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diff --git a/old/55066-0.txt b/old/55066-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index f7b9adf..0000000 --- a/old/55066-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1481 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1, No. 38, -March 20, 1841, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1, No. 38, March 20, 1841 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: July 7, 2017 [EBook #55066] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL *** - - - - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - - - - - - - - - - THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL. - - NUMBER 38. SATURDAY, MARCH 20, 1841. VOLUME I. - -[Illustration: HOLY-CROSS ABBEY, COUNTY OF TIPPERARY.] - -In a recent number of our Journal we led our readers to the banks of that -beautiful river, - - “The gentle Shire, that, making way - By sweet Clonmel, adorns rich Waterford;” - -and we now return to it with pleasure to notice another of the beautiful -architectural remains of antiquity seated on its banks--the celebrated -Abbey of the Holy Cross. This noble monastic ruin is situated in the -barony of Eliogarty, county of Tipperary, three miles from Thurles, on -the road to Cashel, and seven miles north-east of the latter. - -The origin as well as the name of this celebrated monastery is derived -from a piece of the holy cross for which it was erected as a fitting -depository. This relic, covered with gold and ornamented with precious -stones, was, as O’Halloran states, but without naming his authority, -a present from Pope Pascal II, in 1110, to Murtogh O’Brien, monarch -of Ireland, and grandson to Brian Boru, who determined to found a -monastery in its honour, but did not live to complete it. But, however -true this account may be as to the gift of the relic, there is every -reason to doubt it as far as the date of the foundation of the monastery -is concerned, which, as appears from the original charter still in -existence, was founded by Donald O’Brien, King of Limerick, the son of -the Murtogh above named, as late as the year 1182, at which time it was -richly endowed with lands for its support by its founder. These grants -were confirmed in 1186, by King John, then Lord of Ireland, who further -ordered that the monks of this abbey should enjoy all chartered liberties -and freedoms, as appears from the following record of the 20th Edward I. -A.D. 1320:-- - -“EDWARD, by the grace of God, King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke -of Aquitain, to all to whom these presents shall come, greeting. Know -ye that brother Thomas, Abbot of the Church of Mary of the Holy Cross, -near Cashel, came into our Chancery of Ireland the day after the feast -of Michael the Archangel, in the 13th year of our reign, at Cashel, and -exhibited in our said Chancery a certain charter, not cancelled, nor in -any respect vitiated, under the seal of John, formerly Lord of Ireland -and Earl of Morton, in these words: - -‘JOHN, Lord of Ireland and Earl of Morton, to all justices, barons, &c., -as well French as English, Welsh and Irish, and all other liege men -of Ireland, greeting. Know ye, that, for the love of God, and for the -salvation of my own and the souls of my predecessors and successors, I -have granted and given, and by these presents do grant and give, to God -and the blessed Mary of the Holy Cross, and to the Cistertian Monks -serving God there, in free, pure, and perpetual alms, the under-written -lands, as fully and freely as Domuald O’Brien, King of Lymberick, gave -and granted, and by this charter confirmed to the Cistertian Monks of the -Holy Cross; to wit: Kelkaterlamunu, Ballydubal, Ballyidugin, Ballygirryr, -Ballymyoletobin, and Ballytheloth, Gardath, Ballaschelagh, Balythougal -et Ithologin. These lands I have given for the salvation of my soul, and -those of my predecessors and successors, and for the souls of my soldiers -who lie there, to enjoy peaceably, with all liberties and free customs, -without any secular exactions in fields, ways, forests, fisheries, &c. I -have also granted that they shall be free from all mulcts in my courts, -for what cause soever they shall be amerced, and also free of all toll -whatever; they shall sell or buy, for their own use, throughout my land -of Normandy, England, Wales, and Ireland; and that their lands be not put -in plevine.--Witnesses, a Bishop of Ferns; John de Courcy, de Angulo, -Riddel, Chancellor, and David of Wales.’” - -It appears also that in 1233 the above charter of King John was confirmed -by King Henry III, who took this monastery into his protection, which -protection he again renewed in 1234; and that it was again confirmed by -King Richard II. in 1395, and that in 1414, James Earl of Ormond, and the -Lord Deputy Thomas le Botiller or Butler, prior of St John of Jerusalem, -further granted the protection of the crown to this house. - -Thus protected and fostered by royalty, the Abbey of the Holy Cross -became one of the most magnificent and wealthy in the kingdom, and its -mitred abbot was styled Earl of Holy Cross, the lands belonging to the -abbey constituting an earldom. He was also a baron of parliament, and -usually vicar-general of the Cistertian order in Ireland. The abbey was -originally a daughter of the Abbey of Maig, or Monaster-Nenagh, in the -county of Limerick, and was subjected to that of Furnes in Lancashire by -the Abbot of Clarevaux, in a general chapter of the order in 1249. After -the dissolution of the monasteries in Ireland, Holy Cross Abbey with its -appurtenances was granted by Queen Elizabeth in 1563 to Gerald Earl of -Ormond, _in capite_, at the annual rent of £15, 10s. 4d.; and we believe -this constitutes at present the estate, by purchase, of a worthy and -deeply learned fellow of Trinity College, namely, Dr Wall. - -As a monastic ruin, the Abbey of Holy Cross ranks in popular esteem as -one of the first, if not the very first, in Ireland. But though many of -its architectural features are of remarkable beauty, it is perhaps as -a whole scarcely deserving of so high a character; and its effect upon -the mind is greatly diminished by the cabins and other objects of a mean -character by which it is nearly surrounded. Like most monastic structures -of considerable importance, its general form is that of a cross, -consisting of a nave, chancel, and transept, with a lofty square belfry -at the intersection of the cross; but it is distinguished from other -structures of the kind in having in both of its transepts two distinct -chapels beautifully groined--a feature which imparts much interest and -picturesqueness to the general effect. Between two of these chapels -and the south transept there is a double row of three pointed arches, -supported by twisted pillars, each distant about two feet four inches -from the other, and having a similar pointed arch in front. The object -of this singular feature has given rise to much conjecture, but the more -rational opinion seems to be, that it was designed as a resting place -for the dead bodies of the monks and other persons previous to interment -in the abbey, or its cemetery. In addition to this, the interior of the -church has another very unique and remarkable feature, namely, that the -choir arch is not placed as usual beneath the tower, but thirty feet -in advance of it, thus making the choir of greater length by fourteen -feet than the nave, which is but fifty-eight feet long, the entire -length of the church being one hundred and thirty feet. This peculiarity -appears, however, to be an after-thought, and not the design of the -original architect, which was evidently to limit, as usual, the length -of the choir to the arch in front of the tower, and the second arch is -unquestionably of more modern construction. The steeple rests on four -beautifully groined arches, the supporters of which are connected in the -centre by a great variety of ogives passing diagonally from their angles; -and the roof of the choir, as well as those of the side chapels, is -similarly enriched. The nave appears to have been of meaner architecture, -and has lost its roof; but it has aisles formed by four pointed arches -on each side, and which lead into the transepts. Of the windows in this -church we may observe generally, that they are of very elegant taste of -design. - -Thus much of the abbey church itself; but of the ruins of the cloisters, -which are of meaner architecture, and of all the other edifices -appertaining to a monastic establishment of this grandeur, though in -a tolerable state of preservation, it would be tedious to the general -reader to give a detailed account, nor would our present space permit -it. Neither can we describe what is of higher interest, the magnificent -monumental remains for which this abbey is so eminently distinguished. -But we shall return to the subject in a future number, and in the mean -time we shall only add, that this abbey is well worthy the attention of -the antiquary and architectural student, and that to the pleasure tourist -of cultivated tastes it is of the most delightful interest. - - P. - - - - -THE ITALIAN ORGAN BOY. - -CONCLUSION. - - -Carlo having recovered himself, proceeded as follows:-- - -“In the thus light-hearted and unmurmuring though tedious and toilsome -accumulation of the fund that was to purchase station and happiness -for Bianca, the first of the three years sped prosperously past. -Francesco--for old Marcolini, confiding in the integrity and industry of -my father to fulfil the conditional arrangement, laid no restraint upon -him--was our almost daily visitor, and not rarely a cheerful assistant in -the lighter labours of our garden, in tending our rich parterres, our fig -trees, and our vines. One serious drawback on our happiness--the first -flush of devotion to Bianca over--we soon experienced. Ludovico, though -at times he worked harder and longer than the rest, and rejected the -occasional cheap indulgences my father permitted, had unfortunately been -so entangled with his lawless and loose-living companions, that after a -while he was again seduced by them into scenes of profligate amusement -and disgraceful licence. It mischanced that near the close of the year, -the very day before the great fair of Telese, to which we had long looked -forward as likely to swell our savings much, our father met with an -accident which disabled him from going to it. The cart, laden with our -richest and choicest garden produce, my mother’s eggs and poultry, and -Bianca’s contribution of nosegays, needlework, and straw plaits, was in -his unfitness necessarily entrusted to the charge of Ludovico. At the -fair he unfortunately fell in with some of his low-principled associates, -who seduced him into a gambling booth, where soon, infected with the -excitement of play, he hazarded a small sum, which by an evil chance -was returned to him threefold. Inflamed by the easy acquisition, he -thought with rapture how much readier a way this was for a lucky fellow, -as he appeared to be, to make his money, than by the slow and dull -and difficult returns of labour, and almost anticipated his returning -home that night with Bianca’s fortune in his pocket, and an immediate -abridgement, in consequence, of the weary postponement of her wedding. He -risked a higher sum with success, another with disappointment, and so on -with varying fortune, till a friendly neighbour, who had heard where he -was, came in and forced him with difficulty from the fatal fascination. -He had been at the table but a short time, and had lost but little, -which, to escape detection, he replaced by a loan; but he was inspired -with a passion for play, which, whenever an occasion was afforded, he -eagerly indulged. But notwithstanding this, and the occasional losses -and anxious evasions to which it exposed us, our efforts flourished, -and our reserved earnings increased apace. Never before had we gathered -such abundant returns from our garden and few fields, for never before -had we tended them with half the care. Our sales were quick as our -produce was luxuriant, and before half the allotted period had expired, -Bianca’s purse was by the half more valuable than we had ventured to -expect. At this time my father was induced by my mother’s influence and -representations to try and bring the suspense and postponement of the -nuptials to a close, by borrowing on security what would complete the -stipulated sum, and engage old Marcolini’s consent to an immediate union. -This was accordingly done, the necessary sum furnished by a money-lender, -Marcolini’s approval obtained, a day fixed, our festive arrangements -made, and all was light and merriment. But, alas and alas! a cruel blow -was in wait to dash to pieces our fond and joyous schemes, just as they -seemed to approach reality. - -One morning, as by sunrise my father was going to the garden--it -was to decorate a bridal arbour which we had constructed for the -occasion--I heard from him, as he passed through the inner room, a cry -of astonishment and dismay, and hurrying in, found him gazing in horror -upon an open and, alas, empty box--it was the one in which Bianca’s long -hoarded dower had been kept! All was gone--the hardly gathered earnings, -the borrowed money, and with it all our mirthful plans and sparkling -expectations; and, though a grave, strong-minded man, he was for the time -quite crushed and broken by the shock. ‘Carlo,’ said he, ‘we are ruined, -utterly undone. Villains have plundered us: your sister’s heart will be -broken, and there is nothing left for us but despair. These weakened -limbs could not go through such another term of trial in the face of -such misfortune. It will be well if they last long enough to earn what -will meet the demands of Bartolo the broker. Your brother, to whom we -might else have looked for aid, is getting worse and worse in his evil -ways: he has turned--that ever I should have to speak such words of son -of mine!--yes, turned a worthless profligate and gamester. The God of -Heaven grant,’ continued he, turning ghastly pale, and staggering against -the wall as his eye fell upon a well-known knife, that, with its blade -broken, lay upon the floor, ‘that it be not even worse. Carlo, look -on that, and tell me, O tell me, that you know it not!’ With horror I -recognized my unhappy brother’s knife; and a fragment of the steel fixed -in the box showed too plainly in what base work it had been employed. I -was struck speechless at the sight; but in defiance of all evidence, when -I thought of my warm-hearted generous brother, I burned with anger at -myself for my momentary misgiving, and almost fiercely chid my father for -his dark suspicion. ‘Carlo,’ answered he gravely, ‘you are yet childish -and inexperienced, and know not the power of evil company, the blight -of that accursed vice upon every principle of truth and honesty. Your -brother, I have told you, is an abandoned gambler--consorts with all the -dregs and refuse of the country, mocks at the entreaties of a mother, the -warnings of a father, the honest, ay, till he bore it, the ever honest -name of his family; and he who does all this, will, time and temptation -pressing him, but feebly shrink from the basest act. But go,’ added he -with stern emphasis, ‘call him. Though guilty, I will see him face to -face before I lay my curse upon him.’ With fear and trembling, for I knew -how terrible my father’s temper was when roused, I was obliged to confess -that he had not spent the night at home; and his forehead grew still -gloomier and more wrinkled as he listened. - -He said nothing, but fell upon a seat, folded his arms, and remained -looking fixedly upon the ground in great and fearful agony of thought. - -About half an hour afterwards, my heart leaped within me as I caught the -sound of Ludovico’s cautiously approaching steps--for on such occasions -he strove to steal in unnoticed--and I rushed to the door. There indeed -he was coming up the walk in front. But what a figure!--his eyes were -bloodshot, his face haggard, his dress disordered, his gait uneven, and -altogether he appeared still under the power of a deep overnight debauch. -My father upon hearing rose to meet him, and at the sight of his agitated -and afflicted features, Ludovico, overcome with dismay and confusion, -only afforded confirmatory evidence of guilt. Without a word, my father -beckoned with his hand to him, and walking into the room, pointed to the -forced and vacant box, fixing his eyes sternly and accusingly upon my -poor brother, who with fainting knees accompanied him. With constrained -silence he then lifted up the broken knife from the floor, fitted it -before Ludovico’s eyes to the fragment remaining in the lid, and then -turning up the haft, presented it to him. A cry of dismay and horror -broke from his lips as he recognized his knife, and the terrible truth -burst upon him. - -‘I am innocent, oh, my father, I am innocent,’ he cried as he fell on his -knees before him. But, alas, the action, in place of removing, was about -to rivet the evidence of his guilt, for as he stooped, a key fell from -his pocket--a false one for the door which led from the very room into -the garden, which he had privately procured for the purpose of secret -admission when belated in his revels. My father, without other reply, -seized it, applied it to the door, and opened the lock. He then turned to -him, as if every stay and doubt were banished, and with a voice in which -pain and sorrow only aggravated passion, exclaimed, ‘Wretched boy, I -disown thee! Never shall villain, gambler, robber, liar, be called son of -mine. Away, then, from my presence and my roof for ever! He who could so -basely forget every lesson of honesty he was taught from his childhood, -who could plunder his poor sister of what we have painfully earned for -her by the sweat of our brows, and doom her to hopelessness and life-long -loneliness, to feed his own vile profligacy, would not scruple to dip his -hand in blood, ay, in the blood of his household, for their inheritance. -We are not safe with such a one. Away to your brigand comrades of the -hills--lead the villain life you incline to--do what you will--but -never cross this threshold again!’ My mother and Bianca, roused by the -noise, now hurried fearfully into the room, and a glance at Ludovico’s -horror-struck and supplicating posture, at the shattered box, and my -father’s inflamed and convulsed countenance, was enough without words to -inform them of the revolting truth. - -‘My father’s heart is hardened against me,’ exclaimed Ludovico, ‘and I -wonder not. I have indeed been loose-lived and disobedient, but never -base nor dishonest, and let me not be now condemned because these -appearances are against me. I solemnly swear by----’ My father fiercely -checked him. ‘Add not perjury to infamy--it needs not swearing--the -matter can be put beyond a doubt, ay, even beyond your own audacious -denial. Mark those footsteps in the soft soil before the door: that bed -was left by me smooth and unruffled yesternight--they are those of the -villain thief; and, Ludovico, I cannot mistake the footprints of him -who has wrought by my side since boyhood--wretched father that I am! -they are _yours_. Deny it if you can.’ Convinced in my own heart of -his innocence, I sprang forward to apply the test, but soon recoiled -in horror, as before the anxious eyes of all I proved the accurate -correspondence of the marks--a shock which for a moment crushed my own -faith in my brother’s truth. What now availed my mother’s entreaties, -my sister’s tears, Ludovico’s continued passionate assertion of his -innocence, to change the stern conviction of my father? He vehemently -reiterated his sentence of banishment, and counselled him, if he would -mitigate the keenness of remorse, to confess his crime and return its -ill-gotten fruits. Ludovico, stung to the quick by his reproaches, and by -the agonies of my mother and Bianca, felt resentment rise in his heart -to strengthen him to support his fate, and indignantly rose to depart. -‘Cease your prayers, my mother and my Bianca. Carlo, you will live, I -feel, to see me righted, and my father, too, to repent his harshness to -his son, and his distrust in one whom he has often detected in error, -but never yet in ignominy. My sister, if my heart’s blood could at this -moment be coined into treasure to replace that which you have lost, and -build again your shattered hopes, freely would I pour it out. But words -are idle to make your heart what it was but an hour ago. I go--better -any where than here--and if you hear of me again, it will be of one who -has learned seriousness from suffering, and proved by acts his love and -interest for you all.’ As he finished speaking, he hurried from the door -without further farewell, and, plunging among the thickly wooded slopes, -was speedily lost to my passionate pursuit. - -That evening, however, a boy left a billet from him to Bianca, in which -he mentioned his intention of trying to turn his musical talent to -account, by proceeding to England, where he was told that money was but -lightly thought of, and purses were ever open, and where he might readily -glean both what would support himself, and supply something towards -enabling my father to meet Bartolo the usurer, and perhaps, too, old -Marcolini, upon the day first fixed for her union with Francesco. He -concluded by asking pardon from our offended confidence and affection for -once more scornfully denying the odious charge--a denial which, amid our -joint tears over the letter, we believed as firmly as the words of holy -writ. - -Why need I stay to mention all the gloom and grief which was now spread -over our but lately so bright and hopeful household, for Ludovico, -despite his thoughtless forwardness, had been the life and spring of all -our movements. - -My father’s dark locks soon became streaked with grey, for his pride -of honesty in an unblemished name was sorely abased: his heart was -wounded and enfeebled; and when the fever of his first anger was past, -he began to think at times that perhaps he had dealt too hardly and -hastily with Ludovico. My mother often wept: my sister’s cheek became -wan and pale even with Francesco by her side: my own heart was faint and -joyless: a cloud of spiritless sadness and depression settled over all, -and every thing seemed to lament him who was far away among strangers, -in loneliness and disgrace--him whose bold spirit, athletic form, and -buoyant beauty, had, notwithstanding his frailties, been the pride and -glory, secret or avowed, of all. - -But Providence is able and merciful to cleanse the character of the -innocent and calumniated in the end, and after many weary months -Ludovico’s was cleared before all the village by the death-bed confession -of one of his former associates, who, under the impulse of a late -remorse, stated that the robbery had been committed by himself--that -Ludovico had on the night in question been designedly drugged by some -of his accomplices--his knife taken and purposely left in the room, and -his shoes borrowed for the same end, of warding search or suspicion from -themselves by his condemnation. By way of expiation for the diabolical -villany, he secretly menaced his partners in the plot that he would -reveal their names and give them up to justice, unless the money with -the interest in full was forthwith restored, which in consequence was -quickly done. And now that his son’s good fame was established in -the light of day, my father’s breast was lightened of the burthen of -conscious disgrace, but only to suffer the more keenly the poignancy of -self-reproach for the extreme and unjust severity of his treatment; and -often would he bitterly accuse himself of savage inhumanity, and madly -wish that by the sacrifice of his own life he could restore his exiled -son to his embrace once more. As I listened to his painful lamentations -and upbraiding, I formed a scheme, which was no sooner devised than I -hurried to execute, of following Ludovico to England, of finding him, -as in the credulity of inexperience I doubted not readily to do, and -bringing him back with me to home, to reputation, and to happiness. -Knowing the opposition I would meet if I mentioned my secret, I collected -as speedily as I could what money I supposed would defray my first -expenses, procured this organ, and my poor little marmoset, as I knew -my wandering countrymen were wont to furnish themselves; and leaving a -letter with a young neighbour to give when I was gone, took my way to -Naples, whence I got a passage to London. My heart often died within me -as I wandered through its great and busy streets, and many is the hour -of sorrow and hardship I endured; but desire for Ludovico, and the hope -of finding him which never failed me, carried me through all. For nearly -a year I traversed England, much of Scotland and Ireland, supporting -myself by grinding this poor music. I have not my brother’s fine voice -and skill, but the people here are for the most part indulgent, and -not so delicate to please as those of Italy. But the good God guided -me at last to a happy meeting with an old Neapolitan, who alone, of -the hundreds whom I questioned, was able to give me any information of -Ludovico, with whom he had fortunately fallen in a few months before in -this very city. With that cordial confidence which one is apt to flare in -a fellow countryman when cast among strangers, Ludovico had made known -to him all his story, adding that, having now by prudence and exertion -of his talent for music--and few could touch a guitar or raise a voice -like him--gathered a sufficient sum of money, he was about to return -to Italy and to the neighbourhood of his native village, to apportion -Bianca once more, and set on foot some inquiry to redeem, if possible, -his forfeited character, and fix the guilt of the robbery upon the real -offenders, whom long reflection on the circumstances had erewhile led -him to suspect. Oh! how my heart thrilled and burned within me as I -listened to the long-sought blissful words, and knew that in very deed I -was at last upon the track of him--though the rapture of an unexpected -meeting in this foreign land I was not to have--after whom I had made -such a weary pilgrimage in vain. Not in vain neither. I have done what -I could, and when I stand proudly amid my family once more, and receive -their embraces and congratulations, say, shall I be without my reward? My -daily gleanings I hoard with the eagerness of a miser: little do I spend -on food or lodging: for when I think of my own dear Montanio, of those -to complete whose happiness I alone am wanting, I have but one wish, one -prayer--to have wherewithal to carry me to my own beautiful land again, -to my father’s blessing, my brother’s love, my mother’s and my sister’s -arms.” - -Tears of tenderness and rapture started to the eyes of the ardent and -devoted youth as he thus concluded his narrative, in which the fervour -and interest of truth were, as he told it, beautifully blended with much -of the elevation and singularity of romance. - -Further particulars respecting this generous witness to the -disinterestedness and fortitude with which family and fraternal love can -inspire the young, the delicate, and the undisciplined, my necessary -limitation of space compels me to forego. I need scarcely add that I -was instrumental in furnishing a supplement for his insufficient means, -and I did not lose sight of the noble lad, till, with mixed emotions of -buoyant anticipation, and perhaps momentarily regretful gratitude, he -parted from me on his return to Italy. In imagination I often make one of -the reunited family, and at times, too, indulge the hope that the chances -and changes of a shifting lot may some time enable me in very deed to -look on old Girardi and his spouse, Carlo and the reformed Ludovico, the -fair Bianca and the faithful Francesco, and claim a return in kind--an -evening spent among their gleeful rural party--for the fellow-feeling I -had the good fortune to conceive for the desolation, and the part I was -privileged to take in abridging the banishment, of the Italian Organ Boy. - - J. J. M. - - - - -KNOWLEDGE AND IGNORANCE. - -Second Article. - -BOULDERS--CONTINUED. - - -If the dreary waste of the sandy desert, when the hot and suffocating -blast sweeps over its parched surface, appears to the affrighted -traveller invested with all the characters of sublimity, not less -impressed with awe is the wanderer of polar regions, when, gazing on the -heart-chilling magnificence of the interminable ice which surrounds him, -he hears the sigh of the coming snow-storm, fraught with danger or with -death. But at a time when repeated voyages and spirit-stirring narratives -have rendered familiar to every one the beauties and the dangers of ice -in every conceivable form of floe, of field, or of berg, and have excited -sympathy for the sufferings or admiration of the daring of those who, to -advance the cause of science, or to pursue for commercial purposes the -mighty whale, have ventured within the precincts of that icy kingdom, it -is not necessary to describe the solitary grandeur of a scene in which -ice spreads like a sea beneath the feet, and rises as a mountain above -the head. Not even, then, by the side of a cheerful fire, in these more -temperate regions, shall we unnecessarily indulge in shudderings at the -thought of distant powers of congelation, or enter further into the -subject of polar picturesqueness. It is as a geological agent that we -have now to contemplate ice in the various forms of fields and bergs, or -of glaciers; its efficiency as a moving power being first considered. -Scoresby justly denominates ice-fields “one of the wonders of the deep. -They are often,” he says, “met with of the diameter of twenty or thirty -miles; and when in a state of such close combination that no interstice -can be seen, they sometimes extend to a length of fifty, or nearly a -hundred miles.” The average thickness of these fields is from ten to -fifteen feet, and their surface is varied by hummocks, which rise to a -height of from forty to fifty feet. The weight of a piece of field ice, -one mile square and thirteen feet thick, is, according to Scoresby’s -estimate, 11,314,284 tons; and from the difference of specific gravity -between ice and sea-water, this floating mass is sufficiently buoyant to -support a weight of stones or other heavy bodies equal to 1,257,142, or -in round numbers one million tons. - -Grand, however, as such floating fields of ice are, they are exceeded in -magnificence by bergs. One of these, Scoresby relates, was one mile in -circumference, fifteen hundred feet square, and a hundred feet above the -level of the sea; so that, allowing for the inequalities of its surface, -he considered its depth in the water seven hundred feet, its total -thickness eight hundred feet, and its weight about forty-five millions of -tons--an enormous mass, capable of transporting at least five millions -of tons of extraneous weight. In number, too, they are as remarkable -as in magnitude: above five hundred were counted by Scoresby from the -mast-head at one time, of which scarcely one was less than the hull of -a ship, about a hundred as high as the ship’s mast, and some twice that -height, or two hundred feet above the surface of the sea; hence in total -thickness about sixteen hundred feet. These, then, it must be admitted, -are mighty engines fitted for the transport of rocks of colossal -magnitude. But in the reasonings of sound philosophy, the apparent -fitness of an object to perform some particular function cannot be -deemed sufficient to establish the reality of its action: further proof -is necessary, either derived from analogy or from positive facts. In -respect to ice-fields, the easiest of observation, it is remarkable that -neither of the Captains Scoresby speaks of having noticed extraneous -matter upon them, unless the expression “heaps of rubbish,” in a passage -of the voyage of Scoresby senior, means rubbish of stones as well as -rubbish of ice. Examples will indeed be quoted from other writers, but -the comparative scarcity of transported matter on the upper surface of -the fields of ice, seems a natural consequence of their mode and place -of formation. Formed in bays or gulfs, some portions of them are broken -off by the violence of the waves at a distance from the shore, and never -therefore come in contact with rocks or stones; whilst others, grounding -in shallow water, encase many in the substance of their lower surface, -although none are seen on the upper. - -The conditions, indeed, which are necessary to ensure a load for the -carrying ice, such as proximity to the rocks the detached fragments of -which are to rest on its surface, are more peculiarly present in ice -formed under or brought into contact with precipitous rocky banks, and -in that formed in deep narrow gulfs--in short, in ice constituted after -the manner of glaciers. A large portion, therefore, of field ice must -necessarily float about unencumbered with rubbish or fragments of rocks. -Boethlingk, in treating on the diluvial and alluvial formations of South -Finland, incidentally touches upon this subject. “The dispersion,” -he observes, “of these blocks, is very probably in accordance with a -phenomenon which may be observed on many seas and rivers, and which -depends on the presence of blocks of stone near the shore. Through what -force and in what manner the deposition of large blocks on the surface -of all those formations which are at the water’s brink even now happens, -can be observed every spring, by any one who, at the breaking up of the -ice, repairs to those parts of the coast where the shore bears testimony, -by the numerous blocks heaped up one upon the other, of their forcible -deposition. Near Kiwinjemei, on the Wwoxen, there is, as it were, a wall -nine feet high, stretching along the flat shore, composed of blocks of -stone which have been gradually raised by the masses of ice. In several -places such stones, three feet in diameter, were lying on flakes of ice, -which, pressing onwards to the shore, had been shoved one over the other -to the height of six or eight feet; so that no one could doubt the fact -that the ice-flakes had been the carriers of the stones; and also, where -the steepness of the ground permits the near approach of ice-shoals to -the shore, that the blocks would be heaped up one over the other into a -terrace or wall; whilst, on the contrary, on shallow coasts they would -be scattered in the water, at a distance from the shore. The deposition -of blocks depends therefore on the shore being accessible to ice-shoals -driven in by winds or currents. Small blocks, also, are often cemented -together by ice when the water over shallows, the bottoms of which are -covered with loose stones, freezes; and when the water rises in the -spring, or in consequence of storms setting in from the sea, the ice also -rises, and with it the encased stones; and being driven out to sea, the -stones, by the melting of the icy cement, are dropped in various places. -In this way it is very probable that the boulders which lie scattered -over the surface of the countries south of the Baltic were transported -from Scandinavia and Finland on ice-shoals, at a time when the East Sea -yet spread over those regions. Banks also are thrown up along the shore -by the ice; they are never composed of large stones, but on flat sandy -shores principally of sand. - -Where the water-level was constant for a considerable time, during which -banks were formed, they show by their height above the present flow of -the water how much the condition of the latter has been changed. When two -such banks lie one behind the other, at the same level, or successively -like terraces, we are justified in concluding that the level of the water -has changed and the land been increased, or that the one has sunk and the -other in consequence advanced upon it. In confined basins this sinking -may have been the consequence of the outlet widening by wear, and in open -seas by the upheaving of the land. On all the large lakes of Finland -are seen banks and terraces, as well as single blocks of stone, on the -slopes. The terraces often lie one above the other, which indicates -sudden depressions of the water’s surface at different periods, each -bank or terrace marking the water-line of a particular period, in which -were deposited in strata many kinds of detritus mixed up with vegetable -substances.” These remarks of Boethlingk, originally recorded in the -“Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of St Petersburg,” are here cited -from the “Neues Jahrbuch von Leonhard und Bronn.” They are valuable, as -results of personal observation, and have doubtless already given a -tolerable inkling of the reasons upon which this species of explanation -of the phenomenon of boulders has been founded. Captain Bayfield, of the -Royal Navy, the able surveyor of the Canadian lakes and of the river St -Lawrence, records similar facts observed by him in that river. The St -Lawrence is in winter low, and the ice on the shallows along both banks -of the river is frozen into one connected mass by a temperature which -often sinks to thirty degrees below zero, or sixty-two degrees below -the freezing point. When the thaw sets in, these masses are raised up -and floated away, and with them an extraordinary quantity of blocks and -stones which had been encased by the frost in their substance. In like -manner, anchors which for the security of the ship in winter had been -fixed near the shore, were obliged to be cut out of the ice, or they -would have been carried away. Half a ton weight of one of the strongest -chain cables was torn off and carried many yards away, when means were -taken to cut it out. Captain Bayfield also mentions the fact that he -had often seen at sea icebergs laden with stones, in the Straits of -Belleisle the captain examined one amongst many which must have come -from Baffin’s Bay; it was thickly covered over with blocks, gravel, and -stones. M. Reinecke, an officer of the Russian navy employed on a survey -of the coast of Finland, relates two pleasing though minor incidents of -a similar kind. The fishermen of Sweaborg pointed out to his officers -that the sea-bottom of their coast was subject to frequent change, partly -from the action of the waves in violent storms, but more particularly -from the force of traction exercised by enormous bodies of ice which -are set adrift at the breaking up of the frost, and being arrested in -their progress by some of the numerous headlands of the coast, or by the -shoals which there encumber the sea, are heaped up one upon the other -into colossal masses, which, liberated by some new shock, are again -violently urged forward, and drag along with them the sand of the bottom, -and even large fragments of the rocks. At the village of Kittelholm, -near Sweaborg, the inhabitants directed the officers’ special attention -to two such erratic blocks of stone, which at a very recent period had -changed their place: resting on a rock of the coast called Witthella, -and at a height of three sagènes (about 21 feet) above the level of the -sea, there now appears a block of granite, called by the sailors “sea -calf,” from its resemblance to a seal basking in the sun. This block -was first seen in its present position in 1815. It had been encased in -a mass of ice, which, raised up by the waves in a storm, had rested on -the level top of the rock, and there melted as it thawed: the boulder, -brought probably from a distant region, being left where it now stands. -The other erratic block or boulder of Kittelholm had been observed by -the inhabitants in the winter of 1806 to shift its place, being dragged -on by the ice for a distance of about one-third of a mile. But all these -were carriers of small note and name when compared to those of vast -bulk and power described by Scoresby. “Many,” says he, “of the icebergs -contained strata of earth and stones, and some were loaded with beds -of rock of great thickness, and weighing by calculation from 50,000 to -100,000 tons.” When, therefore, we see such operations going forward in -our own time--the iceberg loaded with its freight of gravel and of rocks, -moving slowly from the frozen north to the south, where, melted by the -increasing heat, it is destined to discharge its cargo indiscriminately -on mud, on gravel, or on rock, in the plain or on the hill, in the valley -or on the mountain top (for all these forms of matter and of feature may -be reasonably assumed to diversify the bottom of the present ocean, as it -did that of a former one, now the surface of our dry land)--may we not -conclude with Lyell or with Wissman, with Murchison or with Darwin, that -were that bottom exposed dry to our view, it would in like manner exhibit -its phenomena of gravel and of boulders? - -Nor would those appearances be confined to the northern regions; the -reign of frost and snow has extended over a wider space in the antarctic -than it has in the arctic circle. Mr Murchison quotes from a letter of -Captain Harcourt, R. N., who in returning from South America met with a -vast number of ice-floes in the Pacific, in latitude 50 degrees. Some -of them were not less than two miles square, and 250 to 300 feet above -the water, and consequently about 2000 feet thick. It is remarkable -that this phenomenon occurred from 85 degrees west longitude, at a -considerable distance from any land, to the meridian of Cape Pillar, -while the immediate coasts of Chili and Cape Horn offered no trace of -them. The winter was comparatively mild, which might indeed account for -the liberation of such large masses of ice from the South Pole, and their -being wafted into seas usually quite free from them. The number and size -of these ice-floes were so astonishing, that Captain Harcourt, during the -long winter moonless nights of eighteen hours, had great difficulty in -steering through them without shipwreck; their course seemed to be from -south-east to north-west, and they were met with through five degrees of -latitude (50 to 55 degrees), which would be the exact position of England -if transferred to the other hemisphere. May we not then shudder at the -thought of that dreary future, in which, by some physical changes of the -earth’s surface, according to the theory of Mr Lyell, the conditions of -the earth’s superficial temperature may be reversed, and bring down upon -the coasts of our ill-fated island those frost-bearing monsters to bite -up every living thing by one common congelation; for we may well suppose, -that long ere that dismal period our cold-dispelling fuel, turf, coal, -and all, will have been utterly consumed. But let us comfort ourselves -with this selfish reflection--it will not be in our day. - -Numerous as the icebergs of the antarctic regions are, they have as yet -afforded few examples of transported materials. One, however, of very -considerable interest, is thus recorded in a Journal of Discoveries in -the Antarctic Ocean in 1839, by Mr John Balleny, communicated to the -Geographical Society by Mr Enderby, the ship-owner. “March 13. Light -variable winds from the eastward; surrounded by icebergs. In latitude 61 -degrees, longitude 103 degrees 40 minutes, passed within a quarter of a -mile of an iceberg about 300 feet high, with a block of rock attached -to it.” The rock is described as about 12 feet in height and about -one-third up the berg. The nearest certainly known land (Enderby’s Land) -was distant from the spot 1400 miles; Sabrina Land, if such exists, -was distant 450 miles; and it is very improbable that any land will be -discovered within 100 miles. Mr Darwin, in an interesting note on this -Journal, mentions a preceding case of an iceberg with a considerable -block lying on it, seen east of South Shetland by Mr Sorrell, when in -a sealing vessel; and though another voyager, Captain Briscoe, during -several cruises in the antarctic seas, had never once seen a piece of -rock in the ice, he remarks, that if but one iceberg in a thousand or in -ten thousand transports its fragment, the bottom of the antarctic sea -and the shores of its islands must already be scattered with masses of -foreign rock, the counterpart of the erratic boulders of the northern -hemisphere. - -Such, then, are the facts on which modern geologists, and more especially -Mr Lyell, have founded the theory of ice-transported boulders, appealing -to the experience of that which is now occurring in existing seas as -evidence of that which did occur in seas not now existing--seas which -once covered or at least rose to the level of places which exhibit these -relics of their presence. Presuming, then, for an instant, that the fact -is conceded, that at some ancient epoch the low lands of a large portion -of the northern and southern hemispheres were under water, whilst the -higher hills and mountains were covered with snow, and their gorges and -valleys filled with glaciers, which on descending to the ocean carried -with them fragments of rocks, and became as icebergs their carriers to -distant regions, do we not obtain an explanation of the phenomena of -boulders more simple and rational than any of those previously advanced? -For example, Kirwan in his Essays tells us that the Bay of Galway must -have been occupied by a granitic mountain, which in a great catastrophe -was shattered and swallowed up, because he found a mass of granite called -“the Gregory” on one of the isles of Arran, 100 feet above the sea, and -8 or 10 miles from the nearest granitic locality, the islands themselves -being limestone. But such a mass, though 20 feet long, 10 high, and 11 -broad, if floated across on an iceberg, could have been deposited at its -destined place by machinery more simple than such a catastrophe. In like -manner, how easily the granitic blocks of Scandinavia could by similar -means have been transported across the Baltic!--and at the same time many -of the phenomena of drift (a name now given by many geologists to what -was formerly called diluvian) might be explained, as shown by Mr Lyell in -his account of the Norfolk drift, by the action of floating fields of ice -carrying with them sand and gravel, or grating and heaping up the sand -and gravel of shoals on which they were beginning to ground, as shown in -the examples cited. The long lines of drift and boulders extending from -north to south in northern Europe were indeed in all probability the -result of the joint operation of the marine current which moved onwards -the floating ice, and of the ice itself. In these lines or trainées, -two sets have been discovered--one crossing the other at a very acute -angle, a circumstance which may possibly be explained by supposing two -currents simultaneously running from the north being inflected by local -peculiarities into slightly differing directions, and then, on meeting, -proceeding in a direction the resultant of the two; the direction of -the resultant varying at different epochs according as one or the other -current, from varying local causes, possessed the greater or less -velocity; if so, the natural result of such meeting currents would be to -deposit along their resulting direction lines of drift, to form in this -manner shoals on which the floating ice would occasionally ground, and by -its load of gravel and boulders assist the work of detritic accumulation. - -In as far, then, as the phenomenon of boulders is exhibited in the low -lands of Europe (leaving other countries out of the question), it seems -quite in conformity with the operations of causes such as have been -here explained. But it may next be asked, How does the ice-transporting -theory explain the boulders of the Alps? Had the waters been sufficiently -elevated to convey icebergs over the Jura chain, the Scandinavian -mountains would have been deeply submerged, and no longer, therefore, a -source either of ice or of boulders. This is unquestionably a difficulty, -unless it be assumed either that some great change of relative altitude -has taken place by the uplifting of the Alps since the deposition of -its boulders, or that the Alpine boulders have not been conveyed by -marine agencies. Lyell supposed it possible that falling “hill-sides” -might have dammed up the rallies of Switzerland, and have formed lakes, -on which the icebergs from its uplifted glaciers might have floated -across to the Jura, and have been carried down to the low country at -the base of the Alps, by the sudden bursting of the barrier, and the -flood following it; and Wissmann (who strangely enough ranks Lyell, -manifestly his precursor in this idea, amongst the advocates of the -theory of torrents) in like manner assumes the existence of a large sea -extending over the low portion of Switzerland, the country now bordering -on the Lake of Constance, and the greater part of Bavaria, on the -waters of which the ice of falling glaciers with its cargo of boulders -floated across. This sea was not however, like Lyell’s, the result of a -secondary accident, but arose, encircled and walled in by mountains, on -the last upheaving of the Alps. Its waters overflowing their boundary -at the lowest points, according to Wissmann enlarged the passages of -discharge, which giving vent to the waters, gradually lowered and finally -emptied the sea, leaving the valley of the Rhone and of the Rhine as a -relic. If, however, hypotheses of at least equal probability have been -rejected either as depending too much on supposititious data, or as -being imperfect explanations of the phenomena, there seems no greater -reason for admitting these. Such accidents as those suggested by Mr Lyell -have indeed occurred in the Alpine regions; rivers have been dammed up -either by falling hill-sides or by falling masses of ice, and on bursting -through these obstacles, have poured down in fearful destruction on the -plain below. But how diminutive are such catastrophes in comparison to -that which must have attended on the dispersion of the Alpine boulders! -and although the lake of Wissmann’s hypothesis is sufficiently extensive -to transport the boulders through a very wide space, it is insufficient -to account for those in Franche-compté; whilst, if we suppose with him -that the last elevation of the Alps was prior to the deposition of the -Molasse, it seems improbable that all the great openings of discharge, -or vallies, should have been formed since that period. Must we then turn -from these explanations, and again suppose great relative changes of -altitude by vast upheavings of mountain chains in comparatively recent -times, giving rise to diluvial waves, or, as supposed by De Beaumont, -such upheavings being accompanied by a sudden rise of temperature, to -the sudden melting of huge masses of snow and ice, and to powerful -torrents resulting from it? Are we in short to appeal with Kapp to the -testimony of the Chinese Annals, elucidated by Edward Biot of the French -Academy, for evidence of such changes? In them, mention is indeed made -at dates of 2400 and 3300 years before our era, of the elevation of two -mighty chains of mountains, by which an ancient sea was raised up and -became the present Marsh of Gobi, having been drained by an arm of the -Yellow River, or through the valley of Tsischi, and at the same time -the course of the Yellow and many other rivers were greatly changed. -But, truly curious as such documents undoubtedly are, and worthy of -the most attentive research in order to ascertain what support can -really be given to geological theories by historical evidence, they -could not be received as conclusive in respect to the face of Europe, -unless something like a chain of deductive reasoning from observed -facts could be adduced in support of them. What, then, is the state of -the case? Must we reject the ice-transporting theory as insufficient, -and stand in despair of ever finding a clue to our difficulties? Far -from it: the very difficulty itself points to the true explanation. -The northern or Scandinavian boulders are not mixed with the Alpine on -the low grounds at the base of the Jura, and this circumstance shows -us that there was a limit to the space over which these boulders were -transported, and that limit was, probably, the result of the elevation -at which the ocean then stood. Whilst, then, this ancient ocean was -conveying from the Scandinavian peaks its falling glaciers loaded with -fragments of rocks, the glaciers of the Alps were conveying over the -ice-covered land the fragments of its broken pinnacles. Such a union of -the two modes of transport, combined with sea currents, seems at once -consistent with reason and efficient in explanation; for example, it -explains the difficulty experienced in understanding the ancient glaciers -of the northern face of our Dublin mountains, where we see limestone -gravel and fragments of red sandstone accumulated against their base -up to a certain point where they end abruptly, and gravel of primitive -rocks begins. The limestone gravel and fragments of sandstone may have -been conveyed there, and heaped up by the pressure of drifting ice, -whilst the descending glacier conveyed primitive fragments, and pushed -up before it into a heap the limestone gravel. We have therefore now -come to the consideration of the glacier theory, which, propounded and -explained by Agassiz, has assumed not merely a character of sublimity, -but of demonstration. This I shall enter upon in another article, to -which I shall also defer some necessary remarks on the supposed causes -of that great and general refrigeration which Agassiz assumes, and the -facts support. But even now I cannot refrain from answering a question -which may possibly be asked by some, Why do you place so abstruse and -difficult a subject before the readers of a popular work? I do so, -because, though assuredly of no easy solution, the boulder question is -one replete with interest, and calculated to excite the attention of -many who perhaps never before thought that in those time-worn stones was -matter to exercise the deepest reflection of the philosopher. But this -is not all. To follow up the theories of the astronomer, instruments, -and “appliances to boot,” are necessary, which few can possess; but to -seek for geological data, the inquirer needs only health, his hammer, and -his bag. When, therefore, as so powerfully urged by Mr Patterson, in his -beautiful address to the Natural History Society of Belfast, our national -system of education shall include within it an elementary course of -natural history, we may hope to see in each of its trained schoolmasters -not a “village Hampden,” but a “village White” or “village Saussure,” -and in each locality around him a group of young and ardent naturalists -growing up with a taste and enthusiasm for scientific research which not -only will infuse happiness over their own breasts, but multiply the data -for correct deductions. And in what branch of geological inquiry is such -a multiplication of materials more required than in the one we have been -discussing? Happy times, then, for science, morality, and religion, when -a taste for research shall have been budded on the earliest shoot of -man’s intelligence! - - J. E. P. - - * * * * * - -CRUELTY TO ANIMALS.--Though civilization may in some degree abate the -native ferocity which prompts men to torture the brute creation, it -can never quite extirpate it. The most polished are not ashamed to be -pleased with scenes of barbarity, and, to the disgrace of human nature, -to dignify them with the name of sports. They arm cocks with artificial -weapons, which nature had kindly denied to their malevolence, and with -shouts of applause and triumph see them plunge them into each other’s -hearts; they view with delight the trembling deer and defenceless hare, -flying for hours in the utmost agonies of terror and despair, and at -last sinking under fatigue, devoured by their merciless pursuers. They -see with joy the beautiful pheasant and harmless partridge drop from -their flight, weltering in their blood, or perhaps perishing with wounds -and hunger, under the cover of some friendly thicket to which they -have in vain retreated for safety; they triumph over the unsuspecting -fish, whom they have decoyed by an insidious pretence of feeding, and -drag him from his native element by a hook fixed to and tearing out his -entrails; and to add to all this, they spare neither labour nor expense -to preserve and propagate these innocent animals, for no other, and but -to multiply the objects of their persecution. What name should we bestow -on a superior being whose whole endeavours were employed and whose whole -pleasure consisted in terrifying, ensnaring, tormenting, and destroying -mankind?--whose superior faculties were exerted in fomenting animosity -amongst them, in contriving engines of destruction, and inciting them -to use them in maiming and murdering each other?--whose power over -them was employed in assisting the rapacious, deceiving the simple, -and oppressing the innocent?--who, without provocation or advantage, -should continue from day to day, void of all pity and remorse, thus to -torment mankind for diversion, and at the same time endeavour with the -utmost care to preserve their lives, and to propagate their species, in -order to increase the number of victims devoted to his malevolence, and -be delighted in proportion to the miseries which he occasioned? I say, -what name detestable enough could we find for such a being? Yet if we -impartially consider the case, and our intermediate situation, we must -acknowledge, that, with regard to inferior animals, just such a being is -a sportsman.--_Disquisitions on Several Subjects, by Soame Jenyns._ - - - - -HISTORY OF PAPER-HANGINGS. - - Abridged from a paper by Mr Crace, read before the Royal - Institute of Architects. - - -Paper hangings may be divided into three separate branches, the flock, -the metal, and the coloured; and each of these seems to have been -invented at a different time, as an imitation of a distinct material--the -flock to imitate the tapestries and figured velvets, the metal in -imitation of the gilt leather, and the coloured as a cheap substitute for -painted decorations. Professor Beckman says that the former of these, the -flock, was first manufactured in England, and invented by Jerome Langer, -who carried on the art in London in the reign of Charles the First, -and obtained a patent for his discovery, dated May 1st, 1634. Various -French and German authors give us the credit of this invention, yet it -is disputed by a Frenchman, M. Tierce, who in the Journal Æconomique -says, that a man named Francois carried on this art at Rouen so early -as the years 1620 and 1630, and affirms that the wooden blocks employed -are still preserved with the before-mentioned dates inscribed on them. -Francois was succeeded by his son, who followed the business with -success for fifty years, and died at Rouen in 1748. M. Savary, in his -Dictionnaire de Commerce, thus describes the manner in which the French -manufactured their tonture de lane, or flock hangings:--The artist having -prepared his design, drew on the cloth, with a fat oil or varnish, the -subject intended to be represented; and then the flocker, from a tray -containing the different tints of flocks, arranged in divisions, took the -colours he required, and sprinkled them in a peculiar manner with his -finger and thumb, so that the various shadows and colours were properly -blended, and an imitation of the woven tapestry produced. - -Of the second branch, the metal papers, I do not find much mentioned -by the older writers; and of the coloured papers I almost despaired of -finding any early account, till, in an old French dictionary of commerce, -printed in 1723, under the head of Dominoterie, I discovered an account -which seems to give the origin of the present system of paper-staining. -Dominoterie is an ancient French name for marble paper, such as used by -bookbinders; and the early French paper-stainers were associated with the -makers of that article, as a class called dominotiers. The manufacture is -thus described:-- - -The design having been drawn in outline, on paper pasted together of the -size required, the paper was then divided into parts of a suitable size, -and given to the carver or wood engraver, to cut the designs on blocks -of pear-tree, much in the same manner as at present. The outline thus -cut was printed in ink with a press, resembling that then used by the -letter-press printers, on separate sheets of paper. When dry, they were -then painted and relieved with different colours in _distemper_, and -afterwards joined together, so as to form the required design. The author -then adds, that grotesques and panels in which are intermingled flowers, -fruits, animals, and small figures, have up to this time succeeded better -than imitations of landscapes, or other tapestry hangings, which are -sometimes attempted, and refers to article 61 of the French laws in 1686, -which confirms the statutes published in 1586, 1618, and 1649, in which -rules are given as to what kind of presses, &c. are to be used by the -dominotiers, and prohibiting them under heavy penalties from printing -with types. - -Recurring to the subject as connected with this country: in the year -1754, a Mr Jackson, a manufacturer of paper-hangings at Battersea, -published a work on the invention of printing in chiaro oscuro, and the -application of it to the making of paper-hangings, illustrated with -prints in proper colours. This book is a sort of advertisement of the -kinds of papers made, and the mode of manufacture employed by him. He -adopted a style of paper-hangings executed with blocks in chiaro oscuro, -in imitation of the most celebrated classic subjects. - -To use his words, “The persons who cannot purchase the statues -themselves, may have these prints in their places, and thus effectually -show their taste. ’Tis the choice and not the price which discovers -the true taste of the possessor; and thus the Apollo Belvedere, the -Medicean Venus, or the Dying Gladiator, may be disposed of in niches, or -surrounded with a mosaic work in imitation of frames, or with festoons -and garlands of flowers, with great taste and elegance; or, if preferred, -landscapes after the most famous masters may be introduced into the -paper. That it need not be mentioned to any person of taste how much this -way of finishing with colours, softening into one another with harmony -and repose, exceeds every other kind of paper-hanging hitherto known, -though it has none of the gay, glaring colours in patches of red, green, -yellow, and blue, &c. which are to pass for flowers and other objects in -the common papers.” - -By the account of this gentleman we find that paper-hangings were then -in common use, and had reached a certain degree of perfection, for that -even arabesques were executed; and I therefore conceive that the art -discovered by Lanyer had been continued from his time to the present; -particularly as in the year 1712, the 10th of Queen Anne, a duty of -1¾d. per square yard is imposed on this manufacture. In the reign of -that queen the Chinese paper-hangings were very much employed, and have -continued in fashion to the present day. These hangings, though parts of -them may be executed by blocks or stencils, are almost wholly painted -by hand. Cotemporary with Jackson, I have learned that a Mr Taylor, the -grandfather of one of our present most eminent manufacturers, carried on -this business to a considerable extent, and accumulated a large fortune. -He was succeeded by his son, who, I am informed, visited France, and was -enabled to give the manufacturers there considerable information. He -said on his return that he found the French paper-hangings very inferior -to our own, both as to execution and beauty of design. In those days -we had an extensive export trade in this material to America and other -foreign parts, but we are now driven out of this market by the French. -The paper-hangings at that date, about 1770, were manufactured nearly -in the same manner as at present; I have indeed seen a flock paper of a -large rich damask pattern, more than 100 years old, which resembles in -every way the modern material; it is singular that this art of flocking -was disused and almost lost during a period of twenty years, and revived -only about forty years ago; a mode of decorating papers was also formerly -employed, which is now never adopted. I have seen papers ornamented with -a substance commonly called frost, a species of talc. - -In the year 1786, there was established at Chelsea a manufactory for -paper-hangings of a superior description, conducted by Messrs George -and Frederick Echardts, gentlemen of considerable taste and spirit. The -mode of manufacture was different to that in general use; for, besides -the usual printing blocks, copper plates, on which were engraved designs -of great finish and beauty, were likewise employed, and they not only -printed on paper, but also on silk and linen; and by an underground of -silver or gold, they obtained very beautiful effects of colour. - -Only part of the design was given by printing; it was finished by artists -constantly retained by the manufacturers, men of considerable talent, -who again were assisted in the inferior parts by young girls, of whom -more than fifty were employed; and had this undertaking been supported by -the government, it would, I think, have been more available as a school -for our rising artists, and of infinitely greater service, than our -present school of design, for it would have been a _working school_, and -no other, I am convinced, will be of any use in forming a talented race -of decorative artists in this country. There was also about this time -another establishment similar to the former, conducted by Mr Sheringham, -in Marlborough-street. - -From this time the French began to excel in this superior branch of the -art, which with us had fallen on such barren ground. Their manufacturers -were encouraged in every way by their government and the Emperor -Napoleon to attempt that perfection which they have now so successfully -attained.--_Engineer and Architect’s Journal._ - - * * * * * - -SIR WALTER SCOTT.--The following extract from the Diary of Sir Walter -Scott (see his Life by Lockhart) touchingly exemplifies the state of -his feelings at the period of his ruin, of the total loss of property -and frustration of all his bright hopes by the bankruptcies of the -Ballantynes and Constable:--“It is a bitter thought; but if tears start -at it, let them flow. My heart clings to the place I have created. -There is scarce a tree on it that does not owe its being to me. What a -life mine has been!--half educated, almost wholly neglected or left to -myself; stuffing my head with most nonsensical trash, and undervalued -by most of my companions for a time; getting forward, and held a bold -and clever fellow, contrary to the opinion of all who thought me a mere -dreamer; broken-hearted for two years; my heart handsomely pieced again, -but the crack will remain till my dying day. Rich and poor four or five -times; once on the verge of ruin, yet opened a new source of wealth -almost overflowing. Now to be broken in my pitch of pride, and nearly -winged (unless good news should come), because London chooses to be in -an uproar, and in the tumult of bulls and bears, a poor inoffensive lion -like myself is pushed to the wall. But what is to be the end of it? God -knows; and so ends the catechism. Nobody in the end can lose a penny -by me: that is one comfort. Men will think pride has had a fall. Let -them indulge their own pride in thinking that my fall will make them -higher, or seem so at least. I have the satisfaction to recollect that -my prosperity has been of advantage to many, and to hope that some at -least will forgive my transient wealth on account of the innocence of my -intentions, and my real wish to do good to the poor. Sad hearts, too, at -Darnick, and in the cottages of Abbotsford. I have half resolved never -to see the place again. How could I tread my hall with such a diminished -crest? How live a poor indebted man, where I was once the wealthy--the -honoured. I was to have gone there on Saturday in joy and prosperity to -receive my friends. My dogs will wait for me in vain. It is foolish; but -the thoughts of parting from these dumb creatures have moved me more than -any of the painful reflections I have put down. Poor things, I must get -them kind masters! There may be yet those, who loving me, may love my -dog, because it has been mine. I must end these gloomy forebodings, or I -shall lose the tone of mind with which men should meet distress. I feel -my dogs’ feet on my knees. I hear them whining and seeking me everywhere. -This is nonsense, but it is what they would do, could they know how -things may be. An odd thought strikes me--when I die, will the journal of -these days be taken out of the ebony cabinet at Abbotsford, and read with -wonder, that the well-seeming baronet should ever have experienced the -risk of such a hitch? Or will it be found in some obscure lodging-house, -where the decayed son of chivalry had hung up his scutcheon, and where -one or two old friends will look grave and whisper to each other, “Poor -gentleman”--“a well-meaning man”--“nobody’s enemy but his own”--“thought -his parts would never wear out”--“family poorly left”--“pity he took that -foolish title.” Who can answer this question?” - - * * * * * - - Printed and published every Saturday by GUNN and CAMERON, at - the Office of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane, - College Green, Dublin.--Agents:--R. GROOMBRIDGE, Panyer Alley, - Paternoster Row, London; SIMMS and DINHAM, Exchange Street, - Manchester; C. DAVIES, North John Street, Liverpool; SLOCOMBE and - SIMMS, Leeds; J. MENZIES, Prince’s Street, Edinburgh; and DAVID - ROBERTSON, Trongate, Glasgow. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1, No. -38, March 20, 1841, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL *** - -***** This file should be named 55066-0.txt or 55066-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/0/6/55066/ - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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