fashionable in those days -for gentlemen to settle their friendly differences with a yard of cold -steel or a bullet from the muzzle of a pistol--happily as the result -of this duel no blood was shed--the Duke with a directed aim sent a -bullet through the hat of Winchelsea, whereupon the Marquis fired his -pistol in the air, advanced towards the Duke and made an apology, the -Duke of Wellington politely bowed to his political antagonist and then -separated. Wellington Road, near Battersea Bridge, marks the locality -and derives its name from this circumstance.] - -Mr. Wright, who at one time was proprietor of the "Red House," had a -Raven that he called "Gyp" that used to talk. Sometimes as if hailing -a waterman from the river the bird would cry out "boat ahoy!" "What's -o'clock? what's o'clock?" it would hurriedly repeat as if anxious to -know the hour. At another time "Gyp" would call "Rock! over!" "Over!" -as if to intimate that somebody requested to be ferried over to the -other side. Many a scull has been deceived by the mimic cries of this -black-feathered rascal. One day Rock the ferryman was so irritated, -having been twice deceived that day by the call of "Gyp," that he -took up a quart pewter pot and threw it at his head. "Gyp" narrowly -escaped uninjured. Mr. Wright remonstrated and said he would not have -the bird hurt at any price. The raven was deliciously fond of picking -bones. On one occasion a gentleman accidentally dropped his spectacles; -presently, on looking up, he discovered his lost property in the beak -of the raven perched on a bough with all the gravity of a sexton. "Gyp" -had an incurable antipathy to dogs. If perchance a dog passed by, in an -instant he would pounce upon its back, hold on by his claws and peck -at it most unmercifully, while the dog thus attacked ran away yelping -and howling. When dislodged, "Gyp's" pinions bore him swiftly away from -the reach of the teeth of his canine adversary. "Gyp" was of a jealous -disposition and did not like to see other birds petted. He has been -known to kill a magpie and a raven. It was dangerous to put money down -in the presence of "Gyp" for "Gyp" had the propensity of picking it -up and of flying away with it. On one occasion he seized a sovereign -which a customer put down. As "Gyp" had several hiding places where he -deposited "stolen articles," as spoons, knives, forks, etc., diligent -search was made but the valuable coin was never discovered. The last -account we heard of "Gyp" was that he was taken down to Shropshire and -that the poor bird died. Mr. W. Puttick, to whom we are indebted for -some curious pieces of information, says, "One of the notabilities at -the Red House beside the Raven whose bites I have often experienced was -a half-witted man who went by the name of 'Billy' the nutman. He used -to carry a bag of nuts and a dial, people paid a penny and turned a -hand and had nuts for their money. I have often seen this man stand in -the water and let the pigeon shooters shoot at him for a few pence, his -gesticulations and grotesque movements at the same time exciting from -the spectators shouts and roars of laughter." - -Mr. Wright took the house of Mr. Swaine, but after Mr. Wright left, the -house was taken by a man of the name of Ireland. - -James Rock, a respectable ferryman and lighterman, whose house was hard -by, was accidentally drowned in the river Thames, August, 1874. His -son, George Rock, is now Pier-master at Battersea Park Railway Pier. - -The "Red House" was famed for aquatic sports. Adjoining the premises -were grounds for pigeon and sparrow-shooting, and the performance of -athletic feats. Pigeons were there sold to be shot at, at 15s. per -dozen; starlings at 4s., and sparrows at 2s. The place attained a -notoriety not surpassed by the number of excursionists who in summer -visit Rye House. Subsequently the Red House with its shooting ground -and adjacent premises was purchased by the Government for £10,000. - -"The Old House at Home" was a small thatched hut, kept by Farmer -Hall, where beer was sold direct from the cask, to be drunken on -the premises. It answered the six-fold purpose of shop, dormitory, -fowl-house, pig-sty, stable and cow-shed. Within this hovel were -gathered pigs, fowls, cats, dogs, singing-birds, ducks, cows, horses -and donkeys, which, together with the landlord and his customers who -regaled themselves here, constituted a "happy family!" This was a -famous place for "egg flip," which consisted of new-laid eggs taken -from the hens' nests, beat up in hot ale or porter, sweetened with -sugar, and sold to persons who preferred roaming about at mid-night or -in the small hours of the morning. - -On the Lammas land, in the summer months, gipsies pitched their -encampments. On Sundays the place presented the aspect of a pleasure -fair, lawlessness, Sabbath desecration, immorality, and vice -were rampant. At length the place became a scandal and a public -disgrace, and even now, notwithstanding the vast improvements in the -neighbourhood, Battersea, as a Parish, to a certain extent is ignored, -and persons would no more have smiled at Battersea Park being called -Lambeth Park than they do now at Clapham Junction being called by that -misnomer, and so with other parts of the parish. A great boon was -conferred upon the inhabitants of the South-west of London when this -infamous locality was converted into a public park. The intolerable -nuisance complained of did not take place previously to the year 1835, -after Lord Spencer's first sale when the land fell into the hands of -small proprietors. Irrespective of social propriety, public decency -and order, horse-racing, donkey-riding, fortune-telling, gambling, -cock-shying, swings, roundabouts, boxing, and all the paraphernalia -of a pleasure fair with its concomitant evils were the constant -scenes witnessed here on Sundays. Mr. Thomas Kirk (now Curate of St. -George's) who was for many years a Missionary in Battersea, in his -report published in the "London City Mission Magazine," September -1, 1870, states, "that which made this part of Battersea Fields so -notorious was the gaming, sporting, and pleasure-grounds at the 'Red -House' and 'Balloon' public-houses, and Sunday fairs, held throughout -the Summer months. These have been the places of resort of hundreds -and thousands, from royalty and nobility down to the poorest pauper -and the meanest beggar. And surely if ever there was a place out of -hell which surpassed Sodom and Gomorrah in ungodliness and abomination -this was it. Here the worst men and the vilest of the human race seemed -to try to outvie each other in wicked deeds. I have gone to this sad -spot on the afternoon and evening of the Lord's day, when there have -been from 60 to 120 horses and donkeys racing, foot-racing, walking -matches, flying boats, flying horses, roundabouts, theatres, comic -actors, shameless dancers, conjurers, fortune-tellers, gamblers of -every description, drinking booths, stalls, hawkers, and vendors of -all kinds of articles. It would take a more graphic pen than mine to -describe the mingled shouts and noises and the unmentionable doings of -this pandemonium on earth. I once asked the pierman 'how many people -were landed on Sunday from that pier?' He told me that according to -the weather, he had landed from 10,000 to 15,000 people! This influx -was besides that by the various land roads by which hundreds of -thousands used to come, till the numbers have sometimes been computed -at 40,000 and 50,000." Mr. Thomas Cubitt, in 1843, suggested to Her -Majesty's Commission for Improving the Metropolis the advisability -of laying Battersea Fields out as pleasure-grounds, and this design -was subsequently pressed upon their attention by the Hon. and Rev. -Robert John Eden. An Act of Parliament passed in 1846 empowered Her -Majesty's Commissioners of Woods to form a Royal Park in Battersea -Fields. Acts to enlarge their powers were passed in 1848, 1851 and -1853, by which a Commission, incorporated as the Battersea Park -Commission was appointed with power to sell, demise or lease lands not -required for the park. Mr. (afterwards Sir) James Pennethorne's plan -was approved, by which 320 acres were to be enclosed at an estimated -cost of £154,250. The fields were entirely overflowed by the river at -high water, until about three hundred years ago when an embankment -was raised, and the land reclaimed.[1] Brayley referring to this -period says, "The land reclaimed went to the Lord of the Manor, but -was subject to some ill-defined rights of inter-commonage exercised -by the inhabitants of Battersea at stated periods of the year. From -various causes these rights have been nearly extinguished and most -of the land is now held by different proprietors, and partly let for -building and other uses." Wild flowers grew abundantly in Battersea -Fields.[2] A learned botanist in the last century compiled a flora -of Battersea, and many of the plants that luxuriated in these fields -were not to be met with elsewhere, except at places much farther from -London. Its surface was raised by a million cubic yards of earth -from various sources, particularly from the London Docks (Victoria) -Extension. The Park comprises 198 acres, was purchased at a cost of -£246,517, and laid out in 1852-58 at a further cost of £66,373. In 1857 -planting was commenced. Up to this period the works had been executed -under Mr. Pennethorne, Architect of the Office of Works, when the late -Mr. Farrow was appointed to take charge and complete the unfinished -works. The park has a grass surface of nearly 66 acres. About 40 acres -are set apart for cricket and croquet. There are two match grounds, -which, together, admit of seven matches being played at the same time. -On these grounds between 600 and 700 matches are played annually. The -spaces are assigned by ballot. There is a practice-ground for organized -adult cricket clubs, on which from 70 to 90 cricket clubs practice on -different days; and a general practice ground, appropriated to schools -and junior clubs, and the public generally. The season for cricket is -from 1st May to 30th September. Other large spaces are used for the -drill and exercise of troops stationed at Chelsea Barracks. Various -volunteer corps as also the district police are drilled here. The park -contains one of the richest collections of shrubs and trees in or near -London. Its soil is specially suited to the rose, so that visitors who -take delight in the queen of the English garden resort to the rosery. - -[Footnote 1: It was a miserable swamp, said to have been gained for -the parish of Battersea by the act of charitably burying a drowned man -there who had been refused sepulture in the adjoining parish. This act -was held in a subsequent law-suit to prove a right of ownership, and -thus a good deed was amply recompensed. - -On the northern side of the river Thames is conspicuously situated -that grand national asylum for decayed and maimed soldiers known as -Chelsea Hospital. This Hospital was begun by Charles II., carried on by -James II., and completed by William III. in 1690. The first projector -of Chelsea Hospital was Stephen Fox, grandfather to the Hon. Charles -Fox. "He could not abear," he said "to see these soldiers, who had -ventured their lives, and spent their strength in the service of their -country, reduced to beg." And with the munificence of a philanthropist, -he subscribed £13,000 towards the establishment of the Hospital. It -was built by Sir Christopher Wren, at a cost of £150,000, on the site -of an old theological college escheated to the Crown. In 1850 there -were 70,000 _out_ and 539 _in pensioners_. The body of the Duke of -Wellington lay here in state 10-17 Nov., 1852. Ranelagh Gardens lay -at the northern foot of Vauxhall Bridge, a portion now forming the -pleasure-grounds of Chelsea Hospital, and were formerly the gardens -of Lord Ranelagh's Mansion. They were opened 1733. The amusement were -masquerades, illuminated and day-light fêtes, dancing, music, and -promenading, which was continued until the end of the century. The -grand rotundo, which somewhat resembled the Pantheon of Rome, had -an external diameter 185 feet, the internal 150. It was taken down -in 1805. In Cheyne Walk was a famous Coffee-House, first opened in -1695, by one Salter a barber, who drew the attention of the public -by the eccentricity of his conduct, and furnished his house with a -large collection of natural and other curiosities. Admiral Munden and -other officers who had been much on the Coast of Spain enriched it -with many curiosities and gave the owner the name of Don Saltero, by -which he is mentioned more than once in the "Tatler," particularly -in No. 34. This coffee-house was frequented by Richard Cromwell and -many of the wits and authors of that day. "The Folly," a gilded barge -where music and dancing and other amusements delighted the beaux and -belles of the day of the Restoration, was moored in the Thames not far -from the Modern Cremorne. Adjoining Chelsea Hospital is the Physic -Garden belonging to the Company of Apothecaries, which was enriched -with a great variety of plants, both indigenous and exotic, and given -in 1721 by Sir Hans Sloane, Bart., on condition of their paying a -quit-rent of £5, and delivering annually to the Royal Society fifty -specimens of different sorts of plants of the growth of this garden -till the number amounted to 2,000. In 1733 the Company erected a marble -statue of the donor, by Rysbrack, in the centre of the garden, the -front of which was conspicuously marked toward the river by two noble -cedars of Lebanon, the first ever planted in England, of which only -one remains. Sir Hans Sloane was born at Killileagh in the north of -Ireland, in 1660, of Scottish extraction. He retired at the age of -eighty to Chelsea, to enjoy a peaceful tranquillity, the remains of -a well-spent life. He died Jan. 11, 1752. He published the "History -of Jamaica" in 2 vols. folio. In the churchyard is the monument of -Sir Hans Sloane, Bart., founder of the British Museum; and on the -south-west corner of the church is affixed a mural monument to the -memory of Dr. Edward Chamberlayne, with a punning Latin epitaph, which -for its quaintness, may detain the reader's attention. In the church -is a still more curious Latin epitaph on his daughter; from which we -learn, that, on the 30th of June, 1690, she fought, in men's clothing, -six hours against the French, on board a fire-ship under the command -of her brother. The Chelsea Embankment extends along the north bank of -the river from Chelsea Hospital to Albert Suspension Bridge; it was -opened 9th May, 1874, by the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh, Lieut. -Col. Sir James Magnaghten Hogg, M.P., Chairman of the Metropolitan -Board of Works; Sir Joseph Bazalgette, C.B., Engineer. A beautiful -view of Chelsea Embankment with its adjacent buildings may be had from -the broad Boulevard running along the river-side in Battersea Park; -including the lofty spire of St. Luke's Church, Old Chelsea Church, -the Gardens of the Apothecaries' Company, the fine old trees and -picturesque Dutch-like houses of Cheyne Walk, the Gardens and Buildings -of Chelsea Hospital, the New Barracks beyond, and the lofty Pumping -Station and Tower near Grosvenor Road Station.] - -[Footnote 2: We are acquainted with an aged gentleman well skilled in -medical botany who in the early part of his professional experience -used to have gathered certain choice herbs for therapeutic purposes -which grew abundantly in this locality. - -The following are the names of some of the indigenous plants:-- - -_Circea intetiana_--Enchanter's Night Shade (in the lane from the -fields to the Prince's Head, Battersea, uncommon in shady lanes). -_Valeriana dioica_--Small Marsh Valerian. _Fedia olitoria_--Corn -Salad (dry banks Battersea Fields and Lavender Sweep). _Panicum -Vertiullatum_--Rough Panic Grass (rare). _P. Viride_--Green Panic -Grass (near the Red House and Nine Elms). _P. Crusgalli_--Loose -Panic Grass (near the footpath). _Bromus diandrus_--Upright Annual -Broom Grass (rare, on an old wall near Battersea Church). _Avena -flavescens_--Yellow Oat-Grass (not common, in the footpath from -Battersea Bridge to Lavender Hill). _Myosotis palustris_--Great -Water Scorpion Grass or, Forget me not, (ditches and marshy grounds; -plentiful in Battersea Fields). An elegant plant, the emblem of -affection among the Germans. _Lithospermum arvense_--Corn Gromwell, -(Battersea Cornfields; not common). _Primula vulgaris_--Primrose. _P. -Veris_--Cowslip (Fields on Lavender Hill). _Hottonia palustris_--Water -Violet, (plentiful in Latchmere). _Scirpus Triqueter_--Triangular Club -Rush, rare, (Banks of the Thames between Vauxhall and Battersea). -_Lysimachia vulgaris_--Great Yellow Loose Strife. _Samolus -valerandi_--(Brook weed, Water Pimpernel). _Chenopodium bonus -Henricus_--English Mercury. _C. olidum_--Fetid Goosefoot, (rare). -_Cicuta Virosa_--Water Hemlock, (deadly poison to men and cattle). -_Conium Maculatum_--Common Hemlock, (a very dangerous plant). _Œnanthe -fistulosa_--Water Dropwort. _Œ. crocata_--Hemlock Water Dropwort, -(deadly poison to men and cattle). _Œ. Phellandrium_--Fine-leaved Water -Dropwort, (a very poisonous plant). _Smymium Olusatrum_--Alexanders, -(waste grounds near old houses). _Ornithogalum umbellatum_--Star -of Bethlehem. _Rumex Sanguineus_--Blood-veined Dock, (rare, -bank of a ditch on Lavender Hill, between the Nursery and the -footpath). _R. pulcher_--Fiddle Dock. _R. palustris_--Yellow -Marsh Dock. _R. Hydrolapathum_--Great Water Dock. _Triglochin -palustre_-- Marsh Arrow Grass. _Alisma plantago_--Water -Plantain, (ponds and marshes). _Polygonum Bistorta_--Bistort, -or Snake Weed. _Butomus umbellatus_--Flowering Rush. _Saxifraga -granulata_--White Saxifrage. _S. Tridactylites_--Rue-leaved -Saxifrage. _Sedum reflexum_--Reflex Yellow Stonecrop. _Lychnis flos -Cuculi_--Meadow Lychnis. _Chelidonium majus_--Celandine. _Papaver -dubium_--Long Smooth-headed Poppy. _Stratiotes aloides_--Water -Aloe. _Thalictrum flavum_--Common Meadow Rue. _Nepeta Cataria_--Cat -Mint. _Lamium incisum_--Cut-leaved dead Nettle. _Scutellaria -galericulata_--Common Scull Cap. _Prunella vulgaris_--Self -Heal. _Pedicularis palustris_--Tall Red Rattle. _Antirrhinum -Cymbalaria_--Joy-leaved Snapdragon. _A. spurium_--Round-leaved -Fluellin or Snapdragon. _A. orontium_--Lesser Snapdragon, (Cornfields, -etc., Battersea Fields). _Cochlearia armoracia_--Horse Raddish. -_Nasturtum amphibium_--Amphibious Yellow Cress. _Sisyonbrium -irio_--Broad Hedge Mustard. _S. sophia_--Fine-leaved Hedge Mustard. -_Erysimum Cheiranthoides_--Worm-seed Treacle Mustard. _Geranium -pratense_--Blue Meadow Crane's Bill. _G. Robertianum_--Herb Robert. -_G. Lucidum_--Shining Crane's Bill. _G. pyrenaicum_--Perennial -Dove's-foot Crane's Bill. _G. rotundifolium_--Soft Round-leaved -Crane's Bill, (by the road side near the Prince's Head, Battersea). -_Malva rotundifolia_--Dwarf Mallow. _Lathyrus aphaca_--Yellow -Vetching. _Ervum hirsutum_--Hairy Tare, (Osier ground near Battersea). -_Trifolium fragiferum_--Strawberry-headed Trefoil. _Hypericum -humifusum_--Trailing St. John's Wort. _H. pulchrum_--Small upright St. -John's Wort. _Tragnopogon pratensis_--Yellow Goat's Beard. _Cichorium -Intybus_--Wild Endive; or, Succory. _Onopordum Acanthium_--Common -Cotton Thistle. _Bidens cernua_--Nodding Bur-Marygold. _Tusslago -Petasites_--Butter Bur. _Orchis morio_ and _maculata_ are said to have -been found in Battersea Meadows. _Listera ovata_--Common Twayblade. -_Typha augustifolia_--Lesser Cat's Tail; or, Reedmace. _Sparganium -ramosum_--Branched Bur-Reed. _Carex dioica_--Common Separate-headed -Carex. _C. remota_--Remote Carex. _C. riparia_--Common Bank Carex. -_Sagittaria sagittifolia_--Arrow Head. _Mercurialis annua_--Annual -Mercury. _Equisetum limosum_--Smooth naked Horsetail. - -See a catalogue of the rarer species of indigenous plants which have -been observed growing in the vicinity of Clapham; systematically -arranged according to their class and order, with a reference to -the figures in English Botany, printed in a deeply interesting work -entitled "Clapham and its Environs," by David Batten.] - -The Sub-tropical Garden opened in August, 1864, is nearly four acres in -extent. It is situated at the head of the ornamental water surrounded -by sloping banks, parterres and rolling lawns. In this region flourish -palms, tree-ferns, plants with large leaves, gigantic grasses, and the -climbers and creepers of Equatorial forests and jungles. India-rubber -trees, castor-oil plants, Japanese honeysuckle, Chinese privet, the -banana of Abyssinia recalling the expedition to Magdala; the papyrus -plant of Egypt, the veritable bulrush of the Nile, the beautiful -scarlet foliage of the dragon's blood tree from South America, the -large-leaved tobacco plant, the caladium esculentum from the West -Indies, the neottopteris australis etc., besides a variety of other -vegetable forms from the tropics. Eastward of the Sub-tropical Garden -is situated the Peninsula, containing some of the choicest combinations -of floral work, resembling in pattern the most exquisite tapestry. -The Alpine point gives a miniature representation of the valleys and -mountain-peaks of Alpine scenery. Several little hills are so arranged -as to show in miniature the ascending zones of vegetation, beginning -with the low warm plains with palms, and leading up to snow-clad -heights. The snow is represented by gnaphalium tementosum. The lake, -rocks, waterfalls and landscapes are truly picturesque, being so -arranged as to produce the most pleasing effect. - -The ornamental water covers 23 acres of ground, with an average depth -of 2½ feet. Ornithological specimens of the web-footed class afford -sport for the aged as well as for the young who feed the aquatic birds -with cake, biscuit and crumbs of bread. Besides a large colony of -Moorhens that have settled down in these friendly waters may be seen -Chinese, Egyptian and Barnacle geese, and Carolina and Muscovy ducks; -also - - "The Swan, with arch'd neck - Between her white wings mantling proudly, rows - Her state with oary feet" - -The lark, the linnet, the thrush, the black-bird join in chorus to fill -the air with their bird-song. At night passers-by are charmed with the -sweet, rich mellow notes of - - "The merry nightingale, - That crowds, and hurries, and precipitates, - With fast thick warble his delicious notes, - As if he were fearful that an April night - Would be too short for him to utter forth - His love chant." - _Coleridge._ - -It may not be uninteresting for the naturalist to know that larva of -the goat moth (_cossus ligniperda_) inhabits poplars and willows in -Battersea Park. This park too is considered famous for the congregation -of vast flocks of starlings just before their migration. - -Boating here is a safe and enjoyable amusement. Skiffs are one shilling -per hour, party boats eighteenpence. In Winter, when the water is -frozen over, it is quite an area for skaters. - -The lake is an artificial one, and is fed partly from the Thames and -partly by a steam engine fixed for the purpose of supplying the park -with water for the lodges, drinking-fountains, roads, flower-beds, etc. - -The Gymnasium is in the South-western portion of the park. On the -adjacent sward Sunday and other schools may hold their annual treats. -In the space thus appropriated preaching is allowed and public meetings -are permitted. - -Nearly at the centre of the Peninsula there is a reservoir which is -excavated below the level of the neighbouring springs. The water from -this self-supplied source is as clear as crystal; it is pumped into an -elevated tank above the engine house which holds 20,000 gallons, from -which are laid service pipes for the supply of the park. - -The avenue occupies a central position of the park; the trees are the -English elm. This affords an enjoyable and shady promenade. - -The horse ride or equestrian road, about forty feet wide, nearly -encircles the park and is almost two miles in length. Here is also an -excellent carriage drive separate from the latter by a row of young -plane trees. There are numerous seats in the park for the accommodation -of the public. Situated in the centre of the park is a band-stand. The -band plays in the Summer and Autumnal months for the entertainment of -those who are fond of instrumental music. - -There are two refreshment rooms where light refreshments can be -obtained at moderate prices. The lodges too are appropriated to the -public and offer refreshments and cloak-rooms. - -The advantage of a river frontage possessed by Battersea Park is shown -by the fact that upwards of 12,000 persons have landed at the Park Pier -on fine Summer days. On Sundays, when Chelsea Bridge is free, in fine -weather, 40,000 or 50,000 people have been in the park. - -The public owe a tribute of grateful respect to the late Mr. John -Gibson, of Surrey Lane, whose acquaintance with horticulture and the -science of botany was something considerable, who for about fifteen -years was Park Superintendent. That gentleman went on a Botanical -Mission to India for and at the expense of the Duke of Devonshire. The -manner in which portions of the park are disposed was from designs -originally his own. The new rock work is by Mr. Pulham, of Broxbourne. -Mr. Alexander Rogers is at present Park Superintendent; Mr. E. W. -Partridge, Inspector. There are twelve Park Constables, viz., Mr. J. -Cook, South-east Lodge; J. Hawkins, South Lodge; Edwin Ashby, West -Lodge; George Weedon, Charles Page, William Jones, James Powell, -J. Pointer, George Dicks, W. Sheppard, Isaac Chamberlain, William -Withers, Mr. Dowly, Foreman of the Gardeners. On an average about forty -gardeners are employed in the park. The park is under the Commissioners -of Works, No. 12, Whitehall.[1] - -[Footnote 1: On Battersea Park Embankment, near where the Albert Bridge -now spans the river, lies like some ancient ruin the beautiful Portico -of Burlington House. It was when removed from Piccadilly in 1868 to -have been re-erected in the Park.] - -The park was opened March 28th, 1858. - -In 1862 the Royal Agricultural Society of England held their Annual -Show in Battersea Park. - -Recently some beautiful villas in Queen Anne's style have been built in -Albert road. - -Opposite the Western gate a site has been chosen for the erection of a -Chapel-of-Ease to St. Mary's. - -At the angle facing the South-western gate two stately mansions have -recently been erected contiguous to each other, called Lancaster Tower -and Strathedon House. - -The two Circular Engine sheds, about 90 yards in diameter, belonging -to the London, Brighton and South-Coast Railway Company, adjacent to -the East-end of the Park, Victoria Road, built about seven years since, -show a marked difference to the small wooden shed they erected some -eighteen years ago when they had convenience for only four engines. -The present sheds are very soundly built, and can accommodate 56 -engines which work from the end of the line, there being 63 engines -at work when there is no extra traffic, which is not very often the -case. The locomotive staff numbers upwards of 300 hands, the major -part being drivers, firemen, and cleaners, who muster 200. They have -every facility for doing work required in a prompt manner. There is an -engine-hoist which will lift an engine of forty or more tons in a very -short time. The break-down van stands in one of the sheds ready at a -moment's notice for any casualty that might happen. This is fitted up -with hydraulic apparatus and every appliance for getting engines and -other vehicles on the line quickly. The method of coaling engines is -very good. Half-ton trolleys are loaded out of the trucks of coal, -which can be moved with ease by one man on the iron-plated coal stage, -from which it is shot on the tender of the engine; so that one man can -in a few minutes put one or two tons of coal on a tender. Three hundred -tons of coal are kept in stock, and the weekly consumption is about -five hundred tons. The sheds are remarkably clean, being constantly -whitewashed, and the engines, which are kept clean and fresh painted, -to use a figurative expression, are perfect pictures. The passenger -engines are a light brown color and the goods engines are a dark green. -The offices attached to the sheds are at the entrance in one of the -railway arches, and suit in every way the requirements of the place, -and when inside one would hardly think it was only a railway arch. -Other arches have been fitted up as work-shops for the mechanics, and -another arch is entirely appropriated for the stores. Also an arch has -been utilized so as to form a comfortable mess-room for enginemen and -firemen, with cooking apparatus, lockers, and lavatory; adjoining which -is a room similarly fitted up for the engine cleaners. Although these -works are fraught with many dangers, it is rarely that any serious -casualty occurs. District Loco. Superintendent, Albany Richardson, -Esq.; Assistant Superintendent, Mr. John Richardson. - -There are two gauges known as the Stephenson or narrow gauge, 4-ft. -8½-in., and the broad gauge 7 feet between the rails introduced by the -younger Brunel on the Great Western Railway. - -The locomotives on the Brighton and South-Coast Railway are constructed -for the narrow gauge. The "Kensington," No. 205, belonging to the -London, Brighton and South-Coast Railway Company, is a four-wheel -coupled engine, designed by W. Stroudley, Esq., Locomotive Engineer. -Diameter of cylinders, 17 inches; stroke, 24 inches; diameter of -driving and trailing wheels, 6 feet 6 inches; leading wheel, 4 feet 3 -inches; wheel base, 16 feet 3 inches; number of tubes, 260; diameter of -ditto outside, 1½ inch; length of ditto, 10 feet 11¾ inches; area of -fire-grate, 10.25 square feet; pressure of steam, 140 lbs. per square -inch; tube surface, 1,125 square feet; fire-box surface, 112 feet; -total surface, 1,237. The total weight of this class of engine and -tender when loaded is about 50 tons, and will convey a load of 236 tons -at a speed of 40 miles an hour. - -This class of engine was constructed for running the express traffic, -which in the season is very heavy on this line. Cost of engine about -£2500. - -"A pint of water is converted into two hundred and sixteen gallons -of steam by two ounces of coal, and has sufficient power to lift -thirty-seven tons; the steam thus produced has a pressure equal to that -of common atmospheric air. By allowing it to expand, by virtue of its -elasticity a further mechanical force may be obtained, at least equal -in amount to the former. A pint of water therefore, and two ounces of -coal are thus rendered capable of raising seventy-four tons a foot -high. Two hundred feet of steam can be condensed in one second by four -ounces of water, and their expansive power reduced to one-fifth." - -The first person who sought to apply the expansive force of steam as -a motive power to machinery was an Egyptian, Hero of Alexandria, who -lived about 15 years before Christ. - -In the year 1543, Basco de Garay, a Spanish captain, astonished the -world by asserting that he would propel a vessel without sails or oars. -The Emperor Charles V. ordered the experiment to be made, and on the -17th of June a vessel called the "Trinity," of 200 tons burden was -moved by wheels turned by steam at the rate of two leagues in three -hours. To Spain belongs the honour of having invented the first steam -vessel. - -In the annals of the steam-engine are enumerated the names of Solomon -de Caus, Giovanni Branci (1629). Edward Somerset, (1698). Newcomen, -Cawley, Humphrey Potter (an engine boy), and Smeaton. But it is to -the master spirit and inventive genius of James Watt the mathematical -instrument maker who was born at Greenock in Scotland January 19, -1736, that we are indebted for the high state of efficiency to which -our modern steam-engine has been brought. Matthew Bolton of Birmingham -undertook the enterprise of introducing Watt's condensing engine into -general use as a great working power. - -Samuel Smiles says, "Many skilful inventors have from time to time -added new power to the steam-engine; and by numerous modifications -rendered it capable of being applied to nearly all the purposes of -manufacture--driving machinery, impelling ships, grinding corn, -printing books, stamping money, hammering, planing, and turning iron; -in short of performing every description of mechanical labour where -power is required. One of the most useful modifications in the engine -was that devised by Trevithick, and eventually perfected by George -Stephenson and his Son, in the form of the railway locomotive, by which -social changes of immense importance have been brought about of even -greater consequence, considered in their results on human progress and -civilization than the condensing engine of Watt." - -The Stockton and Darlington Railway was one of the first examples -of locomotive power on a railway for passengers. Mr. Murdock was the -first Englishman who in the year 1784 constructed a non-condensing -steam locomotive of lilliputian dimensions. It is to be seen at South -Kensington, in the Patent Museum. - -Battersea Wharf, belonging to the Brighton, and South-Coast Railway -Company, close to Chelsea Bridge, combines a water frontage affording -facility for discharging cargoes of goods for and from all parts of -the Brighton, South-Eastern, London, Chatham and Dover Railways. The -traffic during the last ten years has very sensibly increased, and the -point itself has become an important place and of great convenience to -the public.--Manager, Mr. William Everest. - -The London and Brighton Railway was opened 21st September, 1841. In -1873, Number of miles open 345; gross receipts for the same year -including 31st December, £1,618,461. - -Comparative statement of traffic returns for week ending October 6th, -1877, to corresponding week in 1876. Total miles open 379¾. - -RECEIPTS, 1877, RECEIPTS, 1876, INCREASE, - £40,425. £37,210. £3,215. - - -That part of Battersea known as Long-Hedge Farm which was kept by a -Mr. Matson and afterwards by Mr. Graham, is now partially inclosed -by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway Locomotive Works. The land -originally purchased by the Railway Company was about 75 acres, and -nearly one-half this space is appropriated to the Locomotive Department -and Goods traffic yard. - -The Works were built by Messrs. Peto and Betts, from designs furnished -by Joseph Cubitt, Esq., engineer, and finished in the year 1863, (two -years ago the erecting shop was enlarged). The name, however, is still -retained and the Works are called Long-Hedge Works. These Works are -surrounded with a wall ten feet high. There are six gates, but the -principal entrance to the Works is at the gate by the time-keeper's -office; the other five gates are used for shunting purposes. Within -this enclosure no person is allowed to go except on business, and -this rule is strictly carried out. There are the boiler-shop, the -tender-shop, erecting shop, copper-smiths' shop, fitting-shop, -brass-finishers' shop, pattern-makers' shop, smiths' shop, boiler-house -with three large boilers, which drive the large stationary engine. The -whole of these buildings, which consists of a series of ranges, are -substantially built of brick, with walls of immense thickness. On the -south side is the stores department. At the east-end of the turnery is -the Superintendent's office, clerks' offices, etc. The area between -each shop has an intersection of rails communicating with the line. - -The lower turnery is 250 feet long and 44 wide. It has twenty-five -windows on either side; the dimensions of each window is 12 feet by 3, -and a third portion of each window can be opened or closed at pleasure -for ventilation; also three pairs of double doors of the same height as -the windows, and wide enough to admit a truck or carriage. There are -lines of rails laid parallel with the building, both on the outside and -through the centre. Opposite each of the large doors, both inside and -out, are turn tables to connect the shops with any part of the yard. -The floor is laid with blocks of wood about five inches square. Around -large steam-pipes are laid on either side of the shop to add to the -comfort and convenience of the men. The shaft which gives motion to -the machinery passes through the centre of the shop and the machinery -on each side. Towards one extremity of this range of building is the -engine house, in which are two beautifully-finished high and low -pressure horizontal engines of one hundred horse power, which drive all -the machinery and fan-blasts for smiths. There are three boilers, each -thirty feet long, and six feet in diameter, having pressure of forty -pounds upon every square inch. The shaft belonging to the stationary -engine is forty-seven yards high. - -In the lower turnery there is a double-headed slot-wheel, three large -wheel lathes, and two small wheel lathes; the small are for carriage -wheels. There are also three fifteen-inch lathes, two crank lathes -for turning crank axles, two twelve-inch lathes, two large boring -machines--one of these is a radial machine for boring tube plates; one -boring machine for cylinders, also one large planing machine for the -same purpose, and one hydraulic press for taking off axles. On the same -basement with the turnery is the Loco. Manager's office. - -Leaving the turnery we ascend a broad and substantial staircase of -wood overlaid with sheet-lead, leading to the fitting-shop which is -over the turning shop. On the same story is the brass-finishers' and -pattern loft. The fitting-shop is light, clean, well ventilated, and -comfortable. Here, as in the shop below, the shafting runs through -the centre with a continuous branch of counter shafts on one side, -extending the entire length of the building. The whole machinery is -propelled by the same engine as that below. In this shop there is one -large planing machine, nine shaping machines, six drilling machines, -three slotting machines, one double-headed slot drill for cutting -key-ways in axles, one twelve-inch lathe, four ten-inch lathes, four -eight-inch lathes, two six-inch lathes, one ten-inch break lathe, six -small planing machines of different sizes, four screwing machines, one -nut-cutting machine, two grindstones, one hoist, twenty pairs of vices, -etc., etc. In the brass-fitters' shop are four six-inch lathes in use -for cocks, plugs, injectors, etc. Length of fitting, brass and pattern -shops (inclusive) 406 feet. - -The boiler shop is 200 feet in length and 48 feet in width. It has a -stationary engine with machines for punching, drilling and bending the -boiler-plates; also a powerful travelling crane, arranged for conveying -boilers from one end of the shop to the other. The second building on -the left-hand-side and facing the turnery is the erecting shop, 380 -feet in length and 100 feet wide. This shop has a travelling table -which runs from one end to the other, and is worked by a small engine. -The use that is made of the table is to convey those engines which need -repairing to the different pits. There are 42 pits in this shop with -room for 42 engines. There are two travelling cranes above which run -on girders; these are worked by the hand and are employed for engines. -There is also a small stationary engine for driving drilling machine -and grindstone, and each side has a row of vice-benches extending from -one end of the shop to the other. - -Not an uninteresting department is the smithery. Its length is 306 -feet and it is 48 feet wide. On entering one seems to have got -into a region where Vulcan and his Cyclops are at work, not forging -thunderbolts for Jupiter, but giving shape and form to bars of -half-molten iron, which shall afterwards be used in the structure of -steam-engines and for other practical purposes. The scene is grand, and -might supply a study for such painters as West, Stothard, Conway and -Northcote. In the back ground is a depth of gloom, sombrous and murky -which is relieved at intervals by the fierce glare of thirty fires. At -as many anvils strong, athletic, Titan-like figures, with uplifted arm -and heavy stroke scatter "as from smitten steel," sparks like brilliant -stars, in all directions. Here are thirty smiths' forges, and the tools -used by the smiths, as tongs, hammers, swages, etc., are arranged in -racks against the walls. Here also are two steam-hammers, one fifteen -tons, the other five tons. Either can be most scrupulously adjusted -by aid of a small lever. Here also are furnaces, a stationary engine -with fan, grindstone, and powerful shears for cutting bar-iron. Lines -of rails run throughout the shop, so that the coal and iron can be -conveyed to any part where it is required. - -A Second Shop for Carriages, Waggons, etc., is being erected at an -estimated cost of nearly £14,000. - -The carriage shop is 370 feet long, 150 feet wide, 30 feet high in -the centre, and is capable of containing 80 railway carriages. It is -divided longitudinally into three parts by the two rows of iron pillars -which support the roof. The central division is forty feet wide and -is occupied by the traversing table which is used for shifting the -carriages. The two side divisions are the parts for vehicles under -repairs, and are also occupied by the workmens' benches, etc. The -roof is composed of a light but strong iron framing covered first -with deal boards, and with slates over all except the central part, -which is composed almost entirely of glass. The floor consists of wood -bricks, laid on a solid foundation of concrete, and is intersected -by the iron rails for the carriages and traverser. At the south end -are the offices, with the trimming shops above them. The shop is well -and efficiently ventilated, and is furnished with a system of heating -apparatus consisting of a double row of large steam-pipes passing all -round under the windows. Water is laid on in ample quantities, and one -of the regulations carried out with unvarying rule, is to fix hose -pipes in two separate parts of the shops every night with stand pipes -ready for instant use in case of fire. There are 130 windows in the -shop exclusive of the roof. Most of the carriages are made of teak -instead of mahogany, as being more durable as well as economical and -not so likely to split when exposed to the heat of the sun. - -The saw-mills are used for cutting the timber, with rack and vertical -saws. It is then prepared by eleven other different machines, such as -general joiner, rabbeting, grooving, tenoning, mortising, boring and -moulding machines, of every description. The timber is first cut out -with the hand-saw, and then shaped by a large shaping machine 5 feet -4 by 2 feet 10, with two perpendicular spindles performing upwards of -1200 revolutions a minute. The saw-mills are well arranged, the driving -wheel and shafting being all underneath. Next to the saw-mills is an -engine-house in which is a horizontal engine of forty horse power with -two large boilers, sixty pounds pressure, made by Walter May and Co., -Chelsea. - -At the west end, and near "Long-Hedge House," is a small building -containing the gas-meter; this, like the water-meter in the traffic -yard, has its index taken every morning to show the amount of gas that -has been consumed in the works. - -The stores department consists of a large building, with various -offices for the store keeper, clerks, and warehousemen. One half is -upstairs which is fitted up with shelves, tables and pigeon-holes for -the various articles kept in stock. The lower part is arranged for -heavier goods, such as brass, copper, steel, and iron. There is a -large yard for goods of different descriptions, and for the purpose of -receiving goods brought by carriers, etc. The design of this department -is to keep for immediate use almost every article used on a railway, to -supply all the departments with materials for the making and keeping -of the line in good condition, and to forward the goods as required to -their destination on the line, and the quality of the goods is there -determined before received for use. - -In the running sheds engines are cleaned and running engines kept -repaired, etc.[1] There are 82 locomotives, 65 of which are daily -running on the line. Since the opening of the Ludgate Station on -the London, Chatham and Dover Railway Metropolitan Extension Line -a very considerable portion of the Goods traffic is carried on at -Blackfriars.--Locomotive Superintendent, W. Kirtley, Esq.; Works -Manager, Mr. G. Leavers; Manager of Carriage Department, Inspector, -etc., Mr. C. Spencer; Superintendent of Stores Department Mr. John Ward. - -[Footnote 1: Since the above was written, the semi-circular Engine -Shed has been pulled down and a very large quadrangular Engine -Shed constructed in its place. The former shed was inconveniently -small and not at all adapted to the present emergency. It has been -demonstrated by Mr. Kirtley that the system which has been so popular -(with Locomotive Superintendents) in the early days of railways of -using a turn-table or revolving platform for turning locomotives -into the direction required in sheds where they undergo repairing, -cleaning, etc., was at all times liable to cause not only delay in the -departure of one engine, but in the event of mishap to the turn-table -itself, the whole stock of engines would be locked up; hence the -erection of the splendid new engine shed at the London, Chatham and -Dover Railway Locomotive Works, which is said to be one of the finest -and most commodious of its kind in England. It stands upon about 1¾ -acres, and some idea of its magnitude may be realized from some of the -principal materials used in its construction: namely, 40,000 cubic -yards excavation; 6,000 cubic yards concrete; about 3½ million of -bricks, besides 250,000 blue paving bricks of the Staffordshire hard -manufacture which form the flooring; 30,000 feet of glass; 60,000 feet -of slating, 260 tons of iron, and over three acres of boards which form -the roof, and the newly-invented steam and smoke conductors designed by -Messrs. Mills and Kirtley. There are also offices for the foremen of -each department, and separate mess-rooms for the men of various grades -employed, wherein their every comfort has been carefully studied, with -lavatories, cooking apparatus, etc. Besides boiler-house and standing -engine for driving machinery, etc. Also a tank of enormous capacity, -made by Spencerlayh and Archer, of Rochester, to supply the engines -with water from a well of considerable depth in case of failure of the -regular supply from the Water Company's Works. There is also a new -coal stage, built upon an entirely new principle, from which engines -can be loaded with the necessary supply of coals in less than half -the time previously occupied, with a similar diminution of labour. -Another great feature in the approach to these Works is that the roads, -sixteen in number, all lead from one line of rails. Each road, with -pit in the engine shed, will hold five main-line locomotives or seven -tank engines. The whole building will hold between eighty and ninety -locomotives. The Works have been designed by Mr. W. Mills, C.E., and -carried out by Mr. Charles Dickinson, the Contractor, and his Agent, -Mr. D. Stubbings, and under the immediate superintendence of Mr. -R. S. Jones, C. E., the engineer in charge of the works. Although -nine months have only elapsed from the time of the demolition of the -former structure to the erection of the New Engine Shed, etc., it is -gratifying to state that under a merciful Providence no casualty such -as might have been expected considering the number of locomotives -running in and out daily has occurred. Mr. W. Wilkinson is foreman of -this Branch of the Locomotive Department. - - FOREMEN, (_Locomotive Department_). - Erecting Shop J. Fletcher. - Fitting " W. Siddon. - Turning " T. Eaton. - Smith " R. Allen. - Boiler " W. Benton. - - FOREMEN, (_Carriage Department_). - Painters' Shop W. Banks. - Coach-builders' " G. Faulkner. - Fitters' " W. Churchill. - Trimmers' " J. Gallop. - Saw-mill " C. Picton. - Waggon " F. Laraman.] - - -The number of operatives employed inclusive of drivers and firemen is -about 600. The men are intelligent and orderly; they, with myriads -of their fellow-countrymen, are assisting in carrying out the great -practical issues of civilization. Of such a class of noble-minded, -generous-hearted, skilled mechanics and artisans, England may well be -proud. - - "What says each true workman, where'er he may toil - As bravely he joins in life's busy turmoil, - With each sinew brac'd stoutly by duty and love, - And the gaze of his soul fixed on heaven above. - Oh I'm king of a line of long renown, - And the sweat of my brow is my diamond crown; - I toil unrepining from morn till night, - For I bear in my bosom a heart brave and light, - And my labour no matter how hard it may be, - Brings ever a joy and a blessing to me." - -The London Chatham and Dover Railway was opened 29th of September, -1860. Number of miles open 141. Gross Receipts including 31st December, -1873, £904,509. - -The first railway train (London, Chatham and Dover) entered the City of -London over the new Railway Bridge, Blackfriars, 6th October, 1864. - -Adjacent to the Railway Viaduct and facing the south-eastern gate of -Battersea Park is Sargent's Carpet Ground. Here during the Summer and -Autumnal months a Gospel tent is pitched wherein Special Religious -Services for the people are conducted by Messrs. Simmonds, Swindells, -Waller, Rigley, Harris, Smith, Hewett, Crosby, Turpin, Twaites, Kirby, -Reeve, Thompson, Eveleigh, Lane, and other well-known Christian workers. - -_Extracted from the Kensington News._--Amidst the various styles of -ecclesiastical architecture which our modern amalgamation of various -civilizations has produced, none strikes one as so peculiar as that -which is called the preaching tent. Associated as this moveable -structure is with the wandering life of the Eastern Arab, its -consecration to purposes of modern Christian evangelization is a proof -of the intense catholicity and energy of our modern religious life. -While thousands of our home heathen never enter the sacred precincts of -our churches or chapels, it is a blessing to find that they enter by -hundreds inside the temporary canvas walls of our consecrated gospel -tents. Very often the surroundings of the locality where these places -are erected, the kind of services held in them, and the earnestness, -homeliness, humanity, and appropriateness of the illustrations of -the preachers who discourse at them, have beyond question, great -attractions for the class of our Metropolitan inhabitants just -mentioned. It calls for no surprise to find gigantic temporary -structures of this kind erected amidst the uncultivated and populous -"East" for the purposes of religious worship, but we hardly expect to -find their tapering canvas roofs amidst the luxury of the "West." - -But in these days of change, and strange things, we are not easily -surprised, and consequently we passed by gospel tents at Kilburn and -Kentish Town without expressing much wonder. Having a desire to see how -the un-church and un-chapel going population of this mighty metropolis -spent their Sunday out doors, we strolled to the classic ground of -Chelsea and found ourselves on the north side of the bridge. This -spot has been for several years the scene of rather unclassical and -disorderly debates, and open air preaching. This arena of intellectual -life was rather dull on this occasion; there was only the ordinary open -air service and a few groups of the usual unintelligent and sceptical -wranglers. Seeing nothing worthy in what we witnessed to detain us at -this place, we strolled over the bridge, towards the canvas cathedral, -which has lately been erected there. Having reached the middle of the -bridge, the floating banners in the distance clearly indicate the -locality where this place of public worship rears its canvas walls, and -as we approach nearer we find the well known words "God is Love" neatly -inscribed on one of them. At this portion of the road our attention is -arrested by a few of the church-going population outside the entrance -to Battersea Park, gathered round some open air preachers. At last we -reach the south-eastern gate of Battersea Park, opposite which is the -front of the canvas cathedral a substantial tent, capable of holding -about 300 people. (The tent will seat 200). We were very much surprised -to find at one of the entrances a well-executed and coloured diagram -of the famous Babylonish temple of the Seven Spheres. We saw from the -crowded nature of the audience that the service on this occasion was -a very special one, for not only was the tent full but large groups -of people surrounded the entrances. A small bill informed us that Mr. -G. M. Turpin, a gentleman in connexion with the Christian Evidence -Society, was to preach this evening on Modern Discoveries and the -Bible, illustrated with diagrams. As we entered the interior of the -cathedral, we noticed hung behind the preacher a number of nicely -drawn and strikingly coloured diagrams representing views of Nineveh, -Babylon, Nimroud, slabs discovered in their ruined palaces, a page of -the annals of an Assyrian monarch, representations of a besieged city, -and a copy of the Moabite stone. - -The service was very simple in its character. It consisted of a few -devout extempore prayers, reading a portion of Scripture, and the -singing (accompanied with an harmonium) of some of Sankey's hymns. As -may be imagined, our curiosity was excited as to how the preacher could -make a sermon containing anything spiritual profitable to his hearers -out of the pictures behind him. The portion of Scripture selected for -his text only stimulated our curiosity for it was the beautiful words -of our Lord contained in John c. 17 v. 17, "Sanctify them through thy -truth; Thy word is truth." One felt inclined to say "Sanctification and -pictures; a great deal of sanctification the preacher will get out of -them for his audience." No sooner, however, has the preacher got into -his introduction than the connection between his diagrams and his text -is clearly apparent, for he was evidently going to talk about the truth -of God's word as contained in the Bible. The text was divided into two -parts; first the assertion that God's word was truth; secondly, the -instrument of His people's sanctification. In treating of the first -division of his discourse the preacher gave forth some very clear ideas -on some of the most difficult topics, for revelation, the instrument -through which it ought to come and the form by which it was to be -transmitted to humanity in after ages, were all noticed, and men as the -media, and the book as the written record, and not oral tradition, were -shown to manifest the wisdom and condescension of God. "The Christian -Church," said the preacher, claims that in the Bible they have a -revelation of God's will, and the sublime idea of God in the possession -of the Jews plainly proved that it came from God's own revelation. But -objectors exist, and modern doubt cast suspicion on the sacred records. -What then is the voice of modern discoveries? Is it for or against -the credibility of the sacred record? In favour of reposing trust in -its statements, for modern science and discovery and exploration have -proved the truth of all the historical and geographical details of -the Bible, removed many of its historical difficulties, and by its -identification of sites of cities which were the subject of prediction, -proved its fulfilment and thus borne testimony to the supernatural in -the Bible. These propositions were supported by a vast array of facts -drawn from the traditions of mankind, the newly-discovered palaces and -libraries of Assyria, and the scholar's translation of its clay and -stone records. - -When the preacher treated the second portion of his theme, the -intensely practical nature of his mind was clearly shewn in the way -in which while asserting God's truth to be the instrument of the -sanctification, he appealed to all present in a most solemn manner -to put the important question--"Were they sanctified?" "If you are -not you will never tread the golden streets of the New Jerusalem, but -while your friends are passing in you will be shut out." Mr. Turpin -evidently had the whole of his audience in his mind, for at the end of -his discourse he pressed home on the juvenile portion of his audience -the beauty of early piety by a contrast between the dying chimney-sweep -and Lord Byron in which the character of the sweep shone to the -disadvantage of the celebrated poet. Another hymn and prayer closed -the interesting canvas cathedral service. Those present, both old and -young, evidently enjoyed the service, for they listened with breathless -attention for the 100 minutes which the preacher had occupied in -delivering his glowing discourse. A brief prayer meeting closed this -instructive Sunday evening, which if we may judge from the expressions -of some of the audience, will not soon be forgotten. As we retired we -felt that many such canvas cathedrals, with able preachers and hearty -singing, would lay hold of large numbers of those who are at present -outside ordinary religious influences. - -The tent was purchased expressly for this object by Basil Wood Smith, -Esq., a warm and devoted friend of the working classes and who is a -member at present of the Parent Committee of the London City Mission. -The tent was originally erected on the triangular piece of ground -outside the south-eastern gate of Battersea Park before the roads were -completed, with the sanction of Lord John Manners when his Lordship was -in office as Chief Commissioner. - -Among other respectable firms in the building trade within the Parish -may be mentioned the firm of Messrs. Lathey Brothers, Builders, 1, St. -George's Road, New Road. Messrs. Lathey Brothers were the builders of -St. George's Vicarage House, Christ Church Schools and Residences, -Infant School in Orkney Street, St. Saviour's Church, the enlargement -of St. George's Church, and the enlargement of St. George's National -Schools. Also a Mortuary built in 1876 in the Churchyard of St. Mary's -from designs by Mr. W. White, Architect, and the re-interment of all -coffins, 1875, in the vaults or crypt under the church 424 in all. Some -of these coffins were brought here from St. Bartholomew's Church, Royal -Exchange, in the city of London, in 1840. A Record was made of the -Inscriptions on all the coffins which were re-interred. This document, -which is in the possession of Messrs. Lathey Bros., would form an -interesting Obituary if published. - -The H.P. Horse Nail Company's (Limited) Factory, New Road, has at -present machinery capable of turning out one million nails per day. -With the exception of a few mechanics most of the employés are young -women. Of late years horse nails have become an important branch of -industry and a leading article in trade, the consumption, indeed, being -very large; and when it is considered that each horse has in its four -hoofs 28 or 30 nails, and that these nails are wearing out all day -and all night, and require renewing about every month, and that in -Great Britain and Ireland there are at the present time not less than -3,000,000 horses, representing a demand exceeding a thousand million -nails per annum the trade is entitled to rank with others in importance -and influence. Mr. J. A. Huggett, the inventor of the Patent Machinery -employed at this factory for the manufacture of horse nails, has hit -the right nail on the head, the quality of the nails having met with -the general approval of veterinary surgeons, farriers, and ironmongers. -The quality of the iron of which the nails are manufactured has its -perfection attributed to three causes:--First, it is the best Swedish -charcoal iron; secondly, it is heated in the Siemens furnace; and -lastly, which certainly is not the least important, it passes through -a rolling-mill worked by steam power, each roller weighs about ten -cwt.--Manager, Charles Moser, Esq. - -Hugh Wallace's Vitriol Works were situated in the New Road; Schofield -and Co.'s Steam Saw-Mills and Stone Works, Stewart's Lane. The saw -frames are worked by fly wheels and connecting shafts so constructed -that the frame is always level be it ever so high a block sawing; this -is done by lengthening or shortening the shaft. By some persons the -frames are considered the easiest working ones in London. The moulding -machines are by Hunter, Queen's Road, Battersea, specially adapted for -string courses and steps. About eighty men and boys are employed at -these works. - -[Illustration: ST. GEORGE'S CHURCH.] - -ST. GEORGE'S CHURCH, Battersea--The following particulars respecting -this Church may not be uninteresting. The living is a vicarage of the -yearly value of £240 with residence in the gift of Trustees. - -The Chapel-of-Ease, as St. George's was called, in Battersea Fields, -was built partly by a rate and partly by grant from the Parliamentary -Commissioners at a cost of £2,819; it is a neat building in the style -of English architecture, by Edward Blore, Esq., Architect. Its erection -began September 18, 1827. It was consecrated August 5th, 1828, by Dr. -Sumner, Lord Bishop of Winchester, and the first church his Lordship -consecrated in his diocese. The Rev. J. G. Weddell was the first -clergyman appointed. He held the living twenty-five years: died June, -1852. Within this hallowed sanctuary the venerable, esteemed and truly -honoured servant of Christ the Rev. John Garwood, late Secretary of -the London City Mission, laboured as curate in charge for nine years -previous to Mr. Weddell's death. The Rev. H. B. Poer was appointed in -1852. It was made a District Church in 1853. The churchyard was closed -as a burial ground in 1858. The Rev. E. S. Goodhart was appointed in -1859: he remained ten months. The Rev. Burman Cassin was appointed -in 1860: he resigned and was instituted at St. Paul's, Bolton, 1872: -he preached his last (valedictory) sermon December 31, 1872, at a -watch-night service. - -The Rev. John Callis was appointed January, 1873. During his time the -Church underwent alterations. These were begun August 24, 1874, when -the side galleries were removed and the church enlarged by the addition -of two aisles at the cost of £1,700. The church will accommodate 800. -The church was re-opened by the Right Reverend Harold Browne, Lord -Bishop of Winchester, November 21st, 1874, at 4 o'clock p.m. The Rev. -John Callis left for South Heigham, Norwich, July, 1875. - -The Rev. Thomas Lander, M.A., now holds the living, he was appointed -August, 1875. The Rev. T. Kirk ordained and appointed Curate to St. -George's, September 24th, 1876. Previously to his ordination he had -laboured for twenty-six years in connection with the London City -Mission, and was much beloved and respected in the district among the -people to whom he has been and still is so much blessed. - -The population of the Ecclesiastical parish in 1871 was 16,172.[1] The -register dates from the year 1858. The area is 443 acres.--John Gwynn, -Samuel Lathey, Churchwardens. - -[Footnote 1: St. Andrew's Temporary Iron Church, Patmore Street, was -opened on St. Andrew's Day, Saturday, Nov. 30, 1878, by the Bishop of -Guildford, late Dr. Utterton. The persons who took part in the service -were Canon Clarke, Revs. Lander, Hamilton and Kirk. Rev. G. Hamilton is -the Mission Clergyman. Some few years ago a gentleman offered to put -up a Church in South London. St. George's Parish, Battersea, was named -as being in need of one. A short time after the promise was made the -gentleman died. His widow anxious to carry out her deceased husband's -intentions, set apart the amount for the purchase and removal of the -Iron Church, which then stood in Chelsea. - -According to the census of 1881, the inhabited houses and population of -Battersea were as follows:-- - - Number of Number of - Inhabited Houses. Inhabitants. -St Mary's 3758 24595 -Christ Church 2011 14404 -St Peter's 1183 8919 -St John's 1068 7069 -St Saviour's 1747 14172 -St Philip's 2444 17428 -St George's 2380 20612 - -Total 14591 107199] - - - "I love her gates, I love the road; - The church adorned with grace - Stands like a palace built for God - To show his milder face."--_Watts._ - -At the east end of the interior and south of the pulpit a white marble -tablet mounted on a dark marble slab has recently been erected. Within -a wreath of virgin marble most artistically executed is the following -epitaph engraved. "In memory of Elizabeth Maria Graham, of Clapham -Common, died December 14, 1874, aged 79, through whose devoted and -indefatigable labours this Church, the Vicarage, and Mission-room were -built and the St. George's Schools were founded. 'The love of Christ -constraineth us.'--2nd Cor. v. 14. 'The harvest truly is great but the -labourers are few, pray ye therefore the Lord of the harvest, that He -would send forth labourers into His harvest.'"--Luke x. 2. - -"They that feared the Lord spake often one to another; and the Lord -hearkened and heard it, and a book of remembrance was written before -him for them that feared the Lord, and that thought upon his name. And -they shall be mine saith the Lord of Hosts, in that day when I make up -my jewels; and I will spare them, as a man spareth his own son that -serveth him."--Malachi iii. 16-17. - -In St. George's Churchyard the ground has been levelled and the -hillocks have disappeared to make it resemble more a garden or field -with flat grassy surface studded here and there with shrubberies than -a receptacle of the dead, there are however some "sacred memorial," a -few grave stones etc., which indicate to the passer-by that this was -formerly used as a place of interment. We will just pause to read some -of the inscriptions. At the east-end of the churchyard is the vault of -the Rev. John Grenside Weddell, twenty-five years pastor of this flock, -who died the 23d of July, 1852, aged 75 years. - - "I have sinned but Christ hath died." - -Also in the same vault are the remains of Caroline the beloved wife of -the Rev. J. G. Weddell, who died the 22nd of December 1839, aged 64 -years. - -"Whose faith follow, considering the end of their conversation. Jesus -Christ the same yesterday, and to-day, and for ever."--_Hebrews xiii._ 7. - -A few yards from this spot a head-stone is erected "Sacred to the -memory of Mrs. Ann Puttick of Nine Elms, who departed this life Oct. -5th, 1855, aged 64 years. Also of Henry her beloved husband, interred -at the Cemetery, Battersea. 'Even so Father for so it seemed good in -thy sight.'" - -Here is a vault sacred to the memory of Leonora the wife of John -Charles McMullens, Esq., of Lavender Hill, in this parish, who died -24th June, 1813, aged 35 years. The epitaph states, - - "Faithful and meek she bore the will - Of Him who to a troubled sea, - In powerful words said 'peace be still,' - My grace sufficient is for thee." - -Also that of her husband, J. C. McMullens, Esq., who died 30th -September, 1855. - -On the west-side of the gravel walk leading to the entrance of the -church a stone slab covers the grave of all that was of Louisa, wife -of Mr. J. A. Michell of this parish, who died in child-bed on the 24th -November, 1834; aged 23 years. - - Far, far remote from objects dear, - A virtuous wife here rests; - Who ever studied while on earth, - To comfort and caress. - Her husband, and her parents dear, - Now mourn departed worth, - Affections was her constant theme, - While she had breath on earth. - In child-birth first her troubles rose, - Her babe on earth abides; - Extreme her grief, extreme her pain, - Delivered, and she died. - Her husband now consoles himself - With hopes not found in vain, - That as her happy soul's at rest, - His loss will be her gain. - -Also of Sarah Gywnn, wife of James Gywnn, who died May 28, 1850, aged -67. And also of James Gywnn, who died January 28, 1851, aged 77. - -Hard by is another grave-stone sacred to the memory of Mrs. Elizabeth -Stewart, widow of the late Lieut. James Stewart, R.N., who departed -this life on the 10th of ---- aged 60 years. The letters on this slab -are so eaten away by the tooth of time that we could not decipher the -date. - -A head-stone marks the grave of Margaret Young, who died August 13th, -1855, aged 58 years. Added to this inscription are the words: - - "For now shall I sleep in the dust; - And thou shalt seek me in the morning, - But I shall not be."--The book of Job vii. 21. - -The epitaph on another slab is as follows: "Blessed are the dead -who die in the Lord"--so died on the 24th of May, 1829, aged 56 -years--Mary, the beloved wife of B. Jonathan Broad, late Chief -Secretary at the Rolls. Also beneath this stone are deposited Barber -Jonathan Broad, Esq., many years an inhabitant of this parish, who died -the 10th of July, 1831, aged 61 years. - -On another grave-stone is an inscription sacred to the memory of Alice -Buckney, daughter of Thomas and Charlotte Buckney, of this parish, who -died 9th August, 1830, aged 16 days. - -Against the west wall in the rear of the houses in Ceylon Street is -a head-stone erected sacred to the memory of Elizabeth Dicker, the -beloved wife of Job Dicker, who departed this life May 6th, 1858, in -the 55th year of her age. At the bottom of this epitaph are inscribed -the lines so familiar to us and which all have seen in many a -churchyard: - - Afflictions sore long time I bore; - Doctors were in vain! - Death and disease--and God did please - To ease me of my pain. - - Weep not for me, my children dear, - Nor shed for me a single tear: - In heaven I hope we all shall meet, - Then all our joys will be complete. - -Here is a stone in memory of Richard, third son of Henry Roston and -Amelia Bowker, who died Sept. 18th, 1849, aged 6 years. His dying words -were: "Suffer little children to come unto me, and forbid them not." -Also Elizabeth, who died Sept. 23rd, 1849, aged 1 year 3 months. Also -Alfred, who died Oct. 18, 1849, aged 4 years. Also Mr. Henry Roston -Bowker, father of the above children, who died July 23rd, 1852, aged 40 -years. Also at the foot of this grave lie the remains of Mr. William -Robbins, grandfather to the above children, who departed this life July -1st, 1858, aged 71 years. "Boast not thyself of to-morrow, for thou -knowest not what a day may bring forth." - -Near the wall at the south-side of the burial ground stands a solitary -head-stone sacred to the memory of Sarah Fisher, relict of Jonathan -Roundell Fisher, late of Cumberland and Otley, Yorkshire, who departed -this life 17th September, 1854, aged 67. The memory of the just is -blessed. - -Near the entrance to the church at the south-side stands a plain -head-stone with no adornment, sacred to the memory of Elizabeth Clunie, -during 40 years the beloved friend of Mrs. Graham's family, of Clapham -Common. Born at Hull, August 29th, 1793. Died at Clapham Common June -22nd, 1853. Carefully trained by pious parents and by faith engrafted -in youth into Christ the living vine. She brought forth throughout her -whole life the precious fruits which spring from that all important -union, and abiding in Him her end was peace. - -Scripture Readers, Mr. F. Vellenoweth, 62, St. George's Road; Mr. C. -Brooks, 9, St. George's Road; City Missionary, Mr. H. Langston; London -Mission Bible Woman, Miss Hulbert, 1, Ceylon Street. - -CHRIST CHURCH is a composition of the early Lancet style, consisting -of chancel, nave, aisles and north and south transepts, with tower and -spire built of Kentish rag and Bath stone, raised by subscriptions at -a cost of £5,556, with sittings for 900. Interiorly it has two small -galleries. It was designed by Mr. Charles Lee, and repaired, decorated -and re-heated under the superintendence of Mr. E. C. Robins. The first -stone of this elegant church was laid by the Bishop of Sodor and Man, -on May the 27th, 1847. The living is a vicarage in the gift of the -Vicar of St. Mary's. The income is derived from the pew rents. The -area is 408 acres and the population of the Ecclesiastical parish -in 1871 was 18,720. The Rev. Samuel Bardsley was the first Vicar of -Christ Church but not the first minister. For some years it was a -Chapel-of-Ease and was supplied by the Vicar of the Mother Church. -The Rev. Samuel Bardsley was there from 1861 to 1867. The schools, -the Vicarage, and the school in Orkney Street were built during his -time. He resigned the living to become Rector of Spitalfields, and was -succeeded by the Rev. Edward Cumming Ince, M.A., of Jesus College, -Cambridge. In May, 1877, Mr. Ince resigned having suffered from -enfeebled health, amid the painful regrets of his beloved flock, who -for ten years had listened to his thorough evangelical discourses and -had profited so much under his faithful ministry. - -The Rev. Stopford Ram, M.A., Secretary of the Church of England -Temperance Society, Instituted (Hospital Sunday) June 17th, 1877, left -on account of ill health, July, 1880, and died at Bournemouth, May -22nd, 1881, and buried on Ascension day. - -"There remaineth, therefore, a rest for the people of God." - - He has gone to his rest, like the bright summer sun - As it sinks in the west when its day's work is done, - But only to leave us a little while here, - To shine in another and far distant sphere. - - He has gone to his rest--the journey is o'er, - And safely he lands on that bright, blissful shore, - Where banished for ever is sorrow and pain, - 'Mid the harps that are tuned to a holier strain. - - He has gone to his rest--no longer to roam, - The Master has called His dear labourer home; - Triumphant he enters the mansions of bliss, - And welcomes the change from a world such as this. - - He has gone to his rest--the race has been run, - And vict'ry accomplished through Jesus the Son. - Unwearied by conflict, he knew no defeat; - His trophies are laid at our Great Captain's feet. - - He has gone to his rest--we shall miss the dear voice - Which so often on earth made our spirits rejoice. - Yet mourn we? Ah, no! If in Jesus we reign - To-morrow we all shall be meeting again. - - He has gone to his rest--that sweet Zion to share - With some of his flock awaiting him there; - Like him let us labour, the right to uphold; - Brave, patient, enduring, true-hearted, and bold. - _Alfred Sargant._ - -The Rev. H. Guildford Sprigg, M.A., the present Vicar, commenced his -duties, September, 1880. - - "Holy, holy, holy: Lord God of Sabaoth. - Heaven and earth are full: Of the majesty of thy glory. - The glorious company of the apostles: Praise thee. - The goodly fellowship of the prophets: Praise thee. - The noble army of martyrs: Praise thee. - The holy church throughout all the world: Doth acknowledge thee." - --_Te Deum laudamus._ - -"Serve the Lord with gladness: Come before his presence with -singing."--_Psalm c._ 2. - -Mr. Lowres, of Plough Lane, an energetic City Missionary, has laboured -in Christ Church district for nearly twelve years, and his local -Superintendents were the Rev. S. Bardsley and the Rev. E. C. Ince. - -Mr. Warren, in an adjoining district, is another devoted Missionary. - -[Illustration: ST. JOHN'S CHURCH.] - -ST. JOHN'S CHURCH, Usk Road, was completed from the designs of Mr. E. -C. Robins, selected in competition. It is a remarkably inexpensive -church. It provides accommodation for about 750 persons at a cost of -£4 10s. per head. The church received a grant from the Incorporative -Society for Building Churches upon one-third of the sittings being made -free. It is designed in the early English style, with nave, north and -south aisles and apsidal chancel, a small western gallery and two bell -turrets. Messrs. Sharpington and Cole were the builders, who executed -the work for the sum of £3,300. (St. John's Parsonage was built by the -same architect). The foundation stone of St. John's was laid August -6, 1862. The consecration and opening took place May 5th, 1863. The -living is a Vicarage in the gift of the Vicar of St. Mary's. The area -is 157 acres, and the population of the Ecclesiastical parish in 1871 -was 7,839. The district assigned to the church was formed out of the -parishes of St. Mary's Battersea, and St. Anne, Wandsworth, by an -Order of Council bearing date July 27, 1863--(the register dates from -this period). The new parish was legally constituted and named the -Consolidated Chapelry of St. John, Battersea. The first Vicar of the -new parish was the Rev. Edwin Thompson, D.D., who from beginning his -work with services in a room in Price's Candle Factory, afterwards, -lived to be instrumental in building the two Churches of St. John and -St. Paul, together with the Schools in Usk Road, erected 1866, and -Parsonage House, Wandsworth Common; a noble monument of his untiring -energy and zeal. He died suddenly February 2nd, 1876, aged 51 years. -The present Vicar of St. John's is the Rev. William John Mills Ellison, -M.A., Wadham College, Oxford. - -The windows in the chancel representing John the Baptist, St. Peter, -St. Andrew, St. John; the last supper and the ascension to the glory of -God, and in memory of Daniel Watney, departed March 16, 1874, aged 74, -are erected by his son John Watney. - -On the south side of the church the Memorial Windows representing David -and Samuel to the glory of God, and in memory of W. H. Hatcher, at rest -August 2nd, 1879, aged 58. Erected by Friends and Sunday Scholars. -"Their works do follow them."--_Rev. xiv._ 13. - -On the north side the Memorial Windows representing St. Paul and St. -Barnabas, in loving memory of a dear mother, Martha Colden, who died -August 25, 1880. Erected by her only child M. A. B. S. Estimated cost -of each window £15 15s. Guard and fixing to each £2 2s. - -"Know ye that the Lord he is God: it is he that hath made us, and not -we ourselves; we are his people, and the sheep of his pasture."--_Psalm -c._ 3. - -ST. PAUL'S situated on St. John's Hill, is a Chapel-of-Ease to St. -Mary's Battersea, designed by Mr. Coe for the late Rev. Dr. Thompson. -It is a stone structure consisting of chancel, apsidal, nave, aisles -and tower with spire. It was built at a cost of about £6,300. - -"Those that be planted in the house of the Lord shall flourish in the -courts of our God."--_Psalm xvii._ 13. - -ST. PHILIP'S CHURCH, Queen's Road, is a Gothic stone building -consisting of chancel, nave, aisles and transept with tower, built -from the designs of Mr. James Knowles, Junr., at a cost of £13,000. -A considerable portion of this sum was given by P. W. Flower, Esq., -the remainder was raised by public subscriptions. The church will -accommodate nearly 1,000 persons. The living is a Vicarage, yearly -value £200, in the gift of the Bishop of Winchester, and held by the -Rev. John Hall. - -A Mission in connection with the Bishop of Winchester's Fund was -commenced in the month of June, 1869, in a house lent by the proprietor -for the purpose, in Queen's Road, Battersea Fields. Services and -Parochial Institutions were then established, which have become the -foundation of those now in active operation. - -On July 13th, 1870, the New Church of St. Philip was finished, and -consecrated by Dr. Samuel Wilberforce, Bishop of the diocese, and who -also held his Trinity Ordination at the Church of St. Philip the year -before he died.[1] On May 16th, 1871, a District formed out of the -Parishes of St. Mary, St. George, and Christ Church, Battersea was -attached to the Church, and published in the "London Gazette." On the -6th July, 1871, an Endowment of £200 per annum, which had been promised -by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, was legally secured to the Cure -of St. Philip, and published in the "London Gazette" on the 26th of -the same month. The payments were to date from the day on which the -District was assigned (viz., May 16th, 1871), and the first payment was -to be made on November 1st, 1871. The seats are free and the expenses -of the church have to be defrayed by the weekly offertory. - -[Footnote 1: Bishop S. Wilberforce, born September 7th, 1805, died 19th -of July, 1873, through a fall from a horse.] - -A New Organ has been built by Messrs. Hill and Son and placed in the -north chancel aisle; the cost with the platform is £516 1s. 11d. If, -when the Church of St. Philip was erected, the original design of -having a lofty spire with flying buttresses had been carried out, St. -Philip's Church would have been the most magnificent Ecclesiastical -structure in Battersea.--Churchwardens, W. G. Baker, A. W. Wilkinson. - -"They continued stedfastly in the apostles' doctrine and fellowship, -and in breaking of bread and in prayer."--_Acts ii._ 42. - -"Blessed is the man that heareth me, watching daily at my gates, -waiting at the posts of my doors."--_Proverbs viii._ 34. - - We'll crowd Thy gates with thankful songs, - High as the heavens our voices raise; - And earth with her ten thousand tongues - Shall fill Thy courts with sounding praise. - Wide as the world is Thy command, - Vast as eternity Thy love; - Firm as a rock Thy truth must stand, - When rolling years shall cease to move.--_Watts._ - -The construction of Queen's Road, etc., on Park-town, Battersea Estate, -cost Mr. Flower about £3,000.--C. Merrett, Clerk of the Works for the -Estate. - -A New Railway Station has been erected in the Queen's Road, on the -South-Western Line. - -[Illustration] - -ST. MARK'S, Battersea Rise, is a Gothic building, and consists of -chancel, nave, aisles, transept with porch, and western vestibule and -handsome crypt. The corner-stone was laid by the Right Rev. Dr. Harold -Browne, Bishop of Winchester, November 11th, 1873, and it was dedicated -by his Lordship September 30th, 1874. The Architect is Mr. William -White, F.S.A., and the total cost has been £6,500. It is seated for -600, with backs and kneelers throughout. Mr. T. Gregory, of Battersea, -builder. The living is a Vicarage, in the gift of the Vicar of St. -Mary's. - -"The rich and the poor meet together; the Lord is the Maker of them -all."---_Proverbs xxii._ 2. - -The dedication festival of this church, in which the late Philip -Cazenove took so warm an interest, was agreeably marked by the placing -of a stained window of two lights, representing St. Philip and St. -James, in the north transept. The name of Mr. Cazenove is inscribed -on the tablet of a glass mosaic, set in alabaster, and sunk in the -brick-work of the wall beneath the window. The tablet is a material -much used for church purposes by the executants, Messrs. Powell, -Whitefriars, and called "opus sectile." The design is simple and -chaste, as befitted one whose unostentatiousness was one of his leading -characteristics. The window was placed in the transept by his two -daughters.--_South London Press_, May 15th, 1880. - -[Illustration] - -ST. LUKE'S CHAPEL-OF-EASE, Nightingale Lane, is a pretty Iron Church, -originally erected on Battersea Rise in 1868, was moved in September, -1873, to the adjacent plot, and used by the congregation while St. -Mark's was being built. On November 14, 1874, having been once more -removed to its present site it was dedicated anew in the name of St. -Luke by the Bishop of Guildford. - -"O come let us worship and bow down, let us kneel before the Lord our -Maker."--_Psalm xcv._ 6. - -ST. MATTHEW'S, Rush-hill Road, Lavender Hill, is a Chapel of Ease to -St. Mary's, it is built in the Early English Style of Architecture, -has vaulted roof and sacristy, seats 550, and cost about £3,000. Mr. W. -White, F.S.A., Architect; Mr. W. H. Williams, Builder. The Dedication -Service was conducted by the Right Reverend J. S. Utterton, D.D., -Bishop Suffragan of Guildford, on Saturday, 28th of April, 1877, at 3 -p.m. The Rev. W. B. Buckwell is the Officiating Minister. - -"Blessed are they that dwell in thy house; they shall be still praising -thee."--_Psalm lxxxiv._ 4. - -[Illustration] - -ST. SAVIOUR'S CHURCH, Lower Wandsworth Road, now called Battersea Park -Road, erected by Messrs. Lathey Brothers at a cost of £4,000 from -the designs of Mr. E. C. Robins. It accommodates 700 persons and is -designed in the early French Gothic style faced with Kentish rag and -Bath stone dressings. It consists of a nave with clerestory, north -and south aisles and rectangular chancel with small western gallery -over the entrance lobby. There is a bell turret at the east end. The -chancel has been decorated in color by Messrs. Heaton and Butler. The -glazing is of cathedral glass. The living is a vicarage in the gift -of the trustees. The population of the district is about 11,500. The -foundation stone was laid by H. S. Thornton, Esq., January 4th, 1870. -The consecration of the church on the 19th October, 1871, by the late -Samuel Wilberforce, D.D., Lord Bishop of Winchester. The offertory -amounted to the sum of £40, which was added to the Church Building -Fund. The Petition to consecrate was read by the Rev. C. E. Ince, Vicar -of Christ Church, Battersea, and the deed of conveyance was presented -to the Bishop by W. Evill, Esq., one of the most generous and zealous -friends of the undertaking. The litany was read by the Rev. J. -MacCarthy. At the evening service an appropriate sermon was preached by -the Rev. E. C. Ince, and at the opening services on Sunday, the 22nd, -the morning sermon was preached by the Rev. J. MacCarthy, and that in -the evening by the Rev. E. Daniel. The Rev. J. MacCarthy was the first -Vicar. - -The institution of the present Vicar, the Rev. Samuel Gilbert Scott, -M.A., Magdalen College, Oxford, took place on Sunday, April the 29th, -1877. The Bishop of Guildford instituted the Vicar after the Nicene -Creed. At the close of the sermon the Bishop celebrated Holy Communion; -there were 55 communicants. The offertory on the day amounted to nearly -eight pounds. Curate, the Rev. W. J. Harkness, B.A., Emmanuel College, -Cambridge. Churchwardens, John Elmslie, John Merry. Lay Readers, with -Episcopal sanction, Mr. Hussey, 32, Chatham Street; Mr. Hann, 2, -Millgrove Street. Mission Women, Mrs. Wootton, 23, Warsill Street; Mrs. -Collins, 5, Chatham Street. - -"Enter into his gates with thanksgiving, and into his courts with -praise: be thankful unto him, and bless his name for the Lord is -good; his mercy is everlasting; and his truth endureth to all -generations."--_Psalms c._ 4-5. - -Mr. Crosby, a Missionary in this district, held Evangelistic Services -at a Mission Hall in Arthur Street, Battersea Park Road. - -ST. PETER'S CHURCH, Plough Lane, is a beautiful Gothic structure built -of red brick, with chancel, nave, aisles, and lofty tower with spire -pointing like a finger to the sky as if to remind man that when the -Saturday night of this world shall arrive and earth's trials are o'er -"there remaineth a rest for the people of God."--_Hebrews iv._ 9. - -In the tower are four illuminated dials, by Messrs. Gillett & Bland -of Croydon. The Church has sittings for about 820. The top-stone of -the spire of St. Peter's Church was laid about 5 p.m., on the 24th of -April, 1876, by Mr. Toone, in the presence of Mr. White the Architect, -Mr. Carter the Builder, Mr. Williams the Clerk of the Works, and a few -others, with the formula "In the faith of Jesus Christ and to the glory -of His Holy Name we lay the top-stone of this spire of St. Peter's -Church, in the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy -Ghost, Amen." A crowd of well-wishers below watched the ceremony with -interest. The corner-stone of this church was laid by the Bishop of -Winchester, on St. Peter's Day of 1875, and on the same festival, June -29th, 1876, it was Consecrated by the same prelate. At the Consecration -Service the Bishop of Guildford read the Gospel, the Rev. S. Cooper -Scott the Epistle, and the Bishop of the Diocese preached the Sermon -from the words of the Gospel "Thou art Peter and on this rock I will -build my Church." There were 120 communicants. The Bishop of Guildford -preached in the evening to an overflowing congregation. - -The interior of St. Peter's Church is spacious. The rich carving of -the capitals has been executed by Mr. Harry Hems, of Exeter, as also -the pulpit and font. The pulpit is of stone with alabaster figures -introduced in the panels representing St. Peter, St. Paul, St. -John, Isaiah, King Solomon, Moses and Noah. The bowl of the font is -also of alabaster supported by angels carved in the same material. -The pavement is beautifully tessellated and has several scriptural -illustrations. The seats are fixed--these and all the internal -wood-work are varnished. The cost of erection was about £10,500. The -belfry at present contains one bell only, a tenor of six, it cost £120, -and cast with the words on it, "_When I do call, come serve God all!_" -It was rung on St. Peter's day, 1876. The Register dates from 1876. The -living is a Vicarage, in the gift of the Vicar of St. Mary, and held by -the Rev. John Toone, B.A., of St. John's College, Cambridge. - -"I was glad when they said unto me let us go into the house of -the Lord. Peace be within thy walls, and prosperity within thy -palaces."--_Psalm cxxix._ 1-7. - -St. Peter's Temporary Church and School-room was completed in 1874, at -a cost of £1,200. St. Peter's Vicarage was formerly the residence of -Mr. Burney. - -TEMPORARY CHURCH OF THE ASCENSION, Lavender Hill.--A permanent church -adjacent is now in course of erection, and being raised by voluntary -contributions. The Rev. J. B. Wilkinson is the Officiating Minister. -The foundation stone of this church was laid by the Earl of Glasgow, -1st of June, 1876. This structure is being built of Bath stone and red -bricks, and is groined throughout with stone ribs and brick panels. -The foundation stone is situated under the "altar." James Brooks, -Architect, 35, Wellington Street, Strand; Mr. Chessam, Builder, -Shoreditch. - -"A day in thy courts is better than a thousand; I had rather be a -door-keeper in the house of my God, than to dwell in the tents of -wickedness."--_Psalm lxxxiv._ 10. - -ST. MICHAEL'S CHURCH, Chatham Road, Bolingbroke Grove, Wandsworth -Common--the Memorial to the Rev. H. B. Verdon and Mr. Philip Cazenove, -the eminent and successful merchant. The Temporary Iron Mission Church -which for the last nine years had been used as a Chapel-of-Ease to -the Mother Church of St. Mary, Battersea, and the site on which the -present edifice is erected were the gifts of the latter gentleman. -Henry Boutflower Verdon was born December 8, 1846. Himself the son -of an excellent clergyman was educated at the Clergy Orphan School, -Canterbury, from which he went to Jesus College, Cambridge, as Rustat -Scholar and took his degree in 1868. After a period of study at -Cuddensdon Theological College he began clerical work as a curate under -the Rev. Aubrey Price, M.A., Vicar of St. James', Clapham, where the -poor speak in affectionate terms of his memory. In the Spring of 1872 -he became curate of Battersea, a few weeks after the appointment of the -present Vicar. From the first Mr. Verdon took special interest in the -district known as Chatham Road, Bolingbroke Grove, and the residents -there were very much attached to him. The Sunday evening services -and Sunday Schools held in St. Michael's Chapel were objects of his -unremitting care. He acted as the Secretary of the Committee during -the time St. Mark's Church was being built. He was an active member -of the Charitable Organization Committee--he promoted the work of the -Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and established -a mission Branch in Battersea. His marriage in January, 1879, to -Miss Wheeler, was the cause of much congratulation; but before the -expiration of many months this conjugal relationship was to be severed. -Had he lived the Incumbency of St. Mark's Church would have been -transferred to him. He died of a rapid consumption October 10, 1879. - -The two Memorial Stones were laid in the Chancel of the Church (which -is now completed) by the Archbishop of Canterbury. "The Archbishop -after tapping them with the mallet saying at each 'In the faith of -Jesus Christ we place this stone for a memorial of thy faithful servant -whose name is written thereon and in the name of the Father and of the -Son and of the Holy Ghost,' and the choir chanting Amen. The stone on -the south side of the chancel bore the inscription carved in antique -on a gilt ground, 'Henry Boutflower Verdon, M.A., Æt. 33 obt. X. Oct. -A.D. 1879,' and that on the north side, the words, 'In mema. grata -Philip Cazenove, Æt. 81 obt. XX. Jan. A.D. 1880.' After laying the -stones the Archbishop delivered a short address in the course of which -he said that the two servants of God whose names were on the memorial -stones worked hand in hand together for good though separated from each -other by fifty years of life; one dying almost in his prime and the -other living on to a long old age but each dedicated to the service -of God, one ministering in the sanctuary and daily officiating in the -house of God, the other taking part during a long life in the trade -and exchange of this great city, busy with the arrangements by which -human industry is promoted. Both different yet wonderfully alike, and -both judicious servants bearing the stamp of their heavenly Master and -serving Him bravely, faithfully and laboriously. Let them be thankful -that this space of fifty made no difference in the two men. As we got -old we began to think that wisdom and goodness were with the old only, -but he thanked God that in His Church there never had failed and never -would fail a succession of faithful servants century after century to -carry on the work which the Lord loves and which will make the world -at last ready for His second coming. The name on the one stone might -be little known beyond his own neighbourhood or the name of the other -beyond the city of London, but they were known to their heavenly Master -whom they served faithfully, and in His book are the names of both -written. The memory of the young man whose name was on the one stone -would linger long among those whom he loved and the poor and the sick -to whom he had endeared himself and for whom he faithfully laboured, -but for the speaker his thoughts and friendship were with the old man -whose name was on the other stone. Five and twenty years ago when the -speaker entered on the laborious work of the See of London, the first -to welcome and assist him was Mr. Cazenove. He belonged to the noble -band who helped Bishop Bloomfield from the very first. Those five -and twenty years had been as laboriously spent in doing good as the -years that had gone before. When those men first entered on the work -how different was this suburb of London to what it is now. Great wars -had absorbed the attention of men, and a large population had grown -up before people knew it, and before men had thought of the duty of -meeting the spiritual wants of the new suburbs. If it had not been for -the noble band who gathered round Bishop Bloomfield what a different -account would have had to be rendered now. Let us trust and believe -that when all of us have passed away it will be found that God has -raised up a succession of faithful servants; men of every business and -profession who will still regard the profession of Jesus Christ as the -most noble of all, for no profession was more noble than the service of -the Heavenly King. Let us trust that with dangers around us the spirit -of vigorous Christianity may continue to be triumphant as it had been -in so many instances already. Let us trust to the good work begun and -carried forward during the last fifty years will flourish with God's -blessing for many years to come." - -"The new church is a plain Gothic structure built of red and stock -bricks, and is 90 feet long by 70 feet wide. It consists of a nave, -chancel, and two aisles, surmounted with a timber roof of three spans -covered with red tiles. There are two entrances, one in Chatham Road -and the other in Darley Road; the former surmounted by a figure of -St. Michael in conflict with the serpent. There is also a small tower -containing a bell weighing 2 cwt. There is a commodious crypt beneath -the chancel. The latter contains three rows of stalls for the clergy -and choir, and is lighted by six small windows of stained glass, in -each of which there is an angel exquisitely executed from the Studio -of Messrs. Lavers, Barraud and Westlake. It is also intended to place -a reredos of white marble here. The altar is approached from the nave -by nine steps. The nave communicates with the aisles by large Gothic -arches supported on octagonal pillars of 'granolith'--a material -composed of granite chips and Portland cement. The floor is of blocks -of wood and the building is 'pewed' with open benches to accommodate -about 750 worshippers. The pulpit (a memorial gift by Mr. Verdon's -widow) is of carved oak with a base of Caen stone, and is reached by -a short flight of stone steps. Behind the pulpit in the south aisle -is the organ, which has been brought from St. Luke's church, Derby, -and was built by Mr. Abbott of Leeds. At the west end of the church -is a font (which is in memory of a loved grandchild of Mr. Cazenove) -of veined marble supported by nine columns of polished granite and -Caen stone. It is surmounted by a polished oak cover and is a gift 'to -the glory of God and the memory of Philip Henry Hessey.' The church -is warmed with hot air. It has been erected by Mr. J. D. Hobson, from -the designs of Mr. White, F.S.A. The total cost is £4500, which (with -the exception of £800 unpaid at the commencement of the dedication -services) had all been contributed by the relatives and friends of the -late H. B. Verdon and Philip Cazenove. The church is provided with -prayer books, hymn books, and kneelers throughout." - -The Dedication of St. Michael's Church was on September, 10, 1881, by -the Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of Rochester--the service commenced at -11.30 a.m. - - Lord of hosts, to thee we raise - Here a house of prayer and praise! - Thou thy people's hearts prepare - Here to meet for praise and prayer. - - O King of glory come, - And with thy favour crown - This temple as thy dome, - This people as thy own! - Beneath this roof, O deign to show, - How God can dwell with men below. - - Here may thine ears attend - Our interceding cries, - And grateful praise ascend, - All fragrant to the skies! - Here may thy word melodious sound, - And spread celestial joys around! - - Here may thy future sons - And daughters sound thy praise, - And shine like polish'd stones, - Through long succeeding days! - Here Lord, display thy sov'reign power, - While temples stand, and men adore! - -ALL SAINTS' TEMPORARY IRON CHURCH, is situated in Victoria Bridge Road, -near the south-eastern gate of Battersea Park. It will accommodate 200 -persons. All seats free and unappropriated. It was opened for Divine -Service Saturday, Sept. 6th, 1879, at 3.30 p.m. The Rev. Canon Clarke, -Vicar of Battersea, and Rural Dean, preached the first sermon. His text -was:--"Nevertheless the foundation of God standeth sure, having this -seal, The Lord knoweth them that are his."--II. Timothy ii. 19. An -income of £200 a year from the Rochester Diocesan Fund has been granted -to the clergyman of the district, the Rev. A. E. Bourne, formerly -Curate of St. Peter's, Battersea. The new provisional district of "All -Saints," Battersea, has been formed out of three parishes, viz., St. -Mary's, St. Saviour's and St. George's, to meet the requirements of the -rapidly increasing population of the neighbourhood. Roughly speaking -the boundaries of the new district are the London, Chatham and Dover -Railway from the river to the London and South Western Railway, along -the London and South Western Railway to Park Grove; down Park Grove, -across the open land to the Park round the north corner. The only -exceptions are the streets between Queen's Road and Russell Street -which remain part of St. Philip's parish. - -"God is greatly to be feared in the assembly of His saints and to be -had in reverence by all them that are about Him." - - Let us then with gladsome mind - Praise the Lord for He is kind; - For His mercies shall endure - Ever faithful, ever sure. - -ROCHESTER DIOCESAN MISSION, St. James', Nine Elms. Clergyman in charge, -Rev. William George Trousdale, B.A.--The Mission Buildings situated -in Woodgate Street and Ponton Road, Nine Elms Lane, have lately been -enlarged by the Misses Baily of Esher, at a cost of over £1200. The -church contains sittings for 250. There are in connection with the -Mission, Sunday Schools, two Mothers' Meetings, Girls' Bible Class, -Girls' Sewing Class, Recreation Room for Girls, Provident Club, Penny -Bank. It is also proposed to establish shortly a Working Man's Club -and a Crêche, for which there is ample accommodation in the Mission -Buildings. Services--Sunday at 11 and 7, Wednesday Evening at 8, -Children's Service the 3rd Sunday in the month at 3. - -ST. ALDWIN'S MISSION CHAPEL, (Rochester Diocesan Society) Poyntz Road, -Latchmere Road, was opened on Sunday, 12th September, 1880, at 7 p.m. -It will comfortably seat 300 persons. St. Aldwin's district is formed -partly out of St. Saviour's and partly out of Christ Church parish--the -latter ceded the Colestown Estate, the former handed over Latchmere -Street and Road, and the cluster of streets which is surrounded by -the triangle of railways. Mission Curate--Rev. T. B. Brooks, M.A., 2, -Nevil Villas, Albert Road. Mission-woman--Mrs. Monk, Mission House, 25, -Poyntz Road. - -"Both young men and maidens, old men and children; let them praise the -name of the Lord."--Psalm cxlviii. 12-13. - -"Blessed is the people who know the joyful sound: they shall walk O -Lord, in the light of thy countenance."--Psalm lxxxix. 15. - - "Thy power to save!" thrice happy they - Who taught of Thee delight to pray, - Rejoicing in Thy love: - Now clothed in righteousness divine, - The heirs of glory,--soon to shine - In realms of joy above. - - A pastor's warning voice!--"Take heed, - Whilst by the sunny banks you feed - Of England's good old Church! - Live close to Jesus;--not on forms, - Lest, unprepared for coming storms, - You founder in the lurch! - - Heed well the Word--the joyful sound, - The Gospel of our God--still found - To point straight up to heaven: - Beware of sounds of 'yea and nay,' - For God's own 'yea' is man's sure stay, - Not Pharisaic leaven." - - The presence of the Lord is found - Where love, and joy, and peace abound, - Fruits of the Spirit's Word; - Where Christian hearts unite in prayer - In Jesus' Name--the Lord is there, - Jehovah, Jesus, God. - -There are two Roman Catholic places of worship in Battersea, viz.:-- - -THE CHURCH OF OUR LADY OF MOUNT CARMEL AND ST. JOSEPH, situated in -Battersea Park Road, was built by a lady of the name of Mrs. Boschetta -Shea (of Spanish extraction, and whose husband was an Irish Protestant) -in 1868, and put under the management of the late Very Rev. Canon -Drinkwater, who retained the control of the church and adjacent -buildings, including the Convent of Notre Dame and Girls' School, the -St. Joseph's Boys' School, and the New Church lately erected. The Duke -of Norfolk gave £500 towards the building fund for the new church. - -Within the grounds adjoining the Convent are kitchen and flower gardens -with a gravel walk and a very compact grotto. - -In the month of May, the month dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary, -there are processions in the grounds every Sunday afternoon in which -boys and girls take part, singing hymns in honour of "our Lady." The -Boys' School is of an oblong shape, and is governed by the Xaverian -Brothers, including several pupil teachers. Subjects taught: reading, -writing, arithmetic, grammar, English, Roman and Grecian history, -geography, mathematics and the Roman Catholic religion. - -CHURCH OF THE SACRED HEART, Trott Street, is an Iron building with -turret and cross, opened 10th of October, 1875. It was built by the -Countess of Stockpool at a cost of £700. The freehold site of land -including one acre cost £1,000. Priest, Rev. McKenna. New Schools have -lately been erected. - -THE OLD BAPTIST MEETING HOUSE, York Road, Battersea, was erected in -1736, but a church was not formed for sixty-one years afterwards. -About the year 1755 the Rev. Mr. Browne became Officiating Minister, -and for forty years preached to a small congregation, but as his age -and infirmities increased the number of attendants on his ministration -diminished till he had not more than four or five persons to hear him; -enfeebled and disheartened he resigned, and in 1796 a young man, then -a Student at Bristol Academy, afterwards well known as the Rev. Joseph -Hughes, M.A., supplied the pulpit with so much acceptance that in 1797 -a church was constituted, and he, in the 29th year of his age, was -elected to be the pastor. The constitution and order of the church thus -formed may not be uninteresting, it reads as follows:-- - -"We, the undersigned, desirous of the privilege connected with -religious fellowship and a stated ministry, having already sought the -Lord, and we trust, chosen Him as our Sovereign and Friend, do hereby -give ourselves afresh to each other, according to the Divine Will, -that being united in a Christian Church, we may render mutual aid, as -fellow-travellers from earth to heaven; and, though we firmly embrace -the sentiments peculiar to the Baptists, yet, espousing with equal -determination the cause of evangelical liberty, we welcome to our -communion all who give evidence of a change from sin to holiness; who -appear to love our Lord Jesus Christ, who are willing to be accounted -learners in His school, and who wish to be enrolled in connection with -us. And we hope it will be our united endeavour, and the endeavour of -such as may hereafter be added to us, by all means to keep the unity of -the Spirit in the bond of peace; to mingle faithfulness, spirituality -and affection in our intercourse; strictly to regard the Divine -Ordinances--so far as we know them; and to walk before the Church, our -families, and our God, worthy of our heavenly calling." - -Under the Rev. Joseph Hughes's ministry the work of God took deep root -here and greatly flourished. By his energy, learning and eloquence, -and his connexion with different local societies for the promotion of -religious worship, he was brought acquainted with Mr. Wilberforce, -Mr. Vansittart, and Mr. Perceval, by whose aid he established the -"Surrey Mission Society." At a meeting of the Religious Tract Society -he afterwards promulgated the idea of an institution for supplying -not only the inhabitants of the British Isles, but _the whole world_, -with copies of the Holy Scriptures; and hence arose the Bible Society, -of which Mr. Hughes was joint Secretary until his death. Mr. Hughes -expired on Thursday evening, October 3, 1833, in the 65th year of his -age. His mortal remains were interred in Bunhill Fields. - -"John Foster derived much spiritual benefit from his friendship with -Mr. Hughes of Battersea Chapel with whom after he left Chichester he -resided for a time, and it increases not a little the debt of gratitude -due from the Christian community to that excellent man, that though his -own authorship was limited to a few pulpit productions, and his sphere -of duty was one of action rather than of meditation, he performed the -noble office of stimulating the exertions and cherishing the piety of -one of the most original and influential religious writers of his age." - -Mr. Foster says "the company who made sometime since an establishment -at Sierra Leone in Africa, have brought to England twenty black boys -to receive European improvements, in order to be sent when they are -come to be men to attempt enlightening the heathen nations of Africa. -They have been placed in a house at Battersea for the present till some -kind of regular and permanent establishment shall be formed, and I -have been requested, and have agreed to take the care of them for the -present."--_Foster's Life and Correspondence_, Vol. I. p. 58-60, edited -by J. C. Ryland, A.M. - -The Rev. Edmund Clark held the Pastorate from Spring of 1834 to -Mid-Summer, 1834--three months. He was succeeded by the Rev. Enoch -Crook, who was two years and a half Pastor of the Church, viz., from -Mid-summer, 1834, to 1837. A tablet to his memory is placed on the -wall in the vestry of the chapel. Subsequently from January, 1838, -it was the scene of the labours of the Sainted Israel May Soule, who -for thirty-six years was Pastor of the Church of Christ assembling -here; he faithfully discharged his ministerial duties; his doctrine -was truly evangelical; his services unremitting and his deportment -exemplary--beloved by his flock and highly esteemed by Christians of -other denominations for his large liberal-heartedness, sound judgment -and unsectarian spirit. It was he who first conceived the idea of -enlarging the Old Chapel and had a model in his study to represent the -style of alteration which his own mind suggested with a view to meet in -some humble measure the growing and increased spiritual wants of the -neighbourhood. However, instead of enlarging the Old Chapel a second -time, he used strenuous efforts and succeeded in having the Old Chapel -demolished and a commodious place of worship erected on its site. The -Chapel was enlarged and repaired in 1842 and the freehold purchased -and put in trust at a total cost of £1,000. In 1868 the requisite -land for further enlargement of the Chapel was purchased. The present -handsome Chapel involved an outlay of £5,000, erected in the Romanesque -style from the designs of Mr. E. C. Robins. The accommodation on -ground-floor and galleries is for 900 worshippers. The open timbered -roof is one span, and the building is faced with white bricks with -Bath stone dressings. It was constructed by the late Mr. John Kirk. -The same architect has recently enlarged East Hill Chapel, Wandsworth. -The memorial stone of the New Chapel was laid by Field Marshal Sir G. -Pollock, G.C.B., G.C.S.I., on the 8th of June, 1870, being the 33rd -year of the Rev. I. M. Soule's ministry; the building was completed by -the end of the year, so that Mr. Soule had the pleasure of conducting -the opening services January 1st, 1871. Previously to his coming to -Battersea Mr. Soule for seven years had been Pastor of the Baptist -Church, Lewes, Sussex. He was born Dec. 25, 1806, died unexpectedly -Nov. 8, 1873, having preached with his usual energy on the previous -Sunday, when in the morning he took for his text Rev. xxii. 14, and -afterwards administered the Lord's Supper. The funeral service was -conducted Nov. 15th, by the Rev. D. Jones, B.A., of Brixton, assisted -by the Rev. Edward Steane, D.D., the Rev. Robert Ashton and other -ministers. At the grave, in the presence of about 7,000 persons, the -Rev. Samuel Green delivered an address. On the following day, Sunday, -November 16, Funeral Sermons were preached in Battersea Chapel to -overflowing congregations, in the morning by the Rev. D. Jones, in the -evening by the Rev. Dr. Angus. - -His mortal remains lie interred at St. Mary's Cemetery with those -of Amelia his wife, where in token of fond affection to his memory -a beautiful obelisk of grey polished granite has been erected. -The epitaph states "that he consecrated himself in early life to -the service of God; that he received during a long and faithful -ministry signal tokens of Divine favour in the number who through his -instrumentality were brought to a knowledge of the Saviour. His earnest -constant labours to the last for the education and welfare of the young -are of untold benefit, while rich and poor alike have lost in him a -kind and sympathizing friend, whose loving and Christian spirit will -long be remembered in Battersea." A monumental tablet to his memory is -about to be erected in the Chapel. - - "Servant of Christ well done, - Rest from thy loved employ, - The battle fought, the victory won, - Enter thy Master's joy." - -In a small room under the south gallery is erected a beautiful marble -tablet _in memoriam_ of the Rev. Joseph Hughes, M. A. Also under the -north gallery are erected tablets in affectionate remembrance of Henry -Tritton, Esq., for many years a resident in the Parish of Battersea, -and whose mortal remains lie buried under the Chapel. He died 20th of -April, 1836, aged 48 years. Also Amelia, his wife, third daughter of -Joseph Benwell, Esq., died March 28, 1855, aged 64 years. - -April, 1874, Mr. Soule was succeeded by the Rev. Charles Kirtland, who -still continues to fill the pastoral office. - - Let strangers walk around - The city where we dwell; - Compass and view the holy ground, - And mark the building well. - - The orders of Thy house, - The worship of Thy court, - The cheerful songs, the solemn vows, - And make a fair report. - -"God is a Spirit: and they that worship him must worship him in spirit -and in truth."--_John iv._ 24. - -Deacons--G. Lawrence, Cubbington Cottage, Battersea Rise; H. M. Soule, -St. John's Hill, Battersea Rise; W. H. Coe, York Road, Battersea; -G. Mansell, 1, Cologne Road, St. John's Hill; Philip Cadby, 24, -St. Peter's Square, Hammersmith; Thomas Sadler, 88 Spencer Road. -Chapel-keeper--D. Rayner, 31, Verona Street, York Road. - -[Illustration] - -BAPTIST TEMPORARY CHAPEL, Surrey Lane. This building having stood -beyond the time allowed by Government was condemned by the Board of -Works. The Church which formerly worshipped there have removed to -the Lammas Hall until a permanent building can be raised. A fund is -established which progresses slowly. A. Peto, Esq., The Boltons, South -Kensington, is the Treasurer to the Building Fund. Rev. C. E. Stone is -the Pastor. Deacons, J. Weller and F. T. Ashfield. It is worthy of note -that this was the second Baptist Church formed in Battersea. - -"I have set my affections to the house of my God."--_I. Chron. xxix._ 3. - - "Christ is the Foundation of the house we raise; - Be its walls salvation, and its gateways praise! - May its threshold lowly to the Lord be dear; - May the hearts be holy that worship here!" - -[Illustration] - -BATTERSEA PARK TEMPORARY BAPTIST CHAPEL was erected in 1869, at a cost, -including the purchase of freehold land, of £2,000. In 1872 a front -gallery was added which cost £175. In 1876 a piece of ground was bought -at the back of the Chapel for £105, and new class-rooms and vestries -erected at an additional cost of £420. The grand object of the London -Baptist Association next to the promotion of spiritual work, is the -extension of their bounds by the erection of at least one new Chapel -in each year. The Rev. C. H. Spurgeon, the third President (1869), had -the pleasure of seeing a chapel erected in this region where the poor -would be gathered. He was able to purchase and give to the enterprise -this fine freehold site in Battersea, and leaving the front portion -thereof for a future chapel, he expended the grant of the Association -in erecting a school-chapel, seating 630 persons, which was put in -trust without incumbrance. The neighbourhood being too poor to bear -the burden of debt, and no wealthy friends being forthcoming this was -thought to be the wiser course. The Rev. W. J. Mayers commenced his -pastorate in the beginning of the year 1870. Upon his resignation -he was succeeded by the Rev. Alfred Bax, who for two years or more -preached with much acceptance. On the 2nd of April, 1877, the Rev. T. -Lardner became the officiating minister. Deacons of the Church--J. S. -Oldham, William Weller, W. Chaplin. - -In 1866, Mr. E. Carter shoemaker by trade, residing at 16, Henley -Street, commenced holding a Sunday School in his own hired house. - -One Sunday Afternoon, two young students from the Metropolitan -Tabernacle, called at his residence to see if they could hold -religious services there, but it does not appear that they at that -time succeeded. Afterwards the School was removed to 32, Russell -Street, then to 53, Arthur Street, where Mr. Rees, a young man from -the Metropolitan Tabernacle conducted Morning and Evening Services -regularly every Lord's day. Subsequently he was succeeded by Mr. -William Wiggins of the Rev. C. H. Spurgeon's College who on account of -the place "being too strait" made arrangements to open Norton Villas, -Battersea Park Road, for Sunday School and regular Sunday Religious -Services, and at stated times on Week Evenings. Norton Villa, was -opened as a place of Worship, October 20th, 1867. In 1868, a Baptist -Church was formed by the late Rev. I. M. Soule of Battersea Chapel and -Mr. Wiggins was recognised as the Pastor, the Church consisted of forty -members and a Congregation of about a hundred persons besides a Sunday -School of one hundred and twenty Children; this place however, became -too small to accommodate the persons desirous of attending. It was -proposed therefore, to erect an Iron Chapel on a site near York Road -Station. But those friends who made the proposition, on hearing that -the Baptist Association had an intention to build a permanent Chapel -in Battersea Park Road, abandoned the idea of purchasing and erecting -an Iron Chapel so in 1870, when the present Chapel was completed, the -Baptists who had met at Norton Villa for worship, (Mr. Wiggins, having -resigned his pastorate there) united with the Church at Battersea Park -Chapel, under the Pastoral care of the Rev. Walter J. Mayers. - -"Not forsaking the assembling of ourselves together, as the -manner of some is; but so much the more, as ye see the day -approaching."--_Hebrews x._ 25. - - "Great the joy when Christians meet, - Christian fellowship, how sweet! - When, their theme of praise the same - They exalt Jehovah's name."--_Burder._ - -"Truly our fellowship is with the Father, and with his Son Jesus -Christ."--_I. John i._ 3. - -BAPTIST (PROVIDENCE) CHAPEL, Meyrick Road, is a brick building--seats -350. It is intended to have galleries when it will then accommodate -500. The memorial stone was laid by Mr. H. Clark, October 5th, 1875, -on which are engraved the words "The fear of the Lord is the beginning -of wisdom."--_Psalm cxi._ 10. Cost of Chapel including the purchase of -freehold land on which the Chapel is erected £2,400. G. G. Stanham, -Esq., Architect; Messrs. Turtle and Appleton, Builders, Battersea. -Officiating Minister, Mr. Philips. Deacons, H. Clark, S. Stiles, Joseph -Palmer. - -"Philip said (to the Eunuch), If thou believest with all thine heart -thou mayest (be baptised); and he answered and said, I believe that -Jesus Christ is the Son of God."--_Acts viii._ 37. - -"For we are all partakers of that one bread."--_I. Cor. x._ 17. - - "Come in, ye chosen of the Lord, - And share the bounties of His house; - His dying feast, His Sacred word, - Our joys our hopes, and solemn vows. - - Come share the blessings of that board, - Which Jesus for His Saints has spread; - Receive the grace His ways afford, - Commune with us and Christ our Head."--_G. Smith._ - -[Illustration] - -THE NEW BAPTIST CHAPEL, Chatham Road Bolingbroke Grove.--A suitable -plot of ground was obtained at a cost of £150; cost of Chapel, about -£850. Services were conducted by Charles and Thomas Spurgeon. The -building will seat 258 persons. - -The cause was commenced about fourteen years ago in a very humble way -by Mr. G. Rides, a working man, who, previously to the erection of the -above place of worship, held meetings in his own hired house, Swaby -Street. William Higgs, Jun., Architect; Higgs and Hill, Builders. - -WESLEYAN METHODIST MISSION ROOM AND SUNDAY SCHOOLS, Everett Street, -Nine Elms, opened 1871. Mr. John Farmer, Steward and Superintendent. -Now closed. - -UNITED METHODIST FREE CHURCH, Church Road, Battersea.--The Memorial -Stone was laid by James Wild, Esq., May 25th, 1858. Another stone was -laid by Mrs. Bowron, Sept. 22, 1864, when the Chapel was enlarged. S. -J. Stedman, Architect. - -THE UNITED METHODIST FREE CHURCH, Battersea Park Road.--The School-room -at the back of the Chapel in Landseer Street was built in 1865, at a -cost of £500, and it was used as a preaching Station. In 1871-2 the -present Chapel was built, at a cost of £2,200. Seats about 600. Has -a Lecture-room and Schools underneath the Chapel. The freehold was -purchased in 1876 and cost £400. Rev. James Whitton is now Resident -Minister in connexion with the 7th London Circuit. - -"The brotherly covenant."_--Amos i._ 9. - - "One in heart, and one in hand, - One for all, and all for one; - Love shines through this Christian band, - Kindled from the heavenly sun."--_Edmeston._ - -In the District known as New Wandsworth, near the Bolingbroke Grove, -Wandsworth Common, is a large and increasing population which presents -an opening for Christian enterprise. - -The Free Methodists of the 7th London Circuit have undertaken this -work. Preaching has been commenced in a room No. 89, Bennerly Road, and -a society of twelve members have been formed. - -A suitable freehold site has been secured in the Mallinson Road at a -cost of £400, and it is proposed to erect a Chapel and Schools thereon. - -The whole scheme will involve an outlay of £4,000, but at present it is -only intended to build the School, which is estimated will, with the -ground, cost nearly £1,200. - -PRIMITIVE METHODIST CHAPEL, New Road, was built in 1874. The Chapel -including the purchase of freehold, cost about £1,030. Seats 200. Mr. -Murphy, Architect; Mr. Stocking, Builder. - -Now a new and much more commodious Chapel is erected. Respecting its -origin the following account may not be uninteresting. - -About twelve years ago the friends of Hammersmith Station decided to -Mission this neighbourhood. First of all they opened two small parlours -at 32, Russell Street, Battersea Park Road, as a Preaching Station and -afterwards secured premises in Stewart's Lane, which they converted -into a small Chapel, and here, for several years, were numbers of -conversions; but, like all small and out-of-the-way places, it became a -feeder to other churches. It was at last decided to secure a suitable -site and build. First a lease of a piece of land in the New-Road, -and eventually the freehold was secured, and a small school-room was -erected on part of the site, which has since been used for school -and preaching services. The building being altogether inconvenient, -it was decided, after prayerful and mature deliberation, to build a -Chapel which should be more in harmony with the requirements of the -neighbourhood. Mr. A. J. Rouse, the Architect, was consulted, plans -were prepared, and tenders invited. The contract was let to Mr. J. -Holloway, builder, Wandsworth, for £2000, which, with the debt of £690 -on the school-room and Architect's fees, will bring it up to £2800. -The building is plain, neat, and substantial, with stone facings. It -will accommodate about 600 persons; there are two aisles, a gallery on -the sides and at one end, with a back gallery for the organ. Adjoining -the chapel is a large class-room capable of holding sixty children. -Externally, the building is one of the most imposing and attractive in -the neighbourhood, and one of the cheapest in London. - -On Whit-Monday, 1878, the memorial-stones were laid. The opening -address was delivered by Mr. G. Harris. It was practical, earnest, -and eloquent. Stones were laid by R. Burns, R. Adams, and R. Morton, -Esqs., and Messrs. J. J. Flux, W. Bayford, W. Gibbs, Rev. T. Penrose -for G. Palmer, Esq., M. P., Mr. S. Fortune, Circuit Steward, for the -Sunday-schools, Mesdames W. and H. Baker, and Miss Whiting. - -At the end of the Chapel is a Tablet in memory of Alfred James Rouse, -Architect, who met with his death in the collision between the Princess -Alice and the Bywell Castle on the Thames, September 3rd, 1878. Life is -short but Art is long. - -"Therefore be ye also ready for in such an hour as ye think not the Son -of Man cometh. _Matt._ 24. 44." - -The first Primitive Methodist preachers were, William Cowes and Hugh -Borne, in 1807. When the first Primitive Methodist Church was formed it -consisted of ten members; now it numbers over 180,000 and employs more -than a 1,000 ministers. - -"Where two or three are gathered together in my name, there am I in the -midst of them."--_Matthew xviii._ 20. - -PRIMITIVE METHODIST CHAPEL, Grayshott Road, was erected in 1875. The -stone was laid by J. T. Hawkins, Esq., M. A., for the Right Hon. Earl -Shaftesbury, K. G., November 21, 1874. Rev. J. Toulson, Superintendent, -7th London Circuit. Another Stone was laid by a Shareholder of the -Artizans, Labourers and General Dwelling Company Limited. Rev. W. E. -Crombie, Minister. Mr. A. J. Rouse, Acting Architect; J. Lose, Builder. -The Chapel seats 400, and cost about £2,600. The entrance to the Chapel -is up a flight of steps; the Schools are underneath the Chapel. - -"Jehovah, Shammah." _Ezek. xlviii._ 35. "Allelujah!" _Rev. xix._ 1. - -In the Wandsworth Road, near Grayshott Road, is an old milestone which -marks the space between that and the Royal Exchange five miles, and -Whitehall four and a half miles. - -PRIMITIVE METHODIST CHAPEL, Plough Lane,--In the year 1855, a few -Primitive Methodists, residing in the neighbourhood of York Road, -with the view of having their hearts knitted more closely together in -holy love by Christian fellowship and prayer, met from house to house -for this purpose to worship God--In this way they continued to meet -till the year 1858, when the Firm of Orlando Jones & Co. gave them -the use of their Reading Room. Here as elsewhere they preached the -Gospel of Jesus Christ and their numbers steadily increased. In 1870, a -piece of land was secured in Knox Road, and the firm above mentioned, -helped them to erect an Iron Chapel with a School-room underneath. -This building having stood beyond the time allowed by Government was -condemned by the Board of Works. It was opened in June 1871, and was -finally closed in September 1880. About this time the Estate of the -Late Rev. I. M. Soule was sold, and an effort was made to secure a plot -of land thereon, situated in Plough Lane. The freehold site selected, -was purchased, and a substantial brick Chapel with School-room -underneath erected at a cost of £2,300. The Chapel will accommodate -400 worshippers. It was opened October 24th, 1880, on which occasion -Sermons were preached by the Rev. J. Baxter. I will command My blessing -upon you--Lev. 25. 21. - - Command Thy blessing from above, - O God on all assembled here: - Behold us with a Father's love - While we look up with filial fear. - - Command thy blessing Jesus, Lord, - May we thy true disciples be; - Speak to each heart the Mighty Word, - Say to the weakest, follow me. - - Command thy blessing in this hour, - Spirit of Truth and fill the place - With wondering and with healing power, - With quickening and confirming grace. - - With Thee and these forever found, - May all the Souls who here unite, - With harps and songs Thy throne surround, - Rest in Thy love, and reign in light. - -ST. GEORGE'S MISSION HALL, Stewart's Lane, formerly belonged to the -Primitive Methodists, and was used by them as a chapel. - - "Glory, honour, praise and power - Be unto the Lamb for ever; - Jesus Christ is our Redeemer, - Hallelujah! Amen." - -"Walk about Zion, and go round about her: tell the towers thereof. Mark -ye well her bulwarks, consider her palaces; that ye may tell it to the -generations following. For this God is our God for ever and ever: he -will be our guide even unto death."-_Psalms xlviii._ 12-14. - -[Illustration] - -BATTERSEA CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH (Independent), Junction of Bridge Road -and Surrey Lane South, fifteen minutes' walk from Clapham Junction and -York Road Stations, ten minutes' from Battersea Station; is an edifice -constructed of Kentish rag with Bath stone dressings, and has a tower -with spire at the north end of the building. The interior is spacious -and lofty; the pews are made of pitch-pine, varnished, and will -accommodate, including the seats in the south gallery, 600 persons. -Cost of erection £4,500. H. Fuller, Architect; F. W. Sawyer, Builder. -With respect to its history, this is the first Congregational Church -in Battersea. It owes its origin to the Surrey Congregational Union, -under whose directions services were held in the Lammas-Hall previous -to the erection of the previous Church building. The Foundation Stone -was laid by the Rev. J. G. Rogers, B. A., of Clapham, September 17th -1866. It was opened Tuesday, October 12th, 1867, and the Dedication -Service was conducted by the Rev. Samuel Martin, of Westminster. The -present is the third pastoral settlement, the first minister being the -Rev. J. Scott James, of Cheshunt College, who commenced his ministry in -Battersea. In 1870 the Rev. J. S. James resigned to take the Pastorate -of the Church at Stratford-on-Avon, and was succeeded April, 1871, by -the Rev. Joseph Shaw, of Boston, Lincolnshire. In 1878 the Rev. Joseph -Shaw resigned and was succeeded by the Rev. Thomas Jarratt, the present -Pastor. - -The Sunday School and Lecture Hall, with class-room adjoining, was -opened in April, 1874. The entire cost of the building, furnishing, -heating, lighting, and fencing the ground was £510, the whole of which -was discharged July, 1875. Of this amount a generous friend gave £300 -through the Rev. Joseph Shaw; and thirty-two pounds were contributed by -the Sunday School Children. The room will seat 300 persons. - -The "Church Manual" for 1870 states "This is Congregational, we -regarding the New Testament as the only infallible guide in matters -of Church order, and learning from it that each Church is authorized -to elect its officers, receive and dismiss its members, and act -authoritatively and conclusively upon all questions affecting its -purity and administration. We recognize the Lord Jesus Christ as -our King and Sole Ruler in spiritual things, and His Word as our -Statute-Book and only Standard. The membership. We believe this should -be composed only of regenerated persons who are received into the -Church on profession of their faith in Christ, or by letters from -sister Church. Members of other churches, acting on this principle, are -also received on their producing proper certificates. Candidates for -membership should make their application direct to the Pastor. Deacons, -Mr. John Allen, Mr. Thomas C. Tabor; Treasurer, Mr. Samuel James -Roberts; Secretary, Mr. Edwin John Eason." - -The seats are free, not sold or rented, but are allotted for family -convenience and to preserve order. The revenues of the Church are -chiefly derived from the weekly free-will offerings of the church and -congregation. - -"How amiable are thy tabernacles, O Lord of Hosts."-_Psalm lxxxiv._ 1. - - "The Hill of Zion yields - A thousand sacred sweets, - Before we reach the heavenly fields - Or walk the golden streets." - - -STORMONT ROAD CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH Lavender Hill. - -The Schools are in connexion with the above place, where the worship -is at present conducted. They are built from designs by J. H. Vernon -Esq., and are capable of accommodating 450 scholars. There are eight -class-rooms, and there is every convenience for carrying on Sunday -School work. - -The site, which is freehold, as is also the adjoining one for the -future Church was the gift of the London Congregational Union. The cost -of the school buildings was £2820. The foundation stone was laid on -July 27th, 1878, by J. Kemp Welch Esq., and the buildings were opened -on February 18th 1879, when Sermons were preached by the Revs. R. W. -Dale of Birmingham, and Dr. Raleigh. A Church is now being formed under -the Pastorate of the Rev. R. Bulmer, late of Whitby, who commenced his -ministry on Sunday the 2nd of October, last. It is proposed to commence -the building of the Church as soon as possible. The building according -to plans will seat 850. The whole of the Christian work in connection -with the above place is in a very active state, and include Band of -Hope, and Improvement Societies. - -WESLEYAN METHODISM IN BATTERSEA.--It is not easy to determine the time -of the first appearance of Methodism in Battersea. From Mr Wesley's -Journal it appears that in his later years he was accustomed to pay -an annual visit to this neighbourhood, including Chelsea, Wandsworth -and Balham. In the absence of any definite record of the matter we may -assume that some persons in Battersea came under his influence. A half -century elapsed before the Methodist Society found a local habitation -in Battersea, even then, not destined to be a permanent one. A small -Chapel, chiefly at the cost of the late Rev. J. Partes Haswell, was -erected on the site of the present one in the Bridge Road West in 1846; -the foundation stone being laid by the late Mr. Scott of Chelsea, and -the works being executed by Mr John Sugden, Builder, of Bermondsey New -Road. - -The building was let to the late Mr. J. Boughton and others, for the -use of the Wesleyan Society by Mr. Haswell, and it continued in their -occupation until 1855. The agitations which disturbed the Wesleyan -Connexion in 1851 and following years were felt with great severity -in Battersea. The congregation and Society were so weakened by the -separation that took place, that the Lessees, after allowing the Chapel -to be occupied for a time by the seceding party, finally surrendered -their lease into Mr. Haswell's possession again. - -In the meantime, however the Wesleyan Society, began to recover from -the great depression into which it had fallen; and in 1858, on their -behalf, Messrs. Bell and Molineux, with the late Mr. Holloway of -Battersea, took the former Chapel on a short lease from the persons -into whose hands it had passed; and ultimately it was purchased by a -duly appointed body of Trustees in 1862. - -In 1864, aided by a munificent donation of £425 from Mr. J. Steadman of -South Lambeth, and by other liberal contributions, the Trustees were -enabled greatly to enlarge the building, nearly doubling its former -area; and finally in 1871, it was brought to a state of completion, by -the erection of a Gallery and an Organ, with other minor improvements. -It now furnishes accommodation for 700 people. - -The usual congregation amounts to about 500, of whom more than 300 are -members of the "Society." - -The Rev G. Bowden, and the Rev. E. Hawken, are the present circuit -ministers, the latter being resident in Battersea, and taking special -charge of the Wesleyan Church there. - -The usual times of service on Sundays are, 11 o'clock in the morning, -and 6.30 in the evening. There are also Weekly Prayer Meetings on -Sunday mornings at 7 a.m.; and on Monday evenings at 7 p.m.; and a -Week-night service on Tuesday evenings at the same hour. - -In 1870, in view of the growing Educational necessities of the -Wesleyan Body, the General Wesleyan Education Committee decided on -the establishment of another Training College, in addition to that -which they had in Westminster. Circumstances led to the placing of -this on the Southlands estate, near the Battersea High Street Railway -Station. It furnishes accommodation for 110 female Students, who are -under training for the Office of Teachers; and who in due time are -employed in all parts of the kingdom in Schools under Inspection. They -constitute, it need hardly be said a very interesting portion of the -congregation. The Rev. G. W. Olver, B.A., is the Principal, and Mr. -James Bailey the Headmaster of the College. - -A Sunday School with 280 Scholars in average attendance meets twice -on each Sunday, and is conducted with more than the usual efficiency. -There are also the customary benevolent and religious agencies -maintained by the Wesleyan Church here; and Day Schools for Girls and -Infants are connected with Southlands Training College.[1]--W.S. - -[Footnote 1: In olden time this place was called the "Retreat," a -spacious mansion, stuccoed, situated in the midst of an extensive -pleasure ground and shrubbery it belonged to Valentine Morris, -Esq.--but when Sir George Pollock became the occupier he changed the -name to that of Southlands, jocosely punning at the same time upon its -former name by saying that he _never made a retreat_. Afterwards Sir -George Pollock removed to Clapham Common. Near it stood Manor House the -seat of Richard Morris Esq. Son of Valentine Morris Esq. a large brick -edifice in the style of George the First's reign.] - - O happy souls that pray - Where God delights to hear! - O happy men that pay - Their constant service there! - They praise thee still; and happy they - Who love the way to Sion's hill. - They go from strength to strength, - Through this dark vale of tears, - Till each o'ercomes at length, - Till each in heaven appears: - O glorious seat! Thou God, our King, - Shall thither bring our willing feet. - -We know for certain Battersea on one occasion was honoured with the -preaching of the Rev. John Wesley as recorded in one of his Journals, -dated November 4, 1766, wherein this indefatigable servant of Christ -states, "I preached at Brentford, _Battersea_, Deptford and Welling, -and examined the several societies." His Journals state that he -preached repeatedly at Wandsworth, as the following extracts will show. -Wednesday, November 16, 1748. "In the afternoon I preached to a little -company at Wandsworth who had just begun to seek God; but they had a rough -setting-out, the rabble gathering from every side, whenever they met together -throwing dirt and stones, and abusing both men and women in the grossest -manner. They complained of this to a neighbouring Magistrate, and he promised -to do them justice; but Mr. C. walked over to his house, and spoke so much in -favour of the rioters, that they were all discharged. It is strange, that a -mild, humane man could be persuaded by speaking quite contrary to the truth, -(means as bad as the end) to encourage a merciless rabble in outraging the -innocent! A few days after, Mr. C., walking over the same field, dropped down -and spoke no more! Surely the mercy of God would not suffer a well-meaning man -to be any longer a fool to persecutors." - -Tuesday, January 17, 1758, "I preached at Wandsworth, a gentleman come -from America, has again opened a door in this desolate place. In the -morning I preached in Mr Gilbert's house. Two Negro servants of his, -and a Mulatto, appear to be much awakened. Shall not his (God's) saving -health be made known to all nations?" - -Thursday, 8th February, 1770, the Rev. John Wesley writes, "I went to -Wandsworth. What a proof we have here that 'God's thoughts are not our -thoughts!' Every one thought that no good could be done here; we had -tried for above twenty years, very few would even give us the hearing, -and the few that did seemed little the better for it. But all of a -sudden crowds flocked to hear; many are cut to the heart; many filled -with peace and joy in believing; many long for the whole image of God. -In the evening, though it was a sharp frost, the room was as hot as a -stove, and they drank in the word with all greediness, and also at five -in the morning, while I applied 'Jesus put forth his hand and touched -him, saying I will: be thou clean!'" - -Previously to the erection of the present commodious Wesleyan Chapel -in Bridge Road West, the friends of the Wesleyan Communion met for -worship in a large upper room over a carpenter's shop in King Street. -Subsequently they removed to premises now belonging to Mr. G. King, -Ironmonger, in the vicinity of Surrey Lane. - -John Cullum, an artist by profession, who resided in Battersea, was -connected with the Wesleyan-Methodists. He was a zealous Open-air -Preacher and Temperance Advocate. It is said that he was the first -person who introduced _Teetotalism_ in Battersea and held meetings for -that object. He died in 1852, aged 51 years. - -This good man kept a record of important events which had transpired -in Battersea. From a manuscript of his, entitled "The Antiquities -of Battersea," the following extract is taken--it will be read with -interest. - -"There is also a Wesleyan Chapel and Society here, which originated -at a small house in Bridge Road, near the Bridge, after which it was -removed to Mr Steadman's yard, in which a large room was fitted up for -Divine Worship, and a School formed under the fostering care of Mr. -Lark and Mr. Bridge, assisted by other zealous female teachers. In -conformity with the principles of Mr. Wesley the Society has, under -God's blessing, increased from one Class to three Classes, besides a -Sunday School which is in a flourishing condition. Mr. T. Boughton, the -present Superintendent, is assisted by twelve male and female teachers -who still persevere in the good work of instructing the young. The -present Chapel was built in King Street and was considered necessary -both from the fact that there was not room for the persons who -assembled for worship and other circumstances relative to the Society -at that time. The Chapel was opened by three sermons being preached on -Sunday, October 11, 1840, by the Rev. W. Atherton, Rev. J. P. Haswell, -and the Rev. J. Scott. And on Monday evening, October 12, a meeting -of the Friends connected with the Chapel was held, at which the Rev. -J. P. Haswell presided, one of the chief friends to the cause at this -place. The object of the meeting was to excite a spirit of enquiry with -respect to the ministry of the Word and Christian instruction of youth -in order to benefit the morals of the neighbourhood and salvation of -souls. - -"There is connected with this Chapel a Stranger's Friend Society, -whose object is to search out the most forlorn and distressing cases -of poverty and sickness. Its plan is carried out by Visitors who read -to the sick a portion of the Holy Scriptures and engage in prayer with -them, and by conversation and tracts endeavour to instruct so as to -lead the heart to the Saviour, and relieve their temporal wants by -affording them food, &c. rather than money. Many instances of good -have been the result, and the conversion of some to the truth. Its -founders were Messrs. Cooper and Stanley, Wandsworth; its present -officers, Messrs. Stedman and Evans, Secretary and Treasurer, Cullum, -Bridge, Winter, &c., Battersea. There is a small Branch of the Wesleyan -Missionary Society carried on here--a Tract Society, &c. May the Lord -prosper the work that many may be enlightened by the Gospel of Jesus -Christ and made partakers of his great Salvation." - - METHODISTIC CHRONOLOGY. - - 1703, June 17. The Rev. John Wesley born. - - 1725, Sept. 19. Mr. Wesley ordained by Bishop Potter. - - 1735, Oct. 14. Mr. Wesley sailed as a Missionary for America. - - 1739. The Wesleyan-Methodist society established. - - 1744, June 25. The first Methodist Conference held in London. - - 1751, April 24. Mr. Wesley preached his first sermon in Scotland, at - Musselburgh. - - 1769. Messrs. Boardman and Pilmoor sailed for America. - - 1784. The "Deed of Declaration" enrolled in the Court of Chancery. - - 1785, Aug. 14. The Rev. John Fletcher died. - - 1786. The Methodist Missions in the West Indies established. - - 1788, Mar. 29. The Rev. Charles Wesley died. - - 1791, Mar. 2. The Rev. John Wesley died. - - 1814, May 3. Dr. Coke died on his passage to Ceylon. - - 1821, Feb. 16. The Rev. Joseph Benson died. - - 1832, Aug. 26. Dr. Adam Clark died. - - 1833, Jan. 8. The Rev. Richard Watson died, in the 53rd year of his - age. - - 1834. The Wesleyan Theological Institution established. - - 1838. Members in the Methodist society, 1,062,427. - - 1839. Centenary of Wesleyan Methodism. - -The first Œcumenical Methodist Conference held in London September, -1881. - -WESLEYAN CHAPEL, QUEEN'S ROAD.--The following is a brief account of the -rise and progress of Wesleyan Methodism in this neighbourhood. In the -year 1871, in the order of God's providence, a good man and his wife -removed from the Great Queen's Street Circuit to Frederick Street, now -known as Newby Street, Wandsworth Road. On October 17, 1871, they very -kindly opened their houses for a class meeting, to be held in connexion -with the Society of which they were members. Here on Sunday, December -3rd of the same year, the first preaching Service was conducted. As the -room became inconveniently crowded at the Sunday Services it was felt -that a more suitable place was needed, so after a short time a -Billiard Room capable of holding 150 persons, situated at No. 588, -Wandsworth Road, was secured, and on April 21, 1872, was opened for -Public Worship. On June 2nd, about 30 children were garnered in and -a Sunday School commenced. Notwithstanding the unsuitableness of the -place and other difficulties which had to be surmounted, the work of -the Lord was carried on in this place until February, 1879; in the -meanwhile however, strenuous efforts were made in order to obtain an -eligible piece of ground on which to erect a more commodious building. -In 1878, the freehold site situated in Queen's Road, was purchased for -£1,140, and a temporary Iron Chapel erected, with seats for 500, at a -cost of about £600, this temporary Sanctuary was opened February 14th, -1879. This Structure while making ample provision at first was soon -found to be inadequate to meet the requirements of a neighbourhood -where the population was large and rapidly increasing, hence the -Trustees and Friends endeavoured to raise £4,000, by means of grants -and loans from the late Sir Francis Lycett's Fund, the Metropolitan -Chapel Fund, etc., towards the entire outlay of about £7,000, (the -estimated cost of the permanent building etc.) leaving about £3,000, to -be raised by funds in the Lambeth Circuit. On August 28th, 1881, the -New School-Room which holds about 320 persons, was opened for Public -Worship and Sunday School purposes. The Iron Chapel having been sold to -make way for the New Chapel now in course of erection which is expected -to be opened for Divine Service about May 1882. - -On Friday July 15th, 1881, the Memorial Stone was laid at 3 o'clock, by -Lady Lycett, when the Rev. G. W. Olver, B. A., gave an address. - -By express desire of the Local Committee the Italian Style has been -adopted, and the building will be erected in Bath Stone and Picked -Stocks--Sitting accommodation for 1,000 will be provided, on the -ground floor 650, and in the galleries 350. Adjoining the Chapel large -School-Rooms have been erected with Vestry, Class-Rooms, and the -usual offices. The Architect is Mr. James Weir, of the Strand. James -Holloway, Builder, Marmion Road, Lavender Hill. "_That thine eyes may -be open upon this house day and night._" 2. _Chron. vi._ 20. - - Christ is our corner stone, - On him alone we build; - With his true saints alone - The Courts of heaven are filled; - On his great Love Our hopes we place - Of present grace and joy above. - - O! then with hymns of praise - These hallowed courts shall ring; - Our voices we will raise - The Three in one to sing; - And thus proclaim in joyful song, - Both Loud and Long, that glorious Name. - - Here gracious God do Thou - For evermore draw nigh; - Accept each faithful vow, - And mark each suppliant sigh, - In copious shower on all who pray - Each holy day Thy blessing pour. - - Here may we gain from heaven - Thy grace which we implore: - And may that grace once given, - Be with us evermore: - Until that day, when all the blest - To endless rest are called away. - -FREE CHRISTIAN CHURCH, Queen's Crescent, Queen's Road. Some 6 years -or more ago, Mr. Crosby began the above work in Arthur Street Mission -Hall, a small Hall situated in the lowest part of Battersea, and -the work under his superintendence has been so manifestly owned and -blessed of God, that it was some time since deemed imperative on his -part as the Lord's steward, to seek further to extend this effort in -His cause. As far as the means of himself and friends allowed, and in -the exercise of much consecrated faith and self-denial, a plot of land -was secured, and an iron building erected adjacent to the most needy -part of the neighbourhood, where the extended work is now carried on. -The building, however, is of a temporary character, the Board of Works -granting a license only of two years on iron buildings, and according -to an agreement entered into in faith of the Lord's continued favour, -a brick building must be erected in the course of 4 years. The present -building, owing to the speedy growth of the work is even now too small. -An effort is being made to purchase the freehold, and erect a building -capable of holding about 700 persons, at an estimated cost of £2,750. -W. Crosby, Pastor, E. V. Kelly, Treasurer. - -In addition to other lay helpers (including Scripture Readers and -Bible Women) there are six agents at work in Battersea connected with -the London City Mission. This is an excellent Institution, having -for its object the Evangelization of the poor of London. Mr. David -Nasmith founded the London City Mission May 16, 1835. The general -business of the London City Mission is conducted at the Mission House, -Bridewell Street, Blackfriars, by a Committee consisting of an equal -number of members of the Established Church and of Dissenters; and the -Examiners of Missionaries consist of an equal number of Clergymen and -Dissenting Ministers, all of whom, with the Treasurers, Secretaries -and Auditors and Members of the Committee, ex-officio. These gentlemen -give practical illustration of the purest ideal of Christian unity by -showing, notwithstanding the peculiar church organization to which each -may be attached, how harmoniously they can work together on one common -platform under the guidance of their Divine Head for the extension -of the Redeemer's Kingdom by bringing back wanderers from God to the -fold of the one Great Shepherd, Jesus Christ. The number of City -Missionaries engaged in the Metropolis is about 450. - -The Corner Stone of Trinity Mission Hall, Stewart's Lane, promulgated -and subscribed to by the members and adherents of Trinity Presbyterian -Church, Clapham Road, was laid Wednesday, June 20, 1877, by the -Rev. David Macewan, D.D. in the presence of a very large concourse -of people. It is estimated that the Hall will accommodate about 400 -persons; and in addition to the Hall there is a School-room which -will probably accommodate 150 to 200 scholars The building cost about -£2,500. The land, which is freehold, has been purchased for £400. The -Hall is built of brick with box stone dressings. W. H. Robbins, Esq., -Architect; B. E. Nightingale, Builder. Mr. Cameron is the Minister. - -The handsome edifice belonging to the Presbyterian Church of England, -Clapham Road, cost about £12,000, built through the unremitting energy -and pious zeal of the late Dr. John MacFarlane and was for many years -the scene of his earnest, faithful and successful pastoral labours. - -PLYMOUTH BRETHREN.--A body of Christians calling themselves "The -Brethren" came into existence about 1830-1835 in Plymouth, Dublin, -and other places in the British Islands, extended throughout the -British Dominions, and in some other parts of the continent of Europe, -particularly among the Protestants of France, Switzerland, and Italy, -and also in the United States of America. Many of the first religious -communities found in Plymouth and elsewhere, were retired Anglo-Indian -officers, men of unquestionable zeal and piety and those communities -began to appear almost simultaneously in a number of places. Mr. -Darby, regarded as an influential member, afterwards separated from -them with many adherents. Mr. Darby was previously a Barrister, -moving in the highest circles of Society, and under deeply religious -impressions became a Clergyman of the Church of England, lived for -some time in a mud-hovel in the County of Wicklow devoting himself -to his work. The Plymouth Brethren object to National Churches as -too Latitudinarian, and to other Dissenters as too Sectarian; their -doctrines however agree with those of most Evangelical Protestant -Churches, but they recognize no ordination of minister; their tenets -may be stated thus:--Original Sin, Predestination, the efficiency of -Christ's Sacrifice, the merits of his obedience, the power of his -intercession, the gracious operations of the Holy Ghost in Regeneration -and Sanctification; they also generally maintain millenary views, -usually practise the Baptism of believers without regard to previous -infant baptism, they acknowledge the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper and -administer it to one another in their meetings usually every Sunday, -or first day of the week. In 1851, they had 132 places of Worship -in England and Wales. This year 1879, the (exclusive) Brethren have -erected a small place of Worship in High Street, near Battersea Railway -Station. - -A Railway Arch in Latchmere Road, has been utilized for a Gospel Hall -where the (Open) Brethren meet for worship. - -Situated in the rear of Lawn House Laundry, Orkney Street, is a small -place of worship called the "_Little Tabernacle_" erected at the sole -expense of Mr. John Strutt, where meetings for Bible Readings, Breaking -of Bread, Exhortation, and Prayer are held every Lord's day. - -THOMAS BLOOD, generally known by the appellation of _Colonel Blood_, -was a discarded officer of Oliver Cromwell's Household; he was -notorious for his daring crimes and his good fortune. He was first -distinguished by an attempt to surprise the Castle of Dublin, which -was defeated by the vigilance of the Duke of Ormond, and some of his -accomplices were executed. Escaping to England he with his confederates -meditated revenge, and actually seized the Duke of Ormond one night -in his coach in St. James' Street, intending to hang him, and had got -him to Tyburn, where, after struggling with his would-be assassins in -the mire, the Duke was rescued by his servants, 6 Dec, 1670. Blood -afterwards in the disguise of a clergyman, attempted to steal the crown -and regalia from the Jewel Office in the Tower, 9th May, 1671. He was -very near succeeding, for he had bound and wounded Edwards the keeper, -and was making off with his booty, but was overtaken and seized with -his associates. Blood, who was accused as being the ringleader in -this conspiracy, when questioned he frankly owned that he had taken -part in the enterprise, but refused to discover his accomplices, "the -fear of death (he said) should never induce him to deny a guilt or -betray a friend." All these extraordinary circumstances made him the -subject of general conversation. Charles II. moved by the influence -of popular excitement, or from idle curiosity, granted him a personal -interview. Blood confessed to the king that "he had been engaged with -others in a design to kill him with a Carbine (said to be in the -vicinity of Battersea Priory) where His Majesty often used to bathe -(beneath the garden belonging to the Priory was a Subterranean passage -leading to the river-bank); that the cause of this resolution was the -severity exercised over the consciences of the godly, in destroying -their religious assemblies; that when he had taken his stand among the -reeds on the other side of the river full of these bloody resolutions -he found his heart checked with an awe of Majesty; that he not only -relented himself, but diverted his associates from their purpose; that -he had long ago brought himself to an entire indifference about life, -which he now gave for lost; yet he could not forebear warning the king -of the danger which might attend his execution; that his associates had -bound themselves by the strictest oaths to revenge the death of any of -their confederacy and that no precaution nor power could rescue any one -from the effects of their desperate resolution." Yet notwithstanding -these and other offences, the King not only pardoned but granted him -an Estate of £500 per annum, thus this man who had been regarded as a -monster became a kind of favourite. He lived to enjoy his pension about -ten years, till being charged with fixing an imputation of a scandalous -nature on the Duke of Buckingham, he was thrown into prison, where he -died August 24, 1671. - -Battersea Priory is a castellated building reported to have been a -Convent for Ursuline Nuns. - -PRIOR was the Ecclesiastical title formerly given to the head of a -small Monastery, to which the designation of Priory was applied. The -Prior ranked next in position to the Abbot. Similarly the term Prioress -was applied to the head of a female convent. The title of Grand Prior -was given to the Commandants of the Grand Military Priories of the -Orders of John of Jerusalem, of Malta and of the Templars. - -Alien Priories were cells of the religious houses in England which -belonged to foreign Monasteries. The whole number is not exactly -ascertained; the Monasticon has given a list of 100. Weever, p. 338, -says 110. The houses belonging to the several religious orders which -obtained in England and Wales, were, Cathedrals, Colleges, Abbeys, -Priories, Preceptories, Commandries, Hospitals, Friaries, Hermitages, -Chantries, and free Chapels. These were under the direction and -management of various officers; the dissolution of houses of this kind -began as early as 1312, when the Templars were suppressed; and in 1323 -their lands, churches, advowsons, and liberties, here in England were -given by Ed. II., st. 3, to the prior and brethren of the hospital of -St. John at Jerusalem. - -In the years 1390, 1437, 1441, 1459, 1497, 1505, 1508, and 1515, -several other houses were dissolved, and their revenues settled on -different Colleges in Oxford and Cambridge. From the year 1312 in the -reign of Edward the 2nd to the close of the reign of Henry VIII, 1547, -the number of houses and places suppressed from first to last as far -as any calculations appear to have been made were 23, 4; besides the -friars' houses and those suppressed by Wolsey, and many small houses -of which we have no particular account. Henry VIII founded six new -bishoprics of which Westminster was one, which was changed by Queen -Elizabeth into a Deanery with twelve prebends and a school. - -Persons desirous of obtaining information respecting Monasteries should -consult Dugdale's _Monasticon Anglicanum_, (Lond. 1655, 1661, 1673). -Also a new and greatly Enlarged Edition by Bandinel, Caley and Ellis, -published in 1817, 1830, and reissued in 1846. - -URSULINES, or Nuns of St. Ursula: a sisterhood founded about the -year 1537, by Angela Merici at Brescia, the community numbering at -that time, as many as six hundred. St. Angela was born in 1511, at -Desenzano, on the Lago de Garda, and died at Brescia, 21st March, 1540. -The institution was formally approved of and confirmed by Paul III., -in 1544, and it was on this occasion that the name of Ursulines was -given to the order after the famous St. Ursula; a Virgin Martyr of the -Roman Catholic Calendar especially honoured in Germany, and especially -at Cologne, which is the reputed place of her Martyrdom. The Legend -substantially, in its present form, can be traced as far back as the -end of the 11th or beginning of the 12th Century, as it is to be -found in the revised Edition of the Chronicle of Sigebert of Gemblours -(Pertzs Rerum Germanicarum Scriptores VIII. 310) which was made between -1106 and 1111. "According to their writer, Ursula was the daughter -of the British King, Deonatis; and on account of her distinguished -beauty, was sought in marriage by the son of a heathen Prince who was -originally named Holofernes, but afterwards when a Christian was named -Ætherius. Her father was forced to yield to the demand; but Ursula made -it a condition that her suitor should become a Christian, and that she -should be allowed the space of three years, during which she proposed, -in company with her maidens to each of whom should be assigned a -thousand companions and a three-oared galley to convey them, to make a -voyage of pious pilgrimage. The conditions were accepted; the maidens -to the number of 11,000 were collected from all parts of the world, -and at length the expedition set sail from the British Coast. Arriving -at the mouth of the Rhine they sailed up the river to Cologne, and -thence upwards to Basel, where leaving their galleys, they proceeded -by land to visit the tombs of the Apostles at Rome. This Pilgrimage -accomplished, they descended the river to Cologne, which however, -had meanwhile fallen into the hands of an army of Hunnish invaders -under the headship of a Chief, who although not named is plainly the -Attila of history. Landing at Cologne in ignorant security, the pious -Virgins fell into the hands of these barbarous heathens by whom they -were all put to the sword with the exception of Ursula, who for her -beauty sake was reserved as a prize for the chief. She too, however, as -well as another maiden, who had at first concealed herself in terror, -demanded to join her companions in Martyrdom and then the full number -of 11,000 victims was made up. Heaven, however, interposed a host of -Angel Warriors who smote the cruel Huns; Cologne was again set free; -and in gratitude to their Martyred intercessors the citizens erected -a church on the site still occupied by the Church now known under the -name of St. Ursula." Soon after the Reformation this legend became the -Subject of a most animated controversy "on one hand the Centuriators -of Magdeburg exposed its weak points with unsparing severity, on the -other a Jesuit father, Crombach devoted an entire folio volume to the -vindication of the narrative." Secular writers deny that the Legend -has any foundation in historical facts; they trace no reverencing of -Virgins in the Martyrologies and missals till the latter half of the -9th Century. Many suggestions have been offered by way of explanation -of its startling improbability viz., the alleged number of the Martyred -victims 11,000. One of these is that the belief arose from the name -of a Virgin who was really the companion of Ursula's Martyrdom called -according to the legend and according to a Missal which belonged to -the Sorbonne, Undecimilla for a number. The Roman Martyrology mentions -the Saint and her Companion, without stating their number. St. Ursula -was the Patroness of the Sorbonne. The record of the Martyrdom in -the Calender thus begins. "_Ursula et Undecim Milla_ V. V." Ursula -and Undecimilla Virgins was easily mistaken for "Ursula et _Undecim -Millia_ V. V. Ursula and _Eleven thousand Virgins_." Respecting further -remarks concerning this Legend, suffice it to say, "that while the -most learned of the Catholic hagiographers, putting aside the idea -of a directly and unintentionally invented narrative, have traced the -origin of the legend to a real historical massacre of a very large -number of Christian Maidens, which took place during the invasion of -Attila, and soon after the celebrated battle of Chalons in 451, all the -modern writers of that Church are agreed in regarding the details of -the narrative, the number, the pilgrimages to Rome, the interposition -of the heavenly host, etc, as legendary embellishments of the Medieval -Chroniclers." - -Young as Angela was she had been elected the first Superior of her -Order and had ruled it well for the two or three years she lived. - -At first the Ursulines practised charity and devoted themselves to the -education of Children without being bound to the rules of Monastic -Life. In 1571-2 Pope Gregory XIII. made the Society a religious order, -subject to the rule of St. Augustine, at the solicitation of Charles -Borromeo the additional privileges thus conferred were afterwards -confirmed by Sextus V. and Paul V. "They add to three religious vows -a fourth to occupy themselves gratuitously in the education of their -own sex. The order is under the Superintendence of the Bishops. In the -18th Century, it had 350 Convents. Many governments which abolished -Convents in general, protected the Ursulines on account of their useful -labours, particularly in the practice of Christian Charity towards the -sick. The _Dictionnaire de Theologie_ published in 1817, says that -300 Convents of these sisters existed at that time in France, their -dress is black with a leather belt, and a rope for the purpose of -self-scourging. Their congregations however did not universally accept -the Monastic rule; and in France and Italy, there were Societies, the -members of which only took the vow of Charity, and gave instruction -like their sisters. Their dress was that commonly worn about 200 years -ago by widows." In some countries however, their dress appears to have -been white, and to have varied in other respects as well as colour. The -Ursuline Sisters have several Educational Establishments in Ireland, in -England and the United States. - -BATTERSEA GRAMMAR SCHOOL, St. John's Hill. Founded under the -Trust of Sir Walter St. John A.D. 1700. Scheme revised A.D. 1873. -GOVERNORS:--William Evill, Jun., Esq., Robert Hudson, Esq., Rev. Evan -Daniel, M.A., W. G. Baker, Esq., John Costeker, Esq., _Treasurer_, -Rev. Canon Clarke, M.A., James H. T. Connor, Esq., Richard Hadfield, -Esq., Thomas D. Tully, Esq., Charles Few, Esq., James Stiff, Esq. -HEAD MASTER:--Rev. E. A. Richardson, M.A., late Scholar of Queen's -College, Oxford. ASSISTANT MASTERS:--W. H. Bindley, B.A., late Scholar -of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, M. Michael, Bachelier-es-Lettres, -University of Paris, C. P. Martinnant, University of London, Mr. Badel, -Writing Master, Serjeant Major Doberty, Drill Master. - -_Scheme of Instruction._ RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION, (according to the -principles of the Church of England) forms a regular part of the -teaching of each class. Those boys are excepted from the teaching -of the Church Catechism and Prayer Book, whose parents, (being -Dissenters), express a desire to that effect, in writing to the Head -Master. THE COURSE OF STUDY comprises the English, Latin, Greek, -French and German Languages; Writing, Arithmetic, Book-keeping and -Mathematics. History and Geography; Natural Science and Drawing. -French is taught throughout the School; German in the three highest -classes only. DRAWING, (Freehand, Model and Landscape), is taught in -all classes. TECHNICAL DRAWING, (including Practical Geometry, and -Perspective), and Painting are taught only in the two upper classes. -SCIENCE, (comprising Physics, Chemistry and Botany), is taught only in -the upper classes. Vocal Music is taught. - -_School Term and Holidays._ The period of instruction is divided into -three terms, as nearly equal as possible. The holidays are four weeks -at Christmas, three weeks at Easter, and six weeks at Mid-summer, -commencing about the 1st of August. - - 1st Term commences September 7th; ends December 7th. - 2nd. do. January 8th; do. March 29th. - 3rd. do. April 23rd; do. July 31st. - -_Tuition Fees._ The annual payment for boys above 12 years of age, -£12; for boys under 12, £10. The fees are to be paid terminally and in -advance. - -_Regulations for Admission._ Application for admission must be made -either in person or by writing to the Head Master. No boy will be -admitted, who shall be found on examination unable to read English, -to write correctly and legibly from dictation and to work sums in the -first four rules of arithmetic. The boys must attend at the school for -examination on the first day of each term, at two o'clock p.m. The -Governors require a term's notice to be given on the removal of a boy, -or the payment of the terminal fee. - -THE SOUTHLANDS PRACTISING MODEL SCHOOLS.--Girls' School, seven years -and upwards, 6d. per week. Infants' Boys and Girls to seven years, 3d. -per week. - -ST. PETER'S SCHOOLS. Fee, 9d. per week. - -ST. JOHN'S, Usk Road. Boys 1st, 2nd, and 3rd classes, 4d. per week, the -rest 3d. Girls 1st class 3d., the rest 2d. Infants 2d. per week. - -ST. SAVIOUR'S INFANT. Infants 2d. Girls 3d. over 10 years of age 4d. -per week. - -CHRIST CHURCH NATIONAL SCHOOLS, Grove Road, Falcon Lane, were erected -from designs of Mr. C. E. Robins, selected in competition, and were -built by Messrs. Lathey Brothers at a cost of £3,000. Accommodation is -given for 200 boys, 200 girls and about the same number of infants. -There are two residences, one for the Master and the other for the -Mistress. The buildings form a picturesque group facing the roads on -three sides with intermediate play-grounds for each sex. Mr. Robins -was also the Architect for the British Schools at Wandsworth and other -Educational Buildings in the Parish, as the Walter St. John's Upper -Schools and the extension of the Training College, the Chapel of which -was decorated by him some seven years since. The office of E. C. -Robins, F.R.I.B.A., etc., is No. 14, John Street, Adelphi. - -ST. GEORGE'S NATIONAL SCHOOLS, built in 1857 from designs furnished -by Joseph Peacock, Architect, Bloomsbury Square. Cost about £4,500 -including a Parliamentary Grant of £1,500. The Schools were enlarged -in 1870. The Infant Schools were established in 1826. The following -text of Scripture is engraved on a stone outside the buildings. - -"From a child thou hast known the Holy Scriptures, which are able -to make thee wise unto Salvation through faith which is in Christ -Jesus."--_II. Timothy iii._ 15. - -Boys and Girls 4d. per week for one in a family, 6d. for two brothers -or sisters, and 7d. for three in a family, Infants 2d. - -Erected outside St. Mary's Schools, Green Lane, is a tablet bearing -the following inscription:--"National Schools for Girls and Infants. -These buildings were erected by Miss Champion on land granted by Earl -Spencer, and opened April 10th, 1850, for the education of the children -of the poor on Scriptural principles." This tablet is placed by order -of the Parishioners in Vestry assembled in Grateful Remembrance of her -Munificent Charities to the Parish of Battersea.--Rev. J. S. Jenkinson, -M.A., _Vicar_. W. H. Wilson, John Hunt, _Churchwardens_, 1855. - -Within the Parish of Battersea there were in the year 1879, Fourteen -Voluntary Schools, viz.:-- - SIR WALTER ST. JOHN'S Accommodation. -Up-stairs Middle-class for Boys. -Terms, 15s. to 25s. per quarter. -Ditto Ground-floor Public Elementary School for Boys. -Payments, 6d. and 9d. per week. Head Master, Mr. -Taylor; Assistants, Mr. Jones, B.A., Mr. E. Mills, -Mr. Oliver, and Mr. Blackman. 489 - -ST. MARY'S, Green Lane. Girls; Mistress, Miss Keene. -Infants' Governess; Miss Paul. Boys: Master, Mr. T. -Ryder. Fees, Boys and Girls 4d. a week, of which -at the year's end 2d. a week will be returned to all who -have attended more than 250 times. Infants 3d. a week, -of which 1d. a week will be returned to regular -attendants at the year's end. 606 - -CHRIST CHURCH, Grove Road. Master, Mr. Weston. -Mistress, Miss Paton. Infants, Miss Kemp. 590 - -ST. JOHN'S, Usk Road. Head Master, Mr. Henry Smith. -Mistress, Miss Hook. Infants' Governess, Mrs. Hughes. 658 - -ST. PETER'S, Plough Lane. Head Master W. F. Normon. -Assistant, W. Beasley. 180 - -ST. MARK'S, Battersea Rise. Infant Schools, Miss E. -Townsend. 4d. per week. 99 - -ST. GEORGE'S, New Road. Head Master, Mr. John Douthwaite. -Mistress, Miss Salter. Infants' Governess, Miss -Holding. 609 - -ST. GEORGE'S Girls and Infants' Schools, Ponton Road, Nine -Elms. Mistress, Miss B. Smith. Infants' Governess, -Miss A. E. Basnett. 184 - -ST. SAVIOUR'S, Orkney Street. Mistress, Miss Merrett. 201 - -WESLEYAN MODEL, High Street. 557 - -ST. MICHAEL'S, Bolingbroke Grove, (mixed). Mistress, Mrs. -M. Watson. 3d. per week. 152 - -GROVE BOYS' BRITISH, York Road, Established 1799, Enlarged -1840. Master, Mr. James Hammond. 196 - -GIRLS' BRITISH, Plough Lane. Mistress, Miss Mansell. -Assistant, Miss Willett. 297 - -ST. JOSEPH AND ST. MARY, Battersea Park Road. 466 - - Total 5284 - -In 1879 there were Nine Board Schools in Battersea:--[1] - -Name of Builder. When Opened. Boys' Master. Girls' Infants' -School. Mistress. Mistress. - -Bolingbroke Mr. Spinks, Dec. 1, 1873 Mr. Pink. Miss Mrs. -Road. Clapham Deacon. Pink. - Junction. - -Battersea Mr. Sheppard, April 14, 1874 Mr. Stokes. Mrs. Cox. Mrs. -Park. Bermondsey. Parker. - -Winstanley Jan. 6, 1874 Mr. Vince. Miss Gale. Miss -Road. Blackburn. - -Sleaford William Higgs, Aug. 10, 1874 Mr. Wheaton. Miss Pook. Miss -Street. South Lambeth. Browett. - -Gideon Wall, Bros., May 16, 1876 Mr. Lee. Miss Dunn. Mrs. -Road. Kentish Town. Pyle. - -Mantua Sept. 1876 Mr. Mansell. Miss Miss -Street. Spalding. Spalding. - -Holden Feb. 1877 Mr. Morris. Miss Miss -Street. Macleod. Marshall. - -Tennyson Mr. Tyerman. Feb. 1877 Mr. Philips. Miss Davis. Mrs. -Road. Lower. - -Belleville Mr. Thompson, Aug. 13, 1877 Mr. Barter. Mrs. Mrs. -Road. Camberwell Christopher. Watson. - Green - -N.B.--There are Sunday Schools connected with the different places of -Worship some of which are held in Board Schools. - -LAMBETH DIVISION LONDON SCHOOL BOARD.--Accommodation Area and Cost of -New Permanent Schools. - -Name of School. Children Area Cost of Cost of - Accommodation. sq. feet. Site. Building. - -Sleaford Street 1,055 23,000 £2543 1s. 4d. £8399 19s. 3d. - -Tennyson Road 837 28,000 £2376 18s. 6d. £7590 9s. 1d. - -Gideon Road 776 19,700 £3404 18s. 3d. £9921 7s. 5d. - -Holden Street 1,101 26,887 £3074 14s. 1d. £10305 1s. 7d. - -Battersea Park 1,334 32,670 £2378 5s. 5d. £7442 12s. 9d. - -Bolingbroke Road 792 54,426 £768 5s. 5d. £5980 15s. 10d. - -Mantua Street 1,105 32,670 £2334 5s. 4d. £11337 1s. 1d. - -Winstanley Road 1,127 17,792 £3152 5s. 5d. £7948 4s. 7d. - -Belleville Road 828 £1661 6s. 2d. £10165 19s. 11d. - - 8,955 - -[Footnote 1: Since the First Edition of this Work was published, -Tennyson Road School has been enlarged in order to accommodate 400 -Scholars. Landseer Street Board School is held in the large room under -the Chapel and accommodates 200 boys. J. R. Ayris, Head Master. Ponton -Road Board School, Nine Elms, opened for girls 9th June, 1879, and for -boys August 18th, the same year, has accommodation for 350, Master, -Mr. Chase. Mistress, Miss Nutcher. On the South side of Battersea Park -Road, between Lockington Road and Havelock Terrace a large Board School -has been built to hold about 1,400 children. Christ Church Schools, -Falcon Grove, have passed for the present into the hands of the School -Board for London. It is in contemplation to erect four more Board -Schools in Battersea.] - -The first building erected for the London School Board, situated in one -of the most densely crowded localities of the East-end, was opened in -July, 1873, and since that time no fewer than 152 large Schools have -been completed with a total accommodation for about 182,000 children, -and an average accommodation for 872 children each. In addition to -these, between 30 and 40 schools are now in course of erection, and -about 50 other schools have been determined upon, thus the Board is -most active in providing for the educational requirements of the -Metropolis. Mr. E. R. Robson, F.R.I.B.A., is the Architect of this -Board. - -The Board School in Winstanley Road accommodates about 1130 children, -the site is the shape of a rhomboid, and the School has been skilfully -planned to make the most of it. - -Gideon Road Board Schools, the boys and girls' departments are built -upon arches to form covered play-grounds underneath. As the site -contains sufficient area, the infants' department has been erected as a -separate building. - -The Board Schools are elaborately fitted up. Books, slates, pencils, -etc., for the scholars are provided. The terms for tuition at the Board -Schools in Battersea are:--Bolingbroke Road, boys, girls, and infants -2d. each. Battersea Park, Mantua Street, Winstanley Road, Tennyson -Road, and Sleaford Street, boys and girls 3d. each, infants 2d. Gideon -Road and Holden Street on the Shaftesbury Park Estate, boys and girls -4d. each, infants 3d. each. - -School Board Visitors in Battersea:--Mr. Armstrong, Mr. Dalton, Mr. -Myland, Mr. Fane, Mr. Chamings and Miss Sydney. - -London Ratepayers' School Board Association Established 8th October, -1870. - -London or Metropolitan School Board elected 29th Nov., 1870. - -Regulations for School Boards issued 21st December, 1870. First -election of Metropolitan School Board (Lord Lawrence, Chairman). -Arrangements for erecting or adapting buildings for New School Board, -December, 1871. - -London School Board Education Scheme proposed 23rd June, 1871. - -The London School Board occupied their new buildings on Victoria -Embankment, 30th September, 1874. - -Second Metropolitan School Board elected; religious party strongest. -Sir Charles Reed, M.P., Chairman, November, 1878. - -Sir Charles Reed, Chairman of the School Board for London, died March -25, 1881. Was interred at Abney Park Cemetery, Wednesday, March 30, -1881. - -Fourth Metropolitan School Board elected, 1879. - -E. N. Buxton, Esq., Chairman of the London School Board. - - LONDON SCHOOL BOARD, LAMBETH DIVISION.[1] - MISS HEN. MULLER, - T. E. HELLER, ESQ., - CHAS. R. WHITE, ESQ., - REV. G. M. MURPHY, - JAMES STIFF, ESQ., - STANLEY KEMP-WELSH, ESQ. - -[Footnote 1: The Division of Lambeth is thus defined: The Division of -Lambeth shall include the Parliamentary Borough of Lambeth, all the -parts of the Parishes of Lambeth and Camberwell outside the Boundary of -the said Borough and the Wandsworth District, as described in Schedule -B. and Part I. of the Metropolitan Local Management Act, 1855, (that -is to say) the Parishes of Clapham, Tooting Graveney, Streatham, St. -Mary, Battersea, (excluding Penge), Wandsworth, and Putney, (including) -Roehampton. There are 63 Board Schools in the whole of the Lambeth -Division for the present year (1879), and 45,000 children on the -rolls.] - -The Elementary Education Act of 1870 aims at the compulsory supply of -school accommodation in those districts in which there is a deficiency. -The general survey under the Education Act of the School provision of -every Parish in England did not commence till the 1st of May, 1871. - -By virtue of the Elementary Education Act, 1876, and of the Bye-Laws -of the School Board for London, the following will be, on and after -the 1st January next, the state of the law as regards children, their -parents and employers within the Metropolis. - -I.--REGULATIONS AFFECTING PARENT AND CHILD. The term "parent" includes -guardian, and every person who is liable to maintain, or has the -actual custody of the child. The parent of every child between the -ages of 5 and 14 must cause such child to receive efficient elementary -instruction in reading, writing, and arithmetic.[1] A.--By the Bye-Laws -of the School Board, which continue in force, the parent of every -child between the ages of 5 and 13 must cause such child to attend an -efficient School during the whole time for which the School is open. -The following cases are excepted:--(_a_) where a child is receiving -efficient instruction in some other manner. (_b_) where a child is -not less than 10 years of age has received a certificate that he -has passed the 5th Standard of the Code of 1871: in which case he -is wholly exempt from attendance at School. (_c_) where a child of -not less than 10 years of age has obtained a certificate that he is -beneficially and necessarily at work: in which case he is exempt from -the obligation to attend School more than 10 hours a week. (_d_) where -the child cannot attend School through sickness or other unavoidable -cause. If a parent commits a breach of the Bye-Laws he may be summoned -before a magistrate, and fined 5s.; and the child may be ordered to -attend School. B.--By the Act of 1876, if either--(1) the parent of a -child above the age of five years who is prohibited from being taken -into full-time employment, habitually and without reasonable excuse, -neglects to provide efficient elementary instruction for his child; -or, (2) a child is found habitually wandering, or not under proper -control, or in the company of rogues, vagabonds, disorderly persons, -or reputed criminals; the parent may be summoned before a magistrate, -and the child may be ordered to attend School. If the attendance order -be not complied with, the parent, if in fault, may be fined 5s.; and -in cases of continued non-compliance, the fine may be repeated at -intervals not less than a fortnight. The child may also, under certain -circumstances, be sent to a certified day industrial School, there to -be detained during certain hours each day for a stated period; or to an -ordinary certified industrial School, there to be wholly detained for a -stated period, which, however, must not extend beyond the time when the -child will reach the age of 16 years. In either case, the parent may be -made to contribute to the maintenance, of the child. II.--REGULATIONS -AFFECTING EMPLOYER AND CHILD. The term "employer" includes a "parent" -who employs his child by way of trade or for the purposes of gain. -A.--No person may employ, in the year 1877, any child who is under the -age of nine years; or in subsequent years, any child who is under the -age of 10 years. B.--No person may employ a child within certain limits -of age, unless the child shall have obtained either a certificate of -proficiency that he has reached the fourth Standard of the Code of -1876; or a certificate that he has previously made 250 attendances at -least, in not more than two Schools, during each year for a certain -number of years, whether consecutive or not, as follows:-- - - Unless they shall have - obtained a Certificate. - - Age of Children, Either of Or; of - who may not be Proficiency, previous due - employed. according to the Attendance - undermentioned for the - Standard. undermentioned - number of years. - -In -1877 Children between 9 and Fourth Two - 12, with the exception Standard of - of those who were 11 1876 - before the 1st January, - 1877 - -1878 Children between 10 and Ditto. Two - 13, with the exception - of those who were 11 - before the 1st January, - 1877 - -1879 Children between 10 and Ditto. Three - 14, with the exception - of those who were 11 - before the 1st January, - 1877 - -1880 Children between 10 and Ditto. Four - 14 - -1881* Children between 10 and Ditto. Five - 14 - -* and subsequent years - -The penalty incurred by an employer who acts in contravention of the -above provisions is a sum not exceeding 40s. But no penalty will be -incurred by the employer (_a_) if the child was lawfully employed -on the 15th August, 1876. (_b_) If the child obtains efficient -instruction by attendance at School for full time or in some other -equally efficient manner. (_c_) If the employment be during a specified -time allowed by the School Board for purposes of husbandry, &c. and -if the child be over eight years of age and be so employed. (_d_) -If the child be employed and be attending School in accordance with -the provisions of the Factory Acts, or of the Bye-Laws of the School -Board. (_e_) If the employer be _bona fide_ deceived as to the age -of the child or as to his having obtained a certificate; or if some -agent, without the knowledge of the employer, shall have employed the -child--in which latter case the agent will be liable to the penalty. -Although the employer be exempt from penalty, when the child is -lawfully employed under the above regulations, the parent will still -be liable for any breach of the Bye-Laws, where the latter are more -stringent. III.--REGULATIONS AS TO THE PAYMENT OR REMISSION OF FEES. -If a parent is unable, from poverty, to pay the School fee of his -child, he may apply either to the Guardians of the Poor for the Parish -where he lives, or to the School Board. The Guardians, if satisfied -of the poverty of the parent, must pay the school fee, not exceeding -3d. a week, of the child, in any Public Elementary School which the -parent may select. If the parent select a Board School, the School -Board, on his application, may, if they think fit, remit the school -fee. The payment or remission of the school fee will not subject the -parent to any disability. IV.--FREE INSTRUCTION. Subject to conditions -to be made by an order of the Education Department, a child under 11 -years of age who obtains a certificate that he has attended a Public -Elementary School 350 times a year, for two, three, four or five years -according to circumstances, and, also, that he has attained a Standard -(to be fixed by the Department) in Reading, Writing, and Arithmetic, -will be entitled to have his school fees paid for him by the Education -Department at a public Elementary School for three years more. - -BY ORDER OF THE BOARD. - -15_th November_, 1876. - -[Footnote 1: All Elementary Schools in the receipt of Government Grants -are annually examined by H.M. Inspector of Schools, and a report of -their condition forwarded to the Education Department. Board Schools -are further visited and reported on by an Inspector specially employed -by the Board itself for that purpose.] - -In 1879 there were 63 Board Schools in the whole of the Lambeth -Division and 45,000 children on the rolls. - -In Battersea there are 68 taverns for the sale of spirits, etc., and -84 beer-houses, making a total of 152 public-houses. There are also 29 -coffee-shops. - -A COFFEE PALACE IN OLD BATTERSEA.--On Saturday afternoon, Dec. 13, -1879, a coffee palace, belonging to the Coffee Taverns Company, -Limited, was opened at Lombard Market, York-road, Battersea. This is -the 22nd tavern of the kind opened by the Company, and carried on, -in regard to the business, on the same principle as others. A well -furnished room is provided for public meetings and other gatherings. - -LATCHMERE GROVE, which is almost encircled with Railway embankments, -was noted for its piggeries. The lane once known as "Pig Hill," leading -from Battersea Fields to Lavender Hill, is now a wide open road and -forms the west boundary of the Shaftesbury Park Estate. - -Somewhere near the foot of "Pig Hill" were two places called in olden -time "_Plague Spots_" where many bodies of persons who had died of the -Plague were buried. - -THE SHAFTESBURY PARK ESTATE[1] formerly the site of Poupart's Market -Ground, covers an area of 42 acres, contains about 1100 houses and -8000 inhabitants. The houses are built on the most improved sanitary -principles, they are prettily and artistically constructed, having -small gardens back and front; on either side of the streets are rows of -lime and plane trees which in the course of a few years will give the -"Work peoples' Town," a beautiful and pleasant aspect. The Houses are -built in four classes, containing 5, 6, 7, and 8 rooms respectively, -(the latter including a bath room), and the weekly rental (at first -was) 6/6, 7/6, and 8/-, and the best class £26 and £30 per year, which -sums, except the best class, includes rates and taxes, but if the -tenant is buying the house under the repayment table, the rates, taxes, -and ground rent have to be paid by him in addition to the purchase -money.[2] The purchasing prices of the houses are £170, £210, £260, -£310, and £360; and they are leased for a term of 99 years subject -to annual ground rent of £3 10s., £4 4s., and £4 10s. according to -the class of house. Each dwelling is thoroughly ventilated by means -of improved ventilating valves, which are fixed to every room and -connected with air shafts in all the external walls and the same are -applied beneath the floors, the houses have concrete foundations and -are considered dry and healthy. [3]It is intended to convert the -premises used as the Estate Agency Office into a Club house, equal in -accommodation to any at the West End, with Library, reading, smoking, -and billiard rooms; a small hall to hold about 350 is being built which -among other things is intended to be let to benefit clubs and such like -societies. It is suggested that the present temporary hall be converted -into Swimming and Washing Baths. Brassey Square a space about one and -a quarter acres, the Estate Company are going to make into a garden -like that on the Thames Embankment, in which seats are to be placed -and it is intended to have a band to play there in summer months. -Beside Co-operative Stores, there is a Social Review connected with the -Estate, and a Newspaper has been started called "The South Western -Advertiser."[4] The London Board School on the estate is situated -in Holden Street. Between houses Nos. 21-23 in the Grayshott Road a -stone may be seen bearing the following inscription "Healthy homes the -first condition of Social progress." This stone was laid by the Right -Honourable the Earl of Shaftesbury, K.G., for the Artizans, Labourers -and General Dwellings Company, Limited, on the 3rd of August, 1872. R. -Austin, Architect. - -[Footnote 1: The Artizans Labourers and General Dwellings Company -(Limited). Capital £1,000,000 in 100,000 shares of £10 each (paid up -capital, £583,000). Chief Office: 34, Great George Street, Westminster, -S.W. Office hours:--10 till 5 Saturdays 10 till 1. Estate Offices 221 -Eversleigh Road, Shaftesbury Park, S.W. 35, A Street, Queen's Park. W. - -DIRECTORS.--The Hon. Evelyn Ashley, M.P., Chairman, H. R. Droop, -Esq., R. E. Farrant, Esq., John Kempster, Esq., Rev. H. V. Le Bas, -F. D. Mocatta, Esq., Samuel Morley, Esq. M.P., Ernest Noel, Esq. -M.P., John Peace, Esq., W. H. Stone, Esq. Bankers.--The London and -Westminster Bank, Lothbury, E.C. Solicitors.--Messrs. Ashurst, Morris, -Crisp and Co., 6, Old Jewry, E.C., Manager J. V. Sigvald Muller, Esq. -Secretary.--Samuel E. Platt. - -The Company was established for the erection of improved dwellings -near to the great centres of industry to carry out the objects of -the Company in London, large estates have been secured near Clapham -Junction and the Harrow Road, that near Clapham Junction called -Shaftesbury Park.] - -[Footnote 2: The present weekly rental, which includes rates and -taxes, except in the case of the first-class Houses is as follows:--An -ordinary fourth class House 7/6 third class 8/6 second class 10/- first -class 10/- and 11/-. The shops, lower houses, those with larger gardens -than ordinary, and some other exceptional houses are subject to special -arrangements both as to Rental and purchase.] - -[Footnote 3: The scheme thus proposed has been abandoned. The temporary -Hall has been taken down and seven houses with shops erected on the -site, also a Temperance Hall. The Shaftesbury Club and Institute, -Eversleigh House, Lavender Hill, was opened on Saturday, Feb. 2nd, -1878, at 3 o'clock p.m. Previously a movement had been in progress to -establish a Club and Institute for the benefit of those large classes -of working men who live upon the Shaftesbury Park Estate, and in the -crowded neighbourhoods in the immediate vicinity. Nothing of the -kind was in existence, and, as a consequence, there was no efficient -corrective to the growing evils of intemperance and wasted time -among these classes of the people. The movement met with a great and -increasing support from the working men themselves, and the Provisional -Committee appointed has been busily engaged in the work of organising -the Club. The objects of the Club and Institute are thus stated in the -Draft Rules:-- - -"To afford to its members the means of social intercourse, mutual -helpfulness, mental and moral improvement, industrial welfare, and -rational recreation. The Club shall not identify itself with any -political, social, or theological party. As funds permit, there -shall be provided:--Library and Reading Rooms, supplied with Books, -Periodicals, and Newspapers; Educational Classes; Conversation, -Refreshment, and Smoking Rooms, in which various games may be played; -Billiard and Bagatelle Rooms; Popular Lectures and Entertainments; -Rooms for the Meetings of Benefit and Friendly Societies." Subscription -1s. a month 2s. 6d. a quarter, 10s. a year. Arthur George Thorne, Hon. -Secretary. Mr. W. Swindlehurst was the Secretary to the Estate Company. -The purchase of the Freehold Land (it is said) cost the Estate Company -£28,000. Recently the house rents on the Estate have been raised. - -The entrance to Shaftesbury Hall is in Ashbury Road.] - -[Footnote 4: The following Newspapers, which are published weekly, -contain (Battersea) Local Intelligence and District Board News. "The -South London Press," 2d. "Battersea and Wandsworth District Times," -1d. "Mid-Surrey Gazette," 1d. "The Clapham Observer," 1d. "The South -Western Star," 1d.] - -No Beer-shop, Inn or Tavern is erected on the Estate but it must not -be inferred from this, that all the inhabitants are Total Abstainers. -However the ostensible and important objects of the Estate Company -are to help the Working Classes to become owners of the House they -occupy; to raise their position in the social scale; and to spread a -moral influence over their class, tending to foster habits of Industry, -Sobriety and Frugality. Obedience to moral and physical laws, the right -and proper use of material appliances for sanitary purposes, have a -tendency to prolong human life and to make life more enjoyable, and the -Supreme Governor of the Universe hath so ordained that it should be -so. According to the metropolitan average, the deaths should have been -194, but they only numbered 100. In 1877 the births on the Shaftesbury -Park Estate were 284. Connected with the Estate is a Volunteer Rifle -Corps known as the "26th Surrey." Mr. Samuel E. Platt, Secretary to -the Estate Company; Mr. J. V. Muller, Manager. Office, 221, Eversleigh -Road. The Missionary who visits in this district is Mr. Vost, who holds -meetings in the Temperance Hall, Elsley Road. - -Eastward of the Shaftesbury Park Estate is situated Beaufoy's Chemical -Works. Entrance, Lavender Hill. Mr. Matthew Cannon, Manager. - -This site was formerly a brickfield. When Mr. Henry Beaufoy purchased -the land comprising some 17 acres he named it "Pays Bas," signifying -in French a _low country_. Recently 7 acres have been let on Lease of -99 years for building purposes, it is proposed to erect thereon 230 -houses. In this locality and that of Latchmere it is said the bricks -were made for the construction of Chelsea Hospital. - -THE METROPOLITAN ARTIZANS AND LABOURERS DWELLINGS ASSOCIATION have just -erected three blocks of houses in the Battersea Park Road, designed by -Charles Barry, Esq., President of the British Institute of Architects. -Accommodation in A Block for 98 families with 3 and 4 rooms each. -There are two B Blocks, 45 families in a block, having accommodation -for 90 families with one or two rooms each for labourers. The whole -of the front window-frames facing the main road are glazed with Plate -Glass. Between the pathway and the Blocks is erected an iron palisade -and some evergreens have been planted within the enclosure. There are -underground Laundries at the north end of the Blocks with all necessary -appliances. The B Blocks have three tiers of balconies supported by -iron columns communicating with the dwellings on the upper storeys. -The roofs are tiled by the Broomhall Tile Company. The Builders, are -Messrs. Downs & Co., Southwark. Major-General Scott, Secretary, office, -9, Victoria Road, Westminster Abbey. It is intended to erect more -Blocks on the land adjoining. Chairman, John Walter, Esq. - -The buildings are intended as models of the dwellings for Artizans and -Labourers, to replace the habitations condemned in various parts of the -Metropolis under the Act of 1875. They are built in flats as nearly -fire-proof as may be. Each tenement in the Artizans dwellings and each -block of four rooms for those of the labourers are entirely separated -from others by an open space, each tenement has a constant supply of -fresh water, the use of a wash-house and a coal bunker, a dust shoot, -and generally great care has been taken to insure to the tenants all -the advantages of the best known sanitary appliances. Within the outer -door which opens on to a general staircase, are all the conveniences -except the wash-houses which are detached from the building. These -tenements contain in most cases, three rooms, viz.: kitchen, bed-room, -and sitting-room. The labourers blocks are so divided that they can -be let singly, or in twos, threes, or fours. The dwellings were -formally opened on Saturday Afternoon, June 23rd, 1877, by the Earl -of Beaconsfield. The ceremony was graced by a select company, among -whom were in addition to the Prime Minister, the Earl and Countess of -Rosslyn, the Countess of Scarborough, the Earl and Countess Stanhope, -the Lord Chancellor and Lady Cairns, Lady E. Drummond, the Marquis of -Bristol, the Earl of Ilchester, the Earl of Verulam, the Bishop of -Winchester, the Right Hon. R. A. Cross, M.P., Mrs. and Miss Walter, Mr. -W. H. Smith, M.P., Mr. Roebuck, M.P., Mr. Montague Corrie, Mr. Algernon -Turner, Major-General H. Y. D. Scott, Manager of the Association, and -numerous Members of Parliament. Her Majesty who takes a deep interest -in this movement for the improvement of the dwellings of her people, -commanded Earl Beaconsfield to express Her wish that Her name may be -associated with this institution and that in future these buildings -will be called the Victoria Dwellings for Artizans. - -On the North side of Battersea Park Road is the site for Messrs. Spiers -and Pond's New Steam Laundry, contiguous to which (Propert's) Blacking -Manufactory is now built. Mr George Ashby Lean, Architect; Mr. Waters, -Builder, The Common, Ealing. - -Up the centre of the meadow a new road is to be made 50 feet wide. -About forty years ago this ground yielded as fine a crop of wheat as -any in England. At that time certain Notice Boards were erected with -the words "_Any person found plucking an ear of Corn will be fined one -shilling._" An old parishioner, who is still living, told the writer -that he had been fined three shillings because he had picked up three -ears of corn which another man had thrown away. - -BATTERSEA (LATCHMERE, formerly called Lechmore) ALLOTMENTS cover an -area of 16¼ acres, and are let to the industrial poor of the parish -to encourage habits of industry, the land was applied to the present -purpose in the year 1835. Originally there were 74 allotments now there -are 156. The Allotments let at 3/- a plot, each allotment being divided -into 10 plots. Application must be made to the Churchwardens, William -Evill and Joseph William Hiscox, Esqrs. - -Pleasantly situated between the Albert and Bridge Roads, Battersea Park -Road, is Dove Dale Place, founded by the late Mrs. Lightfoot of Balham, -(Widow of the late Dr. Lightfoot) for persons in reduced circumstances -professing godliness, whether in connection with the Church of England -or members of other Christian Churches having small yearly private -incomes of their own. There are twelve accommodations of two small -rooms each, there are two four-room cottages one at each end with -gardens. In the middle of the centre block is a Chapel and over the -window is the representation of a Dove bearing an Olive Branch. There -are some pecuniary advantages connected with the foundation. It is in -the hands of Trustees. - -On a plot of ground by the main road opposite Dove Dale Place stands -an _old boiler_ that belonged to one Andrew Mann--it has stood (we are -told) where it is for the last twenty five years. Before its removal to -Battersea, it stood on a piece of land in Vauxhall Bridge Road. - -LAMMAS HALL situated in Bridge Road West, is Licensed Pursuant to Act -of Parliament of the 25th of King George 2nd, was erected in 1858. -The Hall will seat about 400 persons and may be hired for lectures, -concerts, and other public purposes. The front part of the building -is used as a Vestry Hall and for the transaction of other parochial -business. A more commodious Hall is urgently needed in a central part -of the parish, so also are required Baths, Lavatory, and a Public -Library. Lammas Hall owes its origin from a fund which was paid by -the Battersea Park Commissioners for the extinguishment of the Lammas -Rights to the Churchwardens, by resolution of the Vestry after several -schemes had been brought forward they proposed to build a Hall and Vice -Chancellor Stuart appointed the Trustees hence its name "Lammas Hall." -Mr Thomas Harrap, _Vestry Clerk_. - -THE UNION WORKHOUSE, erected in 1836 is situated within the boundary -of Battersea parish at the junction of East Hill and St. John's Hill, -it is an extensive brick building with accommodation for 833 inmates. -The Infirmary adjoining was added in 1870 at a cost of £40,000. The -Casual Ward in addition is constructed for 117 casual paupers. The -Union comprises Battersea, Clapham, Putney, Streatham, Tooting, -and Wandsworth with a population in 1871 of 125,000 and an area of -11,488 acres. John Sanders, _Solicitor and Clerk_; Edward H. Taylor, -_Assistant Clerk_; Rev. William Armstrong, _Chaplain_; T. H. Cresswell, -_Medical Officer_; John Hodge, _Master_; Mrs Martha Hodge, _Matron_; -Mr. Pettman, _Missionary_.[1] - -[Footnote 1: The poor of England till the time of Henry VIII. subsisted -as the poor of Ireland until 1838 entirely upon private benevolence. -Judge Blackstone observes that till the Statute 26, Henry VIII. cap. -26, he finds no compulsory method for providing for the poor, but -upon the total dissolution of the Monasteries, abundance of Statutes -were made in the reign of King Henry VIII., Edward VI. and Elizabeth -which at last established the Poor's Rate, a legal assessment for the -support of the poor. Before the Reformation immense sums of money -were appropriated for charitable purposes, and notwithstanding many -abuses the religious order of those days never so far lost sight of -this original institution as ever to neglect the poor. The famous -Statute of the 43rd of Elizabeth, 1601, by which Overseers were -appointed for Parishes is the basis of all the poor laws in England. -By Statute 23, Edward III., 1342, it was enacted that none should give -alms to a beggar able to work. An Act was passed 1531, empowering -Justices to grant licenses to poor and impotent persons to beg within -certain limits of territory. By the Common Law, the poor were to be -sustained by "parsons, rectors of the church and parishioners so that -none should die for default of sustenance," and by 15 Richard II. -impropriators were obliged to distribute a yearly sum to the poor. An -act of 1601 directed that every parish shall provide for its own poor -by an assessment to be levied by the Justices in General Sessions and -embodied regulations as to how assessment should be made and applied. -In 1782 Workhouse Unions were introduced by an Act called Gilbert's -Act. The Act of 1834 among other changes established the system of -Poor Law Unions. In Scotland the poor were really maintained by the -private Alms of individuals and by certain funds under the management -of the _Kirk Session_, which when regularly constituted consisted of -the Minister, Elders, Session Clerk and Kirk Treasurer. The Presbytery -was by law appointed Auditor of the Poor's Accounts of the several -parishes. In the event of any difficult case arising in the discharge -of this duty the Presbytery could lay it before the Synod for advice. -"Scotland and Ireland have been legislated for separately, their poor -laws are similar to the English in principle and practice; both are -administered by a Central Board, which supervises the local bodies -charged with relief, and in both the rate is levied on the annual value -of real property. The present system in Scotland was instituted by the -8th and 9th Vic. c. 83 (1845). Scotland is divided into 883 parishes, -some of them combined for Workhouse accommodation. The relief is -administered by a parochial board, appointed by ratepayers, the Burgh -Magistrate and the Kirk Session. They appoint Inspectors of the poor -who act as relieving officers. The Scotch law differs from the English -and Irish in allowing no relief to able bodied adults."] - -Old Battersea Workhouse, which has long since been pulled down, -was situated in the neighbourhood of Battersea Square. In the same -neighbourhood is the "Priory," now the residence of Mr. Oakman. Not -far from the Raven Tavern was the "Cage," in Surrey Lane, for the -confinement of petty criminals. Near the Prince's Head Tavern was the -Pound in which cattle were enclosed for trespass until replevied or -redeemed. Also a wooden machine called the "Stocks" to put the legs of -offenders in, for securing disorderly persons, and by way of punishment -in divers cases, ordained by statute, &c., was erected without the -gates of Battersea Churchyard, near the waterside. - -In the last quarter of the eighteenth century, writes Robert Chambers -in his "Book of Days," there flourished at the corner of the lane -leading from the Wandsworth Road to Battersea Bridge a tavern yclept -"The Falcon," kept by one Robert Death--a man whose figure is said to -have ill comported with his name, seeing that it displayed the highest -appearance of jollity and good condition. A merry-hearted artist, -named John Nixon, passing the house one day, found an Undertaker's -company regaling themselves at 'Death's door,' having just discharged -their duty to a rich Nabob in a neighbouring churchyard, they had ... -found an opportunity for refreshing exhausted nature; and well did they -ply the joyful work before them. The artist, tickled at a festivity -among such characters in such a place, sketched them on the spot. This -sketch was soon after published, accompanied by a cantata from another -hand of no great merit, in which the foreman of the company, Mr. Sable, -is represented as singing as follows, to the tune of 'I've kissed and -I've prattled with fifty fair maids':-- - - "Dukes, Lords, have I buried, and squires of fame, - And people of every degree; - But of all the fine jobs that ere came in my way, - A funeral like this for me. - This, this is the job - That fills the fob; - Oh! the burying of a Nabob for me! - Unfeather the hearse, put the pall in the bag, - Give the horses some oats and some hay; - Drink our next merry meeting and quackeries increase - With three times three and hurra!" - -A portion of the Falcon Tavern erected about 275 years ago at the end -of Falcon Lane still remains with the old witch elm tree in front, -its hollow trunk, to which a door is attached, answers the purpose -of a bin or cupboard where hay is put with which to feed horses, and -the old wooden-cased pump, fastened with rusty holdfasts to the tree, -may still be seen. On the 15th of January, 1811, a printed engraving -was published representing "Undertakers regaling" by this road-side -inn, a copy of which may now be seen within. At that time R. Death was -the landlord, he had written outside the tavern in large characters, -Robert Death, Dealer in Genuine Rum, Gin, Wine; an Ordinary on Sundays; -Tea, Coffee and Hot Rolls; Syllabubs and Cheese-cakes in the highest -perfection. The subjoined doggerel lines as a skit or burlesque on the -publican's name is published with the engraving:-- - - "O stop not here ye sottish wights, - For purl nor ale nor gin, - For if you stop whoe'er alights - By Death is taken in. - When having eat and drank your fill - Should ye, O hapless case, - Neglect to pay your landlord's bill - Death stares you in the face. - With grief sincere I pity those - Who've drawn themselves this scrape in, - Since from this dreadful gripe, heaven knows, - Alas! there's no escaping. - This one advice my friend pursue - Whilst you have life and breath, - Ne'er pledge your host for if you do - You'll surely drink to Death." - -The Falcon Tavern is now kept by Mr. J. G. Brown. - -Mr. Edward Walford in his work entitled "Old and New London," published -by Cassell, Petter and Galpin, London; in Part 66 at Page 479, writes, -"Battersea has other claims to immortality: in spite of the claims -of Burton and Edinburgh, there can be little doubt, if Fuller is a -trustworthy historian, that one of the ozier beds of the river side -here was the cradle of bottled ale. The story is thus circumstantially -told in 'The Book of Anecdote':--Alexander Nowell, Dean of St Paul's -and Master of Westminster School in the reign of Queen Mary, was a -supporter of 'the new opinions' and also an excellent angler. But, -writes Fuller, while Nowell was catching of fishes Bishop Bonner was -after catching of Nowell, and would certainly have sent him to the -Tower if he could have caught him, as doubtless he would have done -had not a good merchant of London conveyed him away safely upon the -seas. It so happened that Nowell had been fishing upon the banks of -the Thames when he received the first intimation of his danger, which -was so pressing that he dared not even go back to his house to make -any preparation for his flight. Like an honest angler, he had taken -with him on this expedition provisions for the day, in the shape of -some bread and cheese and some beer in a bottle; and on his return -from London and to his own haunts he remembered that he had left these -stores in a safe place upon the bank, and there he resolved to look -for them. The bread and cheese of course were gone; but the bottle was -still there--'yet no bottle, but rather a gun: such was the sound at -the opening thereof.' And this trifling circumstance, quaintly observes -Fuller, 'is believed to have been the origin of bottled ale in England, -for casualty (_i.e._ accident) is mother of more inventions than is -industry.'" - -On the road to Wandsworth and facing Plough Lane was "Ye Plough Inn," -erected A.D. 1701. In front of this Inn grew an oak to which an iron -ring was fastened, and it is supposed that here Dick Turpin the -notorious highwayman occasionally reined up his bonny black mare. When -the Inn was re-built in 1875-6 the trunk was removed to the front of -the "Old House" in Plough Lane, which formerly belonged to Mr. Carter, -who owned extensive market gardens about here. The following lines were -written in commemoration of the famous Old Plough Tree, and the present -landlord has had the lines enframed for his customers to read:-- - - "This stump the remains of the Old Oak Tree, - That flourish'd when knights of the road roamed free, - When bands of lawless yet chivalrous knights - Struck fear to the hearts of purse-proud wights! - This gay old king of the forest's wilds, - His proud head bow'd to the sun's bright smiles, - In glorious prime when his branches were strong - As shoulders of Atlas in time long gone! - His leaves in the murmuring breeze did fling - Their sweet green shade o'er the Old Plough Inn! - When the knights of the road of their deeds did sing, - 'Twas there to his side was first fixed the ring - To which Dick Turpin the gallant and bold - When going to the Plough to spend his bright gold - Did tether his mare, swift Bonny Black Bess. - When rider and horse stopp'd here to get rest. - Removed from his place when the Old Plough's head - By time's fell decree in ruin was laid! - This stump that remains of the Old Plough tree - In front of 'The Old House,' in Plough Lane you may see. - Here placed in memory of the Old Plough Inn - An aged memento of things that have been! - Here in his last stage, sapped branchless and grey, - Here in cool September, the trunk's first day, - In the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six, - Was planted by Messrs. J. Goodman and Wilkes." - _William Holloway._ - -Situated in Plough Lane, and nearly opposite the residence of the late -Rev. I. M. Soule, were Alms Houses for eight poor widows, founded by -Mrs. Henry Tritton. The whole of this estate is now built upon and is -called May Soule Road. - -At Lawn House, now occupied by Mr. Miller the Barge Builder in Lombard -Road, of the Firm of Nash and Miller, lived Mr. Hammett, of the firm -of Eisdale and Hammett, Bankers. He was a great patron of the rowing -fraternity and kept an open house two days in the year. He awarded the -prizes for the Kean's Sovereigns and the Funny Boat Club races on the -lawn in front of his house. - -The Old Swan Tavern (now kept by Mr. R. Turner) nearly opposite the -Star and Garter, was a kind of half-way house between Lambeth and -Putney for the Eton and Westminster scholars who used to put in -here when training for the great rowing match so strongly contested -between them, but who in the zenith of their fame never obtained such -popularity as the annual boat race has done of late between the Cantabs -and Oxonians. - -An old-fashioned print represents the former Parish Church of -Battersea with square tower crowned with lantern and pinnacles, not -far off is the Swan Tavern with stairs leading down to the river -where persons arriving by boat might land. An excellent wood-cut -engraving in "Lysons's Environs" represents not only the New Parish -Church but the sign of the Old Swan with two necks. Charles Dibdin in -a ballad opera entitled "The Waterman; or the first of August," first -performed at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket, August 8th, 1774, Scene -III.--Battersea--represents a room at the Swan, with a large open -window looking on the Thames in which Master Bundle the honest gardener -and hen-pecked husband, and Mrs. Bundle the termagant wife, the Star -of Battersea, figure conspicuously. Reference is also made in Scene I. -to the "Black Raven," now kept by W. Ambrose. It is said that in olden -time this was a Posting Establishment for Royalty. - -Situated on Wandsworth Common and overlooking the London Brighton and -South-Coast and South-Western Railways are the Royal Victoria Patriotic -Schools for Boys and Girls, children of deceased soldiers, sailors and -marines. Founded by Her Most Gracious Majesty, 1854-56. The Patriotic -Asylum was endowed by the Commissioners of the Royal Patriotic Fund -which was instituted in 1854 for the purpose of giving "assistance to -the widows and orphans of those who fell during the Crimean and more -recent wars, and to provide schools for their children." Within the -boundary of Battersea Parish is situated the Asylum for Boys but the -Asylum for Girls which is some three hundred yards distant is in the -parish of Wandsworth. 200 boys are in the Asylum. _Superintendent_, W. -Ridpath; _Office_, 5, St Martin's Place, Trafalgar Square; _Secretary_, -W. H. Mugford, Esq. - -Near the southern boundary of the parish and not far from Wandsworth -Common Railway Station, are situated St. James' Industrial Schools. -[1]This Institution stands on a portion of 22 acres of land purchased -of the Right Honourable Frederick Earl Spencer, K.G., and conveyed to -the Governors and Directors of the Poor of the Parish of St. James, -Westminster, by Deed bearing dates, the thirtieth day of December, one -thousand eight hundred and fifty. The first stone laid 24th September, -1851. The School opened 22nd June, 1852. F. Parkis, Superintendent. -There are now 141 boys in the schools. On leaving a premium of £10 is -given to each boy to learn a trade. Mrs. Anne Newton, late of upper -Harley Street in the Parish of Mary-le-bone, widow, deceased, by her -Will left, dated the 12th of March, 1806, £1,000. £429 19s. 3d. has -been received through the Court of Chancery. The interest is given to -the best boy selected by his fellow scholars, on condition that the -Superintendent agrees with their decision. - -[Footnote 1: Mr. Beal sold on Wednesday, March 13th, 1878, at the Mart, -14½ acres of land for £14,500, being part of 20 acres bought in 1850 -for the sum of £600. The land is in Battersea Parish, bordering on -Wandsworth Common, and was part of the site of the Westminster Union -(St. James') Industrial Schools. It was bought by the British Land -Company.] - -The Royal Masonic Institution for Girls supported entirely by -_Voluntary Contributions_, was instituted on the 25th March, 1788, -at the suggestion of the late Chevalier Bartholomew Ruspini, -Surgeon-Dentist to his late Majesty, George the Fourth, for the -purpose of educating, clothing, and maintaining a limited number of -girls, whether orphans or otherwise, the children of Brethren whose -reduced means prevented them from affording their female offspring a -suitable education. His late Majesty, the Prince of Wales, with other -members of the Royal Family, the nobility, clergy and gentry, and -many of the most influential members of the craft, gave the project -their warmest support, and by their united efforts established this -Institution, which has preserved numbers of children from the dangers -and misfortunes to which females are peculiarly exposed, trained -them up in the knowledge and love of virtue and habits of industry, -and cultivated the practice of such social, moral and religious -duties as might best conduce to their welfare and eternal happiness. -A school-house was erected in 1793, near the Obelisk, St. George's -Fields, on leasehold ground belonging to the Corporation of the City -of London. At the expiration of the lease in 1851, it was determined -by the Committee to remove to a more healthy locality. Accordingly -about three acres of freehold land were purchased on the high ground -of Battersea Rise. Upon this land the present building, which is an -ornament to the neighbourhood, was erected in 1852. It is constructed -of red brick of Gothic architecture from the designs of Mr. Phillip -Hardwicke, and is noticeable for its great central clock tower. Since -the first erection of the building a wing has been added and the -wings of the buildings have been extended in front in order to afford -extra school-room, dining room and dormitory accommodation. Detached -from the main building an Infirmary has been erected in the grounds, -including _convalescent room, laundry, and every appliance necessary -thereto_. The establishment consists of a Matron; a Governess; three -Assistant Governesses; an Assistant to the Matron, and six Junior -Teachers; a Gardener and his Wife; and eight female Servants. Since its -establishment, one thousand and ninety-one girls have been educated, -clothed, and maintained within its walls. There are now _one hundred -and sixty-two_ girls in the Institution. The school is open for -inspection every day from eleven to four (Sundays excepted) and can -be reached by any train stopping at Clapham Junction which is closely -adjacent. - -CLAPHAM JUNCTION is in the direction of St. John's Hill, at the -north-eastern extremity of Wandsworth Common. "The station itself -which was at first one of the most inconvenient, was re-built a few -years ago, and now with its various sidings and goods-sheds cover -several acres of ground." It is one of the most important railway -junctions south of the Thames, offering facilities to persons desirous -of travelling not only to any part of the Metropolis but to all parts -of England. Easy access can be had to the eight different platforms -for "upline" and "downline," etc., on entering the tunnel. Booking -office for Kensington, Metropolitan line, etc., on the ground floor -at the north end of the tunnel and facing No. 2 platform; Booking -office South-Western line No. 5 platform; Booking office Brighton and -South-Coast No. 8 platform; also Telegraph office ditto ditto. - -At the Junction there are thirteen waiting rooms, two refreshment bars, -two cab ranks, two carriage roads to the Junction from St. John's Hill. -Nearly 1,000 trains pass through the Junction daily. The staff of -railway employés are respectful and obliging to passengers; there is -none of that bull-dog growl in reply to questions which characterize -some men with surly dispositions who fill public positions. - - "Evil is wrought from want of thought - As well as want of heart." - -London, Brighton and South-Coast Railway: Station Master, Mr. John B. -Carne; South-Western Railway: Station Master, Mr. Thomas Green. West -London Extension Railway: Battersea Station, High Street. - -BATTERSEA PROVIDENT DISPENSARY, 175, High Street, founded 1844, -re-organized 1876; President, The Rev. Canon Erskine Clarke, Vicar of -Battersea; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. B. W. Bayley; Committee -for 1881, Dr. J. Brown, Mr. J. H. T. Connor, Mr. Heale, Mr. Merry, -Mr. Pilditch, Rev. S. G. Scott, Rev. H. G. Sprigg, Rev. J. Toone, -Mr. Trehearne, Mr. Tyrer, Mr. H. Urwicke; Elected Representatives of -Benefit Members, Mr. King, Mr. Whensley; Medical Officers, Mr. Oakman, -The Priory, Battersea Square; Mr. G. F. Burroughs, Queen's Road, and -Grayshott Road; Dr. R. Frazer, Sisters Terrace, Lavender Hill; Mr. -Biggs, 93, Northcote Road; Mr. Sewell (Kempster & Sewell), 247, -Battersea Park Road; Resident Dispenser, Mr. Whitehead; Collector, Mr. -Chatting. - -The Funds of the Institution are derived from two sources. (1) From -the weekly payments of Subscribers who are termed members. (2) From -annual contributions of the more affluent, who on subscribing to the -Institution become honorary members. Medical attendance and medicine -are supplied to persons earning not more than 30/- a week on payment -of one penny per week for those over 14, and one half-penny per week -for those under 14; but no greater sum than fourpence shall be required -from any family residing together as such. To persons earning more than -30/- and not more than 50/- per week, double the terms named above. -Members select their own medical attendant from the medical officers -of the Institution. The medical officers attend at the Dispensary at -appointed hours, but give advice at their own residences, and visit the -sick at their own houses when necessary. The Dispensary is open for the -supply of medicines daily, except Sunday, at 10, 3 and 7; but medicines -are supplied at all hours in urgent cases. - -WANDSWORTH COMMON PROVIDENT DISPENSARY, Bolingbroke House.--President, -The Rev. Canon J. Erskine Clarke; Honorary Secretaries and Treasurers, -Rev. J. H. Hodgson, Church House, Bolingbroke Grove; J. S. Wood, Esq., -Woodville, Upper Tooting; Honorary Dentist, A. J. East, Esq., St. -John's Hill, New Wandsworth; Resident Medical Officer, Dr. John H. Gray. - -CHARITY ORGANIZATION SOCIETY, 1, Clifton Terrace.--Office hours, 9 -till 10 a.m. and 5 to 6 p.m. Joint Secretaries: J. H. Ward, Esq., and -Frank Knight, Esq., Agent, Mr. J. T. Thornton. Sub-office: St. George's -Mission Room, New Road. - -THE PENNY BANK, 1, Clifton Terrace, Battersea Park Road, is open on -Mondays and Saturdays, from 7 to 8 p.m. - -Conspicuously situated at the corner of Simpson Street, Battersea Park -Road, is No. 54 Metropolitan Fire Brigade Station, erected 1873-4, -is substantially built of red brick, with turret. In case of fire -two engines and one fire-escape are kept on the premises. Staff: one -officer and four men. - -"We are indebted to Germany for the invention of the first fire engine." - -Respecting the origin of fire brigades: "In 1774 an Act was passed -requiring every Parish to provide itself with one large and one small -engine, &c., and everything necessary in case of fire. The first London -fire brigade was an Institution entirely independent of the parishes, -as indeed also of the Government and of the Corporation of London. It -was created and exclusively supported by the Insurance Companies of the -Metropolis. At first every Insurance Company had its own fire engine -and men to work it, but in 1825 some of them joined, and when the -advantage of union was seen most of the others desired to take part in -the combination already formed, the result of which was that in 1833 a -more extensive organization was made, to which the name of the London -Fire Brigade was given. Such was the state of matters until by Act 28 -and 29 Vict. cap. xc., July 5th, 1865, the duty of extinguishing fires -and protecting life and property in case of fire was declared to be -entrusted to the Metropolitan Board of Works within their jurisdiction, -and provision was made for the establishment of the Metropolitan Fire -Brigade. The Act provides for its support from three sources, viz.: 1st, -£10,000 Grant from Treasury; 2nd, ½d. in the £ Rate; 3rd, £35 for every -£1,000,000 insured in the Metropolis from Insurance Companies, which in -the year ending December 31, 1872, realized £16,267. All the Stations -are in direct communication by telegraph with the Central Station, -so that any required number of engines or men may be summoned to any -given spot without delay. In 1872 the cost of maintenance was: Brigade, -£67,520; Stations, £8,793; Total, £76,313. All the Dock Companies have -engines, and some large private firms."--_Popular Cyclopedia_, Blackie -& Son. - -By 1833 all the important Companies combined and the London Fire -Brigade was formed, organised and raised to an efficient standard under -the management of the late and much lamented Mr. James Braidwood, who -met with his death in the act of discharging his duties at the great -conflagration which broke out in the afternoon of Saturday, June 22nd -1861, in one of the warehouses on the banks of the river, close to the -Surrey side of London Bridge, which in spite of increasing efforts to -extinguish it, continued to burn until it destroyed property worth -nearly £2,000,000. The destruction of property thus caused by the fiery -element is without a parallel in the Metropolis since the great fire -of 1666. "Three acres of ground were gradually covered with a mass of -fire, glowing and crackling at a white heat like a lake of molten iron. -The saltpetre, the tallow, the tar and other combustibles stored in the -warehouses ran blazing into the Thames until the very river appeared to -be covered with the flames. Ships were burned as well as houses, and -the danger to life was almost as great on the river as in the street. -The glare of the conflagration was not only visible but strikingly -conspicuous 30 miles off." - -THE METROPOLITAN POLICE.--The organization of the present effective -Police force is due to Sir Robert Peel's bill of 1829. The force is -divided into the City Police, confined to the City proper, whose office -is in the Old Jury, and the Metropolitan Police, which consists of -about 8,200 men, and whose Chief Station is in Scotland Yard. - -Metropolitan Police Station, Battersea, V. Sub-Division, Bridge Road. -_Superintendent_, Mr. Digby; _Inspectors_, Mr. McCrory, Mr. Steggles. -Number of men about 70. W. Division New Police Station, Battersea Park -Road. - -The full force of the Metropolitan Police in 1876 was 10,238.[1] - -[Footnote 1: The Report of the Commissioners of Police for the year -1879 shows that in December the Metropolitan police numbered 10,711, -which was an increase of 234 over the previous year. The number of -felonies committed during the year was 21,891, for which 11,431 persons -were arrested. The loss by thefts was £101,798, of which £22,460 -was recovered. The Director of Criminal Investigations reports that -photography and engraving have been extensively used in the tracing of -criminals, with very satisfactory results.] - -Board of Works for the Wandsworth District, Battersea Rise, S.W. Arthur -Alex. Corsellis, _Clerk of the Board_. - -ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE of the National Society is situated in Lombard Road -for the training of young men who are intended to become schoolmasters -in schools connected with the Church of England. There are at this -time about 80 students. The Rev. Evan Daniel, M.A., Principal; Rev. -Edwin Hammonds, Vice-Principal; Mr. George White, Secretary and Tutor; -Mr. Arthur Macken, Tutor; M. Alphonso Estoclet, French Master; Mr. E. -C. May, Teacher of Music; Mr. W. Taylor, Normal Master; Mr. E. Mills, -Organist; Dr. Connor, Medical Attendant. - -The College owes its origin to Dr. J. P. Kay-Shuttleworth and Mr. -E. C. Tufnell, Assistant Poor-Law Commissioner, who with the view -of establishing a Normal School in this country for imparting to -young men that due amount of knowledge and training them to those -habits of simplicity and earnestness which might render them useful -instructors to the poor, travelled to Holland, Prussia, Switzerland, -Paris and other places that they might witness the operations of such -educational schemes as had been projected by Pestalozzi, De Fellenberg -and others interested in promoting the education of the poor. The -plan suggested by Dr. Kay-Shuttleworth and Mr. Tufnell met with the -hearty and most cordial approval of the Vicar, the Hon. and Rev. R. -Eden, who offered them the use of his village schools to carry out -their benevolent intentions. In 1840 they selected a commodious manor -house near the river Thames, at Battersea. Boys as students were first -obtained from the School of Industry at Norwood, who were to be kept -in training for three years. Subsequently some young men joined the -Institution whose period of training was necessarily limited to one -year. In 1843, the Directors, Dr. Kay-Shuttleworth and Mr. Tufnell, -who had supported the Institution by their own private means, had it -transferred into the hands of the National Society. The Continental -modes of instruction which had been adopted, such as Mulhauser's method -of writing, Wilhelm's method of singing, Dupuis' method of drawing, -etc., were so satisfactory that a grant of £2,200 for the enlargement -and improvement of the premises was made to them by the Committee of -Council on Education which was transferred to the National Society and -without delay disbursed in completing the alterations required. In -the early part of 1846 a new class-room was erected. "The Institution -is supported by the National Society's special fund for providing -schoolmasters for the manufacturing and mining districts. Only young -men are received as students, whose term of training is generally two -years." - -THE VICARAGE HOUSE SCHOOL is also situated here. Principal: Miss -Crofts. Fees from half a guinea to a guinea per quarter, according to -age and attainments. The only extra subjects are Music and French. - -On the border of the river between Albert Bridge and Watney's -Distillery are several wharfs and factories. Ribbon Factory of Cornell, -Lyell and Webster; the Glove Factory of Fownes & Co.; Garton, Hill & -Co.'s Sugar Refinery now in course of erection; Orlando Jones & Co.'s -Rice Starch Manufactory; Denny's (Creek) Flour Mills;[1] Price's Patent -Candle Company's Factory; B. Freeman & Co.'s Varnish and Color Works; -T. Whiffin's Chemical Manufactory; Nash and Miller, Barge Builders; A. -B. Cox, Barge and Boat Builder; Watney's Malt Houses. - -[Footnote 1: A pair of 4-ft. stones will grind four bushels per hour.] - -On the site where now stands Fownes & Co.'s Glove Factory, formerly -used as a silk factory, was Bonwell and Waymouth's Distillery. This -firm furnished a Corps of (Battersea) Volunteers, of which the late Mr. -George Chadwin was an ensign. Mr. Jonathan Browne, who used to preach -at the Old Baptist Meeting House, York Road, was the grandfather of Mr. -George Jonathan Chadwin, of Lombard Road, who was Vestry Clerk for 29 -years in conjunction with his father. - -T. Gaines, a celebrated Horticulturist and Florist, resided in an -ancient mansion that stood in Surrey Lane, thought by some to have been -a private residence of Queen Elizabeth. The house has been pulled down. - -J. Tow kept a Private Mad House in High Street, It is now occupied by -Austin & Co., Dyers. - -It is supposed by some that there was in olden time a Foundry in -Battersea for casting shot, etc., for the Tower of London. - -THE PATENT PLUMBAGO CRUCIBLE COMPANY'S WORKS, which are the largest -crucible works in the world, cover a large space of ground and -have a river frontage. The principal elevation in Church Road is a -conspicuous feature in the neighbourhood. It is Italian in character -freely treated and somewhat Continental in design. The clock tower -rises about 100 feet high, in which is an illuminated clock that may -be seen at a considerable distance. A portion of the basement of this -elegant structure is appropriated to the private office of the manager -and clerks' offices where every quality of plumbago is represented by -specimens from all the most celebrated mines, particularly those of -Ceylon, Germany, Spain, Siberia, Canada, Finland and Borrowdale. The -other departments are the stores, grinding room, mixing room, potters' -room, drying room, the clay department, store room, etc. Crucibles -for melting and refining metals have been used ever since man threw -aside his hatchet and bone-chisel for bronze. For scientific research -the crucible has occupied an important place. It was constantly used -by the first alchemists and has truly been styled the cradle of -experimental chemistry. The word crucible from the Latin crux-crucis -recalls the alchemical practice of marking the vessel with the -protective sign of the cross. Crucibles of different shapes and sizes -are extensively employed by the refiner of gold and silver, the brass -founder, melters of copper, zinc and malleable iron, the manufacture -of cast steel, the assayer and the practical chemist. For ordinary -metallurgical operations clay crucibles are extensively employed. At -the International Exhibition of 1862 the only prize medal for crucibles -was awarded to the Company and another prize medal for blackleads. The -Company's crucibles are now used exclusively by the English, Australian -and Indian Mints; the Royal Arsenals of Woolwich, Brest, and Toulon, -etc., etc., and have been adopted by most of the large engineers, -brass founders and refiners in this country and abroad. Their great -superiority consists in their capability of melting on an average -forty pourings of the most difficult metals, and a still greater number -of those of an ordinary character, some of them having actually reached -the extraordinary number of 96 meltings. These crucibles never crack, -become heated much more rapidly than any other description, and require -only one annealing, may be used any number of times without further -trouble, change of temperature (they may be plunged while cold into a -furnace nearly white hot without cracking) having no effect on them. -The Patent Plumbago Crucible Company are the greatest consumers of the -Ceylon Graphite brought to the United Kingdom. The total quantity of -Graphite exports from Ceylon in 1862 was 40,195 cwt., of which 34,730 -cwt. was shipped to Great Britain. - -This Company are at present carrying out very extensive improvements on -the river side along the front of their premises in the construction -of a river wall built of Portland Cement Concrete, the foundations of -which are carried down four feet below Trinity Low Water Mark, which -have been done without the aid of a coffer-dam. These works when -completed will reclaim a very valuable frontage of the river. The total -length of wall and camp-shedding together with the adjoining property -of Messrs. May and Baker's Chemical Works will be about 500 feet. - -These improvements if extended westward towards the Parish Church will -be the means of doing away with the unsightly mud banks which now -exist, there is no doubt then a clean foreshore will be accomplished -similar to the south side lower down the river where more extensive -embankment works have been constructed. Behind a portion of the wall -which the Plumbago Company are constructing will be some extensive -cellars, which will be covered over with a concrete floor carried on -wrought iron girders and supported by cast iron columns, and on the top -of this floor will be a tram seven feet wide for the use of a heavy -steam crane, and when completed will be able to unload goods out of -barges alongside and deliver the same into the second floor of the -present warehouse. - -These works have been constructed from the designs and under the -superintendence of Mr. W. H. Thomas, C.E., of 15 Parliament Street, -Westminster, Engineer to the Patent Plumbago Crucible Company, and now -being carried out by Messrs. B. Cook & Co., of Phœnix Wharf, Church -Road Battersea, Mr. Maples acting as Clerk of the Works. - -The same firm are also constructing large river-side works at Nine Elms -for the London Gas-Light Company for a Ship's Berth, from the design -and under the superintendence of Robert Morton, Esq., the Company's -Engineer. - -A very striking feature is connected with the latter works, as it is -proposed to bring vessels up the river capable of carrying 1,000 tons -of coals which will be discharged by the use of hydraulic cranes and -delivered by tram direct into the Gas Works. - -Adjacent are the Silicated Carbon Filter Company's Works. Whenever man -has arrived at any considerable degree of civilization the subject of -water supply had a share in his solicitude, and it is questionable if -our modern works for supplying water surpass those of ancient Judea, -Greece, Rome, Mexico and other places. The effect of impure water on -the health and life of the community was alas, too painfully evinced -by the outbreak of cholera in 1854-1866, and by the reports of medical -officers as to the cause of typhoid fever. - -The Silicated Carbon Filters are so constructed that the solid matter -deposited on the filtering medium can be easily cleansed away. They -entirely remove from water all organic matter and every trace of -lead, and for all domestic purposes they may be said to render water -absolutely pure. Testimonials from eminent authorities describe the -extraordinary power possessed by these filters of entirely freeing -water from every noxious quality. - -Contiguous are the premises belonging to Mr. H. Bollman Condy, the -Inventor, Patentee, and Manufacturer of Antiseptic Aromatic Vinegar, -"Condy's Fluid," and "Condy's Ozonised Sea Salt." - -Adjoining are the Citizen Steamboat Company's Works and Dock, whose -steamboats leave Battersea to London Bridge and intervening piers every -ten minutes from 8 a.m. till dark. Entrance: Bridge Road. Manager: Mr. -M. Williams. - -Situated in Wellington Road is A. Ransome & Co.'s Battersea Foundry. - -S. Williams' Barge Works, Albert Road. - -[Illustration] - -ORLANDO JONES & CO.'S STARCH WORKS.--Oryza is the name by which rice -was known to the Greeks and Romans and which has been adopted by -botanists as the generic name of the plant yielding that valuable -grain. The name _Paddy_ is applied to the rice in the natural state, or -before being separated from the husk. The genua Oryza has two glumes -to a single flower; paleae two, nearly equal, adhering to the seed; -stamens six, and styles two. The common rice _Oryza Sativa_ unlike -many cultivated grams is still found in a wild state in and about the -borders of lakes in the Rajahmundy Circare though the grain in its -wild state is white, palatable and considered wholesome the produce -when compared with the varieties of cultivation is very small. The -rice plant is described as a native of India from which country it has -spread over a great part of the world especially in Asia where it forms -the principal portion of the food of the inhabitants. A failure of the -rice crop is most disastrous as has been experienced too painfully by -the natives of India during the late famine in that region. "A rice -field produces a much greater quantity of food than the most fertile -corn fields. Two crops in the year, from thirty to sixty bushels -each, are said to be the ordinary produce of an acre." Rice is now -extensively cultivated in North and South Carolina, and in Georgia, -also in Italy and the South of Spain and likewise a little in Germany. -There are forty or fifty varieties of rice. Dr. Roxburgh divides them -into two kinds. One called in Telinga, Poonas Sans; the second division -of cultivated rice is called Pedder Worloo by the Telingas. - -Rice Starch is principally used for laundry purposes it will be found -distinguished from all others by its singular purity and brightness of -color. It will not stick to the iron in the slightest degree. It may -be used with hot or cold water, and articles starched with it do not -lose their stiffness in damp weather. A few of the principal sources of -the various known starches are sago, arrowroot, yams, the manioc-root -and horse chesnuts in addition to those resorted to by manufacturers, -viz.: wheat, potato, maize and rice, the latter being a great novelty -and illustrating more than any other the progress of chemical science. -Wheat starch is the oldest known. It is alluded to by Pliny in the -'Natural History,' and the discovery of the method of its extraction -is attributed by him to the inhabitants of the Island of Chios. The -starches used three centuries ago, when such enormous ruffles and -frills were in fashion were made from wheat; in fact down to modern -times it was the only known source of starch. Owing to a scarcity of -wheat at the commencement of the present century the use of wheat for -the manufacture of starch was prohibited by a legislative enactment. -The restrictions thus imposed were considered most oppressive, no -one could manufacture starch without a licence and a tenement rent -was exacted. The details of manufacture were subject to Government -regulations and a duty of 3¼d. per pound was levied, amounting to more -than 75 per cent. of the present market value of the article. These -hindrances to the extension of the manufacture were wisely removed -by our Legislature in the year 1833. Starch is one of the principal -constituents of vegetable substance. It is stored up in the seeds, -roots and piths of plants and by its decomposition furnishes the -materials for keeping up respiration and supplying the animal heat. It -has an organised structure and when examined by the microscope presents -the form of rounded grains or granules composed of concentric layers -which differ in size and shape in the starch of different plants the -granules varying in diameter from 1000th to 300th of an inch. However -the composition is the same, consisting of seventy-two parts of -carbon and eighty-one of water. "In its pure state starch is a fine -white powder without taste or smell. It is not soluble in water or -alcohol, or ether, but mixed with boiling water it swells, bursts, and -forms a kind of mucilage, which cools into a semi-transparent paste or -jelly." The process of manufacturing starch from rice was discovered -and patented about the year 1840 by Mr. Orlando Jones, founder of the -house of the same name. His invention consists in the treatment of -rice by a caustic alkaline solution during the steeping, grinding and -macerating of the grains. The alkali used is either caustic potash or -soda, of such a strength as to dissolve the gluten without destroying -the starch; it must consequently vary with the character of the grain -and hence the utmost nicety is required. The Battersea Works of Orlando -Jones & Co. were built in 1848, the firm having previously carried on -their manufacture in Whitechapel, they are situated on the banks of -the Thames near the works of Price's Patent Candle Company, and occupy -ground extending from the river to York Road; thus the firm possesses -facilities of conveyance both by land and water--this latter is -particularly valuable to them to enable them to save all dock, landing -and warehousing charges. A large new store has been recently built on -their wharf to which rice is barged direct from the ship. From the -wharf also the manufactured article itself is conveyed to the docks for -shipment to the Continent and our Colonies, with which a large trade is -carried on. As an illustration of the extent of Orlando Jones & Co.'s -operations it may be added that the box making department is a little -factory in itself, and the machinery employed for the various purposes -of sawing, dusting, cleaning, lighting, pumping, stirring, and grinding -is driven by steam engines. It will be obvious that the manufacture -of rice starch on a large scale requires no little capital and skill, -and takes high rank among those industrial enterprises which are so -peculiarly the characteristic and the glory of our age and country. -Messrs. Orlando Jones & Co's manufacture has been awarded nine prize -medals at International Exhibitions, and the grand distinction of -the gold medal of the Académie Nationale of Paris. These medals have -been awarded 'for introduction of the process,' 'for excellence of -manufacture' and 'for large production.' - -It is worthy of note that Messrs. Orlando Jones & Co. are the -manufacturers of Chapman's Patent Prepared Entire Wheat flour -especially distinguished by its richness in earthly phosphates which -are essential to the development of bones and teeth. This farinaceous -food for infants, children and invalids is much recommended by the -medical faculty. - -Battersea is becoming quite noted for Laundries. There is Strutt's -(Lawn) Laundry, Orkney Street; Royal Albert Laundry, Battersea Park -Road; Laundry, Sheepcote House; Latchmere Laundry; Alder's South -Western Laundry, Surrey Lane; Lombard Road Laundry; Palmer's Laundry, -Chatham Road, Wandsworth Common; and many others. - -But one of the largest and most gigantic of Laundries is the Colossal -Steam Laundry, belonging to Messrs. Spiers & Pond, erected 1879. -The Laundry is situated on the North side of Battersea Park Road, -it is constructed of yellow brick, with stone window-sills, and -Beart's white-moulded brick for string courses, window jambs, arches, -and cornices. The Building and Works are from designs by Mr. Kemp, -Architectural Engineer. Mr. Priddle of Hounslow was the Contractor; and -Mr. Warburton, Clerk of the Works, under whose superintendence the work -was carried out. - -The Building and Grounds extend over an area of one acre, the principal -frontage which is 170 ft. in length, faces the East in a road leading -to the South gate of Battersea Park, now called Alexandra Avenue. -The central portion has an elevation of 45 ft. in height consisting -of three floors containing, Manager's Residence, Clerk's Offices, -etc., also a mess-room for the Employés, with bath-room and domestic -lavatories. A spacious archway leads into the court-yard. This entrance -is 10 ft. in width and 15 ft. in height. The wings of each side of the -central portion have an elevation of two floors. Other blocks each -containing one lofty floor are built on the North, South and West -sides, to nearly one half the extent of the site. The remaining open -space which is set apart as a drying ground is furnished with necessary -appliances. Securely fixed in the ground by means of struts are 96 -poles, to which is firmly attached a galvanic wire-rope for bleaching -purposes. A separate block at the South West corner is for stables, -adjoining which is the engine and boiler house with a chimney-shaft -70 ft. high, 7 ft. wide at the base and 4 ft. at top. This part of -the Building is fitted up with a horizontal Engine and 2 Boilers by -Manlove, Alliott and Co. of Nottingham of sufficient power to drive -the Machinery requisite for the various processes of the Laundry; the -Patent Machines used are made by Mr. Bradford of London and Manchester. -The boundary wall enclosing the building and grounds is 7 ft. high. -On the South side of the laundry is a sorting-room 63 ft. in length -by 18 feet in width for the reception of articles as they arrive in -the vans. The washing-room is 50 ft. square with large open _louvres_ -in the ceiling for the purpose of ventilation and to allow the steam -to escape. The drying-room is 70 ft. by 30 ft. A flue-pipe 70 ft. in -length is placed horizontally immediately along the floor in this -department and about 1,200 ft. of corded piping are utilized for the -heating chamber. In the West block are the folding and the mangling -rooms, their dimensions being respectively 40 ft. by 30 ft., and 52 ft. -by 30 ft. In the North block is the ironing room which is 55 ft. by 25 -ft., next to which is the packing room 40 ft. by 25. - -Estimated cost of building and machinery about £12,000. - -Matron, Mrs. Tobin. Number of employés 60. - -Propert's (Blacking Factory) built 1878-9. Hunting Mark a fox's head. -Hunting preparations, established 1835, South Audley St. - -B. Beddow and Son, Sole Proprietors. - -A site past Propert's factory has been selected by the London and -Provincial Steam Laundry Co. Limited. Ernest Turner, Architect, 246, -Regent St. W. Mr. Austin, Secretary. - -The London and Provincial Steam Laundry (Company Limited) is -elaborately fitted up with Machinery of the very best description--the -building is said to be the largest in the world and it occupies an -acre and a half of ground. Its working-staff is composed mostly of -females numbering 150 including 32 who reside upon the premises, and -there are 20 males. The Laundry is capable of turning out from 80,000 -to 90,000 pieces weekly. The Architect was Mr. Ernest Turner of Regent -Street. Messrs. Bradford and Co. of Manchester and London, supplied the -machinery which was specially designed for this Laundry. The works are -entered at the west by double gates which lead into a second court-yard -where the vans can discharge and receive their freight in all weathers. -The main body of the building is cut off from the resident portion by -a second pair of gates. The general Laundry is divided longitudinally -into three sections. The wash-house is fitted up with machinery adapted -for speed and economizing labour. - -The washing machines which are of various sizes are known as Bradford's -"Vowel A." Then there is a range of boiling troughs, and again the -hydros in which the articles when washed and rinsed are put and -whirled round at the rate of 400 revolutions per minute "till every -drop of extractable moisture is driven off through the side holes." -The Ironing-room is in the central hall and occupies an area of 80 -by 70 ft. being 20 ft. high. For curtains, lace, etc., there is a -separate room. The boiler-house is provided with two 15-horse power -horizontal engines, driven by two 20-horse Cornish boilers. There is a -disinfecting chamber, and the severest penalties are demanded, not only -against any person sending infected articles, but against any of the -employés neglecting to give immediate notice of any case of infectious -disease, with which he or she shall be brought into contact. Mr. J. T. -Helby, Manager. - -It is interesting to know how enormously property has increased in -value in Battersea, within the last one hundred years. The Battersea -Bridge Estate which contains about 4 acres, was sold by auction at -the Mart by Norton, Trist, Watney and Co., 62, Old Broad Street, -on Thursday, May 20, 1880, realizing £35,000. At Mid-summer 1791, -this property was let on three leases for 90 years, at ground rents -amounting together to £90 per annum. - -The Workman's Institute erected two years ago has full complement of -150 members. It has a kitchen, library, newspapers, games, etc. One of -the workmen has been thirty-eight years and a few others thirty years -in the service of the firm. - - The man how wise, who, sick of gaudy scenes, - Is led by choice to take his fav'rite walk, - Beneath death's gloomy, silent, cypress shades, - Unpierc'd by vanity's fantastic ray! - To read his monuments, to weigh his dust; - Visit his vaults, and dwell among his tombs! - _Young's Night Thoughts_. - -Situated on Battersea Rise at the commencement of Bolingbroke Grove, -Wandsworth Common, is St. Mary's Cemetery used as a place of interment -for the parishioners. It covers an area of 8 acres, and cost £8,000, -including the erection of mortuary, chapels, etc. The ground thus -purchased formed part of an estate that belonged to Mr. Henry Willis. -It was opened Nov. 1860. It is fringed on the north and west sides with -stately elms, and partially on the east boundary with poplar trees. - -Grassy hillocks, planted with flowers and evergreens, monumental -inscriptions and tombstones, together with the number of each grave -denote the spot where many a tributary tear of fond affection has been -died by the surviving relatives and friends of loved ones who have -departed this life, but whose mouldering dust lies sleeping here. -The congregation of the silent dead seems to make the place sacred, -and gives it a solemn air. Here lie the mortal remains of the late -Venerable John S. Jenkinson, M.A., for 24 years Vicar of Battersea, he -died 17th October, 1871, aged 74, much beloved and greatly lamented. An -appropriate text of Holy Scripture, I Thess. 4, 14, is engraved round -the beautiful block of granite that covers his grave. On the occasion -of his decease the following lines were composed by a parishioner, -dated October 17th, 1871:-- - - Our Vicar has been called away, - From earthly ties has risen, - To take the place prepared for him; - Our Vicar rests in Heaven. - His journey ended, trials o'er; - Now all his sufferings cease, - He's gone to be with Him who said, - "In Me ye shall have peace." - He ever faithful to his charge, - The Saviour's love set forth - To sinners that they might be saved; - Was faithful unto death. - Full twenty years and more he trod, - God's house His flock to lead; - In sickness words of comfort gave, - In want assist their need. - May we his flock example take, - Before our sun go down; - That when our Saviour comes, we too - May win a heavenly crown. - -A mourning or memento card headed "Falling Leaves" bears the following -lines written on the Funeral of the Rev. J. S. Jenkinson:-- - - 'Twas Autumn--and a mournful train - Proceeds beneath the trees, - Our Vicar in the tomb was laid, - Amid the falling leaves. - Fit emblem of the hoary head, - And many such were there; - Methought they spoke in silent words - For this event prepare. - The mighty shepherd of his sheep, - In seasons such as these, - Speaks gently, that each one may take - A lesson from the leaves. - A PARISHIONER. - - _October_ 21_st_, 1871. - -Here is a superb monument of red polished granite in memory of John -Humphrey Esq., Alderman of London and late M.P. for the borough of -Southwark who died 28th September, 1863. Ætat. 69. - -Here is a tombstone with epitaph in memory of Mary Davies, who departed -this life January 24th, 1872, aged 88 years. "For more than sixty-two -years she was connected with Battersea Chapel Sunday School, where -by her consistent Christian character and entire devotedness to her -work, she won the esteem of all. Being dead she yet lives in the -hearts of many teachers, scholars and friends, who erect this stone in -remembrance of a course of quiet usefulness which they deem worthy of -all honour. - - "Not myself, but the truth that in life I have spoken, - Not myself, but the seed that in life I have sown - Shall pass on to ages--all about me forgotten - Save the truth I have spoken, the things I have done." - -Here is a marble obelisk.--In memory of the Rev. James Milling, A.B., -Curate of St. Mary's Battersea, who entered into rest the 11th of -January 1865 aged 27 years. His last words were "Not by works of -righteousness which we have done, but according to his mercy he saved -us by the washing of regeneration and renewing of the Holy Ghost which -he shed on us abundantly through Jesus Christ our Saviour." _Titus iii_ -5 _and_ 6. This monument was erected by the parishioners and children -of the Parochial Schools. - -On another tombstone is an inscription to the memory of Mr. John -Nichols, a devoted husband and estimable father, Baptist minister and -Editor of Zion's Trumpet, a magazine devoted to the interest of the -Aged Pilgrims' Friend Society and its Asylum; who fell asleep in Jesus -Feb. 1st, 1867, aged 67 years. - -"His presence guide my journey through and crown my journey's end." - -In the faith of Christ here also rests the Rev. Philip Pennington M.A. -of Christ's College, Cambridge, sometime civil chaplain of the Island -of Mauritius. And God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes, and -there shall be no more death neither sorrow, nor crying, neither shall -there be any more pain for the former things are passed away. - -Many are the pledges of conjugal endearment which help to tenant these -graves. - - "Ah! those little ice-cold fingers, - How they point our memories back - To the hasty words and actions, - Strewn along our backward track! - How those little hands remind us, - As in snowy grace they lie, - Not to scatter thorns--but roses, - For our reaping by and by." - -We perceive here that ruthless death with his scythe pays no regard to -infantile age, and that others in the vigour of their youthful prime as -well as the matured adult and hoary-headed have been suddenly cut down -by an awful surprise. - -Here is a grave planted with flowers, the stone at the head of the -grave states that William Gobell was accidentally killed on the London -and Brighton Railway, March 4th, 1873, aged 65 years. Here is another -stone in affectionate remembrance of William James, late Engine driver -on the L.B. and S.C.R., who was killed while in the execution of his -duty on the 29th of July 1876, aged 38 years. This stone has been -erected by his fellow mates, as a token of respect to his memory. - -Another stone is erected in memory of Henry Blunden, who was killed on -the L. and S. W. Ry., on the 17th October, 1871, aged 22 years. - - "All you that come my grave to see, - Oh think of death and remember me, - Just in my prime and folly skilled; - When on the Railway I was killed, - Take warning, hear, and do not weep, - But early learn thy grave to seek." - -Sacred to the memory of Thomas Hutchinson Higerty, who departed this -life October 13th, 1869, aged 5 years and 2 months. - - How very soon is age upon us, - Ere we know our way to earth, - But in heaven there's no sorrow, - There's nothing but joy and mirth. - How soon hath time closed around us, - First a child and then a man, - How soon he's turned to mouldering dust - Which from a few years back he sprang. - -The head-stone states that the above lines were written by his brother, -aged twelve years. - - I like that ancient Saxon phrase which calls - The burial ground God's acre! It is just: - It consecrates each grave within its walls, - And breathes a benison o'er the sleeping dust. - God's acre! yes, that blessed name imparts - Comfort to those who in the grave have sown - The seed that they had gathered in their hearts, - Their bread of life--alas! no more their own. - Into its furrows shall we all be cast, - In the sure faith that we shall rise again - At the great harvest, when the archangel's blast - Shall winnow, like a fan, the chaff and grain. - Then shall the good stand in immortal bloom, - In the fair gardens of that sacred birth; - And each bright blossom mingle its perfume - With that of flowers which never bloomed on earth. - _Longfellow._[1] - -[Footnote 1: The word _Sepulchre_ comes from the Latin _Sepelio_ -to bury. It is the place where the dead body of a human being is -consigned, whether it be in the ground or an excavation in the rocks. - -Abraham buried Sarah, his wife in the cave of the field of Ephron, at -Machpelah, which he purchased in the presence of the children of Heth, -for 400 Shekels of silver, 1860 B.C. Genesis 23. - -The word Cemetery _Koimeterion_ comes from the Greek _Koimao -(Koimaein)_ to sleep. It is the sleeping place, and "Christianity has -turned the Sepulchre into a Cemetery assuring us, as it does, that -those who die in Jesus, _Sleep in Him_, awaiting a future awakening, -in augmented vigour, and with renovated powers. To the Christian, -the grave should be associated with the idea of calm and undisturbed -repose, after a life of honourable toil, with the hope of a glorious -and blessed resurrection." The Greeks had their burial places at a -distance from the towns. Lycurgus allowed his Lacedemonians to bury -their dead within the city and around their temples that the youth -being inured to such spectacles might be the less terrified with the -apprehension of death. Two reasons are alleged why the ancients did not -allow burials within their cities. 1st. they considered that the sight, -touch or neighbourhood of a corpse defiled a man, especially a priest. -2nd. to prevent the air from being corrupted by putrifying bodies, and -the buildings from being endangered by the frequency of (Cremation) -funeral fires. The custom of burning bodies prevailed amongst most -Eastern nations, and was continued by their descendants, after they had -peopled the different parts of Europe. Hence we find it prevailing in -Greece, Italy, Gaul, Britain, Germany, Sweden, Norway and Denmark, till -Christianity abolished it. - -The Romans had their places of interment in the suburbs and fields -especially the highways; hence the necessity of inscriptions. We -have a few exceptional instances of persons buried in the city a -favour allowed to only a few of singular merit in the Commonwealth. -Burying within the walls was expressly prohibited by a law of the xii -Tables. Plutarch says those who had triumphed were indulged in it. -Val. Publicola and C. Fabricius, are said to have had tombs in the -Forum, and Cicero adds Tuberius to the number. Places of burial were -consecrated under Pope Calixtus I. in A.D. 210. (_Eusebius._) Among -the primitive Christians, cemeteries were held in great veneration. -It appears from Eusebius and Tertullian that in the early ages they -assembled for divine worship in the cemeteries. Burying in churches -for many ages was severely prohibited by Christian Emperors. The first -step towards it was the erection of churches over the graves of martyrs -in the cemeteries, and translating the relics of others into churches -in the city. Subsequently Kings and Emperors were buried in the Atrium -or church porch. The first Christian burial place it is said, was -instituted in 596; buried in cities, 742; in consecrated places, 750; -in church yards, 758. It is said however in the 6th century the people -began to be admitted into the churchyards; and some Princes, Founders -and Bishops into the churches. The practice adopted at the consecration -of cemeteries, was something after this fashion--the Bishop walked -round it in procession with the crosier or pastoral staff in his hand, -the holy water pot being carried before, out of which the aspersions -were made. Many of the early Christians are buried in the catacombs at -Rome. Vaults erected in churches first at Canterbury, 1075. Woollen -shrouds only permitted to be used in England 1666. Linen scarfs -introduced at funerals in Ireland 1729, and Woollen shrouds used 1733. -Burials taxed 1695. A tax conducted on burials in England--for the -burial of a Duke £50, and that of a common person 4s., under William -III 1695, and George III 1783. Acts relating to Metropolitan burials, -passed 1850-67. In 1850 the Board of Health was made a Burial Board -for the Metropolis, and power was given to the Privy Council to close -the City grave-yards. Parochial Registers instituted in England by -Cromwell, Lord Essex, about 1538.--_Stow._ - -Earth to earth system of burial advocated by Mr. Seymour Haden. Wicker -Coffins exhibited at Stafford House, 17th June 1875. With the view -of rendering the death of persons of quality more remarkable, it was -customary among the Greeks and Romans to institute funeral games, -which included horse-racing, dramatic representations, processions and -mortal combats of gladiators; these games were abolished by the Emperor -Claudius, A.D. 47. - -The custom of delivering a funeral oration in praise of a person at his -funeral is very ancient, it was practised by the Egyptians, Hebrews, -Greeks and Romans. The old heathens honoured those alone with this part -of the funeral solemnity who were men of probity and justice, renowned -for their wisdom and knowledge, or famous for warlike exploits. This -custom was very early obtained by the Christians. Some of their funeral -sermons are now extant as that of Eusebius on Constantine, and those -of Nazianzen on Basil and Cæsarius; and of Ambrose on Valentinian, -Theodosius, and others. - -One of the oldest established and most celebrated of the European -cemeteries is that of Pere la Chaise near Paris. In the Scottish -cemeteries no such distinctions exist as in England where the -cemeteries are divided into two portions--one consecrated for the -burials of members of the Established Church over whose remains the -funeral service is read and one unconsecrated for the burials of -dissenters. - -The Burials Law Amendment Act 1880, has given to Parishioners in -England the right of burials in Church-yards without the rites of the -Church of England. - -Though the Incumbent of a parish has no longer the exclusive right -of officiating at interments in consecrated ground yet none of his -rights are actually abrogated. He is still custos of the grave yard -and must be consulted about the hour and place of interment as well as -the inscriptions on grave stones. While in the case of lay funerals -contemplated under the Act, it is not necessary to have any service at -all, the service if performed must be Christian and orderly.] - -Another stone bears the following inscription:-- - -In loving remembrance of William Hayward; born April 4th, 1850, died -December 8th, 1874. - - "Time, how short--Eternity, how long." - Reader, this silent grave contains - A much-loved son's remains; - Death like a frost has nipt his bloom, - And sent him early to the tomb; - In love he lived, in peace he died, - His life was craved, but God denied. - -This stone is erected by his mother as a small token of love for him. - -Also of Thomas Hayward, brother to the above; born October 26th, 1855, -died June 8, 1876. - - Had He asked us, well we know - We should cry, Oh! spare this blow; - Yea, with streaming tears should pray, - Lord we love him, let him stay. - -A grave stone records the death of Henry Stening, who met with sudden -death on the 25th November, 1875, aged 59 years. "In the midst of life -we are in death." - -Here is a white marble head stone with gilded monogram (I.H.S.) and -stone border to grave prettily decorated with flowers, sacred to the -memory of Alfred Thomas Martin, who died September 29th, 1876, aged 31. - -Also of Nelly, died July 19, 1875, aged 7; Alfred William, died March -17, 1876, aged 6; Charles Percy, died February 23, 1877, aged 18 -months, children of the above. "The Lord giveth and the Lord taketh -away." - -Within the precincts of this cemetery is entombed the body of -Henrietta, Lady Pollock, widow of Field Marshal Sir George Pollock, -Baronet, G.C.B., G.C.S.I., died February 14, 1873, aged 65 years. -"Jesus said, I am the Resurrection and the Life." _John xi._ 25-26. - -Here is a vault in memory of William Henry Wilson, of Chapel House, -Battersea Park, and 6, Victoria Street, Westminster, born 4th of -September, 1803, died 8th March, 1871; also of Margaret Isabel (Daisy,) -third child of John Wilson; and Margaret Isabel Theobald, died 3rd -March, 1876, aged 3 years and 1 month. - -Not far from the gravel walk is a grave-stone at the head of which is a -dove with a scroll on which is engraved "Thy will be done." Sacred to -the memory of Mary Jane Webb, the beloved and only child of Charles and -Mary Webb, who departed this life Nov. 30th, 1869, aged 8 years and 8 -months, deeply lamented by her sorrowing parents and regretted by all -who knew her. - - She is not dead, the child of our affection, - But gone into the School, - Where she no longer needs our poor protection, - And Christ Himself doth rule. - -Here is a grave-stone; an opening in the stone which is glazed, -represents a female in a recumbent position reading a book. In -affectionate remembrance of George Barrett, who departed this life -January 9th, 1871, aged 2 years and 3 months; also Louisa Barrett, who -departed this life September 24th, 1872, aged 16 years and 6 months. - - Dear to their parents! to their God more dear, - Brother and Sister sweetly slumber here; - Blest in their state from fear and danger free; - To us they died; they live O Lord with Thee. - -Also Daniel Barrett, father of the above, who departed this life August -23rd, 1873, aged 46 years. - - Even as he died a smile was on his face, - And in that smile affection loved to trace, - A cheerful trust in Jesus' power to save, - An aged Pilgrim's triumph o'er the grave. - -Here is a grave planted with Laurels, having a Rhododendron in the -centre, the stone at the head bears the inscription--In affectionate -remembrance of Philadelphia Emma, the beloved wife of Ephraim Wilson, -of Bridge Road, Battersea, who departed this life, June 24th, 1875, -aged 27 years. - - The losing thee, our comfort is, to know - That those relying on a Saviour's love, - Have left this troubled world of sin and woe - To be at rest with Christ in heaven above. - -Here is a grave covered with a white marble slab and cross, bearing -this simple inscription; Phillis, wife of Wyndham Payne, taken to her -rest, 26 July, 1870. - -Here is a grave-stone; in affectionate remembrance of Clara Cahill, who -died 20th of December, 1871, aged 2 years and 3 months. - - Dear lovely child, to all our hearts most dear, - Long shall we bathe thy memory with a tear; - Farewell, to promising on earth to dwell; - Sweetest of children, farewell! farewell! - -Also Albert, Brother of the above, who died August 7th, 1874, aged 14 -months, interred in St. Patrick's cemetery, West Ham. - - Oh! why so soon! just as the bloom appears, - Strayed the brief flower from this vale of tears; - Death viewed the treasure to the desert given, - Claimed the fair flower, and planted it in heaven. - -Also Caroline, sister of the above, who died March 1st, 1876, aged 1 -year and 7 months. - - Yes, dearest Carrie, thou art gone, - Thy brief career is run, - Thy little pilgrimage is past - All sorrowing here is done, - Just like an early summer's rose, - Thou did'st come here to bloom, - But long ere thou beganst to blow, - Death snatched thee to the tomb. - -A head-stone marks the grave of Mary Childs, who died Nov. 24th, 1865, -aged 68; for 33 years a faithful servant in the family of George -Scrivens, of Clapham Common. - -A beautiful granite Grecian cross is erected in memory of the dear -loved wife of Arthur Steains, Jun., born 8th January, 1844, taken to -her eternal rest 22nd June, 1875. "Blessed are the pure in heart, for -they shall see God." - -Here is a stone--sacred to the memory of Wm. Chas. Brewer, who died -June 11th, 1875, aged 21 years. Remember the days of thy youth. This -stone was erected by some of his fellow employés, as a token of -affection. Our time will not allow us to comment upon the different -inscriptions, but it is gratifying to observe how many grave-stones -have been erected as a tribute of generous affection by working men -themselves, in memory of their deceased fellow workmen. A noble feature -this in the British Mechanic, a quality possessed and not unfrequently -displayed by English hearts and hands. - -At the head of a grave is a marble stone, erected to the memory of Anne -Grover, late of Wendover, Bucks, who died April 30th, 1877, aged 54 -years. "The Lord is a stronghold in the day of trouble, and He knoweth -them that trusteth in Him."--_Nah. i._ 7. - -A small stone is erected in loving memory of Catherine Weedon, who -departed this life, December 24th, 1876, aged 38; underneath are the -following well known lines. - - We cannot tell who next may fall, - Beneath Thy chastening rod; - One must be first--but let us all - Prepare to meet our God. - -At the head of a grave is a stone erected by the friends and -companions, in memory of Alfred Fell, and Arthur Ronald, who were -accidentally drowned while bathing in the River Thames, July 6th, 1873, -both aged 19 years. The subjoined lines read-- - - Mark the brief story of a summer's day, - At noon, in youth and health they launched away, - Ere eve, death wrecked the bark and quenched their light; - The parent's home was desolate at night, - Each passed alone that gulf as eye can see, - They meet next moment in eternity. - Friend, kinsman, stranger, dost thou ask me where? - Seek God's Right Hand and hope to find them there. - -A few yards from the spot is a stone in memory of Alfred Halsted who -died May 1st, 1873, aged 2 years and 5 months. - -Also of Emma Halstead who died January 3, 1875, aged 12 years. - -Also of Emma Halstead sister of the above who died June 28th 1879 aged -18 months. - - "Speak gently to the little child, - Its love be sure to gain; - Teach it in accents soft and mild, - It may not long remain." - -Here is a private grave with a stone in affectionate remembrance of -Agnes Eliza Waller, who fell asleep in Jesus, April the 6th, 1871, in -her 15th year; also Elizabeth Waller, mother of the above who died in -the Lord, February 27th, 1873, in the 37th year of her age. Looking -unto Jesus the Beginner and Finisher of our faith.--_Hebrews xii._ 2. - -Here also lie buried the mortal remains of James Waller, who died July -7th, 1880, he was an earnest and successful city-missionary. - -Here is a monumental stone, in form of an Iona cross, encircled with -a ring emblematical of the Unity and Catholicity of the Christian -Church. The epitaph states, that Laura Susan Cazenove, "fell asleep," -August 24th, 1861, in her 22nd year. "There shall be one fold and one -Shepherd." - -Here is a sepulchre stone, in memory of Frances Elizabeth Scrivens, -widow of George Scrivens, Esq., of Clapham Common, who died March 11th, -1867, aged 81 years. - -In this cemetery are interred the mortal remains of Arthur Miller -Rose, who died 12th July, 1864, aged 67; also Susannah, his wife, -who died 30th December, 1870, aged 75. "The memory of the just is -blessed."--_Proverbs x._ 7. - -Near this spot we observed an iron label, with the number of somebody's -grave; there was no hillock, the surface was completely flattened; over -the label was placed by fond hands a faded wreath. - -Covering a brick vault is erected a superb monument, bearing the -following inscriptions--in affectionate remembrance of Marianne, the -beloved wife of Robert Jones, of Clapham Common, born May 9th, 1808, -died November 17th, 1868; also in memory of Anne, second daughter of -Robert and Marianne Jones, born July 12, 1841, died October 22, 1872. -"He hath prepared for them a city."--_Hebrews xi._ 16. - - "O Paradise! O Paradise! - Who doth not crave for rest? - Who would not seek the happy land - Where they that love are blest? - Where loyal hearts and true, - Stand ever in the light; - All rapture through and through, - In God's most Holy sight." - -Also Falkland Robert, the third son of Robert and Marianne Jones, who -died 29th November, 1875, aged 23 years. - -Adjacent to that of his parents, is erected a monument of Scotch -granite, mounted with a white marble urn, partially covered with a -cloth or veil. Sacred to the memory of Joseph May Soule, second son of -the late Rev. I. M. Soule, who departed this life, 15th March, 1875, -aged 33. "I am the Resurrection and the life."--_John xi._ 25. On the -south side of the beautiful obelisk erected over his Parents' grave is -an epitaph to the memory of Hannah Turnbull, for 13 years a devoted -nurse in the family of the Rev. I. M. Soule, who died June 9th, 1866, -aged 44 years. Fallen asleep in Jesus. - -By the side of one of the gravel walks a modest head-stone is erected -in memory of Elizabeth Ursula, wife of James Pillans Wilson, Esq., -born October, 1836, fell asleep in Jesus, 11th May, 1869, in her 33rd -year. She was a regular attendant at the public worship of God, from -her childhood, and sought sincerely to please Him, but did not become a -worshipper of Him, 'in spirit and in truth,' by believing in the Lord -Jesus Christ, and being saved until her twentieth year, from which time -she knew Him indeed as her Father, and walked with Him in this world as -His child. Subjoined is the following address to the reader-- - -Dear reader, how is it with you? Are you still only an outward -worshipper, or perhaps not even that? O! believe in the Lord Jesus -Christ, as having died on the cross for your sins, and ask Him to make -Himself known to you in your heart as your own Saviour, and then you -also will walk this earth as a happy child of God, loving and serving -Him by the power of His Spirit in you, till He shall take you home to -Himself to the fulness of joy in His presence, and the pleasures at His -right hand for evermore. - -And as it is appointed unto men once to die, but after this, the -judgment; so Christ was once offered to bear the sins of many, and unto -them that look for Him, shall He appear the second time without sin, -unto Salvation.--_Hebrew ix._ 27-28. _Isaiah liii._ 6. _Acts xvi._ -30-31. - -Here is a grave with stone border and marble head-stone--in memory of -the Rev. Edwin Thompson, D.D., Vicar of St. John's Parish, and honorary -Chaplain of the Royal Masonic Institution for Girls, Battersea Rise, -who died February 2nd, 1876, aged 51 years. "Knowing that he, which -raised up the Lord Jesus shall raise up us also, by Jesus, and shall -present us with you."--_II. Cor. iv._ 14. - -Also of Hannah Thompson, mother of the above, who died July 1st, 1876, -aged 80 years. "This is the victory that overcometh the world--even our -faith."--_I. John v._ 4. - -We must tread softly among these grassy mounds, for yonder at the -end of the gravel walk is situated our Darling Teddie's grave, (No. -7217). Edward George Curme Simmonds, who was drowned off Battersea Park -embankment, October 16, 1875, aged 10 years. In another part of the -cemetery is interred all that is mortal of our beloved daughter Hannah, -who died June 12, 1873, aged 18. "My faith looks up to Thee, Thou lamb -of calvary, Saviour divine!" - -But we have tarried almost too long, and as time is precious we must -leave for the present our meditations among the tombs, only observing -that as we examined the records of mortality, and thought of the -promiscuous multitude rested together without any regard to rank or -seniority within those thousands of graves, we were reminded of the -words of the Rev. James Hervey, when gazing upon a similar scene in -a church yard. "None were ambitious of the uppermost rooms, or chief -seats in this house of mourning; none entertained fond and eager -expectations of being honourably greeted, in their darksome cells. The -man of years and experience reputed as an oracle in his generation, was -contented to lie down at the feet of a babe. In this house appointed -for all living, the servant was equally accommodated and lodged in -the same story with his master. The poor indigent lay as softly, and -slept as soundly as the most opulent possessor. All the distinction -that subsisted was a grassy hillock, hound with osiers, or a sepulchral -stone, ornamented with imagery." In Thy fair book of life divine; My God -inscribe my name. - - My flesh shall slumber in the ground, - Till the last trumpet's joyful sound; - Then burst the chains with sweet surprise, - And in my Saviour's image rise. - How many graves around us lie! - How many homes are in the sky! - Yes for each saint doth Christ prepare, a place with care, - Thy home is waiting, brother there! - -On the south side of the centre gravel walk east of the mortuary -Chapels is a neat marble head-stone. Sacred to the memory of Elizabeth -Farmer, born January 13th, 1810, died February 1st, 1873. Also of -William Farmer, born May 14th, 1802, died May 26th, 1877, he was for -36 years a faithful servant in the employ of Messrs. Thorne, Brewers, -Nine Elms. "The memory of the Just is blessed. They rest from their -labours."--_Rev. xiv._ 14. This stone as a tribute of filial affection -is erected in loving remembrance by their sons. - -On the west-side of the cemetery is erected a small red granite cross -in loving remembrance of John Hext Ward, Churchwarden of Battersea, -1874. Died 9th December, 1877, aged 40. A few of his friends thus -record their admiration for his sterling worth, for his manly -godliness, and for his self-denying efforts to help the poor to help -themselves. "Thy Kingdom come." - -Here is a grave adorned with pretty flowers and rose trees a glass -shade covers a wreath, in the centre of which is an image representing -the Redeemer. At the head of the grave a memento card is framed and -glazed, In loving remembrance of Kate Ellen Wilson, who departed this -life July 2nd, 1878, in her 21st year. - - The stem broke and the flower faded. - When my final farewell to the world I have said, - And gladly lie down to my rest; - When softly the watchers shall say "she is dead," - And fold my pale hands on my breast; - And when with my glorified vision at last, - The walls of that city I see; - Angels will then at the beautiful gate, - Be waiting and watching for me. - -Conspicuously by the side of the carriage road may be seen a stone -obelisk tapering like a spire, with hand and forefinger pointing to -the sky. On front of the obelisk is a dove with marble scroll with -the words "for of such is the kingdom of heaven." In memory of Jessie -Felicia, the beloved wife of Frederick Reed, of Wandsworth, late of -Battersea; who died 22nd October, 1874, aged 31 years. Also Emily Kate, -the beloved daughter of the late C. Q. Baker, of Margate, Kent; who -died 6th January 1877, Aged 2½ years. - -A grave stone with dove and scroll with the words "Jesus wept" is -erected in affectionate remembrance of Rozinia Sarah eldest daughter of -Henry and Rozinia Osborn, and grand-daughter of Mrs. M. E. McBain; who -departed this life October 14th 1868, aged 8 years and 7 months. "The -sting of death is sharp--But the love of Christ surpasseth all." - -Another stone sacred to the memory of Mrs. Mary E. McBain who died July -8, 1866, aged 68 years. - -Also of James Fairbain McBain, husband of the above who fell asleep in -Jesus, May 18th, 1879. For many years he had been a temperance advocate -and successful evangelist. - -Here is a stone in affectionate remembrance of Little Marke, the dearly -beloved child of Philipp and Rose Konig, who fell asleep February the -3rd, 1876, aged 22 months. - - Our loss is his great gain, - We trust in Christ to meet again. - -Another stone in memory of Elizabeth the beloved wife of John Tyler -Larking, who after a painful mental and bodily disease fell asleep in -the dear Lord Jesus, August 27th, 1878, in her 76 year. "For I reckon -that the sufferings of this present time are not worthy to be compared -with the glory which shall be revealed in us." - -On the right hand side of the principal road from the main entrance to -the cemetery is a grave-stone erected in loving undying remembrance of -Kate Ellen Wilson, whom it pleased God to take from this world of care -on the 2nd of July, 1878, aged 21 years. - - "Gone for ever in the blossom of life and love, - After scarcely a moment's warning. - Eloquence is lost in attempting to describe her noble qualities - Loving, faithful, generous and pure, - Thou wert the bright star that guidest me on, - Toiling for thee and rank among strangers. - Thy smile my reward when the battle was won, - In sickness or sorrow, in sadness or sleeping - Thy smile ever near to guide me along, - Whispering hopes of a bright tomorrow - My sad spirits cheering with dreams of relief, - But e'er one summer passed away - That gentle voice was hushed for aye - I watched my Love's last smile and knew, - How well the angels loved her too, - Then silent.-- - Then silent but with blinding tears - I gathered all my love of years, - And laid it with my dream of old, - When all and loved slept white and cold." - -On the border stone are the words "the property of Walter Scott." No. -of grave 8747. - -We observe another stone in memory of Mahalah the beloved and -affectionate wife of Henry Noble Williams, who died November 12th, -1873, aged 38 years. In her prostrated affliction she "endured as -seeing Him who is invisible" and longed to behold "the King in His -beauty." - - How calm and easy was her parting breath, - No conscious sorrow shook her bed of death - No infants fall when wearied sleep oppressed - So did her soul sink to eternal rest - "Until the morning breaketh." - -"She looked well to the ways of her household, and ate not the bread of -idleness." _Prov. xxxi._ 27. - -Also the above named, Henry Noble Williams, who died October 28th, -1879, aged 44 years. - -"This mortal shall put on immortality." _I. Cor. xv._ 53. - -Here is a grave the head-stone is erected in affectionate remembrance -of John Allison Peel, who died March 23, 1871, aged 40 years. - - Then let our sorrows cease to flow, - God has recalled His own; - But let our hearts in every woe, - Still say Thy will be done. - -Also of John William Peel son of the above, who was accidentally killed -by the falling of a boat swing June 18,1872. Aged 11 years. - -Here is another stone erected by loving hands. In memory of Sarah -Appleton who died June 5, 1860, aged one month. Also of Minnie Appleton -who died March 10, 1864, aged 13 months. And of Rose Appleton who died -Dec. 17, 1865, aged 4½ years, children of George Appleton of Battersea -Park. Also of Mary Appleton, who died March 16, 1866, aged 79 years; -grandmother of the above children. - -Added to this epitaph are the lines with which most persons are -familiar:-- - - Forgive blest shade the tributary tear - That mourns thy exit from a world like this - Forgive the wish that would have kept thee here - And stayed thy progress to the realms of bliss. - -A plain head-stone marks the resting place of all that was mortal of -that good man William Henry Hatcher, born at Salisbury 21st January, -1821. Died at Sherwood House, Battersea, 2nd August, 1879. This stone -was erected by his colleagues and Fellow Workers. - - THE UNCERTAINTY OF LIFE. - Beneath our feet and o'er our head - Is equal warning given; - Beneath us lie the countless dead, - Above us is the heaven. - - Death rides on every passing breeze, - He lurks in every flower; - Each season has its own disease, - Its peril every hour. - - Our eyes have seen the rosy light - Of youth's soft cheek decay, - And fate descend in sudden night - On manhood's middle day. - - Our eyes have seen the steps of age - Halt feebly towards the tomb; - And yet shall earth our hearts engage, - And dream of days to come? - - Turn, mortal, Turn! thy danger know,-- - Where'er thy feet can tread - The earth rings hollow from below, - And warns thee of her dead. - - Turn, Christian, turn! thy soul apply - To truths divinely given; - The bones that underneath thee lie - Shall live for _hell or heaven!_ - -The Burial Ground of St. Mary, Battersea, was purchased 1860, and -secured for the use of the Parishioners, by Act of Parliament, xv. and -xvi. Victoria Cap. 85. - -_This was the Scale of Fees of the Burial Board of St Mary, Battersea_. - - First Ground, Second Ground, Third Ground, - A. B. C. - ADULT. INFANT. ADULT. INFANT. ADULT. INFANT. - £.s.d. £.s.d. £.s.d. £.s.d. £.s.d. £.s.d. - -INTERMENT -FEE for -PARISHIONERS -without -purchase, -viz.:-- - -Fee for -Interment, -including -Turfing -and Digging -Grave 0 18 6 0 13 0 0 16 6 0 10 6 0 10 6 0 6 0 - -Tolling Bell -(if required) 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 2 6 0 2 6 0 1 0 0 1 0 - -Total 1 3 6 0 18 0 0 19 0 0 13 0 0 11 6 0 7 0 - -INTERMENT -FEE at -Expense of -Union-- - -Fee for -Interment 0 10 6 0 6 0 - -Tolling -Bell 0 1 0 0 1 0 - -Total 0 11 6 0 7 0 - -Purchase of -Grave--Brick 3 3 0 3 3 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 - -Do.--Earth 2 2 0 2 2 0 1 10 0 1 10 0 1 10 0 1 10 0 - -Conveyance, -if required, 5s. - -Fee for -Interment in -Vault or Brick -Grave 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 10 6 0 10 6 0 10 6 0 10 6 - -Fee for -Interment out -of regulated -hours (Extra) 0 7 6 0 7 6 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 2 6 0 2 6 - -Fee for -Interment of -Still Born and -Infants less -than One -month old 0 2 6 0 2 6 0 2 6 - -Register Fee -for entry in -Register of -Vaults or Grave -in perpetuity 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 - -Certificate 0 2 7 0 2 7 0 2 7 0 2 7 0 2 7 0 2 7 - -Searching -Register of -Burials, for -one year 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 - -Do. do. for -each additional -year 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 6 - -Certificate -of Entry 0 2 7 0 2 7 0 2 7 0 2 7 0 2 7 0 2 7 - -Fee for -Erecting -Headstone, -Footstone 0 14 0 0 14 0 0 10 0 0 10 0 0 10 0 0 10 0 - -Fee for -Erecting -Mural Monument 10 10 0 - -Fee for -Erecting -or placing Tomb -or Flat -Stone, &c. 1 1 0 - - -OTHER FEES. - - Keeping Monuments and Graves in perpetuity, according to - Agreement. - - Planting with Flowers and keeping in order a private Grave, - per annum, 10s. 6d. - - Turfing do. do. do. 3s. - - For Removing and replacing Head and Foot-Stone, 10s. - - For Removing Ledger Stone, 14s. - - Digging Grave Extra Depth, per foot--1-ft. 2s. 2-ft. 3s. 3-ft. - 4s. 6d. 4-ft. 6s. 5-ft. 7s. 6d. 6-ft. 10s. 7-ft. 14s. 8-ft. 17s. - 9-ft. £1. - - Fee for Additional Inscription, 5s. - - Fee for Change of Stone or Monument, 15s. - - NON-PARISHIONERS DOUBLE FEES. - - By Order, - - THOMAS HARRAP, _Clerk_. - - Approved by the - SECRETARY OF STATE, - For the Home Department, - _December_ 21_st_, 1876. - -THE BATTERSEA CHARITIES. Most of which are by will of the founders -administered by the Vicar and Churchwardens. - -1. ANN COOPER, in 1720, gave £300 to purchase an estate, the profits -thereof to be disposed of to poor people not receiving alms or to bind -out poor children with the approbation of Henry Lord Viscount St. John. -This estate is land consisting of about 15 acres, situated in South -Cerney in Gloucestershire, and produces a rental of £18 15s. per annum. - -2. THOMAS ASHNESS, in 1827, bequeathed £100 in trust for the use of the -poor of this parish, to be distributed amongst them as the Vicar and -Wardens shall think fit, and the dividend from this is £3 8s. - -3. ANTHONY FRANCIS HALDIMAND, by will of 1815, bequeathed £200 for the -same purpose, the dividend of this sum is £3 12s. 8d. - -4. REBECCA WOOD, in 1596, bequeathed £200, the interest of which is to -be distributed annually among 24 decayed families of the parish, the -dividend from this is £6 4s. 9d. - -5. HENRY SMITH, in 1626, bequeathed several pieces of land, situated -in the parishes of Sevenoaks, Seal and Kensing, in the County of Kent, -the profits thereof to be applied to the relief of the impotent and -aged poor who have resided 5 years in one of the twelve parishes named -in his will, to be distributed in apparel of one colour. The dividend -received as the portion due to this parish is £17 1s. - -6. JOHN CONRAD RAPP, in 1830, left £200, the interest to be divided at -Christmas between four poor men and four poor women as the Vicar and -Wardens in their discretion should think most necessitous and deserving -of such relief. The amount from this benefaction is £6 9s. 4d. - -7. JOHN PARVIN, in 1818, left £1,000, the interest to be laid out -in coal, candles, broad and flannel and distributed among 40 poor -widows actually residing in Nine Elms and Battersea Fields. Also -a further sum of £1,000 upon trust to pay one-fourth part of the -interest annually to the trustees of schools formed by the late Lord -St. John in this parish. One-fourth part to be expended in purchasing -of bread to be distributed on the Sunday in every fourth week of the -month. Two-fourths for the use of poor aged men and women equally in -the Workhouse, all to be in the habit of attending Divine Service -in Battersea Church. The last distribution of one-fourth to parties -in the Workhouse was up to December 26th, 1836. One-fourth of the -second £1,000, was paid away in 1853 for meeting law charges in the -information of B. Starling and C. Bowes renew Scheme of Sir Walter -St. John's Schools, and the two fourths transferred to the trustees -of Sir Walter St. John's Schools in 1863 by order of the Charity -Commissioners. The sum now available from this source for Christmas -distribution is £33 5s. 8d. - -8. JOHN CONSTABLE left £50 bequest in 1856 for the poor of this parish. -The dividend from this now is £1 19s. 4d. - -9. JOHN BANKS, in 1716 left by will to five poor men and five poor -women 50s. each per annum, inhabitants of this parish. Candidates' -names for recipients of this charity are forwarded by recommendation to -the Haberdashers' Company of London who distribute this fund. - -10. HENRY JUER, in 1874, bequeathed the sum of £500, the dividend -thereof to be distributed on the 6th February in each year to 12 needy -parishioners of the age of 60 years and upwards. - -11. JOHN EDMUNDS, who in 1708 left £10 per annum for putting out -boy-apprentices. The property bequeathed consisting of a small tenement -in the City has increased in value, and so few applications of boys or -masters are received at the Lammas Hall that the sum of £730 1s. 10d. -is now on deposit to the credit of this charity. - -The Parish Officers issue a form to be filled in by all applicants and -to be endorsed by a householder. - -"He that hath pity upon the poor lendeth unto the Lord; and that which -he hath given will he pay him again."--_Prov. xix._ 17. - -"Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these my -brethren, ye have done it unto me."--_Matthew xxv._ 40. - -The "Imperial Gazetteer," Vol. p. 130, states that Battersea has a free -school with £160 and other charities with £121. - -_Churchwardens._--Joseph William Hiscox, Altenburg Terrace, Lavender -Hill; Edward Wood, 6, Shelgate Road, Battersea Rise. - -_Overseers._--Andrew Cameron, 65, Salcott Road; William Daws, 49, High -Street; Robert Steel, Sleaford Street; B. T. L. Thomson, 6, Crown -Terrace, Lavender Hill. - -_Vestry Clerk._--Thomas Harrap, Crown Terrace, Lavender Hill. - -The following is the List of Vestrymen and Auditors Elected under the -provisions of the Metropolis Local Management Act, 1881. - -_Vestrymen Ex-officio._--Rev. John Erskine Clarke, Vicar, 6, Altenburg -Gardens; Joseph William Hiscox, 2, Altenburg Terrace, Lavender Hill; -Edward Wood, 6, Shelgate Road, Battersea Rise. - -WARD NO. 1. (Vestrymen who retire in 1882).--William Duce, 21, Ponton -Road, Nine Elms; James Dulley, 85, Battersea Park Road; Rev. Thomas -Lander, St. George's Vicarage, 33, Battersea Park Road; Samuel -Lathey, 1, St. George's Road, New Road; Nathaniel Purdy, 1, Ponton -Terrace, Nine Elms; Thomas D. Tulley 22, Queen's Square, Battersea -Park. (Vestrymen who retire in 1883).--John Gwynne, 64, Stewart's -Road; Edwin Lathey, 1, St. George's Road, New Road; Thomas Read, 41, -Battersea Park Road; Frederick Rummins, 49, Lockington Road; George -T. Smith, Wandle Road, Upper Tooting; Robert Steele, Sleaford Street. -(Vestrymen who retire in 1884).--Thomas Anderson, 37, Battersea Park -Road; Charles Clench, 161, Battersea Park Road; John Samuel Oldham, 18, -Battersea Park Road; Patrick James O'Neil, 145, Battersea Park Road; -John Whiting, 38, Patmore Street; Eleazer Williams, 180, New Road. -_Auditor._--John Douthwaite, St. George's Schools, New Road. - -WARD NO. 2. (Vestrymen who retire in 1882).--George F. Burroughs, -1, Queen's Crescent, Queen's Road; John Merritt, 1, Prospect -Cottages, Falcon Grove; John Merry, 237, Battersea Park Road; Thomas -Poupart, 399, Battersea Park Road; Rev. S. G. Scott, St. Saviour's -Parsonage, Battersea Park; George N. Street, 491, Battersea Park -Road; Henry Walkley, 351, Battersea Park Road. (Vestrymen who retire -in 1883).--Horace E. Bayfield, 1, Somers Villas, Lavender Hill; Wm. -Jno. Folkard, 12, Rushill Terrace, Lavender Hill; Charles E. Gay, 41, -Orkney Street, Battersea Park Road; Henry John Hansom, Grove End House, -Falcon Lane; Charles Heine, 219, Battersea Park Road; B. T. L. Thomson, -6, Crown Terrace, Lavender Hill; George Ugle, 21, Acanthus Road, -Lavender Hill. (Vestrymen who retire in 1884).--Charles Donaldson, 177, -Battersea Park Road; John Elmslie, 241, Battersea Park Road; William -Sangwin, 533, Battersea Park Road; Samuel Hancock, 339, Battersea -Park Road; Samuel Bowker, 6, Crown Terrace, Lavender Hill; Frederick -Aubin, 393, Battersea Park Road; Charles Spencer, 4, Wycliffe Terrace, -Lavender Hill. _Auditor._--George Fowler, 20, Queen's Square. - -WARD NO. 3. (Vestrymen who retire in 1882).--James Chorley, 69, High -Street; William Daws, 49, High Street; George Durrant, 22, Bridge -Road West; William Gerrard, Lombard Road; William Hammond, 72, York -Road; Henry May Soule, Mayfield, St. John's Hill; Horsley Woods, -38, Bridge Road West. (Vestrymen who retire in 1883).--Bernard -Cotter, 228, York Road; George Thos. Dunning, 45, Winstanley Road; -William Gosden, 3, Spencer Road; John Thos. Gurling, High Street; -Joseph Oakman, The Priory, High Street; Rev. John Toone, St. Peter's -Parsonage, Plough Lane; John Trott, 75, High Street. (Vestrymen -who retire in 1884).--George Brocking, 27, High Street; William J. -Bromley, 12, Olney Terrace, Plough Lane; John W. Denny 108, York Road; -Thomas Gregory, Station Road; William Griffin 44, High Street; Joseph -James Kilsby, 189, York Road; William Wingate, Sen., 1, High Street. -_Auditor._--Charles Earl Holmes, 80, Bridge Road. - -WARD NO. 4. (Vestrymen who retire in 1882).--James Clarke, 2, Rushill -Terrace, Lavender Hill; John Davis Hatch, Bolingbroke Grove, Wandsworth -Common; Alfred Heaver, Homeland, Benerley Road; Joseph William -Hiscox, 2, Altenburg Terrace, Lavender Hill. (Vestrymen who retire -in 1883).--Andrew W. Cameron, 65, Salcott Road; John Cleave, Eaton -Villa, Vardens Road; Horace Turnor, 63, Northcote Road; Edward Wood, 6, -Shelgate Road. (Vestrymen who retire in 1884).--Francis Cowdry, 25, -Belleville Road; William Haynes, Rotherstone House, Salcott Road; R. -W. Oram, 13, Clapham Common Gardens; William Wilkins, St. John's Road, -Battersea Rise. _Auditor._--John Tomkins, Heather Villa, Nottingham -Road, Wandsworth Common. - -_Parish Clerk._--James Spice, Bridge Road West. - -_Beadle._--William Edwards. - -_Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages._--William Griffin, High -Street. - -_District Surveyor of North Battersea._--H. J. Hansom, Grove-end House, -Falcon Lane. - -A Parochial Assembly for conducting the affairs of a Parish, so called -because its meetings were formerly held in the Vestry--a room appended -to a Church in which the sacerdotal vestments and sacred utensils are -kept. Vestrymen are a select number of persons in each parish elected -for the management of its temporal concerns. - -The Vestry is the organ through which the Parish speaks, and in -numerous matters relating to church rates, highways, baths and -wash-houses and other sanitary matters, it has important functions to -discharge and is a conspicuous feature of Parochial management. The -Vicar is entitled to be chairman. It is the duty of the Churchwardens -and Overseers to keep a book in which to enter the minutes of the -Vestry. The Vestry appoints annually Churchwardens, nominates -Overseers, etc. A Church rate can only be made by a Vestry, and if -the majority choose, to make none. The Vestry Clerk is chosen by the -Vestry; his duty is to give notice of Vestry meetings; to summon the -Churchwardens and Overseers; to keep the minutes, accounts and Vestry -books; recover the arrears of rates; make out the list of persons -qualified to act as Jurymen, and to give notices for to vote for -Members of Parliament. - -Churchwardens in England are Ecclesiastical officers appointed by the -first Canon of the Synod of London in 1127. Overseers in every parish -were also appointed by the same body, and they continue now as then -established.--_Johnson's Canons_. - -Churchwardens, by the Canons of 1603, are to be chosen annually. The -Common Law requires that there should be two Churchwardens, one of -whom is appointed by the Incumbent and the other is chosen by the -Parishioners in Vestry assembled. Their primary duty is to see that -the fabric of the Church is kept in good repair, superintending the -celebration of public worship, and to form and regulate other Parochial -regulations. The appointment and election take place in Easter Week of -each year. - -Overseers are officers who occupy an important position in all the -parishes in England and Wales, they too are appointed annually. Their -primary duty is to rate the inhabitants to the Poor rate, collect -the same, and apply it towards relief of the poor, besides other -miscellaneous duties, such as making out the list of voters for Members -of Parliament. The list of persons in the Parish qualified to serve as -Jurors, the list of persons qualified to serve as Parish Constables. -They are bound to appoint persons to enforce the Vaccination Acts, -etc., etc. - -When the birth of a child is registered, the registrar is to give -notice of vaccination; and the child must be vaccinated within three -months. Penalty for not bringing the child to be vaccinated 20s. If any -registrar shall give information to a justice that he has reason to -believe any child has not been successfully vaccinated, and that he has -given notice thereof, which notice has been disregarded, the justice -may order the child to appear before him, and he may make an order -directing such child to be vaccinated within a certain time, and if at -the expiration of such time the child shall not have been vaccinated, -the parent or person upon whom the order has been served is liable to a -penalty not exceeding 20s. - -Guardians of the poor, in the English parochial law are important -functionaries elected by a parish or union of parishes; they have the -management of the workhouse and the maintenance, clothing and relief -of the poor, and in the regulations must comply with the orders of -the Poor Law Board, a central authority, whose head is a member of -Parliament, their duties are entirely regulated by these orders, and by -statutes. - -_Relieving Officers._--Mr. Murphy, Wye Street, York Road; Mr. Tugwell, -479, Battersea Park Road. - -_Medical Officers._--Dr. Kempster, 247, Battersea Park Road; Dr. -Oakman, The Priory, Battersea Square. - -_Surveyor and Inspector of Nuisances._--Mr. Pilditch, Stone Yard, -Battersea, to whom complaints should be made. - -_Dust Contractor._--Applications to be addressed Board of Works, -Battersea Rise. - -_Turn-cock._--R. Gray, 24, Dickens Street; _Assistant ditto._ W. Moore, -24, Parkside Street. - -_Collectors of Parochial Rates._--Mr. E. Stocker, 37, St. John's Hill -Grove; Mr. G. Nichols, Pembroke Villa, Falcon Lane; Mr. G. J. Chadwin, -Lombard Road; Mr. O. Shepherd, 15, Middleton Road, Battersea Rise. - -_Collectors of Queen's Taxes._--Mr. A. G. Iago, Gatcombe Villa, Harbutt -Road, Plough Lane, New Wandsworth; Mr. Lewis, Bridge Road. - -The Battersea Tradesmen's Club commenced October 1875, may be regarded -as a local Institution. Its founder was Mr. Elmslie, the register -contains the names of 200 elected members, having for their object -the general interest, improvement and prosperity of the parish. The -club has sustained a heavy loss by the sudden death of its respected -Treasurer, Mr. Henry Kesterton, he was a guardian of the poor, a member -of the vestry, and also of the board of works. His straightforwardness -and generosity inspired much respect. Deep sympathy with his wife and -family was manifested at his funeral, which was attended by a great -number of the leading members of the club, and other parishioners. His -mortal remains were interred at Norwood Cemetery. - -The following gentlemen form the Committee.-- - -Mr. J. Pochin, 291, Battersea Park Road; J. Evans, 367, Battersea -Park Road; Mr. W. Sangwin, 533, Battersea Park Road; Mr. T. Bowley, -535, Battersea Park Road; Mr. E. Evans, 287, Battersea Park Road; Mr. -J. Douglas, W. L. Com. Bank; Mr. G. N. Street, 353, Battersea Park -Road; Mr. H. Walkley, 351, Battersea Park Road; Mr. F. Sturges, Orkney -Street; Mr. C. E. Gay, 21, Orkney Street; Mr. B. Hickman, 100, Gwynne -Road; H. Winter, 52, Park Grove; W. Marsh, Battersea Park Road. - -Secretary.--Mr. Robert Gooch, 21, Queen's Square, Queen's Road. - -Any person wishing to have his name enrolled as a member of the Club, -must subscribe 10s. yearly. - -The temporary Home for lost and starving Dogs, Battersea Park Road, -(removed from Holloway.) Established October 2nd, 1860. The late -Mrs. Tealby was the foundress and unwearied benefactress of this -Institution. In 1875 more than 3,200 dogs were either restored to -their former owners, or sent to new homes, being an increase of 1094, -over the previous year. The home has been visited by many of the -nobility and gentry, and by great kennel owners, and all have expressed -themselves very much pleased with the cleanliness, and general good -order, which they have observed. It is gratifying to know that of the -many thousands of dogs which have been brought into the home there -has been _no case of hydrophobia_. Every precaution is taken by the -committee not to allow any dog to be sold for the horrid purpose of -vivisection. There are in stock at the home more than 300 dogs. Keeper -at the home--Mr. J. Pavitt; open daily from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m.; (the home -is entirely closed on Sunday.) - -"I cannot understand that morality which excludes animals from human -sympathy, or release man from the debt and obligation he owes to -them."--_Sir John Bowring_. - - "He prayeth best, who loveth best; - All creatures great and small; - For the great God who loveth us, - He made and loves them all"--_Coleridge._ - - "With eye upraised, his master's look to scan, - The joy, the solace, and the aid of man; - The rich man's guardian and the poor man's friend. - The only creature faithful to the end." - -London, Chatham and Dover Railway--Battersea Park Station, Battersea -Park Road, booking office to Victoria, Crystal Palace, main line and -City trains, Blackheath Hill, for Greenwich. Station master, Mr. H. -Lankman. - -York Road Station, Battersea Park--London, Brighton and South London -Line. Station master, Mr. Henry Mead. - -West London Commercial Bank, Limited, Established 1866. Incorporated, -under the Joint-Stock Companies' Act 1872. Head Office--34, Sloane -Square, London, S.W. Battersea Park Branch, 1, Victoria Road. Manager, -Mr. George Patrick McCourt. - -London and South Western Bank, Head office, 7, Fenchurch Street. -Battersea Branch, Battersea Park Road, opposite Christ Church. Manager, -Mr. J. Barr. - -Temperance and Band of Hope Meetings are held at St. George's Mission -Room, New Road; Arthur Street, Mission Hall, Battersea Park Road; -Grove School Room, York Road, Conductor Mr. G. Mansell; Temperance -Hall, Tyneham Road, Shaftesbury Park Estate; The Institute, Mill Pond -Bridge, Nine Elms Lane, every Tuesday, commencing at 8 p.m. President, -George Howlett, Esq.; Vice-President, Mr. T. O. Shutter; Treasurer Mr. -D. Greaves; Financial Secretary, Mr. H. Gitsham; Registrars, Mr. F. -Clarke, Mr. W. R. Josslyn; Corresponding Secretary, Mr. R. Curson, 6, -Horace Street, Wandsworth Road, S.W. - -SOUTH LONDON TRAMWAYS. In 1879 a Tram-way was constructed in Battersea -Park Road. (Turner, Contractor, Chelsea). Tram cars first commenced -running for the conveyance of passengers between Falcon Lane and the -Rifleman January 6, 1881. The second portion of the South London -Tramways Company's line from Nine Elms to Clapham Junction was opened -for traffic on Saturday March 12th, 1881. - -The Queen's Road and Victoria Road Lines being now completed, in -addition to those previously worked in Falcon Lane and Battersea Park -Road and Nine Elms Lane, Cars are running as under:-- - -EVERY TEN MINUTES THROUGHOUT THE DAY, FROM - -THE FALCON TAVERN, _to_ NINE ELMS LANE. -CLAPHAM JUNCTION, -First Car leaves 7.45 a.m. First Car leaves 8.15 a.m. -Last Car do. 10.10 p.m. Last Car do. 10.10 p.m. -Do. Sat'days do. 11.55 p.m. Do. Sat'days do. 11.55 p.m. - -PRINCE'S HEAD, HIGH _to_ CHELSEA BRIDGE STEAMBOAT -STREET, BATTERSEA, PIER, VI VICTORIA ROAD. -First Car leaves 7.55 a.m. First Car leaves 8.20 a.m. -Last Car do. 9.45 p.m. Last Car do. 10.20 p.m. -Do. Sat'days do. 11.33 p.m. Do. Sat'days do. 11.10 p.m. - -LAVENDER HILL END _to_ BRIGHTON RAILWAY STATION, -OF QUEEN'S ROAD, BATTERSEA PARK ROAD. -First Car leaves 8.10 a.m. First Car leaves 8.25 a.m. -Last Car do. 10.0 p.m. Last Car do. 10.15 p.m. -Do. Sat'days do. 11.10 p.m. Do. Sat'days do. 10.50 p.m. - -In Battersea Park Road the Cars run every 5 minutes between "Prince's -Head" and Victoria Road (South End). - -Workmen's Cars will run as heretofore. - -On Sundays the Cars commence running about 10 a.m. and finish as on -Weekdays. - -FARES. - -"The Falcon" to "Clock House" 1d. -"Prince's Head" to Victoria Road (South End) 1d. -"Clock House" to "Rifleman" 1d. -Victoria Road (South End) to Nine Elms 1d. -Lavender Hill to Chelsea Bridge 1d. -Beyond the above distances 2d. - -N.B.--The Tickets are only available for a Single Journey upon the Car -where issued. - - - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's All about Battersea, by Henry S. 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