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-The Project Gutenberg eBook, Our Intellectual Strength and Weakness, by

-John George Bourinot

-

-

-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most

-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions 

-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of

-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at 

-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have

-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.

-

-

-

-

-Title: Our Intellectual Strength and Weakness

-       A Short Historical and Critical Review of Literature, Art and Education in Canada

-

-

-Author: John George Bourinot

-

-

-

-Release Date: September 7, 2017  [eBook #55499]

-

-Language: English

-

-Character set encoding: UTF-8

-

-

-***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OUR INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AND

-WEAKNESS***

-

-

-E-text prepared by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed

-Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made

-available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org)

-

-

-

-Note: Images of the original pages are available through

-      Internet Archive. See

-      https://archive.org/details/ourintellectuals00jgborich

-

-

-

-

-

-Royal Society of Canada Series.

-

-No. 1.

-

-OUR INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS.

-

-

-      *      *      *      *      *      *

-

-WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR.

-

-Parliamentary Practice and Procedure, with a review of the origin,

-growth, and operation of parliamentary institutions in Canada. And

-an Appendix containing the British North America Act of 1867 and

-amending acts, Governor-General's commission and instructions, forms of

-proceeding in the Senate and House of Commons, etc.; 2nd ed., revised

-and enlarged, 8vo., pp. 970, cloth and calf. Montreal: Dawson Bros.,

-1892. $8.

-

-A Manual of the Constitutional History of Canada, from the earliest

-period to the year 1888, including the B. N. A. Act of 1867, and a

-digest of judicial decisions on questions of legislative jurisdiction.

-12mo. pp. 238. Montreal: Dawson Bros. Cloth, $1.25.

-

-Canadian Studies in Comparative Politics: I. Canada and English

-Institutions; II. Canada and the United States; III. Canada and

-Switzerland. Large 4to. pp. 100. Montreal: Dawson Bros. Cloth, $1.

-

-Local Government in Canada. 8vo. pp. 72. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins

-University Studies. Paper, 50c.

-

-Federal Government in Canada. 8vo. pp. 172. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins

-University Studies, 1889. Paper, 50c.

-

-Parliamentary Government in Canada: an historical and constitutional

-study. Annals of American Historical Association. 8vo. pp. 98.

-Washington: Government Printing Office, 1893. Paper, $1.

-

-Descriptive and Historical Account of the Island of Cape Breton,

-and of its Memorials of the French Regime, with bibliographical,

-historical and critical notes, and old maps; plans and illustrations

-of Louisbourg. Large 4to. pp. 180. Montreal: Foster Brown & Co., 1892.

-Fancy cloth, $3.

-

-      *      *      *      *      *      *

-

-

-Royal Society of Canada Series.

-

-OUR INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS

-

-A Short Historical and Critical Review of Literature,

-Art and Education in Canada,

-

-by

-

-J. G. BOURINOT, C.M.G., LL.D., D.C.L., D.L. (LAVAL).

-

-Author of "Cape Breton and Its Memorials of the French Regime," and of

-Several Works on Federal and Parliamentary Government

-in the Dominion of Canada.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-Montreal:

-Foster Brown & Co.

-

-London:

-Bernard Quaritch.

-

-1893

-

-Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada by J. G. BOURINOT, in

-the Office of the Minister of Agriculture, in the year 1893.

-

-Gazette Printing Company, Montreal.

-

-

-

-

-                             To my Friends

-              SIR J. W. DAWSON, (C.M.G., F.R.S.C., LL.D.)

-                                  AND

-                  MONSIGNOR HAMEL, (M.A., F.R.S.C.),

-   WHO REPRESENT THE CULTURE AND LEARNING OF THE ENGLISH AND FRENCH

-                   ELEMENTS OF THE CANADIAN PEOPLE,

-                              I dedicate

-           THIS SHORT REVIEW OF THE INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT

-                         OF THE NEW DOMINION.

-

-

-

-

-PREFATORY NOTE.

-

-

-This monograph on the intellectual development of the Dominion was

-delivered in substance as the presidential address to the Royal Society

-of Canada at its May meeting of 1893, in Ottawa. Since then the author

-has given the whole subject a careful revision, and added a number of

-bibliographical and other literary notes which could not conveniently

-appear in the text of the address, but are likely to interest those who

-wish to follow more closely the progress of culture in a country still

-struggling with the difficulties of the material development of half

-a continent. This little volume, as the title page shows, is intended

-as the commencement of a series of historical and other essays which

-will be periodically reproduced, in this more convenient form for the

-general reader, from the large quarto volumes of the Royal Society of

-Canada, where they first appear.

-

-  OTTAWA, 1st October, 1893.

-

-

-

-

-ANALYSIS OF CONTENTS.

-

-

-  I.--P. 1.

-

-  Introductory remarks on the overestimate of material success in

-        America; citation from an oration on the subject by James

-        Russell Lowell; application of his remarks to Canadians.

-

-  II.--P. 4.

-

-  Three well defined eras of development in Canada; the French regime

-        and its heroic aspect; the works of Champlain, Lescarbot,

-        Potherie, Le Clercq, Charlevoix and others; evidences of some

-        culture in Quebec and Montreal; the foundation of the Jesuit

-        College and the Seminaries; Peter Kalm on the study of science;

-        the mental apathy of the colony generally in the days of French

-        supremacy.

-

-  III.--P. 9.

-

-  The period of political development from 1760-1840, under English

-        government; low state of popular education; growth of the press;

-        influence of the clergy; intellectual contests in legislative

-        halls; publication of "Sam Slick"; development of a historical

-        literature.

-

-  IV.--P. 14.

-

-  An era of intellectual as well as material activity commences in 1840,

-        after the concession of responsible government; political life

-        still claims best intellects; names of prominent politicians and

-        statesmen from 1840-1867; performance in literature and science;

-        gross partisanship of the press; poems of Crémazie, Howe,

-        Sangster and others; histories of Christie, Bibaud, Garneau and

-        Ferland.

-

-  V.--P. 19.

-

-  Historical writers from 1867-1893--Dent, Turcotte, Casgrain, Sulte,

-        Kingsford, etc.; Canadian poets--LeMay, Reade, Mair, Roberts,

-        Carman and others; critical remarks on the character of French

-        and English Canadian poetry; comparison between Canadian and

-        Australian writers; patriotic spirit of Canadian poems.

-

-  VI.--P. 27.

-

-  Essay writing in Canada; weakness of attempts at fiction; Richardson's

-        "Wacousta"; De Gaspé's "Anciens Canadiens"; Kirby's "Golden

-        Dog"; Marmette's "F. de Bienville," among best works of this

-        class; Professor De Mille and his works; successful efforts of

-        Canadians abroad--Gilbert Parker, Sara Jeannette Duncan and L.

-        Dougall; general remarks on literary progress during half a

-        century; the literature of science in Canada eminently

-       successful.

-

-  VII.--P. 33.

-

-  A short review of the origin and history of the Royal Society of

-        Canada; its aim, the encouragement of the literature of learning

-        and science, and of original ethnographical, archæological,

-        historic and scientific investigation; desirous of stimulating

-        broad literary criticism; associated with all other Canadian

-        societies engaged in the same work; the wide circulation of its

-        Transactions throughout the world; the need of a magazine of a

-        high class in Canada.

-

-  VIII.--P. 42.

-

-  The intellectual standard of our legislative bodies; the literature of

-        biography, law and theology; summary of general results of

-        intellectual development; difficulties in the way of successful

-        literary pursuits in Canada; good work sure of appreciative

-        criticism by the best class of English periodicals like the

-        "Contemporary," "Athenæum," "English Historical Magazine,"

-        "Academy," etc.; Sainte-Beuve's advice to cultivate a good style

-        cited; some colonial conditions antagonistic to literary growth;

-        the necessity of cultivating a higher ideal of literature in

-        these modern times.

-

-  IX.--P. 49.

-

-  The condition of education in Canada; speed and superficiality among

-        the defects of an otherwise admirable system; tendency to make

-        all studies subordinate to a purely utilitarian spirit; the need

-        of cultivating the "humanities," especially Greek; remarks on

-        this point by Matthew Arnold and Goldwin Smith; the state of the

-        press of Canada; the Canadian Pythia and Olympia.

-

-  X.--P. 53.

-

-  Libraries in Canada; development of art; absence of art galleries in

-        the cities, and of large private collections of paintings;

-        meritorious work of O'Brien, Reed, Peel, Pinhey, Forster and

-        others; establishment of the Canadian Academy by the Princess

-        Louise and the Marquess of Lorne; necessity for greater

-        encouragement of native artists; success of Canadian artists at

-        the World's Fair; architecture in Canada imitative and not

-        creative; the White City at Chicago an illustration of the

-        triumph of intellectual and artistic effort over the spirit of

-        mere materialism; its effect probably the development of a

-        higher culture and creative artistic genius on the continent.

-

-  XI.--P. 58.

-

-  Conclusion: The French language and its probable duration in Canada;

-       the advantages of a friendly rivalry among French and English

-       Canadians, which will best stimulate the genius of their peoples

-       in art and letters; necessity for sympathetic encouragement of

-       the two languages and of the mental efforts of each other; less

-       provincialism or narrowness of mental vision likely to gain

-       larger audiences in other countries; conditions of higher

-       intellectual development largely dependent on a widening of our

-       mental horizon, the creation of wider sympathy for native talent,

-       the disappearance of a tendency to self-depreciation, and greater

-       self-reliance and confidence in our own intellectual resources.

-

-

-

-

-BIBLIOGRAPHICAL, ART AND GENERAL NOTES.

-

-

-    (1) P. 61.--Lowell's remarks on the study of the Liberal Arts.

-

-    (2) P. 61.--Jamestown, Va.

-

-    (3) P. 61.--Champlain's Works; his character compared with that of

-                    Captain John Smith.

-

-    (4) P. 62.--Lescarbot's "Histoire de la Nouvelle France."

-

-    (5) P. 62.--Charlevoix's "Histoire et Description Générale de la

-                    Nouvelle France."

-

-    (6) P. 63.--Hutchinson's "History of Massachusetts."

-

-    (7) P. 63.--Sagard's "Le Grand Voyage," etc.

-

-    (8) P. 63.--P. Boucher's "Mœurs et Productions de la Nouvelle

-                    France."

-

-    (9) P. 63.--Jesuit Relations.

-

-    (10) P. 63.--Père du Creux, "Historia Canadensis."

-

-    (11) P. 63.--La Potherie's "Histoire de l'Amérique Septentrionale."

-

-    (11_a_) P. 63.--The Jesuit Lafitau and his work on Indian customs.

-

-    (12) P. 64.--C. le Clercq, "Etablissement de la Foy."

-

-    (13) P. 64.--Cotton Mather's "Magnalia."

-

-    (13_a_) P. 64.--Dr. Michel Sarrazin.

-

-    (13_b_) P. 64,--Peter Kalm and the English colonies.

-

-    (14) P. 65.--Education in Canada, 1792-1893.

-

-    (15) P. 65.--Upper Canada, 1792-1840.

-

-    (16) P. 66.--Canadian Journalism.

-

-    (17) P. 66.--Howe's Speeches.

-

-    (18) P. 66.--"Sam Slick."

-

-    (19) P. 66.--Judge Haliburton's History of Nova Scotia.

-

-    (20) P. 66.--W. Smith's History of Canada.

-

-    (21) P. 67.--Joseph Bouchette's Topographical Works on Canada.

-

-    (22) P. 67.--M. Bibaud's Histories of Canada.

-

-    (23) P. 67.--Thompson's Book on the War of 1812-14.

-

-    (24) P. 67.--Belknap's History of New Hampshire.

-

-    (25) P. 67.--The poet Crémazie.

-

-    (26) P. 68.--Chauveau as a poet.

-

-    (27) P. 69.--Howe's Poems.

-

-    (28) P. 69.--The poets Sangster and McLachlan.

-

-    (29) P. 69.--Charles Heavysege's Works.

-

-    (30) P. 69.--Todd's Parliamentary Government.

-

-    (31) P. 69.--Christie's History of Lower Canada.

-

-    (32) P. 70.--Garneau's History of Canada.

-

-    (33) P. 70.--Ferland and Faillon as Canadian Historians.

-

-    (34) P. 70.--Dent's Histories of Canada.

-

-    (35) P. 71.--Turcotte's History since Union of 1841.

-

-    (36) P. 71.--B. Sulte, "Histoire des Canadiens Français," etc.

-

-    (37) P. 71.--Abbé Casgrain's Works.

-

-    (38) P. 71.--Kingsford, Dionne, Gosselin, Tassé, Tanguay, and other

-                    Canadian historians.

-

-    (39) P. 72.--A Canadian Bibliography.

-

-    (40) P. 72.--Later Canadian Poets, 1867-1893: Fréchette, LeMay, W.

-                    Campbell Roberts, Lampman, Mair, O'Brien, McColl,

-                    Suite, Lockhart, Murray, Edgar, O'Hagan, Davin, etc.

-                    Collections of Canadian poems. Citations from

-                    Canadian poems.

-

-    (41) P. 77.--"In My Heart." By John Reade.

-

-    (41_a_) P. 78.--"Laura Secord's Warning," from Mrs. Edgar's "Ridout

-                    Letters."

-

-    (42) P. 79.--Australian poets and novelists.

-

-    (43) P. 80.--Howe's "Flag of Old England."

-

-    (44) P. 81.--Canadian essayists: Stewart, Grant, Griffin and others.

-

-    (45) P. 81.--W. Kirby's "Golden Dog" and other works.

-

-    (45_a_) P. 82.--Major Richardson's "Wacousta," etc.

-

-    (46) P. 82.--Marmette's "François de Bienville," and other romances.

-

-    (47) P. 82.--De Gaspé's "Anciens Canadiens."

-

-    (48) P. 82.--Mrs. Catherwood's works of fiction.

-

-    (49) P. 83.--Gilbert Parker's writings.

-

-    (50) P. 83.--DeMille's fiction.

-

-    (51) P. 83.--Sara Jeannette Duncan's "A Social Departure," etc.

-

-    (52) P. 83.--Matthew Arnold on Literature and Science.

-

-    (53) P. 83.--Principal Grant's Address to Royal Society.

-

-    (54) P. 84.--Sir J. W. Dawson's scientific labours.

-

-    (55) P. 84.--Elkanah Billings as scientist.

-

-    (56) P. 84.--Origin of Royal Society of Canada.

-

-    (57) P. 84.--Sir D. Wilson, T. S. Hunt and Mr. Chauveau.

-

-    (58) P. 84.--Canadian Literary and Scientific Societies.

-

-    (58_a_) P. 85.--The Earl of Derby's farewell address to the Royal

-                    Society. His opinion of its work and usefulness.

-

-    (59) P. 86.--S. E. Dawson on Tennyson.

-

-    (60) P. 86.--The old "Canadian Monthly."

-

-    (61) P. 86.--Form of Royal Society Transactions.

-

-    (62) P. 86.--Goldwin Smith on the study of the Classics.

-

-    (63) P. 87.--Canadian Libraries.

-

-    (64) P. 87.--List of artists in Canada. Native born and adopted. Art

-                    societies. Influence of French school. Canadian

-                    artists at the World's Fair. J. W. L. Forster on

-                    Canadian art.

-

-    (64_a_) P. 89.--Architectural art in Canada. List of prominent

-                    public buildings noted for beauty and symmetry of

-                    form.

-

-    (65) P. 91.--"Fidelis."

-

-

-

-

-[Illustration]

-

-  OUR INTELLECTUAL

-  STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS.

-

-  A SHORT REVIEW OF

-  LITERATURE, EDUCATION AND ART IN CANADA

-

-

-

-

-I.

-

-

-I cannot more appropriately commence this address than by a reference

-to an oration delivered seven years ago in the great hall of a famous

-university which stands beneath the stately elms of Cambridge, in

-the old "Bay State" of Massachusetts: a noble seat of learning in

-which Canadians take a deep interest, not only because some of their

-sons have completed their education within its walls, but because it

-represents that culture and scholarship which know no national lines

-of separation, but belong to the world's great Federation of Learning.

-The orator was a man who, by his deep philosophy, his poetic genius,

-his broad patriotism, his love for England, her great literature and

-history, had won for himself a reputation not equalled in some respects

-by any other citizen of the United States of these later times. In

-the course of a brilliant oration in honour[1][A] of the two hundred

-and fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of Harvard, James Russell

-Lowell took occasion to warn his audience against the tendency of a

-prosperous democracy "towards an overweening confidence in itself and

-its home-made methods, an overestimate of material success and a

-corresponding indifference to the things of the mind." He did not deny

-that wealth is a great fertilizer of civilization and of the arts that

-beautify it; that wealth is an excellent thing since it means power,

-leisure and liberty; "but these," he went on to say, "divorced from

-culture, that is, from intelligent purpose, become the very mockery

-of their own essence, not goods, but evils fatal to their possessor,

-and bring with them, like the Nibelungen Hoard, a doom instead of a

-blessing." "I am saddened," he continued, "when I see our success as

-a nation measured by the number of acres under tillage, or of bushels

-of wheat exported; for the real value of a country must be weighed in

-scales more delicate than the balance of trade. The garners of Sicily

-are empty now, but the bees from all climes still fetch honey from the

-tiny garden-plot of Theocritus. On a map of the world you may cover

-Judea with your thumb, Athens with a finger-tip, and neither of them

-figures in the Prices Current; but they still lord it in the thought

-and action of every civilized man. Did not Dante cover with his hood

-all that was Italy six hundred years ago? And if we go back a century,

-where was Germany outside of Weimar? Material success is good, but

-only as the necessary preliminary of better things. The measure of a

-nation's true success is the amount it has contributed to the thought,

-the moral energy, the intellectual happiness, the spiritual hope and

-consolation of mankind."

-

-These eloquently suggestive words, it must be remembered, were

-addressed by a great American author to an audience, made up of

-eminent scholars and writers, in the principal academic seat of that

-New England which has given birth to Emerson, Longfellow, Bancroft,

-Prescott, Motley, Hawthorne, Holmes, Parkman, and many others,

-representing the brightest thought and intellect of this continent.

-These writers were the product of the intellectual development of the

-many years that had passed since the pilgrims landed on the historic

-rock of Plymouth. Yet, while Lowell could point to such a brilliant

-array of historians, essayists, poets and novelists, as I have just

-named, as the latest results of New England culture, he felt compelled

-to utter a word of remonstrance against that spirit of materialism

-that was then as now abroad in the land, tending to stifle those

-generous intellectual aspirations which are best calculated to make a

-people truly happy and great.

-

-Let us now apply these remarks of the eminent American poet and thinker

-to Canada--to ourselves, whose history is even older than that of New

-England; contemporaneous rather with that of Virginia, since Champlain

-landed on the heights of Quebec and laid the foundations of the ancient

-capital only a year after the English adventurers of the days of

-King James set their feet on the banks of the river named after that

-sovereign and commenced the old town which has long since disappeared

-before the tides of the ocean that stretches away beyond the shores of

-the Old Dominion.[2] If we in Canada are open to the same charge of

-attaching too much importance to material things, are we able at the

-same time to point to as notable achievements in literature as results

-of the three centuries that have nearly passed since the foundation of

-New France? I do not suppose that the most patriotic Canadian, however

-ready to eulogize his own country, will make an effort to claim an

-equality with New England in this respect; but, if indeed we feel it

-necessary to offer any comparison that would do us justice, it would

-be with that Virginia whose history is contemporaneous with that of

-French Canada. Statesmanship rather than Letters has been the pride and

-ambition of the Old Dominion, its brightest and highest achievement.

-Virginia has been the mother of great orators and great presidents,

-and her men of letters sink into insignificance alongside of those

-of New England. It may be said, too, of Canada, that her history in

-the days of the French regime, during the struggle for responsible

-government, as well as at the birth of confederation, gives us the

-names of men of statesmanlike designs and of patriotic purpose. From

-the days of Champlain to the establishment of the confederation, Canada

-has had the services of men as eminent in their respective spheres,

-and as successful in the attainment of popular rights, in moulding the

-educational and political institutions of the country, and in laying

-broad and deep the foundations of a new nationality across half a

-continent, as those great Virginians to whom the world is ever ready

-to pay its meed of respect. These Virginian statesmen won their fame

-in the large theatre of national achievement--in laying the basis of

-the most remarkable federal republic the world has ever seen; whilst

-Canadian public men have laboured with equal earnestness and ability in

-that far less conspicuous and brilliant arena of colonial development,

-the eulogy of which has to be written in the histories of the future.

-

-[Footnote A: In all cases the references are to the Notes in the

-Appendix.]

-

-

-

-

-II.

-

-

-Let me now ask you to follow me for a short time whilst I review some

-of the most salient features of our intellectual progress since the

-days Canada entered on its career of competition in the civilization

-of this continent. So far there have been three well defined eras of

-development in the country now known as the Dominion of Canada. First,

-there was the era of French Canadian occupation which in many respects

-had its heroic and picturesque features. Then, after the cession of

-Canada to England, came that era of political and constitutional

-struggle for a larger measure of public liberty which ended in the

-establishment of responsible government about half a century ago.

-Then we come to that era which dates from the confederation of the

-provinces--an era of which the first quarter of a century only has

-passed, of which the signs are still full of promise, despite the

-prediction of gloomy thinkers, if Canadians remain true to themselves

-and face the future with the same courage and confidence that have

-distinguished the past.

-

-As I have just said, the days of the French regime were in a sense days

-of heroic endeavour, since we see in the vista of the past a small

-colony whose total population at no period exceeded eighty thousand

-souls, chiefly living on the banks of the St. Lawrence, between Quebec

-and Montreal, and contending against great odds for the supremacy on

-the continent of America. The pen of Francis Parkman has given a vivid

-picture of those days when bold adventurers unlocked the secrets of

-this Canadian Dominion, pushed into the western wilderness, followed

-unknown rivers, and at last found a way to the waters of that southern

-gulf where Spain had long before, in the days of Grijalva, Cortez and

-Pineda, planted her flag and won treasures of gold and silver from an

-unhappy people who soon learned to curse the day when the white men

-came to the fair islands of the south and the rich country of Mexico.

-In these days the world, with universal acclaim has paid its tribute of

-admiration to the memory of a great Discoverer who had the courage of

-his convictions and led the way to the unknown lands beyond the Azores

-and the Canaries. This present generation has forgiven him much in view

-of his heroism in facing the dangers of unknown seas and piercing their

-mysteries. His purpose was so great, and his success so conspicuous,

-that both have obscured his human weakness. In some respects he was

-wiser than the age in which he lived; in others he was the product of

-the greed and the superstition of that age; but we who owe him so much

-forget the frailty of the man in the sagacity of the Discoverer. As

-Canadians, however, now review the character of the great Genoese, and

-of his compeers and successors in the opening up of this continent,

-they must, with pride, come to the conclusion that none of these men

-can compare in nobility of purpose, in sincere devotion to God, King

-and Country, with Champlain, the sailor of Brouage, who became the

-founder of Quebec and the father of New France.

-

-In the daring ventures of Marquette, Jolliet, La Salle and Tonty,

-in the stern purpose of Frontenac, in the far-reaching plans of La

-Galissonière, in the military genius of Montcalm, the historian of the

-present time has at his command the most attractive materials for his

-pen. But we cannot expect to find the signs of intellectual development

-among a people where there was not a single printing press, where

-freedom of thought and action was repressed by a paternal absolutism,

-where the struggle for life was very bitter up to the last hours of

-French supremacy in a country constantly exposed to the misfortunes

-of war, and too often neglected by a king who thought more of his

-mistresses than of his harassed and patient subjects across the sea.

-Yet that memorable period--days of struggle in many ways--was the

-origin of a large amount of literature which we, in these times, find

-of the deepest interest and value from a historic point of view. The

-English colonies of America cannot present us with any books which,

-for faithful narrative and simplicity of style, bear comparison with

-the admirable works of Champlain, explorer and historian,[3] or with

-those of the genial and witty advocate, Marc Lescarbot,[4] names that

-can never be forgotten on the picturesque heights of Quebec, or on

-the banks of the beautiful basin of Annapolis. Is there a Canadian

-or American writer who is not under a deep debt of obligation to the

-clear-headed and industrious Jesuit traveller, Charlevoix,[5] the

-Nestor of French Canadian history? The only historical writer that can

-at all surpass him in New England was the loyalist Governor Hutchinson,

-and he published his books at a later time when the French dominion had

-disappeared with the fall of Quebec.[6] To the works just mentioned we

-may add the books of Gabriel Sagard,[7] and of Boucher, the governor of

-Three Rivers and founder of a still eminent French Canadian family;[8]

-that remarkable collection of authentic historic narrative, known as

-the Jesuit Relations;[9] even that tedious Latin compilation by Père

-du Creux,[10] the useful narrative by La Potherie,[11] the admirable

-account of Indian life and customs by the Jesuit Lafitau,[11_a_]

-and that now very rare historical account of the French colony, the

-"Etablissement de la Foy dans la Nouvelle France," written by the

-Recollet le Clercq,[12] probably aided by Frontenac. In these and other

-works, despite their diffuseness in some cases, we have a library of

-historical literature, which, when supplemented by the great stores

-of official documents still preserved in the French archives, is of

-priceless value as a true and minute record of the times in which the

-authors lived, or which they described from the materials to which

-they alone had access. It may be said with truth that none of these

-writers were Canadians in the sense that they were born or educated

-in Canada, but still they were the product of the life, the hardships

-and the realities of New France--it was from this country they drew

-the inspiration that gave vigour and colour to their writings. New

-England, as I have already said, never originated a class of writers

-who produced work of equal value, or indeed of equal literary merit.

-Religious and polemic controversy had the chief attraction for the

-gloomy, disputatious puritan native of Massachusetts and the adjoining

-colonies. Cotton Mather was essentially a New England creation, and

-if quantity were the criterion of literary merit then he was the most

-distinguished author of his century; for it is said that indefatigable

-antiquarians have counted up the titles of nearly four hundred books

-and pamphlets by this industrious writer. His principal work, however,

-was the "Magnalia Christi Americana, or Ecclesiastical History of New

-England from 1620 to 1698,"[13] a large folio, remarkable as a curious

-collection of strange conceits, forced witticisms, and prolixity

-of narrative, in which the venturesome reader soon finds himself

-so irretrievably mystified and lost that he rises from the perusal

-with wonderment that so much learning, as was evidently possessed

-by the author, could be so used to bewilder the world of letters.

-The historical knowledge is literally choked up with verbiage and

-mannerisms. Even prosy du Creux becomes tolerable at times compared

-with the garrulous Puritan author.

-

-Though books were rarely seen, and secular education was extremely

-defective as a rule throughout the French colony, yet at a very early

-period in its history remarkable opportunities were afforded for the

-education of a priesthood and the cult of the principles of the Roman

-Catholic religion among those classes who were able to avail themselves

-of the facilities offered by the Jesuit College, which was founded

-at Quebec before even Harvard at Cambridge, or by the famous Great

-and Lesser Seminaries in the same place, in connection with which, in

-later times, rose the University with which is directly associated the

-name of the most famous Bishop of the French regime. The influence

-of such institutions was not simply in making Canada a most devoted

-daughter of that great Church, which has ever exercised a paternal and

-even absolute care of its people, but also in discouraging a purely

-materialistic spirit and probably keeping alive a taste for letters

-among a very small class, especially the priests, who, in politics

-as in society, have been always a controlling element in the French

-province. Evidences of some culture and intellectual aspirations in

-the social circles of the ancient capital attracted the surprise of

-travellers who visited the country before the close of the French

-dominion. "Science and the fine arts," wrote Charlevoix, "have their

-turn, and conversation does not fail. The Canadians breathe from

-their birth an air of liberty, which makes them very pleasant in the

-intercourse of life, and our language is nowhere more purely spoken."

-La Galissonière, who was an associate member of the French Academy of

-Science, and the most highly cultured governor ever sent out by France,

-spared no effort to encourage a systematic study of scientific pursuits

-in Canada. Dr. Michel Sarrazin,[13_a_] who was a practising physician

-in Quebec for nearly half a century, devoted himself most assiduously

-to the natural history of the colony, and made some valuable

-contributions to the French Academy, of which he was a correspondent.

-The Swedish botanist, Peter Kalm, who visited America in the middle of

-the last century, was impressed with the liking for scientific study

-which he observed in the French colony. "I have found," he wrote, "that

-eminent persons, generally speaking, in this country, have much more

-taste for natural history and literature than in the English colonies,

-where the majority of people are entirely engrossed in making their

-fortune, whilst science is as a rule held in very light esteem."

-Strange to say, he ignores in this passage the scientific labours

-of Franklin, Bartram and others he had met in Pennsylvania.[13_b_]

-As a fact such evidences of intellectual enlightenment as Kalm and

-Charlevoix mentioned were entirely exceptional in the colony, and

-never showed themselves beyond the walls of Quebec or Montreal. The

-province, as a whole, was in a state of mental sluggishness. The germs

-of intellectual life were necessarily dormant among the mass of the

-people, for they never could produce any rich fruition until they

-were freed from the spirit of absolutism which distinguished French

-supremacy, and were able to give full expression to the natural genius

-of their race under the inspiration of the liberal government of

-England in these later times.

-

-

-

-

-III.

-

-

-Passing from the heroic days of Canada, which, if it could hardly in

-the nature of things originate a native literature, at least inspired a

-brilliant succession of historians, essayists and poets in much later

-times, we come now to that period of constitutional and political

-development which commenced with the rule of England. It does not fall

-within the scope of this address to dwell on the political struggles

-which showed their intensity in the rebellion of 1837-8, and reached

-their fruition in the concession of parliamentary government, in the

-large sense of the term, some years later. These struggles were carried

-on during times when there was only a sparse population chiefly centred

-in the few towns of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Upper and Lower Canada,

-on the shores of the Atlantic, on the banks of the St. Lawrence and

-Lake Ontario, and not extending beyond the peninsula of the present

-province of Ontario. The cities, or towns rather, of Halifax, St.

-John, Quebec, Montreal, Kingston and York, were then necessarily the

-only centres of intellectual life. Education was chiefly under the

-control of religious bodies or in the hands of private teachers. In

-the rural districts it was at the lowest point possible,[14] and the

-great system of free schools which has of late years extended through

-the Dominion--and is the chief honour of Ontario--was never dreamed of

-in those times of sluggish growth and local apathy, when communication

-between the distant parts of the country was slow and wretched, when

-the conditions of life were generally very hard and rude, when the

-forest still covered the greater portion of the most fertile districts

-of Ontario,[15] though here and there the pioneer's axe could be

-heard from morn to eve hewing out little patches of sunlight, so many

-glimpses of civilization and better times amid the wildness of a new

-land even then full of promise.

-

-The newspapers of those days were very few and came only at uncertain

-times to the home of the farmer by the side of some stream or amid

-the dense forest, or to the little hamlets that were springing up

-in favoured spots, and represented so many radiating influences of

-intelligence on the borders of the great lakes and their tributary

-streams, on the Atlantic seaboard, or on the numerous rivers that form

-so many natural highways to the people of the maritime provinces.

-These newspapers were for years mostly small quarto or folio sheets,

-in which the scissors played necessarily the all-important part;

-but there was, nevertheless, before 1840 in the more pretentious

-journals of the large towns, some good writing done by thoughtful

-men who studied their questions, and helped to atone for the very

-bitter vindictive partisan attacks on opponents that too frequently

-sullied the press in those times of fierce conflict.[16] Books were

-only found in the homes of the clergy or of the official classes, and

-these were generally old editions and rarely the latest publications

-of the time. Montreal and Quebec, for many years, were the only places

-where bookstores and libraries of more than a thousand volumes could

-be seen. It was not until 1813 that a successful effort was made to

-establish a "social library" at Kingston, Bath, and some other places

-in the Midland district. Toronto had no library worth mentioning until

-1836. What culture existed in those rude days was to be hunted up among

-the clergy, especially of the Church of England, the Roman Catholic

-priests of Lower Canada, and the official classes of the large towns.

-Some sermons that have come down to us, in pamphlets of very common

-paper--and very few were printed in those days when postage was dear

-and bookselling was not profitable--have no pretensions to originality

-of thought or literary style: sermons in remarkable contrast with the

-brilliant and suggestive utterances of such modern pulpit orators as

-Professor Clarke, of Trinity. The exhaustive and, generally, closely

-reasoned sermons of the Presbyterian divine had a special flavour of

-the Westminster confession and little of the versatility of preachers

-like Principal Grant in these later times when men are attempting to

-make even dogma more genial, and to understand the meaning of the

-sermon in the Mount. Then, as always in Canada, there were found among

-the clergy of all denominations hardworking, self-denying priests and

-missionaries who brought from time to time to some remote settlement

-of the provinces spiritual consolation and to many a household, long

-deprived of the intellectual nourishment of other days, an opportunity

-of conversing on subjects which in the stern daily routine of their

-lives in a new country were seldom or ever talked of. It was in the

-legislative halls of the provinces that the brightest intellect

-naturally found scope for its display, and at no subsequent period

-of the political history of Canada were there more fervid, earnest

-orators than appeared in the days when the battle for responsible

-government was at its height. The names of Nelson, Papineau, Howe,

-Baldwin, Wilmot, Johnstone, Young, Robinson, Rolph and Mackenzie recall

-the era when questions of political controversy and political freedom

-stimulated mental development among that class which sought and found

-the best popular opportunities for the display of their intellectual

-gifts in the legislative halls in the absence of a great printing

-press and a native literature. Joseph Howe's speeches[17] displayed a

-wide culture, an original eloquence, and a patriotic aspiration beyond

-those of any other man of his time and generation, and would have done

-credit to the Senate of the United States, then in the zenith of its

-reputation as a body of orators and statesmen. It is an interesting

-fact that Howe, then printer and publisher, should have printed the

-first work of the only great humorist that Canada has yet produced. I

-mean of course "The Clockmaker,"[18] in which Judge Haliburton created

-"Sam Slick," a type of a Down-east Yankee pedlar who sold his wares by

-a judicious use of that quality which is sure to be appreciated the

-world over, "Soft sawder and human natur'." In this work, which has

-run through ever so many editions, and is still found on the shelves

-of every well-equipped library and bookstore, Sam Slick told some home

-truths to his somewhat self-satisfied countrymen who could not help

-laughing even if the humour touched them very keenly at times. Nova

-Scotia has changed much for the better since those dull times when the

-house of assembly was expected to be a sort of political providence,

-to make all the roads and bridges, and give good times and harvests;

-but even now there are some people cruel enough, after a visit to

-Halifax, to hint that there still is a grain of truth in the following

-reflection on the enterprise of that beautiful port: "How the folks to

-Halifax take it all out in talkin'--they talk of steam-boats, whalers

-and railroads--but they all end where they begin--in talk. I don't

-think I'd be out in my latitude if I was to say they beat the womankind

-at that. One feller says, I talk of goin' to England--another says,

-I talk of goin' to the country--while another says, I talk of goin'

-to sleep. If we Yankees happen to speak of such things we say, 'I'm

-right off down East;' or 'I'm away off South,' and away we go jist

-like a streak of lightnin'." This clever humourist also wrote the best

-history[19]--one of his own province--that had been written in British

-North America up to that time--indeed it is still most readable, and

-worthy of a place in every library. In later days the Judge wrote many

-other books and became a member of the English House of Commons: but

-"Sam Slick" still remains the most signal illustration of his original

-genius.

-

-During this period, however, apart from the two works to which I have

-referred, we look in vain for any original literature worthy of special

-mention. A history of Canada written by William Smith,[20] a son of

-an eminent chief justice of New York, and subsequently of Canada, was

-published in excellent style for those days as early as 1815 at Quebec,

-but it has no special value except to the collector of old and rare

-books. Bouchette's topographical and geographical account of Canada[21]

-illustrated the ability and zeal of an eminent French Canadian, who

-deserved the thanks of his country, but these well printed books

-were, after all, mere compilations and came from the English press.

-Pamphlets were numerous enough, and some of them had literary skill,

-but they had, in the majority of cases, no permanent value except to

-the historian or antiquarian of the present day who must sift out all

-sorts of material and study every phase and incident of the times he

-has chosen for his theme. Michel Bibaud wrote a history of French

-Canada,[22] which no one reads in these days, and the most of the other

-works that emanated from the Canadian press, like Thompson's "War of

-1812,"[23] are chiefly valued by the historical collector. It was not

-to be expected that in a relatively poor country, still in the infancy

-of its development, severely tried by political controversies, with

-a small population scattered over a long stretch of territory, from

-Sydney to Niagara, there could be any intellectual stimulus or literary

-effort except what was represented in newspapers like the _Gazette_

-of Montreal--which has always maintained a certain dignity of style

-in its long journalistic career--the _Gazette_ and the _Canadien_, of

-Quebec, the _Nova Scotian_ of Halifax, or displayed itself in keen

-contests in the legislatures or court-houses of a people delighting

-always in such displays as there were made of mental power and natural

-eloquence. From a literary point of view our American neighbours had,

-during this period, left us away behind, in fact no comparison can be

-made between the two countries; laying aside the original creation

-of Sam Slick. Towards the close of the eighteenth century Belknap

-published his admirable history of New Hampshire,[24] while the third

-volume of Hutchinson's history of Massachusetts appeared in 1828, to

-close a work of rare merit alike for careful research, philosophic

-acuteness and literary charm. That admirable collection of political

-and constitutional essays known as the "Federalist" had attained a

-wide circulation and largely influenced the destinies of the union

-under the constitution of 1783. Chief Justice Marshall illumined the

-bench by his great judicial decisions which have won a remarkable

-place in legal literature, on account of their close, acute reasoning,

-breadth of knowledge, insight into great constitutional principles, and

-their immediate influence on the political development of the federal

-republic. Washington Irving published, as far back as 1819, his "Sketch

-Book," in which appeared the original creation of Rip Van Winkle, and

-followed it up with other works which recall Addison's delightful

-style, and gave him a fame abroad that no later American writer has

-ever surpassed. Cooper's romances began to appear in 1821, and Bancroft

-published in 1834 the first volume of what is a great history despite

-its somewhat rhetorical and ambitious style. Hawthorne's "Twice Told

-Tales" appeared in 1835, but his fame was to be won in later years

-when he wrote the "Scarlet Letter" and the "House of Seven Gables,"

-the most original and quaint productions that New England genius has

-yet produced. If I linger for a moment among these men it is because

-they were not merely American by the influence of their writings; but

-wherever the English tongue is spoken and English literature is read

-these writers of a past generation, as it may be said of others of

-later times, claim the gratitude of the untold thousands whom they

-have instructed and helped in many a weary and sad, as well as idle

-hour. They were not Canadians, but they illustrated the genius of this

-continent of ours.

-

-

-

-

-IV.

-

-

-It was in the years that followed the concession of responsible

-government that a new era dawned on Canada--an era of intellectual

-as well as material activity. Then common schools followed the

-establishment of municipal institutions in Ontario. Even the province

-of Quebec awoke from its sullen lethargy and assumed greater confidence

-in the future, as its statesmen gradually recognized the fact that the

-union of 1841 could be turned to the advantage of French Canada despite

-it having been largely based on the hope of limiting the development

-of French Canadian institutions, and gradually leading the way to the

-assimilation of the two races. Political life still claimed the best

-talent and energy, as it has always done in this country; and, while

-Papineau soon disappeared from the arena where he had been, under a

-different condition of things, a powerful disturbing influence among

-his compatriots, men of greater discretion and wider statesmanship like

-Lafontaine, Morin and Cartier, took his place to the decided benefit

-of French Canada. Robert Baldwin, a tried and conservative reformer,

-yielded to the antagonistic influences that eventually arrayed

-themselves in his own party against him and retired to a privacy

-from which he never ventured until his death. William Lyon Mackenzie

-came back from exile and took a place once more in legislative halls

-only to find there was no longer scope for mere querulous agitators

-and restless politicians. Joseph Howe still devoted himself with

-untiring zeal to his countrymen in his native province, while Judge

-Wilmot, afterwards governor like the former in confederation days,

-delighted the people of New Brunswick with his rapid, fervid, scholarly

-eloquence. James W. Johnstone, long the leader of the Conservative

-party in Nova Scotia, remarkable for his great flow of language and

-argument; William Young, an astute politician; James Boyle Uniacke,

-with all the genius of an Irish orator; Laurence O'Connor Doyle, wit

-and Irishman; Samuel J. W. Archibald with his silver tongue, afterwards

-master of the rolls; Adams G. Archibald, polished gentleman; Leonard

-Tilley with his suavity of demeanour and skill as a politician;

-Charles Tupper with his great command of language, earnestness of

-expression and courage of conviction, were the leading exponents of the

-political opinions and of the culture and oratory of Nova Scotia and

-New Brunswick. In the upper provinces we had in addition to the names

-of the distinguished French Canadians I have already mentioned, those

-of John A. Macdonald, at all times a ready and incisive debater, a

-great party tactician, and a statesman of generous aspirations, who was

-destined to die very many years later with the knowledge that he had

-realized his conception of a federation uniting all the territory of

-British North America, from Sydney to Victoria, under one government.

-The names of Allan McNab, Francis Hincks, George Brown, George Etienne

-Cartier, Alexander Galt, D'Arcy McGee, Louis Sicotte, John Hillyard

-Cameron, Alexander Mackenzie, Seth Huntington, William McDougall,

-Antoine Dorion, Alexander Campbell, and of other men, eminent for their

-knowledge of finance, their powers as debaters, their graceful oratory,

-their legal acumen, their political skill and their intellectual

-achievements in their respective spheres, will be recalled by many of

-those who hear me, since the most eminent among them have but recently

-disappeared from the stage of active life.

-

-As long as party government lasts in this country men will be divided

-into political divisions, and objection will be of course time and

-again taken to the methods by which these and other political leaders

-have achieved their party ends, and none of us will be always satisfied

-with the conclusions to which their at times overweening ambition

-has led them; but, taking them all in all, I believe for one who has

-lived all my life among politicians and statesmen that, despite their

-failings and weaknesses, the public men of our country in those days

-laboured on the whole conscientiously from their own points of view

-to make Canada happier and greater. Indeed, when I look around me and

-see what has been done in the face of great obstacles during a half

-century and less, I am bound to pay this tribute to those who laboured

-earnestly in the difficult and trying intellectual field of public life.

-

-But this period which brought so many bright intellects into the

-activities of political life was distinguished also, not merely for

-the material advance in industry, but notably for some performance

-in the less hazardous walk of literature. The newspaper press with

-the progress of population, the increase of wealth, the diffusion of

-education, the construction of railways and telegraph lines, and the

-development of political liberty, found itself stimulated to new energy

-and enterprise. A daily press now commenced to meet the necessities

-of the larger and wealthier cities and towns. It must be admitted,

-however, that from a strictly intellectual point of view there was

-not in some respects a marked advance in the tone and style of the

-leading public journals. Political partisanship ran extremely high in

-those days--higher than it has ever since--and grosser personalities

-than have ever characterized newspapers in this country sullied the

-editorial columns of leading exponents of public opinion. No doubt

-there was much brilliant and forcible writing, despite the acrimony

-and abuse that were too often considered more necessary than incisive

-argument and logical reasoning when a political opponent had to be met.

-It was rarely that one could get at the whole truth of a question by

-reading only one newspaper; it was necessary to take two or three or

-more on different sides of politics in order to obtain even an accurate

-idea of the debates in the legislative halls. A Liberal or Conservative

-journal would consider it beneath its legitimate functions even as a

-newspaper to report with any fulness the speeches of its political

-adversaries. Of course this is not newspaper editing in the proper

-sense of the phrase. It is not the English method assuredly, since the

-London _Times_, the best example of a well-equipped and well-conducted

-newspaper, has always considered it necessary to give equal prominence

-to the speeches of Peel, Russell, Palmerston, Derby, Disraeli,

-Gladstone--of all the leaders irrespective of party. Even in these days

-of heated controversy on the Irish question one can always find in the

-columns of the London press fair and accurate reports of the speeches

-of Gladstone, Balfour, McCarthy, Chamberlain, Morley and Blake. This is

-the sound basis on which true and honest journalism must always rest

-if it is to find its legitimate reward, not in the fickle smiles of

-the mere party follower, but in the support of that great public which

-can best repay the enterprise and honesty of a true newspaper. Still,

-despite this violent partisanship to which bright intellects lowered

-themselves, and the absence of that responsibility to public opinion

-expected from its active teachers, the press of Canada, during the days

-of which I am speaking, kept pace in some essential respects with the

-material progress of the country, and represented too well the tone

-and spirit of the mass in the country where the rudiments of culture

-were still rough and raw. Public intelligence, however, was being

-gradually diffused, and according as the population increased, and the

-material conditions of the country improved, a literature of some merit

-commenced to show itself. The poems of Crémazie,[25] of Chauveau,[26]

-of Howe,[27] of Sangster[28] and others, were imbued with a truly

-Canadian spirit--with a love for Canada, its scenery, its history and

-its traditions, which entitled them to a larger audience than they

-probably ever had in this or other countries. None of those were great

-poets, but all of them were more or less gifted with a measure of true

-poetic genius, the more noteworthy because it showed itself in the

-rawness and newness of a colonial life. Amid the activities of a very

-busy period the poetic instinct of Canadians constantly found some

-expression. One almost now forgotten poet who was engaged in journalism

-in Montreal wrote an ambitious drama, "Saul," which was described at

-the time by a British critic as "a drama treated with great poetic

-power and depth of psychological knowledge which are often quite

-startling;" and the author followed it up with other poems, displaying

-also much imagination and feeling, but at no time reaching the ears of

-a large and appreciative audience. We cannot, however, claim Charles

-Heavysege[29] as a product of Canadian soil and education, for he

-was a man of mature age when he made his home in this country, and

-his works were in no wise inspired by Canadian sentiment, scenery or

-aspiration. In history Canadians have always shown some strength, and

-perhaps this was to be expected in view of the fact that political

-and historical literature--such works as Hamilton's "Federalist" or

-Todd's "Parliamentary Government"[30]--naturally engages the attention

-of active intellects in a new country at a time when its institutions

-have to be moulded, and it is necessary to collect precedents and

-principles from the storehouse of the past for the assistance of the

-present. A most useful narrative of the political occurrences in Lower

-Canada, from the establishment of legislative institutions until the

-rebellion of 1837-38 and the union of 1841, was written by Mr. Robert

-Christie, long a publicist of note and a member of the assembly of the

-province. While it has no claim to literary style it has the great

-merit of stating the events of the day with fairness and of citing at

-length numerous original documents bearing on the text.[31] In French

-Canada the names of Garneau[32] and Ferland[33] have undoubtedly

-received their full meed of praise for their clearness of style,

-industry of research, and scholarly management of their subject. Now

-that the political passion that so long convulsed the public mind

-in this country has disappeared with the causes that gave it birth,

-one is hardly prepared to make as much a hero of Papineau as Garneau

-attempted in his assuredly great book, while the foundation of a new

-Dominion and the dawn of an era of larger political life, has probably

-given a somewhat sectional character to such historical work. Still,

-despite its intense French Canadian spirit, Garneau's volumes notably

-illustrate the literary instinct and intellectual strength which have

-always been distinguishing features of the best productions of the able

-and even brilliant men who have devoted themselves to literature with

-marked success among their French Canadian countrymen, who are wont to

-pay a far deeper homage to such literary efforts than the colder, less

-impulsive English Canadian character has ever shown itself disposed

-to give to those who have been equally worthy of recognition in the

-English-speaking provinces.

-

-

-

-

-V.

-

-

-As I glance over my library shelves I find indeed that historical

-literature has continued since the days of Garneau and Ferland, to

-enlist the earnest and industrious study of Canadians with more or

-less success. In English Canada, John Charles Dent produced a work on

-the political development of Canada from the union of 1841 until the

-confederation of 1867, which was written with fairness and ability,

-but he was an Englishman by birth and education, though resident for

-many years in the city of Toronto.[34] And here let me observe that

-though such men as Dent, Heavysege, Faillon, Daniel Wilson, Hunt,

-D'Arcy McGee and Goldwin Smith were not born or educated in Canada

-like Haliburton, Logan, J. W. Dawson, Joseph Howe, Wilmot, Cartier,

-Garneau, or Fréchette, but only came to this country in the maturity

-of their mental powers, yet to men of their class the Dominion owes a

-heavy debt of gratitude for the ability and earnestness with which they

-have elevated the intellectual standard of the community where they

-have laboured. Although all of us may not be prepared to accept the

-conclusions of the historian, or approve the judgment of the political

-critic; although we may regret that a man of such deep scholarship and

-wide culture as Goldwin Smith has never yet been able to appreciate

-the Canadian or growing national sentiment of this dependency, yet who

-can doubt, laying aside all political or personal prejudice, that he,

-like the others I have named, has stimulated intellectual development

-in his adopted home, and so far has given us compensation for some

-utterances which, so many Canadians honestly believe, mar an otherwise

-useful and brilliant career. Such literary men have undoubtedly their

-uses, since they seem specially intended by a wise dispensation of

-affairs to cure us of too much self-complacency, and to prevent us from

-falling into a condition of mental stagnation by giving us from time to

-time abundant material for reflection. So much, by way of parenthesis,

-is due to the able men who have adopted Canada as their home and have

-been labouring in various vocations to stimulate the intellectual

-growth of this Dominion. A most accurate historical record of the same

-period of our history as that reviewed by Dent was made in French about

-the same time by Louis Turcotte of Quebec.[35] Mr. Benjamin Sulte, a

-member of this society, has also given us the results of many years of

-conscientious research in his "Histoire des Canadiens," which is not

-so well known as it ought to be, probably on account of its cumbrous

-size and mode of publication.[36] The Abbé Casgrain, also a member

-of the society and a most industrious author, has recently devoted

-himself with true French Canadian fervour to the days of Montcalm

-and Lévis, and by the aid of a large mass of original documents has

-thrown much light on a very interesting and important epoch of the

-history of America.[37] Dr. Kingsford with patience and industry has

-continued his history of Canada, which is distinguished by accuracy

-and research.[38] It is not my intention to enumerate all those names

-which merit remark in this connection, for this is not a collection

-of bibliographical notes,[39] but simply a review of the more salient

-features of our intellectual development in the well-marked periods

-of our history. Indeed it is gratifying to us to know that the Royal

-Society comprises within its ranks nearly all the historical writers in

-Canada, and it would seem too much like pure egotism were I to dilate

-on their respective performances. Of poets since the days of Crémazie

-we have had our full proportion, and it is encouraging to know that the

-poems of Fréchette,--whose best work has been crowned by the French

-Academy,--LeMay, Reade, Mair, Roberts, Bliss Carman, Wilfred Campbell

-and Lampman have gained recognition from time to time in the world of

-letters outside of Canada.[40][B] We have yet to produce in English

-Canada a book of poems which can touch the sympathies and live on the

-lips of the world like those of Whittier and Longfellow, but we need

-not despair since even in the country which gave these birth they have

-not their compeers. Some even declare that the only bard of promise who

-appears in these days to touch that chord of nature which makes the

-whole world kin is James Whitcomb Riley, the Hoosier poet, despite his

-tendency to exaggerate provincial dialect and make his true poetic

-genius too subordinate to what becomes at last an affectation and a

-mere mannerism which wearies by its very repetition. Even in England

-there is hesitation in choosing a poet laureate; there are Swinburne,

-Morris and other poets, but not another Tennyson, and it has been even

-suggested that the honour might pass to a master of poetic prose,

-John Ruskin, whose brilliant genius has been ever devoted to a lofty

-idealism which would make the world much happier and better. At the

-present time Canadian poets obtain a place with regularity in the best

-class of American magazines, and not infrequently their verse reaches

-a higher level than the majority of poetic aspirants who appear in

-the same field of poetry; but for one I am not an ardent admirer of

-American magazine poems which appear too often mere machine work and

-not the results of that true poetic inspiration which alone can achieve

-permanent fame.

-

-The poems of the well known American authors, Aldrich, Gilder and

-Stedman, have certainly an easy rhythmical flow and an artistic finish

-which the majority of Canadian poetic aspirants should study with

-far more closeness. At the same time it may be said that even these

-artists do not often surpass in poetic thought the best productions of

-the Canadians to whom I have referred as probably illustrating most

-perfectly the highest development so far among us of this department

-of _belles-lettres_. It is not often that one comes across more

-exquisitely conceived poems than some of those written by Mr. John

-Reade, whom the laborious occupation of journalism and probably the

-past indifference of a Canadian public to Canadian poetry have for a

-long while diverted from a literary field where it would seem he should

-have won a wider fame. Among the verses which one can read time and

-again are those of which the first lines are

-

-      "In my heart are many chambers through which I wander free,

-      Some are furnished, some are empty, some are sombre, some are

-                light;

-      Some are open to all comers, and of some I keep the key,

-      And I enter in the stillness of the night."[41][C]

-

-It would be interesting as well as instructive if some competent

-critic, with the analytical faculty and the poetic instinct of Matthew

-Arnold or Sainte-Beuve, were to study the English and French Canadian

-poets and show whether they are mere imitators of the best models of

-French and English literature, or whether their work contains within

-itself those germs which give promise of original fruition in the

-future. It will be remembered that the French critic, though a poet

-of merit himself, has spoken of what he calls "the radical inadequacy

-of French poetry." In his opinion, whatever talent the French poets

-have for strophe and line, their work, as a rule is "too slight, too

-soon read, too poor in ideas, to influence a serious mind for any

-length of time." No doubt many others think that, in comparison with

-the best conceptions of Wordsworth, Shelley, Keats, Emerson, Browning

-and Tennyson, French poetry is, generally speaking, inadequate for the

-expression of the most sublime thoughts, of the strongest passion, or

-of the most powerful imagination, and though it must always please

-us by its easy rhythm and lucidity of style, it fails to make that

-vivid impression on the mind and senses which is the best test of that

-true poetic genius which influences generations and ever lives in the

-hearts of the people. It represents in some respects the lightness

-and vivacity of the French intellectual temperament under ordinary

-conditions, and not the strength of the national character, whose

-depths are only revealed at some crisis which evokes a deep sentiment

-of patriotism. "Partant pour la Syrie," so often heard in the days of

-the last Bonaparte regime, probably illustrated this lighter tendency

-of the French mind just as the "Marseillaise," the noblest and most

-impressive of popular poetic outbursts, illustrated national passion

-evoked by abnormal conditions. French Canadian poetry has been often

-purely imitative of French models, like Musset and Gauthier, both in

-style and sentiment, and consequently lacked strength and originality.

-It might be thought that in this new country poets would be inspired

-by original conceptions--that the intellectual fruition would be fresh

-and vigorous like some natural products that grow so luxuriantly

-on the virginal soil of the new Dominion, and not like those which

-grow on land which is renewed and enriched by artificial means after

-centuries of growth. Perhaps the literature of a colonial dependency,

-or a relatively new country, must necessarily in its first stages be

-imitative, and it is only now and then an original mind bursts the

-fetters of intellectual subordination. In the United States Emerson

-and Hawthorne probably best represent the original thought and

-imagination of that comparatively new country, just as Aldrich and

-Howells represent in the first case English culture in poetry, and in

-the other the sublimated essence of reportorial realism. The two former

-are original thinkers, the two others pure imitators. Walt Whitman's

-poems certainly show at times much power and originality of conception,

-but after all they are simply the creations of an eccentric genius

-and illustrate a phase of that Realism towards which fiction even in

-America has been tending of late, and which has been already degraded

-in France to a Naturalism which is positively offensive. He has not

-influenced to any perceptible extent the intellect of his generation or

-elevated the thoughts of his countrymen like the two great minds I have

-just named. Yet even Whitman's success, relatively small as it was in

-his own country, arose chiefly from the fact that he attempted to be an

-_American_ poet, representing the pristine vigour and natural freedom

-of a new land. It is when French Canadian poets become thoroughly

-Canadian by the very force of the inspiration of some Canadian subject

-they have chosen, that we can see them at their best. Fréchette has all

-the finish of the French poets, and while it cannot be said that he

-has yet originated great thoughts which are likely to live among even

-the people whom he has so often instructed and delighted, yet he has

-given us poems like that on the discovery of the Mississippi,[D] which

-proves that he is capable of even better things if he would always

-seek inspiration from the sources of the deeply interesting history

-of his own country, or enter into the inner mysteries and social

-relations of his own people, rather than dwell on the lighter shades

-and incidents of their lives. Perhaps in some respects Crémazie had

-greater capabilities for the poems of deep passion or vivid imagination

-than any of his successors in literature; the few national poems

-he left behind are a promise of what he could have produced had the

-circumstances of his later life been happier.[E] After all, the poetry

-that lives is the poetry of human life and human sympathy, of joy and

-sorrow, rather than verses on mountains, rivers and lakes, or sweetly

-worded sonnets to Madame B. or Mademoiselle C. When we compare the

-English with the French Canadian poets we can see what an influence the

-more picturesque and interesting history of French Canada exercises on

-the imagination of its writers. The poets that claim Ontario for their

-home give us rhythmical and pleasing descriptions of the lake and river

-scenery of which the varied aspects and moods might well captivate the

-eye of the poet as well as of the painter. It is very much painting

-in both cases; the poet should be an artist by temperament equally

-with the painter who puts his thoughts on canvas and not in words.

-Descriptions of our meadows, prairies and forests, with their wealth

-of herbage and foliage, or artistic sketches of pretty bits of lake

-scenery have their limitations as respects their influence on a people.

-Great thoughts or deeds are not bred by scenery. The American poem

-that has captured the world is not any one of Bryant's delightful

-sketches of the varied landscape of his native land, but Longfellow's

-Evangeline, which is a story of the "affection that hopes, and endures

-and is patient." Dollard, and the Lady of Fort La Tour are themes which

-we do not find in prosaic Ontario, whose history is only a century

-old--a history of stern materialism as a rule, rarely picturesque or

-romantic, and hardly ever heroic except in some episodes of the war

-of 1812-15, in which Canadians, women as well as men, did their duty

-faithfully to king and country, though their deeds have never yet been

-adequately told in poem or prose. The story of Laura Secord's toilsome

-journey on a June day eighty years ago[41_a_] seems as susceptible of

-strong poetic treatment as Paul Revere's Ride, told in matchless verse

-by Longfellow.

-

-I think if we compare the best Canadian poems with the same class

-of literature in Australia the former do not at all lose by the

-comparison. Thanks to the thoughtfulness of a friend in South Australia

-I have had many opportunities of late of studying the best work of

-Australian writers, chiefly poets and novelists,[42] and have come

-to the conclusion that at least the poets of both hemispheres--for

-to fiction we cannot make even a pretense--reflect credit on each

-country. In one respect indeed Canadians can claim a superiority over

-their fellow-citizens of the British Empire in that far off Australian

-land, and that is, in the fact that we have poets, and historians, and

-essayists, who write the languages of France and England with purity

-and even elegance; that the grace and precision of the French tongue

-have their place in this country alongside the vigorous and copious

-expression of the English language. More than that, the Canadians have

-behind them a history which is well calculated to stimulate writers to

-give utterance to national sentiment. I mean national in the sense of

-being thoroughly imbued with a love for the country, its scenery, its

-history and its aspirations. The people of that great island continent

-possess great natural beauties and riches--flowers and fruits of every

-kind flourish there in rare profusion, and gold and gems are among

-the treasures of the soil, but its scenery is far less varied and

-picturesque than ours and its history is but of yesterday compared with

-that of Canada. Australians cannot point to such historic ground as is

-found from Louisbourg to Quebec, or from Montreal to Champlain, the

-battle ground of nations whose descendants now live under one flag,

-animated by feelings of a common interest and a common aspiration for

-the future!

-

-Perhaps if I were at any time inclined to be depressed as to the future

-of Canada, I should find some relief in those poems by Canadian authors

-which take frequently an elevated and patriotic range of thought and

-vision, and give expression to aspirations worthy of men born and

-living in this country. When some men doubt the future and would see

-us march into the ranks of other states, with heads bowed down in

-confession of our failure to hold our own on this continent and build

-up a new nation always in the closest connection with England, I ask

-them to turn to the poems of Joseph Howe and read that inspiring

-poetic tribute to the mother country, "All hail to the day when the

-Britons came over"--

-

-      "Every flash of her genius our pathway enlightens,

-        Every field she explores we are beckoned to tread,

-      Each laurel she gathers, our future day brightens--

-        We joy with her living and mourn with her dead."[43]

-

-Or read that tribute which the French Canadian laureate, Fréchette, has

-been fain to pay to the English flag under whose folds his country has

-enjoyed so much freedom and protection for its institutions:

-

-      "Regarde me disait mon père

-      Ce drapeau vaillamment porté;

-      Il a fait ton pays prospère

-      Et respecte ta liberté.

-

-      "C'est le drapeau de l'Angleterre;

-      Sans tache, sur le firmament,

-      Presque à tous les points de la terre

-      Il flotte glorieusement."

-

-Or take up a volume by Roberts and read that frequently quoted poem of

-which these are the closing lines:

-

-      "Shall not our love this rough sweet land make sure?

-        Her bounds preserve inviolate, though we die.

-                O strong hearts of the North,

-                Let flame your loyalty forth,

-      And put the craven and base to an open shame,

-      Till earth shall know the Child of Nations by her name."

-

-Even Mr. Edgar has forgotten the astute lawyer and the politician in

-his national song, "This Canada of Ours," and has given expression to

-the deep sentiment that lies as I have said in the heart of every true

-Canadian and forces him at times to words like these:

-

-      "Strong arms shall guard our cherished homes

-            When darkest danger lowers,

-      And with our life-blood we'll defend

-                This Canada of ours,

-                    Fair Canada,

-                    Dear Canada,

-                This Canada of ours."

-

-Such poems are worth a good many political speeches even in parliament

-so far as their effect upon the hearts and sympathies is concerned. We

-all remember a famous man once said, "Let me make all the ballads, and

-I care not who makes the laws of a people."

-

-[Footnote B: A list of Canadian poems which have been printed in books

-(from 1867-1893) appears in the Bibliographical Notes (40).]

-

-[Footnote C: Given in full in Appendix.]

-

-[Footnote D: See Appendix to this work, note 40, for an extract from

-this fine poem.]

-

-[Footnote E: See Appendix to this work, note 40, for an extract from

-one of his national poems.]

-

-

-

-

-VI.

-

-

-But if Canada can point to some creditable achievement of recent

-years in history, poetry and essay-writing--for I think if one looks

-from time to time at the leading magazines and reviews of the two

-continents he will find that Canada is fairly well represented in their

-pages[44]--there is one respect in which Canadians have never won any

-marked success, and that is in the novel or romance. "Wacousta, or

-the Prophecy: a Tale of the Canadas," was written sixty years ago by

-Major John Richardson,[45_a_] a native Canadian, but it was at the

-best a spirited imitation of Cooper, and has not retained the interest

-it attracted at a time when the American novelist had created a taste

-for exaggerated pictures of Indian life and forest scenery. Of course

-attempts have been made time and again by other English Canadians to

-describe episodes of our history, and portray some of our national and

-social characteristics, but with the single exception of "The Golden

-Dog,"[45] written a few years ago by Mr. William Kirby, of Niagara, I

-cannot point to one which shows much imaginative or literary skill.

-If we except the historical romance by Mr. Marmette, "François de

-Bienville,"[46] which has had several editions, French Canada is even

-weak in this particular, and this is the more surprising because there

-is abundance of material for the novelist or writer of romance in her

-peculiar society and institutions, and in her historic annals and

-traditions. But as yet neither a Cooper, nor an Irving, nor a Hawthorne

-has appeared to delight Canadians in the fruitful field of fiction that

-their country offers to the pen of imaginative genius. It is true we

-have a work by De Gaspé, "Les Anciens Canadiens,"[47] which has been

-translated by Roberts and one or two others, but it has rather the

-value of historical annals than the spirit and form of true romance.

-It is the very poverty of our production in what ought to be a rich

-source of literary inspiration, French Canadian life and history, that

-has given currency to a work whose signal merit is its simplicity of

-style and adherence to historical fact. As Parkman many years ago first

-commenced to illumine the too often dull pages of Canadian history,

-so other American writers have also ventured in the still fresh field

-of literary effort that romance offers to the industrious, inventive

-brain. In the "Romance of Dollard," "Tonty," and the "Lady of Fort St.

-John," Mrs. Mary Hartwell Catherwood has recalled most interesting

-episodes of our past annals with admirable literary taste and a deep

-enthusiasm for Canadian history in its romantic and picturesque

-aspects.[48] When we read Conan Doyle's "Refugees"--the best historical

-novel that has appeared from the English Press for years--we may well

-regret that it is not Canadian genius which has created so fascinating

-a romance out of the materials that exist in the history of the

-_ancien régime_. Dr. Doyle's knowledge of Canadian life and history is

-obviously very superficial; but slight as it is he has used it with a

-masterly skill to give Canada a part in his story--to show how closely

-associated were the fortunes of the colony with the French Court,--with

-the plans and intrigues of the king and his mistresses, and of the

-wily ecclesiastics who made all subservient to their deep purpose. It

-would seem from our failure to cultivate successfully the same popular

-branch of letters that Canadians are wanting in the inventive and

-imaginative faculty, and that the spirit of materialism and practical

-habits, which has so long necessarily cramped literary effort in this

-country, still prevents happy ventures in this direction. It is a pity

-that no success has been won in this country,--as in Australia by Mrs.

-Campbell Praed, "Tasma," and many others,--in the way of depicting

-those characteristics of Canadian life, in the past and present, which,

-when touched by the imaginative and cultured intellect, will reach the

-sympathies and earn the plaudits of all classes of readers at home and

-abroad. Perhaps, Mr. Gilbert Parker,[49] now a resident of London,

-but a Canadian by birth, education and sympathies, will yet succeed

-in his laudable ambition of giving form and vitality to the abundant

-materials that exist in the Dominion, among the habitants on the old

-seigneuries of the French province, in that historic past of which the

-ruins still remain in Montreal and Quebec, in the Northwest with its

-quarrels of adventurers in the fur trade, and in the many other sources

-of inspiration that exist in this country for the true story-teller who

-can invent a plot and give his creations a touch of reality, and not

-that doll-like, saw-dust appearance that the vapid characters of some

-Canadian stories assume from the very poverty of the imagination that

-has originated them.

-

-That imagination and humour have some existence in the Canadian

-mind--though one sees little of those qualities in the press or in

-public speeches, or in parliamentary debates--we can well believe

-when we read "The Dodge Club Abroad," by Professor De Mille,[50] who

-was cut off in the prime of his intellectual strength, or "A Social

-Departure," by Sara Jeannette Duncan,[51] who, as a sequence of a trip

-around the world, has given us not a dry book of travels but a story

-with touches of genial humour and bright descriptions of life and

-nature, and who is now following up that excellent literary effort by

-promising sketches of East Indian life. A story which attracted some

-attention not long since for originality of conception and ran through

-several editions, "Beggars All," is written by a Miss L. Dougall, who

-is said to be a member of a Montreal family, and though this book does

-not deal with incidents of Canadian life it illustrates that fertility

-of invention which is latent among our people and only requires a

-favourable opportunity to develop itself. The best literature of this

-kind is like that of France, which has the most intimate correspondence

-with the social life and development of the people of the country.

-"The excellence of a romance," writes Chevalier Bunsen in his critical

-preface to Gustav Freytag's "Debit and Credit," "like that of an epic

-or a drama, lies in the apprehension and truthful exhibition of the

-course of human things.... The most vehement longing of our times

-is manifestly after a faithful mirror of the present." With us, all

-efforts in this direction have been most common place--hardly above the

-average of "Social Notes" in the columns of Ottawa newspapers.

-

-I do not for one depreciate the influence of good fiction on the minds

-of a reading community like ours; it is inevitable that a busy people,

-and especially women distracted with household cares, should always

-find that relief in this branch of literature which no other reading

-can give them; and if the novel has then become a necessity of the

-times in which we live, at all events I hope Canadians, who may soon

-venture into the field, will study the better models, endeavour to

-infuse some originality into their creations and plots, and not bring

-the Canadian fiction of the future to that low level to which the

-school of realism in France, and in a minor degree in England and the

-United States, would degrade the novel and story of every-day life.

-To my mind it goes without saying that a history written with that

-fidelity to original authorities, that picturesqueness of narration,

-that philosophic insight into the motives and plans of statesmen, that

-study and comprehension of the character and life of a people, which

-should constitute the features of a great work of this class,--that

-such a history has assuredly a much deeper and more useful purpose

-in the culture and education of the world than any work of fiction

-can possibly have even when animated by a lofty genius. Still as the

-novel and romance will be written as long as a large proportion of the

-world amid the cares and activities of life seeks amusement rather

-than knowledge, it is for the Canadian Scott, or Hawthorne, or "George

-Eliot," or Dickens of the future, to have a higher and purer aim than

-the majority of novel writers of the present day, who, with a few

-notable exceptions like Black, Besant, Barrie, Stephenson or Oliphant,

-weary us by their dulness and lack of the imaginative and inventive

-faculty, and represent rather the demands of the publishers to meet the

-requirements of a public which must have its new novel as regularly as

-the Scotchman must have his porridge, the Englishman his egg and toast,

-and the American his ice-water.

-

-If it were possible within the compass of this address to give a list

-of the many histories, poems, essays and pamphlets that have appeared

-from the Canadian press during the first quarter of a century since the

-Dominion of Canada has been in existence, the number would astonish

-many persons who have not followed our literary activity. Of course

-the greater part of this work is ephemeral in its character and has

-no special value; much of the historical work is a dreary collection

-of facts and dates which shows the enterprise of school publishers

-and school teachers and is generally wanting in that picturesqueness

-and breadth of view which give interest to history and leave a vivid

-impression on the mind of the student. Most of these pamphlets have

-been written on religious, political or legal questions of the day.

-Many of the poems illustrate rather the aspirations of the school boy

-or maiden whose effusions generally appeared in the poet's corner

-of the village newspaper. Still there are even among these mere

-literary "transients" evidences of power of incisive argument and

-of some literary style. In fact, all the scientific, historical and

-poetical contributions of the period in question, make up quite a

-library of Canadian literature. And here let me observe in passing,

-some persons still suppose that _belles-lettres_, works of fiction,

-poetry and criticism, alone constitute literature. The word can take

-in its complete sense a very wide range, for it embraces the pamphlet

-or monograph on the most abstruse scientific, or mathematical or

-geographical or physical subject, as well as the political essay, the

-brilliant history, or the purely imaginative poem or novel. It is not

-so much the subject as the form and style which make them worthy of a

-place in literature. One of the most remarkable books ever written,

-the "Esprit des Lois" by Montesquieu, has won the highest place in

-literature by its admirable style, and in the science of politics

-by the importance of its matter. The works of Lyell, Huxley, Hunt,

-Dawson, Tyndall, and Darwin owe their great value not entirely to the

-scientific ideas and principles and problems there discussed, but also

-to the lucidity of style in which the whole subject is presented to

-the reader, whether versed or not in science. "Literature is a large

-word," says Matthew Arnold,[52] discussing with Tyndall this very

-subject; "it may mean everything written with letters or printed in a

-book. Euclid's Elements and Newton's Principia are thus literature.

-All knowledge that reaches us through books is literature. But as I

-do not mean, by knowing ancient Rome, knowing merely more or less

-of Latin _belles-lettres_, and taking no account of Rome's military,

-and political, and legal, and administrative work in the world; and

-as, by knowing ancient Greece, I understand knowing her as the giver

-of Greek art, and the guide to a free and right use of reason and to

-scientific methods, and the founder of our mathematics, and physics,

-and astronomy, and biology, I understand knowing her as all this, and

-not merely knowing certain Greek poems, and histories, and treatises

-and speeches, so as to the knowledge of modern nations also. By knowing

-modern nations, I mean not merely knowing their _belles-lettres_, but

-knowing also what has been done by such men as Copernicus, Galileo,

-Newton, Darwin." I submit this definition of literature by a great

-English critic and poet who certainly knew what he was writing about,

-to the studious consideration of Principal Grant who, in an address

-to the Royal Society two years ago,[53] appeared to have some doubt

-that much of its work could be called literature; a doubt that he

-forgot for the moment actually consigned to a questionable level also

-his many devious utterances and addresses on political, religious and

-other questions of the day, and left him entirely out of the ranks

-of _littérateurs_ and in a sort of limbo which is a world of neither

-divinity, nor politics, nor letters. Taking this definition of the

-bright apostle of English culture, I think Canadians can fairly claim

-to have some position as a literary people even if it be a relatively

-humble one, on account of the work done in history, _belles-lettres_,

-political science and the sciences generally Science alone has had

-in Canada for nearly half a century many votaries who have won for

-themselves high distinction, as the eminent names on the list of

-membership of the Royal Society since its foundation can conclusively

-show. The literature of science, as studied and written by Canadians,

-is remarkably comprehensive, and finds a place in every well furnished

-library of the world.

-

-The _doyen_ of science in Canada, Sir William Dawson,[54] we are

-all glad to know, is still at work after a long and severe illness,

-which was, no doubt, largely due to the arduous devotion of years to

-education and science. It is not my intention to refer here to other

-well-known names in scientific literature, but I may pause for an

-instant to mention the fact that one of the earliest scientific writers

-of eminence, who was a Canadian by birth and education, was Mr. Elkanah

-Billings,[55] palæontologist and geologist, who contributed his first

-papers to the _Citizen_ of Ottawa, then Bytown, afterwards to have

-greatness thrown upon it and made the political capital of Canada.

-

-

-

-

-VII.

-

-

-Here I come naturally to answer the questions that may be put by some

-that have not followed the history and the work of the Royal Society

-of Canada,--What measure of success has it won? has it been of value

-to the Canadian people in whose interests it was established, and

-with whose money it is mainly supported? Twelve years have nearly

-passed away since a few gentlemen, engaged in literary, scientific and

-educational pursuits, assembled at McGill College on the invitation of

-the Marquess of Lorne, then governor-general of Canada, to consider the

-practicability of establishing a society which would bring together

-both the French and English Canadian elements of our population for

-purposes of common study and the discussion of such subjects as might

-be profitable to the Dominion, and at the same time develop the

-literature of learning and science as far as practicable.[56] This

-society was to have a Dominion character--to form a union of leading

-representatives of all those engaged in literature and science in

-the several provinces, with the principle of federation observed

-in so far as it asked every society of note in every section to

-send delegates to make reports on the work of the year within its

-particular sphere. Of the gentlemen who assembled at this interesting

-meeting beneath the roof of the learned principal of Montreal's

-well-known university, the majority still continue active friends of

-the society they aided Lord Lome to found; but I must also add with

-deep regret that, within a little more than a year, two of the most

-distinguished promoters of the society, Dr. Thomas Sterry Hunt and

-Sir Daniel Wilson, have been called from their active and successful

-labours in education, science and letters. As I know perhaps better

-than any one else, on account of an official connection with the

-society from the very hour it was suggested by Lord Lorne, no two

-members ever comprehended more thoroughly the useful purpose which

-it could serve amid the all-surrounding materialism of this country,

-or laboured more conscientiously until the very hour of their death

-by their writings and their influence to make the society a Canadian

-institution, broad in its scope, liberal in its culture, and elevated

-in its aspirations. Without dwelling on the qualifications of two

-men[57] whose names are imperishably connected with the work of their

-lifetime--archæology, education and chemistry--I may go on to say that

-the result of the Montreal meeting was the establishment of a society

-which met for the first time at Ottawa in the May of 1882, with a

-membership of eighty Fellows under the presidency of Dr. (afterwards

-Sir) William Dawson, and the vice-presidency of the Honourable P.

-J. O. Chauveau, a distinguished French Canadian who had won a high

-name, not only in literature, but also in the political world where

-he was for years a conspicuous figure; noted for his eloquence, his

-culture and his courtesy of manner. The society was established in no

-spirit of isolation from other literary and scientific men because

-its membership was confined at the outset to eighty Fellows who had

-written "memoirs of merit or rendered eminent services to literature

-or science"--a number subsequently increased to a hundred under

-certain limitations. On the contrary it asks for, and has constantly

-published, contributions from all workers in the same fields of effort

-with the simple proviso that such contributions are presented with the

-endorsation of an actual member, though they may be read before any one

-of the four sections by the author himself. Every association, whether

-purely literature or historical, or scientific, as I have already

-intimated, has been asked to assist in the work of the society,[58] and

-its delegates given every advantage at the meetings possessed by the

-Fellows themselves, except voting and discussing the purely internal

-affairs of the Royal Society. Some misapprehension appears to have

-existed at first in the public mind that, because the society was named

-"The Royal Society of Canada," an exclusive and even aristocratic

-institution was in contemplation. It seems a little perplexing to

-understand why an objection could be taken to such a designation when

-the Queen is at the head of our system of government, and her name

-appears in the very first clauses of the act of union, and in every

-act requiring the exercise of the royal prerogative in this loyal

-dependency of the crown. As a fact, in using the title, the desire was

-to follow the example of similar societies in Australia, and recall

-that famous Royal Society in England, whose fellowship is a title of

-nobility in the world of science. Certain features were copied from

-the Institute of France, inasmuch as there is a division into sections

-with the idea of bringing together into each for the purposes of common

-study and discussion those men who have devoted themselves to special

-branches of the literature of learning and science. In this country

-and, indeed, in America generally, a notable tendency is what may be

-called the levelling principle--to deprecate the idea that any man

-should be in any way better than another; and in order to prevent that

-result it is necessary to assail him as soon as he shows any political

-or intellectual merit, and to stop him, if possible, from attaining

-that mental superiority above his fellows that his industry and his

-ability may enable him to reach. The Royal Society suffered a little

-at first from this spirit of depreciation which is often carried to an

-extent that one at times could almost believe that this is a country

-without political virtues or intellectual development of any kind.

-The claims of some of its members were disputed by literary aspirants

-who did not happen for a moment to be enrolled in its ranks, and the

-society was charged with exclusiveness when, as a fact, it simply

-limited its membership, and demanded certain qualifications, with the

-desire to make that membership a test of some intellectual effort, and

-consequently more prized by those who were allowed sooner or later

-to enter. It would have been quite possible for the society to make

-itself a sort of literary or scientific picnic by allowing every man

-or woman who had, or believed they had, some elementary scientific or

-other knowledge to enter its ranks, and have the consequent advantages

-of cheap railway fares and other subsidiary advantages on certain

-occasions, but its promoters did not think that would best subserve

-the special objects they had in view. At all events, none of them

-could have been prompted by any desire to create a sort of literary

-aristocracy. Indeed, one would like to know how any one in his senses

-could believe for a moment that any institution of learning could

-be founded with exclusive tendencies in these times, in this or any

-other country! If there is an intelligent democracy anywhere it is the

-Republic of Letters. It may be aristocratic in the sense that there

-are certain men and women who have won fame and stand on a pedestal

-above their fellows, but it is the world, not of a class, but of all

-ranks and conditions, that has agreed to place them on that pedestal

-as a tribute to their genius which has made people happier, wiser and

-better, has delighted and instructed the artisan as well as the noble.

-

-For twelve years then the Royal Society has continued to persevere in

-its work; and thanks to the encouragement given it by the government of

-Canada it has been able, year by year, to publish a large and handsome

-volume of the proceedings and transactions of its meetings. No other

-country in the world can exhibit volumes more creditable on the whole

-in point of workmanship than those of this society. The papers and

-monographs that have appeared embrace a wide field of literature--the

-whole range of archæological, ethnological, historical, geographical,

-biological, mathematical and physical studies. The volumes now are

-largely distributed throughout Canada--among the educated and thinking

-classes--and are sent to every library, society, university and learned

-institution of note in the world, with the hope of making the Dominion

-better known. The countries where they are placed for purposes of

-reference are these:

-

-  The United States: every State of the Union and District of Columbia,

-  Newfoundland,

-  Mexico,

-  Brazil,

-  Costa Rica,

-  Uruguay,

-  Guatemala,

-  Venezuela,

-  Chile,

-  Peru,

-  India,

-  Japan,

-  Australia,

-  New Zealand,

-  Great Britain and Ireland,

-  Ecuador,

-  Italy,

-  Greece,

-  Norway and Sweden,

-  Spain,

-  South Africa,

-  Germany,

-  Roumania,

-  Argentine Republic,

-  France,

-  Russia,

-  Austria-Hungary,

-  Mauritius,

-  Denmark.

-

-So well known are these 'Transactions' now in every country that, when

-it happens some library or institution has not received it from the

-beginning or has been forgotten in the distribution, the officers of

-the society have very soon received an intimation of the fact. This

-is gratifying, since it shows that the world of higher literature and

-of special research--the world of scholars and scientists engaged in

-important observation and investigation--is interested in the work that

-is being done in the same branches in this relatively new country.

-It would be impossible for me within the limits of this address to

-give you anything like an accurate and comprehensive idea of the

-numerous papers the subject and treatment of which, even from a largely

-practical and utilitarian point of view, have been of decided value to

-Canada, and I can only say here that the members of the society have

-endeavoured to bring to the consideration of the subjects they have

-discussed a spirit of conscientious study and research, and that, too,

-without any fee or reward except that stimulating pleasure which work

-of an intellectual character always brings to the mind.

-

-In these days of critical comparative science, when the study of the

-aboriginal or native languages of this continent has absorbed the

-attention of close students, the Royal Society has endeavoured to give

-encouragement and currency to those studies by publishing grammars,

-vocabularies and other monographs relating to Indian tongues and

-antiquities. The Abbé Cuoq, one of the most erudite scholars of this

-continent in this special branch of knowledge, has nearly completed

-in the 'Transactions' what will be a monumental work of learning on

-the Algonquin language. A Haida grammar and dictionary are also now

-awaiting the completion of the Abbé Cuoq's work to be published in

-the same way. A great deal of light has been thrown on Cartier's and

-Champlain's voyages in the gulf, and consequently on its cartography,

-by the labours of the Abbé Verreau, Prof. Ganong and others. The

-excellent work of the Geological Survey has been supplemented by

-important contributions from its staff, and consequently there is to

-be found in the 'Transactions' a large amount of information, both

-abstract and practical, on the economic and other minerals of the

-Dominion. Chiefly owing to the efforts of the society, the government

-of Canada some time ago commenced to take tidal observations on the

-Atlantic coasts of Canada--an enterprise of great value to the shipping

-and commercial interests of the country--and has also co-operated in

-the determination of the true longitude of Montreal which is now being

-prosecuted under the able superintendence of Professor McLeod. It is

-in the same practical spirit of investigation and action that the

-society has published a treatise by that veteran scholar, Dr. Moses

-Harvey, of St. John's, Newfoundland, on "The Artificial Propagation

-of Marine Food-fishes and Edible Crustaceans"; and it is satisfactory

-to understand from a statement made in the House of Commons last

-session that a question of such deep interest to our great fishing

-industry in the maritime provinces is likely to result in some

-practical measure in the direction suggested. The contributions of

-Sir Daniel Wilson on the "Artistic Faculty in the Aboriginal Races,"

-"The Pre-Aryan American Man," "The Trade and Commerce of the Stone

-Age," and "The Huron-Iroquois Race in Canada," that typical race of

-American Indians, were all intended to supplement in a measure that

-scholarly work, "Prehistoric Man," which had brought him fame many

-years before. Dr. Patterson of Nova Scotia, a most careful student of

-the past, has made valuable contributions to the history of Portuguese

-exploration in North American waters, and of that remarkable lost

-tribe known as Beothiks or Red Indians of Newfoundland. Sir William

-Dawson has contributed to almost every volume of the 'Transactions'

-from his stores of geological learning, while his distinguished son

-has followed closely in his footsteps, and has made valuable additions

-to our knowledge, not only of the geology of the Northwest, but also

-of the antiquities, languages and customs of the Indian tribes of

-British Columbia and the adjacent islands. The opinions and theories

-of Dr. Thomas Sterry Hunt on the "Taconic Question in Geology" and

-the "Relations of the Taconic Series to the later Crystalline and the

-Cambrian Rocks," were given at length in the earlier volumes. Mr. G.

-F. Matthew, of St. John, New Brunswick, who is a very industrious

-student, has elaborated a work on the "Fauna of the St. John Group."

-Not only have our geological conditions been more fully explained, but

-our flora, ferns, and botany generally have been clearly set forth

-by Professors Lawson, Macoun and Penhallow. All these and many other

-papers of value have been illustrated by expensive plates, generally

-executed by Canadian artists. The majority of the names I have just

-given happen to be English Canadian, but the French language has

-been represented in science by such eminent men as Hamel, Laflamme

-and Deville--the two first illustrating the learning and culture of

-Laval, so long associated with the best scholarship of the province

-of Quebec. Without pursuing the subject further, let me say, as one

-who has always endeavoured to keep the interests of the society in

-view, that such monographs as I have mentioned represent the practical

-value of its work, and show what an important sphere of usefulness

-is invariably open to it. The object is not to publish ephemeral

-newspaper or magazine articles--that is to say, articles intended for

-merely popular information or purely literary practice--but always

-those essays and works of moderate compass which illustrate original

-research, experiment and investigation in all branches of historical,

-archæological, ethnological and scientific studies, and which will

-form a permanent and instructive reference library for scholars and

-students in the same branches of thought and study all over the

-world. In fact, the essays must necessarily be such as cannot be well

-published except through the assistance granted by a government, as in

-our case, or by the liberality of private individuals. The society,

-in fact, is in its way attempting just such work as is done by the

-Smithsonian Institute, on a large scale, at Washington, so far as

-the publication of important transactions is concerned. I admit that

-sometimes essays have appeared, but many more are offered from time

-to time, better suited to the periodicals of the day than to the

-pages of a work of which the object is to perpetuate the labours of

-students and scholars, and not the efforts of the mere literary amateur

-or trifler in _belles-lettres_. But while there must be necessarily

-such limitations to the scope of the 'Transactions,' which are largely

-scientific in their treatment, room will be always made for papers

-on any economic, social or ethical subject which, by their acute

-reasoning, sound philosophy and originality of thought, demand the

-attention of students everywhere. Such literary criticism as finds

-place now and then in the dignified old 'Quarterly Review' or in the

-'Contemporary' will be printed whenever it is written by any Canadian

-author with the same power of keen analysis and judicious appreciation

-of the thoughts and motives of an author that we find notably in that

-charming study of Tennyson's "Princess," by S. E. Dawson,[59] who is

-a Canadian by birth, education and feeling. No doubt there is room in

-the Dominion for a magazine combining the features of 'Blackwood,' the

-'Contemporary' and the 'Quarterly Review'; that is to say, poetry,

-fiction, criticism, reviews of topics of the day, and, in fact,

-original literary effort of the higher order, which, though mostly

-ephemeral in its character, must have much influence for the time being

-on the culture and the education of the public mind. Since the days

-of the old 'Canadian Monthly,'[60] which, with all its imperfections,

-contained much excellent work, all efforts in the same direction have

-been deserving of little encouragement; and, in fact, if such a venture

-is to succeed hereafter it must have behind it sufficient capital to

-engage the assistance of the best Canadian writers, who now send their

-work to American and English periodicals. Such a magazine must be

-carefully edited, and not made the dumping-ground for the crude efforts

-of literary dabblers or for romantic gush and twaddle, but must be

-such a judicious selection of the best Canadian talent as will evoke

-comparison with the higher class of periodicals I have mentioned. We

-have only one literary paper of merit in this country, and that is

-'The Week,' which, despite all the indifference that is too apt to

-meet a journal not influenced by party motives, has kept its literary

-aim always before it, and endeavoured to do such a work as 'The New

-York Nation' has been doing for years under far greater advantages

-in the neighbouring country with marked success and ability. In the

-meantime, until a magazine of the character I advocate is established,

-the 'Transactions of the Royal Society' cannot be expected to occupy

-the same ground unless it is prepared to give up that important field

-which it and the societies with which it is associated alone can fill

-in this country. In one respect, indeed, the Royal Society, in my

-opinion--and I have endeavoured to impress it on my fellow-members--can

-reach a much larger class of readers than it is now possible by

-means of its somewhat formidable though handsomely printed and well

-illustrated volumes, which necessarily are confined, for the most part,

-to libraries and institutions, where they can be best consulted by

-students who find it necessary to inform themselves on such Canadian

-subjects as the society necessarily treats. It is quite possible that

-by selecting a more convenient form, say royal octavo, and publishing

-the purely scientific sections in one volume and the purely literary

-department in another, a larger inducement will be given to the public

-to purchase its 'Transactions' at a moderate cost and in a more

-convenient shape for reading, whenever they contain monographs or large

-works in which Canadians generally are interested or on which they

-wish special information. Of course, in making this change care must

-be taken to maintain the typographical appearance and the character of

-the scientific illustrations and the usefulness of the cartography. Not

-only may the Royal Society in this way reach a larger reading public,

-but it may stimulate the efforts of historic and other writers by

-giving them greater facilities for obtaining special editions of their

-works for general sale. As it is now, each author obtains a hundred

-copies of his paper in pamphlets, sometimes more; and if the form is

-now made smaller and more handy, to use a common word, he will be

-induced to order a larger edition at his own cost. Even as it is now,

-some four or five thousand copies of essays and monographs--in special

-cases many more--are annually distributed by authors in addition to

-those circulated in the bound volumes of the 'Transactions'; and in

-this way any value these works may have is considerably enhanced. If it

-should be decided to continue the large form, at all events it will

-be in the interest of the society, and of the author of any monograph

-or history of more than ordinary value, to print it not only in the

-'Transactions' but also in a smaller volume for general circulation.

-Practically this would meet the object in view--the larger distribution

-of the best work of the section devoted to historical and general

-literature. But whether this change is adopted or not,[61] I think the

-Royal Society, by showing even still greater zeal and earnestness in

-the work for which it was founded, by co-operating with scholars and

-students throughout the Dominion, by showing every possible sympathy

-with all those engaged in the work of art, culture and education, can

-look forward hopefully to the future; and all it asks from the Canadian

-public at large is confidence in its work and objects, which are in no

-sense selfish or exclusive, but are influenced by a sincere desire to

-do what it can to promote historic truth and scientific research, and

-give a stimulus in this way to the intellectual development of this

-young Dominion, yet in the infancy of its literary life.[F]

-

-[Footnote F: In the course of a speech by the Earl of Derby, in answer

-to a farewell address from the Royal Society, he took occasion to make

-some remarks with reference to its work and usefulness, which have been

-given in full in the Appendix (Note 58_a_) as the impartial opinion

-of a governor-general who always took a deep interest in all matters

-affecting the intellectual as well as material development of the

-Dominion.]

-

-

-

-

-VIII.

-

-

-This necessarily brief review of the work of the Royal Society could

-not well be left out of an address like this; and I can now pass on to

-some reflections that occur to me on the general subject.

-

-In the literature of biography, so susceptible of a treatment full of

-human interests and sympathies--as chatty Boswell's "Life of Johnson,"

-and Lockhart's "Life of Scott," notably illustrate--we have little to

-show, except it be the enterprise of publishers and the zeal of too

-enthusiastic friends. Nor is it necessary to dwell on the literature

-of the law, which is becoming in a measure more of a technical and

-less of a learned profession in the larger sense, unless, indeed,

-our university schools of political science eventually elevate it

-to a wider range of thought. Several excellent books of a purely

-technical character have been compiled from year to year, but no Kent,

-or Story, or Cooley has yet appeared to instruct us by a luminous

-exposition of principle, or breadth of knowledge. Those who know

-anything of Dr. Edward Blake's great intellectual power, of his wealth

-of legal learning, of his insight into the operations of political

-constitutions, cannot deny that he at least could produce a work which

-might equal in many respects those of the great Americans here named;

-but it looks very much at present as if he, and others I could mention,

-will give up their best years to the absorbing and uncertain struggles

-of politics, rather than to the literature of that profession to which

-they might, under different conditions, raise imperishable memorials.

-From the pulpit many of us hear from time to time eloquent and well

-reasoned efforts which tell us how much even the class, necessarily

-most conservative in its traditions, and confined in its teachings,

-has been forced by modern tendencies to enlarge its human sympathies

-and widen its intellectual horizon; but the published sermons are

-relatively few in number; and while, now and then, at intervals, after

-a public celebration, an important anniversary or ceremonial, or as a

-sequence of a controversy on the merits or demerits of creed or dogma,

-we see a pile of pamphlets on the counter of a bookstore, we do not

-hear of any printed book of sermons that appears to have entered of

-recent years into the domain of human thought and discussion in the

-great world beyond our territorial limits.

-

-I shall not attempt to dwell at any length on the intellectual standard

-of our legislative bodies, but shall confine myself to a few general

-observations that naturally suggest themselves to an observer of our

-political conditions. Now, as in all times of our history, political

-life claims many strong, keen and cultured intellects, although it is

-doubtful whether the tendency of our democratic institutions is to

-encourage the most highly educated organizations to venture, or remain,

-should once they venture, in the agitated and unsafe sea of political

-passion and controversy. The first parliament of the Dominion, and the

-first legislatures of the provinces, which met after the federal union

-of 1867, when the system of dual representation was permissible--a

-system whose advantages are more obvious now--brought into public

-life the most brilliant and astute intellects of Canada, and it will

-probably be a long time before we shall again see assemblages so

-distinguished for oratory, humour and intellectual power. A federal

-system was, doubtless, the only one feasible under the racial and

-natural conditions that met the Quebec Conference of 1864; but, while

-admitting its political necessity, we cannot conceal from ourselves

-the fact that the great drain its numerous legislative bodies and

-governments make upon the mental resources of a limited population--a

-drain increased by the abolition of dual representation--is calculated

-to weaken our intellectual strength in our legislative halls, when

-a legislative union would in the nature of things concentrate that

-strength in one powerful current of activity and thought. A population

-of five millions of people has to provide not only between six and

-seven hundred representatives, who must devote a large amount of

-time to the public service for inadequate compensation, but also

-lieutenant-governors, judges and high officials, holding positions

-requiring intellectual qualifications as well as business capacity if

-they are properly filled. Apart from these considerations, it must

-be remembered that the opportunities of acquiring wealth and success

-in business or professional vocations have naturally increased with

-the material development of the Dominion, and that men of brains

-have consequently even less inducement than formerly to enter on the

-uncertain and too often ungrateful pursuit of politics. We have also

-the danger before us that it will be with us, as it is in the United

-States and even in England under the new conditions that are rapidly

-developing there; the professional politician, who is too often the

-creation of factions and cliques, and the lower influences of political

-intrigue and party management, will be found, as time passes, more

-common in our legislative halls, to the detriment of those higher

-ideals that should be the animating principles of public life in

-this young country, whose future happiness and greatness depend so

-much on the present methods of party government. Be all this as it

-may be, one may still fairly claim for our legislative bodies that

-their intellectual standard can compare favourably with that of the

-Congress at Washington or the state legislatures of Massachusetts and

-New England generally. After all, it is not for brilliant intellectual

-pyrotechnics we should now so much look to the legislative bodies of

-Canada, but rather for honesty of purpose, keen comprehension of the

-public interests, and a business capacity which can grasp the actual

-material wants and necessities of a country which has to face the

-competition, and even opposition, of a great people full of industrial

-as well as intellectual energy.

-

-Nowhere in this review have I claimed for this country any very

-striking results in the course of the half century since which we have

-shown so much political and material activity. I cannot boast that we

-have produced a great poem or a great history which has attracted the

-attention of the world beyond us, and assuredly we find no noteworthy

-attempt in the direction of a novel of our modern life; but what I do

-claim is, looking at the results generally, the work we have done has

-been sometimes above the average in those fields of literature--and

-here I include, necessarily, science--in which Canadians have worked.

-They have shown in many productions a conscientious spirit of research,

-patient industry, and not a little literary skill in the management

-of their material. I think, on the whole, there have been enough

-good poems, histories and essays written and published in Canada for

-the last four or five decades to prove that there has been a steady

-intellectual growth on the part of our people, and that it has kept

-pace at all events with the mental growth in the pulpit, or in the

-legislative halls, where, of late years, a keen practical debating

-style has taken the place of the more rhetorical and studied oratory

-of old times. I believe the intellectual faculties of Canadians only

-require larger opportunities for their exercise to bring forth a

-rich fruition. I believe the progress in the years to come will be

-far greater than that we have yet shown, and that necessarily so,

-with the wider distribution of wealth, the dissemination of a higher

-culture, and a greater confidence in our own mental strength, and in

-the resources that this country offers to pen and pencil. The time

-will come when that great river, associated with memories of Cartier,

-Champlain, La Salle, Frontenac, Wolfe and Montcalm,--that river already

-immortalized in history by the pen of Parkman--will be as noted in song

-and story as the Rhine, and will have its Irving to make it as famous

-as the lovely Hudson.

-

-Of course there are many obstacles in the way of successful literary

-pursuits in Canada. Our population is still small, and separated into

-two distinct nationalities, who for the most part necessarily read

-books printed in their own tongue. A book published in Canada then has

-a relatively limited _clientèle_ in the country itself, and cannot

-meet much encouragement from publishers in England or in the United

-States who have advantages for placing their own publications which no

-Canadian can have under existing conditions. Consequently an author

-of ambition and merit should perforce look for publishers outside his

-own country if he is to expect anything like just appreciation, or to

-have a fair chance of reaching that literary world which alone gives

-fame in the true sense. It must be admitted too that so much inferior

-work has at times found its way from Canada to other countries that

-publishers are apt to look askance at a book when it is offered to

-them from the colonies. Still, while this may at times operate against

-making what is a fairly good bargain with the publisher--and many

-authors, of course, believe with reason that a publisher, as a rule,

-never makes a good bargain with an author, and certainly not with a new

-one--a good book will sooner or later assert itself whenever Canadians

-write such a book. Let Canadians then persevere conscientiously and

-confidently in their efforts to break through the indifference which at

-present tends to cramp their efforts and dampen their energy. It is a

-fashion with some colonial writers to believe that there is a settled

-determination on the part of English critics to ignore their best

-work, when, perhaps, in the majority of cases it is the lack of good

-work that is at fault. Such a conclusion sometimes finds an argument

-in the fact that, when so able a Canadian as Edward Blake enters the

-legislative halls of England, some ill-natured critic, who represents

-a spirit of insular English snobbery, has only a sneer for "this

-Canadian lawyer" who had better "stay at home," and not presume to

-think that he, a mere colonist, could have anything to say in matters

-affecting the good government of the British Empire. But the time has

-long since passed for sneers at colonial self-government or colonial

-intellect, and we are more likely hereafter to have a Canadian House of

-Commons held up as a model of decorum for so-called English gentlemen.

-Such able and impartial critical journals as _The Athenæum_ are more

-ready to welcome than ignore a good book in these days of second-rate

-literature in England itself. If we produce such a good book as Mrs.

-Campbell Praed's "Australian Life," or Tasma's "Uncle Piper of Piper's

-Hill," we may be sure the English papers will do us justice. Let me

-frankly insist that we have far too much hasty and slovenly literary

-work done in Canada. The literary canon which every ambitious writer

-should have ever in his mind has been stated by no less an authority

-than Sainte-Beuve: "Devoted to my profession as a critic, I have tried

-to be more and more a good and if possible an able workman." A good

-style means artistic workmanship. It is too soon for us in this country

-to look for a Matthew Arnold or a Sainte-Beuve--such great critics are

-generally the results, and not the forerunners, of a great literature;

-but at least if we could have in the present state of our intellectual

-development, a criticism in the press which would be truthful and

-just, the essential characteristics of the two authors I have named,

-the effect would be probably in the direction of encouraging promising

-writers, and weeding out some literary dabblers. "What I have wished,"

-said the French critic, "is to say not a word more than I thought, to

-stop even a little short of what I believed in certain cases, in order

-that my words might acquire more weight as historical testimony." Truth

-tempered by consideration for literary genius is the essence of sound

-criticism.

-

-We all know that the literary temperament is naturally sensitive to

-anything like indifference and is too apt, perhaps, to exaggerate

-the importance of its calling in the prosaic world in which it is

-exercised. The pecuniary rewards are so few, relatively, in this

-country, that the man of imaginative mind--the purely literary

-worker--naturally thinks that he can, at least, ask for generous

-appreciation. No doubt he thinks, to quote a passage from a clever

-Australian novel--"The Australian Girl"--"Genius has never been truly

-acclimatized by the world. The Philistines always long to put out

-the eyes of poets and make them grind corn in Gaza." But it is well

-always to remember that a great deal of rough work has to be done in a

-country like Canada before its Augustan age can come. No doubt literary

-stimulus must be more or less wanting in a colony where there is latent

-at times in some quarters a want of self-confidence in ourselves and in

-our institutions, arising from that sense of dependency and habit of

-imitation and borrowing from others that is a necessity of a colonial

-condition. The tendency of the absence of sufficient self-assertion is

-to cramp intellectual exertion, and make us believe that success in

-literature can only be achieved in the old countries of Europe. That

-spirit of all-surrounding materialism to which Lowell has referred

-must also always exercise a certain sinister influence in this way--an

-influence largely exerted in Ontario--but despite all this we see

-that even among our neighbours it has not prevented the growth of a

-literary class famous for its intellectual successes in varied fields

-of literature. It is for Canadian writers to have always before them a

-high ideal, and remember that literature does best its duty--to quote

-the eloquent words of Ruskin--"in raising our fancy to the height of

-what may be noble, honest and felicitous in actual life; in giving

-us, though we may be ourselves poor and unknown, the companionship

-of the wisest spirits of every age and country, and in aiding the

-communication of clear thoughts and faithful purposes among distant

-nations, which will at last breathe calm upon the sea of lawless

-passion and change into such halcyon days the winter of the world, that

-the birds of the air may have their nests in peace and the Son of Man

-where to lay his head."

-

-

-

-

-IX.

-

-

-Largely, if not entirely, owing to the expansion of our common

-school system--admirable in Ontario and Nova Scotia, but defective

-in Quebec--and the influence of our universities and colleges, the

-average intelligence of the people of this country is much higher

-than it was a very few years ago; but no doubt it is with us as with

-our neighbours--to quote the words of an eminent public speaker whose

-brilliancy sometimes leads one to forget his higher criticism--I

-refer to Dr. Chauncey Depew--"Speed is the virtue and vice of our

-generation. We demand that morning-glories and century plants shall

-submit to the same conditions and flower with equal frequency." Even

-some of our universities from which we naturally expect so much seem

-disposed from time to time to lower their standard and yield too

-readily to the demand for purely practical education when, after all,

-the great reason of all education is to draw forth the best qualities

-of the young man, elevate his intelligence, and stimulate his highest

-intellectual forces. The animating principle with the majority of

-people is to make a young man a doctor, a lawyer, an engineer, or teach

-him some other vocation as soon as possible, and the tendency is to

-consider any education that does not immediately effect that result

-as superfluous. Whilst every institution of learning must necessarily

-yield something to this pervading spirit of immediate utility, it would

-be a mistake to sacrifice all the methods and traditions of the past

-when sound scholars at least were made, and the world had so many men

-famous in learning, in poetry, in romance, and in history. For one I

-range myself among those who, like James Russell Lowell and Matthew

-Arnold, still consider the conscientious and intelligent study of the

-ancient classics--the humanities as they are called--as best adapted

-to create cultured men and women, and as the noblest basis on which

-to build up even a practical education with which to earn bread and

-capture the world. Goldwin Smith very truly says, "A romantic age

-stands in need of science, a scientific and utilitarian age stands in

-need of the humanities."[62] The study of Greek, above all others of

-the humanities, is calculated to stimulate the higher qualities of

-our nature. As Matthew Arnold adds in the same discourse from which

-I have quoted, "The instinct for beauty is set in human nature, as

-surely as the instinct for knowledge is set there, or the instinct for

-conduct. If the instinct for beauty is served by Greek literature and

-art as it is served by no other literature or art, we may trust to the

-instinct of self-preservation in humanity for keeping Greek as part

-of our culture." With the same great critic and thinker, I hope that

-in Canada "Greek will be increasingly studied as men feel the need in

-them for beauty, and how powerfully Greek art and Greek literature

-can serve this need." We are as respects the higher education of this

-country in that very period which Arnold saw ahead for America--"a

-period of unsettlement and confusion and false tendency"--a tendency

-to crowd into education too many matters; and it is for this reason

-I venture to hope that letters will not be allowed to yield entirely

-to the necessity for practical science, the importance of which I

-fully admit, while deprecating it being made the dominant principle in

-our universities. If we are to come down to the lower grades of our

-educational system I might also doubt whether despite all its decided

-advantages for the masses--its admirable machinery and apparatus, its

-comfortable school-houses, its varied systematic studies from form to

-form and year to year, its well managed normal and model schools, its

-excellent teachers--there are not also signs of superficiality. The

-tendency of the age is to become rich fast, to get as much knowledge

-as possible within a short time, and the consequence of this is to

-spread far too much knowledge over a limited ground--to give a child

-too many subjects, and to teach him a little of everything. These are

-days of many cyclopædias, historical summaries, scientific digests,

-reviews of reviews, French in a few lessons, and interest tables.

-All is digested and made easy to the student. Consequently not a

-little of the production of our schools and of some of our colleges

-may be compared to a veneer of knowledge, which easily wears off in

-the activities of life, and leaves the roughness of the original and

-cheaper material very perceptible. One may well believe that the

-largely mechanical system and materialistic tendency of our education

-has some effect in checking the development of a really original and

-imaginative literature among us. Much of our daily literature--indeed

-the chief literary aliment of large classes of our busy population

-is the newspaper press, which illustrates in many ways the haste and

-pressure of this life of ours in a country of practical needs like

-Canada. When we consider the despatch with which a large newspaper has

-to be made up, how reports are caught on the wing and published without

-sufficient verification, how editorials have to be written _currente

-calamo_, and often after midnight when important despatches come in, we

-may well wonder that the daily issue of a newspaper is so well done.

-With the development of confederation the leading Canadian papers

-have taken, through the influence of the new condition of things, a

-larger range of thought and expression, and the gross personalities

-which so frequently discredited the press before 1867 have now become

-the exception. If I might refer to an old and enterprising paper as

-an example of the new order of things, I should point to the Toronto

-_Globe_ under its present editorial management and compare it with

-two or three decades ago. It will be seen there is a deeper deference

-to an intelligent public opinion by an acknowledgment of the right

-of a community to hear argument and reason even on matters of party

-politics, and to have fair reports of speeches on both sides of

-a question. In point of appearance, make-up, and varied literary

-matter--especially in its literary department, its criticisms of

-new books in all branches of literature--the Australasian press is

-decidedly superior to that of Canada as a rule. The Melbourne _Argus_

-and the Sydney _Herald_ compare with the best London journals, and

-the reason is mainly because there is no country press in Australia

-to limit the enterprise and energy of a newspaper publisher. Perhaps

-it is as well for the general instruction of a community like ours

-that there should be a large and active country press, and the people

-not too much under the guidance of a few great journals in important

-centres of political thought and action. For one I have more faith

-in the good sense and reason of the community as a whole than in the

-motives and disinterestedness of a few leaders in one or more cities

-or towns. But I must also add that when we consider the influence a

-widely disseminated press like that of Canada must exercise on the

-opinions and sentiments of the large body of persons of whom it is

-the principal or only literature, one must wish that there was more

-independence of thought and honesty of criticism as well as a greater

-willingness, or capacity rather, to study a high ideal on the part of

-the press generally. However improved the tone of the Canadian press

-may have become of late years, however useful it may be as a daily

-record of passing events--of course, outside of party politics--however

-ably it may discuss in its editorial columns the topics of the day,

-it is not yet an influence always calculated to strengthen the mind

-and bring out the best intellectual faculties of a reader like a book

-which is the result of calm reflection, sound philosophic thought,

-originality of idea, or the elevated sentiment of the great poet or

-the historian. As a matter of fact a newspaper is too often in Canada

-a reflex of the average rather than of the higher intelligence of the

-country, and on no other ground can we explain the space devoted to

-a football match, or a prize fight, or a murder trial, or degrading

-incidents in the criminal life of men and women. For one, I am an

-admirer of athletic and other sports calculated to develop health and

-muscle, as long as they are not pursued to extremes, do not become the

-end and aim of youth, or allowed to degenerate into brutality. All of

-us do not forget the great influence of the Olympian, the Pythian and

-other public games on the Greek character when the land was "living

-Greece" indeed; but we must also remember that art and song had a part

-in those contests of athletes, that they even inspired the lyric odes

-of Pindar, that the poet there recited his drama or epic, the painter

-exhibited his picture, and the intellectual was made a part of the

-physical struggle in those palmy days of Greek culture. I have not yet

-heard that any Canadian poet or painter or historian has ever been so

-honoured, or asked to take part in those athletic games and sports to

-which our public journals devote a number of pages which have not yet

-been set apart for Canadian or any literature. The newspaper reporter

-is nowadays the only representative of literature in our Pythia or

-Olympia, and he assuredly cannot be said to be a Pindaric singer when

-he exalts the triumphs of lacrosse or the achievements of the baseball

-champion.

-

-

-

-

-X.

-

-

-In drawing to a conclusion I come now to refer to a subject which is

-naturally embraced in an address intended to review the progress of

-culture in this country, and that is what should have, perhaps, been

-spoken of before, the condition of Art in the Dominion. As our public

-libraries[63] are small compared with those in the neighbouring union,

-and confined to three or four cities--Montreal being in some respects

-behind Toronto--so our public and private art galleries are very few

-in number and insignificant as respects the value and the greatness

-of the paintings. Even in the House of Commons, not long since,

-regret was expressed at the smallness of the Dominion contribution,

-one thousand dollars only, for the support of a so-called National

-Art Gallery at Ottawa, and the greater part of this paltry sum, it

-appeared, went to pay, not the addition of good paintings, but actually

-the current expenses of keeping it up. Hopes were thrown out by more

-than one member of the government, in the course of the discussion

-on the subject, that ere long a much larger amount would be annually

-voted to make the gallery more representative of the best Canadian

-art, and it was very properly suggested that it should be the rule

-to purchase a number of Canadian pictures regularly every year, and

-in this way stimulate the talent of our artists. Montreal at present

-has one fairly good museum of art, thanks to the liberality of two

-or three of her rich men, but so public spirited a city as Toronto,

-which numbers among its citizens a number of artists of undoubted

-merit, is conspicuous for its dearth of good pictures even in private

-collections, and for the entire absence of any public gallery. In

-Montreal there are also some very valuable and representative paintings

-of foreign artists in the residences of her wealthy men of business;

-but whilst it is necessary that we should have brought to this country

-from time to time such examples of artistic genius to educate our

-own people for better things, it is still desirable that Canadian

-millionaires and men of means and taste should encourage the best

-efforts of our own artists. It is said sometimes--and there is some

-truth in the remark--that Canadian art hitherto has been imitative

-rather than creative; but while we have pictures like those of L. R.

-O'Brien, W. Brymner, F. A. Verner, O. R. Jacobi, George Reid, F. M.

-Bell-Smith, Homer Watson, W. Raphael, Robert Harris, C. M. Manly, J. W.

-L. Forster, A. D. Patterson, Miss Bell, Miss Muntz, J. Pinhey, J. C.

-Forbes, Paul Peel--a young man of great promise too soon cut off--and

-of other excellent painters,[64][G] native born or adopted Canadians,

-illustrating in many cases, as do those of Mr. O'Brien notably, the

-charm and picturesqueness of Canadian scenery, it would seem that

-only sufficient encouragement is needed to develop a higher order of

-artistic performance among us. The Marquess of Lorne and the Princess

-Louise, during their too short residence in the Dominion, did something

-to stimulate a larger and better taste for art by the establishment of

-a Canadian Academy and the holding of several exhibitions; but such

-things can be of little practical utility if Canadians do not encourage

-the artists who are to contribute. It is to be hoped that the same

-spirit of generosity which is yearly building commodious science halls,

-and otherwise giving our universities additional opportunities for

-usefulness, will also ere long establish at least one fine art gallery

-in each of the older provinces, to illustrate not simply English

-and Foreign art, but the most original and highly executed work of

-Canadians themselves. Such galleries are so many object lessons--like

-that wondrous "White City" which has arisen by a western lake as

-suddenly as the palaces of eastern story--to educate the eye, form the

-taste and develop the higher faculties of our nature amid the material

-surroundings of our daily life. No doubt the creative and imaginative

-faculties of our people have not yet been developed to any noteworthy

-extent; the poems and paintings of native Canadians too frequently

-lack, and the little fiction so far written is entirely destitute of

-the essential elements of successful and permanent work in art and

-literature. But the deficiency in this respect has arisen not from

-the poverty of Canadian intellect, but rather from the absence of

-that general distribution of wealth on which art can alone thrive, the

-consequent want of galleries to cultivate a taste among the people for

-the best artistic productions, and above all from the existence of that

-spirit of intellectual self-depreciation which is essentially colonial,

-and leads not a few to believe that no good work of this kind can be

-done in mere dependencies.

-

-The exhibition of American art at the world's fair is remarkable on

-the whole for individual expression, excellent colour and effective

-composition. It proves to a demonstration that the tendency is

-progressive, and that it is not too much to expect that a few decades

-hence this continent will produce a Corot, a Daubigny, a Bonnat, a

-Bouguereau or a Millais. Not the least gratifying feature of the

-exhibition has been the revelation to the foreign world--and probably

-to many Canadians as well--that there is already some artistic

-performance of a much higher order than was believed to exist in

-Canada, and that it has been adjudged worthy of special mention among

-the masterpieces that surround the paintings of our artists. This

-success, very moderate as it is, must stimulate Canadian painters to

-still greater efforts in the future, and should help to create a wider

-interest in their work among our own people, heretofore too indifferent

-to the labours of men and women, whose rewards have been small in

-comparison with the conscientiousness and earnestness they have given

-to the prosecution of their art.

-

-The opportunities which Canadian artists have had of comparing their

-own work with that of the most artistic examples at the exhibition

-should be beneficial if they have made of them the best possible

-use. American and French art was particularly well represented at

-the exhibition, and was probably most interesting from a Canadian

-point of view, since our artists would naturally make comparisons

-with their fellow-workers on this continent, and at the same time

-closely study the illustrations of those French schools which now

-attract the greater number of students from this country, and have

-largely influenced--perhaps too much so at times--the later efforts of

-some well-known painters among us. A writer in the New York _Nation_

-has made some comparisons between the best works of the artists of

-France and the United States, which are supported by the testimony

-of critics who are able to speak with authority on the subject. The

-French notably excel "in seriousness of purpose and general excellence

-of work from a technical point of view, especially in the thorough

-knowledge of construction in both the figure and landscape pictures."

-On the other hand, the artists of the United States "show more

-diversity of aim and individuality of expression, as well as colour

-feeling." Some two or three Canadian artists give examples of those

-very qualities--especially in their landscapes--which, according to

-the New York critic, distinguish the illustrations of the art of the

-United States. As a rule, however, there is a want of individuality

-of expression, and of perfection of finish, in the work of Canadian

-artists, as even their relatively imperfect representation at Chicago

-has shown. The tendency to be imitative rather than creative is too

-obvious. Canadian painters show even a readiness to leave their own

-beautiful and varied scenery that they may portray that of other

-countries, and in doing so they have ceased in many cases to be

-original. But despite these defects, there is much hope in the general

-performance of Canadians even without that encouragement and sympathy

-which the artists of the United States have in a larger measure

-been able to receive in a country of greater wealth, population and

-intellectual culture.

-

-Not only does the exhibition of paintings in the world's fair make one

-very hopeful of the future artistic development of this continent,

-but the beauty of the architectural design of the noble buildings

-which contain the treasures of art and industry, and of the decorative

-figures and groups of statuary that embellish these buildings and the

-surrounding grounds, is a remarkable illustration of the artistic

-genius that has produced so exquisite an effect in general, whatever

-defects there may be in minor details. A critic in the July number

-of the 'Quarterly Review,' while writing "in the presence of these

-lovely temples, domes, and colonnades under the burning American sky

-which adds a light and a transparency to all it rests upon," cannot

-help echoing the regret that this vision of beauty is but for a

-season, and expressing the hope that some one of the American money

-kings "may perpetuate his name on marble, by restoring, on the edge

-of this immense capital, amid parks and waters, that great central

-square which, were it only built of enduring materials, would stand

-without a rival in modern architecture." Perhaps the fine arts in the

-Dominion--where sculpture would be hardly heard of were it not for the

-French Canadian Hébert--may themselves even gain some stimulus from the

-examples of a higher conception of artistic achievement that is shown

-by this exhibition to exist in a country where a spirit of materialism

-has obtained the mastery so long. Canadian architecture hitherto has

-not been distinguished for originality of design--much more than art

-it has been imitative. In Montreal and Quebec the old buildings which

-represent the past have no architectural beauty, however interesting

-they may be to the antiquarian or the historian, and however well many

-of them harmonize with the heights of picturesque Quebec. Montreal

-is assuredly the most interesting city from an architectural point

-of view in Canada, simply for the reason that its architects have,

-as a rule, studied that effect of solidity and simplicity of design

-most in keeping with the grand mountain and the natural scenery that

-give such picturesqueness to an exceptionally noble site. While we

-see all over Canada--from Victoria on the Pacific to Halifax on the

-Atlantic[64_a_][H]--the evidences of greater comfort, taste and wealth

-in our private and public buildings, while we see many elaborate

-specimens of ecclesiastical art, stately piles of legislative halls,

-excellent specimens of Gothic and Tudor art in our colleges, expensive

-commercial and financial structures, and even civic palaces, yet

-they are often illustrative of certain well defined and prevalent

-types of architecture in the eastern and western cities of the United

-States. It cannot be said that Canada has produced an architect of

-original genius like Henry Hobson Richardson, who was cut off in the

-commencement of his career, but not before he had given the continent

-some admirable specimens of architectural art, in which his study of

-the Romanesque was specially conspicuous, and probably led the way to a

-higher ideal which has reached some realization in the city which must

-too soon disappear like the fabric of a vision, though one can well

-believe that, unlike a dream, it will leave a permanent impress on the

-intellectual development of the people who have conceived an exhibition

-so creditable from a purely artistic point of view.

-

-[Footnote G: Some extended notes on the artists of Canada and their

-work appear in the Appendix, note 64.]

-

-[Footnote H: See in Appendix 64_a_ references to our notable public

-edifices.]

-

-

-

-

-XI.

-

-

-The Dominion of Canada possesses a noble heritage which has descended

-to us as the result of the achievement of Frenchmen, Englishmen,

-Scotchmen, and Irishmen, who through centuries of trial and privation,

-showed an indomitable courage, patience and industry which it is our

-duty to imitate with the far greater opportunities we now enjoy of

-developing the latent material and intellectual resources of this fair

-land. Possessing a country rich in natural treasures and a population

-inheriting the institutions, the traditions and qualities of their

-ancestors, having a remarkable capacity for self-government, enjoying

-exceptional facilities for the acquisition of knowledge, having before

-us always the record of difficulties overcome against great odds in

-endeavouring to establish ourselves on this continent, we may well in

-the present be animated by the spirit of hope, rather than by that

-feeling of despair which some despondent thinkers and writers have

-too frequently on their lips when it is a question of the destiny

-in store for Canada. In the course of the coming decades--perhaps

-in four or five, or less--Canada will probably have determined her

-destiny--her position among the communities of the world; and, for

-one, I have no doubt the results will be far more gratifying to our

-national pride than the results of even the past thirty years, when we

-have been laying broad and deep the foundations of our present system

-of government. We have reason to believe that the material success of

-this confederation will be fully equalled by the intellectual efforts

-of a people who have sprung from nations whose not least enduring

-fame has been the fact that they have given to the world of letters a

-Shakespeare, a Molière, a Montesquieu, a Balzac, a Dickens, a Dudevant,

-a Tennyson, a Victor Hugo, a Longfellow, a Hawthorne, a Théophile

-Gauthier, and many other names that represent the best literary genius

-of the English and French races. All the evidence before us now goes

-to prove that the French language will continue into an indefinite

-future to be the language of a large and influential section of the

-population of Canada, and that it must consequently exercise a decided

-influence on the culture and intellect of the Dominion. It has been

-within the last four decades that the best intellectual work--both in

-literature and statesmanship--has been produced in French and English

-Canada, and the signs of intellectual activity in the same direction do

-not lessen with the expansion of the Dominion. The history of England

-from the day the Norman came into the island until he was absorbed

-in the original Saxon element, is not likely to be soon repeated in

-Canada, but in all probability the two nationalities will remain side

-by side for an unknown period to illustrate on the northern half of

-the continent of America the culture and genius of the two strongest

-and brightest powers of civilization. As both of these nationalities

-have vied with each other in the past to build up this confederation

-on a large and generous basis of national strength and greatness, and

-have risen time and again superior to those racial antagonisms created

-by differences of opinion at great crises of our history--antagonisms

-happily dispelled by the common sense, reason and patriotism of men of

-both races--so we should in the future hope for that friendly rivalry

-on the part of the best minds among French and English Canadians which

-will best stimulate the genius of their people in art, history, poetry

-and romance. In the meantime, while this confederation is fighting

-its way out of its political difficulties, and resolving wealth and

-refinement from the original and rugged elements of a new country,

-it is for the respective nationalities not to stand aloof from one

-another, but to unite in every way possible for common intellectual

-improvement, and give sympathetic encouragement to the study of the

-two languages and to the mental efforts of each other. It was on this

-enlightened principle of sympathetic interest that the Royal Society

-was founded and on which alone it can expect to obtain any permanent

-measure of success. If the English and French always endeavour to

-meet each other on this friendly basis in all the communities where

-they live side by side as well as on all occasions that demand

-common thought and action and cultivate that social and intellectual

-intercourse which may at all events weld them both as one in spirit

-and aspiration, however different they may continue in language and

-temperament, many prejudices must be removed, social life must gain

-in charm, and intellect must be developed by finding strength where

-it is weak, and grace where it is needed in the mental efforts of the

-two races. If in addition to this widening of the sympathies of our

-two national elements, we can see in the Dominion generally less of

-that provincialism which means a narrowness of mental vision on the

-part of our literary aspirants, and prevents Canadian authors reaching

-a larger audience in other countries, then we shall rise superior to

-those weaknesses of our intellectual character which now impede our

-mental development, and shall be able to give larger scope to what

-original and imaginative genius may exist among our people. So with

-the expansion of our mental horizon, with the growth of experience

-and knowledge, with the creation of a wider sympathy for native

-talent, with the disappearance of that tendency to self-depreciation

-which is so essentially colonial, and with the encouragement of more

-self-reliance and confidence in our own intellectual resources, we may

-look forward with some degree of hopefulness to conditions of higher

-development, and to the influence on our national character of what can

-best elevate Canadians and make them even happier and wiser,

-

-      "The love of country, soaring far above all party strife;

-      The love of learning, art and song,--the crowning grace of

-                life."[65]

-

-

-

-

-BIBLIOGRAPHICAL, ART AND GENERAL NOTES.

-

-

-LOWELL'S ADDRESSES.

-

-[Footnote 1: Page 1.--See "Democracy, and Other Addresses," by James

-Russell Lowell (Boston and New York, 1887) pp. 235-237. The address

-at the Harvard Anniversary, from which I quote in the commencement of

-the text, should be carefully read and studied by all those who are

-interested in education and culture in the Dominion, and do not wish

-to see the classics superseded by purely scientific and utilitarian

-theories. "Leave," he said, for instance, "in their traditional

-pre-eminence those arts that were rightly called liberal; those studies

-that kindle the imagination, and through it irradiate the reason:

-those studies that manumitted the modern mind; those in which the

-brains of the finest temper have found alike their stimulus and their

-repose, taught by them that the power of intellect is heightened in

-proportion as it is made gracious by measure and symmetry. Give us

-science, too, but give, first of all and last of all, the science that

-ennobles life and makes it generous.... Many-sidedness of culture makes

-your vision clearer and keener in particulars. For, after all, the

-noblest definition of Science is that breadth and impartiality of view

-which liberates the mind from specialties, and enables it to organize

-whatever we learn, so that it becomes real Knowledge by being brought

-into true and helpful relation with the rest."]

-

-

-JAMESTOWN, VA.

-

-[Footnote 2: Page 3.--"Nothing remains of this famous settlement but

-the ruins of a church tower covered with ivy, and some old tombstones.

-The tower is crumbling year by year, and the roots of trees have

-cracked the slabs, making great rifts across the names of the old

-Armigers and Honourables. The place is desolate with its washing waves

-and flitting sea-fowl, but possesses a singular attraction. It is one

-of the few localities which recall the first years of American history;

-but it will not recall them much longer. Every distinctive feature of

-the spot is slowly disappearing. The river encroaches year by year, and

-the ground occupied by the original huts is already submerged." Cooke's

-"Virginia" ('American Commonwealths,' 1884), p. 19.]

-

-

-CHAMPLAIN.

-

-[Footnote 3: Page 6.--Editions of Champlain's works appeared at Paris

-in 1603, 1613, 1619, 1620, 1627, 1632 and 1640; at Quebec in 1830 and

-1870. An English translation was published by the Prince Society of

-Boston in 1878-80. The Abbé Laverdière's edition, in six volumes, 4to.,

-(Quebec, 1870), is the most perfect modern publication of the works.

-It printed for the first time the text of the voyage of 1599-1601.

-For bibliographical notes of Champlain's works see Bourinot's "Cape

-Breton," 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. ix., Sec. II., App. VIII. (also

-in separate form, Montreal, 1892); Winsor's 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,'

-iv., 130-134; Harrisse's "Notes sur la bibliographie de la Nouvelle

-France."

-

-French Canadian writers like Garneau and Ferland have exhausted the

-language of eulogy in describing the character and life of Samuel

-Champlain, but no one who follows his career can doubt the truth of

-this latest tribute to the French colonizer of Canada by Dr. N.

-E. Dionne in "Samuel Champlain, fondateur de Québec et père de la

-Nouvelle France: Histoire de sa vie et de ses voyages," Québec, 1891:

-"Il possédait à un haut degré le génie colonisateur, et c'est dans ce

-rôle, si difficile de tout temps, qu'il fit preuve de sagesse et de

-clairvoyance, et dans le choix des colons, et dans la direction qu'il

-sut imprimer à leurs premiers efforts. L'intelligence de Champlain

-se révèle dans de nombreux écrits, où l'observateur judicieux et

-pénétrant coudoie le savant et le marin aussi hardi qu'expérimenté.

-Comme cosmographe il a eu l'immense mérite d'avoir surpassé tous ses

-devanciers, par l'abondance des descriptions et l'agencement heureux

-des données géographiques. C'est un nouveau titre de gloire que l'on

-doit ajouter à sa couronne resplendissante de tant de rayons lumineux.

-Plusieurs historiens, même de ceux qui ne comptent pas parmi les

-admirateurs des œuvres françaises, lui out rendu le témoignage d'avoir

-fait entrer la science cartographique dans une nouvelle ère de progrès.

-Naturaliste, géographe, marin, cosmographe; Champlain était tout cela

-à la fois, et dans une mesure hautement remarquable pour l'epoque où

-il vivait.... Pas un gouverneur sous l'ancien régime n'a donné d'aussi

-grands exemples de foi, de piété, et de droiture d'intention."

-

-It is Captain John Smith of Virginia who, among the colonizers of

-America, can best compare with the founder of Quebec. The following

-estimate of his character, given by the historian George Bancroft (i.,

-138-139, ed. of 1866), could be applied in almost every particular to

-the Frenchman; all we need do is to read "New France" for "Virginia,"

-"French" for "Saxon," "France" for "England," etc.: "He was the

-father of Virginia, the true leader who first planted the Saxon race

-within the borders of the United States. His judgment had ever been

-clear in the midst of general despondency. He united the highest

-spirit of adventure with consummate powers of action. His courage and

-self-possession accomplished what others esteemed desperate. Fruitful

-in expedients, he was prompt in execution. Though he had been harassed

-by the persecutions of malignant envy, he never revived the memory of

-the faults of his enemies. He was accustomed to lead, not to send his

-men to danger; would suffer want rather than borrow, and starve sooner

-than not pay. He had nothing counterfeit in his nature, but was open,

-honest and sincere. He clearly discerned that it was the true interest

-of England not to seek in Virginia for gold and hidden wealth, but to

-enforce regular industry. 'Nothing,' said he, 'is to be expected thence

-but by labour.'"]

-

-

-LESCARBOT.

-

-[Footnote 4: Page 6.--Editions of Lescarbot's "Histoire de la Nouvelle

-France" appeared at Paris in 1609, 1611, 1617 and 1618; but the most

-complete and available modern copy is that printed by Tross in three

-volumes (Paris, 1866). For bibliographical notes of Lescarbot's works

-see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 149-151; Harrisse's "Notes."]

-

-

-CHARLEVOIX.

-

-[Footnote 5: Page 6.--Editions of Charlevoix's "Histoire et description

-générale de la Nouvelle France," etc., appeared at Paris in 1744,

-three volumes, 4to., and six volumes in 12mo., with maps. Dr. Shea's

-admirable English version and annotations were printed at New York in

-six handsome volumes, 1866-1872. For bibliographical notes see 'Nar.

-and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 154, 358.]

-

-

-HUTCHINSON'S HISTORY.

-

-[Footnote 6: Page 6.--For bibliography of Thomas Hutchinson's excellent

-"History of Massachusetts Bay" (Boston, 1749, 1767, 1795; London, 1750,

-1768, 1828, three volumes), see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iii., 344.

-He was royal governor of the province, 1770-72, and died near London in

-1789.]

-

-

-SAGARD.

-

-[Footnote 7: Page 6.--Editions of Sagard's works, "Le Grand Voyage,"

-etc., appeared at Paris in 1632 and 1636, but Tross printed admirable

-copies at Paris in 1864-66. Charlevoix has not a favourable judgment

-of Sagard; but no doubt, while he is diffuse, he gives an excellent

-insight into Indian life and customs. For bibliographical notes see

-'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 290-291; Harrisse's "Notes."]

-

-

-P. BOUCHER.

-

-[Footnote 8: Page 6.--Pierre Boucher's "Mœurs et productions de

-la Nouvelle France" appeared at Paris in 1664 (sm. 12mo.), and is

-described by Charlevoix as a faithful, if superficial, account of

-Canada. For bibliographical notes, see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv.,

-298; Harrisse's "Notes."]

-

-

-JESUIT RELATIONS.

-

-[Footnote 9: Page 6.--The Canadian Government published at Quebec

-in 1858, in three large 8vo. volumes, a series of the "Relations,"

-from 1611-1672, and supplemental or complemental issues of allied and

-later "Relations" were printed through the efforts of Mr. Lenox, Dr.

-O'Callaghan and Dr. Shea, of New York. For bibliographical notes on

-these invaluable collections, see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' 290 _et

-seq._; Harrisse's "Notes."]

-

-

-PÈRE DU CREUX.

-

-[Footnote 10: Page 6.--Père du Creux or Creuxius published his prolix

-work, "Historia Canadensis," with map and illustrations, in Latin, at

-Paris in 1664. For bibliographical notes, see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist.

-Am.,' iv., 296; Harrisse's "Notes." Despite its diffusiveness, it has

-value for the historical students of his times.]

-

-

-LA POTHERIE.

-

-[Footnote 11: Page 6.--Bacqueville de la Potherie's "Histoire de

-l'Amérique Septentrionale depuis 1534 jusqu'à 1701" was published first

-at Paris in 1722, four volumes, 12mo.; but a later edition appeared in

-1753. Charlevoix's opinion, that it is an undigested and ill-written

-narrative, is prejudiced, as the work is on the whole a useful and

-exact account of the French establishments at Quebec, Montreal and

-Three Rivers, and especially of the condition of the Indians of the

-time. For bibliographical notes see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv.,

-299, 357-358.]

-

-

-LAFITAU.

-

-[Footnote 11_a_: Page 6.--The following note with respect to this able

-priest's writing is taken from 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 298,

-299: "The Jesuit Lafitau published at Paris in 1724 his 'Mœurs des

-Sauvages Amériquains' in two volumes, with various plates, which in

-the main is confined to the natives of Canada, where he had lived long

-with the Iroquois. Charlevoix said of his book, twenty years later, 'We

-have nothing so exact on the subject;' and Lafitau continues to hold

-high rank as an original authority, though his book is overlaid with a

-theory of Tartaric origin of the red race. Mr. Parkman calls him 'the

-most satisfactory of the elder writers.'" Garneau, ii., 154, mentions

-that he discovered in 1716 a plant in the Canadian forests which is

-of the nature of ginseng, which for awhile was a valuable article of

-export to Canton. Eventually it became valueless in China on account of

-its being prepared improperly.]

-

-

-C. LE CLERCQ.

-

-[Footnote 12: Page 6.--Père Chrestien Le Clercq's "Etablissement de la

-Foy" appeared in two volumes, 12mo., at Paris in 1691, and an excellent

-translation by Shea at New York in 1881. He also wrote a work,

-"Nouvelle Relation de la Gaspésie," which was also printed at Paris in

-1691. For bibliographical notes see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv.,

-291; Harrisse's "Notes."]

-

-

-COTTON MATHER'S "MAGNALIA."

-

-[Footnote 13: Page 7.--For bibliographical notes on this curious _olla

-podrida_ of religion and history see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.' iii.,

-345; Stevens's "Historical Nuggets," ii., 505.]

-

-

-Dr. MICHEL SARRAZIN.

-

-[Footnote 13_a_: Page 8.--An interesting account of the life and

-labours of the eminent pioneer of science in Canada, who came to Quebec

-in 1685 and died there in 1734, will be found in the fifth volume of

-the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.' (section IV.), by the Abbé Laflamme. See

-also Parkman's "Old Regime in Canada," p. 366, _n._ Also, pp. 390-393

-for citations from Kalm and Charlevoix as to social condition of

-the French colony. Also, pp. 160-163 and notes, for an account and

-references to authorities on subject of the Seminary.]

-

-

-PETER KALM.

-

-[Footnote 13_b_: Page 8.--He was professor of Economy in the University

-of Aobo, in Swedish Finland, and a member of the Swedish Royal

-Academy of Sciences. His Travels in North America ("In Risa tel Nord

-America"), 1748-51, first appeared in Swedish (Stockholm, 1753-61), and

-subsequently in a translation, with the original somewhat abridged, by

-John Reinhold Forster (Warrington and London, 1770; 2nd ed., 1772). A

-translation in French by L. W. Marchand has also been published, and

-it is from that I quote in the text. (For German and Dutch versions

-see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' v., 244.) I have since found that

-Forster, in a note (ii., 185, 2nd ed.) on the remarks of the Swedish

-savant with respect to the study of science in the English colonies,

-calls attention to the fact that "Mr. Kalm has forgotten his own

-assertions in the former part of this work." Dr. Colden, Dr. Franklin

-and Mr. Bartram, he continues, "have been the great promoters and

-investigators of nature in this country, and how would the inhabitants

-have gotten the fine collections of North American trees, shrubs and

-plants, which grow at present almost in every garden, and are as if

-they were naturalized in old England, had they not been assisted by

-their friends and by the curious in North America." Forster also refers

-to the schools, colleges and libraries already existing in the English

-colonies as evidence that Kalm hardly did justice to the men of culture

-in those countries. No doubt La Galissonière, Sarrazin, Gauthier, and

-others created, for a time certainly, much interest in the practical

-pursuit of science in Canada. The interest, however, must have been

-necessarily confined to a very small class in the two or three towns

-and garrisons to which La Galissonière's influence extended. Some

-of the Jesuit priests like Lafitau (see note 11_a_) had a taste for

-natural history, and have left us much information on the subject. But

-Lafitau, La Galissonière, Gauthier, Sarrazin and others were not native

-Canadians, though, like Charlevoix and his predecessors who wrote of

-the country, they have left imperishable memorials connecting their

-names with the literary and scientific history of New France. On the

-other hand, Franklin, Bartram, Stith, the Mathers and Beverley, whose

-names will be always associated with the early culture of science and

-literature in the old English colonies, were American by birth and

-education. Still these men represented a very insignificant influence

-in the practical, money-making population of New England and the

-middle colonies of which Kalm chiefly spoke. Their influence would be

-relatively trifling compared with that which was necessarily exercised

-by a governor like La Galissonière in New France, with its sympathetic

-officials and priests, and which was necessarily contrasted by Kalm

-with the indifference of the English colonists. Kalm failed, however,

-to recognize the public liberty, commercial enterprise and secular

-education which in New England and other colonial communities gave the

-people the advantage over the habitans and French Canadians generally.

-Instead, the spirit of materialism that was a distinguishing feature

-of the active, enterprising English colonists, must have grated on the

-susceptibilities of a student like Kalm, and prevented him from doing

-impartial justice to the strong qualities of a rising nation.]

-

-

-SCHOOLS, 1792-1840.

-

-[Footnote 14: Page 9.--For accounts of the deplorable condition of the

-public schools in the rural districts of Upper Canada from 1791 to

-the union of 1841 see Canniff's "History of the Province of Ontario"

-(Toronto, 1872). Canniff Haight's "Country Life in Canada Fifty Years

-Ago" (Toronto, 1885), and Bourinot's "Intellectual Development of the

-Canadian People" (12mo., Toronto, and 'Canadian Monthly,' 1881). At

-the present time there are 14 universities and 29 colleges in which a

-classical education is given; 6 ladies' colleges, and 5 agricultural

-colleges and schools of science. The value of their buildings,

-endowments, etc., is upwards of $12,000,000, and the attendance is

-about 9,000 students. The classical colleges of Quebec--which make up

-the greater number of the colleges in Canada--are a combination of

-school and college attended by both boys and young men. They confer

-certain degrees and are generally affiliated with Laval University.

-The effect of the classical studies encouraged in these colleges is

-very perceptible in the culture of the well educated French Canadian.

-At present there are in Canada upwards of 17,000 public, high, normal,

-and model schools, attended by about 1,000,000 pupils, and costing a

-total annual expenditure of between six and seven millions of dollars.

-In Ontario (once Upper Canada) there are 16 universities and colleges,

-including ladies' and agricultural colleges; about 6,000 schools of

-all kinds, attended by over 500,000 pupils, and costing annually over

-$4,000,000. See "The Statistical Year-Book of Canada," Ottawa, 1893.]

-

-

-UPPER CANADA, 1793-1840.

-

-[Footnote 15: Page 9.--Some interesting details of the early settlement

-of Ontario will be found in Dr. Canniff's "History of Ontario"

-(Toronto, 1872). As a local record or annals it is the most valuable

-yet given to the public by a descendant of the pioneers and U. E.

-Loyalists. Canniff Haight's "Country Life in Canada Fifty Years Ago" is

-a readable and sketchy account of old times.]

-

-

-CANADIAN JOURNALISM.

-

-[Footnote 16: Page 10.--A brief historical sketch of Canadian

-journalism will be found in Bourinot's "Intellectual Development of

-the Canadian People" (Toronto, 1881); also in Dr. Canniff's "History

-of the Province of Ontario" (Toronto, 1872), and in "Sketch of

-Canadian Journalism," by E. B. Biggar, "Canadian Newspaper Directory"

-(Montreal, 1892). Some of the statements in this article appear to

-require verification. I have now in my possession a copy of the 'York

-Gazette' printed in July, 1815, though Mr. Biggar states that no paper

-was published in York after the capture of the town by the American

-troops and the destruction of the press and type, in 1813, until

-1817. The 'York Gazette' was originally the 'Upper Canada Gazette, or

-American Oracle,' first printed in 1793 at Niagara (Newark), when it

-was the political capital of Upper Canada after the passage of the

-Constitutional Act of 1791. It was removed to York (Toronto) in 1800,

-and became the 'York Gazette' a few years later. At the present time

-there are in Ontario alone, of daily papers, 47; weekly, 386. In the

-Dominion there are 98 daily papers, 1,035 weekly, bi-weekly, monthly,

-etc. In 1838 there were in all British North America not more than 70

-papers, of which 38 were in Upper Canada. In 1864 the total was about a

-quarter of the present number.]

-

-

-HOWE'S SPEECHES.

-

-[Footnote 17: Page 11.--Joseph Howe's speeches were printed at Boston

-in 1858, two volumes, 8vo. For bibliographical notes see 'Am. Hist.

-Ass. Papers, 1892,' p. 396, at end of Bourinot's "Parliamentary

-Government in Canada."]

-

-

-"SAM SLICK."

-

-[Footnote 18: Page 11.--Judge Haliburton's famous work has the title,

-"The Clockmaker; or, Sayings and Doings of Sam Slick of Slickville."

-London and Halifax, 1st ser. 1837, 2nd ser. 1838, 3rd ser. 1840.

-Reprinted 1838-1843, three volumes. New edition 1845. Several later

-cheap English and American editions have appeared from time to time.

-A bibliography and sketch of the judge's life, written probably by

-his son, Robert G., appears in the "Bibliotheca Canadensis" (Ottawa,

-1872). The humorous sketches, to which he chiefly owes his fame, were

-contributed anonymously to the 'Nova Scotian,' then edited by Joseph

-Howe. The paper is still in existence as a weekly edition of the

-'Morning Chronicle' of Halifax. The judge was educated in old King's

-College, Windsor. See _infra_, note 31.]

-

-

-JUDGE HALIBURTON'S HISTORY.

-

-[Footnote 19: Page 12.--"An Historical and Statistical Account of Nova

-Scotia," with maps and engravings. Halifax, two volumes, large 8vo. For

-bibliographical note see Bourinot's "Cape Breton," App. X. A complete

-copy, with maps and illustrations, is now becoming rare.]

-

-

-W. SMITH'S HISTORY.

-

-[Footnote 20: Page 12.--"The History of Canada, from its First

-Discovery to the Peace of 1763; and from the Establishment of the

-Civil Government in 1764 to the Establishment of the Constitution in

-1796." By William Smith, Esquire, Clerk of the Parliament and Master in

-Chancery of the Province of Lower Canada. "Ne quid falsi dicere audeat,

-ne quid veri non audeat." In two volumes, large 8vo. (Quebec, 1815.) He

-was a son of the historian of the province of New York, who after the

-war of the revolution became chief justice of Canada.]

-

-

-JOSEPH BOUCHETTE.

-

-[Footnote 21: Page 12.--The works of this eminent Canadian surveyor and

-hydrographer appeared under the following titles:

-

-1. "A Topographical Description of the Province of Lower Canada, with

-remarks upon Upper Canada and on the relative connection of both

-Provinces with the United States of America." London, 1815, royal 8vo.,

-with plates. Also an edition in French.

-

-2. "The British Dominions in North America, or a Topographical and

-Statistical Description of the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, New

-Brunswick, Nova Scotia, the Islands of Newfoundland, Prince Edward and

-Cape Breton, including considerations on land-granting and emigration,

-and a topographical dictionary of Lower Canada; to which is annexed the

-statistical tables and tables of distances, published with the author's

-maps of Lower Canada, in consequence of a vote of the Provincial

-Legislature. Embellished with vignettes, views, landscapes, plans of

-towns, harbours, etc.; containing also a copious appendix." London,

-1831, three volumes, 4to., generally bound in two.]

-

-

-MICHEL BIBAUD'S HISTORICAL WORKS.

-

-[Footnote 22: Page 12.--"Histoire du Canada sous la Domination

-Française." Montreal, 1837, 8vo. Do., 1843, 12mo.

-

-"Histoire du Canada sous la Domination Anglaise." Do., 1844. The

-third volume of the series appeared after the author's death, and was

-published by his son, J. G. Bibaud, at Montreal, 1878, 12mo.]

-

-

-THOMPSON'S BOOK ON THE WAR OF 1812.

-

-[Footnote 23: Page 12.--"History of the Late War between Great Britain

-and the United States of America, with a retrospective view of the

-causes from which it originated, collected from the most authentic

-sources; to which is added an appendix containing public documents,

-etc., relating to the subject." By David Thompson, late of the Royal

-Scots. Niagara, U. C. Printed by T. Sewell, printer, bookbinder and

-stationer, Market Square, 1832, 12mo., pp. 300. This was for some

-time believed to be the first book printed in Upper Canada, but Dr.

-Kingsford, F.R.S.C., in "The Early Bibliography of the Province of

-Ontario" (Toronto and Montreal, 1892), enumerates a list of some

-thirty-three publications that antedated it, and Mr. Charles Lindsey,

-a bibliophilist and _littérateur_ of Toronto, adds a number of others.

-See Toronto 'Week,' Dec. 9, 1892, Dr. Kingsford's rejoinder, _ib._,

-Dec. 30, and another article on same subject by Mr. Lindsey, _ib._,

-Jan. 13, 1893. All these bibliographical notes are interesting, and

-show how insignificant in point of intellectual and original ability

-was the literature of Ontario for fifty years previous to 1841.]

-

-

-BELKNAP'S HISTORY.

-

-[Footnote 24: Page 13.--Mr. Jeremy Belknap's "History of New Hampshire"

-was published in Philadelphia and Boston in 1784-92, three volumes. See

-Bourinot's "Cape Breton," in 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. ix., p. 315,

-and p. 147 in the separate volume (Montreal, 1892).]

-

-

-THE POET CRÉMAZIE.

-

-[Footnote 25: Page 17.--Octave Crémazie was one of the _vrai sang_

-of French Canada, and a bookseller without the least aptitude for

-business. He left Quebec after his failure, and lived under an

-assumed name in France, where he died in poverty. His life was most

-unfortunate, and in the gloomy days of his later French career he

-never realized the expectations which his literary efforts in Canada

-raised among his ardent friends. His poems appeared at first in the

-'Soirées Canadiennes' and French Canadian journals, but his works were

-published in full at Montreal, in 1882, under the patronage of the

-Institut Canadien of Quebec, of which he was one of the founders. The

-Abbé Casgrain has given the introduction for this edition, and added

-some of the letters written to him by Crémazie from Paris. Crémazie,

-and indeed many of his friends, considered the "Trois Morts" as the

-best effort of his poetic genius; but the Abbé truly says: "Crémazie

-has never really been original except in his patriotic poems; in them

-must be sought the secret of his popularity and his strongest claim

-to fame." And he goes on to say: "The old mother-country has so far

-given a warm welcome to only one of our poets. She has acknowledged

-Fréchette as the most emphatically French of our poetic aspirants; but

-the time is not far distant when she will recognize in Crémazie the

-most thoroughly Canadian of them all. His verses have not the exquisite

-workmanship that is so much admired in Fréchette, but it is full of

-a patriotic inspiration that is not so often found in the author of

-'Fleurs Boréales.' Despite his inequalities and imperfections, Crémazie

-must live among us as the father of our national poetry." The patriotic

-poem which has touched most deeply the hearts of his countrymen is "Le

-Drapeau de Carillon," in which he recalls the military achievements of

-the days of Lévis and Montcalm--

-

-                  "Les jours de Carillon,

-      Où, sur le drapeau blanc attachant la victoire,

-      Nos pères se couvraient d'un immortel renom

-      Et traçaient de leur glaive une héroïque histoire.

-

-      "O radieux débris d'une grande épopée!

-      Héroïque bannière au naufrage échappée!

-      Tu restes sur nos bords comme un témoin vivant

-      Des glorieux exploits d'une race guerrière;

-      Et, sur les jours passés, répandant ta lumière,

-      Tu viens rendre à son nom un hommage éclatant.

-

-      "Ah! bientôt puissions-nous, ô drapeau de nos pères!

-      Voir tous les Canadiens, unis comme des frères,

-      Comme au jour du combat se serrer près de toi!

-      Puisse des souvenirs la tradition sainte,

-      En régnant dans leur cœur, garder de toute atteinte,

-                  Et leur langue et leur foi."

-

-When we hear aspirations whispered nowadays that there may be only

-one language in Canada, it is well to consider the influence of such

-nervous poetic French on the national feelings of the large population

-in the province of Quebec. The French language is likely to be deeply

-seated for some generations yet while there are French Canadian poets.]

-

-

-CHAUVEAU AS A POET.

-

-[Footnote 26: Page 17.--Hon. Mr. Chauveau's poems appeared at different

-times in the 'Canadien' of Quebec, 'Le Répertoire National,' 'Les

-Soirées Canadiennes,' 'La Revue Canadienne,' and in other papers and

-publications from 1838 until the year of his death, 1890. One of his

-latest poems, "Le Sacré Cœur," was printed in the second volume of

-the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' Sec. I. A valuable paper by the same

-_littérateur_, "Etude sur les commencements de la poésie française au

-Canada," appeared in the first volume of the 'Trans.,' Sec. I, p. 65.

-In "Songs of the Dominion" (London, 1889, App., pp. 455-448) the editor

-gives an illustration of his spirited style by citing "Donnacona" at

-length.]

-

-

-HOWE'S POEMS.

-

-[Footnote 27: Page 17.--These were collected by his son after his

-death, and printed in a little volume with the title "Poems and

-Essays." Montreal, 1874, 12mo.]

-

-

-THE POETS SANGSTER AND McLACHLAN.

-

-[Footnote 28: Page 17.--Charles Sangster was a native of Kingston, and

-consequently a native Canadian like the others mentioned in the text.

-His principal poems appeared in the following books: "The St. Lawrence

-and the Saguenay, and Other Poems." Kingston and New York, 1856, 8vo.

-"Hesperus and Other Poems and Lyrics." Montreal, 1860, 8vo. Oliver

-Wendell Holmes, Bayard Taylor and Jean Inglelow wrote of his verse in

-terms of eulogy. See "Bibliotheca Canadensis," p. 337.

-

-Alexander McLachlan was a poet contemporary with Sangster, and imbued

-with much poetic fervour and Canadian sentiment, but he was born

-and educated in Scotland, and came to Canada when a young man. His

-"Emigrant and Other Poems" (Toronto, 1861) merited the praise it

-received, though this, like his other poetic efforts, are now rarely

-cited, and no new edition of his works has appeared of recent years.]

-

-

-CHARLES HEAVYSEGE'S WORKS.

-

-[Footnote 29: Page 18.--"Saul: a Drama in Three Parts." Montreal, 1857,

-8vo. 2nd ed., 1859.

-

-"Count Filippo; or, The Unequal Marriage: a Drama in Five Acts."

-Montreal, 1860.

-

-"Jephthah's Daughter." London and Montreal, 1865, 12mo.

-

-"The Advocate: a Novel." Montreal, 1865, 8vo. This was a decided

-failure.]

-

-

-TODD'S WORKS.

-

-[Footnote 30: Page 18.--The first edition of Todd's "Parliamentary

-Government in England" appeared at London in 1867-68, two volumes,

-8vo., and the second after his death in 1887. An abridged edition,

-by Spencer Walpole, an English writer, was printed in 1893, two

-volumes, 12mo. For bibliographical notes of this and other Canadian

-constitutional works see the Appendix to Bourinot's "Parliamentary

-Government in Canada: an Historical and Constitutional Study," 'Am.

-Hist. Ass. Papers,' Washington, 1892.]

-

-

-CHRISTIE'S HISTORY.

-

-[Footnote 31: Page 18.--Mr. Christie's "History of Lower Canada"

-embraced the period from the commencement of its political history as

-a British dependency until it was reunited with Upper Canada in 1840

-by act of the imperial parliament. It appeared in Quebec and Montreal

-from 1849 to 1855, when the sixth volume, a collection of valuable

-documents, completed the work. Previously the author had published

-several memoirs and reviews of political events and administrations,

-which were all finally embraced in the history. For bibliographical

-notes see 'Am. Hist. Ass. Papers,' 1891, p. 393; "Bibliotheca

-Canadensis," art. "Christie." It is noteworthy that Mr. Christie was,

-like Judge Haliburton, born and educated in Windsor, Nova Scotia, where

-old King's College still pursues its calm academic studies amid its

-sheltering and ancestral elms. In 1890 this venerable and interesting

-institution celebrated the centenary of its foundation. See Hind's

-"University of King's College, Windsor, N.S., 1790-1890," New York,

-"The Church Review Co.," 1890. But Robert Christie could not in those

-times be educated in King's, as he was not a member of the Church of

-England like the Judge.]

-

-

-GARNEAU.

-

-[Footnote 32: Page 18.--The first volume of François Xavier Garneau's

-"Histoire du Canada depuis sa découverte jusqu'à nos jours" appeared

-at Quebec in 1845; the second in 1846; and the third, bringing the

-history down to the establishment of constitutional government in 1791,

-was printed in 1848. A second edition completed the work to the union

-of the Canadas in 1841, and was published in 1852 at Montreal by Mr.

-Lovell, the well-known publisher. A third edition appeared at Quebec

-in 1859, and a somewhat slovenly translation was made by Mr. Andrew

-Bell and printed at Montreal in 1860. The fourth edition appeared in

-four volumes after the historian's death. It is the third edition, as

-originally written by Mr. Garneau. The fourth volume of this edition

-contains an eulogistic review of the author's life by Mr. Chauveau,

-a poem by Mr. Louis Fréchette on "Notre Histoire"--also printed in

-'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. i., Sec. I.,--and an analytical table

-by Mr. B. Sulte. A portrait of Mr. Garneau is the frontispiece to the

-same volume. The 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. i., Sec. I., has a paper

-by Abbé Casgrain on Garneau and Ferland, "Notre Passé Littéraire, et

-nos deux historiens." In the same volume appears a paper by Mr. J. M.

-LeMoine on "Nos quatre historiens modernes, Bibaud, Garneau, Ferland,

-Faillon," which, like the preceding essay, certainly does not fail in

-the way of eulogy. French Canada assuredly is proud and not often too

-critical of her eminent writers.]

-

-

-FERLAND AND FAILLON.

-

-[Footnote 33: Page 18.--"Cours d'Histoire du Canada. Première partie,

-1534-1663." Par J. B. A. Ferland, prêtre, professeur d'histoire à

-l'Université Laval. Québec, 1861, 8vo. Seconde partie, 1663-1759; do.,

-1865, 8vo. The second volume was going through the press at the time

-of the author's death, and subsequently appeared under the careful

-supervision of his friend the Abbé Laverdière, to whose historical

-labours Canada is deeply indebted. Indeed French Canada owes much to

-Laval, with its able teachers, historians and scientists.

-

-The Abbé Faillon, a Sulpician, who wrote a "Histoire de la Colonie

-Française en Canada" (Paris, 1865) in four 4to. volumes, was not a

-Canadian by birth and education like Ferland and Garneau, but came to

-Canada in 1854, and, after residing there for over ten years, returned

-to his native country, where he published his well known and valuable

-work.]

-

-

-DENT'S WORKS.

-

-[Footnote 34: Page 19,--John Charles Dent was an English journalist,

-who subsequently became connected with the Toronto press. He wrote the

-two following works: "The Last Forty Years: Canada since the Union of

-1841," Toronto, 1881, two volumes, sm. 4to.; "The Story of the Upper

-Canada Rebellion," Toronto, 1885-86, two volumes, sm. 4to. He also

-edited the "Canadian Portrait Gallery," Toronto, 1880-81. Although not

-a Canadian by birth or education, he identified himself thoroughly with

-Canadian thought and sentiment, and was made a Fellow of the Royal

-Society of Canada before his too sudden death. A criticism of his

-work on "Canada since the Union" by the Abbé Casgrain ('Trans. Roy.

-Soc. Can.,' vol. iii., Sec. I.) indicated that his opinions did not

-always meet with the warm approval of the French Canadians of a very

-pronounced type.]

-

-

-LOUIS TURCOTTE'S HISTORY.

-

-[Footnote 35: Page 20.--This work appeared at Quebec in two 12mo.

-volumes in 1871. Mr. Turcotte was a French Canadian by birth and

-education, and connected with the legislative library at Quebec when he

-died. See a favourable review of his literary work by Mr. Faucher de

-Saint-Maurice, F.R.S.C., in 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. i., Sec. I.]

-

-

-B. SULTE.

-

-[Footnote 36: Page 20.--"Histoire des Canadiens-Français, 1608-1880.

-Origine, Histoire, Religion, Guerres, Découvertes, Colonisation,

-Coutumes, Vie domestique et politique, Développement, Avenir. Par

-Benjamin Sulte. Ouvrage orné de portraits et de plans." Eight volumes,

-4to., Montreal, 1882-1884. Mr. Sulte is also the author of several

-poems, (See Note 40) and numerous essays and monographs of much

-literary merit and historic value. He is one of the most industrious

-members of the Royal Society of Canada.]

-

-

-ABBÉ CASGRAIN.

-

-[Footnote 37: Page 20.--The Abbé H. R. Casgrain's best known works are

-the following:

-

-"Légendes Canadiennes." Quebec, 1861, 12mo. New ed., Montreal, 1884.

-

-"Histoire de la Mère Marie de l'Incarnation, première supérieure des

-Ursulines de la Nouvelle France. Précédée d'une esquisse sur l'histoire

-religieuse des premiers temps de cette colonie." Quebec, 1864, 8vo. New

-ed., Montreal, 1886.

-

-"Guerre du Canada, 1756-1760. Montcalm et Lévis." Quebec, 1891, two

-volumes, 8vo.

-

-The Abbé has been a most industrious historical student, and to

-enumerate all his literary efforts would be to occupy much space.

-He has been a principal contributor to the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.'

-His monographs, "Un pèlerinage au pays d'Evangeline" (vol. iv.) and

-"Les Acadiens après leur dispersion" (vol. v.), are particularly

-interesting, and the former has been crowned by the French Academy,

-and appeared in book form at Quebec. He is very much imbued with the

-national spirit and fervour of his countrymen.]

-

-

-KINGSFORD'S AND OTHER HISTORICAL WORKS.

-

-[Footnote 38: Page 20.--Six volumes of Dr. Kingsford's "History of

-Canada" have appeared since 1887. Volume i. embraces the period from

-1608 to 1682; vol. ii., 1679-1725; vol. iii., 1726-1756; vol. iv.,

-1756-1763; vol. v., 1763-1775; vol. vi., 1776-1779. Toronto and London,

-8vo. For bibliographical notes on various works relating to the

-political and general history of Canada see Bourinot's "Parliamentary

-Government in Canada," 'Am. Hist. Ass. Papers,' 1891, App. References

-are there made to McMullen, Withrow, Murdoch, Campbell, Hincks, etc.

-Also 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' viii., 171-189. As usual, the learned

-editor, Dr. Winsor, supplies by his notes many deficiencies in the

-text. Also, Edmond Lareau's "Histoire de la Littérature Canadienne"

-(Montreal), c. 4, and Mr. J. C. Dent's "Last Forty Years; or, Canada

-since the Union of 1841," c. 42, on "Literature and Journalism." Among

-the later French Canadian writers who are doing excellent historical

-work is Dr. N. E. Dionne, F.R.S.C., author of several books on Cartier

-and his successors and Champlain. Mr. Hannay of St. John has written

-a "History of Acadia," which has been well received (St. John, N.B.,

-1879, 8vo.) The Abbé Auguste Gosselin is another industrious French

-Canadian writer. Mr. Joseph Tassé, whose "Canadiens de l'Ouest"

-(Montreal, 1878, two volumes) was distinguished by much research and

-literary skill, has of late years devoted himself mainly to politics

-and journalism, though he has found time to write several essays for

-the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' and a small volume, "38^{me} Fauteuil,

-ou Souvenirs Parlementaires" (Montreal, 1891), a series of political

-sketches, written in excellent French. A monumental work is the

-"Dictionnaire Généalogique des familles canadiennes" by Mgr. Tanguay,

-F.R.S.C., invaluable to students of French Canadian history and

-ethnography.]

-

-

-CANADIAN BIBLIOGRAPHY.

-

-[Footnote 39: Page 20.--A bibliography of the members of the Royal

-Society, on the plan of one given in the sixth volume (1892) of the

-'Papers of the American Historical Association,' is now being prepared

-for the eleventh volume of the 'Transactions.' It will be much fuller

-necessarily than the bibliographical notes that appear in this

-monograph.]

-

-

-LATER CANADIAN POETS, 1867-1893.

-

-[Footnote 40: Page 20.--Dr. Louis Fréchette's poems are admitted to

-be the most finished illustrations of French poetic art yet produced

-in the Dominion; and one who reads them can easily understand that

-"Les Fleurs Boréales" and "Les Oiseaux de Neige" (now in the third

-edition, Montreal) should have been crowned by the French Academy in

-1880, and that he should have been accorded the Monthyon prize as a

-matter of course. His other volumes of poems are these: "Mes Loisirs,"

-Quebec, 1863; "La Voix d'un Exilé," Quebec, 1869; "Pêle-Mêle,"

-Montreal, 1877; "Les Oubliés" and "Voix d'Outre-Mer," Montreal, 1886;

-and "Feuilles Volantes," Montreal, 1891. His poem on the discovery of

-the Mississippi is probably his best sustained effort on the whole. A

-number of his poems have appeared in the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vols.

-i., ii., iii., iv. He has published some dramas and comedies (see 'Am.

-Cyclopædia of Biography,' vol. ii., p. 539), which have not been as

-successful as his purely poetic essays. He has also written several

-essays of merit in 'Harper's Monthly' and other periodicals of the day,

-as well as in the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.'

-

-The following is an extract from his poem on "La Découverte du

-Mississippi":

-

-      "Tantôt je croyais voir, sous les vertes arcades,

-      Du fatal De Soto passer les cavalcades

-      En jetant au désert un défi solennel;

-      Tantôt c'était Marquette errant dans la prairie,

-      Impatient d'offrir un monde à sa patrie,

-            Et des âmes à l'Eternel.

-

-      "Parfois, sous les taillis, ma prunelle trompée,

-      Croyait voir de La Salle étinceler l'épée,

-      Et parfois, groupe informe allant je ne sais où,

-      Devant une humble croix--ô puissance magique!--

-      De farouches guerriers á l'œil sombre et tragique

-            Passer en pliant le genou!

-

-      "Et puis, berçant mon âme aux rêves des poètes,

-      J'entrevoyais aussi de blanches silhouettes,

-      Doux fantômes flottant dans le vague des nuits:

-      Atala, Gabriel, Chactas, Evangeline,

-      Et l'ombre de René, debout sur la colline,

-            Pleurant ses immortels ennuis.

-

-      "Et j'endormais ainsi mes souvenirs moroses....

-      Mais de ces visions poétiques et roses

-      Celle qui plus souvent venait frapper mon œil,

-      C'était, passant au loin dans un reflet de gloire,

-      Ce hardi pionnier dont notre jeune histoire

-            Redit le nom avec orgueil.

-

-      "Jolliet! Jolliet! deux siècles de conquêtes,

-      Deux siècles sans rivaux ont passé sur nos têtes,

-      Depuis l'heure sublime où, de ta propre main,

-      Tu jetas d'un seul trait sur la carte du monde

-      Ces vastes régions, zone immense et féconde,

-            Futur grenier du genre humain!

-

-      "Oui, deux siècles ont fui! La solitude vierge

-      N'est plus là! Du progrès le flot montant submerge

-      Les vestiges derniers d'un passé qui finit.

-      Où le désert dormait, grandit la métropole;

-      Et le fleuve asservi courbe sa large épaule

-            Sous l'arche aux piles de granit.

-

-      "Plus de forêts sans fin: la vapeur les silonne!

-      L'astre des jours nouveaux sur tous les points rayonne;

-      L'enfant de la nature est évangélisé;

-      Le soc du laboureur fertilise la plaine;

-      Et le surplus doré de sa gerbe trop pleine

-            Nourrit le vieux monde épuisé."

-

-Mr. Pamphile LeMay, one of the best known French Canadian poets,

-has published the following: "Essais Poétiques," Quebec, 1865; "La

-Découverte du Canada," Quebec, 1867; "Poèmes Couronnés," Quebec, 1870;

-"Les Vengeances," Quebec, 1875, 1876 and 1888 (also dramatized); "Une

-Gerbe," Quebec, 1879. He has also written "Fables Canadiennes," Quebec,

-1882. A number of his poems have appeared in the 'Trans. Roy. Soc.

-Can.,' vols i., iii., v., vi., ix. He has also written several stories

-of Canadian life: "L'Affaire Sougraine," Quebec, 1884; "Le Pèlerin de

-Sainte-Anne," new ed., Montreal, 1893; and "Rouge et Bleu," comedy. One

-of his best works was a translation of Longfellow's "Evangeline."

-

-The following is a list of other Canadian books of poems, of varying

-merit, which have appeared within a quarter of a century:

-

-"The Songs of a Wanderer." By Carroll Ryan. Ottawa, 1867. Indicated

-much poetic taste, but the poet has been submerged in the busy

-journalist.

-

-"Songs of Life." By Rev. E. H. Dewart. Toronto, 1867. He was author

-of the first collection of Canadian poems made in this country. See

-_infra_.

-

-"The Prophecy of Merlin and other Poems." By John Reade. Montreal,

-1870. In many respects the best sustained poems written by a Canadian

-can be read in this book.

-

-"Les Laurentiennes." By Benjamin Sulte. Montreal, 1870.

-

-"Les Chants Nouveaux." By the same. Ottawa, 1880.

-

-"The Legend of the Rose." By Samuel J. Watson. Toronto, 1876. Mr.

-Watson was a writer of promise who died in the maturity of his power.

-

-"The Feast of St. Anne, and other Poems." By P. S. Hamilton. Montreal,

-1878; 2nd ed. 1890. Has some interest from its description of the

-ceremonies at the feast of Sainte-Anne du Canada--the tutelary saint of

-the Canadian aborigines--which is held by the Micmacs on the 26th day

-of July in each year on Chapel Island, in the beautiful Bras d'Or Lake

-of Cape Breton. See Bourinot's "Cape Breton."

-

-"Waifs in Verse." (Ottawa, ed. in 1878, 1887 and 1891.) By G. W.

-Wicksteed, Q.C., for fifty years the able law clerk of the Canadian

-Commons.

-

-"A Collection of Poems." By Miss Williams of Grenville, P.Q., 1879.

-

-"The Coming of the Princess, and Other Poems." By Kate Seymour Maclean

-of Kingston. 1880.

-

-"Lyrics, Songs and Sonnets." By A. H. Chandler and C. Pelham Mulvany.

-Toronto, 1880.

-

-"The Times, and Other Poems." By J. R. Newell of Woodstock. 1880.

-

-"The Consolation." By George Gerrard. Montreal, 1880.

-

-"Poems of the Heart and Home." By Mrs. J. C. Yule. Toronto, 1880.

-

-"Poems, Songs and Odes." By Archibald McAlpine Taylor. Toronto, 1881.

-

-"The New Song, and Other Poems." By Mrs. W. H. Clarke. Toronto, 1883.

-

-"Zenobia. A Poem in Rhymed Heroics." By Rev. Æ. McD. Dawson, F.R.S.C.

-1883.

-

-"The Mission of Love, and Other Poems." By Caris Sima. 1883.

-

-"Lorenzo, and Other Poems." By J. R. Pollock of Keswick, Ont. 1883.

-

-"Caprices Poétiques et Chansons Satiriques." Par Rémi Tremblay.

-Montréal, 1883.

-

-"Les Echos." Par J. B. Routhier. Québec, 1883, 12mo. Judge Routhier is

-a member of the Royal Society of Canada, in whose 'Trans.' (vol. iv.,

-Sec. I.) appeared "Lettre d'un Volontaire du 9^{ieme} Voltigeurs campé

-à Calgary." His literary reputation stands high among his countrymen.

-

-"Old Spookse's Pass, and Other Poems." By Isabella Valancy Crawford.

-Toronto, 1884.

-

-"Marguerite, and Other Poems." By George Martin. 1886.

-

-"Laura Secord: a Ballad of 1812." By Mrs. Curzon. Toronto, 1886.

-

-"Songs, Sonnets and Miscellaneous Poems." By J. Imrie. Toronto, 1886.

-

-"Dreamland, and Other Poems" (Ottawa, 1868), and "Tecumseh: a Drama"

-(Toronto and London, 1886). By Charles Mair, a poet of original

-talent, and descriptive power, who is now a resident of the North-west

-Territories.

-

-"Orion, and Other Poems" (Philadelphia, 1880), and "In Divers Tones"

-(Montreal, 1887). By Prof. C. G. D. Roberts, who is the best known

-abroad of all Canadian poets, and represents that Canadian or national

-spirit which has been slowly rising from the birth of Confederation.

-Since the days of Crémazie--over thirty years ago--there are other

-poets who recognize the existence of a Canadian people in a large

-sense--a Canadian people of two races, born and educated in the

-country, and having common aspirations for a united, not an isolated,

-future. Prof. Roberts is now bringing out a new volume of poems in

-London.

-

-The poetic taste of the Archbishop of Halifax, the Most Rev. C.

-O'Brien, F.R.S.C., is well illustrated in the following volume:

-"Aminta: a Modern Life Drama," New York, 1890. The Archbishop is

-also the author of a novel, "After Weary Years," (Baltimore and New

-York, 1885), the scenes of which are laid in Rome and Canada, and are

-described with much power of invention and fervour. As the author

-himself says, "historic places and events are accurately described." He

-has, it will be seen from his preface, great confidence in the future

-national greatness of the Dominion.

-

-"A Gate of Flowers." By T. O'Hagan. Toronto, 1887. He has another

-volume in press.

-

-"The Masque of Minstrels, and Other Pieces, chiefly in verse." By B.

-W. and A. J. Lockhart. Bangor, Me., 1887. These two brothers are Nova

-Scotians by birth and education, who lived their youth in the land of

-Evangeline. The Gaspéreaux and Grand Pré are naturally the constant

-theme of their pleasing verse. "Among the Millet, and Other Poems." By

-Archibald Lampman. Ottawa, 1888. Some of Mr. Lampman's most finished

-sonnets have appeared in the best American periodicals, to which he is

-still a frequent contributor; his work shows the true poetic instinct.

-He holds a position in the Civil Service at Ottawa.

-

-"The Water Lily. An Oriental Fairy Tale." By Frank Waters. Ottawa, 1888.

-

-"De Roberval: a Drama. Also the Emigration of the Fairies, and the

-Triumph of Constancy: a Romaunt." By John Hunter Duvar. St. John, N.B.,

-1888. Mr. Duvar, who has fine literary tastes, has been a resident of

-Prince Edward Island for some years.

-

-"The Epic of the Dawn, and Other Poems." By Nicholas Flood Davin.

-Regina, N.W.T., 1889. Mr. Davin is the clever "Irishman in Canada,"

-and while the most pretentious of his poems in this little book were

-written across the ocean, others are the product of Canadian thought

-and sentiment.

-

-"Lake Lyrics, and Other Poems." By W. Wilfred Campbell. St. John,

-N.B., 1889. Mr. Campbell, who was originally a clergyman of the Church

-of England, is now in the public service at Ottawa, and has written

-some of his best poems for American magazines. One on "The Mother,"

-in 'Harper's Monthly' is full of poetic thought and deep pathos, and

-should be better known by Canadians than it appears to be. At this

-time of writing his new volume of poems entitled "The Dread Voyage"

-(Toronto, 1893), has appeared; it sustains his reputation, though one

-can hardly encourage his effort to imitate Tennyson in such poems as

-"Sir Lancelot." Canadian poets too frequently are imitative rather than

-original. Mr. Campbell's verses on the varied scenery of the lakes of

-the West show the artistic temperament.

-

-For instance:

-

-      "Domed with the azure of heaven,

-        Floored with a pavement of pearl,

-      Clothed all about with a brightness

-        Soft as the eyes of a girl.

-

-      "Girt with a magical girdle,

-        Rimmed with a vapour of rest--

-      These are the inland waters,

-        These are the Lakes of the West."

-

-

-ON THE LEDGE.

-

-      "I lie out here on a ledge, with the surf on the rocks below me,

-      The hazy sunlight above and the whispering forest behind;

-      I lie and listen, O lake, to the legends and songs you throw me,

-      Out of the murmurous moods of your multitudinous mind.

-

-      "I lie and listen, a sound like voices of distant thunder,

-      The roar and throb of your life in your rock-wall's mighty cells;

-      Then after a softer voice that comes from the beaches under,

-      A chiming of waves on rocks, a laughter of silver bells.

-

-      "A glimmer of bird-like boats, that loom from the far horizon;

-      That scud and tack and dip under the gray and the blue;

-      A single gull that floats and skims the waters, and flies on,

-      Till she is lost like a dream in the haze of the distance, too.

-

-      "A steamer that rises a smoke, then after a tall, dark funnel,

-      That moves like a shadow across your water and sky's gray edge;

-      A dull, hard beat of a wave that diggeth himself a tunnel,

-      Down in the crevices dark under my limestone ledge.

-

-      "And here I lie on my ledge, and listen the songs you sing me,

-      Songs of vapour and blue, songs of island and shore;

-      And strange and glad are the hopes and sweet are the thoughts you

-                bring me

-      Out of the throbbing depths and wells of your heart's great

-                store."

-

-"Pine, Rose and Fleur-de-Lis." By S. Frances Harrison ("Seranus").

-Toronto, 1891.

-

-"Songs, Lyrical and Dramatic." By John Henry Brown. Ottawa, 1892, 12mo.

-The New York 'Nation' truly says of this new poetic aspirant that

-he has Walt Whitman's tendencies, but nevertheless he "writes in a

-generous spirit, and may yet have thoughts and expression all his own."

-The fact is, I repeat, most Canadian poets are too imitative and too

-rarely original.

-

-"Tendres Choses. Poésies Canadiennes." By Dr. R. Chevrier. Montreal,

-1892, 12mo. That an author unknown to fame should give us his portrait,

-as in this case, is perplexing. Still the verse is frequently

-melodious, though it represents what is a feature of French poetry,

-melodious rhythm, rather than strength and thought.

-

-"This Canada of Ours, and Other Poems." By J. D. Edgar, M.P., Toronto,

-1893. This little volume contains "The White Stone Canoe: a Legend of

-the Ottawas," which had been published in separate form some years

-previously. His French and Latin translations are full of taste.

-

-"Les Perce-Neige, premières poésies." By Napoléon Legendre. Montreal,

-12mo. He is a member of the Royal Society of Canada, and constant

-contributor (generally in prose) to its 'Transactions.'

-

-"Mes Rimes." By Elzéar Labelle. Montreal, 1886, 8vo.

-

-Selections of Canadian poems have appeared of recent years in the

-following publications:

-

-1. "Selections from Canadian Poets: with occasional critical and

-biographical notes and an introductory essay on Canadian poetry." By

-the Rev. E. H. Dewart. Montreal, 1864, 8vo.

-

-2. "Songs of the Great Dominion: Voices from the Forests and Waters,

-the Settlements and Cities of Canada." Selected and edited by W. D.

-Lighthall, M.A., of Montreal. London, 1889, 12mo.

-

-3. "Younger American Poets, 1830-1890." Edited by Douglas Sladen, B.A.,

-Oxon. With an Appendix of Younger Canadian Poets. Edited by G. B.

-Roberts of St. John, N.B. New York, 1891, 12mo.

-

-4. "Later Canadian Poems." Edited by J. E. Wetherell, B.A. Toronto,

-1893.

-

-In the first mentioned work, which is judiciously edited, the poets

-until 1864 obtain a place. In the three other books we have selections

-from John Reade, Geo. Frederick Cameron, Prof. Roberts, Bliss Carman

-(now a resident of the United States), A. H. Chandler, Isabella Valancy

-Crawford, Mrs. Leprohon, Hereward K. Cockin, John Hunter Duvar, Rev.

-A. W. H. Eaton, Louis Fréchette, James Hannay, Sophie M. Hensley,

-Charles Sangster, M. Richey Knight, Archibald Lampman, W. D. Lighthall,

-A. J. Lockhart, B. W. Lockhart, Agnes Maude Machar ("Fidelis"), W.

-McLennan, Charles Mair, Mary Morgan ("Gowan Lea"), Charles P. Mulvany,

-Rev. F. G. Scott, Philip Stewart, H. R. A. Pocock, Barry Stratton, A.

-Weir, Mary Barry Smith, John T. Lespérance ("Laclède"), W. Wye Smith,

-Ethelwyn Wetherald, John E. Logan ("Barry Dane"), George Martin, Mrs.

-Harrison ("Seranus"), D. Campbell Scott, James D. Edgar, E. Pauline

-Johnson, George Murray, William Kirby, Annie Rothwell, W. A. Sherwood,

-Isidore G. Ascher, P. J. O. Chauveau, B. Sulte, P. LeMay, and others.

-I enumerate these names to show how many Canadians have ventured upon

-the field of poesy despite the practical realities of life in this

-relatively new country. The selections in the second of these works

-would have been more valuable had they contained "Our Fathers" by

-Joseph Howe--the most spirited poem in some respects ever written by a

-native Canadian. To the names of poetic aspirants, too, must be added

-those of M. J. Katzmann and of M. J. Griffin, whose fugitive pieces

-have attracted notice. Mr. Griffin has fine literary tastes and his few

-poems, only the relaxation of leisure hours, show he might win fame

-in this delightful department of letters. The reader will obtain some

-idea of the standard of Canadian poetry by reading the selections, and

-should not be carried away by the too obvious enthusiasm that has at

-times stifled the critical faculty in the editors. The poetic genius

-of Canadians is to be stimulated, not by sentimental gush, but by a

-judicious criticism that is not sufficiently cultivated by our writers

-who review the efforts of our poets, historians and essayists. These

-remarks also apply to such articles as that by the late Mr. Lespérance

-on "The Poets of Canada" in 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. ii., Sec. II.

-

-Mr. Evan McColl, F.R.S.C., is the Gaelic poet of Canada. Three editions

-have appeared of the "Clàrsach nam Beann," which was printed as far

-back as 1838 in Glasgow. The same was also published in English in the

-same year, under the title of "The Mountain Minstrel," of which six

-editions have been printed. In 1883 he published in Toronto "Poems and

-Songs chiefly written in Canada." Mr. McColl is a great favourite among

-his Scotch countrymen everywhere; but his decidedly original poetic

-genius, rude and wild as it is at times, is not a Canadian product, for

-he was born at Kenmore, Lochfyne-Side, Scotland, in 1808, and it was

-not until he was forty years of age that he made Canada his home. He is

-now a resident of Toronto, and still comes to the annual meetings of

-the Royal Society, of which he was one of the original members.]

-

-

-[Footnote 41: Page 21.--"IN MY HEART." BY JOHN READE.

-

-      "In my heart are many chambers through which I wander free;

-      Some are furnished, some are empty, some are sombre, some are

-                light;

-      Some are open to all comers, and of some I keep the key,

-      And I enter in the stillness of the night.

-

-      "But there's one I never enter--it is closed to even me!

-      Only once its door was opened, and it shut for evermore;

-      And though sounds of many voices gather round it like a sea,

-      It is silent, ever silent, as the shore.

-

-      "In that chamber, long ago, my love's casket was concealed,

-      And the jewel that it sheltered I knew only one could win:

-      And my soul foreboded sorrow, should that jewel be revealed,

-      And I almost hoped that none might enter in.

-

-      "Yet day and night I lingered by that fatal chamber door,

-      Till--she came at last my darling one, of all the earth my own;

-      And she entered--then she vanished with my jewel which she wore;

-      And the door was closed--and I was left alone.

-

-      "She gave me back no jewel, but the spirit of her eyes

-      Shone with tenderness a moment, as she closed that chamber door,

-      And the memory of that moment is all I have to prize--

-      But _that_, _at least_, is mine for evermore.

-

-      "Was she conscious, when she took it, that the jewel was my love?

-      Did she think it but a bauble she might wear or toss aside?

-      I know not, I accuse not, but I hope that it may prove

-      A blessing, though she spurn it in her pride."]

-

-LAURA SECORD'S WARNING.

-

-[Footnote 41_a_: Page 24.--In Mrs. Edgar's excellent annotations to

-the Ridout Letters in "Ten Years of Upper Canada in Peace and War,

-1805-1815," (Toronto, 1890), appears the following account of a

-courageous woman's exploit which brought disaster to the Americans soon

-after their defeat at Stoney Creek:

-

-"At a place called Beaver Dams, or Beechwoods, (about twelve miles in a

-direct road from Queenstown), where is now the town of Thorold, was a

-depot for provisions for the Canadian troops, guarded by a detachment

-of thirty of the 49th regiment under Lieutenant Fitzgibbon with some

-Indians and militia, in all about 200 men. In order to surprise and

-dislodge this outpost, an American force of 500 men, with fifty cavalry

-and two field-pieces, under Colonel Boerstler, set out from Fort George

-(Niagara) on the 23rd of June [1813]. A surprise was meditated, in

-retaliation, no doubt, for the affair of Stoney Creek. Laura Secord,

-wife of a Canadian farmer, who had been wounded in the battle of

-Queenstown Heights, accidentally heard of the designs of the Americans,

-and determined to give the outpost timely warning. She set out alone

-before day-break, on the 23rd June, from her house at Queenstown, and

-arrived at Fitzgibbon's headquarters, a stone house known as DeCew's,

-near the Beaver Dams, at sunset of the same day. On account of the

-American sentries and outposts, she had to avoid the high roads and

-beaten paths, thus making her toilsome journey nearly twice as long.

-In spite of weakness and fatigue, this heroic woman went on her way

-through pathless woods, over hill and dale and unbridged streams, till

-she reached her destination. Her warning came just in time. Lieutenant

-Fitzgibbon disposed of his little force to the best advantage possible,

-placing them in ambush on both sides of the road, and taking every

-precaution to make it appear that he had a large force in reserve.

-Between eight and nine in the morning of the 24th June, the advance

-guard of the American riflemen appeared. A volley from the woods

-received them and emptied their saddles. Soon firing came from all

-directions, and bugle calls, and Indian yells. The bewildered Americans

-imagined themselves in the presence of a much superior force. Finding

-that his men were losing heavily from the fire of the unseen foe,

-and that they were suffering from fatigue and heat, he consented to

-surrender. By the capitulation 542 men, 2 field-pieces, some ammunition

-waggons, and the colours of the 14th U.S. regiment were delivered over

-to the Canadians. For this brilliant achievement Lieutenant Fitzgibbon

-[afterwards a military knight of Windsor] received his Company and a

-Captain's commission. As to Laura Secord, her reward has come to her

-in fame. The heroine lived until the year 1868, and sleeps now in that

-old cemetery at Drummondville, where lie so many of our brave soldiers.

-There is no 'Decoration Day' in Canada, but if there were, surely this

-woman is entitled to the laurel wreath." Pp. 198-201.]

-

-

-AUSTRALIAN POETS AND NOVELISTS.

-

-[Footnote 42: Page 25.--The Canadian reader can profitably and easily

-compare his own poets with those of Australia by reading Slade's

-"Australian Poets, 1788-1883, being a selection of poems upon all

-subjects written in Australia and New Zealand during the first century

-of the British colonization, with brief notes on their authors, etc."

-(London and Sydney, 1889.) It will be seen, however, that nearly all

-the so-called "Australian" poets are English born, while with one or

-two exceptions, those of Canada best known to fame are the product

-of Canadian life and thought. Henry Clarence Kendall, "the poet of

-New South Wales," was born at Ulladulla, on the coast of that colony,

-in 1842. He is the one Australian poet of reputation, except his

-forerunner, Charles Harpur, who was actually born under the Southern

-Cross. Kendall's verses on "Coogee," a striking natural feature of

-Australian scenery, show true poetic instinct and rhythmical ease:

-

-      "Sing the song of wave-worn Coogee-Coogee in the distance white,

-      With its jags and points disrupted, gaps and fractures fringed

-                with light;

-      Haunt of gledes and restless plovers of the melancholy wail,

-      Ever lending deeper pathos to the melancholy gale.

-      There, my brothers, down the fissures, chasms deep and wan and

-                wild,

-      Grows the sea-bloom, one that blushes like a shrinking, fair,

-                blind child,

-      And amongst the oozing forelands many a glad green rockvine runs,

-      Getting ease on earthy ledges sheltered from December suns."

-

-But among the many spirited poems written in Australia since its

-settlement not one can equal the "Sick Stock-rider," by Adam Lindsay

-Gordon, who came to South Australia in his early manhood, and attempted

-sheep-farming, with the result of "owning nothing but a love for

-horsemanship and a head full of Browning and Shelley." This is a

-quotation from an introduction to his book by Marcus Clarke, himself a

-novelist and poet. One can see in the mind's eye the scenes described

-in the following verses, so full of real life and genuine poetry:

-

-      "'Twas merry in the glowing morn, among the gleaming grass,

-        To wander as we've wandered many a mile,

-      And blow the cool tobacco cloud and watch the white wreaths pass,

-        Sitting loosely in the saddle all the while;

-      'Twas merry 'mid the backwoods, when we spied the station roofs,

-        To wheel the wild scrub cattle at the yard,

-      With a running fire of stockwhips and a fiery run of hoofs.

-        Oh! the hardest day was never then too hard!

-

-      "Aye! we had a glorious gallop after 'Starlight' and his gang,

-        When they bolted from Sylvester's on the flat;

-      How the sun-dried reed-beds crackled, how the flint-strewn ranges

-                rang

-        To the strokes of 'Mountaineer' and 'Acrobat';

-      Hard behind them in the timber, harder still across the heath,

-        Close behind them through the tea-tree scrub we dashed;

-      And the golden-tinted fern-leaves, how they rustled underneath!

-        And the honeysuckle osiers, how they crash'd!"

-

-The best known novels of Australian life are these: "For the Term of

-His Natural Life," by Marcus Clarke, who was an Englishman born and

-educated; "The Miner's Right," "The Squatter's Dream," "A Colonial

-Reformer," and "Robbery Under Arms," by Thomas A. Browne ("Rolf

-Boldrewood"), who was also English born: "Uncle Piper of Piper's

-Hill," by Madame Couvreur ("Tasma"), who is of Belgian descent, and is

-now a resident of Belgium, though she was born in Australia and there

-studied its social conditions; "The Australian Girl" and "A Silent

-Sea," by Mrs. Alick McLeod. Mrs. Campbell Praed, who is colonial born,

-has, in addition to several novels, written "Australian Life," which is

-described by Sir Charles Dilke ("Problems of Greater Britain," i., 374)

-as "a vivid autobiographical picture of the early days of Queensland."

-Copies of these and other Australian books the writer owes to the

-thoughtfulness of Chief Justice Way, D.C.L., Oxon., of Adelaide, South

-Australia. For many years he has been the recipient of these graceful

-attentions from friends in that fair land of the Southern Cross, and

-though it looks very much as if he will never meet some of them face

-to face--for the time is passing rapidly with us all--he takes this

-opportunity of now sending them his thanks across the seas.]

-

-

-HOWE'S "FLAG OF OLD ENGLAND."

-

-[Footnote 43: Page 26.--This spirited song was written for the one

-hundredth anniversary of the landing of Lord Cornwallis at Halifax. As

-many persons in old Canada do not know it--for it is not reproduced

-in recent collections of Canadian poems--I give it in full for the

-benefit of the youth of this Dominion, on whom the future destiny of

-the country depends:

-

-      "All hail to the day when the Britons came over,

-        And planted their standard with sea-foam still wet,

-      Around and above us their spirits will hover,

-        Rejoicing to mark how we honour it yet.

-      Beneath it the emblems they cherished are waving,

-        The Rose of Old England the roadside perfumes;

-      The Shamrock and Thistle the north winds are braving,

-        Securely the Mayflower blushes and blooms.

-

-                CHORUS.

-

-                "Hail to the day when the Britons came over,

-                  And planted their standard with sea-foam still wet,

-                Around and above us their spirits will hover,

-                  Rejoicing to mark how we honour it yet.

-                    We'll honour it yet, we'll honour it yet,

-                    The flag of Old England! we'll honour it yet.

-

-      "In the temples they founded their faith is maintained,

-        Every foot of the soil they bequeathed is still ours,

-      The graves where they moulder no foe has profaned,

-        But we wreathe them with verdure, and strew them with flowers!

-      The blood of no brother, in civil strife pour'd,

-        In this hour of rejoicing, encumbers our souls!

-      The frontier's the field for the Patriot's sword,

-        And cursed be the weapon that Faction controls!

-

-                CHORUS--"Hail to the day, etc.

-

-      "Then hail to the day! 'tis with memories crowded,

-        Delightful to trace 'midst the mists of the past,

-      Like the features of Beauty, bewitchingly shrouded,

-        They shine through the shadows Time o'er them has cast.

-      As travellers track to its source in the mountains

-        The stream which, far swelling, expands o'er the plains,

-      Our hearts, on this day, fondly turn to the fountains

-        Whence flow the warm currents that bound in our veins.

-

-                CHORUS--"Hail to the day, etc.

-

-      "And proudly we trace them: no warrior flying

-        From city assaulted, and fanes overthrown,

-      With the last of his race on the battlements dying,

-        And weary with wandering, founded our own.

-      From the Queen of the Islands, then famous in story,

-        A century since, our brave forefathers came,

-      And our kindred yet fill the wide world with her glory,

-        Enlarging her Empire and spreading her name.

-

-                CHORUS--"Hail to the day, etc.

-

-      "Ev'ry flash of her genius our pathway enlightens--

-         Ev'ry field she explores we are beckoned to tread--

-       Each laurel she gathers our future day brightens--

-         We joy with her living, and mourn for her dead.

-       Then hail to the day when the Britons came over,

-         And planted their standard, with sea-foam still wet,

-       Above and around us their spirits shall hover,

-         Rejoicing to mark how we honour it yet.

-

-                CHORUS--"Hail to the day," etc.]

-

-

-ESSAYISTS.

-

-[Footnote 44: Page 27.--The principal contributors to the English

-and American periodical press of late years have been George Stewart

-of Quebec, Principal Grant, J. G. Bourinot, Martin J. Griffin, W. D.

-LeSueur, G. M. Dawson, S. E. Dawson, Arnold Haultain, John Reade, J. M.

-Oxley and Sir W. Dawson. Dr. Stewart of Quebec, despite the demands of

-journalism, has been always a most earnest literary worker, foremost by

-his own contributions and by his efforts to encourage the labours of

-others in the too indifferent little Canadian world. Goldwin Smith has

-always been a contributor of note, but he is rather an English than a

-Canadian writer. Among the names of the French Canadian general writers

-are those of Fréchette, Sulte, Marmette, Faucher de Saint-Maurice, J.

-Tassé, DeCelles, Dionne, Casgrain and LeMoine; but their efforts have

-been confined as a rule to the numerous French Canadian periodicals

-which have appeared for the last thirty years, and after a short

-career died for want of adequate support. In the numerous periodicals

-of England and the United States English Canadian writers have great

-advantages over French Canadians, who are practically limited to their

-own country, since France offers few opportunities for such literary

-work.]

-

-

-WILLIAM KIRBY'S WORKS AND OTHER ROMANCES BY CANADIANS.

-

-[Footnote 45: Page 27.--"The Golden Dog: a Legend of Quebec." New York

-and Montreal, 1877, 8vo. Also translated by Pamphile LeMay, the French

-Canadian poet, Montreal, 1884. Mr. Kirby is also the author of several

-poems of merit: "The U. E.: a Tale of Upper Canada. A Poem in XII.

-Cantos." Niagara, 1859, 12mo. "Canadian Idylls," Toronto, 1878, etc.

-He was born in England in 1817, but came to Canada at the early age of

-fifteen. He was one of the original members of the Royal Society of

-Canada.

-

-Mr. Lespérance, F.R.S.C., was the author of the "Bastonnais" and

-other historical romances of some ability, but not of that high

-order of merit which gives a permanent reputation. The Hon. L. Seth

-Huntington, long known in Canadian political life, was the author of

-a semi-political novel, "Professor Conant" (Toronto, 1884), which had

-its merits, but it fell practically still-born from the press. Many

-other efforts have been made in the same branch of literature, but the

-performance, as stated in the text, has not been equal to the ambition

-that prompted the experiment.]

-

-

-MAJOR RICHARDSON.

-

-[Footnote 45_a_: Page 27.--Major Richardson was born at Niagara Falls

-in 1797, and educated at Amherstburg, U.C., where some of the scenes

-of "Wacousta" are laid. He served in the war of 1812, in the West

-Indies and in Spain, where he belonged to the British legion. He came

-back to Canada in 1838, and was for years connected with the press. He

-wrote a number of novels and short histories of Canadian events, but

-they are now all forgotten. His historical narrative is not generally

-trustworthy, while his later romances never even came up to the merit

-of "Wacousta." He died in obscurity some time after 1854--I cannot find

-the exact year--in the United States, where he attempted to continue a

-career of literature.]

-

-

-MARMETTE.

-

-[Footnote 46: Page 27.--Mr. Joseph Marmette, F.R.S.C., is the author of

-several works of fiction, viz.:

-

-"François de Bienville. Roman historique." 1^{ere} ed., Québec, 1870;

-2^e ed., Montréal, 1882.

-

-"L'Intendant Bigot. Roman historique." Montréal, 1872.

-

-"Le Chevalier de Mornac. Roman historique." Montréal, 1873.

-

-"La Fiancée du Rebelle. Roman historique." Published in 'La Revue

-Canadienne,' Montreal, 1875.]

-

-

-DE GASPÉ'S WORKS.

-

-[Footnote 47: Page 27.--"Les Anciens Canadiens." By Philippe Aubert de

-Gaspé. Quebec, 1863, 8vo.

-

-Several translations have appeared since 1863. That by Prof. Roberts

-(New York, Appleton & Co., 1890) omits the notes and addenda, which,

-if not interesting to the general reader, have much value for the

-historical student. Sulte's "Histoire des Canadiens," vol. vi.,

-contains a portrait of the old French Canadian novelist. He also wrote

-"Mémoires" (Ottawa, 1886, 8vo.), which have also much historic value on

-account of their fidelity and simplicity of narrative.]

-

-

-MRS. CATHERWOOD.

-

-[Footnote 48: Page 28.--Mrs. Mary Hartwell Catherwood, whose home is

-in Hoopeston, Ill., has so far written and published the following

-admirable romances of the old days of New France and Acadie:

-

-"The Romance of Dollard." Illustrated. New York, 1889, 12mo.

-

-"The Story of Tonty." Illustrated. Chicago, 1890, 16mo.

-

-"The Lady of Fort St. John." Boston and New York, 1891, 16mo.

-

-"Old Kaskaskia: An Historical Novel of Early Illinois." Boston and New

-York, 1893, 16mo.

-

-She has now commenced in 'The Century' Magazine a new romance with the

-title, "The White Islander," a story of old Fort Michillimackinac, and

-in 'The Atlantic Monthly' another story, "The Chase of Saint Castin."

-Her romances are never long, but bear the impress of close study of the

-subject and of much careful writing.]

-

-

-GILBERT PARKER.

-

-[Footnote 49: Page 28.--He is a most industrious worker in various

-branches of literature in London. After a residence of a few years in

-Australia, where he was connected with the Sydney press, he went to

-England, where he wrote many sketches of Australian life which were

-well received. Recently he has been studying the interesting phases

-of French Canadian and Northwest life, and has produced, among other

-stories, "The Chief Factor," the principal scenes of which are laid in

-the great territories of the Dominion before they were opened up to the

-farmer, the rancher and the railway.]

-

-

-DE MILLE'S WORKS.

-

-[Footnote 50: Page 29.--James De Mille was a native of New Brunswick,

-and a professor in Dalhousie College, N. S., at the time of his death.

-His first work of fiction was "Helena's Household: a Tale of Rome in

-the First Century" (New York, 1858). His most popular works, "The Dodge

-Club Abroad" (1866), "Cord and Creese" (1867), "The Cryptogram" (1871),

-and "A Castle in Spain" (1883), first appeared in 'Harper's Monthly.' A

-strange, imaginative work, "A Curious MS. Found in a Copper Cylinder,"

-was published in New York in 1888, and is understood to have been

-written by him. It was not until Rider Haggard's fiction became popular

-that the New York publishers ventured to print a book which so severely

-taxes the credulity of the reader. As a work of pure invention it is

-in some respects superior to those of the English author. Mr. De Mille

-died in 1880, at the age of 43, when much was expected of him. See

-Appleton's "Cyclo. Am. Biogr.," ii., 138, for a list of his published

-works except the one just mentioned.]

-

-

-SARA JEANNETTE DUNCAN.

-

-[Footnote 51: Page 29.--She is the author of three books. "A Social

-Departure" and "An American Girl in London" have had many readers and

-are full of promise. Miss Duncan, in company with another young lady,

-in 1889-90, went around the world, and made numerous contributions to

-the press of Canada during that tour, but its noteworthy result is the

-first mentioned volume. She is now married and a resident of India,

-whose striking aspects of social life she is studying and portraying

-in print. Her latest story, or rather sketch, of Indian customs, "The

-Simple Adventures of a Memsahib" (New York, 1893), has many touches of

-quiet humour. One must regret that her talent has not been directed to

-the incidents of Canadian life.]

-

-

-MATTHEW ARNOLD ON LITERATURE AND SCIENCE.

-

-[Footnote 52: Page 31.--The extract given in the text is taken from

-"Literature and Science," one of Mr. Matthew Arnold's "Discourses in

-America," published in book form in London, 1885. See pp. 90-92.]

-

-

-PRINCIPAL GRANT'S ADDRESS.

-

-[Footnote 53: Page 32.--This address to the Royal Society of Canada,

-to which reference is made in the text, is given in the ninth volume

-of the 'Transactions,' pp. xxxix-xl. Dr. Grant could never be

-uninteresting, but the address shows his ideas can now and then be a

-little chaotic or enigmatic. It is quite evident he has never studied

-with much care the volumes of the 'Transactions,' or comprehended the

-useful work the Society is doing in its own way. Never an active member

-himself, he has not done adequate justice to those who have been at all

-events conscientious labourers in the vineyard where he has planted no

-seed.]

-

-

-SIR J. W. DAWSON.

-

-[Footnote 54: Page 32.--This distinguished scientific man is a Nova

-Scotian by birth, who, before he became so closely identified with

-the prosperity of McGill College at Montreal as its principal, was

-superintendent of education in his native province. His scientific

-works are numerous, but the one which first brought him fame was his

-"Acadian Geology: an Account of the Geological Structure and Mineral

-Resources of Nova Scotia and Portions of the Neighbouring Provinces

-of British America" (Edinburgh and London, 1855, 8vo.), which has run

-through many editions, and is now a very large volume compared with the

-little modest book that first ventured into the world of literature

-nearly forty years ago.]

-

-

-MR. BILLINGS.

-

-[Footnote 55: Page 33.--He was born on his father's farm, in the

-township of Gloucester, near Ottawa. A bibliography, evidently prepared

-by his own hand, is to be found in "Bibliotheca Canadensis," pp.

-31-34. His most important memoirs are on the third and fourth Decades

-and the Palæozoic fossils of the Canadian Geological Survey, in which

-nearly all the genera and species of the fossils there described were

-discovered by himself.]

-

-

-ORIGIN OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.

-

-[Footnote 56: Page 33.--The first volume of the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.'

-(1882-83), pp. i-lxxiv., contains an account of the proceedings before

-and after the foundation of the Society, with the addresses in full of

-the Marquess of Lorne and of the first President and Vice-President of

-the body. On the occasion of the Montreal meeting, 1891, a handbook was

-largely circulated by the Citizens' Committee with the view of giving

-information of the object and work of the Society. It was written

-by Mr. John Reade, F.R.S.C., and contains a succinct history of the

-origin and operations of the body until May, 1891. It contains plans

-of McGill College grounds and of Montreal in 1759, and sketches of the

-old Seminary towers, St. Gabriel-street church, St. Ann's, besides some

-interesting facts relating to Montreal's historic places.]

-

-

-SIR D. WILSON, T. S. HUNT AND MR. CHAUVEAU.

-

-[Footnote 57: Page 34.--Dr. Kingsford has given a paper, "In Memoriam,

-on Sir Daniel Wilson" ('Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. xi.) in which

-he briefly reviews the excellent literary work and the wide culture

-of that eminent man. In volume ix. of the 'Trans.,' Sec. I., pp.

-53-58, there is a well-written paper on the late Mr. Chauveau, by his

-successor, Mr. L. O. David of Montreal. The presidential address of

-Abbé Laflamme in 1892 (see 'Trans.,' vol. x.) was devoted to a review

-of the scientific attainments of Dr. T. Sterry Hunt.]

-

-

-CANADIAN SOCIETIES.

-

-[Footnote 58: Page 34.--At the present time there are over twenty

-Canadian scientific and literary societies associated with the Royal

-Society in its work. Mr. John Reade, in the "Montreal Handbook of 1891"

-(see Note 56), gives the following list of societies established

-before 1867: Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, 1824; Natural

-History Society of Montreal, 1827--act of incorporation five years

-later; Institut Canadien, Quebec, 1846; Canadian Institute, Toronto,

-1851; Institut Canadien, Ottawa, 1852; Hamilton Association, 1856;

-Société Historique, Montréal, 1858: Nova Scotia Institute of Natural

-Science, 1862; Natural History Society, St. John, N.B., 1862;

-Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, Montreal, 1862; Entomological

-Society of Ontario, 1863.]

-

-

-THE EARL OF DERBY AND THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.

-

-[Footnote 58_a_: Page 42.--Four years ago you were good enough, in

-offering me the position of your honorary president, to ask the

-sympathy and encouragement which the governor-general, as Her Majesty's

-representative, might rightly be asked to manifest towards the

-representatives of science and of the liberal arts. I am afraid that my

-contributions to literature and science have been few. I do not know

-they are such as would have merited the notice of the Royal Society,

-but I can assure you that none of the members of your body take a

-deeper interest in all that concerns the welfare of your Society than

-he who is now laying down the office of honorary president. (Cheers.)

-There were some persons who considered that in a comparatively new

-country like Canada it was ambitious on her part when the foundations

-of the Royal Society were laid, but there must be a beginning of all

-things, and I think I may appeal to the work which has been and is

-being done by the different branches of the Society as evidence that

-its establishment was in no sense premature, but that it was fittingly

-determined that the progress of science and literature should take

-place coincidently with that of the country. In a new country like

-this--I think you have touched upon it in your address--there is a

-great tendency to further one's material wants, to promote trade and

-commerce, and to put aside, as it were, literature and the sciences;

-but here the Royal Society has stepped in and done good work by uniting

-those who were scattered by distance and who find in the meetings

-of our Society a convenient opportunity of coming together for the

-exchanging of ideas and renewing of those friendships which, though

-perhaps only yearly meetings permit, are nevertheless enduring. If we

-look back we shall best see what good work is being done. If we could

-imagine the existence of such a society as this in the older countries

-in olden times, what a mine of wealth of information would have been

-afforded us! We see that from the very first, whether in literature,

-which forms so important a part in our Society; whether it be in the

-constitutional studies, in which our President is such an adept--and I

-was glad to see his authority has been quoted on the other side of the

-Atlantic as well as on this--whether it be in the literature of the

-chivalrous pioneers of France, who first led the way into the unbroken

-wilderness, or whether it be in the latter days of constitutional

-progress of this country and its relations both to the old world and

-the country growing up alongside of us.

-

-In literature, history and poetry, also, the Society will from the

-first have its stamp, as we trust, upon the future of the Canadian

-race. (Cheers.) That science and the arts to an equal extent may find a

-place here is our earnest wish, in order that by sentiment and feeling

-we may bind together in the closest ties that by which she must achieve

-a great and enduring success. I must not detain you from your other

-duties, but I could not refrain from saying in a few words how heartily

-and truly I appreciate and believe in the work of the Royal Society. At

-your next meeting, as you truly say, I fear I shall not be amongst you;

-but though the Atlantic may roll between us, you may be certain that

-in spirit, at least, I hope to be present at your meeting, and shall

-follow with the liveliest and deepest interest any record you may be

-good enough to send me of what takes place on that occasion. * * * * *

-I appeal not the less to my French colleagues than to my English ones

-in all matters which relate to the welfare of the Society. Science,

-art and literature, it is true, are cosmopolitan, but they are well

-knit together in this Society. We who have experienced in Canada the

-hospitality of its people are grateful for it. We have admired the

-greatness of the resources of this country, and we look forward to a

-society like this as having ample work to do in the future. As in every

-respect Canada seems to be disposed always to take a forward part, so I

-hope the Royal Society will ever press on to a higher and higher goal;

-and, gentlemen, I can wish to the Royal Society, to all my friends and

-brothers of the Society, to whom I once more tender my hearty thanks,

-no greater blessing than, like Canada itself, that they may be happy,

-united and prosperous. (Loud and prolonged cheers.)]

-

-

-S. E. DAWSON ON TENNYSON.

-

-[Footnote 59: Page 40.--"A Study, with Critical and Explanatory

-Notes, of Lord Tennyson's Poem, The Princess." By S. E. Dawson.

-Montreal, 1882, 12mo. 2nd ed. 1884. The preface contains a long and

-interesting letter from the poet, which "throws some light upon some

-important literary questions regarding the manner and method of the

-poet's working." Tennyson describes the "Study" truly as an "able and

-thoughtful essay."]

-

-

-THE OLD 'CANADIAN MONTHLY.'

-

-[Footnote 60: Page 40.--It first appeared in Toronto in 1872 (Adam

-Stevenson & Co.), soon after Prof. Goldwin Smith took up his permanent

-residence in that western city. Much of its reputation for years

-necessarily depended on the contributions of a writer who, if he has

-failed to identify himself of late with the national or Canadian

-sentiment of the people, has at all events done something in the past

-to improve the style of Canadian _littérateurs_ and to elevate the tone

-of journalism. The 'Monthly' was the ablest successor of a long list

-of literary aspirants in the same field, the majority of which had a

-still shorter existence. See Bourinot's "Intellectual Development of

-the Canadian People" (Toronto, 1881), chap. iv. and 'Canadian Monthly,'

-March, 1881.]

-

-

-FORM OF ROYAL SOCIETY 'TRANSACTIONS.'

-

-[Footnote 61: Page 42.--Since the delivery of the presidential address

-the Royal Society decided by a considerable majority--chiefly made up

-of the two scientific sections--to continue the quarto form for the

-present. Under these circumstances the compromise suggested may be

-adopted--that of printing separate editions of important monographs and

-works from time to time by some understanding with the author.]

-

-

-THE STUDY OF THE CLASSICS.

-

-[Footnote 62: Page 49.--The following is a fuller quotation from Prof.

-Goldwin Smith's very apposite remarks delivered before the Classical

-Association of Ontario (see 'The Week,' April 28th, 1893): "No age has

-stood more in need of humanizing culture than this, in which physical

-culture reigns. One of the newspapers the other day invited us to take

-part in a symposium the subject of which was 'How to Produce a Perfect

-Man.' The problem was large, but one help to its solution might have

-been a reminder to keep the balance. A romantic age stands in need

-of science, a scientific and utilitarian age stands in need of the

-humanities. Darwin avows that poetry gave him no pleasure whatever.

-This surely was a loss, unless the whole side of things which poetry

-denotes is dead and gone, nothing but dry science being left us; in

-which case the generations that are coming may have some reason, with

-all their increase of knowledge and power, to wish that they had lived

-nearer the youth of the world." See _supra_, Note 1, for Mr. Lowell's

-remarks on the same subject.]

-

-

-CANADIAN LIBRARIES.

-

-[Footnote 63: Page 53.--Some interesting facts as to the evolution of

-libraries in the Dominion can be gathered by reference to Bourinot's

-"Intellectual Development in Canada" (Toronto, 1831); Canniff Haight's

-"Country Life in Canada Fifty Years Ago"; Dr. Canniff's "History of

-Ontario"; and Dr. Kingsford's "Early Bibliography of Ontario." The

-principal results of the Ontario law providing for the establishment

-of free libraries by votes of ratepayers in a community have been the

-opening of two excellent libraries in Hamilton and Toronto--the latter

-under the judicious superintendence of Mr. James Bain.]

-

-

-CANADIAN ARTISTS.

-

-[Footnote 64: Page 54.--An Art Society was founded in Upper Canada as

-far back as 1841, but its exhibitions were necessarily representative

-of British works of art. The present Art Association was founded in

-Montreal in 1860, and the Ontario School of Arts, which is doing

-excellent work, twelve years later, with its headquarters in Toronto.

-The Royal Canadian Academy, mentioned in the text, was established in

-1880. The influence of these and two or three minor institutions in

-Canada has been on the whole in the direction of stimulating art, but

-their efforts are not adequately encouraged by government or people in

-the provinces.

-

-The following is a list of the painters in oils and water colours whose

-pictures now make the principal features of the annual exhibitions

-in Ontario and Quebec, and the majority of whom were inadequately

-represented at Chicago: F. A. Verner, whose Indian and Canadian scenes

-are excellent; H. M. Matthews, who has made a high reputation for his

-Rocky Mountain paintings; L. R. O'Brien, essentially the most finished

-painter of picturesque Canada; T. Mower Martin, an industrious painter

-of wild sports and Canadian scenery; E. Wyley Grier, who has done some

-good work in portraits and natural scenery; W. Brymner, one of the

-most promising younger painters of Canadian scenes: George Reid, whose

-"Foreclosure of the Mortgage" is one of the best pictures produced in

-the Dominion; John Hammond of St. John, N.B., a painter of water life;

-Percy Woodcock, whose efforts at sketches of Canadian rural life are

-praiseworthy: F. M. Bell-Smith, who has a decided artistic faculty

-for the portraiture of our noblest scenery; Homer Watson, a favourite

-for his rustic landscapes and romantic pastorals; J. W. L. Forster,

-in some respects the best figure painter, but also capable of good

-landscapes; G. Bruenech, a careful artist of scenery; Ernest Thompson,

-who has made some good efforts at prairie subjects; J. C. Forbes, who

-painted Mr. Gladstone's portrait, and is one of the best artists of

-the class that Canada has so far known; W. Raphael and O. R. Jacobi,

-two of the oldest and best known painters of Canadian landscape. To

-these we must add Miss Minnie A. Bell, A. Watson, Miss Sidney S. Tully,

-Mrs. M. H. Reid, J. T. Rolph, R. F. Gagen, T. C. McGillivray Knowles,

-Forshaw Day, L. Huot, Mlle. Colombier, E. Dyonnet, C. Macdonald Manly,

-D. P. MacKillsan, J. W. Morrice, A. D. Patterson, Miss G. F. Spurr,

-F. S. Challener, Paul J. Wickson, Mrs. M. B. Screiber, W. Revell, D.

-Fowler, Miss E. May Martin, Miss Laura Muntz, Miss F. M. Bell-Smith,

-Miss Florence Carlyle, Miss I. M. F. Adams, Owen P. Staples, Mrs. M. E.

-Dignam, Charles Alexander, W. E. Atkinson, J. C. Mills, J. A. Fraser

-(in New York), Carl Ahrens, W. A. Sherwood, Miss Fannie Sutherland,

-T. C. V. Ede, H. Sandham (in New York), Mr. Harvey, Mr. Cruickshank,

-Mr. Seavey, A. Cox, Miss Edwards, J. Griffith, Colin Scott, J. Wilson,

-James Smith, C. J. Way, F. Brownell, A. P. Coleman, R. Harris, Miss

-Holden and Miss Houghton. Many of these artists, whose merits, of

-course, vary much, are not native Canadians. One of the strongest

-landscape painters, Mr. Matthews, is an Englishman, who has now, after

-some years, thoroughly understood the light and colour of Canadian

-scenery. O'Brien, Brymner, L. Huot, Forbes, Forster, Pinhey, Sidney

-Tully, G. Harris, Gagen, Knowles, Watson, Alexander, A. D. Patterson,

-C. M. Manly, E. May Martin and George Reid are Canadians. G. T.

-Berthon, who died recently in Toronto at an advanced age, and was known

-as a painter of numerous portraits, the best of which are to be seen in

-Osgoode Hall, was of French origin and education. Raphael is German by

-birth and education. Jacobi is a painter of the Dusseldorf school, and

-was at one time employed in the court of the King of Bavaria. Bruenech

-is a native, I understand, of Denmark, though educated in Canada. E.

-W. Grier is an Englishman by birth and education, with a knowledge of

-French art derived from study in Paris. So is Ernest Thompson, who

-also studied in Paris. Mower Martin is an Englishman, educated in that

-country and in Canada, with whose scenery he has been always enamoured.

-Carl Ahrens was born and educated in the United States. Miss Minnie

-Bell and Miss Laura Muntz are among the most promising younger artists

-of Canada. Both were born and received their elementary education in

-Canada. Miss Bell, after studying in Paris, is now in Montreal. Miss

-Muntz is still studying in Paris. Robert Harris is a native of Prince

-Edward Island. Mr. N. Bourassa, who is a French Canadian artist, has

-of late years devoted himself to ecclesiastical decoration. His best

-work is to be seen in the architecture and decoration of the churches

-of Notre Dame de Nazareth and Notre Dame de Lourdes, in Montreal, and

-he has the credit of having first applied probably in America "the art

-of painting to the adornment of Christian churches in the broad and

-thorough manner so common at one period in central Italy." (See Dr. S.

-E. Dawson's "Handbook of Canada," Montreal, 1888, pp. 183, 184.) The

-influence of the French schools of painting can be seen in the best

-works of Paul Peel (now dead), Forster, Harris, Geo. Reid and John

-Pinhey (born at Ottawa), all of whom have had success at the salons. At

-the present time there are some twenty-five Canadians, more or less,

-studying in Paris, and the majority are French Canadians. In fact, the

-French schools draw students from Canada as well as from the United

-States, and England is relatively ignored. The artistic temperament is

-more stimulated by the _ateliers_ and the student life of Paris than

-among the more business-like and cold surroundings of a student in

-London. In sculpture the names are very few, Hamilton McCarthy, Hébert

-and Dunbar having alone done meritorious work, but of these three

-Hébert is the only native Canadian. One of the very first painters

-to draw attention, years ago, to Canadian scenery, especially to the

-wonderfully vivid tints of autumn, was Krieghoff, whose pictures have

-been so much copied that it is difficult now to tell the originals from

-the reproductions. He was, however, not a native Canadian but a Swiss

-painter from the German-speaking cantons, I believe. The name of Paul

-Kane (born in Toronto) will be always identified with Indian life and

-customs, and as the pioneer of art in Canada. A fine collection of his

-paintings is in the possession of Hon. G. W. Allan, who has always

-taken an active interest in the development of art in the city of

-which he has been so long an honoured citizen.

-

-Among other Canadian artists who laboured in the commencement of art

-studies in this country may be mentioned the following: Dulongpré,

-Samuel Berczy, Audy, William Berczy, Vincent Zacharie Thelariolin

-(Indian of Lorette, 1812-1886), Hamel, Carey, T. H. Burnett, J.

-J. Girouard, P. Leber--many of whose artistic efforts are already

-forgotten though their work was meritorious. With respect to Berthon,

-the following note by Col. G. T. Denison, F.R.S.C., of Toronto, which I

-have received since writing of the artist above, will be of interest:

-"His father was a court painter under the great Napoleon, and several

-of his pictures are now in Versailles. He was a Frenchman, and I think

-was in Vienna when his son, my old friend, was born; for I am under

-the impression Berthon told me he was born in Vienna. I think he was

-brought up in France, and went to London when comparatively young,

-and there set up as a portrait painter. He was induced to come out

-to Canada about the year 1843 or 1844, and settled in Toronto soon

-after, where he died about a year ago, over eighty years of age. He was

-certainly, when in his prime, the best portrait painter we ever had

-in Canada, and in my opinion was better than most of the men of great

-celebrity in London to-day."

-

-The successful artists at the World's Fair, where 113 works in all were

-presented from Canada, were the following: Mr. G. Reid, whose great

-picture mentioned above could not fail to attract much notice, Mr.

-Harris, Mr. Ede, Miss Holden and Mr. J. A. Fraser. This is satisfactory

-in view of the fact that the best work of the majority of leading

-Canadian artists was not represented in the exhibition. Apart from

-Mr. Reid's painting, the pictures that were signalled out for special

-notice were not equal in some respects to other efforts of the same

-artists that have been seen in our annual exhibitions.

-

-In closing this note I cannot do better than give the following

-judicious remarks on art in Canada, delivered before the Canadian

-Institute, by an able Canadian artist, J. W. L. Forster: "The art of

-Canada to-day is a mingling of elements.... The influence of the old

-world may be seen in the work of many who cherish still the precepts

-of their masters. Yet it is due to those who have adopted Canada as

-their home to say they are as Canadian in the faithful reproduction

-of the pure glories of our climate as those who first saw the sun

-in our own sky. Our native artists who have studied abroad are much

-inclined to paint a Canadian sky with the haze of Western Europe, and

-our verdure, too, as though it grew upon foreign soil. Our art is not

-Canadian.... Material is certainly not wanting, nor _motif_ of the

-grander order. The first requisite is for a stronger national spirit.

-Events are slowly developing this; and the signs are full of promise

-in this direction. The second great need is for a museum equipped with

-well-chosen specimens of the world's art. Our government and citizens

-are establishing schools of industrial and fine art, yet when we would

-point our pupils to examples of pure art, lo! there are none; and

-when we would know what art has been, in order to discover what art

-may be, we must go as exiles and pilgrims to foreign cities. A museum

-that gives the best of their art history and achievement will greatly

-strengthen our hope and give rein to our ambition. A third need is for

-capable and generous criticism. There are many men whose discernment

-and sympathies fit them eminently for the role of art critic; but as

-yet journalism has not opened wide the door to advancement in such a

-specialty."]

-

-

-ARCHITECTURAL ART.

-

-[Footnote 64_a_: Page 57.--While Canadian architecture is generally

-wanting in originality of conception, yet it affords many good

-illustrations of the effective adaptation of the best art of Europe

-to the principal edifices of the large cities. These are the most

-noteworthy public buildings:

-

-In _Ottawa_.--The parliament and departmental buildings, admirable

-examples of Italian Gothic of the 13th century, with a fine central

-tower, the effect of which has been marred by a later tower in the

-western block out of harmony with the general design of an otherwise

-perfect group.

-

-In _Quebec_.--The legislative building in the French style of the 17th

-century, noteworthy for its niches containing statues of men famous in

-French Canadian history.

-

-In _Montreal_.--The parish church of Notre Dame, on the Place

-d'Armes, of a simple Gothic style, attractive for its stateliness and

-massiveness.

-

-Christ Church Cathedral, on St. Catherine street, worthy of study as

-an admirable specimen of the early English style of ecclesiastical

-architecture, exhibiting unity of design and correctness of proportions.

-

-Notre Dame de Lourdes, whose interior has been already spoken of (see

-preceding note); a good example of the Byzantine order, combined with

-effects of the Italian Renaissance recalling Venetian architecture.

-

-The Montreal Bank, on St. James street, an artistic illustration of the

-Corinthian order, with an interior interesting for the artistic effort

-to illustrate on the walls remarkable scenes in Canadian history.

-

-The Canadian Pacific Station, on Windsor street, a fine example of an

-adaptation of old Norman architecture to modern necessities.

-

-In _Toronto_.--The University, perhaps the best example in America of a

-modern conception of Norman architecture, with a tower of much beauty.

-

-Trinity University, whose graceful Tudor-Gothic design, in which the

-tower is a conspicuous feature, is marred by the clumsy projection of a

-later chapel building, entirely out of harmony with the admirable front.

-

-Osgoode Hall, of the Ionic order, modified by additions of the Italian

-Renaissance.

-

-St. Andrew's Church, a combination of the Norman and Byzantine orders,

-more suitable for a great library or a hall than an ecclesiastical

-edifice. As a specimen of architecture, apart from its purpose, it is

-harmonious and artistic.

-

-The new legislative buildings, which are the most pretentious in

-Canada after the Ottawa parliament house, are a praiseworthy effort to

-illustrate the Romanesque, with details of the Celtic and Indo-Germanic

-schools.

-

-The Methodist Metropolitan Church, a judicious example of a modern form

-of the Gothic style which distinguished the 13th century in France.

-It is at once simple and harmonious in its general design, and has a

-massive tower which adds to the general effect of the whole structure.

-

-St. James's Church, often cited as a good example of ecclesiastical

-Gothic, with a graceful and well-proportioned tower and steeple,

-conspicuous from all points of view.

-

-In _Hamilton_.--The court-house is in some respects the best designed

-of its kind in Canada. The head office of the Canada Life Assurance

-Company is noteworthy for its graceful simplicity, in its way not

-equalled in Canada.

-

-In _Fredericton_.--The Church of England Cathedral, a perfect specimen,

-on a small scale, of pure early English Gothic on the Continent.

-

-The new library building which McGill University owes to the public

-spirit of Mr. Redpath, of Montreal, is distinguished by the graceful

-simplicity of its external form, and the conveniences of its beautiful

-interior. Apart from this fine edifice, however, and the parliamentary

-library at Ottawa, whose external design is harmonious and whose

-internal fittings illustrate the effectiveness of our natural woods,

-Canada has no such libraries--in special buildings I mean--noteworthy

-for beauty of architecture and convenience of arrangements as we find

-among our neighbours, illustrating their public and private spirit.

-Neither have we an art gallery of special architectural features, for

-the building at Montreal is simple in the extreme. Such as it is,

-however, it is an object of imitation to other cities in Canada.]

-

-

-"FIDELIS."

-

-[Footnote 65: Page 60.--The poetic citation which closes the

-presidential address is taken from Miss Machar's ("Fidelis") verses

-on "Dominion Day," which appear in "Songs of the Great Dominion," pp.

-15-17, and merit a wide audience for their patriotic spirit and poetic

-taste.]

-

-

-

-

-INDEX.

-

-

-  "Acadia, History of," by J. Hannay, 71.

-

-  "Acadian Geology," by Sir J. W. Dawson, 84.

-

-  "After Weary Years," romance by Archbp. O'Brien, of Halifax, N.S., 74.

-

-  Ahrens, Carl, artist, 88.

-

-  Algonquin Grammar, by Abbé Cuoq, 37.

-

-  Allan, Hon. G. W., his love of art, 88.

-

-  "An American Girl in London," by Sara J. Duncan, 83.

-

-  "Aminta," poem by Archbishop O'Brien, 74.

-

-  "Anciens Canadiens," by P. de Gaspé, 27, 82.

-

-  Archibald, Sir Adams J., statesman, 15.

-

-  Archibald, S. J. W., statesman, 15.

-

-  Architecture in Canada, imitative rather than original, 57;

-    special buildings of architectural beauty mentioned, 89, 91.

-

-  Art in Canada, 53;

-    names of eminent painters, 54, 87;

-    want of art galleries, 53, 54;

-    establishment of art associations in Montreal and Toronto, 89;

-    the Canadian Academy of Art, 54;

-    some general remarks on its use, ib.;

-    J. W. L. Forster cited on the subject, 89;

-    success of Canadian artists at the Chicago World's Fair, 55, 89.

-

-  Art gallery in Montreal, 53, 91.

-

-  Arnold, Matthew, on the large meaning of "Literature," 31, 32, 83.

-

-  Australian novelists, superior to those of Canada, 25;

-    names, 79.

-

-  Australian poets compared with those of Canada, 25;

-    names, 79;

-    extracts from, 79.

-

-

-  Baldwin, Hon. Robert, statesman, 14.

-

-  Bank of Montreal Building at Montreal, its architecture, 90.

-

-  "Bastonnais, The," romance by J. Lespérance, 82.

-

-  "Beggars All," by L. Dougall, 29.

-

-  Belknap, Jeremy, his "History of New Hampshire," 13, 67.

-

-  Bell, Miss Minnie, artist, 87.

-

-  Bell-Smith, F. M., artist, 88.

-

-  Beothiks, or Red Indians of Newfoundland, essay on, by Dr. Patterson,

-            38.

-

-  Berthon, G. T., artist, 89.

-

-  Bibaud, Michel, his History of Canada, 12, 67.

-

-  Bibliography of the writings of members of the Royal Society, 72.

-

-  "Bienville, François de," romance by M. Marmette, 27, 82.

-

-  Billings, Elkanah, geologist, 33, 84.

-

-  Biography, literature of, weak in Canada, 42.

-

-  Blake, Edward, mentioned, 17, 43.

-

-  Boucher, Pierre, his account of the customs and natural productions of

-            Nouvelle France, 6, 63.

-

-  Bouchette, Joseph, his works on the topography of Canada, 12, 67.

-

-  Bourassa, N., artist, 88.

-

-  Brown, J. H., poet, 76.

-

-  Bruenech, G., artist, 87.

-

-  Bunsen, Chevalier, his opinion on what constitutes the excellence of a

-            romance, 29.

-

-  Brymner, W., artist, 54, 88.

-

-

-  Campbell, Wilfred, his poems, 20;

-    quotations therefrom, 75.

-

-  Canada Life Assurance Building at Hamilton, its architecture, 90.

-

-  Canada, three eras of development, 4.

-

-  "Canadian Idylls," poems by W. Kirby, 82.

-

-  Canadian Literary and Scientific Societies, the oldest in Canada,

-            34, 84.

-

-  "Canadian Monthly," its usefulness, 40, 86.

-

-  Canadian Pacific RR., Station at Montreal, its architecture, 90.

-

-  "Canadiens de l'Ouest," by J. Tassé, 72.

-

-  "Carillon, le Drapeau de," poem by O. Crémazie, quoted, 68.

-

-  Carman, Bliss, his poems, 20.

-

-  Cartier, Sir George Etienne, statesman, 14.

-

-  Casgrain, Abbé, his historical works, 71;

-    his opinion of Crémazie, 20.

-

-  Catherwood, Mary Hartwell, writer of fiction, 28, 82.

-

-  Champlain, compared with Columbus, 5;

-    with Captain John Smith, 62;

-    his works, 6, 61.

-

-  "Chants Nouveaux," poems by B. Sulte, 73.

-

-  Charlevoix, his history of Nouvelle France, 6, 62;

-    his opinion of society in Quebec, 8.

-

-  Chauveau, P. J. O., his poems, etc., 17;

-    one of the founders of the Royal Society, 34, 67.

-

-  Chevrier, R., poet, 76.

-

-  Christie, Robert, his history of Lower Canada, 18, 69.

-

-  "Chief Factor, The," novel by Gilbert Parker, 28, 82.

-

-  Christ Church Cathedral at Fredericton, its architecture, 90.

-

-  Christ Church Cathedral at Montreal, its architecture, 90.

-

-  Classics, Study of;

-    Goldwin Smith on, 49, 86;

-    Matthew Arnold on, 50;

-    J. Russell Lowell on, 61;

-    should be encouraged in Canadian colleges, 49;

-    its results in French Canada, 65.

-

-  Clarke, Professor, mentioned, 10.

-

-  "Clàrsach nam Beann," Gaelic poems by E. McColl, 77.

-

-  Clercq, Père Chrestien le, his "Etablissement de la Foy," 6, 64.

-

-  "Coogee," poem by H. C. Kendall, the Australian poet, cited, 79.

-

-  "Cours d'Histoire du Canada," by Abbé Ferland, 18, 70.

-

-  Crawford, Isabella Valancy, poet, 76.

-

-  Crémazie, Octave, his poems, 17, 68.

-

-  Creux, Père du, his _Historia Canadensis_, 6, 63.

-

-  Criticism, necessity for a spirit of genuine, in Canada, 47;

-    reference to S. E. Dawson's essay on "The Princess," 40;

-    Sainte-Beuve quoted, 47.

-

-  Cuoq, Abbé, his works on the Algonquin language, contributed to Royal

-            Society, 37.

-

-

-  Davin, Nicholas Flood, poet, 75.

-

-  Dawson, Æneas, poet, 74.

-

-  Dawson, G. M., his contributions to Royal Society, 38.

-

-  Dawson, S. E., his criticism on "The Princess," 40, 86.

-

-  Dawson, Sir W., _doyen_ of Science in Canada, 19, 32, 34, 38, 84.

-

-  "Découverte du Mississippi, La," poem by L. Fréchette quoted, 72.

-

-  Dent, John C., his histories, 19, 70.

-

-  Derby, the Earl of, his farewell address to the Royal Society of

-            Canada, 85.

-

-  Deville, E., his contributions to Royal Society, 39.

-

-  Dewart, E. H., poet, his collection of Canadian poems, 73.

-

-  Dionne, N. E., his writings, 62, 72.

-

-  "Dodge Club Abroad," by Professor De Mille, 29, 83.

-

-  Doyle, Conan, his "Refugees" held up to imitation of Canadian writers

-            of romance, 28.

-

-  "Dread Voyage," poem by W. Campbell, 75.

-

-  "Dreamland" and other poems by C. Mair, 74.

-

-  Dunbar, sculptor, 88.

-

-  Duncan, Sara Jeannette, author, 29.

-

-  Duvar, John Hunter, poet, 75.

-

-

-  Ede, T. C. V., artist, wins success at Chicago World's Fair, 89.

-

-  Edgar, James D., poet, 26.

-

-  Edgar, Mrs., her "Ridout Letters" quoted, 78.

-

-  Education, in French Canada under old regime, 7, 8;

-    in Canada from 1760-1840, 9;

-    from 1840-1893, 65;

-    its present condition and defects, 49-51.

-

-  Emerson, representative of original American genius, 23.

-

-  "Epic of the Dawn," poem by N. F. Davin, 75.

-

-  Essayists, names of principal French and English, 81.

-

-

-  Faillon, Abbé, his history of the "Colonie française," 19, 70.

-

-  Fauna of St. John Group, geological work by G. F. Matthew, 39.

-

-  Ferland, J. B. A., his "History of Canada," 18, 70.

-

-  "Flag of Old England," poem by Joseph Howe, quoted, 80.

-

-  Flora and Botany of Canada, essays on, by Professors Lawson, Macoun

-            and Penhallow, 39.

-

-  Forbes, J. C., artist, 87.

-

-  "Foreclosure of the Mortgage," painting by G. A. Reid, 87.

-

-  Forster, J. W. L., artist, his remarks on the tendency of Canadian

-            art, 89.

-

-  Fraser, J. A., artist, wins success at Chicago "World's Fair," 89.

-

-  Fréchette, L., his poems, 29;

-    quotation from his "Découverte du Mississippi," 72;

-    essayist, 81.

-

-  French Canada: early writers of her history, Champlain, Boucher, Le

-            Clercq, Charlevoix, etc., 6, 7, 61-64;

-    culture and science during French regime, 8;

-    historians and poets from 1760-1840, 17, 18;

-    from 1840 to 1867, 20, 74;

-    from 1867-1893, 72-74;

-    writers of romance few in number, 27;

-    influence of the French language, 58-60;

-    its probable duration, 59.

-

-  French language in Canada, remarks on, 58-60.

-

-  French Canadian poetry, an estimate of its merits, 22-24.

-

-

-  Gagen, R. F., artist, 87.

-

-  "Gazette" of Montreal, 13.

-

-  Galissonière, La, his culture and scientific spirit, 8, 64, 65.

-

-  Ganong, Prof., contributor to Royal Society of Canada, 38.

-

-  Garneau, F. X., his "Histoire du Canada," 18, 70.

-

-  Gladstone, Right Hon. Mr., portrait of, painted by J. C. Forbes, 87.

-

-  "Globe" of Toronto, 51.

-

-  "Golden Dog, The," romance by W. Kirby, 27;

-    translated by P. LeMay, 81.

-

-  Gordon, A. Lindsay, his spirited poem, "The Sick Stock-rider," quoted,

-            79.

-

-  Grant, Principal, author and lecturer, 10, 32, 83.

-

-  Greek, study of, desirable, 50, 61.

-

-  Grier, E. W., artist, 88.

-

-  Griffin, M. J., essayist and poet, 77, 81.

-

-

-  Haida Grammar, to be printed by Royal Society, 37.

-

-  Haliburton, Judge, his "Sam Slick," 11, 66;

-    his "History of Nova Scotia," 12, 66.

-

-  Hamel, Mgr., contributor to Royal Society, 39.

-

-  Hamilton Court-house, its architecture, 90.

-

-  Hamilton, P. S., poet, 73.

-

-  Hammond, John, artist, 87.

-

-  Hannay, J., his "History of Acadia," 71.

-

-  Harris, George, artist, 88.

-

-  Harrison, S. Frances ("Seranus"), poet, 76.

-

-  Harvey, Moses, his contributions to Royal Society, 38.

-

-  Haultain, Arnold, mentioned, 81.

-

-  Hawthorne, N., representative of original American genius, 23.

-

-  Heavysege, Chas., his poems, 17, 18, 69.

-

-  Hébert, French Canadian sculptor, 57, 88.

-

-  Historians of Canada: W. Smith, 66;

-    M. Bibaud, 67;

-    Haliburton's Nova Scotia, 12, 66;

-    Garneau, 70;

-    Ferland, 70;

-    Faillon, 70;

-    B. Sulte, 71;

-    J. C. Dent, 70;

-    L. Turcotte, 71;

-    Withrow, 71;

-    Kingsford, 71;

-    McMillan, 71;

-    Hannay, 71;

-    Murdoch, 71;

-    Tanguay, 71;

-    Dionne, 71;

-    Casgrain, 37, 71;

-    Gosselin, 72.

-

-  "Histoire des Canadiens Français," by B. Sulte, 71.

-

-  "Histoire de la Colonie Française en Canada," by Abbé Faillon, 19, 70.

-

-  Holden, Miss, artist, wins success at Chicago World's Fair, 89.

-

-  Houghton, Miss, artist, wins success at Chicago World's Fair, 89.

-

-  Howe, Joseph, as poet and orator, 11, 17, 26, 66, 69;

-    one of his poems quoted in full, 80.

-

-  Hunt, Thomas Sterry, his contributions to the Royal Society of Canada,

-            39;

-    one of its founders, 33.

-

-  Huntington, Hon. L. S., statesman and novelist, 82.

-

-  Huot, L., artist, 88.

-

-  Hutchinson, Governor, his "History of Massachusetts," 6, 13, 63.

-

-

-  "In Divers Tones," poem by C. G. D. Roberts, 74.

-

-  "In the Millet," poems by A. Lampman, 75.

-

-  Intellectual Development in Canada: under the French regime, 5-8;

-    books, newspapers, education and culture from 1760-1840, 9-18;

-    from 1840-1893, 19-27;

-    statesmen of intellectual power, mentioned, 14, 15;

-    historical literature, 18, 20;

-    poets, 20;

-    essayists, 81;

-    humorists, 11;

-    novelists, 27;

-    biographers, 42;

-    pulpit literature, 43;

-    legal literature, 43;

-    newspaper development, 52;

-    the Royal Society and its work, 33-42;

-    success of scientific writers, 32;

-    want of good magazines, 40;

-    no very striking results yet achieved, 45;

-    obstacles in the way of successful literary results in Canada, 46;

-    artistic achievement, 54, 55;

-    architectural work lacking originality, 57;

-    general remarks, on the intellectual conditions of Canada, 58;

-    what is wanted to stimulate mental effort in the Dominion, 60;

-    intellectual standard of our legislative bodies, 43;

-    the great drain on our intellectual strength by the legislative

-            bodies of the Dominion, 44;

-    business capacity now chiefly conspicuous in legislative halls, 45.

-

-

-  Jacobi, O. R., artist, 88.

-

-  Jamestown, Va., in ruins, 3, 61.

-

-  Jesuit College, founded at Quebec, 7.

-

-  Jesuit Relations, 6, 63.

-

-  Johnstone, James W., statesman, 15.

-

-

-  Kalm, Peter, his reference to culture and science in French Canada,

-            8, 64.

-

-  Kane, Paul, painter of Indian scenes, 88.

-

-  Katzmann, M. J., poet, 77.

-

-  Kingsford, W., his "History of Canada," 71;

-    his address, _In Memoriam_, Sir D. Wilson, 34, 84.

-

-  Kirby, W., his "Golden Dog," and other works, 27, 81.

-

-  Knowles, G., artist, 88.

-

-  Krieghoff, painter of Canadian scenery, 88.

-

-

-  Laflamme, Prof., contributor to Royal Society, 39.

-

-  Lafitau, his account of Indian life and customs, 6, 63.

-

-  Lafontaine, Sir Louis Hypolite, statesman, 14.

-

-  "Lake Lyrics," poems by W. Campbell, 75.

-

-  Lampman, Archibald, poet, 20, 75.

-

-  "Later Canadian Poems," collected by J. E. Wetherell, 76.

-

-  Laval University, mentioned, 7, 39, 70.

-

-  Law, literature of, in Canada, 43.

-

-  Legendre, N., author, 76.

-

-  "Légendes Canadiennes," by Abbé Casgrain, 71.

-

-  "Legend of the Rose," poem by S. J. Watson, 73.

-

-  Legislative Buildings at Quebec, their architecture, 90.

-

-  Legislative Buildings at Toronto, their architecture, 90.

-

-  LeMay, P., his poems, 20, 73.

-

-  Lescarbot, Marc, his "Nouvelle France," 6, 62.

-

-  Lespérance, John, novelist, 77.

-

-  "Les Echos," poems by Judge Routhier, 74.

-

-  "Les Fleurs Boréales," prize poems by L. Fréchette, 72.

-

-  "Les Laurentiennes," poems by B. Sulte, 73.

-

-  LeSueur, W. D., essayist, 81.

-

-  Libraries in Canada, before 1840, 10;

-    at present time, 53, 87, 90.

-

-  Lighthall, W. D., his collection of Canadian poems, 76.

-

-  Lockhart, B. W. and A. J., poets, 74.

-

-  Logan, Sir William, geologist, born in Canada, 19.

-

-  "London Times," an example of a perfect newspaper, 16.

-

-  Lorne, Marquess of, establishes the Royal Society of Canada, 33;

-    and the Canadian Academy of Art, with the Princess Louise, 54.

-

-  Louise, H. R. H. the Princess, her labours in connection with Art in

-            Canada, 54.

-

-  Lowell, James Russell, his remarks on the measure of a nation's true

-            success, 1, 2;

-    on the study of the classics, 61.

-

-

-  Macdonald, Sir John A., statesman, 15.

-

-  Machar, Miss ("Fidelis"), one of her poems quoted, 60, 90.

-

-  Mackenzie, Hon. Alexander, statesman, 15.

-

-  Mackenzie, William Lyon, politician and agitator, 14.

-

-  Magazine, need of, in Canada, 40, 41;

-    the old "Canadian Monthly," 40.

-

-  Mair, Charles, poet, 20, 74.

-

-  Manly, C. M., artist, 54.

-

-  Marmette, J., works cited, 82.

-

-  Martin, E. May, artist, 88.

-

-  Martin, Mower, artist, 87.

-

-  "Masque of Minstrels," poems by the Lockhart Brothers, 74.

-

-  Mather, Cotton, his _Magnalia_, 7, 64.

-

-  Matthew, G. F., his contributions to the Royal Society, 39.

-

-  Matthews, H. M., artist, 87.

-

-  McCarthy, Hamilton, sculptor, 88.

-

-  McColl, Evan, his Gaelic poems, 77.

-

-  McGee, T. D'Arcy, statesman and author, 15.

-

-  McLachlan, Alexander, his poems, 17, 69.

-

-  Metropolitan Methodist Church at Toronto, its architecture, 90.

-

-  "Montcalm et Lévis," history by Abbé Casgrain, 20.

-

-  Montesquieu, his "Esprit des Lois," its high place in literature, 31.

-

-  Montreal, its Art Gallery, 53;

-    its architectural features, 57, 91.

-

-  Morin, Augustin Norbert, statesman, 14.

-

-  Muntz, Miss, artist, 54, 88.

-

-

-  Newspapers in Canada, previous to 1867, 9, 16, 66;

-    at present time, 51;

-    their character, 52.

-

-  Novel-writing in Canada, not generally successful, 27;

-    exceptions, "Golden Dog" by Kirby, 27;

-    "François de Bienville" by Marmette, 27;

-    "Les Anciens Canadiens" by De Gaspé, 27;

-    De Mille's works, 29;

-    Sara Jeannette Duncan, 29;

-    Gilbert Parker, 28;

-    L. Dougall, 29.

-

-  Notre Dame de Lourdes, in Montreal, decorated by N. Bourassa, 88.

-

-

-  O'Brien, L. R., artist, 54.

-

-  O'Brien, Most Rev. Dr., author, 74.

-

-  O'Doyle, L. O'Connor, orator, 15.

-

-  O'Hagan, T., poet, 74.

-

-  "Oiseaux de Neige, Les," poems by L. Fréchette, 72.

-

-  "Orion" and other poems, by Professor Roberts, 74.

-

-  Osgoode Hall in Toronto, its architecture, 90.

-

-  "Our Fathers," by Joseph Howe, mentioned, 77.

-

-

-  Papineau, Louis Joseph, statesman, 14.

-

-  Parkman, Francis, his vivid historical pictures of Canada, 4.

-

-  Parish Church of Notre Dame at Montreal, its architecture, 90.

-

-  Parliament and Departmental Buildings at Ottawa, their architecture,

-            90.

-

-  Parliamentary Library at Ottawa, its architecture, 90.

-

-  Patterson, A. D., artist, 54, 88.

-

-  Patterson, Dr., his contributions to Royal Society of Canada, 38.

-

-  Peel, Paul, artist, 88.

-

-  "Pine, Rose and Fleur-de-Lis," poems by S. Frances Harrison,

-            ("Seranus"), 76.

-

-  Pinhey, John, artist, 54, 88.

-

-  Poets of Canada;

-    previous to 1867, 17;

-    from 1867-1893, 20, 72;

-    estimate of their productions, 20-25;

-    patriotic strain of many of their efforts, 25-27.

-

-  Political Life in Canada, attracts best intellects in old times,

-            11, 43;

-    also at present, 43, 44.

-

-  Potherie, La, his "Amérique Septentrionale," 6, 63.

-

-  "Professor Conant," novel by L. S. Huntington, 82.

-

-  "Prehistoric Man," by Sir D. Wilson, 81.

-

-  Pulpit, literature of, in Canada, 43.

-

-

-  Raphael, W., artist, 54.

-

-  Reade, John, his poems, 20, 21, 73;

-    his "In My Heart" quoted at length, 77;

-    essayist, 81.

-

-  Redpath Library at Montreal, 90.

-

-  Reid, G. A., Canadian artist, his "Foreclosure of the Mortgage," his

-            success at the World's Fair, 87.

-

-  Religious literature, 10.

-

-  Richardson, A. H., the architect, a lover of the Romanesque,

-            mentioned, 57.

-

-  Richardson, Major, his romances, 82.

-

-  Riley, James Whitcomb, the poet, 20.

-

-  Roberts, C. G. D., his poems, 20, 26, 74.

-

-  "Roberval," poem by J. H. Duvar, 75.

-

-  Routhier, J. B., poet, 74.

-

-  Royal Society of Canada, its foundation, 33;

-    its objects, 33-36;

-    its success, 36;

-    its Transactions and their circulation, 36, 37;

-    some of its most prominent contributions to the literature of

-            learning and science, 37-39;

-    its connection with "Tidal Observations," and the determination of

-            the true longitude of Montreal, etc., 38;

-    asks for sympathetic encouragement, 42;

-      see note 58, p. 84.

-

-  Ruskin, John, 21;

-    quoted, 48.

-

-  Ryan, Carroll, poet, 73.

-

-

-  Sagard, Gabriel, his "Grand Voyage," etc., 6, 63.

-

-  Sainte-Beuve on French poetry, 22;

-    on good workmanship in literature, and criticism, 47.

-

-  Saint-Maurice, Faucher de, mentioned, "Sam Slick," by Judge

-            Haliburton, 11, 12, 66.

-

-  Sangster, Charles, his poems, 17, 69.

-

-  Sarrazin, Dr. Michel, his scientific labours in Canada, 8, 64.

-

-  Schools in Canada, number of, 65;

-    pupils at same, 65.

-

-  Science, Canadians achieve notable success therein, 32.

-

-  Sculptors in Canada, 57, 88.

-

-  Secord, Laura, her toilsome journey in 1813, described by Mrs. Edgar,

-            78;

-    worthy of a poet's pen, 24.

-

-  Selections from Canadian Poets, by E. H. Dewart, 73.

-

-  Seminary, The Great and Lesser, founded at Quebec, 6.

-

-  "Simple Adventures of a Memsahib," by Sara J. Duncan, 83.

-

-  Sladen, Douglas, his collection of American poems, 76.

-

-  Smith, Captain John, compared with Samuel Champlain, 62.

-

-  Smith, Goldwin, on the study of the classics, 49.

-

-  Smith, William, his History of Canada, 12, 66.

-

-  "Social Departure, A," by Sara J. Duncan, 29, 83.

-

-  "Songs of the Great Dominion," collection of poems by W. D. Lighthall,

-            76.

-

-  "Songs of Life," by E. H. Dewart, 73.

-

-  "Songs of a Wanderer," by Carroll Ryan, 73.

-

-  St. Andrew's Church at Toronto, its architecture, 90.

-

-  St. James's Cathedral at Toronto, its architecture, 90.

-

-  Statesmanship in Canada, 15, 42.

-

-  Stewart, Dr. George, his literary efforts, 81.

-

-  Suite, historian and poet, 20, 71, 73.

-

-

-  Tanguay, Abbé, his "Dictionnaire Généalogique des Canadiens Français,"

-            72.

-

-  Tassé, Joseph, his writings, 72.

-

-  "Tecumseh," poem by C. Mair, 74.

-

-  "Tendres Choses," poem by R. Chevrier, 76.

-

-  "This Canada of Ours," poem by J. D. Edgar, 76.

-

-  Thompson, David, his book on the War of 1812, 12, 67.

-

-  Thompson, Ernest, artist, 87.

-

-  Tilley, Sir Leonard S., statesman, 15.

-

-  Todd, A., his "Parliamentary Government," 18, 69.

-

-  Trinity College at Toronto, its architecture, 90.

-

-  "Trois Morts," poem by O. Crémazie, 68.

-

-  Tully, Sidney, artist, 87.

-

-  Tupper, Sir Charles, statesman, 15.

-

-  Turcotte, L., his "History of Canada," 20, 71.

-

-

-  Uniacke, J. Boyle, statesman, 15.

-

-  Universities and Colleges in Canada, 65.

-

-  University of Toronto, its architecture, 90.

-

-

-  Verner, F. A., artist, 54.

-

-  Verreau, Abbé, contributor to Royal Society, 38.

-

-

-  "Wacousta, or the Prophecy," romance by Major J. Richardson, 82.

-

-  Waters, Frank, poet, 75.

-

-  Watson, Homer, artist, 54.

-

-  Watson, S. J., poet, 73.

-

-  Way, Chief Justice, of Adelaide, S. A., mentioned, 80.

-

-  "Week, The," its literary work in Canada, 40.

-

-  "White Stone Canoe," poem by J. D. Edgar, 76.

-

-  Whitman, Walt, as poet, 23.

-

-  Wicksteed, G. W., poet, 74.

-

-  Wilmot, Judge, statesman, 14.

-

-  Wilson, Sir D., one of the founders and constant workers of the Royal

-            Society, 33, 38.

-

-  Woodcock, Percy, artist, 87.

-

-  World's Fair at Chicago, 54;

-    beauty of architecture, and excellence of exhibition of paintings

-            and statuary, 55-57;

-    must help to develop higher artistic achievement in America, 57;

-    Canadian painters at, 55, 56.

-

-

-  "Younger American Poets," collection by D. Sladen, 76.

-

-  Young, Sir William, statesman, 15.

-

-

-

-

-      *      *      *      *      *      *

-

-

-

-

-Transcriber's note:

-

-  Footnotes placed at end of their respective chapter

-

-  Obvious punctuation and spelling errors corrected

-

-  Pg. 6: Note 11 for "... the admirable account of Indian life and

-  customs by the Jesuit Lafitau," changed to 11_a_

-

-  Pg. 27: Note 44_a_ for "... written sixty years ago by Major John

-  Richardson," changed to 45_a_

-

-  Pg. 42: Note/Footnote 58 * for "... yet in the infantry of its literary

-  life." changed to Footnote F

-

-  Pg. 63: In "(8) Page 6.--The Canadian Government...." changed to "(9)

-  Page 6.--The Canadian Government...."

-

-

-

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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 55499 ***
+
+Note: Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      https://archive.org/details/ourintellectuals00jgborich
+
+
+
+
+
+Royal Society of Canada Series.
+
+No. 1.
+
+OUR INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS.
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
+
+Parliamentary Practice and Procedure, with a review of the origin,
+growth, and operation of parliamentary institutions in Canada. And
+an Appendix containing the British North America Act of 1867 and
+amending acts, Governor-General's commission and instructions, forms of
+proceeding in the Senate and House of Commons, etc.; 2nd ed., revised
+and enlarged, 8vo., pp. 970, cloth and calf. Montreal: Dawson Bros.,
+1892. $8.
+
+A Manual of the Constitutional History of Canada, from the earliest
+period to the year 1888, including the B. N. A. Act of 1867, and a
+digest of judicial decisions on questions of legislative jurisdiction.
+12mo. pp. 238. Montreal: Dawson Bros. Cloth, $1.25.
+
+Canadian Studies in Comparative Politics: I. Canada and English
+Institutions; II. Canada and the United States; III. Canada and
+Switzerland. Large 4to. pp. 100. Montreal: Dawson Bros. Cloth, $1.
+
+Local Government in Canada. 8vo. pp. 72. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
+University Studies. Paper, 50c.
+
+Federal Government in Canada. 8vo. pp. 172. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
+University Studies, 1889. Paper, 50c.
+
+Parliamentary Government in Canada: an historical and constitutional
+study. Annals of American Historical Association. 8vo. pp. 98.
+Washington: Government Printing Office, 1893. Paper, $1.
+
+Descriptive and Historical Account of the Island of Cape Breton,
+and of its Memorials of the French Regime, with bibliographical,
+historical and critical notes, and old maps; plans and illustrations
+of Louisbourg. Large 4to. pp. 180. Montreal: Foster Brown & Co., 1892.
+Fancy cloth, $3.
+
+      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+Royal Society of Canada Series.
+
+OUR INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS
+
+A Short Historical and Critical Review of Literature,
+Art and Education in Canada,
+
+by
+
+J. G. BOURINOT, C.M.G., LL.D., D.C.L., D.L. (LAVAL).
+
+Author of "Cape Breton and Its Memorials of the French Regime," and of
+Several Works on Federal and Parliamentary Government
+in the Dominion of Canada.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Montreal:
+Foster Brown & Co.
+
+London:
+Bernard Quaritch.
+
+1893
+
+Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada by J. G. BOURINOT, in
+the Office of the Minister of Agriculture, in the year 1893.
+
+Gazette Printing Company, Montreal.
+
+
+
+
+                             To my Friends
+              SIR J. W. DAWSON, (C.M.G., F.R.S.C., LL.D.)
+                                  AND
+                  MONSIGNOR HAMEL, (M.A., F.R.S.C.),
+   WHO REPRESENT THE CULTURE AND LEARNING OF THE ENGLISH AND FRENCH
+                   ELEMENTS OF THE CANADIAN PEOPLE,
+                              I dedicate
+           THIS SHORT REVIEW OF THE INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT
+                         OF THE NEW DOMINION.
+
+
+
+
+PREFATORY NOTE.
+
+
+This monograph on the intellectual development of the Dominion was
+delivered in substance as the presidential address to the Royal Society
+of Canada at its May meeting of 1893, in Ottawa. Since then the author
+has given the whole subject a careful revision, and added a number of
+bibliographical and other literary notes which could not conveniently
+appear in the text of the address, but are likely to interest those who
+wish to follow more closely the progress of culture in a country still
+struggling with the difficulties of the material development of half
+a continent. This little volume, as the title page shows, is intended
+as the commencement of a series of historical and other essays which
+will be periodically reproduced, in this more convenient form for the
+general reader, from the large quarto volumes of the Royal Society of
+Canada, where they first appear.
+
+  OTTAWA, 1st October, 1893.
+
+
+
+
+ANALYSIS OF CONTENTS.
+
+
+  I.--P. 1.
+
+  Introductory remarks on the overestimate of material success in
+        America; citation from an oration on the subject by James
+        Russell Lowell; application of his remarks to Canadians.
+
+  II.--P. 4.
+
+  Three well defined eras of development in Canada; the French regime
+        and its heroic aspect; the works of Champlain, Lescarbot,
+        Potherie, Le Clercq, Charlevoix and others; evidences of some
+        culture in Quebec and Montreal; the foundation of the Jesuit
+        College and the Seminaries; Peter Kalm on the study of science;
+        the mental apathy of the colony generally in the days of French
+        supremacy.
+
+  III.--P. 9.
+
+  The period of political development from 1760-1840, under English
+        government; low state of popular education; growth of the press;
+        influence of the clergy; intellectual contests in legislative
+        halls; publication of "Sam Slick"; development of a historical
+        literature.
+
+  IV.--P. 14.
+
+  An era of intellectual as well as material activity commences in 1840,
+        after the concession of responsible government; political life
+        still claims best intellects; names of prominent politicians and
+        statesmen from 1840-1867; performance in literature and science;
+        gross partisanship of the press; poems of Crémazie, Howe,
+        Sangster and others; histories of Christie, Bibaud, Garneau and
+        Ferland.
+
+  V.--P. 19.
+
+  Historical writers from 1867-1893--Dent, Turcotte, Casgrain, Sulte,
+        Kingsford, etc.; Canadian poets--LeMay, Reade, Mair, Roberts,
+        Carman and others; critical remarks on the character of French
+        and English Canadian poetry; comparison between Canadian and
+        Australian writers; patriotic spirit of Canadian poems.
+
+  VI.--P. 27.
+
+  Essay writing in Canada; weakness of attempts at fiction; Richardson's
+        "Wacousta"; De Gaspé's "Anciens Canadiens"; Kirby's "Golden
+        Dog"; Marmette's "F. de Bienville," among best works of this
+        class; Professor De Mille and his works; successful efforts of
+        Canadians abroad--Gilbert Parker, Sara Jeannette Duncan and L.
+        Dougall; general remarks on literary progress during half a
+        century; the literature of science in Canada eminently
+       successful.
+
+  VII.--P. 33.
+
+  A short review of the origin and history of the Royal Society of
+        Canada; its aim, the encouragement of the literature of learning
+        and science, and of original ethnographical, archæological,
+        historic and scientific investigation; desirous of stimulating
+        broad literary criticism; associated with all other Canadian
+        societies engaged in the same work; the wide circulation of its
+        Transactions throughout the world; the need of a magazine of a
+        high class in Canada.
+
+  VIII.--P. 42.
+
+  The intellectual standard of our legislative bodies; the literature of
+        biography, law and theology; summary of general results of
+        intellectual development; difficulties in the way of successful
+        literary pursuits in Canada; good work sure of appreciative
+        criticism by the best class of English periodicals like the
+        "Contemporary," "Athenæum," "English Historical Magazine,"
+        "Academy," etc.; Sainte-Beuve's advice to cultivate a good style
+        cited; some colonial conditions antagonistic to literary growth;
+        the necessity of cultivating a higher ideal of literature in
+        these modern times.
+
+  IX.--P. 49.
+
+  The condition of education in Canada; speed and superficiality among
+        the defects of an otherwise admirable system; tendency to make
+        all studies subordinate to a purely utilitarian spirit; the need
+        of cultivating the "humanities," especially Greek; remarks on
+        this point by Matthew Arnold and Goldwin Smith; the state of the
+        press of Canada; the Canadian Pythia and Olympia.
+
+  X.--P. 53.
+
+  Libraries in Canada; development of art; absence of art galleries in
+        the cities, and of large private collections of paintings;
+        meritorious work of O'Brien, Reed, Peel, Pinhey, Forster and
+        others; establishment of the Canadian Academy by the Princess
+        Louise and the Marquess of Lorne; necessity for greater
+        encouragement of native artists; success of Canadian artists at
+        the World's Fair; architecture in Canada imitative and not
+        creative; the White City at Chicago an illustration of the
+        triumph of intellectual and artistic effort over the spirit of
+        mere materialism; its effect probably the development of a
+        higher culture and creative artistic genius on the continent.
+
+  XI.--P. 58.
+
+  Conclusion: The French language and its probable duration in Canada;
+       the advantages of a friendly rivalry among French and English
+       Canadians, which will best stimulate the genius of their peoples
+       in art and letters; necessity for sympathetic encouragement of
+       the two languages and of the mental efforts of each other; less
+       provincialism or narrowness of mental vision likely to gain
+       larger audiences in other countries; conditions of higher
+       intellectual development largely dependent on a widening of our
+       mental horizon, the creation of wider sympathy for native talent,
+       the disappearance of a tendency to self-depreciation, and greater
+       self-reliance and confidence in our own intellectual resources.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHICAL, ART AND GENERAL NOTES.
+
+
+    (1) P. 61.--Lowell's remarks on the study of the Liberal Arts.
+
+    (2) P. 61.--Jamestown, Va.
+
+    (3) P. 61.--Champlain's Works; his character compared with that of
+                    Captain John Smith.
+
+    (4) P. 62.--Lescarbot's "Histoire de la Nouvelle France."
+
+    (5) P. 62.--Charlevoix's "Histoire et Description Générale de la
+                    Nouvelle France."
+
+    (6) P. 63.--Hutchinson's "History of Massachusetts."
+
+    (7) P. 63.--Sagard's "Le Grand Voyage," etc.
+
+    (8) P. 63.--P. Boucher's "Mœurs et Productions de la Nouvelle
+                    France."
+
+    (9) P. 63.--Jesuit Relations.
+
+    (10) P. 63.--Père du Creux, "Historia Canadensis."
+
+    (11) P. 63.--La Potherie's "Histoire de l'Amérique Septentrionale."
+
+    (11_a_) P. 63.--The Jesuit Lafitau and his work on Indian customs.
+
+    (12) P. 64.--C. le Clercq, "Etablissement de la Foy."
+
+    (13) P. 64.--Cotton Mather's "Magnalia."
+
+    (13_a_) P. 64.--Dr. Michel Sarrazin.
+
+    (13_b_) P. 64,--Peter Kalm and the English colonies.
+
+    (14) P. 65.--Education in Canada, 1792-1893.
+
+    (15) P. 65.--Upper Canada, 1792-1840.
+
+    (16) P. 66.--Canadian Journalism.
+
+    (17) P. 66.--Howe's Speeches.
+
+    (18) P. 66.--"Sam Slick."
+
+    (19) P. 66.--Judge Haliburton's History of Nova Scotia.
+
+    (20) P. 66.--W. Smith's History of Canada.
+
+    (21) P. 67.--Joseph Bouchette's Topographical Works on Canada.
+
+    (22) P. 67.--M. Bibaud's Histories of Canada.
+
+    (23) P. 67.--Thompson's Book on the War of 1812-14.
+
+    (24) P. 67.--Belknap's History of New Hampshire.
+
+    (25) P. 67.--The poet Crémazie.
+
+    (26) P. 68.--Chauveau as a poet.
+
+    (27) P. 69.--Howe's Poems.
+
+    (28) P. 69.--The poets Sangster and McLachlan.
+
+    (29) P. 69.--Charles Heavysege's Works.
+
+    (30) P. 69.--Todd's Parliamentary Government.
+
+    (31) P. 69.--Christie's History of Lower Canada.
+
+    (32) P. 70.--Garneau's History of Canada.
+
+    (33) P. 70.--Ferland and Faillon as Canadian Historians.
+
+    (34) P. 70.--Dent's Histories of Canada.
+
+    (35) P. 71.--Turcotte's History since Union of 1841.
+
+    (36) P. 71.--B. Sulte, "Histoire des Canadiens Français," etc.
+
+    (37) P. 71.--Abbé Casgrain's Works.
+
+    (38) P. 71.--Kingsford, Dionne, Gosselin, Tassé, Tanguay, and other
+                    Canadian historians.
+
+    (39) P. 72.--A Canadian Bibliography.
+
+    (40) P. 72.--Later Canadian Poets, 1867-1893: Fréchette, LeMay, W.
+                    Campbell Roberts, Lampman, Mair, O'Brien, McColl,
+                    Suite, Lockhart, Murray, Edgar, O'Hagan, Davin, etc.
+                    Collections of Canadian poems. Citations from
+                    Canadian poems.
+
+    (41) P. 77.--"In My Heart." By John Reade.
+
+    (41_a_) P. 78.--"Laura Secord's Warning," from Mrs. Edgar's "Ridout
+                    Letters."
+
+    (42) P. 79.--Australian poets and novelists.
+
+    (43) P. 80.--Howe's "Flag of Old England."
+
+    (44) P. 81.--Canadian essayists: Stewart, Grant, Griffin and others.
+
+    (45) P. 81.--W. Kirby's "Golden Dog" and other works.
+
+    (45_a_) P. 82.--Major Richardson's "Wacousta," etc.
+
+    (46) P. 82.--Marmette's "François de Bienville," and other romances.
+
+    (47) P. 82.--De Gaspé's "Anciens Canadiens."
+
+    (48) P. 82.--Mrs. Catherwood's works of fiction.
+
+    (49) P. 83.--Gilbert Parker's writings.
+
+    (50) P. 83.--DeMille's fiction.
+
+    (51) P. 83.--Sara Jeannette Duncan's "A Social Departure," etc.
+
+    (52) P. 83.--Matthew Arnold on Literature and Science.
+
+    (53) P. 83.--Principal Grant's Address to Royal Society.
+
+    (54) P. 84.--Sir J. W. Dawson's scientific labours.
+
+    (55) P. 84.--Elkanah Billings as scientist.
+
+    (56) P. 84.--Origin of Royal Society of Canada.
+
+    (57) P. 84.--Sir D. Wilson, T. S. Hunt and Mr. Chauveau.
+
+    (58) P. 84.--Canadian Literary and Scientific Societies.
+
+    (58_a_) P. 85.--The Earl of Derby's farewell address to the Royal
+                    Society. His opinion of its work and usefulness.
+
+    (59) P. 86.--S. E. Dawson on Tennyson.
+
+    (60) P. 86.--The old "Canadian Monthly."
+
+    (61) P. 86.--Form of Royal Society Transactions.
+
+    (62) P. 86.--Goldwin Smith on the study of the Classics.
+
+    (63) P. 87.--Canadian Libraries.
+
+    (64) P. 87.--List of artists in Canada. Native born and adopted. Art
+                    societies. Influence of French school. Canadian
+                    artists at the World's Fair. J. W. L. Forster on
+                    Canadian art.
+
+    (64_a_) P. 89.--Architectural art in Canada. List of prominent
+                    public buildings noted for beauty and symmetry of
+                    form.
+
+    (65) P. 91.--"Fidelis."
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  OUR INTELLECTUAL
+  STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS.
+
+  A SHORT REVIEW OF
+  LITERATURE, EDUCATION AND ART IN CANADA
+
+
+
+
+I.
+
+
+I cannot more appropriately commence this address than by a reference
+to an oration delivered seven years ago in the great hall of a famous
+university which stands beneath the stately elms of Cambridge, in
+the old "Bay State" of Massachusetts: a noble seat of learning in
+which Canadians take a deep interest, not only because some of their
+sons have completed their education within its walls, but because it
+represents that culture and scholarship which know no national lines
+of separation, but belong to the world's great Federation of Learning.
+The orator was a man who, by his deep philosophy, his poetic genius,
+his broad patriotism, his love for England, her great literature and
+history, had won for himself a reputation not equalled in some respects
+by any other citizen of the United States of these later times. In
+the course of a brilliant oration in honour[1][A] of the two hundred
+and fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of Harvard, James Russell
+Lowell took occasion to warn his audience against the tendency of a
+prosperous democracy "towards an overweening confidence in itself and
+its home-made methods, an overestimate of material success and a
+corresponding indifference to the things of the mind." He did not deny
+that wealth is a great fertilizer of civilization and of the arts that
+beautify it; that wealth is an excellent thing since it means power,
+leisure and liberty; "but these," he went on to say, "divorced from
+culture, that is, from intelligent purpose, become the very mockery
+of their own essence, not goods, but evils fatal to their possessor,
+and bring with them, like the Nibelungen Hoard, a doom instead of a
+blessing." "I am saddened," he continued, "when I see our success as
+a nation measured by the number of acres under tillage, or of bushels
+of wheat exported; for the real value of a country must be weighed in
+scales more delicate than the balance of trade. The garners of Sicily
+are empty now, but the bees from all climes still fetch honey from the
+tiny garden-plot of Theocritus. On a map of the world you may cover
+Judea with your thumb, Athens with a finger-tip, and neither of them
+figures in the Prices Current; but they still lord it in the thought
+and action of every civilized man. Did not Dante cover with his hood
+all that was Italy six hundred years ago? And if we go back a century,
+where was Germany outside of Weimar? Material success is good, but
+only as the necessary preliminary of better things. The measure of a
+nation's true success is the amount it has contributed to the thought,
+the moral energy, the intellectual happiness, the spiritual hope and
+consolation of mankind."
+
+These eloquently suggestive words, it must be remembered, were
+addressed by a great American author to an audience, made up of
+eminent scholars and writers, in the principal academic seat of that
+New England which has given birth to Emerson, Longfellow, Bancroft,
+Prescott, Motley, Hawthorne, Holmes, Parkman, and many others,
+representing the brightest thought and intellect of this continent.
+These writers were the product of the intellectual development of the
+many years that had passed since the pilgrims landed on the historic
+rock of Plymouth. Yet, while Lowell could point to such a brilliant
+array of historians, essayists, poets and novelists, as I have just
+named, as the latest results of New England culture, he felt compelled
+to utter a word of remonstrance against that spirit of materialism
+that was then as now abroad in the land, tending to stifle those
+generous intellectual aspirations which are best calculated to make a
+people truly happy and great.
+
+Let us now apply these remarks of the eminent American poet and thinker
+to Canada--to ourselves, whose history is even older than that of New
+England; contemporaneous rather with that of Virginia, since Champlain
+landed on the heights of Quebec and laid the foundations of the ancient
+capital only a year after the English adventurers of the days of
+King James set their feet on the banks of the river named after that
+sovereign and commenced the old town which has long since disappeared
+before the tides of the ocean that stretches away beyond the shores of
+the Old Dominion.[2] If we in Canada are open to the same charge of
+attaching too much importance to material things, are we able at the
+same time to point to as notable achievements in literature as results
+of the three centuries that have nearly passed since the foundation of
+New France? I do not suppose that the most patriotic Canadian, however
+ready to eulogize his own country, will make an effort to claim an
+equality with New England in this respect; but, if indeed we feel it
+necessary to offer any comparison that would do us justice, it would
+be with that Virginia whose history is contemporaneous with that of
+French Canada. Statesmanship rather than Letters has been the pride and
+ambition of the Old Dominion, its brightest and highest achievement.
+Virginia has been the mother of great orators and great presidents,
+and her men of letters sink into insignificance alongside of those
+of New England. It may be said, too, of Canada, that her history in
+the days of the French regime, during the struggle for responsible
+government, as well as at the birth of confederation, gives us the
+names of men of statesmanlike designs and of patriotic purpose. From
+the days of Champlain to the establishment of the confederation, Canada
+has had the services of men as eminent in their respective spheres,
+and as successful in the attainment of popular rights, in moulding the
+educational and political institutions of the country, and in laying
+broad and deep the foundations of a new nationality across half a
+continent, as those great Virginians to whom the world is ever ready
+to pay its meed of respect. These Virginian statesmen won their fame
+in the large theatre of national achievement--in laying the basis of
+the most remarkable federal republic the world has ever seen; whilst
+Canadian public men have laboured with equal earnestness and ability in
+that far less conspicuous and brilliant arena of colonial development,
+the eulogy of which has to be written in the histories of the future.
+
+[Footnote A: In all cases the references are to the Notes in the
+Appendix.]
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+
+Let me now ask you to follow me for a short time whilst I review some
+of the most salient features of our intellectual progress since the
+days Canada entered on its career of competition in the civilization
+of this continent. So far there have been three well defined eras of
+development in the country now known as the Dominion of Canada. First,
+there was the era of French Canadian occupation which in many respects
+had its heroic and picturesque features. Then, after the cession of
+Canada to England, came that era of political and constitutional
+struggle for a larger measure of public liberty which ended in the
+establishment of responsible government about half a century ago.
+Then we come to that era which dates from the confederation of the
+provinces--an era of which the first quarter of a century only has
+passed, of which the signs are still full of promise, despite the
+prediction of gloomy thinkers, if Canadians remain true to themselves
+and face the future with the same courage and confidence that have
+distinguished the past.
+
+As I have just said, the days of the French regime were in a sense days
+of heroic endeavour, since we see in the vista of the past a small
+colony whose total population at no period exceeded eighty thousand
+souls, chiefly living on the banks of the St. Lawrence, between Quebec
+and Montreal, and contending against great odds for the supremacy on
+the continent of America. The pen of Francis Parkman has given a vivid
+picture of those days when bold adventurers unlocked the secrets of
+this Canadian Dominion, pushed into the western wilderness, followed
+unknown rivers, and at last found a way to the waters of that southern
+gulf where Spain had long before, in the days of Grijalva, Cortez and
+Pineda, planted her flag and won treasures of gold and silver from an
+unhappy people who soon learned to curse the day when the white men
+came to the fair islands of the south and the rich country of Mexico.
+In these days the world, with universal acclaim has paid its tribute of
+admiration to the memory of a great Discoverer who had the courage of
+his convictions and led the way to the unknown lands beyond the Azores
+and the Canaries. This present generation has forgiven him much in view
+of his heroism in facing the dangers of unknown seas and piercing their
+mysteries. His purpose was so great, and his success so conspicuous,
+that both have obscured his human weakness. In some respects he was
+wiser than the age in which he lived; in others he was the product of
+the greed and the superstition of that age; but we who owe him so much
+forget the frailty of the man in the sagacity of the Discoverer. As
+Canadians, however, now review the character of the great Genoese, and
+of his compeers and successors in the opening up of this continent,
+they must, with pride, come to the conclusion that none of these men
+can compare in nobility of purpose, in sincere devotion to God, King
+and Country, with Champlain, the sailor of Brouage, who became the
+founder of Quebec and the father of New France.
+
+In the daring ventures of Marquette, Jolliet, La Salle and Tonty,
+in the stern purpose of Frontenac, in the far-reaching plans of La
+Galissonière, in the military genius of Montcalm, the historian of the
+present time has at his command the most attractive materials for his
+pen. But we cannot expect to find the signs of intellectual development
+among a people where there was not a single printing press, where
+freedom of thought and action was repressed by a paternal absolutism,
+where the struggle for life was very bitter up to the last hours of
+French supremacy in a country constantly exposed to the misfortunes
+of war, and too often neglected by a king who thought more of his
+mistresses than of his harassed and patient subjects across the sea.
+Yet that memorable period--days of struggle in many ways--was the
+origin of a large amount of literature which we, in these times, find
+of the deepest interest and value from a historic point of view. The
+English colonies of America cannot present us with any books which,
+for faithful narrative and simplicity of style, bear comparison with
+the admirable works of Champlain, explorer and historian,[3] or with
+those of the genial and witty advocate, Marc Lescarbot,[4] names that
+can never be forgotten on the picturesque heights of Quebec, or on
+the banks of the beautiful basin of Annapolis. Is there a Canadian
+or American writer who is not under a deep debt of obligation to the
+clear-headed and industrious Jesuit traveller, Charlevoix,[5] the
+Nestor of French Canadian history? The only historical writer that can
+at all surpass him in New England was the loyalist Governor Hutchinson,
+and he published his books at a later time when the French dominion had
+disappeared with the fall of Quebec.[6] To the works just mentioned we
+may add the books of Gabriel Sagard,[7] and of Boucher, the governor of
+Three Rivers and founder of a still eminent French Canadian family;[8]
+that remarkable collection of authentic historic narrative, known as
+the Jesuit Relations;[9] even that tedious Latin compilation by Père
+du Creux,[10] the useful narrative by La Potherie,[11] the admirable
+account of Indian life and customs by the Jesuit Lafitau,[11_a_]
+and that now very rare historical account of the French colony, the
+"Etablissement de la Foy dans la Nouvelle France," written by the
+Recollet le Clercq,[12] probably aided by Frontenac. In these and other
+works, despite their diffuseness in some cases, we have a library of
+historical literature, which, when supplemented by the great stores
+of official documents still preserved in the French archives, is of
+priceless value as a true and minute record of the times in which the
+authors lived, or which they described from the materials to which
+they alone had access. It may be said with truth that none of these
+writers were Canadians in the sense that they were born or educated
+in Canada, but still they were the product of the life, the hardships
+and the realities of New France--it was from this country they drew
+the inspiration that gave vigour and colour to their writings. New
+England, as I have already said, never originated a class of writers
+who produced work of equal value, or indeed of equal literary merit.
+Religious and polemic controversy had the chief attraction for the
+gloomy, disputatious puritan native of Massachusetts and the adjoining
+colonies. Cotton Mather was essentially a New England creation, and
+if quantity were the criterion of literary merit then he was the most
+distinguished author of his century; for it is said that indefatigable
+antiquarians have counted up the titles of nearly four hundred books
+and pamphlets by this industrious writer. His principal work, however,
+was the "Magnalia Christi Americana, or Ecclesiastical History of New
+England from 1620 to 1698,"[13] a large folio, remarkable as a curious
+collection of strange conceits, forced witticisms, and prolixity
+of narrative, in which the venturesome reader soon finds himself
+so irretrievably mystified and lost that he rises from the perusal
+with wonderment that so much learning, as was evidently possessed
+by the author, could be so used to bewilder the world of letters.
+The historical knowledge is literally choked up with verbiage and
+mannerisms. Even prosy du Creux becomes tolerable at times compared
+with the garrulous Puritan author.
+
+Though books were rarely seen, and secular education was extremely
+defective as a rule throughout the French colony, yet at a very early
+period in its history remarkable opportunities were afforded for the
+education of a priesthood and the cult of the principles of the Roman
+Catholic religion among those classes who were able to avail themselves
+of the facilities offered by the Jesuit College, which was founded
+at Quebec before even Harvard at Cambridge, or by the famous Great
+and Lesser Seminaries in the same place, in connection with which, in
+later times, rose the University with which is directly associated the
+name of the most famous Bishop of the French regime. The influence
+of such institutions was not simply in making Canada a most devoted
+daughter of that great Church, which has ever exercised a paternal and
+even absolute care of its people, but also in discouraging a purely
+materialistic spirit and probably keeping alive a taste for letters
+among a very small class, especially the priests, who, in politics
+as in society, have been always a controlling element in the French
+province. Evidences of some culture and intellectual aspirations in
+the social circles of the ancient capital attracted the surprise of
+travellers who visited the country before the close of the French
+dominion. "Science and the fine arts," wrote Charlevoix, "have their
+turn, and conversation does not fail. The Canadians breathe from
+their birth an air of liberty, which makes them very pleasant in the
+intercourse of life, and our language is nowhere more purely spoken."
+La Galissonière, who was an associate member of the French Academy of
+Science, and the most highly cultured governor ever sent out by France,
+spared no effort to encourage a systematic study of scientific pursuits
+in Canada. Dr. Michel Sarrazin,[13_a_] who was a practising physician
+in Quebec for nearly half a century, devoted himself most assiduously
+to the natural history of the colony, and made some valuable
+contributions to the French Academy, of which he was a correspondent.
+The Swedish botanist, Peter Kalm, who visited America in the middle of
+the last century, was impressed with the liking for scientific study
+which he observed in the French colony. "I have found," he wrote, "that
+eminent persons, generally speaking, in this country, have much more
+taste for natural history and literature than in the English colonies,
+where the majority of people are entirely engrossed in making their
+fortune, whilst science is as a rule held in very light esteem."
+Strange to say, he ignores in this passage the scientific labours
+of Franklin, Bartram and others he had met in Pennsylvania.[13_b_]
+As a fact such evidences of intellectual enlightenment as Kalm and
+Charlevoix mentioned were entirely exceptional in the colony, and
+never showed themselves beyond the walls of Quebec or Montreal. The
+province, as a whole, was in a state of mental sluggishness. The germs
+of intellectual life were necessarily dormant among the mass of the
+people, for they never could produce any rich fruition until they
+were freed from the spirit of absolutism which distinguished French
+supremacy, and were able to give full expression to the natural genius
+of their race under the inspiration of the liberal government of
+England in these later times.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+
+Passing from the heroic days of Canada, which, if it could hardly in
+the nature of things originate a native literature, at least inspired a
+brilliant succession of historians, essayists and poets in much later
+times, we come now to that period of constitutional and political
+development which commenced with the rule of England. It does not fall
+within the scope of this address to dwell on the political struggles
+which showed their intensity in the rebellion of 1837-8, and reached
+their fruition in the concession of parliamentary government, in the
+large sense of the term, some years later. These struggles were carried
+on during times when there was only a sparse population chiefly centred
+in the few towns of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Upper and Lower Canada,
+on the shores of the Atlantic, on the banks of the St. Lawrence and
+Lake Ontario, and not extending beyond the peninsula of the present
+province of Ontario. The cities, or towns rather, of Halifax, St.
+John, Quebec, Montreal, Kingston and York, were then necessarily the
+only centres of intellectual life. Education was chiefly under the
+control of religious bodies or in the hands of private teachers. In
+the rural districts it was at the lowest point possible,[14] and the
+great system of free schools which has of late years extended through
+the Dominion--and is the chief honour of Ontario--was never dreamed of
+in those times of sluggish growth and local apathy, when communication
+between the distant parts of the country was slow and wretched, when
+the conditions of life were generally very hard and rude, when the
+forest still covered the greater portion of the most fertile districts
+of Ontario,[15] though here and there the pioneer's axe could be
+heard from morn to eve hewing out little patches of sunlight, so many
+glimpses of civilization and better times amid the wildness of a new
+land even then full of promise.
+
+The newspapers of those days were very few and came only at uncertain
+times to the home of the farmer by the side of some stream or amid
+the dense forest, or to the little hamlets that were springing up
+in favoured spots, and represented so many radiating influences of
+intelligence on the borders of the great lakes and their tributary
+streams, on the Atlantic seaboard, or on the numerous rivers that form
+so many natural highways to the people of the maritime provinces.
+These newspapers were for years mostly small quarto or folio sheets,
+in which the scissors played necessarily the all-important part;
+but there was, nevertheless, before 1840 in the more pretentious
+journals of the large towns, some good writing done by thoughtful
+men who studied their questions, and helped to atone for the very
+bitter vindictive partisan attacks on opponents that too frequently
+sullied the press in those times of fierce conflict.[16] Books were
+only found in the homes of the clergy or of the official classes, and
+these were generally old editions and rarely the latest publications
+of the time. Montreal and Quebec, for many years, were the only places
+where bookstores and libraries of more than a thousand volumes could
+be seen. It was not until 1813 that a successful effort was made to
+establish a "social library" at Kingston, Bath, and some other places
+in the Midland district. Toronto had no library worth mentioning until
+1836. What culture existed in those rude days was to be hunted up among
+the clergy, especially of the Church of England, the Roman Catholic
+priests of Lower Canada, and the official classes of the large towns.
+Some sermons that have come down to us, in pamphlets of very common
+paper--and very few were printed in those days when postage was dear
+and bookselling was not profitable--have no pretensions to originality
+of thought or literary style: sermons in remarkable contrast with the
+brilliant and suggestive utterances of such modern pulpit orators as
+Professor Clarke, of Trinity. The exhaustive and, generally, closely
+reasoned sermons of the Presbyterian divine had a special flavour of
+the Westminster confession and little of the versatility of preachers
+like Principal Grant in these later times when men are attempting to
+make even dogma more genial, and to understand the meaning of the
+sermon in the Mount. Then, as always in Canada, there were found among
+the clergy of all denominations hardworking, self-denying priests and
+missionaries who brought from time to time to some remote settlement
+of the provinces spiritual consolation and to many a household, long
+deprived of the intellectual nourishment of other days, an opportunity
+of conversing on subjects which in the stern daily routine of their
+lives in a new country were seldom or ever talked of. It was in the
+legislative halls of the provinces that the brightest intellect
+naturally found scope for its display, and at no subsequent period
+of the political history of Canada were there more fervid, earnest
+orators than appeared in the days when the battle for responsible
+government was at its height. The names of Nelson, Papineau, Howe,
+Baldwin, Wilmot, Johnstone, Young, Robinson, Rolph and Mackenzie recall
+the era when questions of political controversy and political freedom
+stimulated mental development among that class which sought and found
+the best popular opportunities for the display of their intellectual
+gifts in the legislative halls in the absence of a great printing
+press and a native literature. Joseph Howe's speeches[17] displayed a
+wide culture, an original eloquence, and a patriotic aspiration beyond
+those of any other man of his time and generation, and would have done
+credit to the Senate of the United States, then in the zenith of its
+reputation as a body of orators and statesmen. It is an interesting
+fact that Howe, then printer and publisher, should have printed the
+first work of the only great humorist that Canada has yet produced. I
+mean of course "The Clockmaker,"[18] in which Judge Haliburton created
+"Sam Slick," a type of a Down-east Yankee pedlar who sold his wares by
+a judicious use of that quality which is sure to be appreciated the
+world over, "Soft sawder and human natur'." In this work, which has
+run through ever so many editions, and is still found on the shelves
+of every well-equipped library and bookstore, Sam Slick told some home
+truths to his somewhat self-satisfied countrymen who could not help
+laughing even if the humour touched them very keenly at times. Nova
+Scotia has changed much for the better since those dull times when the
+house of assembly was expected to be a sort of political providence,
+to make all the roads and bridges, and give good times and harvests;
+but even now there are some people cruel enough, after a visit to
+Halifax, to hint that there still is a grain of truth in the following
+reflection on the enterprise of that beautiful port: "How the folks to
+Halifax take it all out in talkin'--they talk of steam-boats, whalers
+and railroads--but they all end where they begin--in talk. I don't
+think I'd be out in my latitude if I was to say they beat the womankind
+at that. One feller says, I talk of goin' to England--another says,
+I talk of goin' to the country--while another says, I talk of goin'
+to sleep. If we Yankees happen to speak of such things we say, 'I'm
+right off down East;' or 'I'm away off South,' and away we go jist
+like a streak of lightnin'." This clever humourist also wrote the best
+history[19]--one of his own province--that had been written in British
+North America up to that time--indeed it is still most readable, and
+worthy of a place in every library. In later days the Judge wrote many
+other books and became a member of the English House of Commons: but
+"Sam Slick" still remains the most signal illustration of his original
+genius.
+
+During this period, however, apart from the two works to which I have
+referred, we look in vain for any original literature worthy of special
+mention. A history of Canada written by William Smith,[20] a son of
+an eminent chief justice of New York, and subsequently of Canada, was
+published in excellent style for those days as early as 1815 at Quebec,
+but it has no special value except to the collector of old and rare
+books. Bouchette's topographical and geographical account of Canada[21]
+illustrated the ability and zeal of an eminent French Canadian, who
+deserved the thanks of his country, but these well printed books
+were, after all, mere compilations and came from the English press.
+Pamphlets were numerous enough, and some of them had literary skill,
+but they had, in the majority of cases, no permanent value except to
+the historian or antiquarian of the present day who must sift out all
+sorts of material and study every phase and incident of the times he
+has chosen for his theme. Michel Bibaud wrote a history of French
+Canada,[22] which no one reads in these days, and the most of the other
+works that emanated from the Canadian press, like Thompson's "War of
+1812,"[23] are chiefly valued by the historical collector. It was not
+to be expected that in a relatively poor country, still in the infancy
+of its development, severely tried by political controversies, with
+a small population scattered over a long stretch of territory, from
+Sydney to Niagara, there could be any intellectual stimulus or literary
+effort except what was represented in newspapers like the _Gazette_
+of Montreal--which has always maintained a certain dignity of style
+in its long journalistic career--the _Gazette_ and the _Canadien_, of
+Quebec, the _Nova Scotian_ of Halifax, or displayed itself in keen
+contests in the legislatures or court-houses of a people delighting
+always in such displays as there were made of mental power and natural
+eloquence. From a literary point of view our American neighbours had,
+during this period, left us away behind, in fact no comparison can be
+made between the two countries; laying aside the original creation
+of Sam Slick. Towards the close of the eighteenth century Belknap
+published his admirable history of New Hampshire,[24] while the third
+volume of Hutchinson's history of Massachusetts appeared in 1828, to
+close a work of rare merit alike for careful research, philosophic
+acuteness and literary charm. That admirable collection of political
+and constitutional essays known as the "Federalist" had attained a
+wide circulation and largely influenced the destinies of the union
+under the constitution of 1783. Chief Justice Marshall illumined the
+bench by his great judicial decisions which have won a remarkable
+place in legal literature, on account of their close, acute reasoning,
+breadth of knowledge, insight into great constitutional principles, and
+their immediate influence on the political development of the federal
+republic. Washington Irving published, as far back as 1819, his "Sketch
+Book," in which appeared the original creation of Rip Van Winkle, and
+followed it up with other works which recall Addison's delightful
+style, and gave him a fame abroad that no later American writer has
+ever surpassed. Cooper's romances began to appear in 1821, and Bancroft
+published in 1834 the first volume of what is a great history despite
+its somewhat rhetorical and ambitious style. Hawthorne's "Twice Told
+Tales" appeared in 1835, but his fame was to be won in later years
+when he wrote the "Scarlet Letter" and the "House of Seven Gables,"
+the most original and quaint productions that New England genius has
+yet produced. If I linger for a moment among these men it is because
+they were not merely American by the influence of their writings; but
+wherever the English tongue is spoken and English literature is read
+these writers of a past generation, as it may be said of others of
+later times, claim the gratitude of the untold thousands whom they
+have instructed and helped in many a weary and sad, as well as idle
+hour. They were not Canadians, but they illustrated the genius of this
+continent of ours.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+
+It was in the years that followed the concession of responsible
+government that a new era dawned on Canada--an era of intellectual
+as well as material activity. Then common schools followed the
+establishment of municipal institutions in Ontario. Even the province
+of Quebec awoke from its sullen lethargy and assumed greater confidence
+in the future, as its statesmen gradually recognized the fact that the
+union of 1841 could be turned to the advantage of French Canada despite
+it having been largely based on the hope of limiting the development
+of French Canadian institutions, and gradually leading the way to the
+assimilation of the two races. Political life still claimed the best
+talent and energy, as it has always done in this country; and, while
+Papineau soon disappeared from the arena where he had been, under a
+different condition of things, a powerful disturbing influence among
+his compatriots, men of greater discretion and wider statesmanship like
+Lafontaine, Morin and Cartier, took his place to the decided benefit
+of French Canada. Robert Baldwin, a tried and conservative reformer,
+yielded to the antagonistic influences that eventually arrayed
+themselves in his own party against him and retired to a privacy
+from which he never ventured until his death. William Lyon Mackenzie
+came back from exile and took a place once more in legislative halls
+only to find there was no longer scope for mere querulous agitators
+and restless politicians. Joseph Howe still devoted himself with
+untiring zeal to his countrymen in his native province, while Judge
+Wilmot, afterwards governor like the former in confederation days,
+delighted the people of New Brunswick with his rapid, fervid, scholarly
+eloquence. James W. Johnstone, long the leader of the Conservative
+party in Nova Scotia, remarkable for his great flow of language and
+argument; William Young, an astute politician; James Boyle Uniacke,
+with all the genius of an Irish orator; Laurence O'Connor Doyle, wit
+and Irishman; Samuel J. W. Archibald with his silver tongue, afterwards
+master of the rolls; Adams G. Archibald, polished gentleman; Leonard
+Tilley with his suavity of demeanour and skill as a politician;
+Charles Tupper with his great command of language, earnestness of
+expression and courage of conviction, were the leading exponents of the
+political opinions and of the culture and oratory of Nova Scotia and
+New Brunswick. In the upper provinces we had in addition to the names
+of the distinguished French Canadians I have already mentioned, those
+of John A. Macdonald, at all times a ready and incisive debater, a
+great party tactician, and a statesman of generous aspirations, who was
+destined to die very many years later with the knowledge that he had
+realized his conception of a federation uniting all the territory of
+British North America, from Sydney to Victoria, under one government.
+The names of Allan McNab, Francis Hincks, George Brown, George Etienne
+Cartier, Alexander Galt, D'Arcy McGee, Louis Sicotte, John Hillyard
+Cameron, Alexander Mackenzie, Seth Huntington, William McDougall,
+Antoine Dorion, Alexander Campbell, and of other men, eminent for their
+knowledge of finance, their powers as debaters, their graceful oratory,
+their legal acumen, their political skill and their intellectual
+achievements in their respective spheres, will be recalled by many of
+those who hear me, since the most eminent among them have but recently
+disappeared from the stage of active life.
+
+As long as party government lasts in this country men will be divided
+into political divisions, and objection will be of course time and
+again taken to the methods by which these and other political leaders
+have achieved their party ends, and none of us will be always satisfied
+with the conclusions to which their at times overweening ambition
+has led them; but, taking them all in all, I believe for one who has
+lived all my life among politicians and statesmen that, despite their
+failings and weaknesses, the public men of our country in those days
+laboured on the whole conscientiously from their own points of view
+to make Canada happier and greater. Indeed, when I look around me and
+see what has been done in the face of great obstacles during a half
+century and less, I am bound to pay this tribute to those who laboured
+earnestly in the difficult and trying intellectual field of public life.
+
+But this period which brought so many bright intellects into the
+activities of political life was distinguished also, not merely for
+the material advance in industry, but notably for some performance
+in the less hazardous walk of literature. The newspaper press with
+the progress of population, the increase of wealth, the diffusion of
+education, the construction of railways and telegraph lines, and the
+development of political liberty, found itself stimulated to new energy
+and enterprise. A daily press now commenced to meet the necessities
+of the larger and wealthier cities and towns. It must be admitted,
+however, that from a strictly intellectual point of view there was
+not in some respects a marked advance in the tone and style of the
+leading public journals. Political partisanship ran extremely high in
+those days--higher than it has ever since--and grosser personalities
+than have ever characterized newspapers in this country sullied the
+editorial columns of leading exponents of public opinion. No doubt
+there was much brilliant and forcible writing, despite the acrimony
+and abuse that were too often considered more necessary than incisive
+argument and logical reasoning when a political opponent had to be met.
+It was rarely that one could get at the whole truth of a question by
+reading only one newspaper; it was necessary to take two or three or
+more on different sides of politics in order to obtain even an accurate
+idea of the debates in the legislative halls. A Liberal or Conservative
+journal would consider it beneath its legitimate functions even as a
+newspaper to report with any fulness the speeches of its political
+adversaries. Of course this is not newspaper editing in the proper
+sense of the phrase. It is not the English method assuredly, since the
+London _Times_, the best example of a well-equipped and well-conducted
+newspaper, has always considered it necessary to give equal prominence
+to the speeches of Peel, Russell, Palmerston, Derby, Disraeli,
+Gladstone--of all the leaders irrespective of party. Even in these days
+of heated controversy on the Irish question one can always find in the
+columns of the London press fair and accurate reports of the speeches
+of Gladstone, Balfour, McCarthy, Chamberlain, Morley and Blake. This is
+the sound basis on which true and honest journalism must always rest
+if it is to find its legitimate reward, not in the fickle smiles of
+the mere party follower, but in the support of that great public which
+can best repay the enterprise and honesty of a true newspaper. Still,
+despite this violent partisanship to which bright intellects lowered
+themselves, and the absence of that responsibility to public opinion
+expected from its active teachers, the press of Canada, during the days
+of which I am speaking, kept pace in some essential respects with the
+material progress of the country, and represented too well the tone
+and spirit of the mass in the country where the rudiments of culture
+were still rough and raw. Public intelligence, however, was being
+gradually diffused, and according as the population increased, and the
+material conditions of the country improved, a literature of some merit
+commenced to show itself. The poems of Crémazie,[25] of Chauveau,[26]
+of Howe,[27] of Sangster[28] and others, were imbued with a truly
+Canadian spirit--with a love for Canada, its scenery, its history and
+its traditions, which entitled them to a larger audience than they
+probably ever had in this or other countries. None of those were great
+poets, but all of them were more or less gifted with a measure of true
+poetic genius, the more noteworthy because it showed itself in the
+rawness and newness of a colonial life. Amid the activities of a very
+busy period the poetic instinct of Canadians constantly found some
+expression. One almost now forgotten poet who was engaged in journalism
+in Montreal wrote an ambitious drama, "Saul," which was described at
+the time by a British critic as "a drama treated with great poetic
+power and depth of psychological knowledge which are often quite
+startling;" and the author followed it up with other poems, displaying
+also much imagination and feeling, but at no time reaching the ears of
+a large and appreciative audience. We cannot, however, claim Charles
+Heavysege[29] as a product of Canadian soil and education, for he
+was a man of mature age when he made his home in this country, and
+his works were in no wise inspired by Canadian sentiment, scenery or
+aspiration. In history Canadians have always shown some strength, and
+perhaps this was to be expected in view of the fact that political
+and historical literature--such works as Hamilton's "Federalist" or
+Todd's "Parliamentary Government"[30]--naturally engages the attention
+of active intellects in a new country at a time when its institutions
+have to be moulded, and it is necessary to collect precedents and
+principles from the storehouse of the past for the assistance of the
+present. A most useful narrative of the political occurrences in Lower
+Canada, from the establishment of legislative institutions until the
+rebellion of 1837-38 and the union of 1841, was written by Mr. Robert
+Christie, long a publicist of note and a member of the assembly of the
+province. While it has no claim to literary style it has the great
+merit of stating the events of the day with fairness and of citing at
+length numerous original documents bearing on the text.[31] In French
+Canada the names of Garneau[32] and Ferland[33] have undoubtedly
+received their full meed of praise for their clearness of style,
+industry of research, and scholarly management of their subject. Now
+that the political passion that so long convulsed the public mind
+in this country has disappeared with the causes that gave it birth,
+one is hardly prepared to make as much a hero of Papineau as Garneau
+attempted in his assuredly great book, while the foundation of a new
+Dominion and the dawn of an era of larger political life, has probably
+given a somewhat sectional character to such historical work. Still,
+despite its intense French Canadian spirit, Garneau's volumes notably
+illustrate the literary instinct and intellectual strength which have
+always been distinguishing features of the best productions of the able
+and even brilliant men who have devoted themselves to literature with
+marked success among their French Canadian countrymen, who are wont to
+pay a far deeper homage to such literary efforts than the colder, less
+impulsive English Canadian character has ever shown itself disposed
+to give to those who have been equally worthy of recognition in the
+English-speaking provinces.
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+
+As I glance over my library shelves I find indeed that historical
+literature has continued since the days of Garneau and Ferland, to
+enlist the earnest and industrious study of Canadians with more or
+less success. In English Canada, John Charles Dent produced a work on
+the political development of Canada from the union of 1841 until the
+confederation of 1867, which was written with fairness and ability,
+but he was an Englishman by birth and education, though resident for
+many years in the city of Toronto.[34] And here let me observe that
+though such men as Dent, Heavysege, Faillon, Daniel Wilson, Hunt,
+D'Arcy McGee and Goldwin Smith were not born or educated in Canada
+like Haliburton, Logan, J. W. Dawson, Joseph Howe, Wilmot, Cartier,
+Garneau, or Fréchette, but only came to this country in the maturity
+of their mental powers, yet to men of their class the Dominion owes a
+heavy debt of gratitude for the ability and earnestness with which they
+have elevated the intellectual standard of the community where they
+have laboured. Although all of us may not be prepared to accept the
+conclusions of the historian, or approve the judgment of the political
+critic; although we may regret that a man of such deep scholarship and
+wide culture as Goldwin Smith has never yet been able to appreciate
+the Canadian or growing national sentiment of this dependency, yet who
+can doubt, laying aside all political or personal prejudice, that he,
+like the others I have named, has stimulated intellectual development
+in his adopted home, and so far has given us compensation for some
+utterances which, so many Canadians honestly believe, mar an otherwise
+useful and brilliant career. Such literary men have undoubtedly their
+uses, since they seem specially intended by a wise dispensation of
+affairs to cure us of too much self-complacency, and to prevent us from
+falling into a condition of mental stagnation by giving us from time to
+time abundant material for reflection. So much, by way of parenthesis,
+is due to the able men who have adopted Canada as their home and have
+been labouring in various vocations to stimulate the intellectual
+growth of this Dominion. A most accurate historical record of the same
+period of our history as that reviewed by Dent was made in French about
+the same time by Louis Turcotte of Quebec.[35] Mr. Benjamin Sulte, a
+member of this society, has also given us the results of many years of
+conscientious research in his "Histoire des Canadiens," which is not
+so well known as it ought to be, probably on account of its cumbrous
+size and mode of publication.[36] The Abbé Casgrain, also a member
+of the society and a most industrious author, has recently devoted
+himself with true French Canadian fervour to the days of Montcalm
+and Lévis, and by the aid of a large mass of original documents has
+thrown much light on a very interesting and important epoch of the
+history of America.[37] Dr. Kingsford with patience and industry has
+continued his history of Canada, which is distinguished by accuracy
+and research.[38] It is not my intention to enumerate all those names
+which merit remark in this connection, for this is not a collection
+of bibliographical notes,[39] but simply a review of the more salient
+features of our intellectual development in the well-marked periods
+of our history. Indeed it is gratifying to us to know that the Royal
+Society comprises within its ranks nearly all the historical writers in
+Canada, and it would seem too much like pure egotism were I to dilate
+on their respective performances. Of poets since the days of Crémazie
+we have had our full proportion, and it is encouraging to know that the
+poems of Fréchette,--whose best work has been crowned by the French
+Academy,--LeMay, Reade, Mair, Roberts, Bliss Carman, Wilfred Campbell
+and Lampman have gained recognition from time to time in the world of
+letters outside of Canada.[40][B] We have yet to produce in English
+Canada a book of poems which can touch the sympathies and live on the
+lips of the world like those of Whittier and Longfellow, but we need
+not despair since even in the country which gave these birth they have
+not their compeers. Some even declare that the only bard of promise who
+appears in these days to touch that chord of nature which makes the
+whole world kin is James Whitcomb Riley, the Hoosier poet, despite his
+tendency to exaggerate provincial dialect and make his true poetic
+genius too subordinate to what becomes at last an affectation and a
+mere mannerism which wearies by its very repetition. Even in England
+there is hesitation in choosing a poet laureate; there are Swinburne,
+Morris and other poets, but not another Tennyson, and it has been even
+suggested that the honour might pass to a master of poetic prose,
+John Ruskin, whose brilliant genius has been ever devoted to a lofty
+idealism which would make the world much happier and better. At the
+present time Canadian poets obtain a place with regularity in the best
+class of American magazines, and not infrequently their verse reaches
+a higher level than the majority of poetic aspirants who appear in
+the same field of poetry; but for one I am not an ardent admirer of
+American magazine poems which appear too often mere machine work and
+not the results of that true poetic inspiration which alone can achieve
+permanent fame.
+
+The poems of the well known American authors, Aldrich, Gilder and
+Stedman, have certainly an easy rhythmical flow and an artistic finish
+which the majority of Canadian poetic aspirants should study with
+far more closeness. At the same time it may be said that even these
+artists do not often surpass in poetic thought the best productions of
+the Canadians to whom I have referred as probably illustrating most
+perfectly the highest development so far among us of this department
+of _belles-lettres_. It is not often that one comes across more
+exquisitely conceived poems than some of those written by Mr. John
+Reade, whom the laborious occupation of journalism and probably the
+past indifference of a Canadian public to Canadian poetry have for a
+long while diverted from a literary field where it would seem he should
+have won a wider fame. Among the verses which one can read time and
+again are those of which the first lines are
+
+      "In my heart are many chambers through which I wander free,
+      Some are furnished, some are empty, some are sombre, some are
+                light;
+      Some are open to all comers, and of some I keep the key,
+      And I enter in the stillness of the night."[41][C]
+
+It would be interesting as well as instructive if some competent
+critic, with the analytical faculty and the poetic instinct of Matthew
+Arnold or Sainte-Beuve, were to study the English and French Canadian
+poets and show whether they are mere imitators of the best models of
+French and English literature, or whether their work contains within
+itself those germs which give promise of original fruition in the
+future. It will be remembered that the French critic, though a poet
+of merit himself, has spoken of what he calls "the radical inadequacy
+of French poetry." In his opinion, whatever talent the French poets
+have for strophe and line, their work, as a rule is "too slight, too
+soon read, too poor in ideas, to influence a serious mind for any
+length of time." No doubt many others think that, in comparison with
+the best conceptions of Wordsworth, Shelley, Keats, Emerson, Browning
+and Tennyson, French poetry is, generally speaking, inadequate for the
+expression of the most sublime thoughts, of the strongest passion, or
+of the most powerful imagination, and though it must always please
+us by its easy rhythm and lucidity of style, it fails to make that
+vivid impression on the mind and senses which is the best test of that
+true poetic genius which influences generations and ever lives in the
+hearts of the people. It represents in some respects the lightness
+and vivacity of the French intellectual temperament under ordinary
+conditions, and not the strength of the national character, whose
+depths are only revealed at some crisis which evokes a deep sentiment
+of patriotism. "Partant pour la Syrie," so often heard in the days of
+the last Bonaparte regime, probably illustrated this lighter tendency
+of the French mind just as the "Marseillaise," the noblest and most
+impressive of popular poetic outbursts, illustrated national passion
+evoked by abnormal conditions. French Canadian poetry has been often
+purely imitative of French models, like Musset and Gauthier, both in
+style and sentiment, and consequently lacked strength and originality.
+It might be thought that in this new country poets would be inspired
+by original conceptions--that the intellectual fruition would be fresh
+and vigorous like some natural products that grow so luxuriantly
+on the virginal soil of the new Dominion, and not like those which
+grow on land which is renewed and enriched by artificial means after
+centuries of growth. Perhaps the literature of a colonial dependency,
+or a relatively new country, must necessarily in its first stages be
+imitative, and it is only now and then an original mind bursts the
+fetters of intellectual subordination. In the United States Emerson
+and Hawthorne probably best represent the original thought and
+imagination of that comparatively new country, just as Aldrich and
+Howells represent in the first case English culture in poetry, and in
+the other the sublimated essence of reportorial realism. The two former
+are original thinkers, the two others pure imitators. Walt Whitman's
+poems certainly show at times much power and originality of conception,
+but after all they are simply the creations of an eccentric genius
+and illustrate a phase of that Realism towards which fiction even in
+America has been tending of late, and which has been already degraded
+in France to a Naturalism which is positively offensive. He has not
+influenced to any perceptible extent the intellect of his generation or
+elevated the thoughts of his countrymen like the two great minds I have
+just named. Yet even Whitman's success, relatively small as it was in
+his own country, arose chiefly from the fact that he attempted to be an
+_American_ poet, representing the pristine vigour and natural freedom
+of a new land. It is when French Canadian poets become thoroughly
+Canadian by the very force of the inspiration of some Canadian subject
+they have chosen, that we can see them at their best. Fréchette has all
+the finish of the French poets, and while it cannot be said that he
+has yet originated great thoughts which are likely to live among even
+the people whom he has so often instructed and delighted, yet he has
+given us poems like that on the discovery of the Mississippi,[D] which
+proves that he is capable of even better things if he would always
+seek inspiration from the sources of the deeply interesting history
+of his own country, or enter into the inner mysteries and social
+relations of his own people, rather than dwell on the lighter shades
+and incidents of their lives. Perhaps in some respects Crémazie had
+greater capabilities for the poems of deep passion or vivid imagination
+than any of his successors in literature; the few national poems
+he left behind are a promise of what he could have produced had the
+circumstances of his later life been happier.[E] After all, the poetry
+that lives is the poetry of human life and human sympathy, of joy and
+sorrow, rather than verses on mountains, rivers and lakes, or sweetly
+worded sonnets to Madame B. or Mademoiselle C. When we compare the
+English with the French Canadian poets we can see what an influence the
+more picturesque and interesting history of French Canada exercises on
+the imagination of its writers. The poets that claim Ontario for their
+home give us rhythmical and pleasing descriptions of the lake and river
+scenery of which the varied aspects and moods might well captivate the
+eye of the poet as well as of the painter. It is very much painting
+in both cases; the poet should be an artist by temperament equally
+with the painter who puts his thoughts on canvas and not in words.
+Descriptions of our meadows, prairies and forests, with their wealth
+of herbage and foliage, or artistic sketches of pretty bits of lake
+scenery have their limitations as respects their influence on a people.
+Great thoughts or deeds are not bred by scenery. The American poem
+that has captured the world is not any one of Bryant's delightful
+sketches of the varied landscape of his native land, but Longfellow's
+Evangeline, which is a story of the "affection that hopes, and endures
+and is patient." Dollard, and the Lady of Fort La Tour are themes which
+we do not find in prosaic Ontario, whose history is only a century
+old--a history of stern materialism as a rule, rarely picturesque or
+romantic, and hardly ever heroic except in some episodes of the war
+of 1812-15, in which Canadians, women as well as men, did their duty
+faithfully to king and country, though their deeds have never yet been
+adequately told in poem or prose. The story of Laura Secord's toilsome
+journey on a June day eighty years ago[41_a_] seems as susceptible of
+strong poetic treatment as Paul Revere's Ride, told in matchless verse
+by Longfellow.
+
+I think if we compare the best Canadian poems with the same class
+of literature in Australia the former do not at all lose by the
+comparison. Thanks to the thoughtfulness of a friend in South Australia
+I have had many opportunities of late of studying the best work of
+Australian writers, chiefly poets and novelists,[42] and have come
+to the conclusion that at least the poets of both hemispheres--for
+to fiction we cannot make even a pretense--reflect credit on each
+country. In one respect indeed Canadians can claim a superiority over
+their fellow-citizens of the British Empire in that far off Australian
+land, and that is, in the fact that we have poets, and historians, and
+essayists, who write the languages of France and England with purity
+and even elegance; that the grace and precision of the French tongue
+have their place in this country alongside the vigorous and copious
+expression of the English language. More than that, the Canadians have
+behind them a history which is well calculated to stimulate writers to
+give utterance to national sentiment. I mean national in the sense of
+being thoroughly imbued with a love for the country, its scenery, its
+history and its aspirations. The people of that great island continent
+possess great natural beauties and riches--flowers and fruits of every
+kind flourish there in rare profusion, and gold and gems are among
+the treasures of the soil, but its scenery is far less varied and
+picturesque than ours and its history is but of yesterday compared with
+that of Canada. Australians cannot point to such historic ground as is
+found from Louisbourg to Quebec, or from Montreal to Champlain, the
+battle ground of nations whose descendants now live under one flag,
+animated by feelings of a common interest and a common aspiration for
+the future!
+
+Perhaps if I were at any time inclined to be depressed as to the future
+of Canada, I should find some relief in those poems by Canadian authors
+which take frequently an elevated and patriotic range of thought and
+vision, and give expression to aspirations worthy of men born and
+living in this country. When some men doubt the future and would see
+us march into the ranks of other states, with heads bowed down in
+confession of our failure to hold our own on this continent and build
+up a new nation always in the closest connection with England, I ask
+them to turn to the poems of Joseph Howe and read that inspiring
+poetic tribute to the mother country, "All hail to the day when the
+Britons came over"--
+
+      "Every flash of her genius our pathway enlightens,
+        Every field she explores we are beckoned to tread,
+      Each laurel she gathers, our future day brightens--
+        We joy with her living and mourn with her dead."[43]
+
+Or read that tribute which the French Canadian laureate, Fréchette, has
+been fain to pay to the English flag under whose folds his country has
+enjoyed so much freedom and protection for its institutions:
+
+      "Regarde me disait mon père
+      Ce drapeau vaillamment porté;
+      Il a fait ton pays prospère
+      Et respecte ta liberté.
+
+      "C'est le drapeau de l'Angleterre;
+      Sans tache, sur le firmament,
+      Presque à tous les points de la terre
+      Il flotte glorieusement."
+
+Or take up a volume by Roberts and read that frequently quoted poem of
+which these are the closing lines:
+
+      "Shall not our love this rough sweet land make sure?
+        Her bounds preserve inviolate, though we die.
+                O strong hearts of the North,
+                Let flame your loyalty forth,
+      And put the craven and base to an open shame,
+      Till earth shall know the Child of Nations by her name."
+
+Even Mr. Edgar has forgotten the astute lawyer and the politician in
+his national song, "This Canada of Ours," and has given expression to
+the deep sentiment that lies as I have said in the heart of every true
+Canadian and forces him at times to words like these:
+
+      "Strong arms shall guard our cherished homes
+            When darkest danger lowers,
+      And with our life-blood we'll defend
+                This Canada of ours,
+                    Fair Canada,
+                    Dear Canada,
+                This Canada of ours."
+
+Such poems are worth a good many political speeches even in parliament
+so far as their effect upon the hearts and sympathies is concerned. We
+all remember a famous man once said, "Let me make all the ballads, and
+I care not who makes the laws of a people."
+
+[Footnote B: A list of Canadian poems which have been printed in books
+(from 1867-1893) appears in the Bibliographical Notes (40).]
+
+[Footnote C: Given in full in Appendix.]
+
+[Footnote D: See Appendix to this work, note 40, for an extract from
+this fine poem.]
+
+[Footnote E: See Appendix to this work, note 40, for an extract from
+one of his national poems.]
+
+
+
+
+VI.
+
+
+But if Canada can point to some creditable achievement of recent
+years in history, poetry and essay-writing--for I think if one looks
+from time to time at the leading magazines and reviews of the two
+continents he will find that Canada is fairly well represented in their
+pages[44]--there is one respect in which Canadians have never won any
+marked success, and that is in the novel or romance. "Wacousta, or
+the Prophecy: a Tale of the Canadas," was written sixty years ago by
+Major John Richardson,[45_a_] a native Canadian, but it was at the
+best a spirited imitation of Cooper, and has not retained the interest
+it attracted at a time when the American novelist had created a taste
+for exaggerated pictures of Indian life and forest scenery. Of course
+attempts have been made time and again by other English Canadians to
+describe episodes of our history, and portray some of our national and
+social characteristics, but with the single exception of "The Golden
+Dog,"[45] written a few years ago by Mr. William Kirby, of Niagara, I
+cannot point to one which shows much imaginative or literary skill.
+If we except the historical romance by Mr. Marmette, "François de
+Bienville,"[46] which has had several editions, French Canada is even
+weak in this particular, and this is the more surprising because there
+is abundance of material for the novelist or writer of romance in her
+peculiar society and institutions, and in her historic annals and
+traditions. But as yet neither a Cooper, nor an Irving, nor a Hawthorne
+has appeared to delight Canadians in the fruitful field of fiction that
+their country offers to the pen of imaginative genius. It is true we
+have a work by De Gaspé, "Les Anciens Canadiens,"[47] which has been
+translated by Roberts and one or two others, but it has rather the
+value of historical annals than the spirit and form of true romance.
+It is the very poverty of our production in what ought to be a rich
+source of literary inspiration, French Canadian life and history, that
+has given currency to a work whose signal merit is its simplicity of
+style and adherence to historical fact. As Parkman many years ago first
+commenced to illumine the too often dull pages of Canadian history,
+so other American writers have also ventured in the still fresh field
+of literary effort that romance offers to the industrious, inventive
+brain. In the "Romance of Dollard," "Tonty," and the "Lady of Fort St.
+John," Mrs. Mary Hartwell Catherwood has recalled most interesting
+episodes of our past annals with admirable literary taste and a deep
+enthusiasm for Canadian history in its romantic and picturesque
+aspects.[48] When we read Conan Doyle's "Refugees"--the best historical
+novel that has appeared from the English Press for years--we may well
+regret that it is not Canadian genius which has created so fascinating
+a romance out of the materials that exist in the history of the
+_ancien régime_. Dr. Doyle's knowledge of Canadian life and history is
+obviously very superficial; but slight as it is he has used it with a
+masterly skill to give Canada a part in his story--to show how closely
+associated were the fortunes of the colony with the French Court,--with
+the plans and intrigues of the king and his mistresses, and of the
+wily ecclesiastics who made all subservient to their deep purpose. It
+would seem from our failure to cultivate successfully the same popular
+branch of letters that Canadians are wanting in the inventive and
+imaginative faculty, and that the spirit of materialism and practical
+habits, which has so long necessarily cramped literary effort in this
+country, still prevents happy ventures in this direction. It is a pity
+that no success has been won in this country,--as in Australia by Mrs.
+Campbell Praed, "Tasma," and many others,--in the way of depicting
+those characteristics of Canadian life, in the past and present, which,
+when touched by the imaginative and cultured intellect, will reach the
+sympathies and earn the plaudits of all classes of readers at home and
+abroad. Perhaps, Mr. Gilbert Parker,[49] now a resident of London,
+but a Canadian by birth, education and sympathies, will yet succeed
+in his laudable ambition of giving form and vitality to the abundant
+materials that exist in the Dominion, among the habitants on the old
+seigneuries of the French province, in that historic past of which the
+ruins still remain in Montreal and Quebec, in the Northwest with its
+quarrels of adventurers in the fur trade, and in the many other sources
+of inspiration that exist in this country for the true story-teller who
+can invent a plot and give his creations a touch of reality, and not
+that doll-like, saw-dust appearance that the vapid characters of some
+Canadian stories assume from the very poverty of the imagination that
+has originated them.
+
+That imagination and humour have some existence in the Canadian
+mind--though one sees little of those qualities in the press or in
+public speeches, or in parliamentary debates--we can well believe
+when we read "The Dodge Club Abroad," by Professor De Mille,[50] who
+was cut off in the prime of his intellectual strength, or "A Social
+Departure," by Sara Jeannette Duncan,[51] who, as a sequence of a trip
+around the world, has given us not a dry book of travels but a story
+with touches of genial humour and bright descriptions of life and
+nature, and who is now following up that excellent literary effort by
+promising sketches of East Indian life. A story which attracted some
+attention not long since for originality of conception and ran through
+several editions, "Beggars All," is written by a Miss L. Dougall, who
+is said to be a member of a Montreal family, and though this book does
+not deal with incidents of Canadian life it illustrates that fertility
+of invention which is latent among our people and only requires a
+favourable opportunity to develop itself. The best literature of this
+kind is like that of France, which has the most intimate correspondence
+with the social life and development of the people of the country.
+"The excellence of a romance," writes Chevalier Bunsen in his critical
+preface to Gustav Freytag's "Debit and Credit," "like that of an epic
+or a drama, lies in the apprehension and truthful exhibition of the
+course of human things.... The most vehement longing of our times
+is manifestly after a faithful mirror of the present." With us, all
+efforts in this direction have been most common place--hardly above the
+average of "Social Notes" in the columns of Ottawa newspapers.
+
+I do not for one depreciate the influence of good fiction on the minds
+of a reading community like ours; it is inevitable that a busy people,
+and especially women distracted with household cares, should always
+find that relief in this branch of literature which no other reading
+can give them; and if the novel has then become a necessity of the
+times in which we live, at all events I hope Canadians, who may soon
+venture into the field, will study the better models, endeavour to
+infuse some originality into their creations and plots, and not bring
+the Canadian fiction of the future to that low level to which the
+school of realism in France, and in a minor degree in England and the
+United States, would degrade the novel and story of every-day life.
+To my mind it goes without saying that a history written with that
+fidelity to original authorities, that picturesqueness of narration,
+that philosophic insight into the motives and plans of statesmen, that
+study and comprehension of the character and life of a people, which
+should constitute the features of a great work of this class,--that
+such a history has assuredly a much deeper and more useful purpose
+in the culture and education of the world than any work of fiction
+can possibly have even when animated by a lofty genius. Still as the
+novel and romance will be written as long as a large proportion of the
+world amid the cares and activities of life seeks amusement rather
+than knowledge, it is for the Canadian Scott, or Hawthorne, or "George
+Eliot," or Dickens of the future, to have a higher and purer aim than
+the majority of novel writers of the present day, who, with a few
+notable exceptions like Black, Besant, Barrie, Stephenson or Oliphant,
+weary us by their dulness and lack of the imaginative and inventive
+faculty, and represent rather the demands of the publishers to meet the
+requirements of a public which must have its new novel as regularly as
+the Scotchman must have his porridge, the Englishman his egg and toast,
+and the American his ice-water.
+
+If it were possible within the compass of this address to give a list
+of the many histories, poems, essays and pamphlets that have appeared
+from the Canadian press during the first quarter of a century since the
+Dominion of Canada has been in existence, the number would astonish
+many persons who have not followed our literary activity. Of course
+the greater part of this work is ephemeral in its character and has
+no special value; much of the historical work is a dreary collection
+of facts and dates which shows the enterprise of school publishers
+and school teachers and is generally wanting in that picturesqueness
+and breadth of view which give interest to history and leave a vivid
+impression on the mind of the student. Most of these pamphlets have
+been written on religious, political or legal questions of the day.
+Many of the poems illustrate rather the aspirations of the school boy
+or maiden whose effusions generally appeared in the poet's corner
+of the village newspaper. Still there are even among these mere
+literary "transients" evidences of power of incisive argument and
+of some literary style. In fact, all the scientific, historical and
+poetical contributions of the period in question, make up quite a
+library of Canadian literature. And here let me observe in passing,
+some persons still suppose that _belles-lettres_, works of fiction,
+poetry and criticism, alone constitute literature. The word can take
+in its complete sense a very wide range, for it embraces the pamphlet
+or monograph on the most abstruse scientific, or mathematical or
+geographical or physical subject, as well as the political essay, the
+brilliant history, or the purely imaginative poem or novel. It is not
+so much the subject as the form and style which make them worthy of a
+place in literature. One of the most remarkable books ever written,
+the "Esprit des Lois" by Montesquieu, has won the highest place in
+literature by its admirable style, and in the science of politics
+by the importance of its matter. The works of Lyell, Huxley, Hunt,
+Dawson, Tyndall, and Darwin owe their great value not entirely to the
+scientific ideas and principles and problems there discussed, but also
+to the lucidity of style in which the whole subject is presented to
+the reader, whether versed or not in science. "Literature is a large
+word," says Matthew Arnold,[52] discussing with Tyndall this very
+subject; "it may mean everything written with letters or printed in a
+book. Euclid's Elements and Newton's Principia are thus literature.
+All knowledge that reaches us through books is literature. But as I
+do not mean, by knowing ancient Rome, knowing merely more or less
+of Latin _belles-lettres_, and taking no account of Rome's military,
+and political, and legal, and administrative work in the world; and
+as, by knowing ancient Greece, I understand knowing her as the giver
+of Greek art, and the guide to a free and right use of reason and to
+scientific methods, and the founder of our mathematics, and physics,
+and astronomy, and biology, I understand knowing her as all this, and
+not merely knowing certain Greek poems, and histories, and treatises
+and speeches, so as to the knowledge of modern nations also. By knowing
+modern nations, I mean not merely knowing their _belles-lettres_, but
+knowing also what has been done by such men as Copernicus, Galileo,
+Newton, Darwin." I submit this definition of literature by a great
+English critic and poet who certainly knew what he was writing about,
+to the studious consideration of Principal Grant who, in an address
+to the Royal Society two years ago,[53] appeared to have some doubt
+that much of its work could be called literature; a doubt that he
+forgot for the moment actually consigned to a questionable level also
+his many devious utterances and addresses on political, religious and
+other questions of the day, and left him entirely out of the ranks
+of _littérateurs_ and in a sort of limbo which is a world of neither
+divinity, nor politics, nor letters. Taking this definition of the
+bright apostle of English culture, I think Canadians can fairly claim
+to have some position as a literary people even if it be a relatively
+humble one, on account of the work done in history, _belles-lettres_,
+political science and the sciences generally Science alone has had
+in Canada for nearly half a century many votaries who have won for
+themselves high distinction, as the eminent names on the list of
+membership of the Royal Society since its foundation can conclusively
+show. The literature of science, as studied and written by Canadians,
+is remarkably comprehensive, and finds a place in every well furnished
+library of the world.
+
+The _doyen_ of science in Canada, Sir William Dawson,[54] we are
+all glad to know, is still at work after a long and severe illness,
+which was, no doubt, largely due to the arduous devotion of years to
+education and science. It is not my intention to refer here to other
+well-known names in scientific literature, but I may pause for an
+instant to mention the fact that one of the earliest scientific writers
+of eminence, who was a Canadian by birth and education, was Mr. Elkanah
+Billings,[55] palæontologist and geologist, who contributed his first
+papers to the _Citizen_ of Ottawa, then Bytown, afterwards to have
+greatness thrown upon it and made the political capital of Canada.
+
+
+
+
+VII.
+
+
+Here I come naturally to answer the questions that may be put by some
+that have not followed the history and the work of the Royal Society
+of Canada,--What measure of success has it won? has it been of value
+to the Canadian people in whose interests it was established, and
+with whose money it is mainly supported? Twelve years have nearly
+passed away since a few gentlemen, engaged in literary, scientific and
+educational pursuits, assembled at McGill College on the invitation of
+the Marquess of Lorne, then governor-general of Canada, to consider the
+practicability of establishing a society which would bring together
+both the French and English Canadian elements of our population for
+purposes of common study and the discussion of such subjects as might
+be profitable to the Dominion, and at the same time develop the
+literature of learning and science as far as practicable.[56] This
+society was to have a Dominion character--to form a union of leading
+representatives of all those engaged in literature and science in
+the several provinces, with the principle of federation observed
+in so far as it asked every society of note in every section to
+send delegates to make reports on the work of the year within its
+particular sphere. Of the gentlemen who assembled at this interesting
+meeting beneath the roof of the learned principal of Montreal's
+well-known university, the majority still continue active friends of
+the society they aided Lord Lome to found; but I must also add with
+deep regret that, within a little more than a year, two of the most
+distinguished promoters of the society, Dr. Thomas Sterry Hunt and
+Sir Daniel Wilson, have been called from their active and successful
+labours in education, science and letters. As I know perhaps better
+than any one else, on account of an official connection with the
+society from the very hour it was suggested by Lord Lorne, no two
+members ever comprehended more thoroughly the useful purpose which
+it could serve amid the all-surrounding materialism of this country,
+or laboured more conscientiously until the very hour of their death
+by their writings and their influence to make the society a Canadian
+institution, broad in its scope, liberal in its culture, and elevated
+in its aspirations. Without dwelling on the qualifications of two
+men[57] whose names are imperishably connected with the work of their
+lifetime--archæology, education and chemistry--I may go on to say that
+the result of the Montreal meeting was the establishment of a society
+which met for the first time at Ottawa in the May of 1882, with a
+membership of eighty Fellows under the presidency of Dr. (afterwards
+Sir) William Dawson, and the vice-presidency of the Honourable P.
+J. O. Chauveau, a distinguished French Canadian who had won a high
+name, not only in literature, but also in the political world where
+he was for years a conspicuous figure; noted for his eloquence, his
+culture and his courtesy of manner. The society was established in no
+spirit of isolation from other literary and scientific men because
+its membership was confined at the outset to eighty Fellows who had
+written "memoirs of merit or rendered eminent services to literature
+or science"--a number subsequently increased to a hundred under
+certain limitations. On the contrary it asks for, and has constantly
+published, contributions from all workers in the same fields of effort
+with the simple proviso that such contributions are presented with the
+endorsation of an actual member, though they may be read before any one
+of the four sections by the author himself. Every association, whether
+purely literature or historical, or scientific, as I have already
+intimated, has been asked to assist in the work of the society,[58] and
+its delegates given every advantage at the meetings possessed by the
+Fellows themselves, except voting and discussing the purely internal
+affairs of the Royal Society. Some misapprehension appears to have
+existed at first in the public mind that, because the society was named
+"The Royal Society of Canada," an exclusive and even aristocratic
+institution was in contemplation. It seems a little perplexing to
+understand why an objection could be taken to such a designation when
+the Queen is at the head of our system of government, and her name
+appears in the very first clauses of the act of union, and in every
+act requiring the exercise of the royal prerogative in this loyal
+dependency of the crown. As a fact, in using the title, the desire was
+to follow the example of similar societies in Australia, and recall
+that famous Royal Society in England, whose fellowship is a title of
+nobility in the world of science. Certain features were copied from
+the Institute of France, inasmuch as there is a division into sections
+with the idea of bringing together into each for the purposes of common
+study and discussion those men who have devoted themselves to special
+branches of the literature of learning and science. In this country
+and, indeed, in America generally, a notable tendency is what may be
+called the levelling principle--to deprecate the idea that any man
+should be in any way better than another; and in order to prevent that
+result it is necessary to assail him as soon as he shows any political
+or intellectual merit, and to stop him, if possible, from attaining
+that mental superiority above his fellows that his industry and his
+ability may enable him to reach. The Royal Society suffered a little
+at first from this spirit of depreciation which is often carried to an
+extent that one at times could almost believe that this is a country
+without political virtues or intellectual development of any kind.
+The claims of some of its members were disputed by literary aspirants
+who did not happen for a moment to be enrolled in its ranks, and the
+society was charged with exclusiveness when, as a fact, it simply
+limited its membership, and demanded certain qualifications, with the
+desire to make that membership a test of some intellectual effort, and
+consequently more prized by those who were allowed sooner or later
+to enter. It would have been quite possible for the society to make
+itself a sort of literary or scientific picnic by allowing every man
+or woman who had, or believed they had, some elementary scientific or
+other knowledge to enter its ranks, and have the consequent advantages
+of cheap railway fares and other subsidiary advantages on certain
+occasions, but its promoters did not think that would best subserve
+the special objects they had in view. At all events, none of them
+could have been prompted by any desire to create a sort of literary
+aristocracy. Indeed, one would like to know how any one in his senses
+could believe for a moment that any institution of learning could
+be founded with exclusive tendencies in these times, in this or any
+other country! If there is an intelligent democracy anywhere it is the
+Republic of Letters. It may be aristocratic in the sense that there
+are certain men and women who have won fame and stand on a pedestal
+above their fellows, but it is the world, not of a class, but of all
+ranks and conditions, that has agreed to place them on that pedestal
+as a tribute to their genius which has made people happier, wiser and
+better, has delighted and instructed the artisan as well as the noble.
+
+For twelve years then the Royal Society has continued to persevere in
+its work; and thanks to the encouragement given it by the government of
+Canada it has been able, year by year, to publish a large and handsome
+volume of the proceedings and transactions of its meetings. No other
+country in the world can exhibit volumes more creditable on the whole
+in point of workmanship than those of this society. The papers and
+monographs that have appeared embrace a wide field of literature--the
+whole range of archæological, ethnological, historical, geographical,
+biological, mathematical and physical studies. The volumes now are
+largely distributed throughout Canada--among the educated and thinking
+classes--and are sent to every library, society, university and learned
+institution of note in the world, with the hope of making the Dominion
+better known. The countries where they are placed for purposes of
+reference are these:
+
+  The United States: every State of the Union and District of Columbia,
+  Newfoundland,
+  Mexico,
+  Brazil,
+  Costa Rica,
+  Uruguay,
+  Guatemala,
+  Venezuela,
+  Chile,
+  Peru,
+  India,
+  Japan,
+  Australia,
+  New Zealand,
+  Great Britain and Ireland,
+  Ecuador,
+  Italy,
+  Greece,
+  Norway and Sweden,
+  Spain,
+  South Africa,
+  Germany,
+  Roumania,
+  Argentine Republic,
+  France,
+  Russia,
+  Austria-Hungary,
+  Mauritius,
+  Denmark.
+
+So well known are these 'Transactions' now in every country that, when
+it happens some library or institution has not received it from the
+beginning or has been forgotten in the distribution, the officers of
+the society have very soon received an intimation of the fact. This
+is gratifying, since it shows that the world of higher literature and
+of special research--the world of scholars and scientists engaged in
+important observation and investigation--is interested in the work that
+is being done in the same branches in this relatively new country.
+It would be impossible for me within the limits of this address to
+give you anything like an accurate and comprehensive idea of the
+numerous papers the subject and treatment of which, even from a largely
+practical and utilitarian point of view, have been of decided value to
+Canada, and I can only say here that the members of the society have
+endeavoured to bring to the consideration of the subjects they have
+discussed a spirit of conscientious study and research, and that, too,
+without any fee or reward except that stimulating pleasure which work
+of an intellectual character always brings to the mind.
+
+In these days of critical comparative science, when the study of the
+aboriginal or native languages of this continent has absorbed the
+attention of close students, the Royal Society has endeavoured to give
+encouragement and currency to those studies by publishing grammars,
+vocabularies and other monographs relating to Indian tongues and
+antiquities. The Abbé Cuoq, one of the most erudite scholars of this
+continent in this special branch of knowledge, has nearly completed
+in the 'Transactions' what will be a monumental work of learning on
+the Algonquin language. A Haida grammar and dictionary are also now
+awaiting the completion of the Abbé Cuoq's work to be published in
+the same way. A great deal of light has been thrown on Cartier's and
+Champlain's voyages in the gulf, and consequently on its cartography,
+by the labours of the Abbé Verreau, Prof. Ganong and others. The
+excellent work of the Geological Survey has been supplemented by
+important contributions from its staff, and consequently there is to
+be found in the 'Transactions' a large amount of information, both
+abstract and practical, on the economic and other minerals of the
+Dominion. Chiefly owing to the efforts of the society, the government
+of Canada some time ago commenced to take tidal observations on the
+Atlantic coasts of Canada--an enterprise of great value to the shipping
+and commercial interests of the country--and has also co-operated in
+the determination of the true longitude of Montreal which is now being
+prosecuted under the able superintendence of Professor McLeod. It is
+in the same practical spirit of investigation and action that the
+society has published a treatise by that veteran scholar, Dr. Moses
+Harvey, of St. John's, Newfoundland, on "The Artificial Propagation
+of Marine Food-fishes and Edible Crustaceans"; and it is satisfactory
+to understand from a statement made in the House of Commons last
+session that a question of such deep interest to our great fishing
+industry in the maritime provinces is likely to result in some
+practical measure in the direction suggested. The contributions of
+Sir Daniel Wilson on the "Artistic Faculty in the Aboriginal Races,"
+"The Pre-Aryan American Man," "The Trade and Commerce of the Stone
+Age," and "The Huron-Iroquois Race in Canada," that typical race of
+American Indians, were all intended to supplement in a measure that
+scholarly work, "Prehistoric Man," which had brought him fame many
+years before. Dr. Patterson of Nova Scotia, a most careful student of
+the past, has made valuable contributions to the history of Portuguese
+exploration in North American waters, and of that remarkable lost
+tribe known as Beothiks or Red Indians of Newfoundland. Sir William
+Dawson has contributed to almost every volume of the 'Transactions'
+from his stores of geological learning, while his distinguished son
+has followed closely in his footsteps, and has made valuable additions
+to our knowledge, not only of the geology of the Northwest, but also
+of the antiquities, languages and customs of the Indian tribes of
+British Columbia and the adjacent islands. The opinions and theories
+of Dr. Thomas Sterry Hunt on the "Taconic Question in Geology" and
+the "Relations of the Taconic Series to the later Crystalline and the
+Cambrian Rocks," were given at length in the earlier volumes. Mr. G.
+F. Matthew, of St. John, New Brunswick, who is a very industrious
+student, has elaborated a work on the "Fauna of the St. John Group."
+Not only have our geological conditions been more fully explained, but
+our flora, ferns, and botany generally have been clearly set forth
+by Professors Lawson, Macoun and Penhallow. All these and many other
+papers of value have been illustrated by expensive plates, generally
+executed by Canadian artists. The majority of the names I have just
+given happen to be English Canadian, but the French language has
+been represented in science by such eminent men as Hamel, Laflamme
+and Deville--the two first illustrating the learning and culture of
+Laval, so long associated with the best scholarship of the province
+of Quebec. Without pursuing the subject further, let me say, as one
+who has always endeavoured to keep the interests of the society in
+view, that such monographs as I have mentioned represent the practical
+value of its work, and show what an important sphere of usefulness
+is invariably open to it. The object is not to publish ephemeral
+newspaper or magazine articles--that is to say, articles intended for
+merely popular information or purely literary practice--but always
+those essays and works of moderate compass which illustrate original
+research, experiment and investigation in all branches of historical,
+archæological, ethnological and scientific studies, and which will
+form a permanent and instructive reference library for scholars and
+students in the same branches of thought and study all over the
+world. In fact, the essays must necessarily be such as cannot be well
+published except through the assistance granted by a government, as in
+our case, or by the liberality of private individuals. The society,
+in fact, is in its way attempting just such work as is done by the
+Smithsonian Institute, on a large scale, at Washington, so far as
+the publication of important transactions is concerned. I admit that
+sometimes essays have appeared, but many more are offered from time
+to time, better suited to the periodicals of the day than to the
+pages of a work of which the object is to perpetuate the labours of
+students and scholars, and not the efforts of the mere literary amateur
+or trifler in _belles-lettres_. But while there must be necessarily
+such limitations to the scope of the 'Transactions,' which are largely
+scientific in their treatment, room will be always made for papers
+on any economic, social or ethical subject which, by their acute
+reasoning, sound philosophy and originality of thought, demand the
+attention of students everywhere. Such literary criticism as finds
+place now and then in the dignified old 'Quarterly Review' or in the
+'Contemporary' will be printed whenever it is written by any Canadian
+author with the same power of keen analysis and judicious appreciation
+of the thoughts and motives of an author that we find notably in that
+charming study of Tennyson's "Princess," by S. E. Dawson,[59] who is
+a Canadian by birth, education and feeling. No doubt there is room in
+the Dominion for a magazine combining the features of 'Blackwood,' the
+'Contemporary' and the 'Quarterly Review'; that is to say, poetry,
+fiction, criticism, reviews of topics of the day, and, in fact,
+original literary effort of the higher order, which, though mostly
+ephemeral in its character, must have much influence for the time being
+on the culture and the education of the public mind. Since the days
+of the old 'Canadian Monthly,'[60] which, with all its imperfections,
+contained much excellent work, all efforts in the same direction have
+been deserving of little encouragement; and, in fact, if such a venture
+is to succeed hereafter it must have behind it sufficient capital to
+engage the assistance of the best Canadian writers, who now send their
+work to American and English periodicals. Such a magazine must be
+carefully edited, and not made the dumping-ground for the crude efforts
+of literary dabblers or for romantic gush and twaddle, but must be
+such a judicious selection of the best Canadian talent as will evoke
+comparison with the higher class of periodicals I have mentioned. We
+have only one literary paper of merit in this country, and that is
+'The Week,' which, despite all the indifference that is too apt to
+meet a journal not influenced by party motives, has kept its literary
+aim always before it, and endeavoured to do such a work as 'The New
+York Nation' has been doing for years under far greater advantages
+in the neighbouring country with marked success and ability. In the
+meantime, until a magazine of the character I advocate is established,
+the 'Transactions of the Royal Society' cannot be expected to occupy
+the same ground unless it is prepared to give up that important field
+which it and the societies with which it is associated alone can fill
+in this country. In one respect, indeed, the Royal Society, in my
+opinion--and I have endeavoured to impress it on my fellow-members--can
+reach a much larger class of readers than it is now possible by
+means of its somewhat formidable though handsomely printed and well
+illustrated volumes, which necessarily are confined, for the most part,
+to libraries and institutions, where they can be best consulted by
+students who find it necessary to inform themselves on such Canadian
+subjects as the society necessarily treats. It is quite possible that
+by selecting a more convenient form, say royal octavo, and publishing
+the purely scientific sections in one volume and the purely literary
+department in another, a larger inducement will be given to the public
+to purchase its 'Transactions' at a moderate cost and in a more
+convenient shape for reading, whenever they contain monographs or large
+works in which Canadians generally are interested or on which they
+wish special information. Of course, in making this change care must
+be taken to maintain the typographical appearance and the character of
+the scientific illustrations and the usefulness of the cartography. Not
+only may the Royal Society in this way reach a larger reading public,
+but it may stimulate the efforts of historic and other writers by
+giving them greater facilities for obtaining special editions of their
+works for general sale. As it is now, each author obtains a hundred
+copies of his paper in pamphlets, sometimes more; and if the form is
+now made smaller and more handy, to use a common word, he will be
+induced to order a larger edition at his own cost. Even as it is now,
+some four or five thousand copies of essays and monographs--in special
+cases many more--are annually distributed by authors in addition to
+those circulated in the bound volumes of the 'Transactions'; and in
+this way any value these works may have is considerably enhanced. If it
+should be decided to continue the large form, at all events it will
+be in the interest of the society, and of the author of any monograph
+or history of more than ordinary value, to print it not only in the
+'Transactions' but also in a smaller volume for general circulation.
+Practically this would meet the object in view--the larger distribution
+of the best work of the section devoted to historical and general
+literature. But whether this change is adopted or not,[61] I think the
+Royal Society, by showing even still greater zeal and earnestness in
+the work for which it was founded, by co-operating with scholars and
+students throughout the Dominion, by showing every possible sympathy
+with all those engaged in the work of art, culture and education, can
+look forward hopefully to the future; and all it asks from the Canadian
+public at large is confidence in its work and objects, which are in no
+sense selfish or exclusive, but are influenced by a sincere desire to
+do what it can to promote historic truth and scientific research, and
+give a stimulus in this way to the intellectual development of this
+young Dominion, yet in the infancy of its literary life.[F]
+
+[Footnote F: In the course of a speech by the Earl of Derby, in answer
+to a farewell address from the Royal Society, he took occasion to make
+some remarks with reference to its work and usefulness, which have been
+given in full in the Appendix (Note 58_a_) as the impartial opinion
+of a governor-general who always took a deep interest in all matters
+affecting the intellectual as well as material development of the
+Dominion.]
+
+
+
+
+VIII.
+
+
+This necessarily brief review of the work of the Royal Society could
+not well be left out of an address like this; and I can now pass on to
+some reflections that occur to me on the general subject.
+
+In the literature of biography, so susceptible of a treatment full of
+human interests and sympathies--as chatty Boswell's "Life of Johnson,"
+and Lockhart's "Life of Scott," notably illustrate--we have little to
+show, except it be the enterprise of publishers and the zeal of too
+enthusiastic friends. Nor is it necessary to dwell on the literature
+of the law, which is becoming in a measure more of a technical and
+less of a learned profession in the larger sense, unless, indeed,
+our university schools of political science eventually elevate it
+to a wider range of thought. Several excellent books of a purely
+technical character have been compiled from year to year, but no Kent,
+or Story, or Cooley has yet appeared to instruct us by a luminous
+exposition of principle, or breadth of knowledge. Those who know
+anything of Dr. Edward Blake's great intellectual power, of his wealth
+of legal learning, of his insight into the operations of political
+constitutions, cannot deny that he at least could produce a work which
+might equal in many respects those of the great Americans here named;
+but it looks very much at present as if he, and others I could mention,
+will give up their best years to the absorbing and uncertain struggles
+of politics, rather than to the literature of that profession to which
+they might, under different conditions, raise imperishable memorials.
+From the pulpit many of us hear from time to time eloquent and well
+reasoned efforts which tell us how much even the class, necessarily
+most conservative in its traditions, and confined in its teachings,
+has been forced by modern tendencies to enlarge its human sympathies
+and widen its intellectual horizon; but the published sermons are
+relatively few in number; and while, now and then, at intervals, after
+a public celebration, an important anniversary or ceremonial, or as a
+sequence of a controversy on the merits or demerits of creed or dogma,
+we see a pile of pamphlets on the counter of a bookstore, we do not
+hear of any printed book of sermons that appears to have entered of
+recent years into the domain of human thought and discussion in the
+great world beyond our territorial limits.
+
+I shall not attempt to dwell at any length on the intellectual standard
+of our legislative bodies, but shall confine myself to a few general
+observations that naturally suggest themselves to an observer of our
+political conditions. Now, as in all times of our history, political
+life claims many strong, keen and cultured intellects, although it is
+doubtful whether the tendency of our democratic institutions is to
+encourage the most highly educated organizations to venture, or remain,
+should once they venture, in the agitated and unsafe sea of political
+passion and controversy. The first parliament of the Dominion, and the
+first legislatures of the provinces, which met after the federal union
+of 1867, when the system of dual representation was permissible--a
+system whose advantages are more obvious now--brought into public
+life the most brilliant and astute intellects of Canada, and it will
+probably be a long time before we shall again see assemblages so
+distinguished for oratory, humour and intellectual power. A federal
+system was, doubtless, the only one feasible under the racial and
+natural conditions that met the Quebec Conference of 1864; but, while
+admitting its political necessity, we cannot conceal from ourselves
+the fact that the great drain its numerous legislative bodies and
+governments make upon the mental resources of a limited population--a
+drain increased by the abolition of dual representation--is calculated
+to weaken our intellectual strength in our legislative halls, when
+a legislative union would in the nature of things concentrate that
+strength in one powerful current of activity and thought. A population
+of five millions of people has to provide not only between six and
+seven hundred representatives, who must devote a large amount of
+time to the public service for inadequate compensation, but also
+lieutenant-governors, judges and high officials, holding positions
+requiring intellectual qualifications as well as business capacity if
+they are properly filled. Apart from these considerations, it must
+be remembered that the opportunities of acquiring wealth and success
+in business or professional vocations have naturally increased with
+the material development of the Dominion, and that men of brains
+have consequently even less inducement than formerly to enter on the
+uncertain and too often ungrateful pursuit of politics. We have also
+the danger before us that it will be with us, as it is in the United
+States and even in England under the new conditions that are rapidly
+developing there; the professional politician, who is too often the
+creation of factions and cliques, and the lower influences of political
+intrigue and party management, will be found, as time passes, more
+common in our legislative halls, to the detriment of those higher
+ideals that should be the animating principles of public life in
+this young country, whose future happiness and greatness depend so
+much on the present methods of party government. Be all this as it
+may be, one may still fairly claim for our legislative bodies that
+their intellectual standard can compare favourably with that of the
+Congress at Washington or the state legislatures of Massachusetts and
+New England generally. After all, it is not for brilliant intellectual
+pyrotechnics we should now so much look to the legislative bodies of
+Canada, but rather for honesty of purpose, keen comprehension of the
+public interests, and a business capacity which can grasp the actual
+material wants and necessities of a country which has to face the
+competition, and even opposition, of a great people full of industrial
+as well as intellectual energy.
+
+Nowhere in this review have I claimed for this country any very
+striking results in the course of the half century since which we have
+shown so much political and material activity. I cannot boast that we
+have produced a great poem or a great history which has attracted the
+attention of the world beyond us, and assuredly we find no noteworthy
+attempt in the direction of a novel of our modern life; but what I do
+claim is, looking at the results generally, the work we have done has
+been sometimes above the average in those fields of literature--and
+here I include, necessarily, science--in which Canadians have worked.
+They have shown in many productions a conscientious spirit of research,
+patient industry, and not a little literary skill in the management
+of their material. I think, on the whole, there have been enough
+good poems, histories and essays written and published in Canada for
+the last four or five decades to prove that there has been a steady
+intellectual growth on the part of our people, and that it has kept
+pace at all events with the mental growth in the pulpit, or in the
+legislative halls, where, of late years, a keen practical debating
+style has taken the place of the more rhetorical and studied oratory
+of old times. I believe the intellectual faculties of Canadians only
+require larger opportunities for their exercise to bring forth a
+rich fruition. I believe the progress in the years to come will be
+far greater than that we have yet shown, and that necessarily so,
+with the wider distribution of wealth, the dissemination of a higher
+culture, and a greater confidence in our own mental strength, and in
+the resources that this country offers to pen and pencil. The time
+will come when that great river, associated with memories of Cartier,
+Champlain, La Salle, Frontenac, Wolfe and Montcalm,--that river already
+immortalized in history by the pen of Parkman--will be as noted in song
+and story as the Rhine, and will have its Irving to make it as famous
+as the lovely Hudson.
+
+Of course there are many obstacles in the way of successful literary
+pursuits in Canada. Our population is still small, and separated into
+two distinct nationalities, who for the most part necessarily read
+books printed in their own tongue. A book published in Canada then has
+a relatively limited _clientèle_ in the country itself, and cannot
+meet much encouragement from publishers in England or in the United
+States who have advantages for placing their own publications which no
+Canadian can have under existing conditions. Consequently an author
+of ambition and merit should perforce look for publishers outside his
+own country if he is to expect anything like just appreciation, or to
+have a fair chance of reaching that literary world which alone gives
+fame in the true sense. It must be admitted too that so much inferior
+work has at times found its way from Canada to other countries that
+publishers are apt to look askance at a book when it is offered to
+them from the colonies. Still, while this may at times operate against
+making what is a fairly good bargain with the publisher--and many
+authors, of course, believe with reason that a publisher, as a rule,
+never makes a good bargain with an author, and certainly not with a new
+one--a good book will sooner or later assert itself whenever Canadians
+write such a book. Let Canadians then persevere conscientiously and
+confidently in their efforts to break through the indifference which at
+present tends to cramp their efforts and dampen their energy. It is a
+fashion with some colonial writers to believe that there is a settled
+determination on the part of English critics to ignore their best
+work, when, perhaps, in the majority of cases it is the lack of good
+work that is at fault. Such a conclusion sometimes finds an argument
+in the fact that, when so able a Canadian as Edward Blake enters the
+legislative halls of England, some ill-natured critic, who represents
+a spirit of insular English snobbery, has only a sneer for "this
+Canadian lawyer" who had better "stay at home," and not presume to
+think that he, a mere colonist, could have anything to say in matters
+affecting the good government of the British Empire. But the time has
+long since passed for sneers at colonial self-government or colonial
+intellect, and we are more likely hereafter to have a Canadian House of
+Commons held up as a model of decorum for so-called English gentlemen.
+Such able and impartial critical journals as _The Athenæum_ are more
+ready to welcome than ignore a good book in these days of second-rate
+literature in England itself. If we produce such a good book as Mrs.
+Campbell Praed's "Australian Life," or Tasma's "Uncle Piper of Piper's
+Hill," we may be sure the English papers will do us justice. Let me
+frankly insist that we have far too much hasty and slovenly literary
+work done in Canada. The literary canon which every ambitious writer
+should have ever in his mind has been stated by no less an authority
+than Sainte-Beuve: "Devoted to my profession as a critic, I have tried
+to be more and more a good and if possible an able workman." A good
+style means artistic workmanship. It is too soon for us in this country
+to look for a Matthew Arnold or a Sainte-Beuve--such great critics are
+generally the results, and not the forerunners, of a great literature;
+but at least if we could have in the present state of our intellectual
+development, a criticism in the press which would be truthful and
+just, the essential characteristics of the two authors I have named,
+the effect would be probably in the direction of encouraging promising
+writers, and weeding out some literary dabblers. "What I have wished,"
+said the French critic, "is to say not a word more than I thought, to
+stop even a little short of what I believed in certain cases, in order
+that my words might acquire more weight as historical testimony." Truth
+tempered by consideration for literary genius is the essence of sound
+criticism.
+
+We all know that the literary temperament is naturally sensitive to
+anything like indifference and is too apt, perhaps, to exaggerate
+the importance of its calling in the prosaic world in which it is
+exercised. The pecuniary rewards are so few, relatively, in this
+country, that the man of imaginative mind--the purely literary
+worker--naturally thinks that he can, at least, ask for generous
+appreciation. No doubt he thinks, to quote a passage from a clever
+Australian novel--"The Australian Girl"--"Genius has never been truly
+acclimatized by the world. The Philistines always long to put out
+the eyes of poets and make them grind corn in Gaza." But it is well
+always to remember that a great deal of rough work has to be done in a
+country like Canada before its Augustan age can come. No doubt literary
+stimulus must be more or less wanting in a colony where there is latent
+at times in some quarters a want of self-confidence in ourselves and in
+our institutions, arising from that sense of dependency and habit of
+imitation and borrowing from others that is a necessity of a colonial
+condition. The tendency of the absence of sufficient self-assertion is
+to cramp intellectual exertion, and make us believe that success in
+literature can only be achieved in the old countries of Europe. That
+spirit of all-surrounding materialism to which Lowell has referred
+must also always exercise a certain sinister influence in this way--an
+influence largely exerted in Ontario--but despite all this we see
+that even among our neighbours it has not prevented the growth of a
+literary class famous for its intellectual successes in varied fields
+of literature. It is for Canadian writers to have always before them a
+high ideal, and remember that literature does best its duty--to quote
+the eloquent words of Ruskin--"in raising our fancy to the height of
+what may be noble, honest and felicitous in actual life; in giving
+us, though we may be ourselves poor and unknown, the companionship
+of the wisest spirits of every age and country, and in aiding the
+communication of clear thoughts and faithful purposes among distant
+nations, which will at last breathe calm upon the sea of lawless
+passion and change into such halcyon days the winter of the world, that
+the birds of the air may have their nests in peace and the Son of Man
+where to lay his head."
+
+
+
+
+IX.
+
+
+Largely, if not entirely, owing to the expansion of our common
+school system--admirable in Ontario and Nova Scotia, but defective
+in Quebec--and the influence of our universities and colleges, the
+average intelligence of the people of this country is much higher
+than it was a very few years ago; but no doubt it is with us as with
+our neighbours--to quote the words of an eminent public speaker whose
+brilliancy sometimes leads one to forget his higher criticism--I
+refer to Dr. Chauncey Depew--"Speed is the virtue and vice of our
+generation. We demand that morning-glories and century plants shall
+submit to the same conditions and flower with equal frequency." Even
+some of our universities from which we naturally expect so much seem
+disposed from time to time to lower their standard and yield too
+readily to the demand for purely practical education when, after all,
+the great reason of all education is to draw forth the best qualities
+of the young man, elevate his intelligence, and stimulate his highest
+intellectual forces. The animating principle with the majority of
+people is to make a young man a doctor, a lawyer, an engineer, or teach
+him some other vocation as soon as possible, and the tendency is to
+consider any education that does not immediately effect that result
+as superfluous. Whilst every institution of learning must necessarily
+yield something to this pervading spirit of immediate utility, it would
+be a mistake to sacrifice all the methods and traditions of the past
+when sound scholars at least were made, and the world had so many men
+famous in learning, in poetry, in romance, and in history. For one I
+range myself among those who, like James Russell Lowell and Matthew
+Arnold, still consider the conscientious and intelligent study of the
+ancient classics--the humanities as they are called--as best adapted
+to create cultured men and women, and as the noblest basis on which
+to build up even a practical education with which to earn bread and
+capture the world. Goldwin Smith very truly says, "A romantic age
+stands in need of science, a scientific and utilitarian age stands in
+need of the humanities."[62] The study of Greek, above all others of
+the humanities, is calculated to stimulate the higher qualities of
+our nature. As Matthew Arnold adds in the same discourse from which
+I have quoted, "The instinct for beauty is set in human nature, as
+surely as the instinct for knowledge is set there, or the instinct for
+conduct. If the instinct for beauty is served by Greek literature and
+art as it is served by no other literature or art, we may trust to the
+instinct of self-preservation in humanity for keeping Greek as part
+of our culture." With the same great critic and thinker, I hope that
+in Canada "Greek will be increasingly studied as men feel the need in
+them for beauty, and how powerfully Greek art and Greek literature
+can serve this need." We are as respects the higher education of this
+country in that very period which Arnold saw ahead for America--"a
+period of unsettlement and confusion and false tendency"--a tendency
+to crowd into education too many matters; and it is for this reason
+I venture to hope that letters will not be allowed to yield entirely
+to the necessity for practical science, the importance of which I
+fully admit, while deprecating it being made the dominant principle in
+our universities. If we are to come down to the lower grades of our
+educational system I might also doubt whether despite all its decided
+advantages for the masses--its admirable machinery and apparatus, its
+comfortable school-houses, its varied systematic studies from form to
+form and year to year, its well managed normal and model schools, its
+excellent teachers--there are not also signs of superficiality. The
+tendency of the age is to become rich fast, to get as much knowledge
+as possible within a short time, and the consequence of this is to
+spread far too much knowledge over a limited ground--to give a child
+too many subjects, and to teach him a little of everything. These are
+days of many cyclopædias, historical summaries, scientific digests,
+reviews of reviews, French in a few lessons, and interest tables.
+All is digested and made easy to the student. Consequently not a
+little of the production of our schools and of some of our colleges
+may be compared to a veneer of knowledge, which easily wears off in
+the activities of life, and leaves the roughness of the original and
+cheaper material very perceptible. One may well believe that the
+largely mechanical system and materialistic tendency of our education
+has some effect in checking the development of a really original and
+imaginative literature among us. Much of our daily literature--indeed
+the chief literary aliment of large classes of our busy population
+is the newspaper press, which illustrates in many ways the haste and
+pressure of this life of ours in a country of practical needs like
+Canada. When we consider the despatch with which a large newspaper has
+to be made up, how reports are caught on the wing and published without
+sufficient verification, how editorials have to be written _currente
+calamo_, and often after midnight when important despatches come in, we
+may well wonder that the daily issue of a newspaper is so well done.
+With the development of confederation the leading Canadian papers
+have taken, through the influence of the new condition of things, a
+larger range of thought and expression, and the gross personalities
+which so frequently discredited the press before 1867 have now become
+the exception. If I might refer to an old and enterprising paper as
+an example of the new order of things, I should point to the Toronto
+_Globe_ under its present editorial management and compare it with
+two or three decades ago. It will be seen there is a deeper deference
+to an intelligent public opinion by an acknowledgment of the right
+of a community to hear argument and reason even on matters of party
+politics, and to have fair reports of speeches on both sides of
+a question. In point of appearance, make-up, and varied literary
+matter--especially in its literary department, its criticisms of
+new books in all branches of literature--the Australasian press is
+decidedly superior to that of Canada as a rule. The Melbourne _Argus_
+and the Sydney _Herald_ compare with the best London journals, and
+the reason is mainly because there is no country press in Australia
+to limit the enterprise and energy of a newspaper publisher. Perhaps
+it is as well for the general instruction of a community like ours
+that there should be a large and active country press, and the people
+not too much under the guidance of a few great journals in important
+centres of political thought and action. For one I have more faith
+in the good sense and reason of the community as a whole than in the
+motives and disinterestedness of a few leaders in one or more cities
+or towns. But I must also add that when we consider the influence a
+widely disseminated press like that of Canada must exercise on the
+opinions and sentiments of the large body of persons of whom it is
+the principal or only literature, one must wish that there was more
+independence of thought and honesty of criticism as well as a greater
+willingness, or capacity rather, to study a high ideal on the part of
+the press generally. However improved the tone of the Canadian press
+may have become of late years, however useful it may be as a daily
+record of passing events--of course, outside of party politics--however
+ably it may discuss in its editorial columns the topics of the day,
+it is not yet an influence always calculated to strengthen the mind
+and bring out the best intellectual faculties of a reader like a book
+which is the result of calm reflection, sound philosophic thought,
+originality of idea, or the elevated sentiment of the great poet or
+the historian. As a matter of fact a newspaper is too often in Canada
+a reflex of the average rather than of the higher intelligence of the
+country, and on no other ground can we explain the space devoted to
+a football match, or a prize fight, or a murder trial, or degrading
+incidents in the criminal life of men and women. For one, I am an
+admirer of athletic and other sports calculated to develop health and
+muscle, as long as they are not pursued to extremes, do not become the
+end and aim of youth, or allowed to degenerate into brutality. All of
+us do not forget the great influence of the Olympian, the Pythian and
+other public games on the Greek character when the land was "living
+Greece" indeed; but we must also remember that art and song had a part
+in those contests of athletes, that they even inspired the lyric odes
+of Pindar, that the poet there recited his drama or epic, the painter
+exhibited his picture, and the intellectual was made a part of the
+physical struggle in those palmy days of Greek culture. I have not yet
+heard that any Canadian poet or painter or historian has ever been so
+honoured, or asked to take part in those athletic games and sports to
+which our public journals devote a number of pages which have not yet
+been set apart for Canadian or any literature. The newspaper reporter
+is nowadays the only representative of literature in our Pythia or
+Olympia, and he assuredly cannot be said to be a Pindaric singer when
+he exalts the triumphs of lacrosse or the achievements of the baseball
+champion.
+
+
+
+
+X.
+
+
+In drawing to a conclusion I come now to refer to a subject which is
+naturally embraced in an address intended to review the progress of
+culture in this country, and that is what should have, perhaps, been
+spoken of before, the condition of Art in the Dominion. As our public
+libraries[63] are small compared with those in the neighbouring union,
+and confined to three or four cities--Montreal being in some respects
+behind Toronto--so our public and private art galleries are very few
+in number and insignificant as respects the value and the greatness
+of the paintings. Even in the House of Commons, not long since,
+regret was expressed at the smallness of the Dominion contribution,
+one thousand dollars only, for the support of a so-called National
+Art Gallery at Ottawa, and the greater part of this paltry sum, it
+appeared, went to pay, not the addition of good paintings, but actually
+the current expenses of keeping it up. Hopes were thrown out by more
+than one member of the government, in the course of the discussion
+on the subject, that ere long a much larger amount would be annually
+voted to make the gallery more representative of the best Canadian
+art, and it was very properly suggested that it should be the rule
+to purchase a number of Canadian pictures regularly every year, and
+in this way stimulate the talent of our artists. Montreal at present
+has one fairly good museum of art, thanks to the liberality of two
+or three of her rich men, but so public spirited a city as Toronto,
+which numbers among its citizens a number of artists of undoubted
+merit, is conspicuous for its dearth of good pictures even in private
+collections, and for the entire absence of any public gallery. In
+Montreal there are also some very valuable and representative paintings
+of foreign artists in the residences of her wealthy men of business;
+but whilst it is necessary that we should have brought to this country
+from time to time such examples of artistic genius to educate our
+own people for better things, it is still desirable that Canadian
+millionaires and men of means and taste should encourage the best
+efforts of our own artists. It is said sometimes--and there is some
+truth in the remark--that Canadian art hitherto has been imitative
+rather than creative; but while we have pictures like those of L. R.
+O'Brien, W. Brymner, F. A. Verner, O. R. Jacobi, George Reid, F. M.
+Bell-Smith, Homer Watson, W. Raphael, Robert Harris, C. M. Manly, J. W.
+L. Forster, A. D. Patterson, Miss Bell, Miss Muntz, J. Pinhey, J. C.
+Forbes, Paul Peel--a young man of great promise too soon cut off--and
+of other excellent painters,[64][G] native born or adopted Canadians,
+illustrating in many cases, as do those of Mr. O'Brien notably, the
+charm and picturesqueness of Canadian scenery, it would seem that
+only sufficient encouragement is needed to develop a higher order of
+artistic performance among us. The Marquess of Lorne and the Princess
+Louise, during their too short residence in the Dominion, did something
+to stimulate a larger and better taste for art by the establishment of
+a Canadian Academy and the holding of several exhibitions; but such
+things can be of little practical utility if Canadians do not encourage
+the artists who are to contribute. It is to be hoped that the same
+spirit of generosity which is yearly building commodious science halls,
+and otherwise giving our universities additional opportunities for
+usefulness, will also ere long establish at least one fine art gallery
+in each of the older provinces, to illustrate not simply English
+and Foreign art, but the most original and highly executed work of
+Canadians themselves. Such galleries are so many object lessons--like
+that wondrous "White City" which has arisen by a western lake as
+suddenly as the palaces of eastern story--to educate the eye, form the
+taste and develop the higher faculties of our nature amid the material
+surroundings of our daily life. No doubt the creative and imaginative
+faculties of our people have not yet been developed to any noteworthy
+extent; the poems and paintings of native Canadians too frequently
+lack, and the little fiction so far written is entirely destitute of
+the essential elements of successful and permanent work in art and
+literature. But the deficiency in this respect has arisen not from
+the poverty of Canadian intellect, but rather from the absence of
+that general distribution of wealth on which art can alone thrive, the
+consequent want of galleries to cultivate a taste among the people for
+the best artistic productions, and above all from the existence of that
+spirit of intellectual self-depreciation which is essentially colonial,
+and leads not a few to believe that no good work of this kind can be
+done in mere dependencies.
+
+The exhibition of American art at the world's fair is remarkable on
+the whole for individual expression, excellent colour and effective
+composition. It proves to a demonstration that the tendency is
+progressive, and that it is not too much to expect that a few decades
+hence this continent will produce a Corot, a Daubigny, a Bonnat, a
+Bouguereau or a Millais. Not the least gratifying feature of the
+exhibition has been the revelation to the foreign world--and probably
+to many Canadians as well--that there is already some artistic
+performance of a much higher order than was believed to exist in
+Canada, and that it has been adjudged worthy of special mention among
+the masterpieces that surround the paintings of our artists. This
+success, very moderate as it is, must stimulate Canadian painters to
+still greater efforts in the future, and should help to create a wider
+interest in their work among our own people, heretofore too indifferent
+to the labours of men and women, whose rewards have been small in
+comparison with the conscientiousness and earnestness they have given
+to the prosecution of their art.
+
+The opportunities which Canadian artists have had of comparing their
+own work with that of the most artistic examples at the exhibition
+should be beneficial if they have made of them the best possible
+use. American and French art was particularly well represented at
+the exhibition, and was probably most interesting from a Canadian
+point of view, since our artists would naturally make comparisons
+with their fellow-workers on this continent, and at the same time
+closely study the illustrations of those French schools which now
+attract the greater number of students from this country, and have
+largely influenced--perhaps too much so at times--the later efforts of
+some well-known painters among us. A writer in the New York _Nation_
+has made some comparisons between the best works of the artists of
+France and the United States, which are supported by the testimony
+of critics who are able to speak with authority on the subject. The
+French notably excel "in seriousness of purpose and general excellence
+of work from a technical point of view, especially in the thorough
+knowledge of construction in both the figure and landscape pictures."
+On the other hand, the artists of the United States "show more
+diversity of aim and individuality of expression, as well as colour
+feeling." Some two or three Canadian artists give examples of those
+very qualities--especially in their landscapes--which, according to
+the New York critic, distinguish the illustrations of the art of the
+United States. As a rule, however, there is a want of individuality
+of expression, and of perfection of finish, in the work of Canadian
+artists, as even their relatively imperfect representation at Chicago
+has shown. The tendency to be imitative rather than creative is too
+obvious. Canadian painters show even a readiness to leave their own
+beautiful and varied scenery that they may portray that of other
+countries, and in doing so they have ceased in many cases to be
+original. But despite these defects, there is much hope in the general
+performance of Canadians even without that encouragement and sympathy
+which the artists of the United States have in a larger measure
+been able to receive in a country of greater wealth, population and
+intellectual culture.
+
+Not only does the exhibition of paintings in the world's fair make one
+very hopeful of the future artistic development of this continent,
+but the beauty of the architectural design of the noble buildings
+which contain the treasures of art and industry, and of the decorative
+figures and groups of statuary that embellish these buildings and the
+surrounding grounds, is a remarkable illustration of the artistic
+genius that has produced so exquisite an effect in general, whatever
+defects there may be in minor details. A critic in the July number
+of the 'Quarterly Review,' while writing "in the presence of these
+lovely temples, domes, and colonnades under the burning American sky
+which adds a light and a transparency to all it rests upon," cannot
+help echoing the regret that this vision of beauty is but for a
+season, and expressing the hope that some one of the American money
+kings "may perpetuate his name on marble, by restoring, on the edge
+of this immense capital, amid parks and waters, that great central
+square which, were it only built of enduring materials, would stand
+without a rival in modern architecture." Perhaps the fine arts in the
+Dominion--where sculpture would be hardly heard of were it not for the
+French Canadian Hébert--may themselves even gain some stimulus from the
+examples of a higher conception of artistic achievement that is shown
+by this exhibition to exist in a country where a spirit of materialism
+has obtained the mastery so long. Canadian architecture hitherto has
+not been distinguished for originality of design--much more than art
+it has been imitative. In Montreal and Quebec the old buildings which
+represent the past have no architectural beauty, however interesting
+they may be to the antiquarian or the historian, and however well many
+of them harmonize with the heights of picturesque Quebec. Montreal
+is assuredly the most interesting city from an architectural point
+of view in Canada, simply for the reason that its architects have,
+as a rule, studied that effect of solidity and simplicity of design
+most in keeping with the grand mountain and the natural scenery that
+give such picturesqueness to an exceptionally noble site. While we
+see all over Canada--from Victoria on the Pacific to Halifax on the
+Atlantic[64_a_][H]--the evidences of greater comfort, taste and wealth
+in our private and public buildings, while we see many elaborate
+specimens of ecclesiastical art, stately piles of legislative halls,
+excellent specimens of Gothic and Tudor art in our colleges, expensive
+commercial and financial structures, and even civic palaces, yet
+they are often illustrative of certain well defined and prevalent
+types of architecture in the eastern and western cities of the United
+States. It cannot be said that Canada has produced an architect of
+original genius like Henry Hobson Richardson, who was cut off in the
+commencement of his career, but not before he had given the continent
+some admirable specimens of architectural art, in which his study of
+the Romanesque was specially conspicuous, and probably led the way to a
+higher ideal which has reached some realization in the city which must
+too soon disappear like the fabric of a vision, though one can well
+believe that, unlike a dream, it will leave a permanent impress on the
+intellectual development of the people who have conceived an exhibition
+so creditable from a purely artistic point of view.
+
+[Footnote G: Some extended notes on the artists of Canada and their
+work appear in the Appendix, note 64.]
+
+[Footnote H: See in Appendix 64_a_ references to our notable public
+edifices.]
+
+
+
+
+XI.
+
+
+The Dominion of Canada possesses a noble heritage which has descended
+to us as the result of the achievement of Frenchmen, Englishmen,
+Scotchmen, and Irishmen, who through centuries of trial and privation,
+showed an indomitable courage, patience and industry which it is our
+duty to imitate with the far greater opportunities we now enjoy of
+developing the latent material and intellectual resources of this fair
+land. Possessing a country rich in natural treasures and a population
+inheriting the institutions, the traditions and qualities of their
+ancestors, having a remarkable capacity for self-government, enjoying
+exceptional facilities for the acquisition of knowledge, having before
+us always the record of difficulties overcome against great odds in
+endeavouring to establish ourselves on this continent, we may well in
+the present be animated by the spirit of hope, rather than by that
+feeling of despair which some despondent thinkers and writers have
+too frequently on their lips when it is a question of the destiny
+in store for Canada. In the course of the coming decades--perhaps
+in four or five, or less--Canada will probably have determined her
+destiny--her position among the communities of the world; and, for
+one, I have no doubt the results will be far more gratifying to our
+national pride than the results of even the past thirty years, when we
+have been laying broad and deep the foundations of our present system
+of government. We have reason to believe that the material success of
+this confederation will be fully equalled by the intellectual efforts
+of a people who have sprung from nations whose not least enduring
+fame has been the fact that they have given to the world of letters a
+Shakespeare, a Molière, a Montesquieu, a Balzac, a Dickens, a Dudevant,
+a Tennyson, a Victor Hugo, a Longfellow, a Hawthorne, a Théophile
+Gauthier, and many other names that represent the best literary genius
+of the English and French races. All the evidence before us now goes
+to prove that the French language will continue into an indefinite
+future to be the language of a large and influential section of the
+population of Canada, and that it must consequently exercise a decided
+influence on the culture and intellect of the Dominion. It has been
+within the last four decades that the best intellectual work--both in
+literature and statesmanship--has been produced in French and English
+Canada, and the signs of intellectual activity in the same direction do
+not lessen with the expansion of the Dominion. The history of England
+from the day the Norman came into the island until he was absorbed
+in the original Saxon element, is not likely to be soon repeated in
+Canada, but in all probability the two nationalities will remain side
+by side for an unknown period to illustrate on the northern half of
+the continent of America the culture and genius of the two strongest
+and brightest powers of civilization. As both of these nationalities
+have vied with each other in the past to build up this confederation
+on a large and generous basis of national strength and greatness, and
+have risen time and again superior to those racial antagonisms created
+by differences of opinion at great crises of our history--antagonisms
+happily dispelled by the common sense, reason and patriotism of men of
+both races--so we should in the future hope for that friendly rivalry
+on the part of the best minds among French and English Canadians which
+will best stimulate the genius of their people in art, history, poetry
+and romance. In the meantime, while this confederation is fighting
+its way out of its political difficulties, and resolving wealth and
+refinement from the original and rugged elements of a new country,
+it is for the respective nationalities not to stand aloof from one
+another, but to unite in every way possible for common intellectual
+improvement, and give sympathetic encouragement to the study of the
+two languages and to the mental efforts of each other. It was on this
+enlightened principle of sympathetic interest that the Royal Society
+was founded and on which alone it can expect to obtain any permanent
+measure of success. If the English and French always endeavour to
+meet each other on this friendly basis in all the communities where
+they live side by side as well as on all occasions that demand
+common thought and action and cultivate that social and intellectual
+intercourse which may at all events weld them both as one in spirit
+and aspiration, however different they may continue in language and
+temperament, many prejudices must be removed, social life must gain
+in charm, and intellect must be developed by finding strength where
+it is weak, and grace where it is needed in the mental efforts of the
+two races. If in addition to this widening of the sympathies of our
+two national elements, we can see in the Dominion generally less of
+that provincialism which means a narrowness of mental vision on the
+part of our literary aspirants, and prevents Canadian authors reaching
+a larger audience in other countries, then we shall rise superior to
+those weaknesses of our intellectual character which now impede our
+mental development, and shall be able to give larger scope to what
+original and imaginative genius may exist among our people. So with
+the expansion of our mental horizon, with the growth of experience
+and knowledge, with the creation of a wider sympathy for native
+talent, with the disappearance of that tendency to self-depreciation
+which is so essentially colonial, and with the encouragement of more
+self-reliance and confidence in our own intellectual resources, we may
+look forward with some degree of hopefulness to conditions of higher
+development, and to the influence on our national character of what can
+best elevate Canadians and make them even happier and wiser,
+
+      "The love of country, soaring far above all party strife;
+      The love of learning, art and song,--the crowning grace of
+                life."[65]
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHICAL, ART AND GENERAL NOTES.
+
+
+LOWELL'S ADDRESSES.
+
+[Footnote 1: Page 1.--See "Democracy, and Other Addresses," by James
+Russell Lowell (Boston and New York, 1887) pp. 235-237. The address
+at the Harvard Anniversary, from which I quote in the commencement of
+the text, should be carefully read and studied by all those who are
+interested in education and culture in the Dominion, and do not wish
+to see the classics superseded by purely scientific and utilitarian
+theories. "Leave," he said, for instance, "in their traditional
+pre-eminence those arts that were rightly called liberal; those studies
+that kindle the imagination, and through it irradiate the reason:
+those studies that manumitted the modern mind; those in which the
+brains of the finest temper have found alike their stimulus and their
+repose, taught by them that the power of intellect is heightened in
+proportion as it is made gracious by measure and symmetry. Give us
+science, too, but give, first of all and last of all, the science that
+ennobles life and makes it generous.... Many-sidedness of culture makes
+your vision clearer and keener in particulars. For, after all, the
+noblest definition of Science is that breadth and impartiality of view
+which liberates the mind from specialties, and enables it to organize
+whatever we learn, so that it becomes real Knowledge by being brought
+into true and helpful relation with the rest."]
+
+
+JAMESTOWN, VA.
+
+[Footnote 2: Page 3.--"Nothing remains of this famous settlement but
+the ruins of a church tower covered with ivy, and some old tombstones.
+The tower is crumbling year by year, and the roots of trees have
+cracked the slabs, making great rifts across the names of the old
+Armigers and Honourables. The place is desolate with its washing waves
+and flitting sea-fowl, but possesses a singular attraction. It is one
+of the few localities which recall the first years of American history;
+but it will not recall them much longer. Every distinctive feature of
+the spot is slowly disappearing. The river encroaches year by year, and
+the ground occupied by the original huts is already submerged." Cooke's
+"Virginia" ('American Commonwealths,' 1884), p. 19.]
+
+
+CHAMPLAIN.
+
+[Footnote 3: Page 6.--Editions of Champlain's works appeared at Paris
+in 1603, 1613, 1619, 1620, 1627, 1632 and 1640; at Quebec in 1830 and
+1870. An English translation was published by the Prince Society of
+Boston in 1878-80. The Abbé Laverdière's edition, in six volumes, 4to.,
+(Quebec, 1870), is the most perfect modern publication of the works.
+It printed for the first time the text of the voyage of 1599-1601.
+For bibliographical notes of Champlain's works see Bourinot's "Cape
+Breton," 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. ix., Sec. II., App. VIII. (also
+in separate form, Montreal, 1892); Winsor's 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,'
+iv., 130-134; Harrisse's "Notes sur la bibliographie de la Nouvelle
+France."
+
+French Canadian writers like Garneau and Ferland have exhausted the
+language of eulogy in describing the character and life of Samuel
+Champlain, but no one who follows his career can doubt the truth of
+this latest tribute to the French colonizer of Canada by Dr. N.
+E. Dionne in "Samuel Champlain, fondateur de Québec et père de la
+Nouvelle France: Histoire de sa vie et de ses voyages," Québec, 1891:
+"Il possédait à un haut degré le génie colonisateur, et c'est dans ce
+rôle, si difficile de tout temps, qu'il fit preuve de sagesse et de
+clairvoyance, et dans le choix des colons, et dans la direction qu'il
+sut imprimer à leurs premiers efforts. L'intelligence de Champlain
+se révèle dans de nombreux écrits, où l'observateur judicieux et
+pénétrant coudoie le savant et le marin aussi hardi qu'expérimenté.
+Comme cosmographe il a eu l'immense mérite d'avoir surpassé tous ses
+devanciers, par l'abondance des descriptions et l'agencement heureux
+des données géographiques. C'est un nouveau titre de gloire que l'on
+doit ajouter à sa couronne resplendissante de tant de rayons lumineux.
+Plusieurs historiens, même de ceux qui ne comptent pas parmi les
+admirateurs des œuvres françaises, lui out rendu le témoignage d'avoir
+fait entrer la science cartographique dans une nouvelle ère de progrès.
+Naturaliste, géographe, marin, cosmographe; Champlain était tout cela
+à la fois, et dans une mesure hautement remarquable pour l'epoque où
+il vivait.... Pas un gouverneur sous l'ancien régime n'a donné d'aussi
+grands exemples de foi, de piété, et de droiture d'intention."
+
+It is Captain John Smith of Virginia who, among the colonizers of
+America, can best compare with the founder of Quebec. The following
+estimate of his character, given by the historian George Bancroft (i.,
+138-139, ed. of 1866), could be applied in almost every particular to
+the Frenchman; all we need do is to read "New France" for "Virginia,"
+"French" for "Saxon," "France" for "England," etc.: "He was the
+father of Virginia, the true leader who first planted the Saxon race
+within the borders of the United States. His judgment had ever been
+clear in the midst of general despondency. He united the highest
+spirit of adventure with consummate powers of action. His courage and
+self-possession accomplished what others esteemed desperate. Fruitful
+in expedients, he was prompt in execution. Though he had been harassed
+by the persecutions of malignant envy, he never revived the memory of
+the faults of his enemies. He was accustomed to lead, not to send his
+men to danger; would suffer want rather than borrow, and starve sooner
+than not pay. He had nothing counterfeit in his nature, but was open,
+honest and sincere. He clearly discerned that it was the true interest
+of England not to seek in Virginia for gold and hidden wealth, but to
+enforce regular industry. 'Nothing,' said he, 'is to be expected thence
+but by labour.'"]
+
+
+LESCARBOT.
+
+[Footnote 4: Page 6.--Editions of Lescarbot's "Histoire de la Nouvelle
+France" appeared at Paris in 1609, 1611, 1617 and 1618; but the most
+complete and available modern copy is that printed by Tross in three
+volumes (Paris, 1866). For bibliographical notes of Lescarbot's works
+see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 149-151; Harrisse's "Notes."]
+
+
+CHARLEVOIX.
+
+[Footnote 5: Page 6.--Editions of Charlevoix's "Histoire et description
+générale de la Nouvelle France," etc., appeared at Paris in 1744,
+three volumes, 4to., and six volumes in 12mo., with maps. Dr. Shea's
+admirable English version and annotations were printed at New York in
+six handsome volumes, 1866-1872. For bibliographical notes see 'Nar.
+and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 154, 358.]
+
+
+HUTCHINSON'S HISTORY.
+
+[Footnote 6: Page 6.--For bibliography of Thomas Hutchinson's excellent
+"History of Massachusetts Bay" (Boston, 1749, 1767, 1795; London, 1750,
+1768, 1828, three volumes), see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iii., 344.
+He was royal governor of the province, 1770-72, and died near London in
+1789.]
+
+
+SAGARD.
+
+[Footnote 7: Page 6.--Editions of Sagard's works, "Le Grand Voyage,"
+etc., appeared at Paris in 1632 and 1636, but Tross printed admirable
+copies at Paris in 1864-66. Charlevoix has not a favourable judgment
+of Sagard; but no doubt, while he is diffuse, he gives an excellent
+insight into Indian life and customs. For bibliographical notes see
+'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 290-291; Harrisse's "Notes."]
+
+
+P. BOUCHER.
+
+[Footnote 8: Page 6.--Pierre Boucher's "Mœurs et productions de
+la Nouvelle France" appeared at Paris in 1664 (sm. 12mo.), and is
+described by Charlevoix as a faithful, if superficial, account of
+Canada. For bibliographical notes, see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv.,
+298; Harrisse's "Notes."]
+
+
+JESUIT RELATIONS.
+
+[Footnote 9: Page 6.--The Canadian Government published at Quebec
+in 1858, in three large 8vo. volumes, a series of the "Relations,"
+from 1611-1672, and supplemental or complemental issues of allied and
+later "Relations" were printed through the efforts of Mr. Lenox, Dr.
+O'Callaghan and Dr. Shea, of New York. For bibliographical notes on
+these invaluable collections, see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' 290 _et
+seq._; Harrisse's "Notes."]
+
+
+PÈRE DU CREUX.
+
+[Footnote 10: Page 6.--Père du Creux or Creuxius published his prolix
+work, "Historia Canadensis," with map and illustrations, in Latin, at
+Paris in 1664. For bibliographical notes, see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist.
+Am.,' iv., 296; Harrisse's "Notes." Despite its diffusiveness, it has
+value for the historical students of his times.]
+
+
+LA POTHERIE.
+
+[Footnote 11: Page 6.--Bacqueville de la Potherie's "Histoire de
+l'Amérique Septentrionale depuis 1534 jusqu'à 1701" was published first
+at Paris in 1722, four volumes, 12mo.; but a later edition appeared in
+1753. Charlevoix's opinion, that it is an undigested and ill-written
+narrative, is prejudiced, as the work is on the whole a useful and
+exact account of the French establishments at Quebec, Montreal and
+Three Rivers, and especially of the condition of the Indians of the
+time. For bibliographical notes see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv.,
+299, 357-358.]
+
+
+LAFITAU.
+
+[Footnote 11_a_: Page 6.--The following note with respect to this able
+priest's writing is taken from 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 298,
+299: "The Jesuit Lafitau published at Paris in 1724 his 'Mœurs des
+Sauvages Amériquains' in two volumes, with various plates, which in
+the main is confined to the natives of Canada, where he had lived long
+with the Iroquois. Charlevoix said of his book, twenty years later, 'We
+have nothing so exact on the subject;' and Lafitau continues to hold
+high rank as an original authority, though his book is overlaid with a
+theory of Tartaric origin of the red race. Mr. Parkman calls him 'the
+most satisfactory of the elder writers.'" Garneau, ii., 154, mentions
+that he discovered in 1716 a plant in the Canadian forests which is
+of the nature of ginseng, which for awhile was a valuable article of
+export to Canton. Eventually it became valueless in China on account of
+its being prepared improperly.]
+
+
+C. LE CLERCQ.
+
+[Footnote 12: Page 6.--Père Chrestien Le Clercq's "Etablissement de la
+Foy" appeared in two volumes, 12mo., at Paris in 1691, and an excellent
+translation by Shea at New York in 1881. He also wrote a work,
+"Nouvelle Relation de la Gaspésie," which was also printed at Paris in
+1691. For bibliographical notes see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv.,
+291; Harrisse's "Notes."]
+
+
+COTTON MATHER'S "MAGNALIA."
+
+[Footnote 13: Page 7.--For bibliographical notes on this curious _olla
+podrida_ of religion and history see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.' iii.,
+345; Stevens's "Historical Nuggets," ii., 505.]
+
+
+Dr. MICHEL SARRAZIN.
+
+[Footnote 13_a_: Page 8.--An interesting account of the life and
+labours of the eminent pioneer of science in Canada, who came to Quebec
+in 1685 and died there in 1734, will be found in the fifth volume of
+the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.' (section IV.), by the Abbé Laflamme. See
+also Parkman's "Old Regime in Canada," p. 366, _n._ Also, pp. 390-393
+for citations from Kalm and Charlevoix as to social condition of
+the French colony. Also, pp. 160-163 and notes, for an account and
+references to authorities on subject of the Seminary.]
+
+
+PETER KALM.
+
+[Footnote 13_b_: Page 8.--He was professor of Economy in the University
+of Aobo, in Swedish Finland, and a member of the Swedish Royal
+Academy of Sciences. His Travels in North America ("In Risa tel Nord
+America"), 1748-51, first appeared in Swedish (Stockholm, 1753-61), and
+subsequently in a translation, with the original somewhat abridged, by
+John Reinhold Forster (Warrington and London, 1770; 2nd ed., 1772). A
+translation in French by L. W. Marchand has also been published, and
+it is from that I quote in the text. (For German and Dutch versions
+see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' v., 244.) I have since found that
+Forster, in a note (ii., 185, 2nd ed.) on the remarks of the Swedish
+savant with respect to the study of science in the English colonies,
+calls attention to the fact that "Mr. Kalm has forgotten his own
+assertions in the former part of this work." Dr. Colden, Dr. Franklin
+and Mr. Bartram, he continues, "have been the great promoters and
+investigators of nature in this country, and how would the inhabitants
+have gotten the fine collections of North American trees, shrubs and
+plants, which grow at present almost in every garden, and are as if
+they were naturalized in old England, had they not been assisted by
+their friends and by the curious in North America." Forster also refers
+to the schools, colleges and libraries already existing in the English
+colonies as evidence that Kalm hardly did justice to the men of culture
+in those countries. No doubt La Galissonière, Sarrazin, Gauthier, and
+others created, for a time certainly, much interest in the practical
+pursuit of science in Canada. The interest, however, must have been
+necessarily confined to a very small class in the two or three towns
+and garrisons to which La Galissonière's influence extended. Some
+of the Jesuit priests like Lafitau (see note 11_a_) had a taste for
+natural history, and have left us much information on the subject. But
+Lafitau, La Galissonière, Gauthier, Sarrazin and others were not native
+Canadians, though, like Charlevoix and his predecessors who wrote of
+the country, they have left imperishable memorials connecting their
+names with the literary and scientific history of New France. On the
+other hand, Franklin, Bartram, Stith, the Mathers and Beverley, whose
+names will be always associated with the early culture of science and
+literature in the old English colonies, were American by birth and
+education. Still these men represented a very insignificant influence
+in the practical, money-making population of New England and the
+middle colonies of which Kalm chiefly spoke. Their influence would be
+relatively trifling compared with that which was necessarily exercised
+by a governor like La Galissonière in New France, with its sympathetic
+officials and priests, and which was necessarily contrasted by Kalm
+with the indifference of the English colonists. Kalm failed, however,
+to recognize the public liberty, commercial enterprise and secular
+education which in New England and other colonial communities gave the
+people the advantage over the habitans and French Canadians generally.
+Instead, the spirit of materialism that was a distinguishing feature
+of the active, enterprising English colonists, must have grated on the
+susceptibilities of a student like Kalm, and prevented him from doing
+impartial justice to the strong qualities of a rising nation.]
+
+
+SCHOOLS, 1792-1840.
+
+[Footnote 14: Page 9.--For accounts of the deplorable condition of the
+public schools in the rural districts of Upper Canada from 1791 to
+the union of 1841 see Canniff's "History of the Province of Ontario"
+(Toronto, 1872). Canniff Haight's "Country Life in Canada Fifty Years
+Ago" (Toronto, 1885), and Bourinot's "Intellectual Development of the
+Canadian People" (12mo., Toronto, and 'Canadian Monthly,' 1881). At
+the present time there are 14 universities and 29 colleges in which a
+classical education is given; 6 ladies' colleges, and 5 agricultural
+colleges and schools of science. The value of their buildings,
+endowments, etc., is upwards of $12,000,000, and the attendance is
+about 9,000 students. The classical colleges of Quebec--which make up
+the greater number of the colleges in Canada--are a combination of
+school and college attended by both boys and young men. They confer
+certain degrees and are generally affiliated with Laval University.
+The effect of the classical studies encouraged in these colleges is
+very perceptible in the culture of the well educated French Canadian.
+At present there are in Canada upwards of 17,000 public, high, normal,
+and model schools, attended by about 1,000,000 pupils, and costing a
+total annual expenditure of between six and seven millions of dollars.
+In Ontario (once Upper Canada) there are 16 universities and colleges,
+including ladies' and agricultural colleges; about 6,000 schools of
+all kinds, attended by over 500,000 pupils, and costing annually over
+$4,000,000. See "The Statistical Year-Book of Canada," Ottawa, 1893.]
+
+
+UPPER CANADA, 1793-1840.
+
+[Footnote 15: Page 9.--Some interesting details of the early settlement
+of Ontario will be found in Dr. Canniff's "History of Ontario"
+(Toronto, 1872). As a local record or annals it is the most valuable
+yet given to the public by a descendant of the pioneers and U. E.
+Loyalists. Canniff Haight's "Country Life in Canada Fifty Years Ago" is
+a readable and sketchy account of old times.]
+
+
+CANADIAN JOURNALISM.
+
+[Footnote 16: Page 10.--A brief historical sketch of Canadian
+journalism will be found in Bourinot's "Intellectual Development of
+the Canadian People" (Toronto, 1881); also in Dr. Canniff's "History
+of the Province of Ontario" (Toronto, 1872), and in "Sketch of
+Canadian Journalism," by E. B. Biggar, "Canadian Newspaper Directory"
+(Montreal, 1892). Some of the statements in this article appear to
+require verification. I have now in my possession a copy of the 'York
+Gazette' printed in July, 1815, though Mr. Biggar states that no paper
+was published in York after the capture of the town by the American
+troops and the destruction of the press and type, in 1813, until
+1817. The 'York Gazette' was originally the 'Upper Canada Gazette, or
+American Oracle,' first printed in 1793 at Niagara (Newark), when it
+was the political capital of Upper Canada after the passage of the
+Constitutional Act of 1791. It was removed to York (Toronto) in 1800,
+and became the 'York Gazette' a few years later. At the present time
+there are in Ontario alone, of daily papers, 47; weekly, 386. In the
+Dominion there are 98 daily papers, 1,035 weekly, bi-weekly, monthly,
+etc. In 1838 there were in all British North America not more than 70
+papers, of which 38 were in Upper Canada. In 1864 the total was about a
+quarter of the present number.]
+
+
+HOWE'S SPEECHES.
+
+[Footnote 17: Page 11.--Joseph Howe's speeches were printed at Boston
+in 1858, two volumes, 8vo. For bibliographical notes see 'Am. Hist.
+Ass. Papers, 1892,' p. 396, at end of Bourinot's "Parliamentary
+Government in Canada."]
+
+
+"SAM SLICK."
+
+[Footnote 18: Page 11.--Judge Haliburton's famous work has the title,
+"The Clockmaker; or, Sayings and Doings of Sam Slick of Slickville."
+London and Halifax, 1st ser. 1837, 2nd ser. 1838, 3rd ser. 1840.
+Reprinted 1838-1843, three volumes. New edition 1845. Several later
+cheap English and American editions have appeared from time to time.
+A bibliography and sketch of the judge's life, written probably by
+his son, Robert G., appears in the "Bibliotheca Canadensis" (Ottawa,
+1872). The humorous sketches, to which he chiefly owes his fame, were
+contributed anonymously to the 'Nova Scotian,' then edited by Joseph
+Howe. The paper is still in existence as a weekly edition of the
+'Morning Chronicle' of Halifax. The judge was educated in old King's
+College, Windsor. See _infra_, note 31.]
+
+
+JUDGE HALIBURTON'S HISTORY.
+
+[Footnote 19: Page 12.--"An Historical and Statistical Account of Nova
+Scotia," with maps and engravings. Halifax, two volumes, large 8vo. For
+bibliographical note see Bourinot's "Cape Breton," App. X. A complete
+copy, with maps and illustrations, is now becoming rare.]
+
+
+W. SMITH'S HISTORY.
+
+[Footnote 20: Page 12.--"The History of Canada, from its First
+Discovery to the Peace of 1763; and from the Establishment of the
+Civil Government in 1764 to the Establishment of the Constitution in
+1796." By William Smith, Esquire, Clerk of the Parliament and Master in
+Chancery of the Province of Lower Canada. "Ne quid falsi dicere audeat,
+ne quid veri non audeat." In two volumes, large 8vo. (Quebec, 1815.) He
+was a son of the historian of the province of New York, who after the
+war of the revolution became chief justice of Canada.]
+
+
+JOSEPH BOUCHETTE.
+
+[Footnote 21: Page 12.--The works of this eminent Canadian surveyor and
+hydrographer appeared under the following titles:
+
+1. "A Topographical Description of the Province of Lower Canada, with
+remarks upon Upper Canada and on the relative connection of both
+Provinces with the United States of America." London, 1815, royal 8vo.,
+with plates. Also an edition in French.
+
+2. "The British Dominions in North America, or a Topographical and
+Statistical Description of the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, New
+Brunswick, Nova Scotia, the Islands of Newfoundland, Prince Edward and
+Cape Breton, including considerations on land-granting and emigration,
+and a topographical dictionary of Lower Canada; to which is annexed the
+statistical tables and tables of distances, published with the author's
+maps of Lower Canada, in consequence of a vote of the Provincial
+Legislature. Embellished with vignettes, views, landscapes, plans of
+towns, harbours, etc.; containing also a copious appendix." London,
+1831, three volumes, 4to., generally bound in two.]
+
+
+MICHEL BIBAUD'S HISTORICAL WORKS.
+
+[Footnote 22: Page 12.--"Histoire du Canada sous la Domination
+Française." Montreal, 1837, 8vo. Do., 1843, 12mo.
+
+"Histoire du Canada sous la Domination Anglaise." Do., 1844. The
+third volume of the series appeared after the author's death, and was
+published by his son, J. G. Bibaud, at Montreal, 1878, 12mo.]
+
+
+THOMPSON'S BOOK ON THE WAR OF 1812.
+
+[Footnote 23: Page 12.--"History of the Late War between Great Britain
+and the United States of America, with a retrospective view of the
+causes from which it originated, collected from the most authentic
+sources; to which is added an appendix containing public documents,
+etc., relating to the subject." By David Thompson, late of the Royal
+Scots. Niagara, U. C. Printed by T. Sewell, printer, bookbinder and
+stationer, Market Square, 1832, 12mo., pp. 300. This was for some
+time believed to be the first book printed in Upper Canada, but Dr.
+Kingsford, F.R.S.C., in "The Early Bibliography of the Province of
+Ontario" (Toronto and Montreal, 1892), enumerates a list of some
+thirty-three publications that antedated it, and Mr. Charles Lindsey,
+a bibliophilist and _littérateur_ of Toronto, adds a number of others.
+See Toronto 'Week,' Dec. 9, 1892, Dr. Kingsford's rejoinder, _ib._,
+Dec. 30, and another article on same subject by Mr. Lindsey, _ib._,
+Jan. 13, 1893. All these bibliographical notes are interesting, and
+show how insignificant in point of intellectual and original ability
+was the literature of Ontario for fifty years previous to 1841.]
+
+
+BELKNAP'S HISTORY.
+
+[Footnote 24: Page 13.--Mr. Jeremy Belknap's "History of New Hampshire"
+was published in Philadelphia and Boston in 1784-92, three volumes. See
+Bourinot's "Cape Breton," in 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. ix., p. 315,
+and p. 147 in the separate volume (Montreal, 1892).]
+
+
+THE POET CRÉMAZIE.
+
+[Footnote 25: Page 17.--Octave Crémazie was one of the _vrai sang_
+of French Canada, and a bookseller without the least aptitude for
+business. He left Quebec after his failure, and lived under an
+assumed name in France, where he died in poverty. His life was most
+unfortunate, and in the gloomy days of his later French career he
+never realized the expectations which his literary efforts in Canada
+raised among his ardent friends. His poems appeared at first in the
+'Soirées Canadiennes' and French Canadian journals, but his works were
+published in full at Montreal, in 1882, under the patronage of the
+Institut Canadien of Quebec, of which he was one of the founders. The
+Abbé Casgrain has given the introduction for this edition, and added
+some of the letters written to him by Crémazie from Paris. Crémazie,
+and indeed many of his friends, considered the "Trois Morts" as the
+best effort of his poetic genius; but the Abbé truly says: "Crémazie
+has never really been original except in his patriotic poems; in them
+must be sought the secret of his popularity and his strongest claim
+to fame." And he goes on to say: "The old mother-country has so far
+given a warm welcome to only one of our poets. She has acknowledged
+Fréchette as the most emphatically French of our poetic aspirants; but
+the time is not far distant when she will recognize in Crémazie the
+most thoroughly Canadian of them all. His verses have not the exquisite
+workmanship that is so much admired in Fréchette, but it is full of
+a patriotic inspiration that is not so often found in the author of
+'Fleurs Boréales.' Despite his inequalities and imperfections, Crémazie
+must live among us as the father of our national poetry." The patriotic
+poem which has touched most deeply the hearts of his countrymen is "Le
+Drapeau de Carillon," in which he recalls the military achievements of
+the days of Lévis and Montcalm--
+
+                  "Les jours de Carillon,
+      Où, sur le drapeau blanc attachant la victoire,
+      Nos pères se couvraient d'un immortel renom
+      Et traçaient de leur glaive une héroïque histoire.
+
+      "O radieux débris d'une grande épopée!
+      Héroïque bannière au naufrage échappée!
+      Tu restes sur nos bords comme un témoin vivant
+      Des glorieux exploits d'une race guerrière;
+      Et, sur les jours passés, répandant ta lumière,
+      Tu viens rendre à son nom un hommage éclatant.
+
+      "Ah! bientôt puissions-nous, ô drapeau de nos pères!
+      Voir tous les Canadiens, unis comme des frères,
+      Comme au jour du combat se serrer près de toi!
+      Puisse des souvenirs la tradition sainte,
+      En régnant dans leur cœur, garder de toute atteinte,
+                  Et leur langue et leur foi."
+
+When we hear aspirations whispered nowadays that there may be only
+one language in Canada, it is well to consider the influence of such
+nervous poetic French on the national feelings of the large population
+in the province of Quebec. The French language is likely to be deeply
+seated for some generations yet while there are French Canadian poets.]
+
+
+CHAUVEAU AS A POET.
+
+[Footnote 26: Page 17.--Hon. Mr. Chauveau's poems appeared at different
+times in the 'Canadien' of Quebec, 'Le Répertoire National,' 'Les
+Soirées Canadiennes,' 'La Revue Canadienne,' and in other papers and
+publications from 1838 until the year of his death, 1890. One of his
+latest poems, "Le Sacré Cœur," was printed in the second volume of
+the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' Sec. I. A valuable paper by the same
+_littérateur_, "Etude sur les commencements de la poésie française au
+Canada," appeared in the first volume of the 'Trans.,' Sec. I, p. 65.
+In "Songs of the Dominion" (London, 1889, App., pp. 455-448) the editor
+gives an illustration of his spirited style by citing "Donnacona" at
+length.]
+
+
+HOWE'S POEMS.
+
+[Footnote 27: Page 17.--These were collected by his son after his
+death, and printed in a little volume with the title "Poems and
+Essays." Montreal, 1874, 12mo.]
+
+
+THE POETS SANGSTER AND McLACHLAN.
+
+[Footnote 28: Page 17.--Charles Sangster was a native of Kingston, and
+consequently a native Canadian like the others mentioned in the text.
+His principal poems appeared in the following books: "The St. Lawrence
+and the Saguenay, and Other Poems." Kingston and New York, 1856, 8vo.
+"Hesperus and Other Poems and Lyrics." Montreal, 1860, 8vo. Oliver
+Wendell Holmes, Bayard Taylor and Jean Inglelow wrote of his verse in
+terms of eulogy. See "Bibliotheca Canadensis," p. 337.
+
+Alexander McLachlan was a poet contemporary with Sangster, and imbued
+with much poetic fervour and Canadian sentiment, but he was born
+and educated in Scotland, and came to Canada when a young man. His
+"Emigrant and Other Poems" (Toronto, 1861) merited the praise it
+received, though this, like his other poetic efforts, are now rarely
+cited, and no new edition of his works has appeared of recent years.]
+
+
+CHARLES HEAVYSEGE'S WORKS.
+
+[Footnote 29: Page 18.--"Saul: a Drama in Three Parts." Montreal, 1857,
+8vo. 2nd ed., 1859.
+
+"Count Filippo; or, The Unequal Marriage: a Drama in Five Acts."
+Montreal, 1860.
+
+"Jephthah's Daughter." London and Montreal, 1865, 12mo.
+
+"The Advocate: a Novel." Montreal, 1865, 8vo. This was a decided
+failure.]
+
+
+TODD'S WORKS.
+
+[Footnote 30: Page 18.--The first edition of Todd's "Parliamentary
+Government in England" appeared at London in 1867-68, two volumes,
+8vo., and the second after his death in 1887. An abridged edition,
+by Spencer Walpole, an English writer, was printed in 1893, two
+volumes, 12mo. For bibliographical notes of this and other Canadian
+constitutional works see the Appendix to Bourinot's "Parliamentary
+Government in Canada: an Historical and Constitutional Study," 'Am.
+Hist. Ass. Papers,' Washington, 1892.]
+
+
+CHRISTIE'S HISTORY.
+
+[Footnote 31: Page 18.--Mr. Christie's "History of Lower Canada"
+embraced the period from the commencement of its political history as
+a British dependency until it was reunited with Upper Canada in 1840
+by act of the imperial parliament. It appeared in Quebec and Montreal
+from 1849 to 1855, when the sixth volume, a collection of valuable
+documents, completed the work. Previously the author had published
+several memoirs and reviews of political events and administrations,
+which were all finally embraced in the history. For bibliographical
+notes see 'Am. Hist. Ass. Papers,' 1891, p. 393; "Bibliotheca
+Canadensis," art. "Christie." It is noteworthy that Mr. Christie was,
+like Judge Haliburton, born and educated in Windsor, Nova Scotia, where
+old King's College still pursues its calm academic studies amid its
+sheltering and ancestral elms. In 1890 this venerable and interesting
+institution celebrated the centenary of its foundation. See Hind's
+"University of King's College, Windsor, N.S., 1790-1890," New York,
+"The Church Review Co.," 1890. But Robert Christie could not in those
+times be educated in King's, as he was not a member of the Church of
+England like the Judge.]
+
+
+GARNEAU.
+
+[Footnote 32: Page 18.--The first volume of François Xavier Garneau's
+"Histoire du Canada depuis sa découverte jusqu'à nos jours" appeared
+at Quebec in 1845; the second in 1846; and the third, bringing the
+history down to the establishment of constitutional government in 1791,
+was printed in 1848. A second edition completed the work to the union
+of the Canadas in 1841, and was published in 1852 at Montreal by Mr.
+Lovell, the well-known publisher. A third edition appeared at Quebec
+in 1859, and a somewhat slovenly translation was made by Mr. Andrew
+Bell and printed at Montreal in 1860. The fourth edition appeared in
+four volumes after the historian's death. It is the third edition, as
+originally written by Mr. Garneau. The fourth volume of this edition
+contains an eulogistic review of the author's life by Mr. Chauveau,
+a poem by Mr. Louis Fréchette on "Notre Histoire"--also printed in
+'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. i., Sec. I.,--and an analytical table
+by Mr. B. Sulte. A portrait of Mr. Garneau is the frontispiece to the
+same volume. The 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. i., Sec. I., has a paper
+by Abbé Casgrain on Garneau and Ferland, "Notre Passé Littéraire, et
+nos deux historiens." In the same volume appears a paper by Mr. J. M.
+LeMoine on "Nos quatre historiens modernes, Bibaud, Garneau, Ferland,
+Faillon," which, like the preceding essay, certainly does not fail in
+the way of eulogy. French Canada assuredly is proud and not often too
+critical of her eminent writers.]
+
+
+FERLAND AND FAILLON.
+
+[Footnote 33: Page 18.--"Cours d'Histoire du Canada. Première partie,
+1534-1663." Par J. B. A. Ferland, prêtre, professeur d'histoire à
+l'Université Laval. Québec, 1861, 8vo. Seconde partie, 1663-1759; do.,
+1865, 8vo. The second volume was going through the press at the time
+of the author's death, and subsequently appeared under the careful
+supervision of his friend the Abbé Laverdière, to whose historical
+labours Canada is deeply indebted. Indeed French Canada owes much to
+Laval, with its able teachers, historians and scientists.
+
+The Abbé Faillon, a Sulpician, who wrote a "Histoire de la Colonie
+Française en Canada" (Paris, 1865) in four 4to. volumes, was not a
+Canadian by birth and education like Ferland and Garneau, but came to
+Canada in 1854, and, after residing there for over ten years, returned
+to his native country, where he published his well known and valuable
+work.]
+
+
+DENT'S WORKS.
+
+[Footnote 34: Page 19,--John Charles Dent was an English journalist,
+who subsequently became connected with the Toronto press. He wrote the
+two following works: "The Last Forty Years: Canada since the Union of
+1841," Toronto, 1881, two volumes, sm. 4to.; "The Story of the Upper
+Canada Rebellion," Toronto, 1885-86, two volumes, sm. 4to. He also
+edited the "Canadian Portrait Gallery," Toronto, 1880-81. Although not
+a Canadian by birth or education, he identified himself thoroughly with
+Canadian thought and sentiment, and was made a Fellow of the Royal
+Society of Canada before his too sudden death. A criticism of his
+work on "Canada since the Union" by the Abbé Casgrain ('Trans. Roy.
+Soc. Can.,' vol. iii., Sec. I.) indicated that his opinions did not
+always meet with the warm approval of the French Canadians of a very
+pronounced type.]
+
+
+LOUIS TURCOTTE'S HISTORY.
+
+[Footnote 35: Page 20.--This work appeared at Quebec in two 12mo.
+volumes in 1871. Mr. Turcotte was a French Canadian by birth and
+education, and connected with the legislative library at Quebec when he
+died. See a favourable review of his literary work by Mr. Faucher de
+Saint-Maurice, F.R.S.C., in 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. i., Sec. I.]
+
+
+B. SULTE.
+
+[Footnote 36: Page 20.--"Histoire des Canadiens-Français, 1608-1880.
+Origine, Histoire, Religion, Guerres, Découvertes, Colonisation,
+Coutumes, Vie domestique et politique, Développement, Avenir. Par
+Benjamin Sulte. Ouvrage orné de portraits et de plans." Eight volumes,
+4to., Montreal, 1882-1884. Mr. Sulte is also the author of several
+poems, (See Note 40) and numerous essays and monographs of much
+literary merit and historic value. He is one of the most industrious
+members of the Royal Society of Canada.]
+
+
+ABBÉ CASGRAIN.
+
+[Footnote 37: Page 20.--The Abbé H. R. Casgrain's best known works are
+the following:
+
+"Légendes Canadiennes." Quebec, 1861, 12mo. New ed., Montreal, 1884.
+
+"Histoire de la Mère Marie de l'Incarnation, première supérieure des
+Ursulines de la Nouvelle France. Précédée d'une esquisse sur l'histoire
+religieuse des premiers temps de cette colonie." Quebec, 1864, 8vo. New
+ed., Montreal, 1886.
+
+"Guerre du Canada, 1756-1760. Montcalm et Lévis." Quebec, 1891, two
+volumes, 8vo.
+
+The Abbé has been a most industrious historical student, and to
+enumerate all his literary efforts would be to occupy much space.
+He has been a principal contributor to the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.'
+His monographs, "Un pèlerinage au pays d'Evangeline" (vol. iv.) and
+"Les Acadiens après leur dispersion" (vol. v.), are particularly
+interesting, and the former has been crowned by the French Academy,
+and appeared in book form at Quebec. He is very much imbued with the
+national spirit and fervour of his countrymen.]
+
+
+KINGSFORD'S AND OTHER HISTORICAL WORKS.
+
+[Footnote 38: Page 20.--Six volumes of Dr. Kingsford's "History of
+Canada" have appeared since 1887. Volume i. embraces the period from
+1608 to 1682; vol. ii., 1679-1725; vol. iii., 1726-1756; vol. iv.,
+1756-1763; vol. v., 1763-1775; vol. vi., 1776-1779. Toronto and London,
+8vo. For bibliographical notes on various works relating to the
+political and general history of Canada see Bourinot's "Parliamentary
+Government in Canada," 'Am. Hist. Ass. Papers,' 1891, App. References
+are there made to McMullen, Withrow, Murdoch, Campbell, Hincks, etc.
+Also 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' viii., 171-189. As usual, the learned
+editor, Dr. Winsor, supplies by his notes many deficiencies in the
+text. Also, Edmond Lareau's "Histoire de la Littérature Canadienne"
+(Montreal), c. 4, and Mr. J. C. Dent's "Last Forty Years; or, Canada
+since the Union of 1841," c. 42, on "Literature and Journalism." Among
+the later French Canadian writers who are doing excellent historical
+work is Dr. N. E. Dionne, F.R.S.C., author of several books on Cartier
+and his successors and Champlain. Mr. Hannay of St. John has written
+a "History of Acadia," which has been well received (St. John, N.B.,
+1879, 8vo.) The Abbé Auguste Gosselin is another industrious French
+Canadian writer. Mr. Joseph Tassé, whose "Canadiens de l'Ouest"
+(Montreal, 1878, two volumes) was distinguished by much research and
+literary skill, has of late years devoted himself mainly to politics
+and journalism, though he has found time to write several essays for
+the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' and a small volume, "38^{me} Fauteuil,
+ou Souvenirs Parlementaires" (Montreal, 1891), a series of political
+sketches, written in excellent French. A monumental work is the
+"Dictionnaire Généalogique des familles canadiennes" by Mgr. Tanguay,
+F.R.S.C., invaluable to students of French Canadian history and
+ethnography.]
+
+
+CANADIAN BIBLIOGRAPHY.
+
+[Footnote 39: Page 20.--A bibliography of the members of the Royal
+Society, on the plan of one given in the sixth volume (1892) of the
+'Papers of the American Historical Association,' is now being prepared
+for the eleventh volume of the 'Transactions.' It will be much fuller
+necessarily than the bibliographical notes that appear in this
+monograph.]
+
+
+LATER CANADIAN POETS, 1867-1893.
+
+[Footnote 40: Page 20.--Dr. Louis Fréchette's poems are admitted to
+be the most finished illustrations of French poetic art yet produced
+in the Dominion; and one who reads them can easily understand that
+"Les Fleurs Boréales" and "Les Oiseaux de Neige" (now in the third
+edition, Montreal) should have been crowned by the French Academy in
+1880, and that he should have been accorded the Monthyon prize as a
+matter of course. His other volumes of poems are these: "Mes Loisirs,"
+Quebec, 1863; "La Voix d'un Exilé," Quebec, 1869; "Pêle-Mêle,"
+Montreal, 1877; "Les Oubliés" and "Voix d'Outre-Mer," Montreal, 1886;
+and "Feuilles Volantes," Montreal, 1891. His poem on the discovery of
+the Mississippi is probably his best sustained effort on the whole. A
+number of his poems have appeared in the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vols.
+i., ii., iii., iv. He has published some dramas and comedies (see 'Am.
+Cyclopædia of Biography,' vol. ii., p. 539), which have not been as
+successful as his purely poetic essays. He has also written several
+essays of merit in 'Harper's Monthly' and other periodicals of the day,
+as well as in the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.'
+
+The following is an extract from his poem on "La Découverte du
+Mississippi":
+
+      "Tantôt je croyais voir, sous les vertes arcades,
+      Du fatal De Soto passer les cavalcades
+      En jetant au désert un défi solennel;
+      Tantôt c'était Marquette errant dans la prairie,
+      Impatient d'offrir un monde à sa patrie,
+            Et des âmes à l'Eternel.
+
+      "Parfois, sous les taillis, ma prunelle trompée,
+      Croyait voir de La Salle étinceler l'épée,
+      Et parfois, groupe informe allant je ne sais où,
+      Devant une humble croix--ô puissance magique!--
+      De farouches guerriers á l'œil sombre et tragique
+            Passer en pliant le genou!
+
+      "Et puis, berçant mon âme aux rêves des poètes,
+      J'entrevoyais aussi de blanches silhouettes,
+      Doux fantômes flottant dans le vague des nuits:
+      Atala, Gabriel, Chactas, Evangeline,
+      Et l'ombre de René, debout sur la colline,
+            Pleurant ses immortels ennuis.
+
+      "Et j'endormais ainsi mes souvenirs moroses....
+      Mais de ces visions poétiques et roses
+      Celle qui plus souvent venait frapper mon œil,
+      C'était, passant au loin dans un reflet de gloire,
+      Ce hardi pionnier dont notre jeune histoire
+            Redit le nom avec orgueil.
+
+      "Jolliet! Jolliet! deux siècles de conquêtes,
+      Deux siècles sans rivaux ont passé sur nos têtes,
+      Depuis l'heure sublime où, de ta propre main,
+      Tu jetas d'un seul trait sur la carte du monde
+      Ces vastes régions, zone immense et féconde,
+            Futur grenier du genre humain!
+
+      "Oui, deux siècles ont fui! La solitude vierge
+      N'est plus là! Du progrès le flot montant submerge
+      Les vestiges derniers d'un passé qui finit.
+      Où le désert dormait, grandit la métropole;
+      Et le fleuve asservi courbe sa large épaule
+            Sous l'arche aux piles de granit.
+
+      "Plus de forêts sans fin: la vapeur les silonne!
+      L'astre des jours nouveaux sur tous les points rayonne;
+      L'enfant de la nature est évangélisé;
+      Le soc du laboureur fertilise la plaine;
+      Et le surplus doré de sa gerbe trop pleine
+            Nourrit le vieux monde épuisé."
+
+Mr. Pamphile LeMay, one of the best known French Canadian poets,
+has published the following: "Essais Poétiques," Quebec, 1865; "La
+Découverte du Canada," Quebec, 1867; "Poèmes Couronnés," Quebec, 1870;
+"Les Vengeances," Quebec, 1875, 1876 and 1888 (also dramatized); "Une
+Gerbe," Quebec, 1879. He has also written "Fables Canadiennes," Quebec,
+1882. A number of his poems have appeared in the 'Trans. Roy. Soc.
+Can.,' vols i., iii., v., vi., ix. He has also written several stories
+of Canadian life: "L'Affaire Sougraine," Quebec, 1884; "Le Pèlerin de
+Sainte-Anne," new ed., Montreal, 1893; and "Rouge et Bleu," comedy. One
+of his best works was a translation of Longfellow's "Evangeline."
+
+The following is a list of other Canadian books of poems, of varying
+merit, which have appeared within a quarter of a century:
+
+"The Songs of a Wanderer." By Carroll Ryan. Ottawa, 1867. Indicated
+much poetic taste, but the poet has been submerged in the busy
+journalist.
+
+"Songs of Life." By Rev. E. H. Dewart. Toronto, 1867. He was author
+of the first collection of Canadian poems made in this country. See
+_infra_.
+
+"The Prophecy of Merlin and other Poems." By John Reade. Montreal,
+1870. In many respects the best sustained poems written by a Canadian
+can be read in this book.
+
+"Les Laurentiennes." By Benjamin Sulte. Montreal, 1870.
+
+"Les Chants Nouveaux." By the same. Ottawa, 1880.
+
+"The Legend of the Rose." By Samuel J. Watson. Toronto, 1876. Mr.
+Watson was a writer of promise who died in the maturity of his power.
+
+"The Feast of St. Anne, and other Poems." By P. S. Hamilton. Montreal,
+1878; 2nd ed. 1890. Has some interest from its description of the
+ceremonies at the feast of Sainte-Anne du Canada--the tutelary saint of
+the Canadian aborigines--which is held by the Micmacs on the 26th day
+of July in each year on Chapel Island, in the beautiful Bras d'Or Lake
+of Cape Breton. See Bourinot's "Cape Breton."
+
+"Waifs in Verse." (Ottawa, ed. in 1878, 1887 and 1891.) By G. W.
+Wicksteed, Q.C., for fifty years the able law clerk of the Canadian
+Commons.
+
+"A Collection of Poems." By Miss Williams of Grenville, P.Q., 1879.
+
+"The Coming of the Princess, and Other Poems." By Kate Seymour Maclean
+of Kingston. 1880.
+
+"Lyrics, Songs and Sonnets." By A. H. Chandler and C. Pelham Mulvany.
+Toronto, 1880.
+
+"The Times, and Other Poems." By J. R. Newell of Woodstock. 1880.
+
+"The Consolation." By George Gerrard. Montreal, 1880.
+
+"Poems of the Heart and Home." By Mrs. J. C. Yule. Toronto, 1880.
+
+"Poems, Songs and Odes." By Archibald McAlpine Taylor. Toronto, 1881.
+
+"The New Song, and Other Poems." By Mrs. W. H. Clarke. Toronto, 1883.
+
+"Zenobia. A Poem in Rhymed Heroics." By Rev. Æ. McD. Dawson, F.R.S.C.
+1883.
+
+"The Mission of Love, and Other Poems." By Caris Sima. 1883.
+
+"Lorenzo, and Other Poems." By J. R. Pollock of Keswick, Ont. 1883.
+
+"Caprices Poétiques et Chansons Satiriques." Par Rémi Tremblay.
+Montréal, 1883.
+
+"Les Echos." Par J. B. Routhier. Québec, 1883, 12mo. Judge Routhier is
+a member of the Royal Society of Canada, in whose 'Trans.' (vol. iv.,
+Sec. I.) appeared "Lettre d'un Volontaire du 9^{ieme} Voltigeurs campé
+à Calgary." His literary reputation stands high among his countrymen.
+
+"Old Spookse's Pass, and Other Poems." By Isabella Valancy Crawford.
+Toronto, 1884.
+
+"Marguerite, and Other Poems." By George Martin. 1886.
+
+"Laura Secord: a Ballad of 1812." By Mrs. Curzon. Toronto, 1886.
+
+"Songs, Sonnets and Miscellaneous Poems." By J. Imrie. Toronto, 1886.
+
+"Dreamland, and Other Poems" (Ottawa, 1868), and "Tecumseh: a Drama"
+(Toronto and London, 1886). By Charles Mair, a poet of original
+talent, and descriptive power, who is now a resident of the North-west
+Territories.
+
+"Orion, and Other Poems" (Philadelphia, 1880), and "In Divers Tones"
+(Montreal, 1887). By Prof. C. G. D. Roberts, who is the best known
+abroad of all Canadian poets, and represents that Canadian or national
+spirit which has been slowly rising from the birth of Confederation.
+Since the days of Crémazie--over thirty years ago--there are other
+poets who recognize the existence of a Canadian people in a large
+sense--a Canadian people of two races, born and educated in the
+country, and having common aspirations for a united, not an isolated,
+future. Prof. Roberts is now bringing out a new volume of poems in
+London.
+
+The poetic taste of the Archbishop of Halifax, the Most Rev. C.
+O'Brien, F.R.S.C., is well illustrated in the following volume:
+"Aminta: a Modern Life Drama," New York, 1890. The Archbishop is
+also the author of a novel, "After Weary Years," (Baltimore and New
+York, 1885), the scenes of which are laid in Rome and Canada, and are
+described with much power of invention and fervour. As the author
+himself says, "historic places and events are accurately described." He
+has, it will be seen from his preface, great confidence in the future
+national greatness of the Dominion.
+
+"A Gate of Flowers." By T. O'Hagan. Toronto, 1887. He has another
+volume in press.
+
+"The Masque of Minstrels, and Other Pieces, chiefly in verse." By B.
+W. and A. J. Lockhart. Bangor, Me., 1887. These two brothers are Nova
+Scotians by birth and education, who lived their youth in the land of
+Evangeline. The Gaspéreaux and Grand Pré are naturally the constant
+theme of their pleasing verse. "Among the Millet, and Other Poems." By
+Archibald Lampman. Ottawa, 1888. Some of Mr. Lampman's most finished
+sonnets have appeared in the best American periodicals, to which he is
+still a frequent contributor; his work shows the true poetic instinct.
+He holds a position in the Civil Service at Ottawa.
+
+"The Water Lily. An Oriental Fairy Tale." By Frank Waters. Ottawa, 1888.
+
+"De Roberval: a Drama. Also the Emigration of the Fairies, and the
+Triumph of Constancy: a Romaunt." By John Hunter Duvar. St. John, N.B.,
+1888. Mr. Duvar, who has fine literary tastes, has been a resident of
+Prince Edward Island for some years.
+
+"The Epic of the Dawn, and Other Poems." By Nicholas Flood Davin.
+Regina, N.W.T., 1889. Mr. Davin is the clever "Irishman in Canada,"
+and while the most pretentious of his poems in this little book were
+written across the ocean, others are the product of Canadian thought
+and sentiment.
+
+"Lake Lyrics, and Other Poems." By W. Wilfred Campbell. St. John,
+N.B., 1889. Mr. Campbell, who was originally a clergyman of the Church
+of England, is now in the public service at Ottawa, and has written
+some of his best poems for American magazines. One on "The Mother,"
+in 'Harper's Monthly' is full of poetic thought and deep pathos, and
+should be better known by Canadians than it appears to be. At this
+time of writing his new volume of poems entitled "The Dread Voyage"
+(Toronto, 1893), has appeared; it sustains his reputation, though one
+can hardly encourage his effort to imitate Tennyson in such poems as
+"Sir Lancelot." Canadian poets too frequently are imitative rather than
+original. Mr. Campbell's verses on the varied scenery of the lakes of
+the West show the artistic temperament.
+
+For instance:
+
+      "Domed with the azure of heaven,
+        Floored with a pavement of pearl,
+      Clothed all about with a brightness
+        Soft as the eyes of a girl.
+
+      "Girt with a magical girdle,
+        Rimmed with a vapour of rest--
+      These are the inland waters,
+        These are the Lakes of the West."
+
+
+ON THE LEDGE.
+
+      "I lie out here on a ledge, with the surf on the rocks below me,
+      The hazy sunlight above and the whispering forest behind;
+      I lie and listen, O lake, to the legends and songs you throw me,
+      Out of the murmurous moods of your multitudinous mind.
+
+      "I lie and listen, a sound like voices of distant thunder,
+      The roar and throb of your life in your rock-wall's mighty cells;
+      Then after a softer voice that comes from the beaches under,
+      A chiming of waves on rocks, a laughter of silver bells.
+
+      "A glimmer of bird-like boats, that loom from the far horizon;
+      That scud and tack and dip under the gray and the blue;
+      A single gull that floats and skims the waters, and flies on,
+      Till she is lost like a dream in the haze of the distance, too.
+
+      "A steamer that rises a smoke, then after a tall, dark funnel,
+      That moves like a shadow across your water and sky's gray edge;
+      A dull, hard beat of a wave that diggeth himself a tunnel,
+      Down in the crevices dark under my limestone ledge.
+
+      "And here I lie on my ledge, and listen the songs you sing me,
+      Songs of vapour and blue, songs of island and shore;
+      And strange and glad are the hopes and sweet are the thoughts you
+                bring me
+      Out of the throbbing depths and wells of your heart's great
+                store."
+
+"Pine, Rose and Fleur-de-Lis." By S. Frances Harrison ("Seranus").
+Toronto, 1891.
+
+"Songs, Lyrical and Dramatic." By John Henry Brown. Ottawa, 1892, 12mo.
+The New York 'Nation' truly says of this new poetic aspirant that
+he has Walt Whitman's tendencies, but nevertheless he "writes in a
+generous spirit, and may yet have thoughts and expression all his own."
+The fact is, I repeat, most Canadian poets are too imitative and too
+rarely original.
+
+"Tendres Choses. Poésies Canadiennes." By Dr. R. Chevrier. Montreal,
+1892, 12mo. That an author unknown to fame should give us his portrait,
+as in this case, is perplexing. Still the verse is frequently
+melodious, though it represents what is a feature of French poetry,
+melodious rhythm, rather than strength and thought.
+
+"This Canada of Ours, and Other Poems." By J. D. Edgar, M.P., Toronto,
+1893. This little volume contains "The White Stone Canoe: a Legend of
+the Ottawas," which had been published in separate form some years
+previously. His French and Latin translations are full of taste.
+
+"Les Perce-Neige, premières poésies." By Napoléon Legendre. Montreal,
+12mo. He is a member of the Royal Society of Canada, and constant
+contributor (generally in prose) to its 'Transactions.'
+
+"Mes Rimes." By Elzéar Labelle. Montreal, 1886, 8vo.
+
+Selections of Canadian poems have appeared of recent years in the
+following publications:
+
+1. "Selections from Canadian Poets: with occasional critical and
+biographical notes and an introductory essay on Canadian poetry." By
+the Rev. E. H. Dewart. Montreal, 1864, 8vo.
+
+2. "Songs of the Great Dominion: Voices from the Forests and Waters,
+the Settlements and Cities of Canada." Selected and edited by W. D.
+Lighthall, M.A., of Montreal. London, 1889, 12mo.
+
+3. "Younger American Poets, 1830-1890." Edited by Douglas Sladen, B.A.,
+Oxon. With an Appendix of Younger Canadian Poets. Edited by G. B.
+Roberts of St. John, N.B. New York, 1891, 12mo.
+
+4. "Later Canadian Poems." Edited by J. E. Wetherell, B.A. Toronto,
+1893.
+
+In the first mentioned work, which is judiciously edited, the poets
+until 1864 obtain a place. In the three other books we have selections
+from John Reade, Geo. Frederick Cameron, Prof. Roberts, Bliss Carman
+(now a resident of the United States), A. H. Chandler, Isabella Valancy
+Crawford, Mrs. Leprohon, Hereward K. Cockin, John Hunter Duvar, Rev.
+A. W. H. Eaton, Louis Fréchette, James Hannay, Sophie M. Hensley,
+Charles Sangster, M. Richey Knight, Archibald Lampman, W. D. Lighthall,
+A. J. Lockhart, B. W. Lockhart, Agnes Maude Machar ("Fidelis"), W.
+McLennan, Charles Mair, Mary Morgan ("Gowan Lea"), Charles P. Mulvany,
+Rev. F. G. Scott, Philip Stewart, H. R. A. Pocock, Barry Stratton, A.
+Weir, Mary Barry Smith, John T. Lespérance ("Laclède"), W. Wye Smith,
+Ethelwyn Wetherald, John E. Logan ("Barry Dane"), George Martin, Mrs.
+Harrison ("Seranus"), D. Campbell Scott, James D. Edgar, E. Pauline
+Johnson, George Murray, William Kirby, Annie Rothwell, W. A. Sherwood,
+Isidore G. Ascher, P. J. O. Chauveau, B. Sulte, P. LeMay, and others.
+I enumerate these names to show how many Canadians have ventured upon
+the field of poesy despite the practical realities of life in this
+relatively new country. The selections in the second of these works
+would have been more valuable had they contained "Our Fathers" by
+Joseph Howe--the most spirited poem in some respects ever written by a
+native Canadian. To the names of poetic aspirants, too, must be added
+those of M. J. Katzmann and of M. J. Griffin, whose fugitive pieces
+have attracted notice. Mr. Griffin has fine literary tastes and his few
+poems, only the relaxation of leisure hours, show he might win fame
+in this delightful department of letters. The reader will obtain some
+idea of the standard of Canadian poetry by reading the selections, and
+should not be carried away by the too obvious enthusiasm that has at
+times stifled the critical faculty in the editors. The poetic genius
+of Canadians is to be stimulated, not by sentimental gush, but by a
+judicious criticism that is not sufficiently cultivated by our writers
+who review the efforts of our poets, historians and essayists. These
+remarks also apply to such articles as that by the late Mr. Lespérance
+on "The Poets of Canada" in 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. ii., Sec. II.
+
+Mr. Evan McColl, F.R.S.C., is the Gaelic poet of Canada. Three editions
+have appeared of the "Clàrsach nam Beann," which was printed as far
+back as 1838 in Glasgow. The same was also published in English in the
+same year, under the title of "The Mountain Minstrel," of which six
+editions have been printed. In 1883 he published in Toronto "Poems and
+Songs chiefly written in Canada." Mr. McColl is a great favourite among
+his Scotch countrymen everywhere; but his decidedly original poetic
+genius, rude and wild as it is at times, is not a Canadian product, for
+he was born at Kenmore, Lochfyne-Side, Scotland, in 1808, and it was
+not until he was forty years of age that he made Canada his home. He is
+now a resident of Toronto, and still comes to the annual meetings of
+the Royal Society, of which he was one of the original members.]
+
+
+[Footnote 41: Page 21.--"IN MY HEART." BY JOHN READE.
+
+      "In my heart are many chambers through which I wander free;
+      Some are furnished, some are empty, some are sombre, some are
+                light;
+      Some are open to all comers, and of some I keep the key,
+      And I enter in the stillness of the night.
+
+      "But there's one I never enter--it is closed to even me!
+      Only once its door was opened, and it shut for evermore;
+      And though sounds of many voices gather round it like a sea,
+      It is silent, ever silent, as the shore.
+
+      "In that chamber, long ago, my love's casket was concealed,
+      And the jewel that it sheltered I knew only one could win:
+      And my soul foreboded sorrow, should that jewel be revealed,
+      And I almost hoped that none might enter in.
+
+      "Yet day and night I lingered by that fatal chamber door,
+      Till--she came at last my darling one, of all the earth my own;
+      And she entered--then she vanished with my jewel which she wore;
+      And the door was closed--and I was left alone.
+
+      "She gave me back no jewel, but the spirit of her eyes
+      Shone with tenderness a moment, as she closed that chamber door,
+      And the memory of that moment is all I have to prize--
+      But _that_, _at least_, is mine for evermore.
+
+      "Was she conscious, when she took it, that the jewel was my love?
+      Did she think it but a bauble she might wear or toss aside?
+      I know not, I accuse not, but I hope that it may prove
+      A blessing, though she spurn it in her pride."]
+
+LAURA SECORD'S WARNING.
+
+[Footnote 41_a_: Page 24.--In Mrs. Edgar's excellent annotations to
+the Ridout Letters in "Ten Years of Upper Canada in Peace and War,
+1805-1815," (Toronto, 1890), appears the following account of a
+courageous woman's exploit which brought disaster to the Americans soon
+after their defeat at Stoney Creek:
+
+"At a place called Beaver Dams, or Beechwoods, (about twelve miles in a
+direct road from Queenstown), where is now the town of Thorold, was a
+depot for provisions for the Canadian troops, guarded by a detachment
+of thirty of the 49th regiment under Lieutenant Fitzgibbon with some
+Indians and militia, in all about 200 men. In order to surprise and
+dislodge this outpost, an American force of 500 men, with fifty cavalry
+and two field-pieces, under Colonel Boerstler, set out from Fort George
+(Niagara) on the 23rd of June [1813]. A surprise was meditated, in
+retaliation, no doubt, for the affair of Stoney Creek. Laura Secord,
+wife of a Canadian farmer, who had been wounded in the battle of
+Queenstown Heights, accidentally heard of the designs of the Americans,
+and determined to give the outpost timely warning. She set out alone
+before day-break, on the 23rd June, from her house at Queenstown, and
+arrived at Fitzgibbon's headquarters, a stone house known as DeCew's,
+near the Beaver Dams, at sunset of the same day. On account of the
+American sentries and outposts, she had to avoid the high roads and
+beaten paths, thus making her toilsome journey nearly twice as long.
+In spite of weakness and fatigue, this heroic woman went on her way
+through pathless woods, over hill and dale and unbridged streams, till
+she reached her destination. Her warning came just in time. Lieutenant
+Fitzgibbon disposed of his little force to the best advantage possible,
+placing them in ambush on both sides of the road, and taking every
+precaution to make it appear that he had a large force in reserve.
+Between eight and nine in the morning of the 24th June, the advance
+guard of the American riflemen appeared. A volley from the woods
+received them and emptied their saddles. Soon firing came from all
+directions, and bugle calls, and Indian yells. The bewildered Americans
+imagined themselves in the presence of a much superior force. Finding
+that his men were losing heavily from the fire of the unseen foe,
+and that they were suffering from fatigue and heat, he consented to
+surrender. By the capitulation 542 men, 2 field-pieces, some ammunition
+waggons, and the colours of the 14th U.S. regiment were delivered over
+to the Canadians. For this brilliant achievement Lieutenant Fitzgibbon
+[afterwards a military knight of Windsor] received his Company and a
+Captain's commission. As to Laura Secord, her reward has come to her
+in fame. The heroine lived until the year 1868, and sleeps now in that
+old cemetery at Drummondville, where lie so many of our brave soldiers.
+There is no 'Decoration Day' in Canada, but if there were, surely this
+woman is entitled to the laurel wreath." Pp. 198-201.]
+
+
+AUSTRALIAN POETS AND NOVELISTS.
+
+[Footnote 42: Page 25.--The Canadian reader can profitably and easily
+compare his own poets with those of Australia by reading Slade's
+"Australian Poets, 1788-1883, being a selection of poems upon all
+subjects written in Australia and New Zealand during the first century
+of the British colonization, with brief notes on their authors, etc."
+(London and Sydney, 1889.) It will be seen, however, that nearly all
+the so-called "Australian" poets are English born, while with one or
+two exceptions, those of Canada best known to fame are the product
+of Canadian life and thought. Henry Clarence Kendall, "the poet of
+New South Wales," was born at Ulladulla, on the coast of that colony,
+in 1842. He is the one Australian poet of reputation, except his
+forerunner, Charles Harpur, who was actually born under the Southern
+Cross. Kendall's verses on "Coogee," a striking natural feature of
+Australian scenery, show true poetic instinct and rhythmical ease:
+
+      "Sing the song of wave-worn Coogee-Coogee in the distance white,
+      With its jags and points disrupted, gaps and fractures fringed
+                with light;
+      Haunt of gledes and restless plovers of the melancholy wail,
+      Ever lending deeper pathos to the melancholy gale.
+      There, my brothers, down the fissures, chasms deep and wan and
+                wild,
+      Grows the sea-bloom, one that blushes like a shrinking, fair,
+                blind child,
+      And amongst the oozing forelands many a glad green rockvine runs,
+      Getting ease on earthy ledges sheltered from December suns."
+
+But among the many spirited poems written in Australia since its
+settlement not one can equal the "Sick Stock-rider," by Adam Lindsay
+Gordon, who came to South Australia in his early manhood, and attempted
+sheep-farming, with the result of "owning nothing but a love for
+horsemanship and a head full of Browning and Shelley." This is a
+quotation from an introduction to his book by Marcus Clarke, himself a
+novelist and poet. One can see in the mind's eye the scenes described
+in the following verses, so full of real life and genuine poetry:
+
+      "'Twas merry in the glowing morn, among the gleaming grass,
+        To wander as we've wandered many a mile,
+      And blow the cool tobacco cloud and watch the white wreaths pass,
+        Sitting loosely in the saddle all the while;
+      'Twas merry 'mid the backwoods, when we spied the station roofs,
+        To wheel the wild scrub cattle at the yard,
+      With a running fire of stockwhips and a fiery run of hoofs.
+        Oh! the hardest day was never then too hard!
+
+      "Aye! we had a glorious gallop after 'Starlight' and his gang,
+        When they bolted from Sylvester's on the flat;
+      How the sun-dried reed-beds crackled, how the flint-strewn ranges
+                rang
+        To the strokes of 'Mountaineer' and 'Acrobat';
+      Hard behind them in the timber, harder still across the heath,
+        Close behind them through the tea-tree scrub we dashed;
+      And the golden-tinted fern-leaves, how they rustled underneath!
+        And the honeysuckle osiers, how they crash'd!"
+
+The best known novels of Australian life are these: "For the Term of
+His Natural Life," by Marcus Clarke, who was an Englishman born and
+educated; "The Miner's Right," "The Squatter's Dream," "A Colonial
+Reformer," and "Robbery Under Arms," by Thomas A. Browne ("Rolf
+Boldrewood"), who was also English born: "Uncle Piper of Piper's
+Hill," by Madame Couvreur ("Tasma"), who is of Belgian descent, and is
+now a resident of Belgium, though she was born in Australia and there
+studied its social conditions; "The Australian Girl" and "A Silent
+Sea," by Mrs. Alick McLeod. Mrs. Campbell Praed, who is colonial born,
+has, in addition to several novels, written "Australian Life," which is
+described by Sir Charles Dilke ("Problems of Greater Britain," i., 374)
+as "a vivid autobiographical picture of the early days of Queensland."
+Copies of these and other Australian books the writer owes to the
+thoughtfulness of Chief Justice Way, D.C.L., Oxon., of Adelaide, South
+Australia. For many years he has been the recipient of these graceful
+attentions from friends in that fair land of the Southern Cross, and
+though it looks very much as if he will never meet some of them face
+to face--for the time is passing rapidly with us all--he takes this
+opportunity of now sending them his thanks across the seas.]
+
+
+HOWE'S "FLAG OF OLD ENGLAND."
+
+[Footnote 43: Page 26.--This spirited song was written for the one
+hundredth anniversary of the landing of Lord Cornwallis at Halifax. As
+many persons in old Canada do not know it--for it is not reproduced
+in recent collections of Canadian poems--I give it in full for the
+benefit of the youth of this Dominion, on whom the future destiny of
+the country depends:
+
+      "All hail to the day when the Britons came over,
+        And planted their standard with sea-foam still wet,
+      Around and above us their spirits will hover,
+        Rejoicing to mark how we honour it yet.
+      Beneath it the emblems they cherished are waving,
+        The Rose of Old England the roadside perfumes;
+      The Shamrock and Thistle the north winds are braving,
+        Securely the Mayflower blushes and blooms.
+
+                CHORUS.
+
+                "Hail to the day when the Britons came over,
+                  And planted their standard with sea-foam still wet,
+                Around and above us their spirits will hover,
+                  Rejoicing to mark how we honour it yet.
+                    We'll honour it yet, we'll honour it yet,
+                    The flag of Old England! we'll honour it yet.
+
+      "In the temples they founded their faith is maintained,
+        Every foot of the soil they bequeathed is still ours,
+      The graves where they moulder no foe has profaned,
+        But we wreathe them with verdure, and strew them with flowers!
+      The blood of no brother, in civil strife pour'd,
+        In this hour of rejoicing, encumbers our souls!
+      The frontier's the field for the Patriot's sword,
+        And cursed be the weapon that Faction controls!
+
+                CHORUS--"Hail to the day, etc.
+
+      "Then hail to the day! 'tis with memories crowded,
+        Delightful to trace 'midst the mists of the past,
+      Like the features of Beauty, bewitchingly shrouded,
+        They shine through the shadows Time o'er them has cast.
+      As travellers track to its source in the mountains
+        The stream which, far swelling, expands o'er the plains,
+      Our hearts, on this day, fondly turn to the fountains
+        Whence flow the warm currents that bound in our veins.
+
+                CHORUS--"Hail to the day, etc.
+
+      "And proudly we trace them: no warrior flying
+        From city assaulted, and fanes overthrown,
+      With the last of his race on the battlements dying,
+        And weary with wandering, founded our own.
+      From the Queen of the Islands, then famous in story,
+        A century since, our brave forefathers came,
+      And our kindred yet fill the wide world with her glory,
+        Enlarging her Empire and spreading her name.
+
+                CHORUS--"Hail to the day, etc.
+
+      "Ev'ry flash of her genius our pathway enlightens--
+         Ev'ry field she explores we are beckoned to tread--
+       Each laurel she gathers our future day brightens--
+         We joy with her living, and mourn for her dead.
+       Then hail to the day when the Britons came over,
+         And planted their standard, with sea-foam still wet,
+       Above and around us their spirits shall hover,
+         Rejoicing to mark how we honour it yet.
+
+                CHORUS--"Hail to the day," etc.]
+
+
+ESSAYISTS.
+
+[Footnote 44: Page 27.--The principal contributors to the English
+and American periodical press of late years have been George Stewart
+of Quebec, Principal Grant, J. G. Bourinot, Martin J. Griffin, W. D.
+LeSueur, G. M. Dawson, S. E. Dawson, Arnold Haultain, John Reade, J. M.
+Oxley and Sir W. Dawson. Dr. Stewart of Quebec, despite the demands of
+journalism, has been always a most earnest literary worker, foremost by
+his own contributions and by his efforts to encourage the labours of
+others in the too indifferent little Canadian world. Goldwin Smith has
+always been a contributor of note, but he is rather an English than a
+Canadian writer. Among the names of the French Canadian general writers
+are those of Fréchette, Sulte, Marmette, Faucher de Saint-Maurice, J.
+Tassé, DeCelles, Dionne, Casgrain and LeMoine; but their efforts have
+been confined as a rule to the numerous French Canadian periodicals
+which have appeared for the last thirty years, and after a short
+career died for want of adequate support. In the numerous periodicals
+of England and the United States English Canadian writers have great
+advantages over French Canadians, who are practically limited to their
+own country, since France offers few opportunities for such literary
+work.]
+
+
+WILLIAM KIRBY'S WORKS AND OTHER ROMANCES BY CANADIANS.
+
+[Footnote 45: Page 27.--"The Golden Dog: a Legend of Quebec." New York
+and Montreal, 1877, 8vo. Also translated by Pamphile LeMay, the French
+Canadian poet, Montreal, 1884. Mr. Kirby is also the author of several
+poems of merit: "The U. E.: a Tale of Upper Canada. A Poem in XII.
+Cantos." Niagara, 1859, 12mo. "Canadian Idylls," Toronto, 1878, etc.
+He was born in England in 1817, but came to Canada at the early age of
+fifteen. He was one of the original members of the Royal Society of
+Canada.
+
+Mr. Lespérance, F.R.S.C., was the author of the "Bastonnais" and
+other historical romances of some ability, but not of that high
+order of merit which gives a permanent reputation. The Hon. L. Seth
+Huntington, long known in Canadian political life, was the author of
+a semi-political novel, "Professor Conant" (Toronto, 1884), which had
+its merits, but it fell practically still-born from the press. Many
+other efforts have been made in the same branch of literature, but the
+performance, as stated in the text, has not been equal to the ambition
+that prompted the experiment.]
+
+
+MAJOR RICHARDSON.
+
+[Footnote 45_a_: Page 27.--Major Richardson was born at Niagara Falls
+in 1797, and educated at Amherstburg, U.C., where some of the scenes
+of "Wacousta" are laid. He served in the war of 1812, in the West
+Indies and in Spain, where he belonged to the British legion. He came
+back to Canada in 1838, and was for years connected with the press. He
+wrote a number of novels and short histories of Canadian events, but
+they are now all forgotten. His historical narrative is not generally
+trustworthy, while his later romances never even came up to the merit
+of "Wacousta." He died in obscurity some time after 1854--I cannot find
+the exact year--in the United States, where he attempted to continue a
+career of literature.]
+
+
+MARMETTE.
+
+[Footnote 46: Page 27.--Mr. Joseph Marmette, F.R.S.C., is the author of
+several works of fiction, viz.:
+
+"François de Bienville. Roman historique." 1^{ere} ed., Québec, 1870;
+2^e ed., Montréal, 1882.
+
+"L'Intendant Bigot. Roman historique." Montréal, 1872.
+
+"Le Chevalier de Mornac. Roman historique." Montréal, 1873.
+
+"La Fiancée du Rebelle. Roman historique." Published in 'La Revue
+Canadienne,' Montreal, 1875.]
+
+
+DE GASPÉ'S WORKS.
+
+[Footnote 47: Page 27.--"Les Anciens Canadiens." By Philippe Aubert de
+Gaspé. Quebec, 1863, 8vo.
+
+Several translations have appeared since 1863. That by Prof. Roberts
+(New York, Appleton & Co., 1890) omits the notes and addenda, which,
+if not interesting to the general reader, have much value for the
+historical student. Sulte's "Histoire des Canadiens," vol. vi.,
+contains a portrait of the old French Canadian novelist. He also wrote
+"Mémoires" (Ottawa, 1886, 8vo.), which have also much historic value on
+account of their fidelity and simplicity of narrative.]
+
+
+MRS. CATHERWOOD.
+
+[Footnote 48: Page 28.--Mrs. Mary Hartwell Catherwood, whose home is
+in Hoopeston, Ill., has so far written and published the following
+admirable romances of the old days of New France and Acadie:
+
+"The Romance of Dollard." Illustrated. New York, 1889, 12mo.
+
+"The Story of Tonty." Illustrated. Chicago, 1890, 16mo.
+
+"The Lady of Fort St. John." Boston and New York, 1891, 16mo.
+
+"Old Kaskaskia: An Historical Novel of Early Illinois." Boston and New
+York, 1893, 16mo.
+
+She has now commenced in 'The Century' Magazine a new romance with the
+title, "The White Islander," a story of old Fort Michillimackinac, and
+in 'The Atlantic Monthly' another story, "The Chase of Saint Castin."
+Her romances are never long, but bear the impress of close study of the
+subject and of much careful writing.]
+
+
+GILBERT PARKER.
+
+[Footnote 49: Page 28.--He is a most industrious worker in various
+branches of literature in London. After a residence of a few years in
+Australia, where he was connected with the Sydney press, he went to
+England, where he wrote many sketches of Australian life which were
+well received. Recently he has been studying the interesting phases
+of French Canadian and Northwest life, and has produced, among other
+stories, "The Chief Factor," the principal scenes of which are laid in
+the great territories of the Dominion before they were opened up to the
+farmer, the rancher and the railway.]
+
+
+DE MILLE'S WORKS.
+
+[Footnote 50: Page 29.--James De Mille was a native of New Brunswick,
+and a professor in Dalhousie College, N. S., at the time of his death.
+His first work of fiction was "Helena's Household: a Tale of Rome in
+the First Century" (New York, 1858). His most popular works, "The Dodge
+Club Abroad" (1866), "Cord and Creese" (1867), "The Cryptogram" (1871),
+and "A Castle in Spain" (1883), first appeared in 'Harper's Monthly.' A
+strange, imaginative work, "A Curious MS. Found in a Copper Cylinder,"
+was published in New York in 1888, and is understood to have been
+written by him. It was not until Rider Haggard's fiction became popular
+that the New York publishers ventured to print a book which so severely
+taxes the credulity of the reader. As a work of pure invention it is
+in some respects superior to those of the English author. Mr. De Mille
+died in 1880, at the age of 43, when much was expected of him. See
+Appleton's "Cyclo. Am. Biogr.," ii., 138, for a list of his published
+works except the one just mentioned.]
+
+
+SARA JEANNETTE DUNCAN.
+
+[Footnote 51: Page 29.--She is the author of three books. "A Social
+Departure" and "An American Girl in London" have had many readers and
+are full of promise. Miss Duncan, in company with another young lady,
+in 1889-90, went around the world, and made numerous contributions to
+the press of Canada during that tour, but its noteworthy result is the
+first mentioned volume. She is now married and a resident of India,
+whose striking aspects of social life she is studying and portraying
+in print. Her latest story, or rather sketch, of Indian customs, "The
+Simple Adventures of a Memsahib" (New York, 1893), has many touches of
+quiet humour. One must regret that her talent has not been directed to
+the incidents of Canadian life.]
+
+
+MATTHEW ARNOLD ON LITERATURE AND SCIENCE.
+
+[Footnote 52: Page 31.--The extract given in the text is taken from
+"Literature and Science," one of Mr. Matthew Arnold's "Discourses in
+America," published in book form in London, 1885. See pp. 90-92.]
+
+
+PRINCIPAL GRANT'S ADDRESS.
+
+[Footnote 53: Page 32.--This address to the Royal Society of Canada,
+to which reference is made in the text, is given in the ninth volume
+of the 'Transactions,' pp. xxxix-xl. Dr. Grant could never be
+uninteresting, but the address shows his ideas can now and then be a
+little chaotic or enigmatic. It is quite evident he has never studied
+with much care the volumes of the 'Transactions,' or comprehended the
+useful work the Society is doing in its own way. Never an active member
+himself, he has not done adequate justice to those who have been at all
+events conscientious labourers in the vineyard where he has planted no
+seed.]
+
+
+SIR J. W. DAWSON.
+
+[Footnote 54: Page 32.--This distinguished scientific man is a Nova
+Scotian by birth, who, before he became so closely identified with
+the prosperity of McGill College at Montreal as its principal, was
+superintendent of education in his native province. His scientific
+works are numerous, but the one which first brought him fame was his
+"Acadian Geology: an Account of the Geological Structure and Mineral
+Resources of Nova Scotia and Portions of the Neighbouring Provinces
+of British America" (Edinburgh and London, 1855, 8vo.), which has run
+through many editions, and is now a very large volume compared with the
+little modest book that first ventured into the world of literature
+nearly forty years ago.]
+
+
+MR. BILLINGS.
+
+[Footnote 55: Page 33.--He was born on his father's farm, in the
+township of Gloucester, near Ottawa. A bibliography, evidently prepared
+by his own hand, is to be found in "Bibliotheca Canadensis," pp.
+31-34. His most important memoirs are on the third and fourth Decades
+and the Palæozoic fossils of the Canadian Geological Survey, in which
+nearly all the genera and species of the fossils there described were
+discovered by himself.]
+
+
+ORIGIN OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.
+
+[Footnote 56: Page 33.--The first volume of the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.'
+(1882-83), pp. i-lxxiv., contains an account of the proceedings before
+and after the foundation of the Society, with the addresses in full of
+the Marquess of Lorne and of the first President and Vice-President of
+the body. On the occasion of the Montreal meeting, 1891, a handbook was
+largely circulated by the Citizens' Committee with the view of giving
+information of the object and work of the Society. It was written
+by Mr. John Reade, F.R.S.C., and contains a succinct history of the
+origin and operations of the body until May, 1891. It contains plans
+of McGill College grounds and of Montreal in 1759, and sketches of the
+old Seminary towers, St. Gabriel-street church, St. Ann's, besides some
+interesting facts relating to Montreal's historic places.]
+
+
+SIR D. WILSON, T. S. HUNT AND MR. CHAUVEAU.
+
+[Footnote 57: Page 34.--Dr. Kingsford has given a paper, "In Memoriam,
+on Sir Daniel Wilson" ('Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. xi.) in which
+he briefly reviews the excellent literary work and the wide culture
+of that eminent man. In volume ix. of the 'Trans.,' Sec. I., pp.
+53-58, there is a well-written paper on the late Mr. Chauveau, by his
+successor, Mr. L. O. David of Montreal. The presidential address of
+Abbé Laflamme in 1892 (see 'Trans.,' vol. x.) was devoted to a review
+of the scientific attainments of Dr. T. Sterry Hunt.]
+
+
+CANADIAN SOCIETIES.
+
+[Footnote 58: Page 34.--At the present time there are over twenty
+Canadian scientific and literary societies associated with the Royal
+Society in its work. Mr. John Reade, in the "Montreal Handbook of 1891"
+(see Note 56), gives the following list of societies established
+before 1867: Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, 1824; Natural
+History Society of Montreal, 1827--act of incorporation five years
+later; Institut Canadien, Quebec, 1846; Canadian Institute, Toronto,
+1851; Institut Canadien, Ottawa, 1852; Hamilton Association, 1856;
+Société Historique, Montréal, 1858: Nova Scotia Institute of Natural
+Science, 1862; Natural History Society, St. John, N.B., 1862;
+Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, Montreal, 1862; Entomological
+Society of Ontario, 1863.]
+
+
+THE EARL OF DERBY AND THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.
+
+[Footnote 58_a_: Page 42.--Four years ago you were good enough, in
+offering me the position of your honorary president, to ask the
+sympathy and encouragement which the governor-general, as Her Majesty's
+representative, might rightly be asked to manifest towards the
+representatives of science and of the liberal arts. I am afraid that my
+contributions to literature and science have been few. I do not know
+they are such as would have merited the notice of the Royal Society,
+but I can assure you that none of the members of your body take a
+deeper interest in all that concerns the welfare of your Society than
+he who is now laying down the office of honorary president. (Cheers.)
+There were some persons who considered that in a comparatively new
+country like Canada it was ambitious on her part when the foundations
+of the Royal Society were laid, but there must be a beginning of all
+things, and I think I may appeal to the work which has been and is
+being done by the different branches of the Society as evidence that
+its establishment was in no sense premature, but that it was fittingly
+determined that the progress of science and literature should take
+place coincidently with that of the country. In a new country like
+this--I think you have touched upon it in your address--there is a
+great tendency to further one's material wants, to promote trade and
+commerce, and to put aside, as it were, literature and the sciences;
+but here the Royal Society has stepped in and done good work by uniting
+those who were scattered by distance and who find in the meetings
+of our Society a convenient opportunity of coming together for the
+exchanging of ideas and renewing of those friendships which, though
+perhaps only yearly meetings permit, are nevertheless enduring. If we
+look back we shall best see what good work is being done. If we could
+imagine the existence of such a society as this in the older countries
+in olden times, what a mine of wealth of information would have been
+afforded us! We see that from the very first, whether in literature,
+which forms so important a part in our Society; whether it be in the
+constitutional studies, in which our President is such an adept--and I
+was glad to see his authority has been quoted on the other side of the
+Atlantic as well as on this--whether it be in the literature of the
+chivalrous pioneers of France, who first led the way into the unbroken
+wilderness, or whether it be in the latter days of constitutional
+progress of this country and its relations both to the old world and
+the country growing up alongside of us.
+
+In literature, history and poetry, also, the Society will from the
+first have its stamp, as we trust, upon the future of the Canadian
+race. (Cheers.) That science and the arts to an equal extent may find a
+place here is our earnest wish, in order that by sentiment and feeling
+we may bind together in the closest ties that by which she must achieve
+a great and enduring success. I must not detain you from your other
+duties, but I could not refrain from saying in a few words how heartily
+and truly I appreciate and believe in the work of the Royal Society. At
+your next meeting, as you truly say, I fear I shall not be amongst you;
+but though the Atlantic may roll between us, you may be certain that
+in spirit, at least, I hope to be present at your meeting, and shall
+follow with the liveliest and deepest interest any record you may be
+good enough to send me of what takes place on that occasion. * * * * *
+I appeal not the less to my French colleagues than to my English ones
+in all matters which relate to the welfare of the Society. Science,
+art and literature, it is true, are cosmopolitan, but they are well
+knit together in this Society. We who have experienced in Canada the
+hospitality of its people are grateful for it. We have admired the
+greatness of the resources of this country, and we look forward to a
+society like this as having ample work to do in the future. As in every
+respect Canada seems to be disposed always to take a forward part, so I
+hope the Royal Society will ever press on to a higher and higher goal;
+and, gentlemen, I can wish to the Royal Society, to all my friends and
+brothers of the Society, to whom I once more tender my hearty thanks,
+no greater blessing than, like Canada itself, that they may be happy,
+united and prosperous. (Loud and prolonged cheers.)]
+
+
+S. E. DAWSON ON TENNYSON.
+
+[Footnote 59: Page 40.--"A Study, with Critical and Explanatory
+Notes, of Lord Tennyson's Poem, The Princess." By S. E. Dawson.
+Montreal, 1882, 12mo. 2nd ed. 1884. The preface contains a long and
+interesting letter from the poet, which "throws some light upon some
+important literary questions regarding the manner and method of the
+poet's working." Tennyson describes the "Study" truly as an "able and
+thoughtful essay."]
+
+
+THE OLD 'CANADIAN MONTHLY.'
+
+[Footnote 60: Page 40.--It first appeared in Toronto in 1872 (Adam
+Stevenson & Co.), soon after Prof. Goldwin Smith took up his permanent
+residence in that western city. Much of its reputation for years
+necessarily depended on the contributions of a writer who, if he has
+failed to identify himself of late with the national or Canadian
+sentiment of the people, has at all events done something in the past
+to improve the style of Canadian _littérateurs_ and to elevate the tone
+of journalism. The 'Monthly' was the ablest successor of a long list
+of literary aspirants in the same field, the majority of which had a
+still shorter existence. See Bourinot's "Intellectual Development of
+the Canadian People" (Toronto, 1881), chap. iv. and 'Canadian Monthly,'
+March, 1881.]
+
+
+FORM OF ROYAL SOCIETY 'TRANSACTIONS.'
+
+[Footnote 61: Page 42.--Since the delivery of the presidential address
+the Royal Society decided by a considerable majority--chiefly made up
+of the two scientific sections--to continue the quarto form for the
+present. Under these circumstances the compromise suggested may be
+adopted--that of printing separate editions of important monographs and
+works from time to time by some understanding with the author.]
+
+
+THE STUDY OF THE CLASSICS.
+
+[Footnote 62: Page 49.--The following is a fuller quotation from Prof.
+Goldwin Smith's very apposite remarks delivered before the Classical
+Association of Ontario (see 'The Week,' April 28th, 1893): "No age has
+stood more in need of humanizing culture than this, in which physical
+culture reigns. One of the newspapers the other day invited us to take
+part in a symposium the subject of which was 'How to Produce a Perfect
+Man.' The problem was large, but one help to its solution might have
+been a reminder to keep the balance. A romantic age stands in need
+of science, a scientific and utilitarian age stands in need of the
+humanities. Darwin avows that poetry gave him no pleasure whatever.
+This surely was a loss, unless the whole side of things which poetry
+denotes is dead and gone, nothing but dry science being left us; in
+which case the generations that are coming may have some reason, with
+all their increase of knowledge and power, to wish that they had lived
+nearer the youth of the world." See _supra_, Note 1, for Mr. Lowell's
+remarks on the same subject.]
+
+
+CANADIAN LIBRARIES.
+
+[Footnote 63: Page 53.--Some interesting facts as to the evolution of
+libraries in the Dominion can be gathered by reference to Bourinot's
+"Intellectual Development in Canada" (Toronto, 1831); Canniff Haight's
+"Country Life in Canada Fifty Years Ago"; Dr. Canniff's "History of
+Ontario"; and Dr. Kingsford's "Early Bibliography of Ontario." The
+principal results of the Ontario law providing for the establishment
+of free libraries by votes of ratepayers in a community have been the
+opening of two excellent libraries in Hamilton and Toronto--the latter
+under the judicious superintendence of Mr. James Bain.]
+
+
+CANADIAN ARTISTS.
+
+[Footnote 64: Page 54.--An Art Society was founded in Upper Canada as
+far back as 1841, but its exhibitions were necessarily representative
+of British works of art. The present Art Association was founded in
+Montreal in 1860, and the Ontario School of Arts, which is doing
+excellent work, twelve years later, with its headquarters in Toronto.
+The Royal Canadian Academy, mentioned in the text, was established in
+1880. The influence of these and two or three minor institutions in
+Canada has been on the whole in the direction of stimulating art, but
+their efforts are not adequately encouraged by government or people in
+the provinces.
+
+The following is a list of the painters in oils and water colours whose
+pictures now make the principal features of the annual exhibitions
+in Ontario and Quebec, and the majority of whom were inadequately
+represented at Chicago: F. A. Verner, whose Indian and Canadian scenes
+are excellent; H. M. Matthews, who has made a high reputation for his
+Rocky Mountain paintings; L. R. O'Brien, essentially the most finished
+painter of picturesque Canada; T. Mower Martin, an industrious painter
+of wild sports and Canadian scenery; E. Wyley Grier, who has done some
+good work in portraits and natural scenery; W. Brymner, one of the
+most promising younger painters of Canadian scenes: George Reid, whose
+"Foreclosure of the Mortgage" is one of the best pictures produced in
+the Dominion; John Hammond of St. John, N.B., a painter of water life;
+Percy Woodcock, whose efforts at sketches of Canadian rural life are
+praiseworthy: F. M. Bell-Smith, who has a decided artistic faculty
+for the portraiture of our noblest scenery; Homer Watson, a favourite
+for his rustic landscapes and romantic pastorals; J. W. L. Forster,
+in some respects the best figure painter, but also capable of good
+landscapes; G. Bruenech, a careful artist of scenery; Ernest Thompson,
+who has made some good efforts at prairie subjects; J. C. Forbes, who
+painted Mr. Gladstone's portrait, and is one of the best artists of
+the class that Canada has so far known; W. Raphael and O. R. Jacobi,
+two of the oldest and best known painters of Canadian landscape. To
+these we must add Miss Minnie A. Bell, A. Watson, Miss Sidney S. Tully,
+Mrs. M. H. Reid, J. T. Rolph, R. F. Gagen, T. C. McGillivray Knowles,
+Forshaw Day, L. Huot, Mlle. Colombier, E. Dyonnet, C. Macdonald Manly,
+D. P. MacKillsan, J. W. Morrice, A. D. Patterson, Miss G. F. Spurr,
+F. S. Challener, Paul J. Wickson, Mrs. M. B. Screiber, W. Revell, D.
+Fowler, Miss E. May Martin, Miss Laura Muntz, Miss F. M. Bell-Smith,
+Miss Florence Carlyle, Miss I. M. F. Adams, Owen P. Staples, Mrs. M. E.
+Dignam, Charles Alexander, W. E. Atkinson, J. C. Mills, J. A. Fraser
+(in New York), Carl Ahrens, W. A. Sherwood, Miss Fannie Sutherland,
+T. C. V. Ede, H. Sandham (in New York), Mr. Harvey, Mr. Cruickshank,
+Mr. Seavey, A. Cox, Miss Edwards, J. Griffith, Colin Scott, J. Wilson,
+James Smith, C. J. Way, F. Brownell, A. P. Coleman, R. Harris, Miss
+Holden and Miss Houghton. Many of these artists, whose merits, of
+course, vary much, are not native Canadians. One of the strongest
+landscape painters, Mr. Matthews, is an Englishman, who has now, after
+some years, thoroughly understood the light and colour of Canadian
+scenery. O'Brien, Brymner, L. Huot, Forbes, Forster, Pinhey, Sidney
+Tully, G. Harris, Gagen, Knowles, Watson, Alexander, A. D. Patterson,
+C. M. Manly, E. May Martin and George Reid are Canadians. G. T.
+Berthon, who died recently in Toronto at an advanced age, and was known
+as a painter of numerous portraits, the best of which are to be seen in
+Osgoode Hall, was of French origin and education. Raphael is German by
+birth and education. Jacobi is a painter of the Dusseldorf school, and
+was at one time employed in the court of the King of Bavaria. Bruenech
+is a native, I understand, of Denmark, though educated in Canada. E.
+W. Grier is an Englishman by birth and education, with a knowledge of
+French art derived from study in Paris. So is Ernest Thompson, who
+also studied in Paris. Mower Martin is an Englishman, educated in that
+country and in Canada, with whose scenery he has been always enamoured.
+Carl Ahrens was born and educated in the United States. Miss Minnie
+Bell and Miss Laura Muntz are among the most promising younger artists
+of Canada. Both were born and received their elementary education in
+Canada. Miss Bell, after studying in Paris, is now in Montreal. Miss
+Muntz is still studying in Paris. Robert Harris is a native of Prince
+Edward Island. Mr. N. Bourassa, who is a French Canadian artist, has
+of late years devoted himself to ecclesiastical decoration. His best
+work is to be seen in the architecture and decoration of the churches
+of Notre Dame de Nazareth and Notre Dame de Lourdes, in Montreal, and
+he has the credit of having first applied probably in America "the art
+of painting to the adornment of Christian churches in the broad and
+thorough manner so common at one period in central Italy." (See Dr. S.
+E. Dawson's "Handbook of Canada," Montreal, 1888, pp. 183, 184.) The
+influence of the French schools of painting can be seen in the best
+works of Paul Peel (now dead), Forster, Harris, Geo. Reid and John
+Pinhey (born at Ottawa), all of whom have had success at the salons. At
+the present time there are some twenty-five Canadians, more or less,
+studying in Paris, and the majority are French Canadians. In fact, the
+French schools draw students from Canada as well as from the United
+States, and England is relatively ignored. The artistic temperament is
+more stimulated by the _ateliers_ and the student life of Paris than
+among the more business-like and cold surroundings of a student in
+London. In sculpture the names are very few, Hamilton McCarthy, Hébert
+and Dunbar having alone done meritorious work, but of these three
+Hébert is the only native Canadian. One of the very first painters
+to draw attention, years ago, to Canadian scenery, especially to the
+wonderfully vivid tints of autumn, was Krieghoff, whose pictures have
+been so much copied that it is difficult now to tell the originals from
+the reproductions. He was, however, not a native Canadian but a Swiss
+painter from the German-speaking cantons, I believe. The name of Paul
+Kane (born in Toronto) will be always identified with Indian life and
+customs, and as the pioneer of art in Canada. A fine collection of his
+paintings is in the possession of Hon. G. W. Allan, who has always
+taken an active interest in the development of art in the city of
+which he has been so long an honoured citizen.
+
+Among other Canadian artists who laboured in the commencement of art
+studies in this country may be mentioned the following: Dulongpré,
+Samuel Berczy, Audy, William Berczy, Vincent Zacharie Thelariolin
+(Indian of Lorette, 1812-1886), Hamel, Carey, T. H. Burnett, J.
+J. Girouard, P. Leber--many of whose artistic efforts are already
+forgotten though their work was meritorious. With respect to Berthon,
+the following note by Col. G. T. Denison, F.R.S.C., of Toronto, which I
+have received since writing of the artist above, will be of interest:
+"His father was a court painter under the great Napoleon, and several
+of his pictures are now in Versailles. He was a Frenchman, and I think
+was in Vienna when his son, my old friend, was born; for I am under
+the impression Berthon told me he was born in Vienna. I think he was
+brought up in France, and went to London when comparatively young,
+and there set up as a portrait painter. He was induced to come out
+to Canada about the year 1843 or 1844, and settled in Toronto soon
+after, where he died about a year ago, over eighty years of age. He was
+certainly, when in his prime, the best portrait painter we ever had
+in Canada, and in my opinion was better than most of the men of great
+celebrity in London to-day."
+
+The successful artists at the World's Fair, where 113 works in all were
+presented from Canada, were the following: Mr. G. Reid, whose great
+picture mentioned above could not fail to attract much notice, Mr.
+Harris, Mr. Ede, Miss Holden and Mr. J. A. Fraser. This is satisfactory
+in view of the fact that the best work of the majority of leading
+Canadian artists was not represented in the exhibition. Apart from
+Mr. Reid's painting, the pictures that were signalled out for special
+notice were not equal in some respects to other efforts of the same
+artists that have been seen in our annual exhibitions.
+
+In closing this note I cannot do better than give the following
+judicious remarks on art in Canada, delivered before the Canadian
+Institute, by an able Canadian artist, J. W. L. Forster: "The art of
+Canada to-day is a mingling of elements.... The influence of the old
+world may be seen in the work of many who cherish still the precepts
+of their masters. Yet it is due to those who have adopted Canada as
+their home to say they are as Canadian in the faithful reproduction
+of the pure glories of our climate as those who first saw the sun
+in our own sky. Our native artists who have studied abroad are much
+inclined to paint a Canadian sky with the haze of Western Europe, and
+our verdure, too, as though it grew upon foreign soil. Our art is not
+Canadian.... Material is certainly not wanting, nor _motif_ of the
+grander order. The first requisite is for a stronger national spirit.
+Events are slowly developing this; and the signs are full of promise
+in this direction. The second great need is for a museum equipped with
+well-chosen specimens of the world's art. Our government and citizens
+are establishing schools of industrial and fine art, yet when we would
+point our pupils to examples of pure art, lo! there are none; and
+when we would know what art has been, in order to discover what art
+may be, we must go as exiles and pilgrims to foreign cities. A museum
+that gives the best of their art history and achievement will greatly
+strengthen our hope and give rein to our ambition. A third need is for
+capable and generous criticism. There are many men whose discernment
+and sympathies fit them eminently for the role of art critic; but as
+yet journalism has not opened wide the door to advancement in such a
+specialty."]
+
+
+ARCHITECTURAL ART.
+
+[Footnote 64_a_: Page 57.--While Canadian architecture is generally
+wanting in originality of conception, yet it affords many good
+illustrations of the effective adaptation of the best art of Europe
+to the principal edifices of the large cities. These are the most
+noteworthy public buildings:
+
+In _Ottawa_.--The parliament and departmental buildings, admirable
+examples of Italian Gothic of the 13th century, with a fine central
+tower, the effect of which has been marred by a later tower in the
+western block out of harmony with the general design of an otherwise
+perfect group.
+
+In _Quebec_.--The legislative building in the French style of the 17th
+century, noteworthy for its niches containing statues of men famous in
+French Canadian history.
+
+In _Montreal_.--The parish church of Notre Dame, on the Place
+d'Armes, of a simple Gothic style, attractive for its stateliness and
+massiveness.
+
+Christ Church Cathedral, on St. Catherine street, worthy of study as
+an admirable specimen of the early English style of ecclesiastical
+architecture, exhibiting unity of design and correctness of proportions.
+
+Notre Dame de Lourdes, whose interior has been already spoken of (see
+preceding note); a good example of the Byzantine order, combined with
+effects of the Italian Renaissance recalling Venetian architecture.
+
+The Montreal Bank, on St. James street, an artistic illustration of the
+Corinthian order, with an interior interesting for the artistic effort
+to illustrate on the walls remarkable scenes in Canadian history.
+
+The Canadian Pacific Station, on Windsor street, a fine example of an
+adaptation of old Norman architecture to modern necessities.
+
+In _Toronto_.--The University, perhaps the best example in America of a
+modern conception of Norman architecture, with a tower of much beauty.
+
+Trinity University, whose graceful Tudor-Gothic design, in which the
+tower is a conspicuous feature, is marred by the clumsy projection of a
+later chapel building, entirely out of harmony with the admirable front.
+
+Osgoode Hall, of the Ionic order, modified by additions of the Italian
+Renaissance.
+
+St. Andrew's Church, a combination of the Norman and Byzantine orders,
+more suitable for a great library or a hall than an ecclesiastical
+edifice. As a specimen of architecture, apart from its purpose, it is
+harmonious and artistic.
+
+The new legislative buildings, which are the most pretentious in
+Canada after the Ottawa parliament house, are a praiseworthy effort to
+illustrate the Romanesque, with details of the Celtic and Indo-Germanic
+schools.
+
+The Methodist Metropolitan Church, a judicious example of a modern form
+of the Gothic style which distinguished the 13th century in France.
+It is at once simple and harmonious in its general design, and has a
+massive tower which adds to the general effect of the whole structure.
+
+St. James's Church, often cited as a good example of ecclesiastical
+Gothic, with a graceful and well-proportioned tower and steeple,
+conspicuous from all points of view.
+
+In _Hamilton_.--The court-house is in some respects the best designed
+of its kind in Canada. The head office of the Canada Life Assurance
+Company is noteworthy for its graceful simplicity, in its way not
+equalled in Canada.
+
+In _Fredericton_.--The Church of England Cathedral, a perfect specimen,
+on a small scale, of pure early English Gothic on the Continent.
+
+The new library building which McGill University owes to the public
+spirit of Mr. Redpath, of Montreal, is distinguished by the graceful
+simplicity of its external form, and the conveniences of its beautiful
+interior. Apart from this fine edifice, however, and the parliamentary
+library at Ottawa, whose external design is harmonious and whose
+internal fittings illustrate the effectiveness of our natural woods,
+Canada has no such libraries--in special buildings I mean--noteworthy
+for beauty of architecture and convenience of arrangements as we find
+among our neighbours, illustrating their public and private spirit.
+Neither have we an art gallery of special architectural features, for
+the building at Montreal is simple in the extreme. Such as it is,
+however, it is an object of imitation to other cities in Canada.]
+
+
+"FIDELIS."
+
+[Footnote 65: Page 60.--The poetic citation which closes the
+presidential address is taken from Miss Machar's ("Fidelis") verses
+on "Dominion Day," which appear in "Songs of the Great Dominion," pp.
+15-17, and merit a wide audience for their patriotic spirit and poetic
+taste.]
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+  "Acadia, History of," by J. Hannay, 71.
+
+  "Acadian Geology," by Sir J. W. Dawson, 84.
+
+  "After Weary Years," romance by Archbp. O'Brien, of Halifax, N.S., 74.
+
+  Ahrens, Carl, artist, 88.
+
+  Algonquin Grammar, by Abbé Cuoq, 37.
+
+  Allan, Hon. G. W., his love of art, 88.
+
+  "An American Girl in London," by Sara J. Duncan, 83.
+
+  "Aminta," poem by Archbishop O'Brien, 74.
+
+  "Anciens Canadiens," by P. de Gaspé, 27, 82.
+
+  Archibald, Sir Adams J., statesman, 15.
+
+  Archibald, S. J. W., statesman, 15.
+
+  Architecture in Canada, imitative rather than original, 57;
+    special buildings of architectural beauty mentioned, 89, 91.
+
+  Art in Canada, 53;
+    names of eminent painters, 54, 87;
+    want of art galleries, 53, 54;
+    establishment of art associations in Montreal and Toronto, 89;
+    the Canadian Academy of Art, 54;
+    some general remarks on its use, ib.;
+    J. W. L. Forster cited on the subject, 89;
+    success of Canadian artists at the Chicago World's Fair, 55, 89.
+
+  Art gallery in Montreal, 53, 91.
+
+  Arnold, Matthew, on the large meaning of "Literature," 31, 32, 83.
+
+  Australian novelists, superior to those of Canada, 25;
+    names, 79.
+
+  Australian poets compared with those of Canada, 25;
+    names, 79;
+    extracts from, 79.
+
+
+  Baldwin, Hon. Robert, statesman, 14.
+
+  Bank of Montreal Building at Montreal, its architecture, 90.
+
+  "Bastonnais, The," romance by J. Lespérance, 82.
+
+  "Beggars All," by L. Dougall, 29.
+
+  Belknap, Jeremy, his "History of New Hampshire," 13, 67.
+
+  Bell, Miss Minnie, artist, 87.
+
+  Bell-Smith, F. M., artist, 88.
+
+  Beothiks, or Red Indians of Newfoundland, essay on, by Dr. Patterson,
+            38.
+
+  Berthon, G. T., artist, 89.
+
+  Bibaud, Michel, his History of Canada, 12, 67.
+
+  Bibliography of the writings of members of the Royal Society, 72.
+
+  "Bienville, François de," romance by M. Marmette, 27, 82.
+
+  Billings, Elkanah, geologist, 33, 84.
+
+  Biography, literature of, weak in Canada, 42.
+
+  Blake, Edward, mentioned, 17, 43.
+
+  Boucher, Pierre, his account of the customs and natural productions of
+            Nouvelle France, 6, 63.
+
+  Bouchette, Joseph, his works on the topography of Canada, 12, 67.
+
+  Bourassa, N., artist, 88.
+
+  Brown, J. H., poet, 76.
+
+  Bruenech, G., artist, 87.
+
+  Bunsen, Chevalier, his opinion on what constitutes the excellence of a
+            romance, 29.
+
+  Brymner, W., artist, 54, 88.
+
+
+  Campbell, Wilfred, his poems, 20;
+    quotations therefrom, 75.
+
+  Canada Life Assurance Building at Hamilton, its architecture, 90.
+
+  Canada, three eras of development, 4.
+
+  "Canadian Idylls," poems by W. Kirby, 82.
+
+  Canadian Literary and Scientific Societies, the oldest in Canada,
+            34, 84.
+
+  "Canadian Monthly," its usefulness, 40, 86.
+
+  Canadian Pacific RR., Station at Montreal, its architecture, 90.
+
+  "Canadiens de l'Ouest," by J. Tassé, 72.
+
+  "Carillon, le Drapeau de," poem by O. Crémazie, quoted, 68.
+
+  Carman, Bliss, his poems, 20.
+
+  Cartier, Sir George Etienne, statesman, 14.
+
+  Casgrain, Abbé, his historical works, 71;
+    his opinion of Crémazie, 20.
+
+  Catherwood, Mary Hartwell, writer of fiction, 28, 82.
+
+  Champlain, compared with Columbus, 5;
+    with Captain John Smith, 62;
+    his works, 6, 61.
+
+  "Chants Nouveaux," poems by B. Sulte, 73.
+
+  Charlevoix, his history of Nouvelle France, 6, 62;
+    his opinion of society in Quebec, 8.
+
+  Chauveau, P. J. O., his poems, etc., 17;
+    one of the founders of the Royal Society, 34, 67.
+
+  Chevrier, R., poet, 76.
+
+  Christie, Robert, his history of Lower Canada, 18, 69.
+
+  "Chief Factor, The," novel by Gilbert Parker, 28, 82.
+
+  Christ Church Cathedral at Fredericton, its architecture, 90.
+
+  Christ Church Cathedral at Montreal, its architecture, 90.
+
+  Classics, Study of;
+    Goldwin Smith on, 49, 86;
+    Matthew Arnold on, 50;
+    J. Russell Lowell on, 61;
+    should be encouraged in Canadian colleges, 49;
+    its results in French Canada, 65.
+
+  Clarke, Professor, mentioned, 10.
+
+  "Clàrsach nam Beann," Gaelic poems by E. McColl, 77.
+
+  Clercq, Père Chrestien le, his "Etablissement de la Foy," 6, 64.
+
+  "Coogee," poem by H. C. Kendall, the Australian poet, cited, 79.
+
+  "Cours d'Histoire du Canada," by Abbé Ferland, 18, 70.
+
+  Crawford, Isabella Valancy, poet, 76.
+
+  Crémazie, Octave, his poems, 17, 68.
+
+  Creux, Père du, his _Historia Canadensis_, 6, 63.
+
+  Criticism, necessity for a spirit of genuine, in Canada, 47;
+    reference to S. E. Dawson's essay on "The Princess," 40;
+    Sainte-Beuve quoted, 47.
+
+  Cuoq, Abbé, his works on the Algonquin language, contributed to Royal
+            Society, 37.
+
+
+  Davin, Nicholas Flood, poet, 75.
+
+  Dawson, Æneas, poet, 74.
+
+  Dawson, G. M., his contributions to Royal Society, 38.
+
+  Dawson, S. E., his criticism on "The Princess," 40, 86.
+
+  Dawson, Sir W., _doyen_ of Science in Canada, 19, 32, 34, 38, 84.
+
+  "Découverte du Mississippi, La," poem by L. Fréchette quoted, 72.
+
+  Dent, John C., his histories, 19, 70.
+
+  Derby, the Earl of, his farewell address to the Royal Society of
+            Canada, 85.
+
+  Deville, E., his contributions to Royal Society, 39.
+
+  Dewart, E. H., poet, his collection of Canadian poems, 73.
+
+  Dionne, N. E., his writings, 62, 72.
+
+  "Dodge Club Abroad," by Professor De Mille, 29, 83.
+
+  Doyle, Conan, his "Refugees" held up to imitation of Canadian writers
+            of romance, 28.
+
+  "Dread Voyage," poem by W. Campbell, 75.
+
+  "Dreamland" and other poems by C. Mair, 74.
+
+  Dunbar, sculptor, 88.
+
+  Duncan, Sara Jeannette, author, 29.
+
+  Duvar, John Hunter, poet, 75.
+
+
+  Ede, T. C. V., artist, wins success at Chicago World's Fair, 89.
+
+  Edgar, James D., poet, 26.
+
+  Edgar, Mrs., her "Ridout Letters" quoted, 78.
+
+  Education, in French Canada under old regime, 7, 8;
+    in Canada from 1760-1840, 9;
+    from 1840-1893, 65;
+    its present condition and defects, 49-51.
+
+  Emerson, representative of original American genius, 23.
+
+  "Epic of the Dawn," poem by N. F. Davin, 75.
+
+  Essayists, names of principal French and English, 81.
+
+
+  Faillon, Abbé, his history of the "Colonie française," 19, 70.
+
+  Fauna of St. John Group, geological work by G. F. Matthew, 39.
+
+  Ferland, J. B. A., his "History of Canada," 18, 70.
+
+  "Flag of Old England," poem by Joseph Howe, quoted, 80.
+
+  Flora and Botany of Canada, essays on, by Professors Lawson, Macoun
+            and Penhallow, 39.
+
+  Forbes, J. C., artist, 87.
+
+  "Foreclosure of the Mortgage," painting by G. A. Reid, 87.
+
+  Forster, J. W. L., artist, his remarks on the tendency of Canadian
+            art, 89.
+
+  Fraser, J. A., artist, wins success at Chicago "World's Fair," 89.
+
+  Fréchette, L., his poems, 29;
+    quotation from his "Découverte du Mississippi," 72;
+    essayist, 81.
+
+  French Canada: early writers of her history, Champlain, Boucher, Le
+            Clercq, Charlevoix, etc., 6, 7, 61-64;
+    culture and science during French regime, 8;
+    historians and poets from 1760-1840, 17, 18;
+    from 1840 to 1867, 20, 74;
+    from 1867-1893, 72-74;
+    writers of romance few in number, 27;
+    influence of the French language, 58-60;
+    its probable duration, 59.
+
+  French language in Canada, remarks on, 58-60.
+
+  French Canadian poetry, an estimate of its merits, 22-24.
+
+
+  Gagen, R. F., artist, 87.
+
+  "Gazette" of Montreal, 13.
+
+  Galissonière, La, his culture and scientific spirit, 8, 64, 65.
+
+  Ganong, Prof., contributor to Royal Society of Canada, 38.
+
+  Garneau, F. X., his "Histoire du Canada," 18, 70.
+
+  Gladstone, Right Hon. Mr., portrait of, painted by J. C. Forbes, 87.
+
+  "Globe" of Toronto, 51.
+
+  "Golden Dog, The," romance by W. Kirby, 27;
+    translated by P. LeMay, 81.
+
+  Gordon, A. Lindsay, his spirited poem, "The Sick Stock-rider," quoted,
+            79.
+
+  Grant, Principal, author and lecturer, 10, 32, 83.
+
+  Greek, study of, desirable, 50, 61.
+
+  Grier, E. W., artist, 88.
+
+  Griffin, M. J., essayist and poet, 77, 81.
+
+
+  Haida Grammar, to be printed by Royal Society, 37.
+
+  Haliburton, Judge, his "Sam Slick," 11, 66;
+    his "History of Nova Scotia," 12, 66.
+
+  Hamel, Mgr., contributor to Royal Society, 39.
+
+  Hamilton Court-house, its architecture, 90.
+
+  Hamilton, P. S., poet, 73.
+
+  Hammond, John, artist, 87.
+
+  Hannay, J., his "History of Acadia," 71.
+
+  Harris, George, artist, 88.
+
+  Harrison, S. Frances ("Seranus"), poet, 76.
+
+  Harvey, Moses, his contributions to Royal Society, 38.
+
+  Haultain, Arnold, mentioned, 81.
+
+  Hawthorne, N., representative of original American genius, 23.
+
+  Heavysege, Chas., his poems, 17, 18, 69.
+
+  Hébert, French Canadian sculptor, 57, 88.
+
+  Historians of Canada: W. Smith, 66;
+    M. Bibaud, 67;
+    Haliburton's Nova Scotia, 12, 66;
+    Garneau, 70;
+    Ferland, 70;
+    Faillon, 70;
+    B. Sulte, 71;
+    J. C. Dent, 70;
+    L. Turcotte, 71;
+    Withrow, 71;
+    Kingsford, 71;
+    McMillan, 71;
+    Hannay, 71;
+    Murdoch, 71;
+    Tanguay, 71;
+    Dionne, 71;
+    Casgrain, 37, 71;
+    Gosselin, 72.
+
+  "Histoire des Canadiens Français," by B. Sulte, 71.
+
+  "Histoire de la Colonie Française en Canada," by Abbé Faillon, 19, 70.
+
+  Holden, Miss, artist, wins success at Chicago World's Fair, 89.
+
+  Houghton, Miss, artist, wins success at Chicago World's Fair, 89.
+
+  Howe, Joseph, as poet and orator, 11, 17, 26, 66, 69;
+    one of his poems quoted in full, 80.
+
+  Hunt, Thomas Sterry, his contributions to the Royal Society of Canada,
+            39;
+    one of its founders, 33.
+
+  Huntington, Hon. L. S., statesman and novelist, 82.
+
+  Huot, L., artist, 88.
+
+  Hutchinson, Governor, his "History of Massachusetts," 6, 13, 63.
+
+
+  "In Divers Tones," poem by C. G. D. Roberts, 74.
+
+  "In the Millet," poems by A. Lampman, 75.
+
+  Intellectual Development in Canada: under the French regime, 5-8;
+    books, newspapers, education and culture from 1760-1840, 9-18;
+    from 1840-1893, 19-27;
+    statesmen of intellectual power, mentioned, 14, 15;
+    historical literature, 18, 20;
+    poets, 20;
+    essayists, 81;
+    humorists, 11;
+    novelists, 27;
+    biographers, 42;
+    pulpit literature, 43;
+    legal literature, 43;
+    newspaper development, 52;
+    the Royal Society and its work, 33-42;
+    success of scientific writers, 32;
+    want of good magazines, 40;
+    no very striking results yet achieved, 45;
+    obstacles in the way of successful literary results in Canada, 46;
+    artistic achievement, 54, 55;
+    architectural work lacking originality, 57;
+    general remarks, on the intellectual conditions of Canada, 58;
+    what is wanted to stimulate mental effort in the Dominion, 60;
+    intellectual standard of our legislative bodies, 43;
+    the great drain on our intellectual strength by the legislative
+            bodies of the Dominion, 44;
+    business capacity now chiefly conspicuous in legislative halls, 45.
+
+
+  Jacobi, O. R., artist, 88.
+
+  Jamestown, Va., in ruins, 3, 61.
+
+  Jesuit College, founded at Quebec, 7.
+
+  Jesuit Relations, 6, 63.
+
+  Johnstone, James W., statesman, 15.
+
+
+  Kalm, Peter, his reference to culture and science in French Canada,
+            8, 64.
+
+  Kane, Paul, painter of Indian scenes, 88.
+
+  Katzmann, M. J., poet, 77.
+
+  Kingsford, W., his "History of Canada," 71;
+    his address, _In Memoriam_, Sir D. Wilson, 34, 84.
+
+  Kirby, W., his "Golden Dog," and other works, 27, 81.
+
+  Knowles, G., artist, 88.
+
+  Krieghoff, painter of Canadian scenery, 88.
+
+
+  Laflamme, Prof., contributor to Royal Society, 39.
+
+  Lafitau, his account of Indian life and customs, 6, 63.
+
+  Lafontaine, Sir Louis Hypolite, statesman, 14.
+
+  "Lake Lyrics," poems by W. Campbell, 75.
+
+  Lampman, Archibald, poet, 20, 75.
+
+  "Later Canadian Poems," collected by J. E. Wetherell, 76.
+
+  Laval University, mentioned, 7, 39, 70.
+
+  Law, literature of, in Canada, 43.
+
+  Legendre, N., author, 76.
+
+  "Légendes Canadiennes," by Abbé Casgrain, 71.
+
+  "Legend of the Rose," poem by S. J. Watson, 73.
+
+  Legislative Buildings at Quebec, their architecture, 90.
+
+  Legislative Buildings at Toronto, their architecture, 90.
+
+  LeMay, P., his poems, 20, 73.
+
+  Lescarbot, Marc, his "Nouvelle France," 6, 62.
+
+  Lespérance, John, novelist, 77.
+
+  "Les Echos," poems by Judge Routhier, 74.
+
+  "Les Fleurs Boréales," prize poems by L. Fréchette, 72.
+
+  "Les Laurentiennes," poems by B. Sulte, 73.
+
+  LeSueur, W. D., essayist, 81.
+
+  Libraries in Canada, before 1840, 10;
+    at present time, 53, 87, 90.
+
+  Lighthall, W. D., his collection of Canadian poems, 76.
+
+  Lockhart, B. W. and A. J., poets, 74.
+
+  Logan, Sir William, geologist, born in Canada, 19.
+
+  "London Times," an example of a perfect newspaper, 16.
+
+  Lorne, Marquess of, establishes the Royal Society of Canada, 33;
+    and the Canadian Academy of Art, with the Princess Louise, 54.
+
+  Louise, H. R. H. the Princess, her labours in connection with Art in
+            Canada, 54.
+
+  Lowell, James Russell, his remarks on the measure of a nation's true
+            success, 1, 2;
+    on the study of the classics, 61.
+
+
+  Macdonald, Sir John A., statesman, 15.
+
+  Machar, Miss ("Fidelis"), one of her poems quoted, 60, 90.
+
+  Mackenzie, Hon. Alexander, statesman, 15.
+
+  Mackenzie, William Lyon, politician and agitator, 14.
+
+  Magazine, need of, in Canada, 40, 41;
+    the old "Canadian Monthly," 40.
+
+  Mair, Charles, poet, 20, 74.
+
+  Manly, C. M., artist, 54.
+
+  Marmette, J., works cited, 82.
+
+  Martin, E. May, artist, 88.
+
+  Martin, Mower, artist, 87.
+
+  "Masque of Minstrels," poems by the Lockhart Brothers, 74.
+
+  Mather, Cotton, his _Magnalia_, 7, 64.
+
+  Matthew, G. F., his contributions to the Royal Society, 39.
+
+  Matthews, H. M., artist, 87.
+
+  McCarthy, Hamilton, sculptor, 88.
+
+  McColl, Evan, his Gaelic poems, 77.
+
+  McGee, T. D'Arcy, statesman and author, 15.
+
+  McLachlan, Alexander, his poems, 17, 69.
+
+  Metropolitan Methodist Church at Toronto, its architecture, 90.
+
+  "Montcalm et Lévis," history by Abbé Casgrain, 20.
+
+  Montesquieu, his "Esprit des Lois," its high place in literature, 31.
+
+  Montreal, its Art Gallery, 53;
+    its architectural features, 57, 91.
+
+  Morin, Augustin Norbert, statesman, 14.
+
+  Muntz, Miss, artist, 54, 88.
+
+
+  Newspapers in Canada, previous to 1867, 9, 16, 66;
+    at present time, 51;
+    their character, 52.
+
+  Novel-writing in Canada, not generally successful, 27;
+    exceptions, "Golden Dog" by Kirby, 27;
+    "François de Bienville" by Marmette, 27;
+    "Les Anciens Canadiens" by De Gaspé, 27;
+    De Mille's works, 29;
+    Sara Jeannette Duncan, 29;
+    Gilbert Parker, 28;
+    L. Dougall, 29.
+
+  Notre Dame de Lourdes, in Montreal, decorated by N. Bourassa, 88.
+
+
+  O'Brien, L. R., artist, 54.
+
+  O'Brien, Most Rev. Dr., author, 74.
+
+  O'Doyle, L. O'Connor, orator, 15.
+
+  O'Hagan, T., poet, 74.
+
+  "Oiseaux de Neige, Les," poems by L. Fréchette, 72.
+
+  "Orion" and other poems, by Professor Roberts, 74.
+
+  Osgoode Hall in Toronto, its architecture, 90.
+
+  "Our Fathers," by Joseph Howe, mentioned, 77.
+
+
+  Papineau, Louis Joseph, statesman, 14.
+
+  Parkman, Francis, his vivid historical pictures of Canada, 4.
+
+  Parish Church of Notre Dame at Montreal, its architecture, 90.
+
+  Parliament and Departmental Buildings at Ottawa, their architecture,
+            90.
+
+  Parliamentary Library at Ottawa, its architecture, 90.
+
+  Patterson, A. D., artist, 54, 88.
+
+  Patterson, Dr., his contributions to Royal Society of Canada, 38.
+
+  Peel, Paul, artist, 88.
+
+  "Pine, Rose and Fleur-de-Lis," poems by S. Frances Harrison,
+            ("Seranus"), 76.
+
+  Pinhey, John, artist, 54, 88.
+
+  Poets of Canada;
+    previous to 1867, 17;
+    from 1867-1893, 20, 72;
+    estimate of their productions, 20-25;
+    patriotic strain of many of their efforts, 25-27.
+
+  Political Life in Canada, attracts best intellects in old times,
+            11, 43;
+    also at present, 43, 44.
+
+  Potherie, La, his "Amérique Septentrionale," 6, 63.
+
+  "Professor Conant," novel by L. S. Huntington, 82.
+
+  "Prehistoric Man," by Sir D. Wilson, 81.
+
+  Pulpit, literature of, in Canada, 43.
+
+
+  Raphael, W., artist, 54.
+
+  Reade, John, his poems, 20, 21, 73;
+    his "In My Heart" quoted at length, 77;
+    essayist, 81.
+
+  Redpath Library at Montreal, 90.
+
+  Reid, G. A., Canadian artist, his "Foreclosure of the Mortgage," his
+            success at the World's Fair, 87.
+
+  Religious literature, 10.
+
+  Richardson, A. H., the architect, a lover of the Romanesque,
+            mentioned, 57.
+
+  Richardson, Major, his romances, 82.
+
+  Riley, James Whitcomb, the poet, 20.
+
+  Roberts, C. G. D., his poems, 20, 26, 74.
+
+  "Roberval," poem by J. H. Duvar, 75.
+
+  Routhier, J. B., poet, 74.
+
+  Royal Society of Canada, its foundation, 33;
+    its objects, 33-36;
+    its success, 36;
+    its Transactions and their circulation, 36, 37;
+    some of its most prominent contributions to the literature of
+            learning and science, 37-39;
+    its connection with "Tidal Observations," and the determination of
+            the true longitude of Montreal, etc., 38;
+    asks for sympathetic encouragement, 42;
+      see note 58, p. 84.
+
+  Ruskin, John, 21;
+    quoted, 48.
+
+  Ryan, Carroll, poet, 73.
+
+
+  Sagard, Gabriel, his "Grand Voyage," etc., 6, 63.
+
+  Sainte-Beuve on French poetry, 22;
+    on good workmanship in literature, and criticism, 47.
+
+  Saint-Maurice, Faucher de, mentioned, "Sam Slick," by Judge
+            Haliburton, 11, 12, 66.
+
+  Sangster, Charles, his poems, 17, 69.
+
+  Sarrazin, Dr. Michel, his scientific labours in Canada, 8, 64.
+
+  Schools in Canada, number of, 65;
+    pupils at same, 65.
+
+  Science, Canadians achieve notable success therein, 32.
+
+  Sculptors in Canada, 57, 88.
+
+  Secord, Laura, her toilsome journey in 1813, described by Mrs. Edgar,
+            78;
+    worthy of a poet's pen, 24.
+
+  Selections from Canadian Poets, by E. H. Dewart, 73.
+
+  Seminary, The Great and Lesser, founded at Quebec, 6.
+
+  "Simple Adventures of a Memsahib," by Sara J. Duncan, 83.
+
+  Sladen, Douglas, his collection of American poems, 76.
+
+  Smith, Captain John, compared with Samuel Champlain, 62.
+
+  Smith, Goldwin, on the study of the classics, 49.
+
+  Smith, William, his History of Canada, 12, 66.
+
+  "Social Departure, A," by Sara J. Duncan, 29, 83.
+
+  "Songs of the Great Dominion," collection of poems by W. D. Lighthall,
+            76.
+
+  "Songs of Life," by E. H. Dewart, 73.
+
+  "Songs of a Wanderer," by Carroll Ryan, 73.
+
+  St. Andrew's Church at Toronto, its architecture, 90.
+
+  St. James's Cathedral at Toronto, its architecture, 90.
+
+  Statesmanship in Canada, 15, 42.
+
+  Stewart, Dr. George, his literary efforts, 81.
+
+  Suite, historian and poet, 20, 71, 73.
+
+
+  Tanguay, Abbé, his "Dictionnaire Généalogique des Canadiens Français,"
+            72.
+
+  Tassé, Joseph, his writings, 72.
+
+  "Tecumseh," poem by C. Mair, 74.
+
+  "Tendres Choses," poem by R. Chevrier, 76.
+
+  "This Canada of Ours," poem by J. D. Edgar, 76.
+
+  Thompson, David, his book on the War of 1812, 12, 67.
+
+  Thompson, Ernest, artist, 87.
+
+  Tilley, Sir Leonard S., statesman, 15.
+
+  Todd, A., his "Parliamentary Government," 18, 69.
+
+  Trinity College at Toronto, its architecture, 90.
+
+  "Trois Morts," poem by O. Crémazie, 68.
+
+  Tully, Sidney, artist, 87.
+
+  Tupper, Sir Charles, statesman, 15.
+
+  Turcotte, L., his "History of Canada," 20, 71.
+
+
+  Uniacke, J. Boyle, statesman, 15.
+
+  Universities and Colleges in Canada, 65.
+
+  University of Toronto, its architecture, 90.
+
+
+  Verner, F. A., artist, 54.
+
+  Verreau, Abbé, contributor to Royal Society, 38.
+
+
+  "Wacousta, or the Prophecy," romance by Major J. Richardson, 82.
+
+  Waters, Frank, poet, 75.
+
+  Watson, Homer, artist, 54.
+
+  Watson, S. J., poet, 73.
+
+  Way, Chief Justice, of Adelaide, S. A., mentioned, 80.
+
+  "Week, The," its literary work in Canada, 40.
+
+  "White Stone Canoe," poem by J. D. Edgar, 76.
+
+  Whitman, Walt, as poet, 23.
+
+  Wicksteed, G. W., poet, 74.
+
+  Wilmot, Judge, statesman, 14.
+
+  Wilson, Sir D., one of the founders and constant workers of the Royal
+            Society, 33, 38.
+
+  Woodcock, Percy, artist, 87.
+
+  World's Fair at Chicago, 54;
+    beauty of architecture, and excellence of exhibition of paintings
+            and statuary, 55-57;
+    must help to develop higher artistic achievement in America, 57;
+    Canadian painters at, 55, 56.
+
+
+  "Younger American Poets," collection by D. Sladen, 76.
+
+  Young, Sir William, statesman, 15.
+
+
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+  Footnotes placed at end of their respective chapter
+
+  Obvious punctuation and spelling errors corrected
+
+  Pg. 6: Note 11 for "... the admirable account of Indian life and
+  customs by the Jesuit Lafitau," changed to 11_a_
+
+  Pg. 27: Note 44_a_ for "... written sixty years ago by Major John
+  Richardson," changed to 45_a_
+
+  Pg. 42: Note/Footnote 58 * for "... yet in the infantry of its literary
+  life." changed to Footnote F
+
+  Pg. 63: In "(8) Page 6.--The Canadian Government...." changed to "(9)
+  Page 6.--The Canadian Government...."
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 55499 ***
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-<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Our Intellectual Strength and Weakness, by

-John George Bourinot</h1>

-<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States

-and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no

-restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it

-under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this

-eBook or online at <a

-href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>.  If you are not

-located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the

-country where you are located before using this ebook.</p>

-<p>Title: Our Intellectual Strength and Weakness</p>

-<p>       A Short Historical and Critical Review of Literature, Art and Education in Canada</p>

-<p>Author: John George Bourinot</p>

-<p>Release Date: September 7, 2017  [eBook #55499]</p>

-<p>Language: English</p>

-<p>Character set encoding: UTF-8</p>

-<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OUR INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS***</p>

-<p>&nbsp;</p>

-<h4>E-text prepared by Larry B. Harrison<br />

-    and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />

-    (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br />

-    from page images generously made available by<br />

-    Internet Archive<br />

-    (<a href="https://archive.org">https://archive.org</a>)</h4>

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-      Note:

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-      Images of the original pages are available through

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-      <a href="https://archive.org/details/ourintellectuals00jgborich">

-      https://archive.org/details/ourintellectuals00jgborich</a>

-    </td>

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-</table>

-<p>&nbsp;</p>

-<hr class="full" />

-<p>&nbsp;</p>

-<p>&nbsp;</p>

-<p>&nbsp;</p>

-

-<div class="figcenter newpage">

-  <img src="images/i_title.jpg" width="536" height="800" alt="title_page" />

-</div>

-

-

-

-

-<hr />

-

-<p class="half-title in0"><i>Royal Society of Canada Series.</i><br /><br />

-No. 1.<br /><br />

-OUR INTELLECTUAL<br />

-STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS.</p>

-

-

-

-

-<hr />

-

-<div class="box">

-<p class="newpage center in0"><span class="xlarge">WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR.</span></p>

-

-

-<p>Parliamentary Practice and Procedure, with a review

-of the origin, growth, and operation of parliamentary

-institutions in Canada. And an Appendix containing

-the British North America Act of 1867 and amending

-acts, Governor-General's commission and instructions,

-forms of proceeding in the Senate and House of Commons,

-etc.; 2nd ed., revised and enlarged, 8vo., pp. 970,

-cloth and calf. Montreal: Dawson Bros., 1892. $8.</p>

-

-<p>A Manual of the Constitutional History of Canada,

-from the earliest period to the year 1888, including the

-B. N. A. Act of 1867, and a digest of judicial decisions on

-questions of legislative jurisdiction. 12mo. pp. 238.

-Montreal: Dawson Bros. Cloth, $1.25.</p>

-

-<p>Canadian Studies in Comparative Politics: I. Canada

-and English Institutions; II. Canada and the United

-States; III. Canada and Switzerland. Large 4to. pp.

-100. Montreal: Dawson Bros. Cloth, $1.</p>

-

-<p>Local Government in Canada. 8vo. pp. 72. Baltimore:

-Johns Hopkins University Studies. Paper, 50c.</p>

-

-<p>Federal Government in Canada. 8vo. pp. 172. Baltimore:

-Johns Hopkins University Studies, 1889. Paper,

-50c.</p>

-

-<p>Parliamentary Government in Canada: an historical

-and constitutional study. Annals of American Historical

-Association. 8vo. pp. 98. Washington: Government

-Printing Office, 1893. Paper, $1.</p>

-

-<p>Descriptive and Historical Account of the Island of

-Cape Breton, and of its Memorials of the French Regime,

-with bibliographical, historical and critical notes, and

-old maps; plans and illustrations of Louisbourg. Large

-4to. pp. 180. Montreal: Foster Brown &amp; Co., 1892. Fancy

-cloth, $3.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-

-

-<hr />

-

-<h1><i>Royal Society of Canada Series.</i><br /><br />

-

-OUR INTELLECTUAL<br />

-<span class="large">STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS</span><br /><br />

-

-<span class="small">A SHORT HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL REVIEW OF LITERATURE,<br />

-ART AND EDUCATION IN CANADA,</span><br /><br />

-

-<span class="small">BY</span><br />

-<span class="smcap">J. G. BOURINOT, c.m.g., ll.d., d.c.l., d.l. (laval)</span>.<br /><br />

-

-<span class="smcap small">Author of "CAPE BRETON AND ITS MEMORIALS OF THE FRENCH REGIME," and of<br />

-several works on Federal and Parliamentary Government<br />

-in the Dominion of Canada.</span><br /><br /><br /><br />

-

-<span class="small">MONTREAL:<br />

-<span class="gesperrt">FOSTER BROWN &amp; CO.</span><br /><br />

-

-LONDON:<br />

-<span class="gesperrt">BERNARD QUARITCH.</span><br /><br />

-

-1893</span></h1>

-

-

-

-

-<hr />

-

-<p class="newpage center in0">Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada by <span class="smcap">J. G. Bourinot</span>, in the Office<br />

-of the Minister of Agriculture, in the year 1893.<br /><br />

-

-GAZETTE PRINTING COMPANY, MONTREAL.</p>

-

-

-

-

-<hr />

-

-<p class="newpage center in0"><span class="large"><i>To my Friends</i></span><br />

-<span class="smcap large">Sir J. W. DAWSON, (c.m.g., f.r.s.c., ll.d.)</span><br />

-AND<br />

-<span class="smcap large">MONSIGNOR HAMEL, (m.a., f.r.s.c.)</span>,<br />

-WHO REPRESENT THE CULTURE AND LEARNING OF THE ENGLISH AND FRENCH<br />

-ELEMENTS OF THE CANADIAN PEOPLE,<br />

-<i>I dedicate</i><br />

-THIS SHORT REVIEW OF THE INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT<br />

-OF THE NEW DOMINION.<br />

-</p>

-

-

-

-

-<hr />

-

-<p class="newpage center bold in0"><span class="xlarge">PREFATORY NOTE.</span></p>

-

-

-<p>This monograph on the intellectual development of the Dominion

-was delivered in substance as the presidential address to

-the Royal Society of Canada at its May meeting of 1893, in

-Ottawa. Since then the author has given the whole subject a

-careful revision, and added a number of bibliographical and other

-literary notes which could not conveniently appear in the text

-of the address, but are likely to interest those who wish to follow

-more closely the progress of culture in a country still struggling

-with the difficulties of the material development of half a continent.

-This little volume, as the title page shows, is intended as

-the commencement of a series of historical and other essays

-which will be periodically reproduced, in this more convenient

-form for the general reader, from the large quarto volumes of the

-Royal Society of Canada, where they first appear.</p>

-

-<p class="sigleft"><span class="smcap">Ottawa</span>, 1st October, 1893.</p>

-

-

-

-

-<hr />

-

-                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">ix</a></span></p>

-

-<p class="newpage center bold in0"><span class="xlarge">ANALYSIS OF CONTENTS.</span></p>

-

-

-<blockquote>

-<p class="in0 center p1t">I.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</p>

-

-<p class="hang p1b">Introductory remarks on the overestimate of material success in America; citation

-from an oration on the subject by James Russell Lowell; application of his

-remarks to Canadians.</p>

-

-<p class="in0 center">II.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</p>

-

-<p class="hang p1b">Three well defined eras of development in Canada; the French regime and its heroic

-aspect; the works of Champlain, Lescarbot, Potherie, Le Clercq, Charlevoix and

-others; evidences of some culture in Quebec and Montreal; the foundation of

-the Jesuit College and the Seminaries; Peter Kalm on the study of science;

-the mental apathy of the colony generally in the days of French supremacy.</p>

-

-<p class="in0 center">III.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</p>

-

-<p class="hang p1b">The period of political development from 1760&ndash;1840, under English government; low

-state of popular education; growth of the press; influence of the clergy; intellectual

-contests in legislative halls; publication of "Sam Slick"; development

-of a historical literature.</p>

-

-<p class="in0 center">IV.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</p>

-

-<p class="hang p1b">An era of intellectual as well as material activity commences in 1840, after the concession

-of responsible government; political life still claims best intellects;

-names of prominent politicians and statesmen from 1840&ndash;1867; performance in

-literature and science; gross partisanship of the press; poems of Cr&#233;mazie,

-Howe, Sangster and others; histories of Christie, Bibaud, Garneau and

-Ferland.</p>

-

-<p class="in0 center">V.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</p>

-

-<p class="hang p1b">Historical writers from 1867&ndash;1893&mdash;Dent, Turcotte, Casgrain, Sulte, Kingsford, etc.;

-Canadian poets&mdash;LeMay, Reade, Mair, Roberts, Carman and others; critical

-remarks on the character of French and English Canadian poetry; comparison

-between Canadian and Australian writers; patriotic spirit of Canadian poems.</p>

-

-<p class="in0 center">VI.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</p>

-

-<p class="hang p1b">Essay writing in Canada; weakness of attempts at fiction; Richardson's "Wacousta";

-De Gasp&#233;'s "Anciens Canadiens"; Kirby's "Golden Dog"; Marmette's

-"F. de Bienville," among best works of this class; Professor De Mille and his

-works; successful efforts of Canadians abroad&mdash;Gilbert Parker, Sara Jeannette

-Duncan and L. Dougall; general remarks on literary progress during half a

-century; the literature of science in Canada eminently successful.</p>

-

-<p class="in0 center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">x</a></span>VII.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</p>

-

-<p class="hang p1b">A short review of the origin and history of the Royal Society of Canada; its aim, the

-encouragement of the literature of learning and science, and of original ethnographical,

-arch&#230;ological, historic and scientific investigation; desirous of

-stimulating broad literary criticism; associated with all other Canadian societies

-engaged in the same work; the wide circulation of its Transactions throughout

-the world; the need of a magazine of a high class in Canada.</p>

-

-<p class="in0 center">VIII.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</p>

-

-<p class="hang p1b">The intellectual standard of our legislative bodies; the literature of biography, law

-and theology; summary of general results of intellectual development; difficulties

-in the way of successful literary pursuits in Canada; good work sure of

-appreciative criticism by the best class of English periodicals like the "Contemporary,"

-"Athen&#230;um," "English Historical Magazine," "Academy," etc.;

-Sainte-Beuve's advice to cultivate a good style cited; some colonial conditions

-antagonistic to literary growth; the necessity of cultivating a higher ideal of

-literature in these modern times.</p>

-

-<p class="in0 center">IX.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</p>

-

-<p class="hang p1b">The condition of education in Canada; speed and superficiality among the defects

-of an otherwise admirable system; tendency to make all studies subordinate

-to a purely utilitarian spirit; the need of cultivating the "humanities," especially

-Greek; remarks on this point by Matthew Arnold and Goldwin Smith;

-the state of the press of Canada; the Canadian Pythia and Olympia.</p>

-

-<p class="in0 center">X.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</p>

-

-<p class="hang p1b">Libraries in Canada; development of art; absence of art galleries in the cities, and

-of large private collections of paintings; meritorious work of O'Brien, Reed,

-Peel, Pinhey, Forster and others; establishment of the Canadian Academy by

-the Princess Louise and the Marquess of Lorne; necessity for greater encouragement

-of native artists; success of Canadian artists at the World's Fair;

-architecture in Canada imitative and not creative; the White City at Chicago

-an illustration of the triumph of intellectual and artistic effort over the spirit

-of mere materialism; its effect probably the development of a higher culture

-and creative artistic genius on the continent.</p>

-

-<p class="in0 center">XI.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">Conclusion: The French language and its probable duration in Canada; the advantages

-of a friendly rivalry among French and English Canadians, which will

-best stimulate the genius of their peoples in art and letters; necessity for sympathetic

-encouragement of the two languages and of the mental efforts of each

-other; less provincialism or narrowness of mental vision likely to gain larger

-audiences in other countries; conditions of higher intellectual development

-largely dependent on a widening of our mental horizon, the creation of wider

-sympathy for native talent, the disappearance of a tendency to self-depreciation,

-and greater self-reliance and confidence in our own intellectual resources.</p>

-</blockquote>

-

-

-

-

-<hr />

-

-                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">xi</a></span></p>

-

-<p class="newpage center bold in0"><span class="xlarge">BIBLIOGRAPHICAL, ART AND GENERAL NOTES</span>.</p>

-

-

-<blockquote>

-<p class="hang">(1) P. <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.&mdash;Lowell's remarks on the study of the Liberal Arts.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(2) P. <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.&mdash;Jamestown, Va.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(3) P. <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.&mdash;Champlain's Works; his character compared with that of Captain John

-Smith.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(4) P. <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.&mdash;Lescarbot's "Histoire de la Nouvelle France."</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(5) P. <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.&mdash;Charlevoix's "Histoire et Description G&#233;n&#233;rale de la Nouvelle France."</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(6) P. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.&mdash;Hutchinson's "History of Massachusetts."</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(7) P. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.&mdash;Sagard's "Le Grand Voyage," etc.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(8) P. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.&mdash;P. Boucher's "M&#339;urs et Productions de la Nouvelle France."</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(9) P. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.&mdash;Jesuit Relations.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(10) P. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.&mdash;P&#232;re du Creux, "Historia Canadensis."</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(11) P. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.&mdash;La Potherie's "Histoire de l'Am&#233;rique Septentrionale."</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(11<i>a</i>) P. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.&mdash;The Jesuit Lafitau and his work on Indian customs.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(12) P. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.&mdash;C. le Clercq, "Etablissement de la Foy."</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(13) P. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.&mdash;Cotton Mather's "Magnalia."</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(13<i>a</i>) P. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.&mdash;Dr. Michel Sarrazin.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(13<i>b</i>) P. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>,&mdash;Peter Kalm and the English colonies.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(14) P. <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.&mdash;Education in Canada, 1792&ndash;1893.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(15) P. <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.&mdash;Upper Canada, 1792&ndash;1840.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(16) P. <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.&mdash;Canadian Journalism.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(17) P. <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.&mdash;Howe's Speeches.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(18) P. <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.&mdash;"Sam Slick."</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(19) P. <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.&mdash;Judge Haliburton's History of Nova Scotia.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(20) P. <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.&mdash;W. Smith's History of Canada.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(21) P. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.&mdash;Joseph Bouchette's Topographical Works on Canada.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(22) P. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.&mdash;M. Bibaud's Histories of Canada.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(23) P. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.&mdash;Thompson's Book on the War of 1812&ndash;14.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(24) P. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.&mdash;Belknap's History of New Hampshire.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(25) P. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.&mdash;The poet Cr&#233;mazie.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(26) P. <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.&mdash;Chauveau as a poet.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(27) P. <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.&mdash;Howe's Poems.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(28) P. <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.&mdash;The poets Sangster and McLachlan.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(29) P. <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.&mdash;Charles Heavysege's Works.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(30) P. <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.&mdash;Todd's Parliamentary Government.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(31) P. <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.&mdash;Christie's History of Lower Canada.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(32) P. <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.&mdash;Garneau's History of Canada.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(33) P. <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.&mdash;Ferland and Faillon as Canadian Historians.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(34) P. <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.&mdash;Dent's Histories of Canada.</p>

-

-<p class="hang"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">xii</a></span>(35) P. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.&mdash;Turcotte's History since Union of 1841.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(36) P. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.&mdash;B. Sulte, "Histoire des Canadiens Fran&#231;ais," etc.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(37) P. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.&mdash;Abb&#233; Casgrain's Works.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(38) P. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.&mdash;Kingsford, Dionne, Gosselin, Tass&#233;, Tanguay, and other Canadian

-historians.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(39) P. <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.&mdash;A Canadian Bibliography.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(40) P. <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.&mdash;Later Canadian Poets, 1867&ndash;1893: Fr&#233;chette, LeMay, W. Campbell

-Roberts, Lampman, Mair, O'Brien, McColl, Suite, Lockhart, Murray,

-Edgar, O'Hagan, Davin, etc. Collections of Canadian poems. Citations

-from Canadian poems.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(41) P. <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.&mdash;"In My Heart." By John Reade.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(41<i>a</i>) P. <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.&mdash;"Laura Secord's Warning," from Mrs. Edgar's "Ridout Letters."</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(42) P. <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.&mdash;Australian poets and novelists.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(43) P. <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.&mdash;Howe's "Flag of Old England."</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(44) P. <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.&mdash;Canadian essayists: Stewart, Grant, Griffin and others.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(45) P. <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.&mdash;W. Kirby's "Golden Dog" and other works.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(45<i>a</i>) P. <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.&mdash;Major Richardson's "Wacousta," etc.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(46) P. <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.&mdash;Marmette's "Fran&#231;ois de Bienville," and other romances.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(47) P. <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.&mdash;De Gasp&#233;'s "Anciens Canadiens."</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(48) P. <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.&mdash;Mrs. Catherwood's works of fiction.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(49) P. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.&mdash;Gilbert Parker's writings.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(50) P. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.&mdash;DeMille's fiction.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(51) P. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.&mdash;Sara Jeannette Duncan's "A Social Departure," etc.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(52) P. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.&mdash;Matthew Arnold on Literature and Science.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(53) P. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.&mdash;Principal Grant's Address to Royal Society.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(54) P. <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.&mdash;Sir J. W. Dawson's scientific labours.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(55) P. <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.&mdash;Elkanah Billings as scientist.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(56) P. <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.&mdash;Origin of Royal Society of Canada.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(57) P. <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.&mdash;Sir D. Wilson, T. S. Hunt and Mr. Chauveau.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(58) P. <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.&mdash;Canadian Literary and Scientific Societies.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(58<i>a</i>) P. <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.&mdash;The Earl of Derby's farewell address to the Royal Society. His opinion

-of its work and usefulness.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(59) P. <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.&mdash;S. E. Dawson on Tennyson.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(60) P. <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.&mdash;The old "Canadian Monthly."</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(61) P. <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.&mdash;Form of Royal Society Transactions.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(62) P. <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.&mdash;Goldwin Smith on the study of the Classics.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(63) P. <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.&mdash;Canadian Libraries.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(64) P. <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.&mdash;List of artists in Canada. Native born and adopted. Art societies. Influence

-of French school. Canadian artists at the World's Fair.

-J. W. L. Forster on Canadian art.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(64<i>a</i>) P. <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.&mdash;Architectural art in Canada. List of prominent public buildings noted

-for beauty and symmetry of form.</p>

-

-<p class="hang">(65) P. <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.&mdash;"Fidelis."</p>

-</blockquote>

-

-

-

-

-<hr />

-

-<div class="chapter">

-                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">1</a></span></p>

-

-<div class="figcenter newpage">

-  <img src="images/i_001.jpg" width="550" height="101" alt="decor" />

-</div>

-

-<p class="center bold in0 p1t"><span class="xlarge">OUR INTELLECTUAL</span><br />

-<span class="xxlarge">STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS.</span><br /><br />

-

-A SHORT REVIEW OF<br />

-<span class="smcap xlarge">Literature, Education and Art in Canada</span></p>

-

-

-

-<h2 class="no-break"><a name="I" id="I"></a>I.</h2>

-</div>

-

-

-<p>I cannot more appropriately commence this address than by

-a reference to an oration delivered seven years ago in the great

-hall of a famous university which stands beneath the stately

-elms of Cambridge, in the old "Bay State" of Massachusetts: a

-noble seat of learning in which Canadians take a deep interest,

-not only because some of their sons have completed their education

-within its walls, but because it represents that culture and

-scholarship which know no national lines of separation, but

-belong to the world's great Federation of Learning. The orator

-was a man who, by his deep philosophy, his poetic genius, his

-broad patriotism, his love for England, her great literature and

-history, had won for himself a reputation not equalled in some

-respects by any other citizen of the United States of these later

-times. In the course of a brilliant oration in honour<a name="FNanchor_1_9" id="FNanchor_1_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_9" class="fnanchor">[1]</a><a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> of the two

-hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of Harvard,

-James Russell Lowell took occasion to warn his audience against

-the tendency of a prosperous democracy "towards an overweening

-confidence in itself and its home-made methods, an overestimate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">2</a></span>

-of material success and a corresponding indifference to the things

-of the mind." He did not deny that wealth is a great fertilizer of

-civilization and of the arts that beautify it; that wealth is an

-excellent thing since it means power, leisure and liberty; "but

-these," he went on to say, "divorced from culture, that is, from

-intelligent purpose, become the very mockery of their own essence,

-not goods, but evils fatal to their possessor, and bring with them,

-like the Nibelungen Hoard, a doom instead of a blessing." "I

-am saddened," he continued, "when I see our success as a nation

-measured by the number of acres under tillage, or of bushels of

-wheat exported; for the real value of a country must be weighed

-in scales more delicate than the balance of trade. The garners of

-Sicily are empty now, but the bees from all climes still fetch

-honey from the tiny garden-plot of Theocritus. On a map of the

-world you may cover Judea with your thumb, Athens with a

-finger-tip, and neither of them figures in the Prices Current; but

-they still lord it in the thought and action of every civilized man.

-Did not Dante cover with his hood all that was Italy six hundred

-years ago? And if we go back a century, where was Germany

-outside of Weimar? Material success is good, but only as the

-necessary preliminary of better things. The measure of a nation's

-true success is the amount it has contributed to the thought, the

-moral energy, the intellectual happiness, the spiritual hope and

-consolation of mankind."</p>

-

-<p>These eloquently suggestive words, it must be remembered,

-were addressed by a great American author to an audience, made

-up of eminent scholars and writers, in the principal academic

-seat of that New England which has given birth to Emerson,

-Longfellow, Bancroft, Prescott, Motley, Hawthorne, Holmes,

-Parkman, and many others, representing the brightest thought

-and intellect of this continent. These writers were the product

-of the intellectual development of the many years that had

-passed since the pilgrims landed on the historic rock of Plymouth.

-Yet, while Lowell could point to such a brilliant array of historians,

-essayists, poets and novelists, as I have just named, as

-the latest results of New England culture, he felt compelled to

-utter a word of remonstrance against that spirit of materialism<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">3</a></span>

-that was then as now abroad in the land, tending to stifle those

-generous intellectual aspirations which are best calculated to

-make a people truly happy and great.</p>

-

-<p>Let us now apply these remarks of the eminent American

-poet and thinker to Canada&mdash;to ourselves, whose history is even

-older than that of New England; contemporaneous rather with

-that of Virginia, since Champlain landed on the heights of Quebec

-and laid the foundations of the ancient capital only a year

-after the English adventurers of the days of King James set their

-feet on the banks of the river named after that sovereign and

-commenced the old town which has long since disappeared

-before the tides of the ocean that stretches away beyond the

-shores of the Old Dominion.<a name="FNanchor_2_10" id="FNanchor_2_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_10" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> If we in Canada are open to the

-same charge of attaching too much importance to material things,

-are we able at the same time to point to as notable achievements

-in literature as results of the three centuries that have nearly

-passed since the foundation of New France? I do not suppose

-that the most patriotic Canadian, however ready to eulogize his

-own country, will make an effort to claim an equality with New

-England in this respect; but, if indeed we feel it necessary to

-offer any comparison that would do us justice, it would be with

-that Virginia whose history is contemporaneous with that of

-French Canada. Statesmanship rather than Letters has been the

-pride and ambition of the Old Dominion, its brightest and highest

-achievement. Virginia has been the mother of great orators and

-great presidents, and her men of letters sink into insignificance

-alongside of those of New England. It may be said, too, of

-Canada, that her history in the days of the French regime, during

-the struggle for responsible government, as well as at the birth

-of confederation, gives us the names of men of statesmanlike

-designs and of patriotic purpose. From the days of Champlain

-to the establishment of the confederation, Canada has had the

-services of men as eminent in their respective spheres, and as

-successful in the attainment of popular rights, in moulding the

-educational and political institutions of the country, and in laying

-broad and deep the foundations of a new nationality across

-half a continent, as those great Virginians to whom the world is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">4</a></span>

-ever ready to pay its meed of respect. These Virginian statesmen

-won their fame in the large theatre of national achievement&mdash;in

-laying the basis of the most remarkable federal republic the

-world has ever seen; whilst Canadian public men have laboured

-with equal earnestness and ability in that far less conspicuous

-and brilliant arena of colonial development, the eulogy of which

-has to be written in the histories of the future.</p>

-

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> In all cases the references are to the <a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHICAL_ART_AND_GENERAL_NOTES">Notes</a> in the Appendix.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-

-

-<hr />

-

-<div class="chapter">

-<h2><a name="II" id="II"></a>II.</h2>

-</div>

-

-

-<p>Let me now ask you to follow me for a short time whilst I

-review some of the most salient features of our intellectual

-progress since the days Canada entered on its career of competition

-in the civilization of this continent. So far there have

-been three well defined eras of development in the country now

-known as the Dominion of Canada. First, there was the era of

-French Canadian occupation which in many respects had its

-heroic and picturesque features. Then, after the cession of Canada

-to England, came that era of political and constitutional struggle

-for a larger measure of public liberty which ended in the establishment

-of responsible government about half a century ago. Then

-we come to that era which dates from the confederation of the

-provinces&mdash;an era of which the first quarter of a century only has

-passed, of which the signs are still full of promise, despite the

-prediction of gloomy thinkers, if Canadians remain true to themselves

-and face the future with the same courage and confidence

-that have distinguished the past.</p>

-

-<p>As I have just said, the days of the French regime were in

-a sense days of heroic endeavour, since we see in the vista of the

-past a small colony whose total population at no period exceeded

-eighty thousand souls, chiefly living on the banks of the St.

-Lawrence, between Quebec and Montreal, and contending against

-great odds for the supremacy on the continent of America. The

-pen of Francis Parkman has given a vivid picture of those days

-when bold adventurers unlocked the secrets of this Canadian

-Dominion, pushed into the western wilderness, followed unknown

-rivers, and at last found a way to the waters of that southern

-gulf where Spain had long before, in the days of Grijalva, Cortez<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">5</a></span>

-and Pineda, planted her flag and won treasures of gold and silver

-from an unhappy people who soon learned to curse the day when

-the white men came to the fair islands of the south and the rich

-country of Mexico. In these days the world, with universal acclaim

-has paid its tribute of admiration to the memory of a great

-Discoverer who had the courage of his convictions and led the

-way to the unknown lands beyond the Azores and the Canaries.

-This present generation has forgiven him much in view of his

-heroism in facing the dangers of unknown seas and piercing

-their mysteries. His purpose was so great, and his success so

-conspicuous, that both have obscured his human weakness. In

-some respects he was wiser than the age in which he lived; in

-others he was the product of the greed and the superstition of

-that age; but we who owe him so much forget the frailty of

-the man in the sagacity of the Discoverer. As Canadians, however,

-now review the character of the great Genoese, and of his

-compeers and successors in the opening up of this continent,

-they must, with pride, come to the conclusion that none of these

-men can compare in nobility of purpose, in sincere devotion to

-God, King and Country, with Champlain, the sailor of Brouage,

-who became the founder of Quebec and the father of New

-France.</p>

-

-<p>In the daring ventures of Marquette, Jolliet, La Salle and

-Tonty, in the stern purpose of Frontenac, in the far-reaching

-plans of La Galissoni&#232;re, in the military genius of Montcalm, the

-historian of the present time has at his command the most attractive

-materials for his pen. But we cannot expect to find the

-signs of intellectual development among a people where there

-was not a single printing press, where freedom of thought and

-action was repressed by a paternal absolutism, where the struggle

-for life was very bitter up to the last hours of French

-supremacy in a country constantly exposed to the misfortunes of

-war, and too often neglected by a king who thought more of his

-mistresses than of his harassed and patient subjects across the

-sea. Yet that memorable period&mdash;days of struggle in many ways&mdash;was

-the origin of a large amount of literature which we, in

-these times, find of the deepest interest and value from a historic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">6</a></span>

-point of view. The English colonies of America cannot present

-us with any books which, for faithful narrative and simplicity

-of style, bear comparison with the admirable works of Champlain,

-explorer and historian,<a name="FNanchor_3_11" id="FNanchor_3_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_11" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> or with those of the genial and

-witty advocate, Marc Lescarbot,<a name="FNanchor_4_12" id="FNanchor_4_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_12" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> names that can never be forgotten

-on the picturesque heights of Quebec, or on the banks of

-the beautiful basin of Annapolis. Is there a Canadian or American

-writer who is not under a deep debt of obligation to the

-clear-headed and industrious Jesuit traveller, Charlevoix,<a name="FNanchor_5_13" id="FNanchor_5_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_13" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> the

-Nestor of French Canadian history? The only historical writer

-that can at all surpass him in New England was the loyalist

-Governor Hutchinson, and he published his books at a later

-time when the French dominion had disappeared with the fall

-of Quebec.<a name="FNanchor_6_14" id="FNanchor_6_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_14" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> To the works just mentioned we may add the books

-of Gabriel Sagard,<a name="FNanchor_7_15" id="FNanchor_7_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_15" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> and of Boucher, the governor of Three Rivers

-and founder of a still eminent French Canadian family;<a name="FNanchor_8_16" id="FNanchor_8_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_16" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> that

-remarkable collection of authentic historic narrative, known as

-the Jesuit Relations;<a name="FNanchor_9_17" id="FNanchor_9_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_17" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> even that tedious Latin compilation by

-P&#232;re du Creux,<a name="FNanchor_10_18" id="FNanchor_10_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_18" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> the useful narrative by La Potherie,<a name="FNanchor_11_19" id="FNanchor_11_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_19" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> the admirable

-account of Indian life and customs by the Jesuit Lafitau,<a name="FNanchor_11A_20" id="FNanchor_11A_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_11A_20" class="fnanchor">[11<i>a</i>]</a>

-and that now very rare historical account of the French colony,

-the "Etablissement de la Foy dans la Nouvelle France," written

-by the Recollet le Clercq,<a name="FNanchor_12_21" id="FNanchor_12_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_21" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> probably aided by Frontenac. In

-these and other works, despite their diffuseness in some cases,

-we have a library of historical literature, which, when supplemented

-by the great stores of official documents still preserved

-in the French archives, is of priceless value as a true and

-minute record of the times in which the authors lived, or which

-they described from the materials to which they alone had

-access. It may be said with truth that none of these writers

-were Canadians in the sense that they were born or educated in

-Canada, but still they were the product of the life, the hardships

-and the realities of New France&mdash;it was from this country they

-drew the inspiration that gave vigour and colour to their

-writings. New England, as I have already said, never originated

-a class of writers who produced work of equal value, or

-indeed of equal literary merit. Religious and polemic controversy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">7</a></span>

-had the chief attraction for the gloomy, disputatious puritan

-native of Massachusetts and the adjoining colonies. Cotton

-Mather was essentially a New England creation, and if quantity

-were the criterion of literary merit then he was the most distinguished

-author of his century; for it is said that indefatigable

-antiquarians have counted up the titles of nearly four hundred

-books and pamphlets by this industrious writer. His principal

-work, however, was the "Magnalia Christi Americana, or Ecclesiastical

-History of New England from 1620 to 1698,"<a name="FNanchor_13_22" id="FNanchor_13_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_22" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> a large

-folio, remarkable as a curious collection of strange conceits, forced

-witticisms, and prolixity of narrative, in which the venturesome

-reader soon finds himself so irretrievably mystified and lost that

-he rises from the perusal with wonderment that so much learning,

-as was evidently possessed by the author, could be so used

-to bewilder the world of letters. The historical knowledge is

-literally choked up with verbiage and mannerisms. Even prosy

-du Creux becomes tolerable at times compared with the garrulous

-Puritan author.</p>

-

-<p>Though books were rarely seen, and secular education was

-extremely defective as a rule throughout the French colony, yet

-at a very early period in its history remarkable opportunities

-were afforded for the education of a priesthood and the cult of

-the principles of the Roman Catholic religion among those

-classes who were able to avail themselves of the facilities offered

-by the Jesuit College, which was founded at Quebec before even

-Harvard at Cambridge, or by the famous Great and Lesser Seminaries

-in the same place, in connection with which, in later times,

-rose the University with which is directly associated the name

-of the most famous Bishop of the French regime. The influence

-of such institutions was not simply in making Canada a most

-devoted daughter of that great Church, which has ever exercised

-a paternal and even absolute care of its people, but also in discouraging

-a purely materialistic spirit and probably keeping

-alive a taste for letters among a very small class, especially the

-priests, who, in politics as in society, have been always a controlling

-element in the French province. Evidences of some

-culture and intellectual aspirations in the social circles of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">8</a></span>

-ancient capital attracted the surprise of travellers who visited

-the country before the close of the French dominion. "Science

-and the fine arts," wrote Charlevoix, "have their turn, and conversation

-does not fail. The Canadians breathe from their birth

-an air of liberty, which makes them very pleasant in the intercourse

-of life, and our language is nowhere more purely spoken."

-La Galissoni&#232;re, who was an associate member of the French

-Academy of Science, and the most highly cultured governor

-ever sent out by France, spared no effort to encourage a systematic

-study of scientific pursuits in Canada. Dr. Michel Sarrazin,<a name="FNanchor_13A_23" id="FNanchor_13A_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_13A_23" class="fnanchor">[13<i>a</i>]</a>

-who was a practising physician in Quebec for nearly half a century,

-devoted himself most assiduously to the natural history

-of the colony, and made some valuable contributions to the

-French Academy, of which he was a correspondent. The

-Swedish botanist, Peter Kalm, who visited America in the middle

-of the last century, was impressed with the liking for scientific

-study which he observed in the French colony. "I have

-found," he wrote, "that eminent persons, generally speaking, in

-this country, have much more taste for natural history and literature

-than in the English colonies, where the majority of people

-are entirely engrossed in making their fortune, whilst science is

-as a rule held in very light esteem." Strange to say, he ignores

-in this passage the scientific labours of Franklin, Bartram and

-others he had met in Pennsylvania.<a name="FNanchor_13B_24" id="FNanchor_13B_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_13B_24" class="fnanchor">[13<i>b</i>]</a> As a fact such evidences

-of intellectual enlightenment as Kalm and Charlevoix mentioned

-were entirely exceptional in the colony, and never showed themselves

-beyond the walls of Quebec or Montreal. The province, as

-a whole, was in a state of mental sluggishness. The germs of

-intellectual life were necessarily dormant among the mass of the

-people, for they never could produce any rich fruition until they

-were freed from the spirit of absolutism which distinguished

-French supremacy, and were able to give full expression to the

-natural genius of their race under the inspiration of the liberal

-government of England in these later times.</p>

-

-<hr />

-

-

-

-

-<div class="chapter">

-                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">9</a></span></p>

-

-<h2><a name="III" id="III"></a>III.</h2>

-</div>

-

-

-<p>Passing from the heroic days of Canada, which, if it could

-hardly in the nature of things originate a native literature, at

-least inspired a brilliant succession of historians, essayists and

-poets in much later times, we come now to that period of constitutional

-and political development which commenced with the

-rule of England. It does not fall within the scope of this address

-to dwell on the political struggles which showed their intensity

-in the rebellion of 1837&ndash;8, and reached their fruition in the concession

-of parliamentary government, in the large sense of the

-term, some years later. These struggles were carried on during

-times when there was only a sparse population chiefly centred

-in the few towns of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Upper and

-Lower Canada, on the shores of the Atlantic, on the banks of

-the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario, and not extending beyond

-the peninsula of the present province of Ontario. The cities, or

-towns rather, of Halifax, St. John, Quebec, Montreal, Kingston

-and York, were then necessarily the only centres of intellectual

-life. Education was chiefly under the control of religious bodies

-or in the hands of private teachers. In the rural districts it was

-at the lowest point possible,<a name="FNanchor_14_25" id="FNanchor_14_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_25" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> and the great system of free schools

-which has of late years extended through the Dominion&mdash;and is

-the chief honour of Ontario&mdash;was never dreamed of in those

-times of sluggish growth and local apathy, when communication

-between the distant parts of the country was slow and wretched,

-when the conditions of life were generally very hard and rude,

-when the forest still covered the greater portion of the most

-fertile districts of Ontario,<a name="FNanchor_15_26" id="FNanchor_15_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_26" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> though here and there the pioneer's

-axe could be heard from morn to eve hewing out little patches

-of sunlight, so many glimpses of civilization and better times

-amid the wildness of a new land even then full of promise.</p>

-

-<p>The newspapers of those days were very few and came only

-at uncertain times to the home of the farmer by the side of some

-stream or amid the dense forest, or to the little hamlets that

-were springing up in favoured spots, and represented so many

-radiating influences of intelligence on the borders of the great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">10</a></span>

-lakes and their tributary streams, on the Atlantic seaboard, or on

-the numerous rivers that form so many natural highways to the

-people of the maritime provinces. These newspapers were for

-years mostly small quarto or folio sheets, in which the scissors

-played necessarily the all-important part; but there was, nevertheless,

-before 1840 in the more pretentious journals of the large

-towns, some good writing done by thoughtful men who studied

-their questions, and helped to atone for the very bitter vindictive

-partisan attacks on opponents that too frequently sullied the

-press in those times of fierce conflict.<a name="FNanchor_16_27" id="FNanchor_16_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_27" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> Books were only found

-in the homes of the clergy or of the official classes, and these were

-generally old editions and rarely the latest publications of the

-time. Montreal and Quebec, for many years, were the only

-places where bookstores and libraries of more than a thousand

-volumes could be seen. It was not until 1813 that a successful

-effort was made to establish a "social library" at Kingston,

-Bath, and some other places in the Midland district. Toronto

-had no library worth mentioning until 1836. What culture existed

-in those rude days was to be hunted up among the clergy,

-especially of the Church of England, the Roman Catholic priests

-of Lower Canada, and the official classes of the large towns.

-Some sermons that have come down to us, in pamphlets of very

-common paper&mdash;and very few were printed in those days when

-postage was dear and bookselling was not profitable&mdash;have no

-pretensions to originality of thought or literary style: sermons

-in remarkable contrast with the brilliant and suggestive utterances

-of such modern pulpit orators as Professor Clarke, of Trinity.

-The exhaustive and, generally, closely reasoned sermons of the

-Presbyterian divine had a special flavour of the Westminster confession

-and little of the versatility of preachers like Principal

-Grant in these later times when men are attempting to make

-even dogma more genial, and to understand the meaning of the

-sermon in the Mount. Then, as always in Canada, there were

-found among the clergy of all denominations hardworking, self-denying

-priests and missionaries who brought from time to time

-to some remote settlement of the provinces spiritual consolation

-and to many a household, long deprived of the intellectual nourishment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">11</a></span>

-of other days, an opportunity of conversing on subjects

-which in the stern daily routine of their lives in a new country

-were seldom or ever talked of. It was in the legislative halls of

-the provinces that the brightest intellect naturally found scope for

-its display, and at no subsequent period of the political history

-of Canada were there more fervid, earnest orators than appeared

-in the days when the battle for responsible government was at

-its height. The names of Nelson, Papineau, Howe, Baldwin,

-Wilmot, Johnstone, Young, Robinson, Rolph and Mackenzie

-recall the era when questions of political controversy and political

-freedom stimulated mental development among that class

-which sought and found the best popular opportunities for the

-display of their intellectual gifts in the legislative halls in the

-absence of a great printing press and a native literature. Joseph

-Howe's speeches<a name="FNanchor_17_28" id="FNanchor_17_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_28" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> displayed a wide culture, an original eloquence,

-and a patriotic aspiration beyond those of any other man

-of his time and generation, and would have done credit to the

-Senate of the United States, then in the zenith of its reputation

-as a body of orators and statesmen. It is an interesting fact that

-Howe, then printer and publisher, should have printed the first

-work of the only great humorist that Canada has yet produced.

-I mean of course "The Clockmaker,"<a name="FNanchor_18_29" id="FNanchor_18_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_29" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> in which Judge Haliburton

-created "Sam Slick," a type of a Down-east Yankee pedlar

-who sold his wares by a judicious use of that quality which is

-sure to be appreciated the world over, "Soft sawder and human

-natur'." In this work, which has run through ever so many

-editions, and is still found on the shelves of every well-equipped

-library and bookstore, Sam Slick told some home truths to his

-somewhat self-satisfied countrymen who could not help laughing

-even if the humour touched them very keenly at times.

-Nova Scotia has changed much for the better since those dull

-times when the house of assembly was expected to be a sort of

-political providence, to make all the roads and bridges, and give

-good times and harvests; but even now there are some people

-cruel enough, after a visit to Halifax, to hint that there still is a

-grain of truth in the following reflection on the enterprise of that

-beautiful port: "How the folks to Halifax take it all out in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">12</a></span>

-talkin'&mdash;they talk of steam-boats, whalers and railroads&mdash;but

-they all end where they begin&mdash;in talk. I don't think I'd be

-out in my latitude if I was to say they beat the womankind at

-that. One feller says, I talk of goin' to England&mdash;another says,

-I talk of goin' to the country&mdash;while another says, I talk of

-goin' to sleep. If we Yankees happen to speak of such things

-we say, 'I'm right off down East;' or 'I'm away off South,' and

-away we go jist like a streak of lightnin'." This clever humourist

-also wrote the best history<a name="FNanchor_19_30" id="FNanchor_19_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_30" class="fnanchor">[19]</a>&mdash;one of his own province&mdash;that

-had been written in British North America up to that time&mdash;indeed

-it is still most readable, and worthy of a place in every

-library. In later days the Judge wrote many other books and

-became a member of the English House of Commons: but "Sam

-Slick" still remains the most signal illustration of his original

-genius.</p>

-

-<p>During this period, however, apart from the two works to

-which I have referred, we look in vain for any original literature

-worthy of special mention. A history of Canada written by

-William Smith,<a name="FNanchor_20_31" id="FNanchor_20_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_31" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> a son of an eminent chief justice of New York,

-and subsequently of Canada, was published in excellent style

-for those days as early as 1815 at Quebec, but it has no special

-value except to the collector of old and rare books. Bouchette's

-topographical and geographical account of Canada<a name="FNanchor_21_32" id="FNanchor_21_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_32" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> illustrated

-the ability and zeal of an eminent French Canadian, who deserved

-the thanks of his country, but these well printed books

-were, after all, mere compilations and came from the English

-press. Pamphlets were numerous enough, and some of them

-had literary skill, but they had, in the majority of cases, no permanent

-value except to the historian or antiquarian of the present

-day who must sift out all sorts of material and study every

-phase and incident of the times he has chosen for his theme.

-Michel Bibaud wrote a history of French Canada,<a name="FNanchor_22_33" id="FNanchor_22_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_33" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> which no one

-reads in these days, and the most of the other works that emanated

-from the Canadian press, like Thompson's "War of 1812,"<a name="FNanchor_23_34" id="FNanchor_23_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_34" class="fnanchor">[23]</a>

-are chiefly valued by the historical collector. It was not to be

-expected that in a relatively poor country, still in the infancy of

-its development, severely tried by political controversies, with a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">13</a></span>

-small population scattered over a long stretch of territory, from

-Sydney to Niagara, there could be any intellectual stimulus or

-literary effort except what was represented in newspapers like

-the <i>Gazette</i> of Montreal&mdash;which has always maintained a certain

-dignity of style in its long journalistic career&mdash;the <i>Gazette</i> and

-the <i>Canadien</i>, of Quebec, the <i>Nova Scotian</i> of Halifax, or displayed

-itself in keen contests in the legislatures or court-houses of a

-people delighting always in such displays as there were made of

-mental power and natural eloquence. From a literary point of

-view our American neighbours had, during this period, left us

-away behind, in fact no comparison can be made between the

-two countries; laying aside the original creation of Sam Slick.

-Towards the close of the eighteenth century Belknap published

-his admirable history of New Hampshire,<a name="FNanchor_24_35" id="FNanchor_24_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_35" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> while the third

-volume of Hutchinson's history of Massachusetts appeared in

-1828, to close a work of rare merit alike for careful research,

-philosophic acuteness and literary charm. That admirable collection

-of political and constitutional essays known as the "Federalist"

-had attained a wide circulation and largely influenced

-the destinies of the union under the constitution of 1783. Chief

-Justice Marshall illumined the bench by his great judicial decisions

-which have won a remarkable place in legal literature, on

-account of their close, acute reasoning, breadth of knowledge,

-insight into great constitutional principles, and their immediate

-influence on the political development of the federal republic.

-Washington Irving published, as far back as 1819, his "Sketch

-Book," in which appeared the original creation of Rip Van

-Winkle, and followed it up with other works which recall Addison's

-delightful style, and gave him a fame abroad that no later

-American writer has ever surpassed. Cooper's romances began

-to appear in 1821, and Bancroft published in 1834 the first volume

-of what is a great history despite its somewhat rhetorical and

-ambitious style. Hawthorne's "Twice Told Tales" appeared in

-1835, but his fame was to be won in later years when he wrote

-the "Scarlet Letter" and the "House of Seven Gables," the most

-original and quaint productions that New England genius has

-yet produced. If I linger for a moment among these men it is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span>

-because they were not merely American by the influence of their

-writings; but wherever the English tongue is spoken and English

-literature is read these writers of a past generation, as it

-may be said of others of later times, claim the gratitude of the

-untold thousands whom they have instructed and helped in

-many a weary and sad, as well as idle hour. They were not

-Canadians, but they illustrated the genius of this continent of

-ours.</p>

-

-

-

-

-<hr />

-

-<div class="chapter">

-<h2><a name="IV" id="IV"></a>IV.</h2>

-</div>

-

-

-<p>It was in the years that followed the concession of responsible

-government that a new era dawned on Canada&mdash;an era of

-intellectual as well as material activity. Then common schools

-followed the establishment of municipal institutions in Ontario.

-Even the province of Quebec awoke from its sullen lethargy and

-assumed greater confidence in the future, as its statesmen gradually

-recognized the fact that the union of 1841 could be turned

-to the advantage of French Canada despite it having been largely

-based on the hope of limiting the development of French Canadian

-institutions, and gradually leading the way to the assimilation

-of the two races. Political life still claimed the best talent

-and energy, as it has always done in this country; and, while

-Papineau soon disappeared from the arena where he had been,

-under a different condition of things, a powerful disturbing influence

-among his compatriots, men of greater discretion and wider

-statesmanship like Lafontaine, Morin and Cartier, took his place

-to the decided benefit of French Canada. Robert Baldwin, a tried

-and conservative reformer, yielded to the antagonistic influences

-that eventually arrayed themselves in his own party against him

-and retired to a privacy from which he never ventured until his

-death. William Lyon Mackenzie came back from exile and took

-a place once more in legislative halls only to find there was no

-longer scope for mere querulous agitators and restless politicians.

-Joseph Howe still devoted himself with untiring zeal to his countrymen

-in his native province, while Judge Wilmot, afterwards

-governor like the former in confederation days, delighted the

-people of New Brunswick with his rapid, fervid, scholarly eloquence.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">15</a></span>

-James W. Johnstone, long the leader of the Conservative

-party in Nova Scotia, remarkable for his great flow of language

-and argument; William Young, an astute politician;

-James Boyle Uniacke, with all the genius of an Irish orator;

-Laurence O'Connor Doyle, wit and Irishman; Samuel J. W.

-Archibald with his silver tongue, afterwards master of the rolls;

-Adams G. Archibald, polished gentleman; Leonard Tilley with

-his suavity of demeanour and skill as a politician; Charles Tupper

-with his great command of language, earnestness of expression

-and courage of conviction, were the leading exponents of the

-political opinions and of the culture and oratory of Nova Scotia

-and New Brunswick. In the upper provinces we had in addition

-to the names of the distinguished French Canadians I have

-already mentioned, those of John A. Macdonald, at all times a

-ready and incisive debater, a great party tactician, and a statesman

-of generous aspirations, who was destined to die very many

-years later with the knowledge that he had realized his conception

-of a federation uniting all the territory of British North

-America, from Sydney to Victoria, under one government. The

-names of Allan McNab, Francis Hincks, George Brown, George

-Etienne Cartier, Alexander Galt, D'Arcy McGee, Louis Sicotte,

-John Hillyard Cameron, Alexander Mackenzie, Seth Huntington,

-William McDougall, Antoine Dorion, Alexander Campbell, and of

-other men, eminent for their knowledge of finance, their powers

-as debaters, their graceful oratory, their legal acumen, their political

-skill and their intellectual achievements in their respective

-spheres, will be recalled by many of those who hear me, since

-the most eminent among them have but recently disappeared

-from the stage of active life.</p>

-

-<p>As long as party government lasts in this country men will

-be divided into political divisions, and objection will be of course

-time and again taken to the methods by which these and other

-political leaders have achieved their party ends, and none of us

-will be always satisfied with the conclusions to which their at

-times overweening ambition has led them; but, taking them all

-in all, I believe for one who has lived all my life among politicians

-and statesmen that, despite their failings and weaknesses, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">16</a></span>

-public men of our country in those days laboured on the whole

-conscientiously from their own points of view to make Canada

-happier and greater. Indeed, when I look around me and see

-what has been done in the face of great obstacles during a half

-century and less, I am bound to pay this tribute to those who

-laboured earnestly in the difficult and trying intellectual field of

-public life.</p>

-

-<p>But this period which brought so many bright intellects into

-the activities of political life was distinguished also, not merely for

-the material advance in industry, but notably for some performance

-in the less hazardous walk of literature. The newspaper

-press with the progress of population, the increase of wealth,

-the diffusion of education, the construction of railways and telegraph

-lines, and the development of political liberty, found itself

-stimulated to new energy and enterprise. A daily press now

-commenced to meet the necessities of the larger and wealthier

-cities and towns. It must be admitted, however, that from a

-strictly intellectual point of view there was not in some respects

-a marked advance in the tone and style of the leading public

-journals. Political partisanship ran extremely high in those

-days&mdash;higher than it has ever since&mdash;and grosser personalities

-than have ever characterized newspapers in this country sullied

-the editorial columns of leading exponents of public opinion. No

-doubt there was much brilliant and forcible writing, despite the

-acrimony and abuse that were too often considered more necessary

-than incisive argument and logical reasoning when a political

-opponent had to be met. It was rarely that one could get

-at the whole truth of a question by reading only one newspaper;

-it was necessary to take two or three or more on different sides

-of politics in order to obtain even an accurate idea of the debates

-in the legislative halls. A Liberal or Conservative journal would

-consider it beneath its legitimate functions even as a newspaper

-to report with any fulness the speeches of its political adversaries.

-Of course this is not newspaper editing in the proper sense

-of the phrase. It is not the English method assuredly, since the

-London <i>Times</i>, the best example of a well-equipped and well-conducted

-newspaper, has always considered it necessary to give<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">17</a></span>

-equal prominence to the speeches of Peel, Russell, Palmerston,

-Derby, Disraeli, Gladstone&mdash;of all the leaders irrespective of

-party. Even in these days of heated controversy on the Irish

-question one can always find in the columns of the London press

-fair and accurate reports of the speeches of Gladstone, Balfour,

-McCarthy, Chamberlain, Morley and Blake. This is the sound

-basis on which true and honest journalism must always rest if it

-is to find its legitimate reward, not in the fickle smiles of the

-mere party follower, but in the support of that great public which

-can best repay the enterprise and honesty of a true newspaper.

-Still, despite this violent partisanship to which bright intellects

-lowered themselves, and the absence of that responsibility to

-public opinion expected from its active teachers, the press of

-Canada, during the days of which I am speaking, kept pace

-in some essential respects with the material progress of the

-country, and represented too well the tone and spirit of the mass

-in the country where the rudiments of culture were still rough

-and raw. Public intelligence, however, was being gradually

-diffused, and according as the population increased, and the

-material conditions of the country improved, a literature of some

-merit commenced to show itself. The poems of Cr&#233;mazie,<a name="FNanchor_25_36" id="FNanchor_25_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_36" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> of

-Chauveau,<a name="FNanchor_26_37" id="FNanchor_26_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_37" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> of Howe,<a name="FNanchor_27_38" id="FNanchor_27_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_38" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> of Sangster<a name="FNanchor_28_39" id="FNanchor_28_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_39" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> and others, were imbued

-with a truly Canadian spirit&mdash;with a love for Canada, its scenery,

-its history and its traditions, which entitled them to a larger

-audience than they probably ever had in this or other countries.

-None of those were great poets, but all of them were more or less

-gifted with a measure of true poetic genius, the more noteworthy

-because it showed itself in the rawness and newness of a colonial

-life. Amid the activities of a very busy period the poetic instinct

-of Canadians constantly found some expression. One almost

-now forgotten poet who was engaged in journalism in Montreal

-wrote an ambitious drama, "Saul," which was described at the

-time by a British critic as "a drama treated with great poetic

-power and depth of psychological knowledge which are often

-quite startling;" and the author followed it up with other poems,

-displaying also much imagination and feeling, but at no time

-reaching the ears of a large and appreciative audience. We cannot,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">18</a></span>

-however, claim Charles Heavysege<a name="FNanchor_29_40" id="FNanchor_29_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_40" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> as a product of Canadian

-soil and education, for he was a man of mature age when he

-made his home in this country, and his works were in no wise

-inspired by Canadian sentiment, scenery or aspiration. In history

-Canadians have always shown some strength, and perhaps

-this was to be expected in view of the fact that political and historical

-literature&mdash;such works as Hamilton's "Federalist" or

-Todd's "Parliamentary Government"<a name="FNanchor_30_41" id="FNanchor_30_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_41" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>&mdash;naturally engages the

-attention of active intellects in a new country at a time when

-its institutions have to be moulded, and it is necessary to collect

-precedents and principles from the storehouse of the past for the

-assistance of the present. A most useful narrative of the political

-occurrences in Lower Canada, from the establishment of legislative

-institutions until the rebellion of 1837&ndash;38 and the union

-of 1841, was written by Mr. Robert Christie, long a publicist of

-note and a member of the assembly of the province. While it

-has no claim to literary style it has the great merit of stating the

-events of the day with fairness and of citing at length numerous

-original documents bearing on the text.<a name="FNanchor_31_42" id="FNanchor_31_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_42" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> In French Canada the

-names of Garneau<a name="FNanchor_32_43" id="FNanchor_32_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_43" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> and Ferland<a name="FNanchor_33_44" id="FNanchor_33_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_44" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> have undoubtedly received

-their full meed of praise for their clearness of style, industry of

-research, and scholarly management of their subject. Now that

-the political passion that so long convulsed the public mind in

-this country has disappeared with the causes that gave it birth,

-one is hardly prepared to make as much a hero of Papineau as

-Garneau attempted in his assuredly great book, while the foundation

-of a new Dominion and the dawn of an era of larger political

-life, has probably given a somewhat sectional character to

-such historical work. Still, despite its intense French Canadian

-spirit, Garneau's volumes notably illustrate the literary instinct

-and intellectual strength which have always been distinguishing

-features of the best productions of the able and even brilliant

-men who have devoted themselves to literature with marked

-success among their French Canadian countrymen, who are wont

-to pay a far deeper homage to such literary efforts than the colder,

-less impulsive English Canadian character has ever shown itself

-disposed to give to those who have been equally worthy of recognition

-in the English-speaking provinces.</p>

-

-

-

-

-<hr />

-

-<div class="chapter">

-                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">19</a></span></p>

-

-<h2><a name="V" id="V"></a>V.</h2>

-</div>

-

-

-<p>As I glance over my library shelves I find indeed that historical

-literature has continued since the days of Garneau and

-Ferland, to enlist the earnest and industrious study of Canadians

-with more or less success. In English Canada, John Charles

-Dent produced a work on the political development of Canada

-from the union of 1841 until the confederation of 1867, which

-was written with fairness and ability, but he was an Englishman

-by birth and education, though resident for many years in

-the city of Toronto.<a name="FNanchor_34_45" id="FNanchor_34_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_45" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> And here let me observe that though such

-men as Dent, Heavysege, Faillon, Daniel Wilson, Hunt, D'Arcy

-McGee and Goldwin Smith were not born or educated in Canada

-like Haliburton, Logan, J. W. Dawson, Joseph Howe, Wilmot,

-Cartier, Garneau, or Fr&#233;chette, but only came to this country in

-the maturity of their mental powers, yet to men of their class

-the Dominion owes a heavy debt of gratitude for the ability and

-earnestness with which they have elevated the intellectual standard

-of the community where they have laboured. Although all

-of us may not be prepared to accept the conclusions of the historian,

-or approve the judgment of the political critic; although

-we may regret that a man of such deep scholarship and wide

-culture as Goldwin Smith has never yet been able to appreciate

-the Canadian or growing national sentiment of this dependency,

-yet who can doubt, laying aside all political or personal prejudice,

-that he, like the others I have named, has stimulated intellectual

-development in his adopted home, and so far has given

-us compensation for some utterances which, so many Canadians

-honestly believe, mar an otherwise useful and brilliant career.

-Such literary men have undoubtedly their uses, since they seem

-specially intended by a wise dispensation of affairs to cure us

-of too much self-complacency, and to prevent us from falling

-into a condition of mental stagnation by giving us from time to

-time abundant material for reflection. So much, by way of

-parenthesis, is due to the able men who have adopted Canada

-as their home and have been labouring in various vocations to

-stimulate the intellectual growth of this Dominion. A most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span>

-accurate historical record of the same period of our history as

-that reviewed by Dent was made in French about the same

-time by Louis Turcotte of Quebec.<a name="FNanchor_35_46" id="FNanchor_35_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_46" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> Mr. Benjamin Sulte, a member

-of this society, has also given us the results of many years of

-conscientious research in his "Histoire des Canadiens," which

-is not so well known as it ought to be, probably on account of

-its cumbrous size and mode of publication.<a name="FNanchor_36_47" id="FNanchor_36_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_47" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> The Abb&#233; Casgrain,

-also a member of the society and a most industrious author, has

-recently devoted himself with true French Canadian fervour to

-the days of Montcalm and L&#233;vis, and by the aid of a large mass

-of original documents has thrown much light on a very interesting

-and important epoch of the history of America.<a name="FNanchor_37_48" id="FNanchor_37_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_48" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> Dr. Kingsford

-with patience and industry has continued his history of

-Canada, which is distinguished by accuracy and research.<a name="FNanchor_38_49" id="FNanchor_38_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_49" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> It

-is not my intention to enumerate all those names which merit

-remark in this connection, for this is not a collection of bibliographical

-notes,<a name="FNanchor_39_50" id="FNanchor_39_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_50" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> but simply a review of the more salient features

-of our intellectual development in the well-marked periods of our

-history. Indeed it is gratifying to us to know that the Royal

-Society comprises within its ranks nearly all the historical writers

-in Canada, and it would seem too much like pure egotism were I

-to dilate on their respective performances. Of poets since the

-days of Cr&#233;mazie we have had our full proportion, and it is

-encouraging to know that the poems of Fr&#233;chette,&mdash;whose best

-work has been crowned by the French Academy,&mdash;LeMay, Reade,

-Mair, Roberts, Bliss Carman, Wilfred Campbell and Lampman

-have gained recognition from time to time in the world of letters

-outside of Canada.<a name="FNanchor_40_51" id="FNanchor_40_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_51" class="fnanchor">[40]</a><a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> We have yet to produce in English Canada

-a book of poems which can touch the sympathies and live on the

-lips of the world like those of Whittier and Longfellow, but we

-need not despair since even in the country which gave these

-birth they have not their compeers. Some even declare that the

-only bard of promise who appears in these days to touch that

-chord of nature which makes the whole world kin is James

-Whitcomb Riley, the Hoosier poet, despite his tendency to exaggerate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span>

-provincial dialect and make his true poetic genius too

-subordinate to what becomes at last an affectation and a mere

-mannerism which wearies by its very repetition. Even in England

-there is hesitation in choosing a poet laureate; there are

-Swinburne, Morris and other poets, but not another Tennyson,

-and it has been even suggested that the honour might pass to a

-master of poetic prose, John Ruskin, whose brilliant genius has

-been ever devoted to a lofty idealism which would make the

-world much happier and better. At the present time Canadian

-poets obtain a place with regularity in the best class of American

-magazines, and not infrequently their verse reaches a higher level

-than the majority of poetic aspirants who appear in the same

-field of poetry; but for one I am not an ardent admirer of American

-magazine poems which appear too often mere machine work

-and not the results of that true poetic inspiration which alone

-can achieve permanent fame.</p>

-

-<p>The poems of the well known American authors, Aldrich,

-Gilder and Stedman, have certainly an easy rhythmical flow and

-an artistic finish which the majority of Canadian poetic aspirants

-should study with far more closeness. At the same time it may

-be said that even these artists do not often surpass in poetic

-thought the best productions of the Canadians to whom I have

-referred as probably illustrating most perfectly the highest development

-so far among us of this department of <i>belles-lettres</i>. It is

-not often that one comes across more exquisitely conceived poems

-than some of those written by Mr. John Reade, whom the laborious

-occupation of journalism and probably the past indifference

-of a Canadian public to Canadian poetry have for a long while

-diverted from a literary field where it would seem he should

-have won a wider fame. Among the verses which one can read

-time and again are those of which the first lines are</p>

-

-<div class="center">

-<div class="poem">

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"In my heart are many chambers through which I wander free,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Some are furnished, some are empty, some are sombre, some are light;</div>

-  <div class="i0">Some are open to all comers, and of some I keep the key,</div>

-  <div class="i0">And I enter in the stillness of the night."<a name="FNanchor_41_52" id="FNanchor_41_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_52" class="fnanchor">[41]</a><a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></div>

-</div>

-</div>

-</div>

-                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span></p>

-<p>It would be interesting as well as instructive if some competent

-critic, with the analytical faculty and the poetic instinct

-of Matthew Arnold or Sainte-Beuve, were to study the English

-and French Canadian poets and show whether they are mere

-imitators of the best models of French and English literature,

-or whether their work contains within itself those germs which

-give promise of original fruition in the future. It will be remembered

-that the French critic, though a poet of merit himself, has

-spoken of what he calls "the radical inadequacy of French

-poetry." In his opinion, whatever talent the French poets have

-for strophe and line, their work, as a rule is "too slight, too soon

-read, too poor in ideas, to influence a serious mind for any length

-of time." No doubt many others think that, in comparison with

-the best conceptions of Wordsworth, Shelley, Keats, Emerson,

-Browning and Tennyson, French poetry is, generally speaking,

-inadequate for the expression of the most sublime thoughts, of

-the strongest passion, or of the most powerful imagination, and

-though it must always please us by its easy rhythm and lucidity

-of style, it fails to make that vivid impression on the mind and

-senses which is the best test of that true poetic genius which

-influences generations and ever lives in the hearts of the people.

-It represents in some respects the lightness and vivacity of the

-French intellectual temperament under ordinary conditions, and

-not the strength of the national character, whose depths are only

-revealed at some crisis which evokes a deep sentiment of patriotism.

-"Partant pour la Syrie," so often heard in the days of the

-last Bonaparte regime, probably illustrated this lighter tendency

-of the French mind just as the "Marseillaise," the noblest and

-most impressive of popular poetic outbursts, illustrated national

-passion evoked by abnormal conditions. French Canadian poetry

-has been often purely imitative of French models, like Musset

-and Gauthier, both in style and sentiment, and consequently

-lacked strength and originality. It might be thought that in

-this new country poets would be inspired by original conceptions&mdash;that

-the intellectual fruition would be fresh and vigorous like

-some natural products that grow so luxuriantly on the virginal

-soil of the new Dominion, and not like those which grow on land

-which is renewed and enriched by artificial means after centuries<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span>

-of growth. Perhaps the literature of a colonial dependency,

-or a relatively new country, must necessarily in its first stages

-be imitative, and it is only now and then an original mind bursts

-the fetters of intellectual subordination. In the United States

-Emerson and Hawthorne probably best represent the original

-thought and imagination of that comparatively new country,

-just as Aldrich and Howells represent in the first case English

-culture in poetry, and in the other the sublimated essence of

-reportorial realism. The two former are original thinkers, the

-two others pure imitators. Walt Whitman's poems certainly

-show at times much power and originality of conception, but

-after all they are simply the creations of an eccentric genius

-and illustrate a phase of that Realism towards which fiction

-even in America has been tending of late, and which has been

-already degraded in France to a Naturalism which is positively

-offensive. He has not influenced to any perceptible extent the

-intellect of his generation or elevated the thoughts of his countrymen

-like the two great minds I have just named. Yet even

-Whitman's success, relatively small as it was in his own country,

-arose chiefly from the fact that he attempted to be an <i>American</i>

-poet, representing the pristine vigour and natural freedom

-of a new land. It is when French Canadian poets become thoroughly

-Canadian by the very force of the inspiration of some

-Canadian subject they have chosen, that we can see them at their

-best. Fr&#233;chette has all the finish of the French poets, and while

-it cannot be said that he has yet originated great thoughts which

-are likely to live among even the people whom he has so often

-instructed and delighted, yet he has given us poems like that on

-the discovery of the Mississippi,<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> which proves that he is capable

-of even better things if he would always seek inspiration

-from the sources of the deeply interesting history of his own country,

-or enter into the inner mysteries and social relations of his

-own people, rather than dwell on the lighter shades and incidents

-of their lives. Perhaps in some respects Cr&#233;mazie had

-greater capabilities for the poems of deep passion or vivid imagination

-than any of his successors in literature; the few national<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span>

-poems he left behind are a promise of what he could have produced

-had the circumstances of his later life been happier.<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a>

-After all, the poetry that lives is the poetry of human life and

-human sympathy, of joy and sorrow, rather than verses on mountains,

-rivers and lakes, or sweetly worded sonnets to Madame B.

-or Mademoiselle C. When we compare the English with the

-French Canadian poets we can see what an influence the more

-picturesque and interesting history of French Canada exercises

-on the imagination of its writers. The poets that claim Ontario

-for their home give us rhythmical and pleasing descriptions of

-the lake and river scenery of which the varied aspects and moods

-might well captivate the eye of the poet as well as of the painter.

-It is very much painting in both cases; the poet should be an

-artist by temperament equally with the painter who puts his

-thoughts on canvas and not in words. Descriptions of our meadows,

-prairies and forests, with their wealth of herbage and

-foliage, or artistic sketches of pretty bits of lake scenery have

-their limitations as respects their influence on a people. Great

-thoughts or deeds are not bred by scenery. The American poem

-that has captured the world is not any one of Bryant's delightful

-sketches of the varied landscape of his native land, but Longfellow's

-Evangeline, which is a story of the "affection that

-hopes, and endures and is patient." Dollard, and the Lady of

-Fort La Tour are themes which we do not find in prosaic Ontario,

-whose history is only a century old&mdash;a history of stern

-materialism as a rule, rarely picturesque or romantic, and hardly

-ever heroic except in some episodes of the war of 1812&ndash;15, in

-which Canadians, women as well as men, did their duty faithfully

-to king and country, though their deeds have never yet been

-adequately told in poem or prose. The story of Laura Secord's

-toilsome journey on a June day eighty years ago<a name="FNanchor_41A_53" id="FNanchor_41A_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_41A_53" class="fnanchor">[41<i>a</i>]</a> seems as susceptible

-of strong poetic treatment as Paul Revere's Ride, told

-in matchless verse by Longfellow.</p>

-

-<p>I think if we compare the best Canadian poems with the

-same class of literature in Australia the former do not at all lose<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span>

-by the comparison. Thanks to the thoughtfulness of a friend in

-South Australia I have had many opportunities of late of studying

-the best work of Australian writers, chiefly poets and novelists,<a name="FNanchor_42_54" id="FNanchor_42_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_54" class="fnanchor">[42]</a>

-and have come to the conclusion that at least the poets of

-both hemispheres&mdash;for to fiction we cannot make even a pretense&mdash;reflect

-credit on each country. In one respect indeed Canadians

-can claim a superiority over their fellow-citizens of the

-British Empire in that far off Australian land, and that is, in the

-fact that we have poets, and historians, and essayists, who write

-the languages of France and England with purity and even elegance;

-that the grace and precision of the French tongue have

-their place in this country alongside the vigorous and copious

-expression of the English language. More than that, the Canadians

-have behind them a history which is well calculated to

-stimulate writers to give utterance to national sentiment. I

-mean national in the sense of being thoroughly imbued with a

-love for the country, its scenery, its history and its aspirations.

-The people of that great island continent possess great natural

-beauties and riches&mdash;flowers and fruits of every kind flourish

-there in rare profusion, and gold and gems are among the treasures

-of the soil, but its scenery is far less varied and picturesque

-than ours and its history is but of yesterday compared with that

-of Canada. Australians cannot point to such historic ground as

-is found from Louisbourg to Quebec, or from Montreal to Champlain,

-the battle ground of nations whose descendants now live

-under one flag, animated by feelings of a common interest and a

-common aspiration for the future!</p>

-

-<p>Perhaps if I were at any time inclined to be depressed as to

-the future of Canada, I should find some relief in those poems by

-Canadian authors which take frequently an elevated and patriotic

-range of thought and vision, and give expression to aspirations

-worthy of men born and living in this country. When

-some men doubt the future and would see us march into the

-ranks of other states, with heads bowed down in confession of our

-failure to hold our own on this continent and build up a new

-nation always in the closest connection with England, I ask them

-to turn to the poems of Joseph Howe and read that inspiring<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span>

-poetic tribute to the mother country, "All hail to the day when

-the Britons came over"&mdash;</p>

-

-<div class="center">

-<div class="poem">

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"Every flash of her genius our pathway enlightens,</div>

-  <div class="i2">Every field she explores we are beckoned to tread,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Each laurel she gathers, our future day brightens&mdash;</div>

-  <div class="i2">We joy with her living and mourn with her dead."<a name="FNanchor_43_55" id="FNanchor_43_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_55" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></div>

-</div>

-</div>

-</div>

-

-<p>Or read that tribute which the French Canadian laureate,

-Fr&#233;chette, has been fain to pay to the English flag under whose

-folds his country has enjoyed so much freedom and protection for

-its institutions:</p>

-

-<div class="center">

-<div class="poem">

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"Regarde me disait mon p&#232;re</div>

-  <div class="i0">Ce drapeau vaillamment port&#233;;</div>

-  <div class="i0">Il a fait ton pays prosp&#232;re</div>

-  <div class="i0">Et respecte ta libert&#233;.</div>

-</div>

-

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"C'est le drapeau de l'Angleterre;</div>

-  <div class="i0">Sans tache, sur le firmament,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Presque &#224; tous les points de la terre</div>

-  <div class="i0">Il flotte glorieusement."</div>

-</div>

-</div>

-</div>

-

-<p>Or take up a volume by Roberts and read that frequently

-quoted poem of which these are the closing lines:</p>

-

-<div class="center">

-<div class="poem">

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"Shall not our love this rough sweet land make sure?</div>

-  <div class="i2">Her bounds preserve inviolate, though we die.</div>

-  <div class="i8">O strong hearts of the North,</div>

-  <div class="i8">Let flame your loyalty forth,</div>

-  <div class="i0">And put the craven and base to an open shame,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Till earth shall know the Child of Nations by her name."</div>

-</div>

-</div>

-</div>

-

-<p>Even Mr. Edgar has forgotten the astute lawyer and the

-politician in his national song, "This Canada of Ours," and has

-given expression to the deep sentiment that lies as I have said

-in the heart of every true Canadian and forces him at times to

-words like these:</p>

-

-<div class="center">

-<div class="poem">

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"Strong arms shall guard our cherished homes</div>

-  <div class="i6">When darkest danger lowers,</div>

-  <div class="i0">And with our life-blood we'll defend</div>

-  <div class="i8">This Canada of ours,</div>

-  <div class="i12">Fair Canada,</div>

-  <div class="i12">Dear Canada,</div>

-  <div class="i8">This Canada of ours."</div>

-</div>

-</div>

-</div>

-

-

-                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span></p>

-

-<p>Such poems are worth a good many political speeches even

-in parliament so far as their effect upon the hearts and sympathies

-is concerned. We all remember a famous man once said,

-"Let me make all the ballads, and I care not who makes the

-laws of a people."</p>

-

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> A list of Canadian poems which have been printed in books (from 1867&ndash;1893)

-appears in the Bibliographical Notes (<a href="#Footnote_40_51">40</a>).</p>

-

-<p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> Given in full in Appendix.</p>

-

-<p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> See Appendix to this work, <a href="#Footnote_40_51">note 40</a>, for an extract from this fine poem.</p>

-

-<p><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> See Appendix to this work, <a href="#Footnote_40_51">note 40</a>, for an extract from one of his national

-poems.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-

-

-<hr />

-

-<div class="chapter">

-<h2><a name="VI" id="VI"></a>VI.</h2>

-</div>

-

-

-<p>But if Canada can point to some creditable achievement of

-recent years in history, poetry and essay-writing&mdash;for I think if

-one looks from time to time at the leading magazines and reviews

-of the two continents he will find that Canada is fairly well

-represented in their pages<a name="FNanchor_44_56" id="FNanchor_44_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_56" class="fnanchor">[44]</a>&mdash;there is one respect in which Canadians

-have never won any marked success, and that is in the novel

-or romance. "Wacousta, or the Prophecy: a Tale of the Canadas,"

-was written sixty years ago by Major John Richardson,<a name="FNanchor_45A_58" id="FNanchor_45A_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_45A_58" class="fnanchor">[45<i>a</i>]</a>

-a native Canadian, but it was at the best a spirited imitation

-of Cooper, and has not retained the interest it attracted at a time

-when the American novelist had created a taste for exaggerated

-pictures of Indian life and forest scenery. Of course attempts

-have been made time and again by other English Canadians to

-describe episodes of our history, and portray some of our national

-and social characteristics, but with the single exception of "The

-Golden Dog,"<a name="FNanchor_45_57" id="FNanchor_45_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_57" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> written a few years ago by Mr. William Kirby,

-of Niagara, I cannot point to one which shows much imaginative

-or literary skill. If we except the historical romance by Mr. Marmette,

-"Fran&#231;ois de Bienville,"<a name="FNanchor_46_59" id="FNanchor_46_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_59" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> which has had several editions,

-French Canada is even weak in this particular, and this is the

-more surprising because there is abundance of material for the

-novelist or writer of romance in her peculiar society and institutions,

-and in her historic annals and traditions. But as yet neither

-a Cooper, nor an Irving, nor a Hawthorne has appeared to delight

-Canadians in the fruitful field of fiction that their country offers

-to the pen of imaginative genius. It is true we have a work by

-De Gasp&#233;, "Les Anciens Canadiens,"<a name="FNanchor_47_60" id="FNanchor_47_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_60" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> which has been translated

-by Roberts and one or two others, but it has rather the value of

-historical annals than the spirit and form of true romance. It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span>

-is the very poverty of our production in what ought to be a rich

-source of literary inspiration, French Canadian life and history,

-that has given currency to a work whose signal merit is its simplicity

-of style and adherence to historical fact. As Parkman

-many years ago first commenced to illumine the too often dull

-pages of Canadian history, so other American writers have also

-ventured in the still fresh field of literary effort that romance

-offers to the industrious, inventive brain. In the "Romance of

-Dollard," "Tonty," and the "Lady of Fort St. John," Mrs. Mary

-Hartwell Catherwood has recalled most interesting episodes of

-our past annals with admirable literary taste and a deep enthusiasm

-for Canadian history in its romantic and picturesque aspects.<a name="FNanchor_48_61" id="FNanchor_48_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_61" class="fnanchor">[48]</a>

-When we read Conan Doyle's "Refugees"&mdash;the best

-historical novel that has appeared from the English Press for

-years&mdash;we may well regret that it is not Canadian genius which

-has created so fascinating a romance out of the materials that

-exist in the history of the <i>ancien r&#233;gime</i>. Dr. Doyle's knowledge

-of Canadian life and history is obviously very superficial; but

-slight as it is he has used it with a masterly skill to give Canada

-a part in his story&mdash;to show how closely associated were the fortunes

-of the colony with the French Court,&mdash;with the plans and

-intrigues of the king and his mistresses, and of the wily ecclesiastics

-who made all subservient to their deep purpose. It would

-seem from our failure to cultivate successfully the same popular

-branch of letters that Canadians are wanting in the inventive and

-imaginative faculty, and that the spirit of materialism and practical

-habits, which has so long necessarily cramped literary effort in

-this country, still prevents happy ventures in this direction. It is

-a pity that no success has been won in this country,&mdash;as in Australia

-by Mrs. Campbell Praed, "Tasma," and many others,&mdash;in the

-way of depicting those characteristics of Canadian life, in the

-past and present, which, when touched by the imaginative and

-cultured intellect, will reach the sympathies and earn the plaudits

-of all classes of readers at home and abroad. Perhaps, Mr.

-Gilbert Parker,<a name="FNanchor_49_62" id="FNanchor_49_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_62" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> now a resident of London, but a Canadian by

-birth, education and sympathies, will yet succeed in his laudable

-ambition of giving form and vitality to the abundant materials<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">29</a></span>

-that exist in the Dominion, among the habitants on the old seigneuries

-of the French province, in that historic past of which the

-ruins still remain in Montreal and Quebec, in the Northwest with

-its quarrels of adventurers in the fur trade, and in the many other

-sources of inspiration that exist in this country for the true story-teller

-who can invent a plot and give his creations a touch of

-reality, and not that doll-like, saw-dust appearance that the vapid

-characters of some Canadian stories assume from the very poverty

-of the imagination that has originated them.</p>

-

-<p>That imagination and humour have some existence in the

-Canadian mind&mdash;though one sees little of those qualities in the

-press or in public speeches, or in parliamentary debates&mdash;we can

-well believe when we read "The Dodge Club Abroad," by Professor

-De Mille,<a name="FNanchor_50_63" id="FNanchor_50_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_63" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> who was cut off in the prime of his intellectual

-strength, or "A Social Departure," by Sara Jeannette Duncan,<a name="FNanchor_51_64" id="FNanchor_51_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_64" class="fnanchor">[51]</a>

-who, as a sequence of a trip around the world, has given us not

-a dry book of travels but a story with touches of genial humour

-and bright descriptions of life and nature, and who is now following

-up that excellent literary effort by promising sketches of East

-Indian life. A story which attracted some attention not long

-since for originality of conception and ran through several editions,

-"Beggars All," is written by a Miss L. Dougall, who is said

-to be a member of a Montreal family, and though this book does

-not deal with incidents of Canadian life it illustrates that fertility

-of invention which is latent among our people and only requires

-a favourable opportunity to develop itself. The best literature

-of this kind is like that of France, which has the most intimate

-correspondence with the social life and development of the people

-of the country. "The excellence of a romance," writes Chevalier

-Bunsen in his critical preface to Gustav Freytag's "Debit and

-Credit," "like that of an epic or a drama, lies in the apprehension

-and truthful exhibition of the course of human things....

-The most vehement longing of our times is manifestly after a

-faithful mirror of the present." With us, all efforts in this

-direction have been most common place&mdash;hardly above the

-average of "Social Notes" in the columns of Ottawa newspapers.</p>

-

-                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">30</a></span></p>

-

-<p>I do not for one depreciate the influence of good fiction on

-the minds of a reading community like ours; it is inevitable that

-a busy people, and especially women distracted with household

-cares, should always find that relief in this branch of literature

-which no other reading can give them; and if the novel has

-then become a necessity of the times in which we live, at all

-events I hope Canadians, who may soon venture into the field,

-will study the better models, endeavour to infuse some originality

-into their creations and plots, and not bring the Canadian fiction

-of the future to that low level to which the school of realism in

-France, and in a minor degree in England and the United States,

-would degrade the novel and story of every-day life. To my

-mind it goes without saying that a history written with that

-fidelity to original authorities, that picturesqueness of narration,

-that philosophic insight into the motives and plans of statesmen,

-that study and comprehension of the character and life of a

-people, which should constitute the features of a great work of

-this class,&mdash;that such a history has assuredly a much deeper and

-more useful purpose in the culture and education of the world

-than any work of fiction can possibly have even when animated

-by a lofty genius. Still as the novel and romance will be written

-as long as a large proportion of the world amid the cares and

-activities of life seeks amusement rather than knowledge, it is

-for the Canadian Scott, or Hawthorne, or "George Eliot," or

-Dickens of the future, to have a higher and purer aim than the

-majority of novel writers of the present day, who, with a few

-notable exceptions like Black, Besant, Barrie, Stephenson or Oliphant,

-weary us by their dulness and lack of the imaginative

-and inventive faculty, and represent rather the demands of the

-publishers to meet the requirements of a public which must

-have its new novel as regularly as the Scotchman must have his

-porridge, the Englishman his egg and toast, and the American

-his ice-water.</p>

-

-<p>If it were possible within the compass of this address to give

-a list of the many histories, poems, essays and pamphlets that

-have appeared from the Canadian press during the first quarter of

-a century since the Dominion of Canada has been in existence,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">31</a></span>

-the number would astonish many persons who have not followed

-our literary activity. Of course the greater part of this work is

-ephemeral in its character and has no special value; much of the

-historical work is a dreary collection of facts and dates which

-shows the enterprise of school publishers and school teachers and

-is generally wanting in that picturesqueness and breadth of view

-which give interest to history and leave a vivid impression on

-the mind of the student. Most of these pamphlets have been

-written on religious, political or legal questions of the day.

-Many of the poems illustrate rather the aspirations of the school

-boy or maiden whose effusions generally appeared in the poet's

-corner of the village newspaper. Still there are even among these

-mere literary "transients" evidences of power of incisive argument

-and of some literary style. In fact, all the scientific, historical

-and poetical contributions of the period in question, make

-up quite a library of Canadian literature. And here let me observe

-in passing, some persons still suppose that <i>belles-lettres</i>, works

-of fiction, poetry and criticism, alone constitute literature. The

-word can take in its complete sense a very wide range, for it embraces

-the pamphlet or monograph on the most abstruse scientific,

-or mathematical or geographical or physical subject, as well as

-the political essay, the brilliant history, or the purely imaginative

-poem or novel. It is not so much the subject as the form and

-style which make them worthy of a place in literature. One of

-the most remarkable books ever written, the "Esprit des Lois"

-by Montesquieu, has won the highest place in literature by its

-admirable style, and in the science of politics by the importance

-of its matter. The works of Lyell, Huxley, Hunt, Dawson, Tyndall,

-and Darwin owe their great value not entirely to the scientific

-ideas and principles and problems there discussed, but also

-to the lucidity of style in which the whole subject is presented

-to the reader, whether versed or not in science. "Literature is

-a large word," says Matthew Arnold,<a name="FNanchor_52_65" id="FNanchor_52_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_65" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> discussing with Tyndall

-this very subject; "it may mean everything written with letters

-or printed in a book. Euclid's Elements and Newton's Principia

-are thus literature. All knowledge that reaches us through

-books is literature. But as I do not mean, by knowing ancient<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span>

-Rome, knowing merely more or less of Latin <i>belles-lettres</i>, and

-taking no account of Rome's military, and political, and legal,

-and administrative work in the world; and as, by knowing

-ancient Greece, I understand knowing her as the giver of Greek

-art, and the guide to a free and right use of reason and to scientific

-methods, and the founder of our mathematics, and physics,

-and astronomy, and biology, I understand knowing her as all

-this, and not merely knowing certain Greek poems, and histories,

-and treatises and speeches, so as to the knowledge of modern

-nations also. By knowing modern nations, I mean not merely

-knowing their <i>belles-lettres</i>, but knowing also what has been done

-by such men as Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, Darwin." I submit

-this definition of literature by a great English critic and

-poet who certainly knew what he was writing about, to the studious

-consideration of Principal Grant who, in an address to the

-Royal Society two years ago,<a name="FNanchor_53_66" id="FNanchor_53_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_66" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> appeared to have some doubt that

-much of its work could be called literature; a doubt that he

-forgot for the moment actually consigned to a questionable level

-also his many devious utterances and addresses on political, religious

-and other questions of the day, and left him entirely out

-of the ranks of <i>litt&#233;rateurs</i> and in a sort of limbo which is a world

-of neither divinity, nor politics, nor letters. Taking this definition

-of the bright apostle of English culture, I think Canadians

-can fairly claim to have some position as a literary people even

-if it be a relatively humble one, on account of the work done in

-history, <i>belles-lettres</i>, political science and the sciences generally

-Science alone has had in Canada for nearly half a century many

-votaries who have won for themselves high distinction, as the

-eminent names on the list of membership of the Royal Society

-since its foundation can conclusively show. The literature of

-science, as studied and written by Canadians, is remarkably comprehensive,

-and finds a place in every well furnished library of

-the world.</p>

-

-<p>The <i>doyen</i> of science in Canada, Sir William Dawson,<a name="FNanchor_54_67" id="FNanchor_54_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_67" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> we

-are all glad to know, is still at work after a long and severe illness,

-which was, no doubt, largely due to the arduous devotion

-of years to education and science. It is not my intention to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">33</a></span>

-refer here to other well-known names in scientific literature, but

-I may pause for an instant to mention the fact that one of the

-earliest scientific writers of eminence, who was a Canadian by

-birth and education, was Mr. Elkanah Billings,<a name="FNanchor_55_68" id="FNanchor_55_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_68" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> pal&#230;ontologist

-and geologist, who contributed his first papers to the <i>Citizen</i> of

-Ottawa, then Bytown, afterwards to have greatness thrown upon

-it and made the political capital of Canada.</p>

-

-

-

-

-<hr />

-

-<div class="chapter">

-<h2><a name="VII" id="VII"></a>VII.</h2>

-</div>

-

-

-<p>Here I come naturally to answer the questions that may be

-put by some that have not followed the history and the work of

-the Royal Society of Canada,&mdash;What measure of success has it

-won? has it been of value to the Canadian people in whose interests

-it was established, and with whose money it is mainly

-supported? Twelve years have nearly passed away since a few

-gentlemen, engaged in literary, scientific and educational pursuits,

-assembled at McGill College on the invitation of the Marquess

-of Lorne, then governor-general of Canada, to consider the

-practicability of establishing a society which would bring together

-both the French and English Canadian elements of our population

-for purposes of common study and the discussion of such

-subjects as might be profitable to the Dominion, and at the same

-time develop the literature of learning and science as far as practicable.<a name="FNanchor_56_69" id="FNanchor_56_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_69" class="fnanchor">[56]</a>

-This society was to have a Dominion character&mdash;to

-form a union of leading representatives of all those engaged in

-literature and science in the several provinces, with the principle

-of federation observed in so far as it asked every society of note

-in every section to send delegates to make reports on the work of

-the year within its particular sphere. Of the gentlemen who

-assembled at this interesting meeting beneath the roof of the

-learned principal of Montreal's well-known university, the majority

-still continue active friends of the society they aided Lord

-Lome to found; but I must also add with deep regret that, within

-a little more than a year, two of the most distinguished promoters

-of the society, Dr. Thomas Sterry Hunt and Sir Daniel

-Wilson, have been called from their active and successful labours<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span>

-in education, science and letters. As I know perhaps better than

-any one else, on account of an official connection with the society

-from the very hour it was suggested by Lord Lorne, no two members

-ever comprehended more thoroughly the useful purpose

-which it could serve amid the all-surrounding materialism of this

-country, or laboured more conscientiously until the very hour of

-their death by their writings and their influence to make the

-society a Canadian institution, broad in its scope, liberal in its

-culture, and elevated in its aspirations. Without dwelling on the

-qualifications of two men<a name="FNanchor_57_70" id="FNanchor_57_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_70" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> whose names are imperishably connected

-with the work of their lifetime&mdash;arch&#230;ology, education

-and chemistry&mdash;I may go on to say that the result of the Montreal

-meeting was the establishment of a society which met for the first

-time at Ottawa in the May of 1882, with a membership of eighty

-Fellows under the presidency of Dr. (afterwards Sir) William

-Dawson, and the vice-presidency of the Honourable P. J. O. Chauveau,

-a distinguished French Canadian who had won a high

-name, not only in literature, but also in the political world where

-he was for years a conspicuous figure; noted for his eloquence,

-his culture and his courtesy of manner. The society was established

-in no spirit of isolation from other literary and scientific

-men because its membership was confined at the outset to eighty

-Fellows who had written "memoirs of merit or rendered eminent

-services to literature or science"&mdash;a number subsequently

-increased to a hundred under certain limitations. On the contrary

-it asks for, and has constantly published, contributions

-from all workers in the same fields of effort with the simple proviso

-that such contributions are presented with the endorsation

-of an actual member, though they may be read before any one of

-the four sections by the author himself. Every association, whether

-purely literature or historical, or scientific, as I have already

-intimated, has been asked to assist in the work of the society,<a name="FNanchor_58_71" id="FNanchor_58_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_71" class="fnanchor">[58]</a>

-and its delegates given every advantage at the meetings possessed

-by the Fellows themselves, except voting and discussing the

-purely internal affairs of the Royal Society. Some misapprehension

-appears to have existed at first in the public mind that,

-because the society was named "The Royal Society of Canada,"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">35</a></span>

-an exclusive and even aristocratic institution was in contemplation.

-It seems a little perplexing to understand why an objection

-could be taken to such a designation when the Queen is

-at the head of our system of government, and her name appears

-in the very first clauses of the act of union, and in every act requiring

-the exercise of the royal prerogative in this loyal dependency

-of the crown. As a fact, in using the title, the desire was

-to follow the example of similar societies in Australia, and recall

-that famous Royal Society in England, whose fellowship is a title

-of nobility in the world of science. Certain features were copied

-from the Institute of France, inasmuch as there is a division into

-sections with the idea of bringing together into each for the purposes

-of common study and discussion those men who have devoted

-themselves to special branches of the literature of learning

-and science. In this country and, indeed, in America generally,

-a notable tendency is what may be called the levelling principle&mdash;to

-deprecate the idea that any man should be in any way

-better than another; and in order to prevent that result it is

-necessary to assail him as soon as he shows any political or intellectual

-merit, and to stop him, if possible, from attaining that

-mental superiority above his fellows that his industry and his

-ability may enable him to reach. The Royal Society suffered a

-little at first from this spirit of depreciation which is often carried

-to an extent that one at times could almost believe that this is a

-country without political virtues or intellectual development of

-any kind. The claims of some of its members were disputed by

-literary aspirants who did not happen for a moment to be enrolled

-in its ranks, and the society was charged with exclusiveness

-when, as a fact, it simply limited its membership, and

-demanded certain qualifications, with the desire to make that

-membership a test of some intellectual effort, and consequently

-more prized by those who were allowed sooner or later to enter.

-It would have been quite possible for the society to make itself

-a sort of literary or scientific picnic by allowing every man or

-woman who had, or believed they had, some elementary scientific

-or other knowledge to enter its ranks, and have the consequent

-advantages of cheap railway fares and other subsidiary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">36</a></span>

-advantages on certain occasions, but its promoters did not think

-that would best subserve the special objects they had in view.

-At all events, none of them could have been prompted by any

-desire to create a sort of literary aristocracy. Indeed, one would

-like to know how any one in his senses could believe for a moment

-that any institution of learning could be founded with

-exclusive tendencies in these times, in this or any other country!

-If there is an intelligent democracy anywhere it is the Republic

-of Letters. It may be aristocratic in the sense that there are certain

-men and women who have won fame and stand on a pedestal

-above their fellows, but it is the world, not of a class, but of

-all ranks and conditions, that has agreed to place them on that

-pedestal as a tribute to their genius which has made people happier,

-wiser and better, has delighted and instructed the artisan

-as well as the noble.</p>

-

-<p>For twelve years then the Royal Society has continued to

-persevere in its work; and thanks to the encouragement given

-it by the government of Canada it has been able, year by year, to

-publish a large and handsome volume of the proceedings and

-transactions of its meetings. No other country in the world can

-exhibit volumes more creditable on the whole in point of workmanship

-than those of this society. The papers and monographs

-that have appeared embrace a wide field of literature&mdash;the whole

-range of arch&#230;ological, ethnological, historical, geographical, biological,

-mathematical and physical studies. The volumes now

-are largely distributed throughout Canada&mdash;among the educated

-and thinking classes&mdash;and are sent to every library, society, university

-and learned institution of note in the world, with the

-hope of making the Dominion better known. The countries

-where they are placed for purposes of reference are these:</p>

-

-<ul class="index">

-  <li class="isub2">The United States: every State of the Union and District of Columbia,</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Newfoundland,</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Mexico,</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Brazil,</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Costa Rica,</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Uruguay,</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Guatemala,</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Venezuela,</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Chile,</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Peru,</li>

-  <li class="isub2">India,</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Japan,</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Australia,</li>

-  <li class="isub2">New Zealand,</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Great Britain and Ireland,</li>

-  <li class="isub2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">37</a></span>Ecuador,</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Italy,</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Greece,</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Norway and Sweden,</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Spain,</li>

-  <li class="isub2">South Africa,</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Germany,</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Roumania,</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Argentine Republic,</li>

-  <li class="isub2">France,</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Russia,</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Austria-Hungary,</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Mauritius,</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Denmark.</li>

-</ul>

-

-<p>So well known are these 'Transactions' now in every country

-that, when it happens some library or institution has not received

-it from the beginning or has been forgotten in the distribution,

-the officers of the society have very soon received an

-intimation of the fact. This is gratifying, since it shows that

-the world of higher literature and of special research&mdash;the world

-of scholars and scientists engaged in important observation and

-investigation&mdash;is interested in the work that is being done in

-the same branches in this relatively new country. It would be

-impossible for me within the limits of this address to give you

-anything like an accurate and comprehensive idea of the numerous

-papers the subject and treatment of which, even from a

-largely practical and utilitarian point of view, have been of

-decided value to Canada, and I can only say here that the members

-of the society have endeavoured to bring to the consideration

-of the subjects they have discussed a spirit of conscientious

-study and research, and that, too, without any fee or reward

-except that stimulating pleasure which work of an intellectual

-character always brings to the mind.</p>

-

-<p>In these days of critical comparative science, when the study

-of the aboriginal or native languages of this continent has absorbed

-the attention of close students, the Royal Society has endeavoured

-to give encouragement and currency to those studies

-by publishing grammars, vocabularies and other monographs

-relating to Indian tongues and antiquities. The Abb&#233; Cuoq,

-one of the most erudite scholars of this continent in this special

-branch of knowledge, has nearly completed in the 'Transactions'

-what will be a monumental work of learning on the Algonquin

-language. A Haida grammar and dictionary are also now awaiting

-the completion of the Abb&#233; Cuoq's work to be published in

-the same way. A great deal of light has been thrown on Cartier's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">38</a></span>

-and Champlain's voyages in the gulf, and consequently on

-its cartography, by the labours of the Abb&#233; Verreau, Prof. Ganong

-and others. The excellent work of the Geological Survey has

-been supplemented by important contributions from its staff, and

-consequently there is to be found in the 'Transactions' a large

-amount of information, both abstract and practical, on the economic

-and other minerals of the Dominion. Chiefly owing to the

-efforts of the society, the government of Canada some time ago

-commenced to take tidal observations on the Atlantic coasts of

-Canada&mdash;an enterprise of great value to the shipping and commercial

-interests of the country&mdash;and has also co-operated in the

-determination of the true longitude of Montreal which is now

-being prosecuted under the able superintendence of Professor

-McLeod. It is in the same practical spirit of investigation and

-action that the society has published a treatise by that veteran

-scholar, Dr. Moses Harvey, of St. John's, Newfoundland, on "The

-Artificial Propagation of Marine Food-fishes and Edible Crustaceans";

-and it is satisfactory to understand from a statement

-made in the House of Commons last session that a question of

-such deep interest to our great fishing industry in the maritime

-provinces is likely to result in some practical measure in the

-direction suggested. The contributions of Sir Daniel Wilson on

-the "Artistic Faculty in the Aboriginal Races," "The Pre-Aryan

-American Man," "The Trade and Commerce of the Stone Age,"

-and "The Huron-Iroquois Race in Canada," that typical race of

-American Indians, were all intended to supplement in a measure

-that scholarly work, "Prehistoric Man," which had brought him

-fame many years before. Dr. Patterson of Nova Scotia, a most

-careful student of the past, has made valuable contributions to

-the history of Portuguese exploration in North American waters,

-and of that remarkable lost tribe known as Beothiks or Red Indians

-of Newfoundland. Sir William Dawson has contributed to

-almost every volume of the 'Transactions' from his stores of

-geological learning, while his distinguished son has followed

-closely in his footsteps, and has made valuable additions to our

-knowledge, not only of the geology of the Northwest, but also of

-the antiquities, languages and customs of the Indian tribes of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">39</a></span>

-British Columbia and the adjacent islands. The opinions and

-theories of Dr. Thomas Sterry Hunt on the "Taconic Question in

-Geology" and the "Relations of the Taconic Series to the later

-Crystalline and the Cambrian Rocks," were given at length in

-the earlier volumes. Mr. G. F. Matthew, of St. John, New Brunswick,

-who is a very industrious student, has elaborated a work on

-the "Fauna of the St. John Group." Not only have our geological

-conditions been more fully explained, but our flora, ferns, and

-botany generally have been clearly set forth by Professors Lawson,

-Macoun and Penhallow. All these and many other papers

-of value have been illustrated by expensive plates, generally executed

-by Canadian artists. The majority of the names I have just

-given happen to be English Canadian, but the French language

-has been represented in science by such eminent men as Hamel,

-Laflamme and Deville&mdash;the two first illustrating the learning and

-culture of Laval, so long associated with the best scholarship of

-the province of Quebec. Without pursuing the subject further,

-let me say, as one who has always endeavoured to keep the interests

-of the society in view, that such monographs as I have mentioned

-represent the practical value of its work, and show what

-an important sphere of usefulness is invariably open to it. The

-object is not to publish ephemeral newspaper or magazine articles&mdash;that

-is to say, articles intended for merely popular information

-or purely literary practice&mdash;but always those essays and works

-of moderate compass which illustrate original research, experiment

-and investigation in all branches of historical, arch&#230;ological,

-ethnological and scientific studies, and which will form a

-permanent and instructive reference library for scholars and students

-in the same branches of thought and study all over the

-world. In fact, the essays must necessarily be such as cannot be

-well published except through the assistance granted by a government,

-as in our case, or by the liberality of private individuals.

-The society, in fact, is in its way attempting just such work as

-is done by the Smithsonian Institute, on a large scale, at Washington,

-so far as the publication of important transactions is concerned.

-I admit that sometimes essays have appeared, but many

-more are offered from time to time, better suited to the periodicals<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">40</a></span>

-of the day than to the pages of a work of which the object is

-to perpetuate the labours of students and scholars, and not the

-efforts of the mere literary amateur or trifler in <i>belles-lettres</i>. But

-while there must be necessarily such limitations to the scope of

-the 'Transactions,' which are largely scientific in their treatment,

-room will be always made for papers on any economic, social or

-ethical subject which, by their acute reasoning, sound philosophy

-and originality of thought, demand the attention of students

-everywhere. Such literary criticism as finds place now and

-then in the dignified old 'Quarterly Review' or in the 'Contemporary'

-will be printed whenever it is written by any Canadian

-author with the same power of keen analysis and judicious appreciation

-of the thoughts and motives of an author that we find

-notably in that charming study of Tennyson's "Princess," by

-S. E. Dawson,<a name="FNanchor_59_73" id="FNanchor_59_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_73" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> who is a Canadian by birth, education and feeling.

-No doubt there is room in the Dominion for a magazine

-combining the features of 'Blackwood,' the 'Contemporary' and

-the 'Quarterly Review'; that is to say, poetry, fiction, criticism,

-reviews of topics of the day, and, in fact, original literary effort

-of the higher order, which, though mostly ephemeral in its character,

-must have much influence for the time being on the culture

-and the education of the public mind. Since the days of

-the old 'Canadian Monthly,'<a name="FNanchor_60_74" id="FNanchor_60_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_74" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> which, with all its imperfections,

-contained much excellent work, all efforts in the same direction

-have been deserving of little encouragement; and, in fact, if such

-a venture is to succeed hereafter it must have behind it sufficient

-capital to engage the assistance of the best Canadian writers, who

-now send their work to American and English periodicals. Such

-a magazine must be carefully edited, and not made the dumping-ground

-for the crude efforts of literary dabblers or for romantic

-gush and twaddle, but must be such a judicious selection of the

-best Canadian talent as will evoke comparison with the higher

-class of periodicals I have mentioned. We have only one literary

-paper of merit in this country, and that is 'The Week,' which,

-despite all the indifference that is too apt to meet a journal not

-influenced by party motives, has kept its literary aim always

-before it, and endeavoured to do such a work as 'The New York<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">41</a></span>

-Nation' has been doing for years under far greater advantages

-in the neighbouring country with marked success and ability.

-In the meantime, until a magazine of the character I advocate is

-established, the 'Transactions of the Royal Society' cannot be

-expected to occupy the same ground unless it is prepared to give

-up that important field which it and the societies with which it

-is associated alone can fill in this country. In one respect, indeed,

-the Royal Society, in my opinion&mdash;and I have endeavoured to

-impress it on my fellow-members&mdash;can reach a much larger class

-of readers than it is now possible by means of its somewhat formidable

-though handsomely printed and well illustrated volumes,

-which necessarily are confined, for the most part, to libraries and

-institutions, where they can be best consulted by students who

-find it necessary to inform themselves on such Canadian subjects

-as the society necessarily treats. It is quite possible that by selecting

-a more convenient form, say royal octavo, and publishing the

-purely scientific sections in one volume and the purely literary

-department in another, a larger inducement will be given to the

-public to purchase its 'Transactions' at a moderate cost and in a

-more convenient shape for reading, whenever they contain monographs

-or large works in which Canadians generally are interested

-or on which they wish special information. Of course, in making

-this change care must be taken to maintain the typographical

-appearance and the character of the scientific illustrations and

-the usefulness of the cartography. Not only may the Royal Society

-in this way reach a larger reading public, but it may stimulate

-the efforts of historic and other writers by giving them

-greater facilities for obtaining special editions of their works for

-general sale. As it is now, each author obtains a hundred copies

-of his paper in pamphlets, sometimes more; and if the form is

-now made smaller and more handy, to use a common word, he

-will be induced to order a larger edition at his own cost. Even

-as it is now, some four or five thousand copies of essays and

-monographs&mdash;in special cases many more&mdash;are annually distributed

-by authors in addition to those circulated in the bound volumes

-of the 'Transactions'; and in this way any value these

-works may have is considerably enhanced. If it should be decided<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">42</a></span>

-to continue the large form, at all events it will be in the

-interest of the society, and of the author of any monograph or

-history of more than ordinary value, to print it not only in the

-'Transactions' but also in a smaller volume for general circulation.

-Practically this would meet the object in view&mdash;the larger

-distribution of the best work of the section devoted to historical

-and general literature. But whether this change is adopted or

-not,<a name="FNanchor_61_75" id="FNanchor_61_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_75" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> I think the Royal Society, by showing even still greater

-zeal and earnestness in the work for which it was founded, by

-co-operating with scholars and students throughout the Dominion,

-by showing every possible sympathy with all those engaged

-in the work of art, culture and education, can look forward hopefully

-to the future; and all it asks from the Canadian public at

-large is confidence in its work and objects, which are in no sense

-selfish or exclusive, but are influenced by a sincere desire to do

-what it can to promote historic truth and scientific research, and

-give a stimulus in this way to the intellectual development of

-this young Dominion, yet in the infancy of its literary life.<a name="FNanchor_F_6" id="FNanchor_F_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_6" class="fnanchor">[F]</a></p>

-

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_F_6" id="Footnote_F_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_6"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> In the course of a speech by the Earl of Derby, in answer to a farewell address

-from the Royal Society, he took occasion to make some remarks with reference

-to its work and usefulness, which have been given in full in the Appendix

-(Note <a name="FNanchor_58A_72" id="FNanchor_58A_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_58A_72" class="fnanchor">58<i>a</i></a>) as the impartial opinion of a governor-general who always took a deep

-interest in all matters affecting the intellectual as well as material development of

-the Dominion.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-

-

-<hr />

-

-<div class="chapter">

-<h2><a name="VIII" id="VIII"></a>VIII.</h2>

-</div>

-

-

-<p>This necessarily brief review of the work of the Royal Society

-could not well be left out of an address like this; and I can

-now pass on to some reflections that occur to me on the general

-subject.</p>

-

-<p>In the literature of biography, so susceptible of a treatment

-full of human interests and sympathies&mdash;as chatty Boswell's

-"Life of Johnson," and Lockhart's "Life of Scott," notably illustrate&mdash;we

-have little to show, except it be the enterprise of publishers

-and the zeal of too enthusiastic friends. Nor is it necessary

-to dwell on the literature of the law, which is becoming in a measure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a></span>

-more of a technical and less of a learned profession in the

-larger sense, unless, indeed, our university schools of political

-science eventually elevate it to a wider range of thought. Several

-excellent books of a purely technical character have been

-compiled from year to year, but no Kent, or Story, or Cooley has

-yet appeared to instruct us by a luminous exposition of principle,

-or breadth of knowledge. Those who know anything of Dr. Edward

-Blake's great intellectual power, of his wealth of legal

-learning, of his insight into the operations of political constitutions,

-cannot deny that he at least could produce a work which

-might equal in many respects those of the great Americans here

-named; but it looks very much at present as if he, and others

-I could mention, will give up their best years to the absorbing

-and uncertain struggles of politics, rather than to the literature

-of that profession to which they might, under different conditions,

-raise imperishable memorials. From the pulpit many of us hear

-from time to time eloquent and well reasoned efforts which tell

-us how much even the class, necessarily most conservative in its

-traditions, and confined in its teachings, has been forced by modern

-tendencies to enlarge its human sympathies and widen its

-intellectual horizon; but the published sermons are relatively

-few in number; and while, now and then, at intervals, after a

-public celebration, an important anniversary or ceremonial, or as

-a sequence of a controversy on the merits or demerits of creed or

-dogma, we see a pile of pamphlets on the counter of a bookstore,

-we do not hear of any printed book of sermons that appears to

-have entered of recent years into the domain of human thought

-and discussion in the great world beyond our territorial limits.</p>

-

-<p>I shall not attempt to dwell at any length on the intellectual

-standard of our legislative bodies, but shall confine myself to a

-few general observations that naturally suggest themselves to an

-observer of our political conditions. Now, as in all times of our

-history, political life claims many strong, keen and cultured intellects,

-although it is doubtful whether the tendency of our

-democratic institutions is to encourage the most highly educated

-organizations to venture, or remain, should once they venture, in

-the agitated and unsafe sea of political passion and controversy.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span>

-The first parliament of the Dominion, and the first legislatures

-of the provinces, which met after the federal union of 1867,

-when the system of dual representation was permissible&mdash;a system

-whose advantages are more obvious now&mdash;brought into

-public life the most brilliant and astute intellects of Canada, and

-it will probably be a long time before we shall again see assemblages

-so distinguished for oratory, humour and intellectual

-power. A federal system was, doubtless, the only one feasible

-under the racial and natural conditions that met the Quebec

-Conference of 1864; but, while admitting its political necessity,

-we cannot conceal from ourselves the fact that the great drain

-its numerous legislative bodies and governments make upon the

-mental resources of a limited population&mdash;a drain increased by

-the abolition of dual representation&mdash;is calculated to weaken our

-intellectual strength in our legislative halls, when a legislative

-union would in the nature of things concentrate that strength in

-one powerful current of activity and thought. A population of

-five millions of people has to provide not only between six and

-seven hundred representatives, who must devote a large amount

-of time to the public service for inadequate compensation, but

-also lieutenant-governors, judges and high officials, holding positions

-requiring intellectual qualifications as well as business

-capacity if they are properly filled. Apart from these considerations,

-it must be remembered that the opportunities of acquiring

-wealth and success in business or professional vocations

-have naturally increased with the material development of the

-Dominion, and that men of brains have consequently even less

-inducement than formerly to enter on the uncertain and too

-often ungrateful pursuit of politics. We have also the danger

-before us that it will be with us, as it is in the United States

-and even in England under the new conditions that are rapidly

-developing there; the professional politician, who is too often

-the creation of factions and cliques, and the lower influences of

-political intrigue and party management, will be found, as time

-passes, more common in our legislative halls, to the detriment of

-those higher ideals that should be the animating principles of

-public life in this young country, whose future happiness and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">45</a></span>

-greatness depend so much on the present methods of party government.

-Be all this as it may be, one may still fairly claim

-for our legislative bodies that their intellectual standard can

-compare favourably with that of the Congress at Washington or

-the state legislatures of Massachusetts and New England generally.

-After all, it is not for brilliant intellectual pyrotechnics

-we should now so much look to the legislative bodies of Canada,

-but rather for honesty of purpose, keen comprehension of the

-public interests, and a business capacity which can grasp the

-actual material wants and necessities of a country which has to

-face the competition, and even opposition, of a great people full

-of industrial as well as intellectual energy.</p>

-

-<p>Nowhere in this review have I claimed for this country any

-very striking results in the course of the half century since which

-we have shown so much political and material activity. I cannot

-boast that we have produced a great poem or a great history

-which has attracted the attention of the world beyond us, and

-assuredly we find no noteworthy attempt in the direction of a

-novel of our modern life; but what I do claim is, looking at the

-results generally, the work we have done has been sometimes

-above the average in those fields of literature&mdash;and here I include,

-necessarily, science&mdash;in which Canadians have worked.

-They have shown in many productions a conscientious spirit of

-research, patient industry, and not a little literary skill in the

-management of their material. I think, on the whole, there have

-been enough good poems, histories and essays written and published

-in Canada for the last four or five decades to prove that

-there has been a steady intellectual growth on the part of our

-people, and that it has kept pace at all events with the mental

-growth in the pulpit, or in the legislative halls, where, of late

-years, a keen practical debating style has taken the place of the

-more rhetorical and studied oratory of old times. I believe the

-intellectual faculties of Canadians only require larger opportunities

-for their exercise to bring forth a rich fruition. I believe the

-progress in the years to come will be far greater than that we

-have yet shown, and that necessarily so, with the wider distribution

-of wealth, the dissemination of a higher culture, and a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span>

-greater confidence in our own mental strength, and in the resources

-that this country offers to pen and pencil. The time will

-come when that great river, associated with memories of Cartier,

-Champlain, La Salle, Frontenac, Wolfe and Montcalm,&mdash;that river

-already immortalized in history by the pen of Parkman&mdash;will be

-as noted in song and story as the Rhine, and will have its Irving

-to make it as famous as the lovely Hudson.</p>

-

-<p>Of course there are many obstacles in the way of successful

-literary pursuits in Canada. Our population is still small, and

-separated into two distinct nationalities, who for the most part

-necessarily read books printed in their own tongue. A book

-published in Canada then has a relatively limited <i>client&#232;le</i> in the

-country itself, and cannot meet much encouragement from publishers

-in England or in the United States who have advantages

-for placing their own publications which no Canadian can have

-under existing conditions. Consequently an author of ambition

-and merit should perforce look for publishers outside his own

-country if he is to expect anything like just appreciation, or to

-have a fair chance of reaching that literary world which alone

-gives fame in the true sense. It must be admitted too that so

-much inferior work has at times found its way from Canada to

-other countries that publishers are apt to look askance at a book

-when it is offered to them from the colonies. Still, while this

-may at times operate against making what is a fairly good bargain

-with the publisher&mdash;and many authors, of course, believe

-with reason that a publisher, as a rule, never makes a good bargain

-with an author, and certainly not with a new one&mdash;a good

-book will sooner or later assert itself whenever Canadians write

-such a book. Let Canadians then persevere conscientiously and

-confidently in their efforts to break through the indifference which

-at present tends to cramp their efforts and dampen their energy.

-It is a fashion with some colonial writers to believe that there

-is a settled determination on the part of English critics to ignore

-their best work, when, perhaps, in the majority of cases it is the

-lack of good work that is at fault. Such a conclusion sometimes

-finds an argument in the fact that, when so able a Canadian as

-Edward Blake enters the legislative halls of England, some ill-natured<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">47</a></span>

-critic, who represents a spirit of insular English snobbery,

-has only a sneer for "this Canadian lawyer" who had

-better "stay at home," and not presume to think that he, a mere

-colonist, could have anything to say in matters affecting the good

-government of the British Empire. But the time has long since

-passed for sneers at colonial self-government or colonial intellect,

-and we are more likely hereafter to have a Canadian House of

-Commons held up as a model of decorum for so-called English

-gentlemen. Such able and impartial critical journals as <i>The

-Athen&#230;um</i> are more ready to welcome than ignore a good book in

-these days of second-rate literature in England itself. If we produce

-such a good book as Mrs. Campbell Praed's "Australian

-Life," or Tasma's "Uncle Piper of Piper's Hill," we may be sure

-the English papers will do us justice. Let me frankly insist that

-we have far too much hasty and slovenly literary work done in

-Canada. The literary canon which every ambitious writer should

-have ever in his mind has been stated by no less an authority

-than Sainte-Beuve: "Devoted to my profession as a critic, I have

-tried to be more and more a good and if possible an able workman."

-A good style means artistic workmanship. It is too soon

-for us in this country to look for a Matthew Arnold or a Sainte-Beuve&mdash;such

-great critics are generally the results, and not the

-forerunners, of a great literature; but at least if we could have

-in the present state of our intellectual development, a criticism in

-the press which would be truthful and just, the essential characteristics

-of the two authors I have named, the effect would be

-probably in the direction of encouraging promising writers, and

-weeding out some literary dabblers. "What I have wished,"

-said the French critic, "is to say not a word more than I thought,

-to stop even a little short of what I believed in certain cases, in

-order that my words might acquire more weight as historical testimony."

-Truth tempered by consideration for literary genius is

-the essence of sound criticism.</p>

-

-<p>We all know that the literary temperament is naturally sensitive

-to anything like indifference and is too apt, perhaps, to

-exaggerate the importance of its calling in the prosaic world in

-which it is exercised. The pecuniary rewards are so few, relatively,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">48</a></span>

-in this country, that the man of imaginative mind&mdash;the

-purely literary worker&mdash;naturally thinks that he can, at least, ask

-for generous appreciation. No doubt he thinks, to quote a passage

-from a clever Australian novel&mdash;"The Australian Girl"&mdash;"Genius

-has never been truly acclimatized by the world. The

-Philistines always long to put out the eyes of poets and make

-them grind corn in Gaza." But it is well always to remember

-that a great deal of rough work has to be done in a country like

-Canada before its Augustan age can come. No doubt literary

-stimulus must be more or less wanting in a colony where there

-is latent at times in some quarters a want of self-confidence in

-ourselves and in our institutions, arising from that sense of dependency

-and habit of imitation and borrowing from others that

-is a necessity of a colonial condition. The tendency of the absence

-of sufficient self-assertion is to cramp intellectual exertion, and

-make us believe that success in literature can only be achieved

-in the old countries of Europe. That spirit of all-surrounding

-materialism to which Lowell has referred must also always exercise

-a certain sinister influence in this way&mdash;an influence largely

-exerted in Ontario&mdash;but despite all this we see that even among

-our neighbours it has not prevented the growth of a literary class

-famous for its intellectual successes in varied fields of literature.

-It is for Canadian writers to have always before them a high ideal,

-and remember that literature does best its duty&mdash;to quote the

-eloquent words of Ruskin&mdash;"in raising our fancy to the height of

-what may be noble, honest and felicitous in actual life; in giving

-us, though we may be ourselves poor and unknown, the companionship

-of the wisest spirits of every age and country, and in

-aiding the communication of clear thoughts and faithful purposes

-among distant nations, which will at last breathe calm upon the

-sea of lawless passion and change into such halcyon days the

-winter of the world, that the birds of the air may have their nests

-in peace and the Son of Man where to lay his head."</p>

-

-

-

-

-<hr />

-

-<div class="chapter">

-                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">49</a></span></p>

-

-<h2><a name="IX" id="IX"></a>IX.</h2>

-</div>

-

-

-<p>Largely, if not entirely, owing to the expansion of our common

-school system&mdash;admirable in Ontario and Nova Scotia, but

-defective in Quebec&mdash;and the influence of our universities and

-colleges, the average intelligence of the people of this country is

-much higher than it was a very few years ago; but no doubt it

-is with us as with our neighbours&mdash;to quote the words of an eminent

-public speaker whose brilliancy sometimes leads one to forget

-his higher criticism&mdash;I refer to Dr. Chauncey Depew&mdash;"Speed is

-the virtue and vice of our generation. We demand that morning-glories

-and century plants shall submit to the same conditions

-and flower with equal frequency." Even some of our universities

-from which we naturally expect so much seem disposed from

-time to time to lower their standard and yield too readily to the

-demand for purely practical education when, after all, the great

-reason of all education is to draw forth the best qualities of the

-young man, elevate his intelligence, and stimulate his highest

-intellectual forces. The animating principle with the majority of

-people is to make a young man a doctor, a lawyer, an engineer,

-or teach him some other vocation as soon as possible, and the tendency

-is to consider any education that does not immediately

-effect that result as superfluous. Whilst every institution of

-learning must necessarily yield something to this pervading

-spirit of immediate utility, it would be a mistake to sacrifice all

-the methods and traditions of the past when sound scholars at

-least were made, and the world had so many men famous in

-learning, in poetry, in romance, and in history. For one I range

-myself among those who, like James Russell Lowell and Matthew

-Arnold, still consider the conscientious and intelligent study of

-the ancient classics&mdash;the humanities as they are called&mdash;as best

-adapted to create cultured men and women, and as the noblest

-basis on which to build up even a practical education with which

-to earn bread and capture the world. Goldwin Smith very truly

-says, "A romantic age stands in need of science, a scientific and

-utilitarian age stands in need of the humanities."<a name="FNanchor_62_76" id="FNanchor_62_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_76" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> The study of

-Greek, above all others of the humanities, is calculated to stimulate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">50</a></span>

-the higher qualities of our nature. As Matthew Arnold adds

-in the same discourse from which I have quoted, "The instinct

-for beauty is set in human nature, as surely as the instinct for

-knowledge is set there, or the instinct for conduct. If the instinct

-for beauty is served by Greek literature and art as it is served by

-no other literature or art, we may trust to the instinct of self-preservation

-in humanity for keeping Greek as part of our culture."

-With the same great critic and thinker, I hope that in

-Canada "Greek will be increasingly studied as men feel the need

-in them for beauty, and how powerfully Greek art and Greek

-literature can serve this need." We are as respects the higher

-education of this country in that very period which Arnold saw

-ahead for America&mdash;"a period of unsettlement and confusion and

-false tendency"&mdash;a tendency to crowd into education too many

-matters; and it is for this reason I venture to hope that letters

-will not be allowed to yield entirely to the necessity for practical

-science, the importance of which I fully admit, while deprecating

-it being made the dominant principle in our universities. If we

-are to come down to the lower grades of our educational system

-I might also doubt whether despite all its decided advantages

-for the masses&mdash;its admirable machinery and apparatus, its comfortable

-school-houses, its varied systematic studies from form to

-form and year to year, its well managed normal and model schools,

-its excellent teachers&mdash;there are not also signs of superficiality.

-The tendency of the age is to become rich fast, to get as much

-knowledge as possible within a short time, and the consequence

-of this is to spread far too much knowledge over a limited ground&mdash;to

-give a child too many subjects, and to teach him a little of

-everything. These are days of many cyclop&#230;dias, historical summaries,

-scientific digests, reviews of reviews, French in a few lessons,

-and interest tables. All is digested and made easy to the

-student. Consequently not a little of the production of our schools

-and of some of our colleges may be compared to a veneer of knowledge,

-which easily wears off in the activities of life, and leaves

-the roughness of the original and cheaper material very perceptible.

-One may well believe that the largely mechanical system

-and materialistic tendency of our education has some effect in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">51</a></span>

-checking the development of a really original and imaginative

-literature among us. Much of our daily literature&mdash;indeed the

-chief literary aliment of large classes of our busy population is

-the newspaper press, which illustrates in many ways the haste

-and pressure of this life of ours in a country of practical needs like

-Canada. When we consider the despatch with which a large

-newspaper has to be made up, how reports are caught on the

-wing and published without sufficient verification, how editorials

-have to be written <i>currente calamo</i>, and often after midnight when

-important despatches come in, we may well wonder that the daily

-issue of a newspaper is so well done. With the development of

-confederation the leading Canadian papers have taken, through

-the influence of the new condition of things, a larger range of

-thought and expression, and the gross personalities which so frequently

-discredited the press before 1867 have now become the

-exception. If I might refer to an old and enterprising paper as

-an example of the new order of things, I should point to the

-Toronto <i>Globe</i> under its present editorial management and compare

-it with two or three decades ago. It will be seen there is a

-deeper deference to an intelligent public opinion by an acknowledgment

-of the right of a community to hear argument and

-reason even on matters of party politics, and to have fair reports

-of speeches on both sides of a question. In point of appearance,

-make-up, and varied literary matter&mdash;especially in its literary

-department, its criticisms of new books in all branches of literature&mdash;the

-Australasian press is decidedly superior to that of

-Canada as a rule. The Melbourne <i>Argus</i> and the Sydney <i>Herald</i>

-compare with the best London journals, and the reason is mainly

-because there is no country press in Australia to limit the enterprise

-and energy of a newspaper publisher. Perhaps it is as well

-for the general instruction of a community like ours that there

-should be a large and active country press, and the people not

-too much under the guidance of a few great journals in important

-centres of political thought and action. For one I have more faith

-in the good sense and reason of the community as a whole than

-in the motives and disinterestedness of a few leaders in one or

-more cities or towns. But I must also add that when we consider<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">52</a></span>

-the influence a widely disseminated press like that of Canada

-must exercise on the opinions and sentiments of the large body

-of persons of whom it is the principal or only literature, one

-must wish that there was more independence of thought and

-honesty of criticism as well as a greater willingness, or capacity

-rather, to study a high ideal on the part of the press generally.

-However improved the tone of the Canadian press may have become

-of late years, however useful it may be as a daily record

-of passing events&mdash;of course, outside of party politics&mdash;however

-ably it may discuss in its editorial columns the topics of the day,

-it is not yet an influence always calculated to strengthen the

-mind and bring out the best intellectual faculties of a reader like

-a book which is the result of calm reflection, sound philosophic

-thought, originality of idea, or the elevated sentiment of the great

-poet or the historian. As a matter of fact a newspaper is too

-often in Canada a reflex of the average rather than of the higher

-intelligence of the country, and on no other ground can we explain

-the space devoted to a football match, or a prize fight, or a

-murder trial, or degrading incidents in the criminal life of men

-and women. For one, I am an admirer of athletic and other

-sports calculated to develop health and muscle, as long as they

-are not pursued to extremes, do not become the end and aim of

-youth, or allowed to degenerate into brutality. All of us do not

-forget the great influence of the Olympian, the Pythian and other

-public games on the Greek character when the land was "living

-Greece" indeed; but we must also remember that art and song

-had a part in those contests of athletes, that they even inspired

-the lyric odes of Pindar, that the poet there recited his drama or

-epic, the painter exhibited his picture, and the intellectual was

-made a part of the physical struggle in those palmy days of Greek

-culture. I have not yet heard that any Canadian poet or painter

-or historian has ever been so honoured, or asked to take part in

-those athletic games and sports to which our public journals devote

-a number of pages which have not yet been set apart for

-Canadian or any literature. The newspaper reporter is nowadays

-the only representative of literature in our Pythia or Olympia,

-and he assuredly cannot be said to be a Pindaric singer when he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">53</a></span>

-exalts the triumphs of lacrosse or the achievements of the baseball

-champion.</p>

-

-

-

-

-<hr />

-

-<div class="chapter">

-<h2><a name="X" id="X"></a>X.</h2>

-</div>

-

-

-<p>In drawing to a conclusion I come now to refer to a subject

-which is naturally embraced in an address intended to review

-the progress of culture in this country, and that is what should

-have, perhaps, been spoken of before, the condition of Art in the

-Dominion. As our public libraries<a name="FNanchor_63_77" id="FNanchor_63_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_77" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> are small compared with

-those in the neighbouring union, and confined to three or four

-cities&mdash;Montreal being in some respects behind Toronto&mdash;so our

-public and private art galleries are very few in number and insignificant

-as respects the value and the greatness of the paintings.

-Even in the House of Commons, not long since, regret was

-expressed at the smallness of the Dominion contribution, one

-thousand dollars only, for the support of a so-called National Art

-Gallery at Ottawa, and the greater part of this paltry sum, it

-appeared, went to pay, not the addition of good paintings, but

-actually the current expenses of keeping it up. Hopes were

-thrown out by more than one member of the government, in the

-course of the discussion on the subject, that ere long a much

-larger amount would be annually voted to make the gallery

-more representative of the best Canadian art, and it was very

-properly suggested that it should be the rule to purchase a number

-of Canadian pictures regularly every year, and in this way

-stimulate the talent of our artists. Montreal at present has one

-fairly good museum of art, thanks to the liberality of two or three

-of her rich men, but so public spirited a city as Toronto, which

-numbers among its citizens a number of artists of undoubted

-merit, is conspicuous for its dearth of good pictures even in private

-collections, and for the entire absence of any public gallery.

-In Montreal there are also some very valuable and representative

-paintings of foreign artists in the residences of her wealthy men

-of business; but whilst it is necessary that we should have

-brought to this country from time to time such examples of artistic

-genius to educate our own people for better things, it is still

-desirable that Canadian millionaires and men of means and taste<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">54</a></span>

-should encourage the best efforts of our own artists. It is said

-sometimes&mdash;and there is some truth in the remark&mdash;that Canadian

-art hitherto has been imitative rather than creative; but

-while we have pictures like those of L. R. O'Brien, W. Brymner,

-F. A. Verner, O. R. Jacobi, George Reid, F. M. Bell-Smith, Homer

-Watson, W. Raphael, Robert Harris, C. M. Manly, J. W. L. Forster,

-A. D. Patterson, Miss Bell, Miss Muntz, J. Pinhey, J. C. Forbes,

-Paul Peel&mdash;a young man of great promise too soon cut off&mdash;and of

-other excellent painters,<a name="FNanchor_64_78" id="FNanchor_64_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_78" class="fnanchor">[64]</a><a name="FNanchor_G_7" id="FNanchor_G_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_G_7" class="fnanchor">[G]</a> native born or adopted Canadians,

-illustrating in many cases, as do those of Mr. O'Brien notably, the

-charm and picturesqueness of Canadian scenery, it would seem

-that only sufficient encouragement is needed to develop a higher

-order of artistic performance among us. The Marquess of Lorne

-and the Princess Louise, during their too short residence in the

-Dominion, did something to stimulate a larger and better taste

-for art by the establishment of a Canadian Academy and the holding

-of several exhibitions; but such things can be of little practical

-utility if Canadians do not encourage the artists who are to

-contribute. It is to be hoped that the same spirit of generosity

-which is yearly building commodious science halls, and otherwise

-giving our universities additional opportunities for usefulness,

-will also ere long establish at least one fine art gallery in

-each of the older provinces, to illustrate not simply English and

-Foreign art, but the most original and highly executed work of

-Canadians themselves. Such galleries are so many object lessons&mdash;like

-that wondrous "White City" which has arisen by a

-western lake as suddenly as the palaces of eastern story&mdash;to educate

-the eye, form the taste and develop the higher faculties of

-our nature amid the material surroundings of our daily life. No

-doubt the creative and imaginative faculties of our people have

-not yet been developed to any noteworthy extent; the poems and

-paintings of native Canadians too frequently lack, and the little

-fiction so far written is entirely destitute of the essential elements

-of successful and permanent work in art and literature. But the

-deficiency in this respect has arisen not from the poverty of Canadian<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span>

-intellect, but rather from the absence of that general distribution

-of wealth on which art can alone thrive, the consequent

-want of galleries to cultivate a taste among the people for the

-best artistic productions, and above all from the existence of that

-spirit of intellectual self-depreciation which is essentially colonial,

-and leads not a few to believe that no good work of this kind can

-be done in mere dependencies.</p>

-

-<p>The exhibition of American art at the world's fair is remarkable

-on the whole for individual expression, excellent colour and

-effective composition. It proves to a demonstration that the

-tendency is progressive, and that it is not too much to expect

-that a few decades hence this continent will produce a Corot, a

-Daubigny, a Bonnat, a Bouguereau or a Millais. Not the least

-gratifying feature of the exhibition has been the revelation to the

-foreign world&mdash;and probably to many Canadians as well&mdash;that

-there is already some artistic performance of a much higher order

-than was believed to exist in Canada, and that it has been

-adjudged worthy of special mention among the masterpieces that

-surround the paintings of our artists. This success, very moderate

-as it is, must stimulate Canadian painters to still greater

-efforts in the future, and should help to create a wider interest

-in their work among our own people, heretofore too indifferent

-to the labours of men and women, whose rewards have been

-small in comparison with the conscientiousness and earnestness

-they have given to the prosecution of their art.</p>

-

-<p>The opportunities which Canadian artists have had of comparing

-their own work with that of the most artistic examples at

-the exhibition should be beneficial if they have made of them

-the best possible use. American and French art was particularly

-well represented at the exhibition, and was probably most interesting

-from a Canadian point of view, since our artists would

-naturally make comparisons with their fellow-workers on this

-continent, and at the same time closely study the illustrations of

-those French schools which now attract the greater number of

-students from this country, and have largely influenced&mdash;perhaps

-too much so at times&mdash;the later efforts of some well-known painters

-among us. A writer in the New York <i>Nation</i> has made some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span>

-comparisons between the best works of the artists of France and

-the United States, which are supported by the testimony of critics

-who are able to speak with authority on the subject. The French

-notably excel "in seriousness of purpose and general excellence

-of work from a technical point of view, especially in the thorough

-knowledge of construction in both the figure and landscape pictures."

-On the other hand, the artists of the United States

-"show more diversity of aim and individuality of expression, as

-well as colour feeling." Some two or three Canadian artists give

-examples of those very qualities&mdash;especially in their landscapes&mdash;which,

-according to the New York critic, distinguish the illustrations

-of the art of the United States. As a rule, however, there

-is a want of individuality of expression, and of perfection of

-finish, in the work of Canadian artists, as even their relatively

-imperfect representation at Chicago has shown. The tendency

-to be imitative rather than creative is too obvious. Canadian

-painters show even a readiness to leave their own beautiful and

-varied scenery that they may portray that of other countries, and

-in doing so they have ceased in many cases to be original. But

-despite these defects, there is much hope in the general performance

-of Canadians even without that encouragement and sympathy

-which the artists of the United States have in a larger

-measure been able to receive in a country of greater wealth, population

-and intellectual culture.</p>

-

-<p>Not only does the exhibition of paintings in the world's fair

-make one very hopeful of the future artistic development of this

-continent, but the beauty of the architectural design of the noble

-buildings which contain the treasures of art and industry, and

-of the decorative figures and groups of statuary that embellish

-these buildings and the surrounding grounds, is a remarkable

-illustration of the artistic genius that has produced so exquisite

-an effect in general, whatever defects there may be in minor

-details. A critic in the July number of the 'Quarterly Review,'

-while writing "in the presence of these lovely temples, domes,

-and colonnades under the burning American sky which adds a

-light and a transparency to all it rests upon," cannot help echoing

-the regret that this vision of beauty is but for a season, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">57</a></span>

-expressing the hope that some one of the American money kings

-"may perpetuate his name on marble, by restoring, on the edge

-of this immense capital, amid parks and waters, that great central

-square which, were it only built of enduring materials, would

-stand without a rival in modern architecture." Perhaps the fine

-arts in the Dominion&mdash;where sculpture would be hardly heard

-of were it not for the French Canadian H&#233;bert&mdash;may themselves

-even gain some stimulus from the examples of a higher conception

-of artistic achievement that is shown by this exhibition to exist

-in a country where a spirit of materialism has obtained the mastery

-so long. Canadian architecture hitherto has not been distinguished

-for originality of design&mdash;much more than art it has

-been imitative. In Montreal and Quebec the old buildings which

-represent the past have no architectural beauty, however interesting

-they may be to the antiquarian or the historian, and however

-well many of them harmonize with the heights of picturesque

-Quebec. Montreal is assuredly the most interesting city

-from an architectural point of view in Canada, simply for the

-reason that its architects have, as a rule, studied that effect of

-solidity and simplicity of design most in keeping with the grand

-mountain and the natural scenery that give such picturesqueness

-to an exceptionally noble site. While we see all over Canada&mdash;from

-Victoria on the Pacific to Halifax on the Atlantic<a name="FNanchor_64A_79" id="FNanchor_64A_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_64A_79" class="fnanchor">[64<i>a</i>]</a><a name="FNanchor_H_8" id="FNanchor_H_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_H_8" class="fnanchor">[H]</a>&mdash;the

-evidences of greater comfort, taste and wealth in our private and

-public buildings, while we see many elaborate specimens of ecclesiastical

-art, stately piles of legislative halls, excellent specimens

-of Gothic and Tudor art in our colleges, expensive commercial

-and financial structures, and even civic palaces, yet they are

-often illustrative of certain well defined and prevalent types of

-architecture in the eastern and western cities of the United

-States. It cannot be said that Canada has produced an architect

-of original genius like Henry Hobson Richardson, who was cut

-off in the commencement of his career, but not before he had given

-the continent some admirable specimens of architectural art, in

-which his study of the Romanesque was specially conspicuous,

-and probably led the way to a higher ideal which has reached some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">58</a></span>

-realization in the city which must too soon disappear like the

-fabric of a vision, though one can well believe that, unlike a

-dream, it will leave a permanent impress on the intellectual

-development of the people who have conceived an exhibition so

-creditable from a purely artistic point of view.</p>

-

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_G_7" id="Footnote_G_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_G_7"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> Some extended notes on the artists of Canada and their work appear in

-the Appendix, <a href="#Footnote_64_78">note 64</a>.</p>

-

-<p><a name="Footnote_H_8" id="Footnote_H_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_H_8"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> See in <a href="#Footnote_64A_79">Appendix 64<i>a</i></a> references to our notable public edifices.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-

-

-<hr />

-

-<div class="chapter">

-<h2><a name="XI" id="XI"></a>XI.</h2>

-</div>

-

-

-<p>The Dominion of Canada possesses a noble heritage which

-has descended to us as the result of the achievement of Frenchmen,

-Englishmen, Scotchmen, and Irishmen, who through centuries

-of trial and privation, showed an indomitable courage,

-patience and industry which it is our duty to imitate with the

-far greater opportunities we now enjoy of developing the latent

-material and intellectual resources of this fair land. Possessing

-a country rich in natural treasures and a population inheriting

-the institutions, the traditions and qualities of their ancestors,

-having a remarkable capacity for self-government, enjoying exceptional

-facilities for the acquisition of knowledge, having

-before us always the record of difficulties overcome against great

-odds in endeavouring to establish ourselves on this continent,

-we may well in the present be animated by the spirit of hope,

-rather than by that feeling of despair which some despondent

-thinkers and writers have too frequently on their lips when it is

-a question of the destiny in store for Canada. In the course of

-the coming decades&mdash;perhaps in four or five, or less&mdash;Canada

-will probably have determined her destiny&mdash;her position among

-the communities of the world; and, for one, I have no doubt the

-results will be far more gratifying to our national pride than the

-results of even the past thirty years, when we have been laying

-broad and deep the foundations of our present system of government.

-We have reason to believe that the material success of this

-confederation will be fully equalled by the intellectual efforts of

-a people who have sprung from nations whose not least enduring

-fame has been the fact that they have given to the world of

-letters a Shakespeare, a Moli&#232;re, a Montesquieu, a Balzac, a

-Dickens, a Dudevant, a Tennyson, a Victor Hugo, a Longfellow,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span>

-a Hawthorne, a Th&#233;ophile Gauthier, and many other names that

-represent the best literary genius of the English and French races.

-All the evidence before us now goes to prove that the French

-language will continue into an indefinite future to be the language

-of a large and influential section of the population of

-Canada, and that it must consequently exercise a decided influence

-on the culture and intellect of the Dominion. It has been

-within the last four decades that the best intellectual work&mdash;both

-in literature and statesmanship&mdash;has been produced in French

-and English Canada, and the signs of intellectual activity in the

-same direction do not lessen with the expansion of the Dominion.

-The history of England from the day the Norman came into the

-island until he was absorbed in the original Saxon element, is

-not likely to be soon repeated in Canada, but in all probability

-the two nationalities will remain side by side for an unknown

-period to illustrate on the northern half of the continent of America

-the culture and genius of the two strongest and brightest

-powers of civilization. As both of these nationalities have vied

-with each other in the past to build up this confederation on a

-large and generous basis of national strength and greatness, and

-have risen time and again superior to those racial antagonisms

-created by differences of opinion at great crises of our history&mdash;antagonisms

-happily dispelled by the common sense, reason and

-patriotism of men of both races&mdash;so we should in the future hope

-for that friendly rivalry on the part of the best minds among

-French and English Canadians which will best stimulate the

-genius of their people in art, history, poetry and romance. In

-the meantime, while this confederation is fighting its way out of

-its political difficulties, and resolving wealth and refinement

-from the original and rugged elements of a new country, it is for

-the respective nationalities not to stand aloof from one another,

-but to unite in every way possible for common intellectual improvement,

-and give sympathetic encouragement to the study of

-the two languages and to the mental efforts of each other. It

-was on this enlightened principle of sympathetic interest that

-the Royal Society was founded and on which alone it can expect

-to obtain any permanent measure of success. If the English and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">60</a></span>

-French always endeavour to meet each other on this friendly

-basis in all the communities where they live side by side as well

-as on all occasions that demand common thought and action and

-cultivate that social and intellectual intercourse which may at

-all events weld them both as one in spirit and aspiration, however

-different they may continue in language and temperament,

-many prejudices must be removed, social life must gain in charm,

-and intellect must be developed by finding strength where it is

-weak, and grace where it is needed in the mental efforts of the

-two races. If in addition to this widening of the sympathies of

-our two national elements, we can see in the Dominion generally

-less of that provincialism which means a narrowness of mental

-vision on the part of our literary aspirants, and prevents Canadian

-authors reaching a larger audience in other countries, then

-we shall rise superior to those weaknesses of our intellectual

-character which now impede our mental development, and shall

-be able to give larger scope to what original and imaginative

-genius may exist among our people. So with the expansion of

-our mental horizon, with the growth of experience and knowledge,

-with the creation of a wider sympathy for native talent,

-with the disappearance of that tendency to self-depreciation

-which is so essentially colonial, and with the encouragement of

-more self-reliance and confidence in our own intellectual resources,

-we may look forward with some degree of hopefulness

-to conditions of higher development, and to the influence on our

-national character of what can best elevate Canadians and make

-them even happier and wiser,</p>

-

-<div class="center">

-<div class="poem">

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"The love of country, soaring far above all party strife;</div>

-  <div class="i0">The love of learning, art and song,&mdash;the crowning grace of life."<a name="FNanchor_65_80" id="FNanchor_65_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_80" class="fnanchor">[65]</a></div>

-</div>

-</div>

-</div>

-

-

-

-

-<hr />

-

-<div class="chapter">

-                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">61</a></span></p>

-

-<h2><a name="BIBLIOGRAPHICAL_ART_AND_GENERAL_NOTES" id="BIBLIOGRAPHICAL_ART_AND_GENERAL_NOTES"></a>BIBLIOGRAPHICAL, ART AND GENERAL NOTES.</h2>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center">LOWELL'S ADDRESSES.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_1_9" id="Footnote_1_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_9"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Page 1.&mdash;See "Democracy, and Other Addresses," by James Russell Lowell

-(Boston and New York, 1887) pp. 235&ndash;237. The address at the Harvard Anniversary,

-from which I quote in the commencement of the text, should be carefully read and

-studied by all those who are interested in education and culture in the Dominion,

-and do not wish to see the classics superseded by purely scientific and utilitarian

-theories. "Leave," he said, for instance, "in their traditional pre-eminence those

-arts that were rightly called liberal; those studies that kindle the imagination, and

-through it irradiate the reason: those studies that manumitted the modern mind;

-those in which the brains of the finest temper have found alike their stimulus and

-their repose, taught by them that the power of intellect is heightened in proportion

-as it is made gracious by measure and symmetry. Give us science, too, but give,

-first of all and last of all, the science that ennobles life and makes it generous....

-Many-sidedness of culture makes your vision clearer and keener in particulars.

-For, after all, the noblest definition of Science is that breadth and impartiality of

-view which liberates the mind from specialties, and enables it to organize whatever

-we learn, so that it becomes real Knowledge by being brought into true and helpful

-relation with the rest."</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">JAMESTOWN, VA.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_2_10" id="Footnote_2_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_10"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Page 3.&mdash;"Nothing remains of this famous settlement but the ruins of a

-church tower covered with ivy, and some old tombstones. The tower is crumbling

-year by year, and the roots of trees have cracked the slabs, making great rifts across

-the names of the old Armigers and Honourables. The place is desolate with its

-washing waves and flitting sea-fowl, but possesses a singular attraction. It is one

-of the few localities which recall the first years of American history; but it will not

-recall them much longer. Every distinctive feature of the spot is slowly disappearing.

-The river encroaches year by year, and the ground occupied by the original

-huts is already submerged." Cooke's "Virginia" ('American Commonwealths,'

-1884), p. 19.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">CHAMPLAIN.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_3_11" id="Footnote_3_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_11"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;Editions of Champlain's works appeared at Paris in 1603, 1613, 1619,

-1620, 1627, 1632 and 1640; at Quebec in 1830 and 1870. An English translation was

-published by the Prince Society of Boston in 1878&ndash;80. The Abb&#233; Laverdi&#232;re's edition,

-in six volumes, 4to., (Quebec, 1870), is the most perfect modern publication of the

-works. It printed for the first time the text of the voyage of 1599&ndash;1601. For bibliographical

-notes of Champlain's works see Bourinot's "Cape Breton," 'Trans. Roy.

-Soc. Can.,' vol. ix., Sec. II., App. VIII. (also in separate form, Montreal, 1892);

-Winsor's 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 130&ndash;134; Harrisse's "Notes sur la bibliographie

-de la Nouvelle France."</p>

-

-<p>French Canadian writers like Garneau and Ferland have exhausted the language

-of eulogy in describing the character and life of Samuel Champlain, but no one who

-follows his career can doubt the truth of this latest tribute to the French colonizer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">62</a></span>

-of Canada by Dr. N. E. Dionne in "Samuel Champlain, fondateur de Qu&#233;bec et p&#232;re

-de la Nouvelle France: Histoire de sa vie et de ses voyages," Qu&#233;bec, 1891: "Il poss&#233;dait

-&#224; un haut degr&#233; le g&#233;nie colonisateur, et c'est dans ce r&#244;le, si difficile de tout

-temps, qu'il fit preuve de sagesse et de clairvoyance, et dans le choix des colons, et

-dans la direction qu'il sut imprimer &#224; leurs premiers efforts. L'intelligence de

-Champlain se r&#233;v&#232;le dans de nombreux &#233;crits, o&#249; l'observateur judicieux et p&#233;n&#233;trant

-coudoie le savant et le marin aussi hardi qu'exp&#233;riment&#233;. Comme cosmographe

-il a eu l'immense m&#233;rite d'avoir surpass&#233; tous ses devanciers, par l'abondance

-des descriptions et l'agencement heureux des donn&#233;es g&#233;ographiques. C'est un

-nouveau titre de gloire que l'on doit ajouter &#224; sa couronne resplendissante de tant

-de rayons lumineux. Plusieurs historiens, m&#234;me de ceux qui ne comptent pas parmi

-les admirateurs des &#339;uvres fran&#231;aises, lui out rendu le t&#233;moignage d'avoir fait entrer

-la science cartographique dans une nouvelle &#232;re de progr&#232;s. Naturaliste, g&#233;ographe,

-marin, cosmographe; Champlain &#233;tait tout cela &#224; la fois, et dans une mesure hautement

-remarquable pour l'epoque o&#249; il vivait.... Pas un gouverneur sous

-l'ancien r&#233;gime n'a donn&#233; d'aussi grands exemples de foi, de pi&#233;t&#233;, et de droiture

-d'intention."</p>

-

-<p>It is Captain John Smith of Virginia who, among the colonizers of America, can

-best compare with the founder of Quebec. The following estimate of his character,

-given by the historian George Bancroft (i., 138&ndash;139, ed. of 1866), could be applied in

-almost every particular to the Frenchman; all we need do is to read "New France"

-for "Virginia," "French" for "Saxon," "France" for "England," etc.: "He was

-the father of Virginia, the true leader who first planted the Saxon race within the

-borders of the United States. His judgment had ever been clear in the midst of

-general despondency. He united the highest spirit of adventure with consummate

-powers of action. His courage and self-possession accomplished what others esteemed

-desperate. Fruitful in expedients, he was prompt in execution. Though he had

-been harassed by the persecutions of malignant envy, he never revived the memory

-of the faults of his enemies. He was accustomed to lead, not to send his men to

-danger; would suffer want rather than borrow, and starve sooner than not pay. He

-had nothing counterfeit in his nature, but was open, honest and sincere. He clearly

-discerned that it was the true interest of England not to seek in Virginia for gold

-and hidden wealth, but to enforce regular industry. 'Nothing,' said he, 'is to be

-expected thence but by labour.'"</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">LESCARBOT.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_4_12" id="Footnote_4_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_12"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;Editions of Lescarbot's "Histoire de la Nouvelle France" appeared

-at Paris in 1609, 1611, 1617 and 1618; but the most complete and available modern

-copy is that printed by Tross in three volumes (Paris, 1866). For bibliographical

-notes of Lescarbot's works see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 149&ndash;151; Harrisse's

-"Notes."</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">CHARLEVOIX.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_5_13" id="Footnote_5_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_13"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;Editions of Charlevoix's "Histoire et description g&#233;n&#233;rale de la Nouvelle

-France," etc., appeared at Paris in 1744, three volumes, 4to., and six volumes in

-12mo., with maps. Dr. Shea's admirable English version and annotations were

-printed at New York in six handsome volumes, 1866&ndash;1872. For bibliographical notes

-see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 154, 358.</p>

-</div>

-

-                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">63</a></span></p>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">HUTCHINSON'S HISTORY.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_6_14" id="Footnote_6_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_14"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;For bibliography of Thomas Hutchinson's excellent "History of

-Massachusetts Bay" (Boston, 1749, 1767, 1795; London, 1750, 1768, 1828, three volumes),

-see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iii., 344. He was royal governor of the province,

-1770&ndash;72, and died near London in 1789.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">SAGARD.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_7_15" id="Footnote_7_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_15"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;Editions of Sagard's works, "Le Grand Voyage," etc., appeared at

-Paris in 1632 and 1636, but Tross printed admirable copies at Paris in 1864&ndash;66. Charlevoix

-has not a favourable judgment of Sagard; but no doubt, while he is diffuse,

-he gives an excellent insight into Indian life and customs. For bibliographical

-notes see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 290&ndash;291; Harrisse's "Notes."</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">P. BOUCHER.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_8_16" id="Footnote_8_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_16"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;Pierre Boucher's "M&#339;urs et productions de la Nouvelle France" appeared

-at Paris in 1664 (sm. 12mo.), and is described by Charlevoix as a faithful, if

-superficial, account of Canada. For bibliographical notes, see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist.

-Am.,' iv., 298; Harrisse's "Notes."</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">JESUIT RELATIONS.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_9_17" id="Footnote_9_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_17"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;The Canadian Government published at Quebec in 1858, in three large

-8vo. volumes, a series of the "Relations," from 1611&ndash;1672, and supplemental or complemental

-issues of allied and later "Relations" were printed through the efforts of

-Mr. Lenox, Dr. O'Callaghan and Dr. Shea, of New York. For bibliographical notes

-on these invaluable collections, see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' 290 <i>et seq.</i>; Harrisse's

-"Notes."</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">P&#200;RE DU CREUX.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_10_18" id="Footnote_10_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_18"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;P&#232;re du Creux or Creuxius published his prolix work, "Historia

-Canadensis," with map and illustrations, in Latin, at Paris in 1664. For bibliographical

-notes, see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 296; Harrisse's "Notes." Despite its

-diffusiveness, it has value for the historical students of his times.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">LA POTHERIE.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_11_19" id="Footnote_11_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_19"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;Bacqueville de la Potherie's "Histoire de l'Am&#233;rique Septentrionale

-depuis 1534 jusqu'&#224; 1701" was published first at Paris in 1722, four volumes, 12mo.;

-but a later edition appeared in 1753. Charlevoix's opinion, that it is an undigested

-and ill-written narrative, is prejudiced, as the work is on the whole a useful and exact

-account of the French establishments at Quebec, Montreal and Three Rivers, and

-especially of the condition of the Indians of the time. For bibliographical notes see

-'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 299, 357&ndash;358.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">LAFITAU.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_11A_20" id="Footnote_11A_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11A_20"><span class="label">[11<i>a</i>]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;The following note with respect to this able priest's writing is

-taken from 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 298, 299: "The Jesuit Lafitau published

-at Paris in 1724 his 'M&#339;urs des Sauvages Am&#233;riquains' in two volumes, with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">64</a></span>

-various plates, which in the main is confined to the natives of Canada, where he had

-lived long with the Iroquois. Charlevoix said of his book, twenty years later, 'We

-have nothing so exact on the subject;' and Lafitau continues to hold high rank as

-an original authority, though his book is overlaid with a theory of Tartaric origin of

-the red race. Mr. Parkman calls him 'the most satisfactory of the elder writers.'"

-Garneau, ii., 154, mentions that he discovered in 1716 a plant in the Canadian forests

-which is of the nature of ginseng, which for awhile was a valuable article of export

-to Canton. Eventually it became valueless in China on account of its being prepared

-improperly.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">C. LE CLERCQ.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_12_21" id="Footnote_12_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_21"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;P&#232;re Chrestien Le Clercq's "Etablissement de la Foy" appeared in

-two volumes, 12mo., at Paris in 1691, and an excellent translation by Shea at New

-York in 1881. He also wrote a work, "Nouvelle Relation de la Gasp&#233;sie," which

-was also printed at Paris in 1691. For bibliographical notes see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist.

-Am.,' iv., 291; Harrisse's "Notes."</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">COTTON MATHER'S "MAGNALIA."</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_13_22" id="Footnote_13_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_22"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Page 7.&mdash;For bibliographical notes on this curious <i>olla podrida</i> of religion

-and history see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.' iii., 345; Stevens's "Historical Nuggets,"

-ii., 505.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">Dr. MICHEL SARRAZIN.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_13A_23" id="Footnote_13A_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13A_23"><span class="label">[13<i>a</i>]</span></a> Page 8.&mdash;An interesting account of the life and labours of the eminent

-pioneer of science in Canada, who came to Quebec in 1685 and died there in 1734, will

-be found in the fifth volume of the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.' (section IV.), by the Abb&#233;

-Laflamme. See also Parkman's "Old Regime in Canada," p. 366, <i>n.</i> Also, pp. 390&ndash;393

-for citations from Kalm and Charlevoix as to social condition of the French

-colony. Also, pp. 160&ndash;163 and notes, for an account and references to authorities on

-subject of the Seminary.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">PETER KALM.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_13B_24" id="Footnote_13B_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13B_24"><span class="label">[13<i>b</i>]</span></a> Page 8.&mdash;He was professor of Economy in the University of Aobo, in Swedish

-Finland, and a member of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences. His Travels in

-North America ("In Risa tel Nord America"), 1748&ndash;51, first appeared in Swedish

-(Stockholm, 1753&ndash;61), and subsequently in a translation, with the original somewhat

-abridged, by John Reinhold Forster (Warrington and London, 1770; 2nd ed., 1772).

-A translation in French by L. W. Marchand has also been published, and it is

-from that I quote in the text. (For German and Dutch versions see 'Nar. and Crit.

-Hist. Am.,' v., 244.) I have since found that Forster, in a note (ii., 185, 2nd ed.) on

-the remarks of the Swedish savant with respect to the study of science in the English

-colonies, calls attention to the fact that "Mr. Kalm has forgotten his own assertions

-in the former part of this work." Dr. Colden, Dr. Franklin and Mr. Bartram,

-he continues, "have been the great promoters and investigators of nature in this

-country, and how would the inhabitants have gotten the fine collections of North

-American trees, shrubs and plants, which grow at present almost in every garden,

-and are as if they were naturalized in old England, had they not been assisted by

-their friends and by the curious in North America." Forster also refers to the

-schools, colleges and libraries already existing in the English colonies as evidence

-that Kalm hardly did justice to the men of culture in those countries. No doubt

-La Galissoni&#232;re, Sarrazin, Gauthier, and others created, for a time certainly, much<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">65</a></span>

-interest in the practical pursuit of science in Canada. The interest, however, must

-have been necessarily confined to a very small class in the two or three towns and

-garrisons to which La Galissoni&#232;re's influence extended. Some of the Jesuit priests

-like Lafitau (see note 11<i>a</i>) had a taste for natural history, and have left us much information

-on the subject. But Lafitau, La Galissoni&#232;re, Gauthier, Sarrazin and

-others were not native Canadians, though, like Charlevoix and his predecessors who

-wrote of the country, they have left imperishable memorials connecting their names

-with the literary and scientific history of New France. On the other hand, Franklin,

-Bartram, Stith, the Mathers and Beverley, whose names will be always associated

-with the early culture of science and literature in the old English colonies, were

-American by birth and education. Still these men represented a very insignificant

-influence in the practical, money-making population of New England and the

-middle colonies of which Kalm chiefly spoke. Their influence would be relatively

-trifling compared with that which was necessarily exercised by a governor like

-La Galissoni&#232;re in New France, with its sympathetic officials and priests, and which

-was necessarily contrasted by Kalm with the indifference of the English colonists.

-Kalm failed, however, to recognize the public liberty, commercial enterprise and

-secular education which in New England and other colonial communities gave the

-people the advantage over the habitans and French Canadians generally. Instead,

-the spirit of materialism that was a distinguishing feature of the active, enterprising

-English colonists, must have grated on the susceptibilities of a student like

-Kalm, and prevented him from doing impartial justice to the strong qualities of a

-rising nation.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">SCHOOLS, 1792&ndash;1840.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_14_25" id="Footnote_14_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_25"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Page 9.&mdash;For accounts of the deplorable condition of the public schools in the

-rural districts of Upper Canada from 1791 to the union of 1841 see Canniff's "History

-of the Province of Ontario" (Toronto, 1872). Canniff Haight's "Country Life in

-Canada Fifty Years Ago" (Toronto, 1885), and Bourinot's "Intellectual Development

-of the Canadian People" (12mo., Toronto, and 'Canadian Monthly,' 1881). At the

-present time there are 14 universities and 29 colleges in which a classical education

-is given; 6 ladies' colleges, and 5 agricultural colleges and schools of science. The

-value of their buildings, endowments, etc., is upwards of $12,000,000, and the attendance

-is about 9,000 students. The classical colleges of Quebec&mdash;which make up the

-greater number of the colleges in Canada&mdash;are a combination of school and college

-attended by both boys and young men. They confer certain degrees and are generally

-affiliated with Laval University. The effect of the classical studies encouraged

-in these colleges is very perceptible in the culture of the well educated French Canadian.

-At present there are in Canada upwards of 17,000 public, high, normal, and

-model schools, attended by about 1,000,000 pupils, and costing a total annual expenditure

-of between six and seven millions of dollars. In Ontario (once Upper Canada)

-there are 16 universities and colleges, including ladies' and agricultural colleges;

-about 6,000 schools of all kinds, attended by over 500,000 pupils, and costing annually

-over $4,000,000. See "The Statistical Year-Book of Canada," Ottawa, 1893.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">UPPER CANADA, 1793&ndash;1840.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_15_26" id="Footnote_15_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_26"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Page 9.&mdash;Some interesting details of the early settlement of Ontario will be

-found in Dr. Canniff's "History of Ontario" (Toronto, 1872). As a local record or

-annals it is the most valuable yet given to the public by a descendant of the pioneers

-and U. E. Loyalists. Canniff Haight's "Country Life in Canada Fifty Years Ago"

-is a readable and sketchy account of old times.</p>

-</div>

-

-                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">66</a></span></p>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">CANADIAN JOURNALISM.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_16_27" id="Footnote_16_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_27"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Page 10.&mdash;A brief historical sketch of Canadian journalism will be found in

-Bourinot's "Intellectual Development of the Canadian People" (Toronto, 1881); also

-in Dr. Canniff's "History of the Province of Ontario" (Toronto, 1872), and in "Sketch

-of Canadian Journalism," by E. B. Biggar, "Canadian Newspaper Directory" (Montreal,

-1892). Some of the statements in this article appear to require verification. I

-have now in my possession a copy of the 'York Gazette' printed in July, 1815, though

-Mr. Biggar states that no paper was published in York after the capture of the town

-by the American troops and the destruction of the press and type, in 1813, until 1817.

-The 'York Gazette' was originally the 'Upper Canada Gazette, or American Oracle,'

-first printed in 1793 at Niagara (Newark), when it was the political capital of Upper

-Canada after the passage of the Constitutional Act of 1791. It was removed to York

-(Toronto) in 1800, and became the 'York Gazette' a few years later. At the present

-time there are in Ontario alone, of daily papers, 47; weekly, 386. In the Dominion

-there are 98 daily papers, 1,035 weekly, bi-weekly, monthly, etc. In 1838 there were

-in all British North America not more than 70 papers, of which 38 were in Upper

-Canada. In 1864 the total was about a quarter of the present number.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">HOWE'S SPEECHES.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_17_28" id="Footnote_17_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_28"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Page 11.&mdash;Joseph Howe's speeches were printed at Boston in 1858, two volumes,

-8vo. For bibliographical notes see 'Am. Hist. Ass. Papers, 1892,' p. 396, at end

-of Bourinot's "Parliamentary Government in Canada."</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">"SAM SLICK."</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_18_29" id="Footnote_18_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_29"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Page 11.&mdash;Judge Haliburton's famous work has the title, "The Clockmaker;

-or, Sayings and Doings of Sam Slick of Slickville." London and Halifax, 1st ser.

-1837, 2nd ser. 1838, 3rd ser. 1840. Reprinted 1838&ndash;1843, three volumes. New edition

-1845. Several later cheap English and American editions have appeared from time

-to time. A bibliography and sketch of the judge's life, written probably by his son,

-Robert G., appears in the "Bibliotheca Canadensis" (Ottawa, 1872). The humorous

-sketches, to which he chiefly owes his fame, were contributed anonymously to the

-'Nova Scotian,' then edited by Joseph Howe. The paper is still in existence as a

-weekly edition of the 'Morning Chronicle' of Halifax. The judge was educated in

-old King's College, Windsor. See <i>infra</i>, note 31.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">JUDGE HALIBURTON'S HISTORY.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_19_30" id="Footnote_19_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_30"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Page 12.&mdash;"An Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia," with maps

-and engravings. Halifax, two volumes, large 8vo. For bibliographical note see

-Bourinot's "Cape Breton," App. X. A complete copy, with maps and illustrations,

-is now becoming rare.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">W. SMITH'S HISTORY.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_20_31" id="Footnote_20_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_31"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Page 12.&mdash;"The History of Canada, from its First Discovery to the Peace of

-1763; and from the Establishment of the Civil Government in 1764 to the Establishment

-of the Constitution in 1796." By William Smith, Esquire, Clerk of the Parliament

-and Master in Chancery of the Province of Lower Canada. "Ne quid falsi

-dicere audeat, ne quid veri non audeat." In two volumes, large 8vo. (Quebec, 1815.)

-He was a son of the historian of the province of New York, who after the war of the

-revolution became chief justice of Canada.</p>

-</div>

-

-                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">67</a></span></p>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">JOSEPH BOUCHETTE.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_21_32" id="Footnote_21_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_32"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Page 12.&mdash;The works of this eminent Canadian surveyor and hydrographer

-appeared under the following titles:</p>

-

-<p>1. "A Topographical Description of the Province of Lower Canada, with remarks

-upon Upper Canada and on the relative connection of both Provinces with the United

-States of America." London, 1815, royal 8vo., with plates. Also an edition in French.</p>

-

-<p>2. "The British Dominions in North America, or a Topographical and Statistical

-Description of the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, New Brunswick, Nova

-Scotia, the Islands of Newfoundland, Prince Edward and Cape Breton, including

-considerations on land-granting and emigration, and a topographical dictionary of

-Lower Canada; to which is annexed the statistical tables and tables of distances,

-published with the author's maps of Lower Canada, in consequence of a vote of the

-Provincial Legislature. Embellished with vignettes, views, landscapes, plans of

-towns, harbours, etc.; containing also a copious appendix." London, 1831, three

-volumes, 4to., generally bound in two.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">MICHEL BIBAUD'S HISTORICAL WORKS.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_22_33" id="Footnote_22_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_33"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Page 12.&mdash;"Histoire du Canada sous la Domination Fran&#231;aise." Montreal,

-1837, 8vo. Do., 1843, 12mo.</p>

-

-<p>"Histoire du Canada sous la Domination Anglaise." Do., 1844. The third volume

-of the series appeared after the author's death, and was published by his son,

-J. G. Bibaud, at Montreal, 1878, 12mo.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">THOMPSON'S BOOK ON THE WAR OF 1812.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_23_34" id="Footnote_23_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_34"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Page 12.&mdash;"History of the Late War between Great Britain and the United

-States of America, with a retrospective view of the causes from which it originated,

-collected from the most authentic sources; to which is added an appendix containing

-public documents, etc., relating to the subject." By David Thompson, late of

-the Royal Scots. Niagara, U. C. Printed by T. Sewell, printer, bookbinder and stationer,

-Market Square, 1832, 12mo., pp. 300. This was for some time believed to be

-the first book printed in Upper Canada, but Dr. Kingsford, F.R.S.C., in "The Early

-Bibliography of the Province of Ontario" (Toronto and Montreal, 1892), enumerates

-a list of some thirty-three publications that antedated it, and Mr. Charles Lindsey,

-a bibliophilist and <i>litt&#233;rateur</i> of Toronto, adds a number of others. See Toronto

-'Week,' Dec. 9, 1892, Dr. Kingsford's rejoinder, <i>ib.</i>, Dec. 30, and another article on

-same subject by Mr. Lindsey, <i>ib.</i>, Jan. 13, 1893. All these bibliographical notes are

-interesting, and show how insignificant in point of intellectual and original ability

-was the literature of Ontario for fifty years previous to 1841.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">BELKNAP'S HISTORY.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_24_35" id="Footnote_24_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_35"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Page 13.&mdash;Mr. Jeremy Belknap's "History of New Hampshire" was published

-in Philadelphia and Boston in 1784&ndash;92, three volumes. See Bourinot's "Cape Breton,"

-in 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. ix., p. 315, and p. 147 in the separate volume (Montreal,

-1892).</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">THE POET CR&#201;MAZIE.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_25_36" id="Footnote_25_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_36"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Page 17.&mdash;Octave Cr&#233;mazie was one of the <i>vrai sang</i> of French Canada, and

-a bookseller without the least aptitude for business. He left Quebec after his failure,

-and lived under an assumed name in France, where he died in poverty. His life

-was most unfortunate, and in the gloomy days of his later French career he never<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">68</a></span>

-realized the expectations which his literary efforts in Canada raised among his ardent

-friends. His poems appeared at first in the 'Soir&#233;es Canadiennes' and French

-Canadian journals, but his works were published in full at Montreal, in 1882, under

-the patronage of the Institut Canadien of Quebec, of which he was one of the

-founders. The Abb&#233; Casgrain has given the introduction for this edition, and added

-some of the letters written to him by Cr&#233;mazie from Paris. Cr&#233;mazie, and indeed

-many of his friends, considered the "Trois Morts" as the best effort of his poetic

-genius; but the Abb&#233; truly says: "Cr&#233;mazie has never really been original except

-in his patriotic poems; in them must be sought the secret of his popularity and his

-strongest claim to fame." And he goes on to say: "The old mother-country has

-so far given a warm welcome to only one of our poets. She has acknowledged Fr&#233;chette

-as the most emphatically French of our poetic aspirants; but the time is not

-far distant when she will recognize in Cr&#233;mazie the most thoroughly Canadian of

-them all. His verses have not the exquisite workmanship that is so much admired

-in Fr&#233;chette, but it is full of a patriotic inspiration that is not so often found in

-the author of 'Fleurs Bor&#233;ales.' Despite his inequalities and imperfections, Cr&#233;mazie

-must live among us as the father of our national poetry." The patriotic

-poem which has touched most deeply the hearts of his countrymen is "Le Drapeau

-de Carillon," in which he recalls the military achievements of the days of L&#233;vis and

-Montcalm&mdash;</p>

-

-<div class="center">

-<div class="poem">

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i10">"Les jours de Carillon,</div>

-  <div class="i0">O&#249;, sur le drapeau blanc attachant la victoire,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Nos p&#232;res se couvraient d'un immortel renom</div>

-  <div class="i0">Et tra&#231;aient de leur glaive une h&#233;ro&#239;que histoire.</div>

-</div>

-

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"O radieux d&#233;bris d'une grande &#233;pop&#233;e!</div>

-  <div class="i0">H&#233;ro&#239;que banni&#232;re au naufrage &#233;chapp&#233;e!</div>

-  <div class="i0">Tu restes sur nos bords comme un t&#233;moin vivant</div>

-  <div class="i0">Des glorieux exploits d'une race guerri&#232;re;</div>

-  <div class="i0">Et, sur les jours pass&#233;s, r&#233;pandant ta lumi&#232;re,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Tu viens rendre &#224; son nom un hommage &#233;clatant.</div>

-</div>

-

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"Ah! bient&#244;t puissions-nous, &#244; drapeau de nos p&#232;res!</div>

-  <div class="i0">Voir tous les Canadiens, unis comme des fr&#232;res,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Comme au jour du combat se serrer pr&#232;s de toi!</div>

-  <div class="i0">Puisse des souvenirs la tradition sainte,</div>

-  <div class="i0">En r&#233;gnant dans leur c&#339;ur, garder de toute atteinte,</div>

-  <div class="i10">Et leur langue et leur foi."</div>

-</div>

-</div>

-</div>

-

-<p>When we hear aspirations whispered nowadays that there may be only one language

-in Canada, it is well to consider the influence of such nervous poetic French on the

-national feelings of the large population in the province of Quebec. The French

-language is likely to be deeply seated for some generations yet while there are French

-Canadian poets.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">CHAUVEAU AS A POET.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_26_37" id="Footnote_26_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_37"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Page 17.&mdash;Hon. Mr. Chauveau's poems appeared at different times in the

-'Canadien' of Quebec, 'Le R&#233;pertoire National,' 'Les Soir&#233;es Canadiennes,' 'La

-Revue Canadienne,' and in other papers and publications from 1838 until the year of

-his death, 1890. One of his latest poems, "Le Sacr&#233; C&#339;ur," was printed in the

-second volume of the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' Sec. I. A valuable paper by the same<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">69</a></span>

-<i>litt&#233;rateur</i>, "Etude sur les commencements de la po&#233;sie fran&#231;aise au Canada," appeared

-in the first volume of the 'Trans.,' Sec. I, p. 65. In "Songs of the Dominion"

-(London, 1889, App., pp. 455&ndash;448) the editor gives an illustration of his spirited style

-by citing "Donnacona" at length.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">HOWE'S POEMS.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_27_38" id="Footnote_27_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_38"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Page 17.&mdash;These were collected by his son after his death, and printed in a

-little volume with the title "Poems and Essays." Montreal, 1874, 12mo.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">THE POETS SANGSTER AND McLACHLAN.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_28_39" id="Footnote_28_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_39"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Page 17.&mdash;Charles Sangster was a native of Kingston, and consequently a

-native Canadian like the others mentioned in the text. His principal poems appeared

-in the following books: "The St. Lawrence and the Saguenay, and Other Poems."

-Kingston and New York, 1856, 8vo. "Hesperus and Other Poems and Lyrics."

-Montreal, 1860, 8vo. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Bayard Taylor and Jean Inglelow

-wrote of his verse in terms of eulogy. See "Bibliotheca Canadensis," p. 337.</p>

-

-<p>Alexander McLachlan was a poet contemporary with Sangster, and imbued with

-much poetic fervour and Canadian sentiment, but he was born and educated in

-Scotland, and came to Canada when a young man. His "Emigrant and Other

-Poems" (Toronto, 1861) merited the praise it received, though this, like his other

-poetic efforts, are now rarely cited, and no new edition of his works has appeared of

-recent years.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">CHARLES HEAVYSEGE'S WORKS.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_29_40" id="Footnote_29_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_40"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Page 18.&mdash;"Saul: a Drama in Three Parts." Montreal, 1857, 8vo. 2nd ed.,

-1859.</p>

-

-<p>"Count Filippo; or, The Unequal Marriage: a Drama in Five Acts." Montreal,

-1860.</p>

-

-<p>"Jephthah's Daughter." London and Montreal, 1865, 12mo.</p>

-

-<p>"The Advocate: a Novel." Montreal, 1865, 8vo. This was a decided failure.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">TODD'S WORKS.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_30_41" id="Footnote_30_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_41"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Page 18.&mdash;The first edition of Todd's "Parliamentary Government in England"

-appeared at London in 1867&ndash;68, two volumes, 8vo., and the second after his

-death in 1887. An abridged edition, by Spencer Walpole, an English writer, was

-printed in 1893, two volumes, 12mo. For bibliographical notes of this and other

-Canadian constitutional works see the Appendix to Bourinot's "Parliamentary

-Government in Canada: an Historical and Constitutional Study," 'Am. Hist. Ass.

-Papers,' Washington, 1892.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">CHRISTIE'S HISTORY.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_31_42" id="Footnote_31_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_42"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Page 18.&mdash;Mr. Christie's "History of Lower Canada" embraced the period

-from the commencement of its political history as a British dependency until it

-was reunited with Upper Canada in 1840 by act of the imperial parliament. It appeared

-in Quebec and Montreal from 1849 to 1855, when the sixth volume, a collection

-of valuable documents, completed the work. Previously the author had published

-several memoirs and reviews of political events and administrations, which were

-all finally embraced in the history. For bibliographical notes see 'Am. Hist. Ass.

-Papers,' 1891, p. 393; "Bibliotheca Canadensis," art. "Christie." It is noteworthy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">70</a></span>

-that Mr. Christie was, like Judge Haliburton, born and educated in Windsor, Nova

-Scotia, where old King's College still pursues its calm academic studies amid its

-sheltering and ancestral elms. In 1890 this venerable and interesting institution

-celebrated the centenary of its foundation. See Hind's "University of King's College,

-Windsor, N.S., 1790&ndash;1890," New York, "The Church Review Co.," 1890. But

-Robert Christie could not in those times be educated in King's, as he was not a member

-of the Church of England like the Judge.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">GARNEAU.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_32_43" id="Footnote_32_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_43"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Page 18.&mdash;The first volume of Fran&#231;ois Xavier Garneau's "Histoire du Canada

-depuis sa d&#233;couverte jusqu'&#224; nos jours" appeared at Quebec in 1845; the second in

-1846; and the third, bringing the history down to the establishment of constitutional

-government in 1791, was printed in 1848. A second edition completed the work to

-the union of the Canadas in 1841, and was published in 1852 at Montreal by Mr.

-Lovell, the well-known publisher. A third edition appeared at Quebec in 1859, and a

-somewhat slovenly translation was made by Mr. Andrew Bell and printed at Montreal

-in 1860. The fourth edition appeared in four volumes after the historian's

-death. It is the third edition, as originally written by Mr. Garneau. The fourth

-volume of this edition contains an eulogistic review of the author's life by Mr. Chauveau,

-a poem by Mr. Louis Fr&#233;chette on "Notre Histoire"&mdash;also printed in 'Trans.

-Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. i., Sec. I.,&mdash;and an analytical table by Mr. B. Sulte. A portrait

-of Mr. Garneau is the frontispiece to the same volume. The 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,'

-vol. i., Sec. I., has a paper by Abb&#233; Casgrain on Garneau and Ferland, "Notre Pass&#233;

-Litt&#233;raire, et nos deux historiens." In the same volume appears a paper by Mr.

-J. M. LeMoine on "Nos quatre historiens modernes, Bibaud, Garneau, Ferland,

-Faillon," which, like the preceding essay, certainly does not fail in the way of eulogy.

-French Canada assuredly is proud and not often too critical of her eminent writers.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">FERLAND AND FAILLON.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_33_44" id="Footnote_33_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_44"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Page 18.&mdash;"Cours d'Histoire du Canada. Premi&#232;re partie, 1534&ndash;1663." Par

-J. B. A. Ferland, pr&#234;tre, professeur d'histoire &#224; l'Universit&#233; Laval. Qu&#233;bec, 1861, 8vo.

-Seconde partie, 1663&ndash;1759; do., 1865, 8vo. The second volume was going through the

-press at the time of the author's death, and subsequently appeared under the careful

-supervision of his friend the Abb&#233; Laverdi&#232;re, to whose historical labours Canada

-is deeply indebted. Indeed French Canada owes much to Laval, with its able teachers,

-historians and scientists.</p>

-

-<p>The Abb&#233; Faillon, a Sulpician, who wrote a "Histoire de la Colonie Fran&#231;aise

-en Canada" (Paris, 1865) in four 4to. volumes, was not a Canadian by birth and education

-like Ferland and Garneau, but came to Canada in 1854, and, after residing

-there for over ten years, returned to his native country, where he published his

-well known and valuable work.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">DENT'S WORKS.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_34_45" id="Footnote_34_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_45"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Page 19,&mdash;John Charles Dent was an English journalist, who subsequently

-became connected with the Toronto press. He wrote the two following works: "The

-Last Forty Years: Canada since the Union of 1841," Toronto, 1881, two volumes,

-sm. 4to.; "The Story of the Upper Canada Rebellion," Toronto, 1885&ndash;86, two volumes,

-sm. 4to. He also edited the "Canadian Portrait Gallery," Toronto, 1880&ndash;81. Although

-not a Canadian by birth or education, he identified himself thoroughly with Canadian

-thought and sentiment, and was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">71</a></span>

-before his too sudden death. A criticism of his work on "Canada since the Union"

-by the Abb&#233; Casgrain ('Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. iii., Sec. I.) indicated that his

-opinions did not always meet with the warm approval of the French Canadians of a

-very pronounced type.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">LOUIS TURCOTTE'S HISTORY.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_35_46" id="Footnote_35_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_46"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Page 20.&mdash;This work appeared at Quebec in two 12mo. volumes in 1871. Mr.

-Turcotte was a French Canadian by birth and education, and connected with the

-legislative library at Quebec when he died. See a favourable review of his literary

-work by Mr. Faucher de Saint-Maurice, F.R.S.C., in 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. i.,

-Sec. I.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">B. SULTE.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_36_47" id="Footnote_36_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_47"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> Page 20.&mdash;"Histoire des Canadiens-Fran&#231;ais, 1608&ndash;1880. Origine, Histoire,

-Religion, Guerres, D&#233;couvertes, Colonisation, Coutumes, Vie domestique et politique,

-D&#233;veloppement, Avenir. Par Benjamin Sulte. Ouvrage orn&#233; de portraits et de

-plans." Eight volumes, 4to., Montreal, 1882&ndash;1884. Mr. Sulte is also the author of

-several poems, (See Note 40) and numerous essays and monographs of much literary

-merit and historic value. He is one of the most industrious members of the Royal

-Society of Canada.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">ABB&#201; CASGRAIN.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_37_48" id="Footnote_37_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_48"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Page 20.&mdash;The Abb&#233; H. R. Casgrain's best known works are the following:</p>

-

-<p>"L&#233;gendes Canadiennes." Quebec, 1861, 12mo. New ed., Montreal, 1884.</p>

-

-<p>"Histoire de la M&#232;re Marie de l'Incarnation, premi&#232;re sup&#233;rieure des Ursulines

-de la Nouvelle France. Pr&#233;c&#233;d&#233;e d'une esquisse sur l'histoire religieuse des premiers

-temps de cette colonie." Quebec, 1864, 8vo. New ed., Montreal, 1886.</p>

-

-<p>"Guerre du Canada, 1756&ndash;1760. Montcalm et L&#233;vis." Quebec, 1891, two volumes,

-8vo.</p>

-

-<p>The Abb&#233; has been a most industrious historical student, and to enumerate all

-his literary efforts would be to occupy much space. He has been a principal contributor

-to the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.' His monographs, "Un p&#232;lerinage au pays

-d'Evangeline" (vol. iv.) and "Les Acadiens apr&#232;s leur dispersion" (vol. v.), are particularly

-interesting, and the former has been crowned by the French Academy, and

-appeared in book form at Quebec. He is very much imbued with the national spirit

-and fervour of his countrymen.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">KINGSFORD'S AND OTHER HISTORICAL WORKS.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_38_49" id="Footnote_38_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_49"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Page 20.&mdash;Six volumes of Dr. Kingsford's "History of Canada" have appeared

-since 1887. Volume i. embraces the period from 1608 to 1682; vol. ii., 1679&ndash;1725; vol.

-iii., 1726&ndash;1756; vol. iv., 1756&ndash;1763; vol. v., 1763&ndash;1775; vol. vi., 1776&ndash;1779. Toronto and

-London, 8vo. For bibliographical notes on various works relating to the political and

-general history of Canada see Bourinot's "Parliamentary Government in Canada,"

-'Am. Hist. Ass. Papers,' 1891, App. References are there made to McMullen, Withrow,

-Murdoch, Campbell, Hincks, etc. Also 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' viii., 171&ndash;189.

-As usual, the learned editor, Dr. Winsor, supplies by his notes many deficiencies in

-the text. Also, Edmond Lareau's "Histoire de la Litt&#233;rature Canadienne" (Montreal),

-c. 4, and Mr. J. C. Dent's "Last Forty Years; or, Canada since the Union of

-1841," c. 42, on "Literature and Journalism." Among the later French Canadian

-writers who are doing excellent historical work is Dr. N. E. Dionne, F.R.S.C.,

-author of several books on Cartier and his successors and Champlain. Mr. Hannay<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">72</a></span>

-of St. John has written a "History of Acadia," which has been well received (St.

-John, N.B., 1879, 8vo.) The Abb&#233; Auguste Gosselin is another industrious French

-Canadian writer. Mr. Joseph Tass&#233;, whose "Canadiens de l'Ouest" (Montreal, 1878,

-two volumes) was distinguished by much research and literary skill, has of late years

-devoted himself mainly to politics and journalism, though he has found time to write

-several essays for the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' and a small volume, "38<sup>me</sup> Fauteuil,

-ou Souvenirs Parlementaires" (Montreal, 1891), a series of political sketches, written

-in excellent French. A monumental work is the "Dictionnaire G&#233;n&#233;alogique des

-familles canadiennes" by Mgr. Tanguay, F.R.S.C., invaluable to students of French

-Canadian history and ethnography.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">CANADIAN BIBLIOGRAPHY.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_39_50" id="Footnote_39_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_50"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Page 20.&mdash;A bibliography of the members of the Royal Society, on the plan of

-one given in the sixth volume (1892) of the 'Papers of the American Historical Association,'

-is now being prepared for the eleventh volume of the 'Transactions.' It

-will be much fuller necessarily than the bibliographical notes that appear in this

-monograph.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">LATER CANADIAN POETS, 1867&ndash;1893.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_40_51" id="Footnote_40_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_51"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Page 20.&mdash;Dr. Louis Fr&#233;chette's poems are admitted to be the most finished

-illustrations of French poetic art yet produced in the Dominion; and one who reads

-them can easily understand that "Les Fleurs Bor&#233;ales" and "Les Oiseaux de

-Neige" (now in the third edition, Montreal) should have been crowned by the French

-Academy in 1880, and that he should have been accorded the Monthyon prize as a

-matter of course. His other volumes of poems are these: "Mes Loisirs," Quebec,

-1863; "La Voix d'un Exil&#233;," Quebec, 1869; "P&#234;le-M&#234;le," Montreal, 1877; "Les

-Oubli&#233;s" and "Voix d'Outre-Mer," Montreal, 1886; and "Feuilles Volantes," Montreal,

-1891. His poem on the discovery of the Mississippi is probably his best sustained

-effort on the whole. A number of his poems have appeared in the 'Trans. Roy. Soc.

-Can.,' vols. i., ii., iii., iv. He has published some dramas and comedies (see 'Am.

-Cyclop&#230;dia of Biography,' vol. ii., p. 539), which have not been as successful as his

-purely poetic essays. He has also written several essays of merit in 'Harper's

-Monthly' and other periodicals of the day, as well as in the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.'</p>

-

-<p>The following is an extract from his poem on "La D&#233;couverte du Mississippi":</p>

-

-

-<div class="center">

-<div class="poem">

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"Tant&#244;t je croyais voir, sous les vertes arcades,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Du fatal De Soto passer les cavalcades</div>

-  <div class="i0">En jetant au d&#233;sert un d&#233;fi solennel;</div>

-  <div class="i0">Tant&#244;t c'&#233;tait Marquette errant dans la prairie,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Impatient d'offrir un monde &#224; sa patrie,</div>

-  <div class="i6">Et des &#226;mes &#224; l'Eternel.</div>

-</div>

-

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"Parfois, sous les taillis, ma prunelle tromp&#233;e,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Croyait voir de La Salle &#233;tinceler l'&#233;p&#233;e,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Et parfois, groupe informe allant je ne sais o&#249;,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Devant une humble croix&mdash;&#244; puissance magique!&mdash;</div>

-  <div class="i0">De farouches guerriers &#225; l'&#339;il sombre et tragique</div>

-  <div class="i6">Passer en pliant le genou!</div>

-</div>

-

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"Et puis, ber&#231;ant mon &#226;me aux r&#234;ves des po&#232;tes,</div>

-  <div class="i0">J'entrevoyais aussi de blanches silhouettes,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Doux fant&#244;mes flottant dans le vague des nuits:</div>

-  <div class="i0">Atala, Gabriel, Chactas, Evangeline,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Et l'ombre de Ren&#233;, debout sur la colline,</div>

-  <div class="i6">Pleurant ses immortels ennuis.</div>

-</div>

-

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">73</a></span>"Et j'endormais ainsi mes souvenirs moroses....</div>

-  <div class="i0">Mais de ces visions po&#233;tiques et roses</div>

-  <div class="i0">Celle qui plus souvent venait frapper mon &#339;il,</div>

-  <div class="i0">C'&#233;tait, passant au loin dans un reflet de gloire,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Ce hardi pionnier dont notre jeune histoire</div>

-  <div class="i6">Redit le nom avec orgueil.</div>

-</div>

-

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"Jolliet! Jolliet! deux si&#232;cles de conqu&#234;tes,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Deux si&#232;cles sans rivaux ont pass&#233; sur nos t&#234;tes,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Depuis l'heure sublime o&#249;, de ta propre main,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Tu jetas d'un seul trait sur la carte du monde</div>

-  <div class="i0">Ces vastes r&#233;gions, zone immense et f&#233;conde,</div>

-  <div class="i6">Futur grenier du genre humain!</div>

-</div>

-

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"Oui, deux si&#232;cles ont fui! La solitude vierge</div>

-  <div class="i0">N'est plus l&#224;! Du progr&#232;s le flot montant submerge</div>

-  <div class="i0">Les vestiges derniers d'un pass&#233; qui finit.</div>

-  <div class="i0">O&#249; le d&#233;sert dormait, grandit la m&#233;tropole;</div>

-  <div class="i0">Et le fleuve asservi courbe sa large &#233;paule</div>

-  <div class="i6">Sous l'arche aux piles de granit.</div>

-</div>

-

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"Plus de for&#234;ts sans fin: la vapeur les silonne!</div>

-  <div class="i0">L'astre des jours nouveaux sur tous les points rayonne;</div>

-  <div class="i0">L'enfant de la nature est &#233;vang&#233;lis&#233;;</div>

-  <div class="i0">Le soc du laboureur fertilise la plaine;</div>

-  <div class="i0">Et le surplus dor&#233; de sa gerbe trop pleine</div>

-  <div class="i6">Nourrit le vieux monde &#233;puis&#233;."</div>

-</div>

-</div>

-</div>

-

-<p>Mr. Pamphile LeMay, one of the best known French Canadian poets, has published

-the following: "Essais Po&#233;tiques," Quebec, 1865; "La D&#233;couverte du Canada,"

-Quebec, 1867; "Po&#232;mes Couronn&#233;s," Quebec, 1870; "Les Vengeances," Quebec,

-1875, 1876 and 1888 (also dramatized); "Une Gerbe," Quebec, 1879. He has also

-written "Fables Canadiennes," Quebec, 1882. A number of his poems have appeared

-in the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vols i., iii., v., vi., ix. He has also written several

-stories of Canadian life: "L'Affaire Sougraine," Quebec, 1884; "Le P&#232;lerin de Sainte-Anne,"

-new ed., Montreal, 1893; and "Rouge et Bleu," comedy. One of his best

-works was a translation of Longfellow's "Evangeline."</p>

-

-<p>The following is a list of other Canadian books of poems, of varying merit, which

-have appeared within a quarter of a century:</p>

-

-<p>"The Songs of a Wanderer." By Carroll Ryan. Ottawa, 1867. Indicated much

-poetic taste, but the poet has been submerged in the busy journalist.</p>

-

-<p>"Songs of Life." By Rev. E. H. Dewart. Toronto, 1867. He was author of the

-first collection of Canadian poems made in this country. See <i>infra</i>.</p>

-

-<p>"The Prophecy of Merlin and other Poems." By John Reade. Montreal, 1870.

-In many respects the best sustained poems written by a Canadian can be read in

-this book.</p>

-

-<p>"Les Laurentiennes." By Benjamin Sulte. Montreal, 1870.</p>

-

-<p>"Les Chants Nouveaux." By the same. Ottawa, 1880.</p>

-

-<p>"The Legend of the Rose." By Samuel J. Watson. Toronto, 1876. Mr. Watson

-was a writer of promise who died in the maturity of his power.</p>

-

-<p>"The Feast of St. Anne, and other Poems." By P. S. Hamilton. Montreal,

-1878; 2nd ed. 1890. Has some interest from its description of the ceremonies at the

-feast of Sainte-Anne du Canada&mdash;the tutelary saint of the Canadian aborigines&mdash;which

-is held by the Micmacs on the 26th day of July in each year on Chapel Island,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">74</a></span>

-in the beautiful Bras d'Or Lake of Cape Breton. See Bourinot's "Cape Breton."</p>

-

-<p>"Waifs in Verse." (Ottawa, ed. in 1878, 1887 and 1891.) By G. W. Wicksteed,

-Q.C., for fifty years the able law clerk of the Canadian Commons.</p>

-

-<p>"A Collection of Poems." By Miss Williams of Grenville, P.Q., 1879.</p>

-

-<p>"The Coming of the Princess, and Other Poems." By Kate Seymour Maclean of

-Kingston. 1880.</p>

-

-<p>"Lyrics, Songs and Sonnets." By A. H. Chandler and C. Pelham Mulvany.

-Toronto, 1880.</p>

-

-<p>"The Times, and Other Poems." By J. R. Newell of Woodstock. 1880.</p>

-

-<p>"The Consolation." By George Gerrard. Montreal, 1880.</p>

-

-<p>"Poems of the Heart and Home." By Mrs. J. C. Yule. Toronto, 1880.</p>

-

-<p>"Poems, Songs and Odes." By Archibald McAlpine Taylor. Toronto, 1881.</p>

-

-<p>"The New Song, and Other Poems." By Mrs. W. H. Clarke. Toronto, 1883.</p>

-

-<p>"Zenobia. A Poem in Rhymed Heroics." By Rev. &#198;. McD. Dawson, F.R.S.C.

-1883.</p>

-

-<p>"The Mission of Love, and Other Poems." By Caris Sima. 1883.</p>

-

-<p>"Lorenzo, and Other Poems." By J. R. Pollock of Keswick, Ont. 1883.</p>

-

-<p>"Caprices Po&#233;tiques et Chansons Satiriques." Par R&#233;mi Tremblay.

-Montr&#233;al, 1883.</p>

-

-<p>"Les Echos." Par J. B. Routhier. Qu&#233;bec, 1883, 12mo. Judge Routhier is a

-member of the Royal Society of Canada, in whose 'Trans.' (vol. iv., Sec. I.) appeared

-"Lettre d'un Volontaire du 9<sup>ieme</sup> Voltigeurs camp&#233; &#224; Calgary." His literary reputation

-stands high among his countrymen.</p>

-

-<p>"Old Spookse's Pass, and Other Poems." By Isabella Valancy Crawford. Toronto,

-1884.</p>

-

-<p>"Marguerite, and Other Poems." By George Martin. 1886.</p>

-

-<p>"Laura Secord: a Ballad of 1812." By Mrs. Curzon. Toronto, 1886.</p>

-

-<p>"Songs, Sonnets and Miscellaneous Poems." By J. Imrie. Toronto, 1886.</p>

-

-<p>"Dreamland, and Other Poems" (Ottawa, 1868), and "Tecumseh: a Drama"

-(Toronto and London, 1886). By Charles Mair, a poet of original talent, and descriptive

-power, who is now a resident of the North-west Territories.</p>

-

-<p>"Orion, and Other Poems" (Philadelphia, 1880), and "In Divers Tones" (Montreal,

-1887). By Prof. C. G. D. Roberts, who is the best known abroad of all Canadian

-poets, and represents that Canadian or national spirit which has been slowly rising

-from the birth of Confederation. Since the days of Cr&#233;mazie&mdash;over thirty years ago&mdash;there

-are other poets who recognize the existence of a Canadian people in a large

-sense&mdash;a Canadian people of two races, born and educated in the country, and having

-common aspirations for a united, not an isolated, future. Prof. Roberts is now

-bringing out a new volume of poems in London.</p>

-

-<p>The poetic taste of the Archbishop of Halifax, the Most Rev. C. O'Brien, F.R.S.C.,

-is well illustrated in the following volume: "Aminta: a Modern Life Drama," New

-York, 1890. The Archbishop is also the author of a novel, "After Weary Years,"

-(Baltimore and New York, 1885), the scenes of which are laid in Rome and Canada,

-and are described with much power of invention and fervour. As the author himself

-says, "historic places and events are accurately described." He has, it will be seen

-from his preface, great confidence in the future national greatness of the Dominion.</p>

-

-<p>"A Gate of Flowers." By T. O'Hagan. Toronto, 1887. He has another volume

-in press.</p>

-

-<p>"The Masque of Minstrels, and Other Pieces, chiefly in verse." By B. W. and

-A. J. Lockhart. Bangor, Me., 1887. These two brothers are Nova Scotians by birth

-and education, who lived their youth in the land of Evangeline. The Gasp&#233;reaux and

-Grand Pr&#233; are naturally the constant theme of their pleasing verse.</p>

-

-                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">75</a></span></p>

-

-<p>"Among the Millet, and Other Poems." By Archibald Lampman. Ottawa,

-1888. Some of Mr. Lampman's most finished sonnets have appeared in the best

-American periodicals, to which he is still a frequent contributor; his work shows

-the true poetic instinct. He holds a position in the Civil Service at Ottawa.</p>

-

-<p>"The Water Lily. An Oriental Fairy Tale." By Frank Waters. Ottawa, 1888.</p>

-

-<p>"De Roberval: a Drama. Also the Emigration of the Fairies, and the Triumph

-of Constancy: a Romaunt." By John Hunter Duvar. St. John, N.B., 1888. Mr.

-Duvar, who has fine literary tastes, has been a resident of Prince Edward Island

-for some years.</p>

-

-<p>"The Epic of the Dawn, and Other Poems." By Nicholas Flood Davin. Regina,

-N.W.T., 1889. Mr. Davin is the clever "Irishman in Canada," and while the most

-pretentious of his poems in this little book were written across the ocean, others are

-the product of Canadian thought and sentiment.</p>

-

-<p>"Lake Lyrics, and Other Poems." By W. Wilfred Campbell. St. John, N.B.,

-1889. Mr. Campbell, who was originally a clergyman of the Church of England, is

-now in the public service at Ottawa, and has written some of his best poems for

-American magazines. One on "The Mother," in 'Harper's Monthly' is full of poetic

-thought and deep pathos, and should be better known by Canadians than it appears

-to be. At this time of writing his new volume of poems entitled "The Dread Voyage"

-(Toronto, 1893), has appeared; it sustains his reputation, though one can hardly encourage

-his effort to imitate Tennyson in such poems as "Sir Lancelot." Canadian

-poets too frequently are imitative rather than original. Mr. Campbell's verses on

-the varied scenery of the lakes of the West show the artistic temperament.</p>

-

-<p>For instance:</p>

-

-<div class="center">

-<div class="poem">

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"Domed with the azure of heaven,</div>

-  <div class="i2">Floored with a pavement of pearl,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Clothed all about with a brightness</div>

-  <div class="i2">Soft as the eyes of a girl.</div>

-</div>

-

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"Girt with a magical girdle,</div>

-  <div class="i2">Rimmed with a vapour of rest&mdash;</div>

-  <div class="i0">These are the inland waters,</div>

-  <div class="i2">These are the Lakes of the West."</div>

-</div>

-</div>

-</div>

-

-<p class="center in0 p1t">ON THE LEDGE.</p>

-

-<div class="center">

-<div class="poem">

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"I lie out here on a ledge, with the surf on the rocks below me,</div>

-  <div class="i0">The hazy sunlight above and the whispering forest behind;</div>

-  <div class="i0">I lie and listen, O lake, to the legends and songs you throw me,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Out of the murmurous moods of your multitudinous mind.</div>

-</div>

-

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"I lie and listen, a sound like voices of distant thunder,</div>

-  <div class="i0">The roar and throb of your life in your rock-wall's mighty cells;</div>

-  <div class="i0">Then after a softer voice that comes from the beaches under,</div>

-  <div class="i0">A chiming of waves on rocks, a laughter of silver bells.</div>

-</div>

-

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"A glimmer of bird-like boats, that loom from the far horizon;</div>

-  <div class="i0">That scud and tack and dip under the gray and the blue;</div>

-  <div class="i0">A single gull that floats and skims the waters, and flies on,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Till she is lost like a dream in the haze of the distance, too.</div>

-</div>

-

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">76</a></span>"A steamer that rises a smoke, then after a tall, dark funnel,</div>

-  <div class="i0">That moves like a shadow across your water and sky's gray edge;</div>

-  <div class="i0">A dull, hard beat of a wave that diggeth himself a tunnel,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Down in the crevices dark under my limestone ledge.</div>

-</div>

-

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"And here I lie on my ledge, and listen the songs you sing me,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Songs of vapour and blue, songs of island and shore;</div>

-  <div class="i0">And strange and glad are the hopes and sweet are the thoughts you bring me</div>

-  <div class="i0">Out of the throbbing depths and wells of your heart's great store."</div>

-</div>

-</div>

-</div>

-

-<p>"Pine, Rose and Fleur-de-Lis." By S. Frances Harrison ("Seranus"). Toronto,

-1891.</p>

-

-<p>"Songs, Lyrical and Dramatic." By John Henry Brown. Ottawa, 1892, 12mo.

-The New York 'Nation' truly says of this new poetic aspirant that he has Walt

-Whitman's tendencies, but nevertheless he "writes in a generous spirit, and may

-yet have thoughts and expression all his own." The fact is, I repeat, most Canadian

-poets are too imitative and too rarely original.</p>

-

-<p>"Tendres Choses. Po&#233;sies Canadiennes." By Dr. R. Chevrier. Montreal, 1892,

-12mo. That an author unknown to fame should give us his portrait, as in this case,

-is perplexing. Still the verse is frequently melodious, though it represents what is

-a feature of French poetry, melodious rhythm, rather than strength and thought.</p>

-

-<p>"This Canada of Ours, and Other Poems." By J. D. Edgar, M.P., Toronto, 1893.

-This little volume contains "The White Stone Canoe: a Legend of the Ottawas,"

-which had been published in separate form some years previously. His French and

-Latin translations are full of taste.</p>

-

-<p>"Les Perce-Neige, premi&#232;res po&#233;sies." By Napol&#233;on Legendre. Montreal, 12mo.

-He is a member of the Royal Society of Canada, and constant contributor (generally

-in prose) to its 'Transactions.'</p>

-

-<p>"Mes Rimes." By Elz&#233;ar Labelle. Montreal, 1886, 8vo.</p>

-

-<p>Selections of Canadian poems have appeared of recent years in the following publications:</p>

-

-<p>1. "Selections from Canadian Poets: with occasional critical and biographical

-notes and an introductory essay on Canadian poetry." By the Rev. E. H. Dewart.

-Montreal, 1864, 8vo.</p>

-

-<p>2. "Songs of the Great Dominion: Voices from the Forests and Waters, the

-Settlements and Cities of Canada." Selected and edited by W. D. Lighthall, M.A.,

-of Montreal. London, 1889, 12mo.</p>

-

-<p>3. "Younger American Poets, 1830&ndash;1890." Edited by Douglas Sladen, B.A., Oxon.

-With an Appendix of Younger Canadian Poets. Edited by G. B. Roberts of St. John,

-N.B. New York, 1891, 12mo.</p>

-

-<p>4. "Later Canadian Poems." Edited by J. E. Wetherell, B.A. Toronto, 1893.</p>

-

-<p>In the first mentioned work, which is judiciously edited, the poets until 1864

-obtain a place. In the three other books we have selections from John Reade, Geo.

-Frederick Cameron, Prof. Roberts, Bliss Carman (now a resident of the United

-States), A. H. Chandler, Isabella Valancy Crawford, Mrs. Leprohon, Hereward K.

-Cockin, John Hunter Duvar, Rev. A. W. H. Eaton, Louis Fr&#233;chette, James Hannay,

-Sophie M. Hensley, Charles Sangster, M. Richey Knight, Archibald Lampman,

-W. D. Lighthall, A. J. Lockhart, B. W. Lockhart, Agnes Maude Machar ("Fidelis"),

-W. McLennan, Charles Mair, Mary Morgan ("Gowan Lea"), Charles P. Mulvany,

-Rev. F. G. Scott, Philip Stewart, H. R. A. Pocock, Barry Stratton, A. Weir, Mary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">77</a></span>

-Barry Smith, John T. Lesp&#233;rance ("Lacl&#232;de"), W. Wye Smith, Ethelwyn Wetherald,

-John E. Logan ("Barry Dane"), George Martin, Mrs. Harrison ("Seranus"),

-D. Campbell Scott, James D. Edgar, E. Pauline Johnson, George Murray, William

-Kirby, Annie Rothwell, W. A. Sherwood, Isidore G. Ascher, P. J. O. Chauveau,

-B. Sulte, P. LeMay, and others. I enumerate these names to show how many Canadians

-have ventured upon the field of poesy despite the practical realities of life in

-this relatively new country. The selections in the second of these works would

-have been more valuable had they contained "Our Fathers" by Joseph Howe&mdash;the

-most spirited poem in some respects ever written by a native Canadian. To the

-names of poetic aspirants, too, must be added those of M. J. Katzmann and of M. J.

-Griffin, whose fugitive pieces have attracted notice. Mr. Griffin has fine literary

-tastes and his few poems, only the relaxation of leisure hours, show he might win

-fame in this delightful department of letters. The reader will obtain some idea

-of the standard of Canadian poetry by reading the selections, and should not be carried

-away by the too obvious enthusiasm that has at times stifled the critical

-faculty in the editors. The poetic genius of Canadians is to be stimulated, not by

-sentimental gush, but by a judicious criticism that is not sufficiently cultivated by

-our writers who review the efforts of our poets, historians and essayists. These

-remarks also apply to such articles as that by the late Mr. Lesp&#233;rance on "The

-Poets of Canada" in 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. ii., Sec. II.</p>

-

-<p>Mr. Evan McColl, F.R.S.C., is the Gaelic poet of Canada. Three editions have

-appeared of the "Cl&#224;rsach nam Beann," which was printed as far back as 1838 in

-Glasgow. The same was also published in English in the same year, under the

-title of "The Mountain Minstrel," of which six editions have been printed. In 1883

-he published in Toronto "Poems and Songs chiefly written in Canada." Mr. McColl

-is a great favourite among his Scotch countrymen everywhere; but his decidedly

-original poetic genius, rude and wild as it is at times, is not a Canadian product, for

-he was born at Kenmore, Lochfyne-Side, Scotland, in 1808, and it was not until he

-was forty years of age that he made Canada his home. He is now a resident of

-Toronto, and still comes to the annual meetings of the Royal Society, of which he

-was one of the original members.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p class="p1t"><a name="Footnote_41_52" id="Footnote_41_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_52"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> Page 21.&mdash;"IN MY HEART." <span class="smcap">By John Reade.</span></p>

-

-<div class="center">

-<div class="poem">

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"In my heart are many chambers through which I wander free;</div>

-  <div class="i0">Some are furnished, some are empty, some are sombre, some are light;</div>

-  <div class="i0">Some are open to all comers, and of some I keep the key,</div>

-  <div class="i0">And I enter in the stillness of the night.</div>

-</div>

-

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"But there's one I never enter&mdash;it is closed to even me!</div>

-  <div class="i0">Only once its door was opened, and it shut for evermore;</div>

-  <div class="i0">And though sounds of many voices gather round it like a sea,</div>

-  <div class="i0">It is silent, ever silent, as the shore.</div>

-</div>

-

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"In that chamber, long ago, my love's casket was concealed,</div>

-  <div class="i0">And the jewel that it sheltered I knew only one could win:</div>

-  <div class="i0">And my soul foreboded sorrow, should that jewel be revealed,</div>

-  <div class="i0">And I almost hoped that none might enter in.</div>

-</div>

-

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"Yet day and night I lingered by that fatal chamber door,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Till&mdash;she came at last my darling one, of all the earth my own;</div>

-  <div class="i0">And she entered&mdash;then she vanished with my jewel which she wore;</div>

-  <div class="i0">And the door was closed&mdash;and I was left alone.</div>

-</div>

-

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">78</a></span>"She gave me back no jewel, but the spirit of her eyes</div>

-  <div class="i0">Shone with tenderness a moment, as she closed that chamber door,</div>

-  <div class="i0">And the memory of that moment is all I have to prize&mdash;</div>

-  <div class="i0">But <i>that</i>, <i>at least</i>, is mine for evermore.</div>

-</div>

-

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"Was she conscious, when she took it, that the jewel was my love?</div>

-  <div class="i0">Did she think it but a bauble she might wear or toss aside?</div>

-  <div class="i0">I know not, I accuse not, but I hope that it may prove</div>

-  <div class="i0">A blessing, though she spurn it in her pride."</div>

-</div>

-</div>

-</div>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">LAURA SECORD'S WARNING.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_41A_53" id="Footnote_41A_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41A_53"><span class="label">[41<i>a</i>]</span></a> Page 24.&mdash;In Mrs. Edgar's excellent annotations to the Ridout Letters in

-"Ten Years of Upper Canada in Peace and War, 1805&ndash;1815," (Toronto, 1890), appears

-the following account of a courageous woman's exploit which brought disaster to

-the Americans soon after their defeat at Stoney Creek:</p>

-

-<p>"At a place called Beaver Dams, or Beechwoods, (about twelve miles in a direct

-road from Queenstown), where is now the town of Thorold, was a depot for provisions

-for the Canadian troops, guarded by a detachment of thirty of the 49th regiment

-under Lieutenant Fitzgibbon with some Indians and militia, in all about 200

-men. In order to surprise and dislodge this outpost, an American force of 500 men,

-with fifty cavalry and two field-pieces, under Colonel Boerstler, set out from Fort

-George (Niagara) on the 23rd of June [1813]. A surprise was meditated, in retaliation,

-no doubt, for the affair of Stoney Creek. Laura Secord, wife of a Canadian farmer,

-who had been wounded in the battle of Queenstown Heights, accidentally heard of

-the designs of the Americans, and determined to give the outpost timely warning.

-She set out alone before day-break, on the 23rd June, from her house at Queenstown,

-and arrived at Fitzgibbon's headquarters, a stone house known as DeCew's, near the

-Beaver Dams, at sunset of the same day. On account of the American sentries and

-outposts, she had to avoid the high roads and beaten paths, thus making her toilsome

-journey nearly twice as long. In spite of weakness and fatigue, this heroic

-woman went on her way through pathless woods, over hill and dale and unbridged

-streams, till she reached her destination. Her warning came just in time. Lieutenant

-Fitzgibbon disposed of his little force to the best advantage possible, placing

-them in ambush on both sides of the road, and taking every precaution to make it

-appear that he had a large force in reserve. Between eight and nine in the morning

-of the 24th June, the advance guard of the American riflemen appeared. A volley

-from the woods received them and emptied their saddles. Soon firing came from all

-directions, and bugle calls, and Indian yells. The bewildered Americans imagined

-themselves in the presence of a much superior force. Finding that his men were

-losing heavily from the fire of the unseen foe, and that they were suffering from

-fatigue and heat, he consented to surrender. By the capitulation 542 men, 2 field-pieces,

-some ammunition waggons, and the colours of the 14th U.S. regiment were

-delivered over to the Canadians. For this brilliant achievement Lieutenant Fitzgibbon

-[afterwards a military knight of Windsor] received his Company and a Captain's

-commission. As to Laura Secord, her reward has come to her in fame. The

-heroine lived until the year 1868, and sleeps now in that old cemetery at Drummondville,

-where lie so many of our brave soldiers. There is no 'Decoration Day' in

-Canada, but if there were, surely this woman is entitled to the laurel wreath."

-Pp. 198&ndash;201.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">79</a></span></p>

-

-<p class="center p1t">AUSTRALIAN POETS AND NOVELISTS.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_42_54" id="Footnote_42_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_54"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> Page 25.&mdash;The Canadian reader can profitably and easily compare his own

-poets with those of Australia by reading Slade's "Australian Poets, 1788&ndash;1883, being

-a selection of poems upon all subjects written in Australia and New Zealand during

-the first century of the British colonization, with brief notes on their authors, etc."

-(London and Sydney, 1889.) It will be seen, however, that nearly all the so-called

-"Australian" poets are English born, while with one or two exceptions, those of

-Canada best known to fame are the product of Canadian life and thought. Henry

-Clarence Kendall, "the poet of New South Wales," was born at Ulladulla, on the

-coast of that colony, in 1842. He is the one Australian poet of reputation, except his

-forerunner, Charles Harpur, who was actually born under the Southern Cross.

-Kendall's verses on "Coogee," a striking natural feature of Australian scenery,

-show true poetic instinct and rhythmical ease:</p>

-

-<div class="center">

-<div class="poem">

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"Sing the song of wave-worn Coogee-Coogee in the distance white,</div>

-  <div class="i0">With its jags and points disrupted, gaps and fractures fringed with light;</div>

-  <div class="i0">Haunt of gledes and restless plovers of the melancholy wail,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Ever lending deeper pathos to the melancholy gale.</div>

-  <div class="i0">There, my brothers, down the fissures, chasms deep and wan and wild,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Grows the sea-bloom, one that blushes like a shrinking, fair, blind child,</div>

-  <div class="i0">And amongst the oozing forelands many a glad green rockvine runs,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Getting ease on earthy ledges sheltered from December suns."</div>

-</div>

-</div>

-</div>

-

-<p>But among the many spirited poems written in Australia since its settlement

-not one can equal the "Sick Stock-rider," by Adam Lindsay Gordon, who came to

-South Australia in his early manhood, and attempted sheep-farming, with the

-result of "owning nothing but a love for horsemanship and a head full of Browning

-and Shelley." This is a quotation from an introduction to his book by Marcus

-Clarke, himself a novelist and poet. One can see in the mind's eye the scenes described

-in the following verses, so full of real life and genuine poetry:</p>

-

-<div class="center">

-<div class="poem">

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"'Twas merry in the glowing morn, among the gleaming grass,</div>

-  <div class="i2">To wander as we've wandered many a mile,</div>

-  <div class="i0">And blow the cool tobacco cloud and watch the white wreaths pass,</div>

-  <div class="i2">Sitting loosely in the saddle all the while;</div>

-  <div class="i0">'Twas merry 'mid the backwoods, when we spied the station roofs,</div>

-  <div class="i2">To wheel the wild scrub cattle at the yard,</div>

-  <div class="i0">With a running fire of stockwhips and a fiery run of hoofs.</div>

-  <div class="i2">Oh! the hardest day was never then too hard!</div>

-</div>

-

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"Aye! we had a glorious gallop after 'Starlight' and his gang,</div>

-  <div class="i2">When they bolted from Sylvester's on the flat;</div>

-  <div class="i0">How the sun-dried reed-beds crackled, how the flint-strewn ranges rang</div>

-  <div class="i2">To the strokes of 'Mountaineer' and 'Acrobat';</div>

-  <div class="i0">Hard behind them in the timber, harder still across the heath,</div>

-  <div class="i2">Close behind them through the tea-tree scrub we dashed;</div>

-  <div class="i0">And the golden-tinted fern-leaves, how they rustled underneath!</div>

-  <div class="i2">And the honeysuckle osiers, how they crash'd!"</div>

-</div>

-</div>

-</div>

-

-<p>The best known novels of Australian life are these: "For the Term of His Natural

-Life," by Marcus Clarke, who was an Englishman born and educated; "The Miner's

-Right," "The Squatter's Dream," "A Colonial Reformer," and "Robbery Under

-Arms," by Thomas A. Browne ("Rolf Boldrewood"), who was also English born:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">80</a></span>

-"Uncle Piper of Piper's Hill," by Madame Couvreur ("Tasma"), who is of Belgian

-descent, and is now a resident of Belgium, though she was born in Australia and

-there studied its social conditions; "The Australian Girl" and "A Silent Sea," by

-Mrs. Alick McLeod. Mrs. Campbell Praed, who is colonial born, has, in addition

-to several novels, written "Australian Life," which is described by Sir Charles Dilke

-("Problems of Greater Britain," i., 374) as "a vivid autobiographical picture of the

-early days of Queensland." Copies of these and other Australian books the writer

-owes to the thoughtfulness of Chief Justice Way, D.C.L., Oxon., of Adelaide, South

-Australia. For many years he has been the recipient of these graceful attentions

-from friends in that fair land of the Southern Cross, and though it looks very much

-as if he will never meet some of them face to face&mdash;for the time is passing rapidly

-with us all&mdash;he takes this opportunity of now sending them his thanks across the

-seas.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">HOWE'S "FLAG OF OLD ENGLAND."</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_43_55" id="Footnote_43_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_55"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Page 26.&mdash;This spirited song was written for the one hundredth anniversary of

-the landing of Lord Cornwallis at Halifax. As many persons in old Canada do not

-know it&mdash;for it is not reproduced in recent collections of Canadian poems&mdash;I give it in

-full for the benefit of the youth of this Dominion, on whom the future destiny of

-the country depends:</p>

-

-<div class="center">

-<div class="poem">

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"All hail to the day when the Britons came over,</div>

-  <div class="i2">And planted their standard with sea-foam still wet,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Around and above us their spirits will hover,</div>

-  <div class="i2">Rejoicing to mark how we honour it yet.</div>

-  <div class="i0">Beneath it the emblems they cherished are waving,</div>

-  <div class="i2">The Rose of Old England the roadside perfumes;</div>

-  <div class="i0">The Shamrock and Thistle the north winds are braving,</div>

-  <div class="i2">Securely the Mayflower blushes and blooms.</div>

-</div>

-

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i25"><span class="smcap">Chorus.</span></div>

-

-  <div class="i8">"Hail to the day when the Britons came over,</div>

-  <div class="i10">And planted their standard with sea-foam still wet,</div>

-  <div class="i8">Around and above us their spirits will hover,</div>

-  <div class="i10">Rejoicing to mark how we honour it yet.</div>

-  <div class="i12">We'll honour it yet, we'll honour it yet,</div>

-  <div class="i12">The flag of Old England! we'll honour it yet.</div>

-</div>

-

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"In the temples they founded their faith is maintained,</div>

-  <div class="i2">Every foot of the soil they bequeathed is still ours,</div>

-  <div class="i0">The graves where they moulder no foe has profaned,</div>

-  <div class="i2">But we wreathe them with verdure, and strew them with flowers!</div>

-  <div class="i0">The blood of no brother, in civil strife pour'd,</div>

-  <div class="i2">In this hour of rejoicing, encumbers our souls!</div>

-  <div class="i0">The frontier's the field for the Patriot's sword,</div>

-  <div class="i2">And cursed be the weapon that Faction controls!</div>

-</div>

-

-<div class="stanza">

-<div class="i10"><span class="smcap">Chorus</span>&mdash;"Hail to the day, etc.</div>

-</div>

-

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"Then hail to the day! 'tis with memories crowded,</div>

-  <div class="i2">Delightful to trace 'midst the mists of the past,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Like the features of Beauty, bewitchingly shrouded,</div>

-  <div class="i2">They shine through the shadows Time o'er them has cast.</div>

-  <div class="i0"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">81</a></span>As travellers track to its source in the mountains</div>

-  <div class="i2">The stream which, far swelling, expands o'er the plains,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Our hearts, on this day, fondly turn to the fountains</div>

-  <div class="i2">Whence flow the warm currents that bound in our veins.</div>

-</div>

-

-<div class="stanza">

-<div class="i10"><span class="smcap">Chorus</span>&mdash;"Hail to the day, etc.</div>

-</div>

-

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"And proudly we trace them: no warrior flying</div>

-  <div class="i2">From city assaulted, and fanes overthrown,</div>

-  <div class="i0">With the last of his race on the battlements dying,</div>

-  <div class="i2">And weary with wandering, founded our own.</div>

-  <div class="i0">From the Queen of the Islands, then famous in story,</div>

-  <div class="i2">A century since, our brave forefathers came,</div>

-  <div class="i0">And our kindred yet fill the wide world with her glory,</div>

-  <div class="i2">Enlarging her Empire and spreading her name.</div>

-</div>

-

-<div class="stanza">

-<div class="i10"><span class="smcap">Chorus</span>&mdash;"Hail to the day, etc.</div>

-</div>

-

-<div class="stanza">

-  <div class="i0">"Ev'ry flash of her genius our pathway enlightens&mdash;</div>

-  <div class="i2">Ev'ry field she explores we are beckoned to tread&mdash;</div>

-  <div class="i0">Each laurel she gathers our future day brightens&mdash;</div>

-  <div class="i2">We joy with her living, and mourn for her dead.</div>

-  <div class="i0">Then hail to the day when the Britons came over,</div>

-  <div class="i2">And planted their standard, with sea-foam still wet,</div>

-  <div class="i0">Above and around us their spirits shall hover,</div>

-  <div class="i2">Rejoicing to mark how we honour it yet.</div>

-</div>

-

-<div class="stanza">

-<div class="i10"><span class="smcap">Chorus</span>&mdash;"Hail to the day," etc.</div>

-</div>

-</div>

-</div>

-

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">ESSAYISTS.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_44_56" id="Footnote_44_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_56"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> Page 27.&mdash;The principal contributors to the English and American periodical

-press of late years have been George Stewart of Quebec, Principal Grant, J. G. Bourinot,

-Martin J. Griffin, W. D. LeSueur, G. M. Dawson, S. E. Dawson, Arnold

-Haultain, John Reade, J. M. Oxley and Sir W. Dawson. Dr. Stewart of Quebec,

-despite the demands of journalism, has been always a most earnest literary worker,

-foremost by his own contributions and by his efforts to encourage the labours of

-others in the too indifferent little Canadian world. Goldwin Smith has always been

-a contributor of note, but he is rather an English than a Canadian writer. Among

-the names of the French Canadian general writers are those of Fr&#233;chette, Sulte,

-Marmette, Faucher de Saint-Maurice, J. Tass&#233;, DeCelles, Dionne, Casgrain and

-LeMoine; but their efforts have been confined as a rule to the numerous French

-Canadian periodicals which have appeared for the last thirty years, and after a

-short career died for want of adequate support. In the numerous periodicals of

-England and the United States English Canadian writers have great advantages

-over French Canadians, who are practically limited to their own country, since

-France offers few opportunities for such literary work.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">WILLIAM KIRBY'S WORKS AND OTHER ROMANCES BY CANADIANS.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_45_57" id="Footnote_45_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_57"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Page 27.&mdash;"The Golden Dog: a Legend of Quebec." New York and Montreal,

-1877, 8vo. Also translated by Pamphile LeMay, the French Canadian poet,

-Montreal, 1884. Mr. Kirby is also the author of several poems of merit: "The

-U. E.: a Tale of Upper Canada. A Poem in XII. Cantos." Niagara, 1859, 12mo.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">82</a></span>

-"Canadian Idylls," Toronto, 1878, etc. He was born in England in 1817, but came to

-Canada at the early age of fifteen. He was one of the original members of the Royal

-Society of Canada.</p>

-

-<p>Mr. Lesp&#233;rance, F.R.S.C., was the author of the "Bastonnais" and other historical

-romances of some ability, but not of that high order of merit which gives a permanent

-reputation. The Hon. L. Seth Huntington, long known in Canadian political

-life, was the author of a semi-political novel, "Professor Conant" (Toronto, 1884),

-which had its merits, but it fell practically still-born from the press. Many other

-efforts have been made in the same branch of literature, but the performance, as

-stated in the text, has not been equal to the ambition that prompted the experiment.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">MAJOR RICHARDSON.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_45A_58" id="Footnote_45A_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45A_58"><span class="label">[45<i>a</i>]</span></a> Page 27.&mdash;Major Richardson was born at Niagara Falls in 1797, and educated

-at Amherstburg, U.C., where some of the scenes of "Wacousta" are laid. He served

-in the war of 1812, in the West Indies and in Spain, where he belonged to the British

-legion. He came back to Canada in 1838, and was for years connected with the

-press. He wrote a number of novels and short histories of Canadian events, but

-they are now all forgotten. His historical narrative is not generally trustworthy,

-while his later romances never even came up to the merit of "Wacousta." He died in

-obscurity some time after 1854&mdash;I cannot find the exact year&mdash;in the United States,

-where he attempted to continue a career of literature.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">MARMETTE.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_46_59" id="Footnote_46_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_59"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Page 27.&mdash;Mr. Joseph Marmette, F.R.S.C., is the author of several works of

-fiction, viz.:</p>

-

-<p>"Fran&#231;ois de Bienville. Roman historique." 1<sup>ere</sup> ed., Qu&#233;bec, 1870; 2<sup>e</sup> ed.,

-Montr&#233;al, 1882.</p>

-

-<p>"L'Intendant Bigot. Roman historique." Montr&#233;al, 1872.</p>

-

-<p>"Le Chevalier de Mornac. Roman historique." Montr&#233;al, 1873.</p>

-

-<p>"La Fianc&#233;e du Rebelle. Roman historique." Published in 'La Revue Canadienne,'

-Montreal, 1875.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">DE GASP&#201;'S WORKS.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_47_60" id="Footnote_47_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_60"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> Page 27.&mdash;"Les Anciens Canadiens." By Philippe Aubert de Gasp&#233;. Quebec,

-1863, 8vo.</p>

-

-<p>

-Several translations have appeared since 1863. That by Prof. Roberts (New

-York, Appleton &amp; Co., 1890) omits the notes and addenda, which, if not interesting

-to the general reader, have much value for the historical student. Sulte's "Histoire

-des Canadiens," vol. vi., contains a portrait of the old French Canadian novelist. He

-also wrote "M&#233;moires" (Ottawa, 1886, 8vo.), which have also much historic value

-on account of their fidelity and simplicity of narrative.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">MRS. CATHERWOOD.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_48_61" id="Footnote_48_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_61"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> Page 28.&mdash;Mrs. Mary Hartwell Catherwood, whose home is in Hoopeston,

-Ill., has so far written and published the following admirable romances of the old

-days of New France and Acadie:</p>

-

-<p>"The Romance of Dollard." Illustrated. New York, 1889, 12mo.</p>

-

-<p>"The Story of Tonty." Illustrated. Chicago, 1890, 16mo.</p>

-

-<p>"The Lady of Fort St. John." Boston and New York, 1891, 16mo.</p>

-

-<p>"Old Kaskaskia: An Historical Novel of Early Illinois." Boston and New York,

-1893, 16mo.</p>

-

-                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">83</a></span></p>

-

-<p>She has now commenced in 'The Century' Magazine a new romance with the

-title, "The White Islander," a story of old Fort Michillimackinac, and in 'The

-Atlantic Monthly' another story, "The Chase of Saint Castin." Her romances are

-never long, but bear the impress of close study of the subject and of much careful

-writing.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">GILBERT PARKER.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_49_62" id="Footnote_49_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_62"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> Page 28.&mdash;He is a most industrious worker in various branches of literature

-in London. After a residence of a few years in Australia, where he was connected

-with the Sydney press, he went to England, where he wrote many sketches of Australian

-life which were well received. Recently he has been studying the interesting

-phases of French Canadian and Northwest life, and has produced, among other

-stories, "The Chief Factor," the principal scenes of which are laid in the great territories

-of the Dominion before they were opened up to the farmer, the rancher and

-the railway.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">DE MILLE'S WORKS.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_50_63" id="Footnote_50_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_63"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Page 29.&mdash;James De Mille was a native of New Brunswick, and a professor

-in Dalhousie College, N. S., at the time of his death. His first work of fiction was

-"Helena's Household: a Tale of Rome in the First Century" (New York, 1858). His

-most popular works, "The Dodge Club Abroad" (1866), "Cord and Creese" (1867),

-"The Cryptogram" (1871), and "A Castle in Spain" (1883), first appeared in 'Harper's

-Monthly.' A strange, imaginative work, "A Curious MS. Found in a Copper Cylinder,"

-was published in New York in 1888, and is understood to have been written by

-him. It was not until Rider Haggard's fiction became popular that the New York

-publishers ventured to print a book which so severely taxes the credulity of the

-reader. As a work of pure invention it is in some respects superior to those of the

-English author. Mr. De Mille died in 1880, at the age of 43, when much was expected

-of him. See Appleton's "Cyclo. Am. Biogr.," ii., 138, for a list of his published works

-except the one just mentioned.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">SARA JEANNETTE DUNCAN.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_51_64" id="Footnote_51_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_64"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Page 29.&mdash;She is the author of three books. "A Social Departure" and

-"An American Girl in London" have had many readers and are full of promise.

-Miss Duncan, in company with another young lady, in 1889&ndash;90, went around the

-world, and made numerous contributions to the press of Canada during that tour,

-but its noteworthy result is the first mentioned volume. She is now married and a

-resident of India, whose striking aspects of social life she is studying and portraying

-in print. Her latest story, or rather sketch, of Indian customs, "The Simple Adventures

-of a Memsahib" (New York, 1893), has many touches of quiet humour. One

-must regret that her talent has not been directed to the incidents of Canadian life.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">MATTHEW ARNOLD ON LITERATURE AND SCIENCE.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_52_65" id="Footnote_52_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_65"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Page 31.&mdash;The extract given in the text is taken from "Literature and

-Science," one of Mr. Matthew Arnold's "Discourses in America," published in book

-form in London, 1885. See pp. 90&ndash;92.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">PRINCIPAL GRANT'S ADDRESS.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_53_66" id="Footnote_53_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_66"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Page 32.&mdash;This address to the Royal Society of Canada, to which reference is

-made in the text, is given in the ninth volume of the 'Transactions,' pp. xxxix-xl.

-Dr. Grant could never be uninteresting, but the address shows his ideas can now<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">84</a></span>

-and then be a little chaotic or enigmatic. It is quite evident he has never studied

-with much care the volumes of the 'Transactions,' or comprehended the useful work

-the Society is doing in its own way. Never an active member himself, he has not

-done adequate justice to those who have been at all events conscientious labourers in

-the vineyard where he has planted no seed.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">SIR J. W. DAWSON.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_54_67" id="Footnote_54_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_67"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Page 32.&mdash;This distinguished scientific man is a Nova Scotian by birth, who,

-before he became so closely identified with the prosperity of McGill College at Montreal

-as its principal, was superintendent of education in his native province. His

-scientific works are numerous, but the one which first brought him fame was his

-"Acadian Geology: an Account of the Geological Structure and Mineral Resources

-of Nova Scotia and Portions of the Neighbouring Provinces of British America"

-(Edinburgh and London, 1855, 8vo.), which has run through many editions, and is

-now a very large volume compared with the little modest book that first ventured

-into the world of literature nearly forty years ago.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">MR. BILLINGS.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_55_68" id="Footnote_55_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_68"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Page 33.&mdash;He was born on his father's farm, in the township of Gloucester,

-near Ottawa. A bibliography, evidently prepared by his own hand, is to be found

-in "Bibliotheca Canadensis," pp. 31&ndash;34. His most important memoirs are on the

-third and fourth Decades and the Pal&#230;ozoic fossils of the Canadian Geological

-Survey, in which nearly all the genera and species of the fossils there described were

-discovered by himself.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">ORIGIN OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_56_69" id="Footnote_56_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_69"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Page 33.&mdash;The first volume of the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.' (1882&ndash;83), pp. i-lxxiv.,

-contains an account of the proceedings before and after the foundation of the Society,

-with the addresses in full of the Marquess of Lorne and of the first President and

-Vice-President of the body. On the occasion of the Montreal meeting, 1891, a handbook

-was largely circulated by the Citizens' Committee with the view of giving information

-of the object and work of the Society. It was written by Mr. John Reade,

-F.R.S.C., and contains a succinct history of the origin and operations of the body

-until May, 1891. It contains plans of McGill College grounds and of Montreal in 1759,

-and sketches of the old Seminary towers, St. Gabriel-street church, St. Ann's, besides

-some interesting facts relating to Montreal's historic places.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">SIR D. WILSON, T. S. HUNT AND MR. CHAUVEAU.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_57_70" id="Footnote_57_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_70"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Page 34.&mdash;Dr. Kingsford has given a paper, "In Memoriam, on Sir Daniel

-Wilson" ('Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. xi.) in which he briefly reviews the excellent

-literary work and the wide culture of that eminent man. In volume ix. of the

-'Trans.,' Sec. I., pp. 53&ndash;58, there is a well-written paper on the late Mr. Chauveau, by

-his successor, Mr. L. O. David of Montreal. The presidential address of Abb&#233; Laflamme

-in 1892 (see 'Trans.,' vol. x.) was devoted to a review of the scientific attainments

-of Dr. T. Sterry Hunt.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">CANADIAN SOCIETIES.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_58_71" id="Footnote_58_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_71"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Page 34.&mdash;At the present time there are over twenty Canadian scientific and

-literary societies associated with the Royal Society in its work. Mr. John Reade,

-in the "Montreal Handbook of 1891" (see Note 56), gives the following list of societies<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">85</a></span>

-established before 1867: Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, 1824; Natural

-History Society of Montreal, 1827&mdash;act of incorporation five years later; Institut

-Canadien, Quebec, 1846; Canadian Institute, Toronto, 1851; Institut Canadien,

-Ottawa, 1852; Hamilton Association, 1856; Soci&#233;t&#233; Historique, Montr&#233;al, 1858:

-Nova Scotia Institute of Natural Science, 1862; Natural History Society, St. John,

-N.B., 1862; Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, Montreal, 1862; Entomological

-Society of Ontario, 1863.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">THE EARL OF DERBY AND THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_58A_72" id="Footnote_58A_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58A_72"><span class="label">[58<i>a</i>]</span></a> Page 42.&mdash;Four years ago you were good enough, in offering me the position of

-your honorary president, to ask the sympathy and encouragement which the governor-general,

-as Her Majesty's representative, might rightly be asked to manifest towards

-the representatives of science and of the liberal arts. I am afraid that my contributions

-to literature and science have been few. I do not know they are such as

-would have merited the notice of the Royal Society, but I can assure you that none

-of the members of your body take a deeper interest in all that concerns the welfare

-of your Society than he who is now laying down the office of honorary president.

-(Cheers.) There were some persons who considered that in a comparatively new

-country like Canada it was ambitious on her part when the foundations of the Royal

-Society were laid, but there must be a beginning of all things, and I think I may

-appeal to the work which has been and is being done by the different branches of

-the Society as evidence that its establishment was in no sense premature, but that

-it was fittingly determined that the progress of science and literature should take

-place coincidently with that of the country. In a new country like this&mdash;I think

-you have touched upon it in your address&mdash;there is a great tendency to further

-one's material wants, to promote trade and commerce, and to put aside, as it were,

-literature and the sciences; but here the Royal Society has stepped in and done

-good work by uniting those who were scattered by distance and who find in the

-meetings of our Society a convenient opportunity of coming together for the exchanging

-of ideas and renewing of those friendships which, though perhaps only yearly

-meetings permit, are nevertheless enduring. If we look back we shall best see what

-good work is being done. If we could imagine the existence of such a society as this

-in the older countries in olden times, what a mine of wealth of information would

-have been afforded us! We see that from the very first, whether in literature, which

-forms so important a part in our Society; whether it be in the constitutional studies,

-in which our President is such an adept&mdash;and I was glad to see his authority has

-been quoted on the other side of the Atlantic as well as on this&mdash;whether it be in the

-literature of the chivalrous pioneers of France, who first led the way into the unbroken

-wilderness, or whether it be in the latter days of constitutional progress of

-this country and its relations both to the old world and the country growing up

-alongside of us.</p>

-

-<p>In literature, history and poetry, also, the Society will from the first have its

-stamp, as we trust, upon the future of the Canadian race. (Cheers.) That science

-and the arts to an equal extent may find a place here is our earnest wish, in order

-that by sentiment and feeling we may bind together in the closest ties that by which

-she must achieve a great and enduring success. I must not detain you from your

-other duties, but I could not refrain from saying in a few words how heartily and

-truly I appreciate and believe in the work of the Royal Society. At your next meeting,

-as you truly say, I fear I shall not be amongst you; but though the Atlantic may

-roll between us, you may be certain that in spirit, at least, I hope to be present at

-your meeting, and shall follow with the liveliest and deepest interest any record you<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">86</a></span>

-may be good enough to send me of what takes place on that occasion. * * * * *

-I appeal not the less to my French colleagues than to my English ones in all matters

-which relate to the welfare of the Society. Science, art and literature, it is true, are

-cosmopolitan, but they are well knit together in this Society. We who have experienced

-in Canada the hospitality of its people are grateful for it. We have admired

-the greatness of the resources of this country, and we look forward to a society like

-this as having ample work to do in the future. As in every respect Canada seems to

-be disposed always to take a forward part, so I hope the Royal Society will ever

-press on to a higher and higher goal; and, gentlemen, I can wish to the Royal

-Society, to all my friends and brothers of the Society, to whom I once more tender

-my hearty thanks, no greater blessing than, like Canada itself, that they may be

-happy, united and prosperous. (Loud and prolonged cheers.)</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">S. E. DAWSON ON TENNYSON.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_59_73" id="Footnote_59_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_73"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Page 40.&mdash;"A Study, with Critical and Explanatory Notes, of Lord Tennyson's

-Poem, The Princess." By S. E. Dawson. Montreal, 1882, 12mo. 2nd ed. 1884.

-The preface contains a long and interesting letter from the poet, which "throws

-some light upon some important literary questions regarding the manner and

-method of the poet's working." Tennyson describes the "Study" truly as an "able

-and thoughtful essay."</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">THE OLD 'CANADIAN MONTHLY.'</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_60_74" id="Footnote_60_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_74"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> Page 40.&mdash;It first appeared in Toronto in 1872 (Adam Stevenson &amp; Co.), soon

-after Prof. Goldwin Smith took up his permanent residence in that western city.

-Much of its reputation for years necessarily depended on the contributions of a

-writer who, if he has failed to identify himself of late with the national or Canadian

-sentiment of the people, has at all events done something in the past to improve the

-style of Canadian <i>litt&#233;rateurs</i> and to elevate the tone of journalism. The 'Monthly'

-was the ablest successor of a long list of literary aspirants in the same field, the majority

-of which had a still shorter existence. See Bourinot's "Intellectual Development

-of the Canadian People" (Toronto, 1881), chap. iv. and 'Canadian Monthly,'

-March, 1881.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">FORM OF ROYAL SOCIETY 'TRANSACTIONS.'</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_61_75" id="Footnote_61_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_75"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Page 42.&mdash;Since the delivery of the presidential address the Royal Society

-decided by a considerable majority&mdash;chiefly made up of the two scientific sections&mdash;to

-continue the quarto form for the present. Under these circumstances the compromise

-suggested may be adopted&mdash;that of printing separate editions of important

-monographs and works from time to time by some understanding with the author.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">THE STUDY OF THE CLASSICS.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_62_76" id="Footnote_62_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_76"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Page 49.&mdash;The following is a fuller quotation from Prof. Goldwin Smith's

-very apposite remarks delivered before the Classical Association of Ontario (see

-'The Week,' April 28th, 1893): "No age has stood more in need of humanizing

-culture than this, in which physical culture reigns. One of the newspapers the

-other day invited us to take part in a symposium the subject of which was 'How

-to Produce a Perfect Man.' The problem was large, but one help to its solution

-might have been a reminder to keep the balance. A romantic age stands in need of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">87</a></span>

-science, a scientific and utilitarian age stands in need of the humanities. Darwin

-avows that poetry gave him no pleasure whatever. This surely was a loss, unless

-the whole side of things which poetry denotes is dead and gone, nothing but dry

-science being left us; in which case the generations that are coming may have some

-reason, with all their increase of knowledge and power, to wish that they had lived

-nearer the youth of the world." See <i>supra</i>, Note 1, for Mr. Lowell's remarks on the

-same subject.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">CANADIAN LIBRARIES.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_63_77" id="Footnote_63_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_77"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Page 53.&mdash;Some interesting facts as to the evolution of libraries in the Dominion

-can be gathered by reference to Bourinot's "Intellectual Development in

-Canada" (Toronto, 1831); Canniff Haight's "Country Life in Canada Fifty Years

-Ago"; Dr. Canniff's "History of Ontario"; and Dr. Kingsford's "Early Bibliography

-of Ontario." The principal results of the Ontario law providing for the establishment

-of free libraries by votes of ratepayers in a community have been the opening

-of two excellent libraries in Hamilton and Toronto&mdash;the latter under the judicious

-superintendence of Mr. James Bain.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">CANADIAN ARTISTS.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_64_78" id="Footnote_64_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_78"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> Page 54.&mdash;An Art Society was founded in Upper Canada as far back as 1841,

-but its exhibitions were necessarily representative of British works of art. The

-present Art Association was founded in Montreal in 1860, and the Ontario School of

-Arts, which is doing excellent work, twelve years later, with its headquarters in

-Toronto. The Royal Canadian Academy, mentioned in the text, was established in

-1880. The influence of these and two or three minor institutions in Canada has been

-on the whole in the direction of stimulating art, but their efforts are not adequately

-encouraged by government or people in the provinces.</p>

-

-<p>The following is a list of the painters in oils and water colours whose pictures

-now make the principal features of the annual exhibitions in Ontario and Quebec,

-and the majority of whom were inadequately represented at Chicago: F. A. Verner,

-whose Indian and Canadian scenes are excellent; H. M. Matthews, who has made a

-high reputation for his Rocky Mountain paintings; L. R. O'Brien, essentially the

-most finished painter of picturesque Canada; T. Mower Martin, an industrious

-painter of wild sports and Canadian scenery; E. Wyley Grier, who has done some

-good work in portraits and natural scenery; W. Brymner, one of the most promising

-younger painters of Canadian scenes: George Reid, whose "Foreclosure of the

-Mortgage" is one of the best pictures produced in the Dominion; John Hammond

-of St. John, N.B., a painter of water life; Percy Woodcock, whose efforts at sketches

-of Canadian rural life are praiseworthy: F. M. Bell-Smith, who has a decided artistic

-faculty for the portraiture of our noblest scenery; Homer Watson, a favourite for his

-rustic landscapes and romantic pastorals; J. W. L. Forster, in some respects the best

-figure painter, but also capable of good landscapes; G. Bruenech, a careful artist of

-scenery; Ernest Thompson, who has made some good efforts at prairie subjects;

-J. C. Forbes, who painted Mr. Gladstone's portrait, and is one of the best artists of

-the class that Canada has so far known; W. Raphael and O. R. Jacobi, two of the

-oldest and best known painters of Canadian landscape. To these we must add Miss

-Minnie A. Bell, A. Watson, Miss Sidney S. Tully, Mrs. M. H. Reid, J. T. Rolph,

-R. F. Gagen, T. C. McGillivray Knowles, Forshaw Day, L. Huot, Mlle. Colombier,

-E. Dyonnet, C. Macdonald Manly, D. P. MacKillsan, J. W. Morrice, A. D. Patterson,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">88</a></span>

-Miss G. F. Spurr, F. S. Challener, Paul J. Wickson, Mrs. M. B. Screiber, W. Revell,

-D. Fowler, Miss E. May Martin, Miss Laura Muntz, Miss F. M. Bell-Smith, Miss

-Florence Carlyle, Miss I. M. F. Adams, Owen P. Staples, Mrs. M. E. Dignam, Charles

-Alexander, W. E. Atkinson, J. C. Mills, J. A. Fraser (in New York), Carl Ahrens,

-W. A. Sherwood, Miss Fannie Sutherland, T. C. V. Ede, H. Sandham (in New York),

-Mr. Harvey, Mr. Cruickshank, Mr. Seavey, A. Cox, Miss Edwards, J. Griffith, Colin

-Scott, J. Wilson, James Smith, C. J. Way, F. Brownell, A. P. Coleman, R. Harris,

-Miss Holden and Miss Houghton. Many of these artists, whose merits, of course,

-vary much, are not native Canadians. One of the strongest landscape painters,

-Mr. Matthews, is an Englishman, who has now, after some years, thoroughly understood

-the light and colour of Canadian scenery. O'Brien, Brymner, L. Huot, Forbes,

-Forster, Pinhey, Sidney Tully, G. Harris, Gagen, Knowles, Watson, Alexander,

-A. D. Patterson, C. M. Manly, E. May Martin and George Reid are Canadians.

-G. T. Berthon, who died recently in Toronto at an advanced age, and was known as

-a painter of numerous portraits, the best of which are to be seen in Osgoode Hall,

-was of French origin and education. Raphael is German by birth and education.

-Jacobi is a painter of the Dusseldorf school, and was at one time employed in the court

-of the King of Bavaria. Bruenech is a native, I understand, of Denmark, though

-educated in Canada. E. W. Grier is an Englishman by birth and education, with a

-knowledge of French art derived from study in Paris. So is Ernest Thompson, who

-also studied in Paris. Mower Martin is an Englishman, educated in that country

-and in Canada, with whose scenery he has been always enamoured. Carl Ahrens

-was born and educated in the United States. Miss Minnie Bell and Miss Laura

-Muntz are among the most promising younger artists of Canada. Both were born

-and received their elementary education in Canada. Miss Bell, after studying in

-Paris, is now in Montreal. Miss Muntz is still studying in Paris. Robert Harris is

-a native of Prince Edward Island. Mr. N. Bourassa, who is a French Canadian

-artist, has of late years devoted himself to ecclesiastical decoration. His best work

-is to be seen in the architecture and decoration of the churches of Notre Dame de

-Nazareth and Notre Dame de Lourdes, in Montreal, and he has the credit of having

-first applied probably in America "the art of painting to the adornment of Christian

-churches in the broad and thorough manner so common at one period in central

-Italy." (See Dr. S. E. Dawson's "Handbook of Canada," Montreal, 1888, pp. 183,

-184.) The influence of the French schools of painting can be seen in the best works

-of Paul Peel (now dead), Forster, Harris, Geo. Reid and John Pinhey (born at Ottawa),

-all of whom have had success at the salons. At the present time there are some

-twenty-five Canadians, more or less, studying in Paris, and the majority are French

-Canadians. In fact, the French schools draw students from Canada as well as from

-the United States, and England is relatively ignored. The artistic temperament is

-more stimulated by the <i>ateliers</i> and the student life of Paris than among the more

-business-like and cold surroundings of a student in London. In sculpture the names

-are very few, Hamilton McCarthy, H&#233;bert and Dunbar having alone done meritorious

-work, but of these three H&#233;bert is the only native Canadian. One of the very

-first painters to draw attention, years ago, to Canadian scenery, especially to the

-wonderfully vivid tints of autumn, was Krieghoff, whose pictures have been so much

-copied that it is difficult now to tell the originals from the reproductions. He was,

-however, not a native Canadian but a Swiss painter from the German-speaking cantons,

-I believe. The name of Paul Kane (born in Toronto) will be always identified

-with Indian life and customs, and as the pioneer of art in Canada. A fine collection

-of his paintings is in the possession of Hon. G. W. Allan, who has always taken an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">89</a></span>

-active interest in the development of art in the city of which he has been so long an

-honoured citizen.</p>

-

-<p>Among other Canadian artists who laboured in the commencement of art studies

-in this country may be mentioned the following: Dulongpr&#233;, Samuel Berczy, Audy,

-William Berczy, Vincent Zacharie Thelariolin (Indian of Lorette, 1812&ndash;1886), Hamel,

-Carey, T. H. Burnett, J. J. Girouard, P. Leber&mdash;many of whose artistic efforts are

-already forgotten though their work was meritorious. With respect to Berthon,

-the following note by Col. G. T. Denison, F.R.S.C., of Toronto, which I have received

-since writing of the artist above, will be of interest: "His father was a court painter

-under the great Napoleon, and several of his pictures are now in Versailles. He

-was a Frenchman, and I think was in Vienna when his son, my old friend, was

-born; for I am under the impression Berthon told me he was born in Vienna. I

-think he was brought up in France, and went to London when comparatively young,

-and there set up as a portrait painter. He was induced to come out to Canada about

-the year 1843 or 1844, and settled in Toronto soon after, where he died about a year

-ago, over eighty years of age. He was certainly, when in his prime, the best portrait

-painter we ever had in Canada, and in my opinion was better than most of the men

-of great celebrity in London to-day."</p>

-

-<p>The successful artists at the World's Fair, where 113 works in all were presented

-from Canada, were the following: Mr. G. Reid, whose great picture mentioned above

-could not fail to attract much notice, Mr. Harris, Mr. Ede, Miss Holden and Mr.

-J. A. Fraser. This is satisfactory in view of the fact that the best work of the majority

-of leading Canadian artists was not represented in the exhibition. Apart

-from Mr. Reid's painting, the pictures that were signalled out for special notice

-were not equal in some respects to other efforts of the same artists that have been

-seen in our annual exhibitions.</p>

-

-<p>In closing this note I cannot do better than give the following judicious remarks

-on art in Canada, delivered before the Canadian Institute, by an able Canadian artist,

-J. W. L. Forster: "The art of Canada to-day is a mingling of elements.... The

-influence of the old world may be seen in the work of many who cherish still the

-precepts of their masters. Yet it is due to those who have adopted Canada as their

-home to say they are as Canadian in the faithful reproduction of the pure glories of

-our climate as those who first saw the sun in our own sky. Our native artists who

-have studied abroad are much inclined to paint a Canadian sky with the haze of

-Western Europe, and our verdure, too, as though it grew upon foreign soil. Our art

-is not Canadian.... Material is certainly not wanting, nor <i>motif</i> of the

-grander order. The first requisite is for a stronger national spirit. Events are

-slowly developing this; and the signs are full of promise in this direction. The

-second great need is for a museum equipped with well-chosen specimens of the

-world's art. Our government and citizens are establishing schools of industrial and

-fine art, yet when we would point our pupils to examples of pure art, lo! there are

-none; and when we would know what art has been, in order to discover what art

-may be, we must go as exiles and pilgrims to foreign cities. A museum that gives

-the best of their art history and achievement will greatly strengthen our hope and

-give rein to our ambition. A third need is for capable and generous criticism.

-There are many men whose discernment and sympathies fit them eminently for the

-role of art critic; but as yet journalism has not opened wide the door to advancement

-in such a specialty."</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">ARCHITECTURAL ART.</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_64A_79" id="Footnote_64A_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64A_79"><span class="label">[64<i>a</i>]</span></a> Page 57.&mdash;While Canadian architecture is generally wanting in originality

-of conception, yet it affords many good illustrations of the effective adaptation of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">90</a></span>

-the best art of Europe to the principal edifices of the large cities. These are the

-most noteworthy public buildings:</p>

-

-<p>In <i>Ottawa</i>.&mdash;The parliament and departmental buildings, admirable examples of

-Italian Gothic of the 13th century, with a fine central tower, the effect of which has

-been marred by a later tower in the western block out of harmony with the general

-design of an otherwise perfect group.</p>

-

-<p>In <i>Quebec</i>.&mdash;The legislative building in the French style of the 17th century, noteworthy

-for its niches containing statues of men famous in French Canadian history.</p>

-

-<p>In <i>Montreal</i>.&mdash;The parish church of Notre Dame, on the Place d'Armes, of a

-simple Gothic style, attractive for its stateliness and massiveness.</p>

-

-<p>Christ Church Cathedral, on St. Catherine street, worthy of study as an admirable

-specimen of the early English style of ecclesiastical architecture, exhibiting

-unity of design and correctness of proportions.</p>

-

-<p>Notre Dame de Lourdes, whose interior has been already spoken of (see preceding

-note); a good example of the Byzantine order, combined with effects of the Italian

-Renaissance recalling Venetian architecture.</p>

-

-<p>The Montreal Bank, on St. James street, an artistic illustration of the Corinthian

-order, with an interior interesting for the artistic effort to illustrate on the walls

-remarkable scenes in Canadian history.</p>

-

-<p>The Canadian Pacific Station, on Windsor street, a fine example of an adaptation

-of old Norman architecture to modern necessities.</p>

-

-<p>In <i>Toronto</i>.&mdash;The University, perhaps the best example in America of a modern

-conception of Norman architecture, with a tower of much beauty.</p>

-

-<p>Trinity University, whose graceful Tudor-Gothic design, in which the tower is a

-conspicuous feature, is marred by the clumsy projection of a later chapel building,

-entirely out of harmony with the admirable front.</p>

-

-<p>Osgoode Hall, of the Ionic order, modified by additions of the Italian Renaissance.</p>

-

-<p>St. Andrew's Church, a combination of the Norman and Byzantine orders, more

-suitable for a great library or a hall than an ecclesiastical edifice. As a specimen of

-architecture, apart from its purpose, it is harmonious and artistic.</p>

-

-<p>The new legislative buildings, which are the most pretentious in Canada after

-the Ottawa parliament house, are a praiseworthy effort to illustrate the Romanesque,

-with details of the Celtic and Indo-Germanic schools.</p>

-

-<p>The Methodist Metropolitan Church, a judicious example of a modern form of

-the Gothic style which distinguished the 13th century in France. It is at once

-simple and harmonious in its general design, and has a massive tower which adds to

-the general effect of the whole structure.</p>

-

-<p>St. James's Church, often cited as a good example of ecclesiastical Gothic, with a

-graceful and well-proportioned tower and steeple, conspicuous from all points of view.</p>

-

-<p>In <i>Hamilton</i>.&mdash;The court-house is in some respects the best designed of its kind

-in Canada. The head office of the Canada Life Assurance Company is noteworthy

-for its graceful simplicity, in its way not equalled in Canada.</p>

-

-<p>In <i>Fredericton</i>.&mdash;The Church of England Cathedral, a perfect specimen, on a

-small scale, of pure early English Gothic on the Continent.</p>

-

-<p>The new library building which McGill University owes to the public spirit of

-Mr. Redpath, of Montreal, is distinguished by the graceful simplicity of its external

-form, and the conveniences of its beautiful interior. Apart from this fine edifice,

-however, and the parliamentary library at Ottawa, whose external design is harmonious

-and whose internal fittings illustrate the effectiveness of our natural woods,

-Canada has no such libraries&mdash;in special buildings I mean&mdash;noteworthy for

-beauty of architecture and convenience of arrangements as we find among our neighbours,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">91&ndash;92</a></span>

-illustrating their public and private spirit. Neither have we an art gallery of

-special architectural features, for the building at Montreal is simple in the extreme.

-Such as it is, however, it is an object of imitation to other cities in Canada.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-<p class="center p1t">"FIDELIS."</p>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-<p><a name="Footnote_65_80" id="Footnote_65_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_80"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Page 60.&mdash;The poetic citation which closes the presidential address is taken

-from Miss Machar's ("Fidelis") verses on "Dominion Day," which appear in "Songs

-of the Great Dominion," pp. 15&ndash;17, and merit a wide audience for their patriotic spirit

-and poetic taste.</p>

-</div>

-

-

-

-

-<hr />

-

-<div class="chapter">

-                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">93</a></span></p>

-

-<h2>INDEX.</h2>

-</div>

-

-

-<ul class="index">

-  <li class="isub2">"Acadia, History of," by J. Hannay, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Acadian Geology," by Sir J. W. Dawson, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"After Weary Years," romance by Archbp. O'Brien, of Halifax, N.S., <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Ahrens, Carl, artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Algonquin Grammar, by Abb&#233; Cuoq, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Allan, Hon. G. W., his love of art, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"An American Girl in London," by Sara J. Duncan, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Aminta," poem by Archbishop O'Brien, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Anciens Canadiens," by P. de Gasp&#233;, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Archibald, Sir Adams J., statesman, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Archibald, S. J. W., statesman, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Architecture in Canada, imitative rather than original, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">special buildings of architectural beauty mentioned, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Art in Canada, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">names of eminent painters, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">want of art galleries, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">establishment of art associations in Montreal and Toronto, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">the Canadian Academy of Art, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">some general remarks on its use, <a href="#Page_54">ib.</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">J. W. L. Forster cited on the subject, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">success of Canadian artists at the Chicago World's Fair, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Art gallery in Montreal, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Arnold, Matthew, on the large meaning of "Literature," <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Australian novelists, superior to those of Canada, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">names, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Australian poets compared with those of Canada, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">names, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">extracts from, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li>

-

-

-  <li class="isub2 p1t">Baldwin, Hon. Robert, statesman, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Bank of Montreal Building at Montreal, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Bastonnais, The," romance by J. Lesp&#233;rance, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Beggars All," by L. Dougall, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Belknap, Jeremy, his "History of New Hampshire," <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Bell, Miss Minnie, artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Bell-Smith, F. M., artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Beothiks, or Red Indians of Newfoundland, essay on, by Dr. Patterson, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Berthon, G. T., artist, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Bibaud, Michel, his History of Canada, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Bibliography of the writings of members of the Royal Society, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Bienville, Fran&#231;ois de," romance by M. Marmette, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Billings, Elkanah, geologist, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Biography, literature of, weak in Canada, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Blake, Edward, mentioned, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Boucher, Pierre, his account of the customs and natural productions of Nouvelle France, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Bouchette, Joseph, his works on the topography of Canada, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Bourassa, N., artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Brown, J. H., poet, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Bruenech, G., artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Bunsen, Chevalier, his opinion on what constitutes the excellence of a romance, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Brymner, W., artist, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2 p1t"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">94</a></span>Campbell, Wilfred, his poems, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">quotations therefrom, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Canada Life Assurance Building at Hamilton, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Canada, three eras of development, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Canadian Idylls," poems by W. Kirby, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Canadian Literary and Scientific Societies, the oldest in Canada, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Canadian Monthly," its usefulness, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Canadian Pacific RR., Station at Montreal, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Canadiens de l'Ouest," by J. Tass&#233;, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Carillon, le Drapeau de," poem by O. Cr&#233;mazie, quoted, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Carman, Bliss, his poems, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Cartier, Sir George Etienne, statesman, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Casgrain, Abb&#233;, his historical works, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">his opinion of Cr&#233;mazie, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Catherwood, Mary Hartwell, writer of fiction, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Champlain, compared with Columbus, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">with Captain John Smith, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">his works, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Chants Nouveaux," poems by B. Sulte, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Charlevoix, his history of Nouvelle France, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">his opinion of society in Quebec, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Chauveau, P. J. O., his poems, etc., <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">one of the founders of the Royal Society, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Chevrier, R., poet, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Christie, Robert, his history of Lower Canada, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Chief Factor, The," novel by Gilbert Parker, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Christ Church Cathedral at Fredericton, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Christ Church Cathedral at Montreal, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Classics, Study of;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">Goldwin Smith on, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">Matthew Arnold on, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">J. Russell Lowell on, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">should be encouraged in Canadian colleges, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">its results in French Canada, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Clarke, Professor, mentioned, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Cl&#224;rsach nam Beann," Gaelic poems by E. McColl, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Clercq, P&#232;re Chrestien le, his "Etablissement de la Foy," <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Coogee," poem by H. C. Kendall, the Australian poet, cited, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Cours d'Histoire du Canada," by Abb&#233; Ferland, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Crawford, Isabella Valancy, poet, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Cr&#233;mazie, Octave, his poems, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Creux, P&#232;re du, his <i>Historia Canadensis</i>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Criticism, necessity for a spirit of genuine, in Canada, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">reference to S. E. Dawson's essay on "The Princess," <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">Sainte-Beuve quoted, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Cuoq, Abb&#233;, his works on the Algonquin language, contributed to Royal Society, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>

-

-

-  <li class="isub2 p1t">Davin, Nicholas Flood, poet, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Dawson, &#198;neas, poet, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Dawson, G. M., his contributions to Royal Society, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Dawson, S. E., his criticism on "The Princess," <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Dawson, Sir W., <i>doyen</i> of Science in Canada, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"D&#233;couverte du Mississippi, La," poem by L. Fr&#233;chette quoted, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Dent, John C., his histories, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Derby, the Earl of, his farewell address to the Royal Society of Canada, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Deville, E., his contributions to Royal Society, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Dewart, E. H., poet, his collection of Canadian poems, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Dionne, N. E., his writings, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Dodge Club Abroad," by Professor De Mille, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Doyle, Conan, his "Refugees" held up to imitation of Canadian writers of romance, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Dread Voyage," poem by W. Campbell, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Dreamland" and other poems by C. Mair, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Dunbar, sculptor, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Duncan, Sara Jeannette, author, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Duvar, John Hunter, poet, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>

-

-

-  <li class="isub2 p1t">Ede, T. C. V., artist, wins success at Chicago World's Fair, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Edgar, James D., poet, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">95</a></span>Edgar, Mrs., her "Ridout Letters" quoted, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Education, in French Canada under old regime, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">in Canada from 1760&ndash;1840, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">from 1840&ndash;1893, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">its present condition and defects, <a href="#Page_49">49&ndash;51</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Emerson, representative of original American genius, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Epic of the Dawn," poem by N. F. Davin, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Essayists, names of principal French and English, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>

-

-

-  <li class="isub2 p1t">Faillon, Abb&#233;, his history of the "Colonie fran&#231;aise," <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Fauna of St. John Group, geological work by G. F. Matthew, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Ferland, J. B. A., his "History of Canada," <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Flag of Old England," poem by Joseph Howe, quoted, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Flora and Botany of Canada, essays on, by Professors Lawson, Macoun and Penhallow, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Forbes, J. C., artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Foreclosure of the Mortgage," painting by G. A. Reid, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Forster, J. W. L., artist, his remarks on the tendency of Canadian art, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Fraser, J. A., artist, wins success at Chicago "World's Fair," <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Fr&#233;chette, L., his poems, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">quotation from his "D&#233;couverte du Mississippi," <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">essayist, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">French Canada: early writers of her history, Champlain, Boucher, Le Clercq, Charlevoix, etc., <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61&ndash;64</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">culture and science during French regime, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">historians and poets from 1760&ndash;1840, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">from 1840 to 1867, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">from 1867&ndash;1893, <a href="#Page_72">72&ndash;74</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">writers of romance few in number, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">influence of the French language, <a href="#Page_58">58&ndash;60</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">its probable duration, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">French language in Canada, remarks on, <a href="#Page_58">58&ndash;60</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">French Canadian poetry, an estimate of its merits, <a href="#Page_22">22&ndash;24</a>.</li>

-

-

-  <li class="isub2 p1t">Gagen, R. F., artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Gazette" of Montreal, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Galissoni&#232;re, La, his culture and scientific spirit, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Ganong, Prof., contributor to Royal Society of Canada, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Garneau, F. X., his "Histoire du Canada," <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Gladstone, Right Hon. Mr., portrait of, painted by J. C. Forbes, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Globe" of Toronto, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Golden Dog, The," romance by W. Kirby, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">translated by P. LeMay, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Gordon, A. Lindsay, his spirited poem, "The Sick Stock-rider," quoted, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Grant, Principal, author and lecturer, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Greek, study of, desirable, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Grier, E. W., artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Griffin, M. J., essayist and poet, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>

-

-

-  <li class="isub2 p1t">Haida Grammar, to be printed by Royal Society, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Haliburton, Judge, his "Sam Slick," <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">his "History of Nova Scotia," <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Hamel, Mgr., contributor to Royal Society, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Hamilton Court-house, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Hamilton, P. S., poet, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Hammond, John, artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Hannay, J., his "History of Acadia," <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Harris, George, artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Harrison, S. Frances ("Seranus"), poet, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Harvey, Moses, his contributions to Royal Society, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Haultain, Arnold, mentioned, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Hawthorne, N., representative of original American genius, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Heavysege, Chas., his poems, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">H&#233;bert, French Canadian sculptor, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Historians of Canada: W. Smith, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">M. Bibaud, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">Haliburton's Nova Scotia, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">Garneau, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">Ferland, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">Faillon, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">B. Sulte, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">J. C. Dent, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">L. Turcotte, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">Withrow, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">Kingsford, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">McMillan, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">Hannay, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">Murdoch, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">Tanguay, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">Dionne, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">Casgrain, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">Gosselin, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">96</a></span>"Histoire des Canadiens Fran&#231;ais," by B. Sulte, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Histoire de la Colonie Fran&#231;aise en Canada," by Abb&#233; Faillon, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Holden, Miss, artist, wins success at Chicago World's Fair, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Houghton, Miss, artist, wins success at Chicago World's Fair, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Howe, Joseph, as poet and orator, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">one of his poems quoted in full, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Hunt, Thomas Sterry, his contributions to the Royal Society of Canada, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">one of its founders, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Huntington, Hon. L. S., statesman and novelist, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Huot, L., artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Hutchinson, Governor, his "History of Massachusetts," <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>

-

-

-  <li class="isub2 p1t">"In Divers Tones," poem by C. G. D. Roberts, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"In the Millet," poems by A. Lampman, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Intellectual Development in Canada: under the French regime, <a href="#Page_5">5&ndash;8</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">books, newspapers, education and culture from 1760&ndash;1840, <a href="#Page_9">9&ndash;18</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">from 1840&ndash;1893, <a href="#Page_19">19&ndash;27</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">statesmen of intellectual power, mentioned, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">historical literature, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">poets, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">essayists, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">humorists, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">novelists, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">biographers, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">pulpit literature, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">legal literature, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">newspaper development, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">the Royal Society and its work, <a href="#Page_33">33&ndash;42</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">success of scientific writers, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">want of good magazines, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">no very striking results yet achieved, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">obstacles in the way of successful literary results in Canada, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">artistic achievement, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">architectural work lacking originality, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">general remarks, on the intellectual conditions of Canada, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">what is wanted to stimulate mental effort in the Dominion, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">intellectual standard of our legislative bodies, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">the great drain on our intellectual strength by the legislative bodies of the Dominion, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">business capacity now chiefly conspicuous in legislative halls, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li>

-

-

-  <li class="isub2 p1t">Jacobi, O. R., artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Jamestown, Va., in ruins, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Jesuit College, founded at Quebec, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Jesuit Relations, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Johnstone, James W., statesman, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>

-

-

-  <li class="isub2 p1t">Kalm, Peter, his reference to culture and science in French Canada, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Kane, Paul, painter of Indian scenes, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Katzmann, M. J., poet, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Kingsford, W., his "History of Canada," <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">his address, <i>In Memoriam</i>, Sir D. Wilson, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Kirby, W., his "Golden Dog," and other works, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Knowles, G., artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Krieghoff, painter of Canadian scenery, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>

-

-

-  <li class="isub2 p1t">Laflamme, Prof., contributor to Royal Society, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Lafitau, his account of Indian life and customs, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Lafontaine, Sir Louis Hypolite, statesman, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Lake Lyrics," poems by W. Campbell, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Lampman, Archibald, poet, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Later Canadian Poems," collected by J. E. Wetherell, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Laval University, mentioned, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Law, literature of, in Canada, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Legendre, N., author, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"L&#233;gendes Canadiennes," by Abb&#233; Casgrain, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Legend of the Rose," poem by S. J. Watson, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Legislative Buildings at Quebec, their architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Legislative Buildings at Toronto, their architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">LeMay, P., his poems, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Lescarbot, Marc, his "Nouvelle France," <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Lesp&#233;rance, John, novelist, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Les Echos," poems by Judge Routhier, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Les Fleurs Bor&#233;ales," prize poems by L. Fr&#233;chette, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Les Laurentiennes," poems by B. Sulte, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">97</a></span>LeSueur, W. D., essayist, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Libraries in Canada, before 1840, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">at present time, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Lighthall, W. D., his collection of Canadian poems, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Lockhart, B. W. and A. J., poets, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Logan, Sir William, geologist, born in Canada, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"London Times," an example of a perfect newspaper, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Lorne, Marquess of, establishes the Royal Society of Canada, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">and the Canadian Academy of Art, with the Princess Louise, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Louise, H. R. H. the Princess, her labours in connection with Art in Canada, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Lowell, James Russell, his remarks on the measure of a nation's true success, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">on the study of the classics, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li>

-

-

-  <li class="isub2 p1t">Macdonald, Sir John A., statesman, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Machar, Miss ("Fidelis"), one of her poems quoted, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Mackenzie, Hon. Alexander, statesman, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Mackenzie, William Lyon, politician and agitator, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Magazine, need of, in Canada, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">the old "Canadian Monthly," <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Mair, Charles, poet, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Manly, C. M., artist, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Marmette, J., works cited, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Martin, E. May, artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Martin, Mower, artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Masque of Minstrels," poems by the Lockhart Brothers, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Mather, Cotton, his <i>Magnalia</i>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Matthew, G. F., his contributions to the Royal Society, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Matthews, H. M., artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">McCarthy, Hamilton, sculptor, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">McColl, Evan, his Gaelic poems, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">McGee, T. D'Arcy, statesman and author, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">McLachlan, Alexander, his poems, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Metropolitan Methodist Church at Toronto, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Montcalm et L&#233;vis," history by Abb&#233; Casgrain, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Montesquieu, his "Esprit des Lois," its high place in literature, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Montreal, its Art Gallery, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">its architectural features, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Morin, Augustin Norbert, statesman, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Muntz, Miss, artist, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>

-

-

-  <li class="isub2 p1t">Newspapers in Canada, previous to 1867, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">at present time, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">their character, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Novel-writing in Canada, not generally successful, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">exceptions, "Golden Dog" by Kirby, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">"Fran&#231;ois de Bienville" by Marmette, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">"Les Anciens Canadiens" by De Gasp&#233;, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">De Mille's works, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">Sara Jeannette Duncan, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">Gilbert Parker, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">L. Dougall, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Notre Dame de Lourdes, in Montreal, decorated by N. Bourassa, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>

-

-

-  <li class="isub2 p1t">O'Brien, L. R., artist, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">O'Brien, Most Rev. Dr., author, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">O'Doyle, L. O'Connor, orator, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">O'Hagan, T., poet, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Oiseaux de Neige, Les," poems by L. Fr&#233;chette, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Orion" and other poems, by Professor Roberts, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Osgoode Hall in Toronto, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Our Fathers," by Joseph Howe, mentioned, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>

-

-

-  <li class="isub2 p1t">Papineau, Louis Joseph, statesman, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Parkman, Francis, his vivid historical pictures of Canada, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Parish Church of Notre Dame at Montreal, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Parliament and Departmental Buildings at Ottawa, their architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Parliamentary Library at Ottawa, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Patterson, A. D., artist, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Patterson, Dr., his contributions to Royal Society of Canada, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Peel, Paul, artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Pine, Rose and Fleur-de-Lis," poems by S. Frances Harrison, ("Seranus"), <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Pinhey, John, artist, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">98</a></span>Poets of Canada;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">previous to 1867, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">from 1867&ndash;1893, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">estimate of their productions, <a href="#Page_20">20&ndash;25</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">patriotic strain of many of their efforts, <a href="#Page_25">25&ndash;27</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Political Life in Canada, attracts best intellects in old times, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">also at present, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Potherie, La, his "Am&#233;rique Septentrionale," <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Professor Conant," novel by L. S. Huntington, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Prehistoric Man," by Sir D. Wilson, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Pulpit, literature of, in Canada, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li>

-

-

-  <li class="isub2 p1t">Raphael, W., artist, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Reade, John, his poems, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">his "In My Heart" quoted at length, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">essayist, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Redpath Library at Montreal, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Reid, G. A., Canadian artist, his "Foreclosure of the Mortgage," his success at the World's Fair, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Religious literature, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Richardson, A. H., the architect, a lover of the Romanesque, mentioned, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Richardson, Major, his romances, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Riley, James Whitcomb, the poet, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Roberts, C. G. D., his poems, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Roberval," poem by J. H. Duvar, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Routhier, J. B., poet, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Royal Society of Canada, its foundation, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">its objects, <a href="#Page_33">33&ndash;36</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">its success, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">its Transactions and their circulation, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">some of its most prominent contributions to the literature of learning and science, <a href="#Page_37">37&ndash;39</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">its connection with "Tidal Observations," and the determination of the true longitude of Montreal, etc., <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">asks for sympathetic encouragement, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</li>

-      <li class="isub4">see note 58, p. <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Ruskin, John, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">quoted, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Ryan, Carroll, poet, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>

-

-

-  <li class="isub2 p1t">Sagard, Gabriel, his "Grand Voyage," etc., <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Sainte-Beuve on French poetry, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">on good workmanship in literature, and criticism, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Saint-Maurice, Faucher de, mentioned, "Sam Slick," by Judge Haliburton, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Sangster, Charles, his poems, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Sarrazin, Dr. Michel, his scientific labours in Canada, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Schools in Canada, number of, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">pupils at same, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Science, Canadians achieve notable success therein, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Sculptors in Canada, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Secord, Laura, her toilsome journey in 1813, described by Mrs. Edgar, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">worthy of a poet's pen, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Selections from Canadian Poets, by E. H. Dewart, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Seminary, The Great and Lesser, founded at Quebec, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Simple Adventures of a Memsahib," by Sara J. Duncan, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Sladen, Douglas, his collection of American poems, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Smith, Captain John, compared with Samuel Champlain, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Smith, Goldwin, on the study of the classics, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Smith, William, his History of Canada, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Social Departure, A," by Sara J. Duncan, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Songs of the Great Dominion," collection of poems by W. D. Lighthall, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Songs of Life," by E. H. Dewart, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Songs of a Wanderer," by Carroll Ryan, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">St. Andrew's Church at Toronto, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">St. James's Cathedral at Toronto, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Statesmanship in Canada, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Stewart, Dr. George, his literary efforts, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Suite, historian and poet, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>

-

-

-  <li class="isub2 p1t">Tanguay, Abb&#233;, his "Dictionnaire G&#233;n&#233;alogique des Canadiens Fran&#231;ais," <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Tass&#233;, Joseph, his writings, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Tecumseh," poem by C. Mair, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Tendres Choses," poem by R. Chevrier, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">99</a></span>"This Canada of Ours," poem by J. D. Edgar, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Thompson, David, his book on the War of 1812, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Thompson, Ernest, artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Tilley, Sir Leonard S., statesman, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Todd, A., his "Parliamentary Government," <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Trinity College at Toronto, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Trois Morts," poem by O. Cr&#233;mazie, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Tully, Sidney, artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Tupper, Sir Charles, statesman, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Turcotte, L., his "History of Canada," <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li>

-

-

-  <li class="isub2 p1t">Uniacke, J. Boyle, statesman, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Universities and Colleges in Canada, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">University of Toronto, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>

-

-

-  <li class="isub2 p1t">Verner, F. A., artist, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Verreau, Abb&#233;, contributor to Royal Society, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>

-

-

-  <li class="isub2 p1t">"Wacousta, or the Prophecy," romance by Major J. Richardson, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Waters, Frank, poet, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Watson, Homer, artist, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Watson, S. J., poet, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Way, Chief Justice, of Adelaide, S. A., mentioned, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"Week, The," its literary work in Canada, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">"White Stone Canoe," poem by J. D. Edgar, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Whitman, Walt, as poet, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Wicksteed, G. W., poet, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Wilmot, Judge, statesman, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Wilson, Sir D., one of the founders and constant workers of the Royal Society, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Woodcock, Percy, artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">World's Fair at Chicago, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">beauty of architecture, and excellence of exhibition of paintings and statuary, <a href="#Page_55">55&ndash;57</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">must help to develop higher artistic achievement in America, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</li>

-    <li class="isub3">Canadian painters at, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li>

-

-

-  <li class="isub2 p1t">"Younger American Poets," collection by D. Sladen, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>

-  <li class="isub2">Young, Sir William, statesman, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>

-</ul>

-

-

-<hr />

-

-<div class="chapter">

-<div class="transnote">

-<h2 class="nobreak p1">Transcriber's Note:</h2>

-

-<p>Footnotes placed at end of their respective chapter</p>

-

-<p>Obvious punctuation and spelling errors corrected</p>

-

-<p><a href="#Page_6">Pg. 6</a>: Note 11 for "... the admirable account of Indian life and customs by the Jesuit Lafitau," changed to 11<i>a</i></p>

-

-<p><a href="#Page_27">Pg. 27</a>: Note 44<i>a</i> for "... written sixty years ago by Major John Richardson," changed to 45<i>a</i></p>

-

-<p><a href="#Page_42">Pg. 42</a>: Note/Footnote 58 * for "... yet in the infantry of its literary life." changed to Footnote F</p>

-

-<p><a href="#Page_63">Pg. 63</a>: In "(8) Page 6.&mdash;The Canadian Government...." changed to "(9) Page 6.&mdash;The Canadian Government...."</p>

-</div>

-</div>

-

-<p>&nbsp;</p>

-<p>&nbsp;</p>

-<hr class="full" />

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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 55499 ***</div>
+<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Our Intellectual Strength and Weakness, by
+John George Bourinot</h1>
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+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
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+      https://archive.org/details/ourintellectuals00jgborich</a>
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+<div class="figcenter newpage">
+  <img src="images/i_title.jpg" width="536" height="800" alt="title_page" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="half-title in0"><i>Royal Society of Canada Series.</i><br /><br />
+No. 1.<br /><br />
+OUR INTELLECTUAL<br />
+STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="box">
+<p class="newpage center in0"><span class="xlarge">WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>Parliamentary Practice and Procedure, with a review
+of the origin, growth, and operation of parliamentary
+institutions in Canada. And an Appendix containing
+the British North America Act of 1867 and amending
+acts, Governor-General's commission and instructions,
+forms of proceeding in the Senate and House of Commons,
+etc.; 2nd ed., revised and enlarged, 8vo., pp. 970,
+cloth and calf. Montreal: Dawson Bros., 1892. $8.</p>
+
+<p>A Manual of the Constitutional History of Canada,
+from the earliest period to the year 1888, including the
+B. N. A. Act of 1867, and a digest of judicial decisions on
+questions of legislative jurisdiction. 12mo. pp. 238.
+Montreal: Dawson Bros. Cloth, $1.25.</p>
+
+<p>Canadian Studies in Comparative Politics: I. Canada
+and English Institutions; II. Canada and the United
+States; III. Canada and Switzerland. Large 4to. pp.
+100. Montreal: Dawson Bros. Cloth, $1.</p>
+
+<p>Local Government in Canada. 8vo. pp. 72. Baltimore:
+Johns Hopkins University Studies. Paper, 50c.</p>
+
+<p>Federal Government in Canada. 8vo. pp. 172. Baltimore:
+Johns Hopkins University Studies, 1889. Paper,
+50c.</p>
+
+<p>Parliamentary Government in Canada: an historical
+and constitutional study. Annals of American Historical
+Association. 8vo. pp. 98. Washington: Government
+Printing Office, 1893. Paper, $1.</p>
+
+<p>Descriptive and Historical Account of the Island of
+Cape Breton, and of its Memorials of the French Regime,
+with bibliographical, historical and critical notes, and
+old maps; plans and illustrations of Louisbourg. Large
+4to. pp. 180. Montreal: Foster Brown &amp; Co., 1892. Fancy
+cloth, $3.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<h1><i>Royal Society of Canada Series.</i><br /><br />
+
+OUR INTELLECTUAL<br />
+<span class="large">STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS</span><br /><br />
+
+<span class="small">A SHORT HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL REVIEW OF LITERATURE,<br />
+ART AND EDUCATION IN CANADA,</span><br /><br />
+
+<span class="small">BY</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">J. G. BOURINOT, c.m.g., ll.d., d.c.l., d.l. (laval)</span>.<br /><br />
+
+<span class="smcap small">Author of "CAPE BRETON AND ITS MEMORIALS OF THE FRENCH REGIME," and of<br />
+several works on Federal and Parliamentary Government<br />
+in the Dominion of Canada.</span><br /><br /><br /><br />
+
+<span class="small">MONTREAL:<br />
+<span class="gesperrt">FOSTER BROWN &amp; CO.</span><br /><br />
+
+LONDON:<br />
+<span class="gesperrt">BERNARD QUARITCH.</span><br /><br />
+
+1893</span></h1>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="newpage center in0">Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada by <span class="smcap">J. G. Bourinot</span>, in the Office<br />
+of the Minister of Agriculture, in the year 1893.<br /><br />
+
+GAZETTE PRINTING COMPANY, MONTREAL.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="newpage center in0"><span class="large"><i>To my Friends</i></span><br />
+<span class="smcap large">Sir J. W. DAWSON, (c.m.g., f.r.s.c., ll.d.)</span><br />
+AND<br />
+<span class="smcap large">MONSIGNOR HAMEL, (m.a., f.r.s.c.)</span>,<br />
+WHO REPRESENT THE CULTURE AND LEARNING OF THE ENGLISH AND FRENCH<br />
+ELEMENTS OF THE CANADIAN PEOPLE,<br />
+<i>I dedicate</i><br />
+THIS SHORT REVIEW OF THE INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT<br />
+OF THE NEW DOMINION.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="newpage center bold in0"><span class="xlarge">PREFATORY NOTE.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>This monograph on the intellectual development of the Dominion
+was delivered in substance as the presidential address to
+the Royal Society of Canada at its May meeting of 1893, in
+Ottawa. Since then the author has given the whole subject a
+careful revision, and added a number of bibliographical and other
+literary notes which could not conveniently appear in the text
+of the address, but are likely to interest those who wish to follow
+more closely the progress of culture in a country still struggling
+with the difficulties of the material development of half a continent.
+This little volume, as the title page shows, is intended as
+the commencement of a series of historical and other essays
+which will be periodically reproduced, in this more convenient
+form for the general reader, from the large quarto volumes of the
+Royal Society of Canada, where they first appear.</p>
+
+<p class="sigleft"><span class="smcap">Ottawa</span>, 1st October, 1893.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">ix</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="newpage center bold in0"><span class="xlarge">ANALYSIS OF CONTENTS.</span></p>
+
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="in0 center p1t">I.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang p1b">Introductory remarks on the overestimate of material success in America; citation
+from an oration on the subject by James Russell Lowell; application of his
+remarks to Canadians.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">II.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang p1b">Three well defined eras of development in Canada; the French regime and its heroic
+aspect; the works of Champlain, Lescarbot, Potherie, Le Clercq, Charlevoix and
+others; evidences of some culture in Quebec and Montreal; the foundation of
+the Jesuit College and the Seminaries; Peter Kalm on the study of science;
+the mental apathy of the colony generally in the days of French supremacy.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">III.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang p1b">The period of political development from 1760&ndash;1840, under English government; low
+state of popular education; growth of the press; influence of the clergy; intellectual
+contests in legislative halls; publication of "Sam Slick"; development
+of a historical literature.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">IV.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang p1b">An era of intellectual as well as material activity commences in 1840, after the concession
+of responsible government; political life still claims best intellects;
+names of prominent politicians and statesmen from 1840&ndash;1867; performance in
+literature and science; gross partisanship of the press; poems of Cr&#233;mazie,
+Howe, Sangster and others; histories of Christie, Bibaud, Garneau and
+Ferland.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">V.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang p1b">Historical writers from 1867&ndash;1893&mdash;Dent, Turcotte, Casgrain, Sulte, Kingsford, etc.;
+Canadian poets&mdash;LeMay, Reade, Mair, Roberts, Carman and others; critical
+remarks on the character of French and English Canadian poetry; comparison
+between Canadian and Australian writers; patriotic spirit of Canadian poems.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">VI.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang p1b">Essay writing in Canada; weakness of attempts at fiction; Richardson's "Wacousta";
+De Gasp&#233;'s "Anciens Canadiens"; Kirby's "Golden Dog"; Marmette's
+"F. de Bienville," among best works of this class; Professor De Mille and his
+works; successful efforts of Canadians abroad&mdash;Gilbert Parker, Sara Jeannette
+Duncan and L. Dougall; general remarks on literary progress during half a
+century; the literature of science in Canada eminently successful.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">x</a></span>VII.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang p1b">A short review of the origin and history of the Royal Society of Canada; its aim, the
+encouragement of the literature of learning and science, and of original ethnographical,
+arch&#230;ological, historic and scientific investigation; desirous of
+stimulating broad literary criticism; associated with all other Canadian societies
+engaged in the same work; the wide circulation of its Transactions throughout
+the world; the need of a magazine of a high class in Canada.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">VIII.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang p1b">The intellectual standard of our legislative bodies; the literature of biography, law
+and theology; summary of general results of intellectual development; difficulties
+in the way of successful literary pursuits in Canada; good work sure of
+appreciative criticism by the best class of English periodicals like the "Contemporary,"
+"Athen&#230;um," "English Historical Magazine," "Academy," etc.;
+Sainte-Beuve's advice to cultivate a good style cited; some colonial conditions
+antagonistic to literary growth; the necessity of cultivating a higher ideal of
+literature in these modern times.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">IX.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang p1b">The condition of education in Canada; speed and superficiality among the defects
+of an otherwise admirable system; tendency to make all studies subordinate
+to a purely utilitarian spirit; the need of cultivating the "humanities," especially
+Greek; remarks on this point by Matthew Arnold and Goldwin Smith;
+the state of the press of Canada; the Canadian Pythia and Olympia.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">X.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang p1b">Libraries in Canada; development of art; absence of art galleries in the cities, and
+of large private collections of paintings; meritorious work of O'Brien, Reed,
+Peel, Pinhey, Forster and others; establishment of the Canadian Academy by
+the Princess Louise and the Marquess of Lorne; necessity for greater encouragement
+of native artists; success of Canadian artists at the World's Fair;
+architecture in Canada imitative and not creative; the White City at Chicago
+an illustration of the triumph of intellectual and artistic effort over the spirit
+of mere materialism; its effect probably the development of a higher culture
+and creative artistic genius on the continent.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">XI.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Conclusion: The French language and its probable duration in Canada; the advantages
+of a friendly rivalry among French and English Canadians, which will
+best stimulate the genius of their peoples in art and letters; necessity for sympathetic
+encouragement of the two languages and of the mental efforts of each
+other; less provincialism or narrowness of mental vision likely to gain larger
+audiences in other countries; conditions of higher intellectual development
+largely dependent on a widening of our mental horizon, the creation of wider
+sympathy for native talent, the disappearance of a tendency to self-depreciation,
+and greater self-reliance and confidence in our own intellectual resources.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">xi</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="newpage center bold in0"><span class="xlarge">BIBLIOGRAPHICAL, ART AND GENERAL NOTES</span>.</p>
+
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="hang">(1) P. <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.&mdash;Lowell's remarks on the study of the Liberal Arts.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(2) P. <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.&mdash;Jamestown, Va.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(3) P. <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.&mdash;Champlain's Works; his character compared with that of Captain John
+Smith.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(4) P. <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.&mdash;Lescarbot's "Histoire de la Nouvelle France."</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(5) P. <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.&mdash;Charlevoix's "Histoire et Description G&#233;n&#233;rale de la Nouvelle France."</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(6) P. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.&mdash;Hutchinson's "History of Massachusetts."</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(7) P. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.&mdash;Sagard's "Le Grand Voyage," etc.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(8) P. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.&mdash;P. Boucher's "M&#339;urs et Productions de la Nouvelle France."</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(9) P. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.&mdash;Jesuit Relations.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(10) P. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.&mdash;P&#232;re du Creux, "Historia Canadensis."</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(11) P. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.&mdash;La Potherie's "Histoire de l'Am&#233;rique Septentrionale."</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(11<i>a</i>) P. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.&mdash;The Jesuit Lafitau and his work on Indian customs.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(12) P. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.&mdash;C. le Clercq, "Etablissement de la Foy."</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(13) P. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.&mdash;Cotton Mather's "Magnalia."</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(13<i>a</i>) P. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.&mdash;Dr. Michel Sarrazin.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(13<i>b</i>) P. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>,&mdash;Peter Kalm and the English colonies.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(14) P. <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.&mdash;Education in Canada, 1792&ndash;1893.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(15) P. <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.&mdash;Upper Canada, 1792&ndash;1840.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(16) P. <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.&mdash;Canadian Journalism.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(17) P. <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.&mdash;Howe's Speeches.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(18) P. <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.&mdash;"Sam Slick."</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(19) P. <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.&mdash;Judge Haliburton's History of Nova Scotia.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(20) P. <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.&mdash;W. Smith's History of Canada.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(21) P. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.&mdash;Joseph Bouchette's Topographical Works on Canada.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(22) P. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.&mdash;M. Bibaud's Histories of Canada.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(23) P. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.&mdash;Thompson's Book on the War of 1812&ndash;14.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(24) P. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.&mdash;Belknap's History of New Hampshire.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(25) P. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.&mdash;The poet Cr&#233;mazie.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(26) P. <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.&mdash;Chauveau as a poet.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(27) P. <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.&mdash;Howe's Poems.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(28) P. <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.&mdash;The poets Sangster and McLachlan.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(29) P. <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.&mdash;Charles Heavysege's Works.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(30) P. <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.&mdash;Todd's Parliamentary Government.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(31) P. <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.&mdash;Christie's History of Lower Canada.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(32) P. <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.&mdash;Garneau's History of Canada.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(33) P. <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.&mdash;Ferland and Faillon as Canadian Historians.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(34) P. <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.&mdash;Dent's Histories of Canada.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">xii</a></span>(35) P. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.&mdash;Turcotte's History since Union of 1841.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(36) P. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.&mdash;B. Sulte, "Histoire des Canadiens Fran&#231;ais," etc.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(37) P. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.&mdash;Abb&#233; Casgrain's Works.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(38) P. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.&mdash;Kingsford, Dionne, Gosselin, Tass&#233;, Tanguay, and other Canadian
+historians.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(39) P. <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.&mdash;A Canadian Bibliography.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(40) P. <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.&mdash;Later Canadian Poets, 1867&ndash;1893: Fr&#233;chette, LeMay, W. Campbell
+Roberts, Lampman, Mair, O'Brien, McColl, Suite, Lockhart, Murray,
+Edgar, O'Hagan, Davin, etc. Collections of Canadian poems. Citations
+from Canadian poems.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(41) P. <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.&mdash;"In My Heart." By John Reade.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(41<i>a</i>) P. <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.&mdash;"Laura Secord's Warning," from Mrs. Edgar's "Ridout Letters."</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(42) P. <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.&mdash;Australian poets and novelists.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(43) P. <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.&mdash;Howe's "Flag of Old England."</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(44) P. <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.&mdash;Canadian essayists: Stewart, Grant, Griffin and others.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(45) P. <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.&mdash;W. Kirby's "Golden Dog" and other works.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(45<i>a</i>) P. <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.&mdash;Major Richardson's "Wacousta," etc.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(46) P. <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.&mdash;Marmette's "Fran&#231;ois de Bienville," and other romances.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(47) P. <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.&mdash;De Gasp&#233;'s "Anciens Canadiens."</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(48) P. <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.&mdash;Mrs. Catherwood's works of fiction.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(49) P. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.&mdash;Gilbert Parker's writings.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(50) P. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.&mdash;DeMille's fiction.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(51) P. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.&mdash;Sara Jeannette Duncan's "A Social Departure," etc.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(52) P. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.&mdash;Matthew Arnold on Literature and Science.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(53) P. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.&mdash;Principal Grant's Address to Royal Society.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(54) P. <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.&mdash;Sir J. W. Dawson's scientific labours.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(55) P. <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.&mdash;Elkanah Billings as scientist.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(56) P. <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.&mdash;Origin of Royal Society of Canada.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(57) P. <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.&mdash;Sir D. Wilson, T. S. Hunt and Mr. Chauveau.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(58) P. <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.&mdash;Canadian Literary and Scientific Societies.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(58<i>a</i>) P. <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.&mdash;The Earl of Derby's farewell address to the Royal Society. His opinion
+of its work and usefulness.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(59) P. <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.&mdash;S. E. Dawson on Tennyson.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(60) P. <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.&mdash;The old "Canadian Monthly."</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(61) P. <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.&mdash;Form of Royal Society Transactions.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(62) P. <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.&mdash;Goldwin Smith on the study of the Classics.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(63) P. <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.&mdash;Canadian Libraries.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(64) P. <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.&mdash;List of artists in Canada. Native born and adopted. Art societies. Influence
+of French school. Canadian artists at the World's Fair.
+J. W. L. Forster on Canadian art.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(64<i>a</i>) P. <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.&mdash;Architectural art in Canada. List of prominent public buildings noted
+for beauty and symmetry of form.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(65) P. <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.&mdash;"Fidelis."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">1</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter newpage">
+  <img src="images/i_001.jpg" width="550" height="101" alt="decor" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center bold in0 p1t"><span class="xlarge">OUR INTELLECTUAL</span><br />
+<span class="xxlarge">STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS.</span><br /><br />
+
+A SHORT REVIEW OF<br />
+<span class="smcap xlarge">Literature, Education and Art in Canada</span></p>
+
+
+
+<h2 class="no-break"><a name="I" id="I"></a>I.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>I cannot more appropriately commence this address than by
+a reference to an oration delivered seven years ago in the great
+hall of a famous university which stands beneath the stately
+elms of Cambridge, in the old "Bay State" of Massachusetts: a
+noble seat of learning in which Canadians take a deep interest,
+not only because some of their sons have completed their education
+within its walls, but because it represents that culture and
+scholarship which know no national lines of separation, but
+belong to the world's great Federation of Learning. The orator
+was a man who, by his deep philosophy, his poetic genius, his
+broad patriotism, his love for England, her great literature and
+history, had won for himself a reputation not equalled in some
+respects by any other citizen of the United States of these later
+times. In the course of a brilliant oration in honour<a name="FNanchor_1_9" id="FNanchor_1_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_9" class="fnanchor">[1]</a><a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> of the two
+hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of Harvard,
+James Russell Lowell took occasion to warn his audience against
+the tendency of a prosperous democracy "towards an overweening
+confidence in itself and its home-made methods, an overestimate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">2</a></span>
+of material success and a corresponding indifference to the things
+of the mind." He did not deny that wealth is a great fertilizer of
+civilization and of the arts that beautify it; that wealth is an
+excellent thing since it means power, leisure and liberty; "but
+these," he went on to say, "divorced from culture, that is, from
+intelligent purpose, become the very mockery of their own essence,
+not goods, but evils fatal to their possessor, and bring with them,
+like the Nibelungen Hoard, a doom instead of a blessing." "I
+am saddened," he continued, "when I see our success as a nation
+measured by the number of acres under tillage, or of bushels of
+wheat exported; for the real value of a country must be weighed
+in scales more delicate than the balance of trade. The garners of
+Sicily are empty now, but the bees from all climes still fetch
+honey from the tiny garden-plot of Theocritus. On a map of the
+world you may cover Judea with your thumb, Athens with a
+finger-tip, and neither of them figures in the Prices Current; but
+they still lord it in the thought and action of every civilized man.
+Did not Dante cover with his hood all that was Italy six hundred
+years ago? And if we go back a century, where was Germany
+outside of Weimar? Material success is good, but only as the
+necessary preliminary of better things. The measure of a nation's
+true success is the amount it has contributed to the thought, the
+moral energy, the intellectual happiness, the spiritual hope and
+consolation of mankind."</p>
+
+<p>These eloquently suggestive words, it must be remembered,
+were addressed by a great American author to an audience, made
+up of eminent scholars and writers, in the principal academic
+seat of that New England which has given birth to Emerson,
+Longfellow, Bancroft, Prescott, Motley, Hawthorne, Holmes,
+Parkman, and many others, representing the brightest thought
+and intellect of this continent. These writers were the product
+of the intellectual development of the many years that had
+passed since the pilgrims landed on the historic rock of Plymouth.
+Yet, while Lowell could point to such a brilliant array of historians,
+essayists, poets and novelists, as I have just named, as
+the latest results of New England culture, he felt compelled to
+utter a word of remonstrance against that spirit of materialism<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">3</a></span>
+that was then as now abroad in the land, tending to stifle those
+generous intellectual aspirations which are best calculated to
+make a people truly happy and great.</p>
+
+<p>Let us now apply these remarks of the eminent American
+poet and thinker to Canada&mdash;to ourselves, whose history is even
+older than that of New England; contemporaneous rather with
+that of Virginia, since Champlain landed on the heights of Quebec
+and laid the foundations of the ancient capital only a year
+after the English adventurers of the days of King James set their
+feet on the banks of the river named after that sovereign and
+commenced the old town which has long since disappeared
+before the tides of the ocean that stretches away beyond the
+shores of the Old Dominion.<a name="FNanchor_2_10" id="FNanchor_2_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_10" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> If we in Canada are open to the
+same charge of attaching too much importance to material things,
+are we able at the same time to point to as notable achievements
+in literature as results of the three centuries that have nearly
+passed since the foundation of New France? I do not suppose
+that the most patriotic Canadian, however ready to eulogize his
+own country, will make an effort to claim an equality with New
+England in this respect; but, if indeed we feel it necessary to
+offer any comparison that would do us justice, it would be with
+that Virginia whose history is contemporaneous with that of
+French Canada. Statesmanship rather than Letters has been the
+pride and ambition of the Old Dominion, its brightest and highest
+achievement. Virginia has been the mother of great orators and
+great presidents, and her men of letters sink into insignificance
+alongside of those of New England. It may be said, too, of
+Canada, that her history in the days of the French regime, during
+the struggle for responsible government, as well as at the birth
+of confederation, gives us the names of men of statesmanlike
+designs and of patriotic purpose. From the days of Champlain
+to the establishment of the confederation, Canada has had the
+services of men as eminent in their respective spheres, and as
+successful in the attainment of popular rights, in moulding the
+educational and political institutions of the country, and in laying
+broad and deep the foundations of a new nationality across
+half a continent, as those great Virginians to whom the world is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">4</a></span>
+ever ready to pay its meed of respect. These Virginian statesmen
+won their fame in the large theatre of national achievement&mdash;in
+laying the basis of the most remarkable federal republic the
+world has ever seen; whilst Canadian public men have laboured
+with equal earnestness and ability in that far less conspicuous
+and brilliant arena of colonial development, the eulogy of which
+has to be written in the histories of the future.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> In all cases the references are to the <a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHICAL_ART_AND_GENERAL_NOTES">Notes</a> in the Appendix.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2><a name="II" id="II"></a>II.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Let me now ask you to follow me for a short time whilst I
+review some of the most salient features of our intellectual
+progress since the days Canada entered on its career of competition
+in the civilization of this continent. So far there have
+been three well defined eras of development in the country now
+known as the Dominion of Canada. First, there was the era of
+French Canadian occupation which in many respects had its
+heroic and picturesque features. Then, after the cession of Canada
+to England, came that era of political and constitutional struggle
+for a larger measure of public liberty which ended in the establishment
+of responsible government about half a century ago. Then
+we come to that era which dates from the confederation of the
+provinces&mdash;an era of which the first quarter of a century only has
+passed, of which the signs are still full of promise, despite the
+prediction of gloomy thinkers, if Canadians remain true to themselves
+and face the future with the same courage and confidence
+that have distinguished the past.</p>
+
+<p>As I have just said, the days of the French regime were in
+a sense days of heroic endeavour, since we see in the vista of the
+past a small colony whose total population at no period exceeded
+eighty thousand souls, chiefly living on the banks of the St.
+Lawrence, between Quebec and Montreal, and contending against
+great odds for the supremacy on the continent of America. The
+pen of Francis Parkman has given a vivid picture of those days
+when bold adventurers unlocked the secrets of this Canadian
+Dominion, pushed into the western wilderness, followed unknown
+rivers, and at last found a way to the waters of that southern
+gulf where Spain had long before, in the days of Grijalva, Cortez<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">5</a></span>
+and Pineda, planted her flag and won treasures of gold and silver
+from an unhappy people who soon learned to curse the day when
+the white men came to the fair islands of the south and the rich
+country of Mexico. In these days the world, with universal acclaim
+has paid its tribute of admiration to the memory of a great
+Discoverer who had the courage of his convictions and led the
+way to the unknown lands beyond the Azores and the Canaries.
+This present generation has forgiven him much in view of his
+heroism in facing the dangers of unknown seas and piercing
+their mysteries. His purpose was so great, and his success so
+conspicuous, that both have obscured his human weakness. In
+some respects he was wiser than the age in which he lived; in
+others he was the product of the greed and the superstition of
+that age; but we who owe him so much forget the frailty of
+the man in the sagacity of the Discoverer. As Canadians, however,
+now review the character of the great Genoese, and of his
+compeers and successors in the opening up of this continent,
+they must, with pride, come to the conclusion that none of these
+men can compare in nobility of purpose, in sincere devotion to
+God, King and Country, with Champlain, the sailor of Brouage,
+who became the founder of Quebec and the father of New
+France.</p>
+
+<p>In the daring ventures of Marquette, Jolliet, La Salle and
+Tonty, in the stern purpose of Frontenac, in the far-reaching
+plans of La Galissoni&#232;re, in the military genius of Montcalm, the
+historian of the present time has at his command the most attractive
+materials for his pen. But we cannot expect to find the
+signs of intellectual development among a people where there
+was not a single printing press, where freedom of thought and
+action was repressed by a paternal absolutism, where the struggle
+for life was very bitter up to the last hours of French
+supremacy in a country constantly exposed to the misfortunes of
+war, and too often neglected by a king who thought more of his
+mistresses than of his harassed and patient subjects across the
+sea. Yet that memorable period&mdash;days of struggle in many ways&mdash;was
+the origin of a large amount of literature which we, in
+these times, find of the deepest interest and value from a historic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">6</a></span>
+point of view. The English colonies of America cannot present
+us with any books which, for faithful narrative and simplicity
+of style, bear comparison with the admirable works of Champlain,
+explorer and historian,<a name="FNanchor_3_11" id="FNanchor_3_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_11" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> or with those of the genial and
+witty advocate, Marc Lescarbot,<a name="FNanchor_4_12" id="FNanchor_4_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_12" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> names that can never be forgotten
+on the picturesque heights of Quebec, or on the banks of
+the beautiful basin of Annapolis. Is there a Canadian or American
+writer who is not under a deep debt of obligation to the
+clear-headed and industrious Jesuit traveller, Charlevoix,<a name="FNanchor_5_13" id="FNanchor_5_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_13" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> the
+Nestor of French Canadian history? The only historical writer
+that can at all surpass him in New England was the loyalist
+Governor Hutchinson, and he published his books at a later
+time when the French dominion had disappeared with the fall
+of Quebec.<a name="FNanchor_6_14" id="FNanchor_6_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_14" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> To the works just mentioned we may add the books
+of Gabriel Sagard,<a name="FNanchor_7_15" id="FNanchor_7_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_15" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> and of Boucher, the governor of Three Rivers
+and founder of a still eminent French Canadian family;<a name="FNanchor_8_16" id="FNanchor_8_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_16" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> that
+remarkable collection of authentic historic narrative, known as
+the Jesuit Relations;<a name="FNanchor_9_17" id="FNanchor_9_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_17" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> even that tedious Latin compilation by
+P&#232;re du Creux,<a name="FNanchor_10_18" id="FNanchor_10_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_18" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> the useful narrative by La Potherie,<a name="FNanchor_11_19" id="FNanchor_11_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_19" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> the admirable
+account of Indian life and customs by the Jesuit Lafitau,<a name="FNanchor_11A_20" id="FNanchor_11A_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_11A_20" class="fnanchor">[11<i>a</i>]</a>
+and that now very rare historical account of the French colony,
+the "Etablissement de la Foy dans la Nouvelle France," written
+by the Recollet le Clercq,<a name="FNanchor_12_21" id="FNanchor_12_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_21" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> probably aided by Frontenac. In
+these and other works, despite their diffuseness in some cases,
+we have a library of historical literature, which, when supplemented
+by the great stores of official documents still preserved
+in the French archives, is of priceless value as a true and
+minute record of the times in which the authors lived, or which
+they described from the materials to which they alone had
+access. It may be said with truth that none of these writers
+were Canadians in the sense that they were born or educated in
+Canada, but still they were the product of the life, the hardships
+and the realities of New France&mdash;it was from this country they
+drew the inspiration that gave vigour and colour to their
+writings. New England, as I have already said, never originated
+a class of writers who produced work of equal value, or
+indeed of equal literary merit. Religious and polemic controversy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">7</a></span>
+had the chief attraction for the gloomy, disputatious puritan
+native of Massachusetts and the adjoining colonies. Cotton
+Mather was essentially a New England creation, and if quantity
+were the criterion of literary merit then he was the most distinguished
+author of his century; for it is said that indefatigable
+antiquarians have counted up the titles of nearly four hundred
+books and pamphlets by this industrious writer. His principal
+work, however, was the "Magnalia Christi Americana, or Ecclesiastical
+History of New England from 1620 to 1698,"<a name="FNanchor_13_22" id="FNanchor_13_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_22" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> a large
+folio, remarkable as a curious collection of strange conceits, forced
+witticisms, and prolixity of narrative, in which the venturesome
+reader soon finds himself so irretrievably mystified and lost that
+he rises from the perusal with wonderment that so much learning,
+as was evidently possessed by the author, could be so used
+to bewilder the world of letters. The historical knowledge is
+literally choked up with verbiage and mannerisms. Even prosy
+du Creux becomes tolerable at times compared with the garrulous
+Puritan author.</p>
+
+<p>Though books were rarely seen, and secular education was
+extremely defective as a rule throughout the French colony, yet
+at a very early period in its history remarkable opportunities
+were afforded for the education of a priesthood and the cult of
+the principles of the Roman Catholic religion among those
+classes who were able to avail themselves of the facilities offered
+by the Jesuit College, which was founded at Quebec before even
+Harvard at Cambridge, or by the famous Great and Lesser Seminaries
+in the same place, in connection with which, in later times,
+rose the University with which is directly associated the name
+of the most famous Bishop of the French regime. The influence
+of such institutions was not simply in making Canada a most
+devoted daughter of that great Church, which has ever exercised
+a paternal and even absolute care of its people, but also in discouraging
+a purely materialistic spirit and probably keeping
+alive a taste for letters among a very small class, especially the
+priests, who, in politics as in society, have been always a controlling
+element in the French province. Evidences of some
+culture and intellectual aspirations in the social circles of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">8</a></span>
+ancient capital attracted the surprise of travellers who visited
+the country before the close of the French dominion. "Science
+and the fine arts," wrote Charlevoix, "have their turn, and conversation
+does not fail. The Canadians breathe from their birth
+an air of liberty, which makes them very pleasant in the intercourse
+of life, and our language is nowhere more purely spoken."
+La Galissoni&#232;re, who was an associate member of the French
+Academy of Science, and the most highly cultured governor
+ever sent out by France, spared no effort to encourage a systematic
+study of scientific pursuits in Canada. Dr. Michel Sarrazin,<a name="FNanchor_13A_23" id="FNanchor_13A_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_13A_23" class="fnanchor">[13<i>a</i>]</a>
+who was a practising physician in Quebec for nearly half a century,
+devoted himself most assiduously to the natural history
+of the colony, and made some valuable contributions to the
+French Academy, of which he was a correspondent. The
+Swedish botanist, Peter Kalm, who visited America in the middle
+of the last century, was impressed with the liking for scientific
+study which he observed in the French colony. "I have
+found," he wrote, "that eminent persons, generally speaking, in
+this country, have much more taste for natural history and literature
+than in the English colonies, where the majority of people
+are entirely engrossed in making their fortune, whilst science is
+as a rule held in very light esteem." Strange to say, he ignores
+in this passage the scientific labours of Franklin, Bartram and
+others he had met in Pennsylvania.<a name="FNanchor_13B_24" id="FNanchor_13B_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_13B_24" class="fnanchor">[13<i>b</i>]</a> As a fact such evidences
+of intellectual enlightenment as Kalm and Charlevoix mentioned
+were entirely exceptional in the colony, and never showed themselves
+beyond the walls of Quebec or Montreal. The province, as
+a whole, was in a state of mental sluggishness. The germs of
+intellectual life were necessarily dormant among the mass of the
+people, for they never could produce any rich fruition until they
+were freed from the spirit of absolutism which distinguished
+French supremacy, and were able to give full expression to the
+natural genius of their race under the inspiration of the liberal
+government of England in these later times.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<div class="chapter">
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">9</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="III" id="III"></a>III.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Passing from the heroic days of Canada, which, if it could
+hardly in the nature of things originate a native literature, at
+least inspired a brilliant succession of historians, essayists and
+poets in much later times, we come now to that period of constitutional
+and political development which commenced with the
+rule of England. It does not fall within the scope of this address
+to dwell on the political struggles which showed their intensity
+in the rebellion of 1837&ndash;8, and reached their fruition in the concession
+of parliamentary government, in the large sense of the
+term, some years later. These struggles were carried on during
+times when there was only a sparse population chiefly centred
+in the few towns of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Upper and
+Lower Canada, on the shores of the Atlantic, on the banks of
+the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario, and not extending beyond
+the peninsula of the present province of Ontario. The cities, or
+towns rather, of Halifax, St. John, Quebec, Montreal, Kingston
+and York, were then necessarily the only centres of intellectual
+life. Education was chiefly under the control of religious bodies
+or in the hands of private teachers. In the rural districts it was
+at the lowest point possible,<a name="FNanchor_14_25" id="FNanchor_14_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_25" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> and the great system of free schools
+which has of late years extended through the Dominion&mdash;and is
+the chief honour of Ontario&mdash;was never dreamed of in those
+times of sluggish growth and local apathy, when communication
+between the distant parts of the country was slow and wretched,
+when the conditions of life were generally very hard and rude,
+when the forest still covered the greater portion of the most
+fertile districts of Ontario,<a name="FNanchor_15_26" id="FNanchor_15_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_26" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> though here and there the pioneer's
+axe could be heard from morn to eve hewing out little patches
+of sunlight, so many glimpses of civilization and better times
+amid the wildness of a new land even then full of promise.</p>
+
+<p>The newspapers of those days were very few and came only
+at uncertain times to the home of the farmer by the side of some
+stream or amid the dense forest, or to the little hamlets that
+were springing up in favoured spots, and represented so many
+radiating influences of intelligence on the borders of the great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">10</a></span>
+lakes and their tributary streams, on the Atlantic seaboard, or on
+the numerous rivers that form so many natural highways to the
+people of the maritime provinces. These newspapers were for
+years mostly small quarto or folio sheets, in which the scissors
+played necessarily the all-important part; but there was, nevertheless,
+before 1840 in the more pretentious journals of the large
+towns, some good writing done by thoughtful men who studied
+their questions, and helped to atone for the very bitter vindictive
+partisan attacks on opponents that too frequently sullied the
+press in those times of fierce conflict.<a name="FNanchor_16_27" id="FNanchor_16_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_27" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> Books were only found
+in the homes of the clergy or of the official classes, and these were
+generally old editions and rarely the latest publications of the
+time. Montreal and Quebec, for many years, were the only
+places where bookstores and libraries of more than a thousand
+volumes could be seen. It was not until 1813 that a successful
+effort was made to establish a "social library" at Kingston,
+Bath, and some other places in the Midland district. Toronto
+had no library worth mentioning until 1836. What culture existed
+in those rude days was to be hunted up among the clergy,
+especially of the Church of England, the Roman Catholic priests
+of Lower Canada, and the official classes of the large towns.
+Some sermons that have come down to us, in pamphlets of very
+common paper&mdash;and very few were printed in those days when
+postage was dear and bookselling was not profitable&mdash;have no
+pretensions to originality of thought or literary style: sermons
+in remarkable contrast with the brilliant and suggestive utterances
+of such modern pulpit orators as Professor Clarke, of Trinity.
+The exhaustive and, generally, closely reasoned sermons of the
+Presbyterian divine had a special flavour of the Westminster confession
+and little of the versatility of preachers like Principal
+Grant in these later times when men are attempting to make
+even dogma more genial, and to understand the meaning of the
+sermon in the Mount. Then, as always in Canada, there were
+found among the clergy of all denominations hardworking, self-denying
+priests and missionaries who brought from time to time
+to some remote settlement of the provinces spiritual consolation
+and to many a household, long deprived of the intellectual nourishment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">11</a></span>
+of other days, an opportunity of conversing on subjects
+which in the stern daily routine of their lives in a new country
+were seldom or ever talked of. It was in the legislative halls of
+the provinces that the brightest intellect naturally found scope for
+its display, and at no subsequent period of the political history
+of Canada were there more fervid, earnest orators than appeared
+in the days when the battle for responsible government was at
+its height. The names of Nelson, Papineau, Howe, Baldwin,
+Wilmot, Johnstone, Young, Robinson, Rolph and Mackenzie
+recall the era when questions of political controversy and political
+freedom stimulated mental development among that class
+which sought and found the best popular opportunities for the
+display of their intellectual gifts in the legislative halls in the
+absence of a great printing press and a native literature. Joseph
+Howe's speeches<a name="FNanchor_17_28" id="FNanchor_17_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_28" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> displayed a wide culture, an original eloquence,
+and a patriotic aspiration beyond those of any other man
+of his time and generation, and would have done credit to the
+Senate of the United States, then in the zenith of its reputation
+as a body of orators and statesmen. It is an interesting fact that
+Howe, then printer and publisher, should have printed the first
+work of the only great humorist that Canada has yet produced.
+I mean of course "The Clockmaker,"<a name="FNanchor_18_29" id="FNanchor_18_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_29" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> in which Judge Haliburton
+created "Sam Slick," a type of a Down-east Yankee pedlar
+who sold his wares by a judicious use of that quality which is
+sure to be appreciated the world over, "Soft sawder and human
+natur'." In this work, which has run through ever so many
+editions, and is still found on the shelves of every well-equipped
+library and bookstore, Sam Slick told some home truths to his
+somewhat self-satisfied countrymen who could not help laughing
+even if the humour touched them very keenly at times.
+Nova Scotia has changed much for the better since those dull
+times when the house of assembly was expected to be a sort of
+political providence, to make all the roads and bridges, and give
+good times and harvests; but even now there are some people
+cruel enough, after a visit to Halifax, to hint that there still is a
+grain of truth in the following reflection on the enterprise of that
+beautiful port: "How the folks to Halifax take it all out in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">12</a></span>
+talkin'&mdash;they talk of steam-boats, whalers and railroads&mdash;but
+they all end where they begin&mdash;in talk. I don't think I'd be
+out in my latitude if I was to say they beat the womankind at
+that. One feller says, I talk of goin' to England&mdash;another says,
+I talk of goin' to the country&mdash;while another says, I talk of
+goin' to sleep. If we Yankees happen to speak of such things
+we say, 'I'm right off down East;' or 'I'm away off South,' and
+away we go jist like a streak of lightnin'." This clever humourist
+also wrote the best history<a name="FNanchor_19_30" id="FNanchor_19_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_30" class="fnanchor">[19]</a>&mdash;one of his own province&mdash;that
+had been written in British North America up to that time&mdash;indeed
+it is still most readable, and worthy of a place in every
+library. In later days the Judge wrote many other books and
+became a member of the English House of Commons: but "Sam
+Slick" still remains the most signal illustration of his original
+genius.</p>
+
+<p>During this period, however, apart from the two works to
+which I have referred, we look in vain for any original literature
+worthy of special mention. A history of Canada written by
+William Smith,<a name="FNanchor_20_31" id="FNanchor_20_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_31" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> a son of an eminent chief justice of New York,
+and subsequently of Canada, was published in excellent style
+for those days as early as 1815 at Quebec, but it has no special
+value except to the collector of old and rare books. Bouchette's
+topographical and geographical account of Canada<a name="FNanchor_21_32" id="FNanchor_21_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_32" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> illustrated
+the ability and zeal of an eminent French Canadian, who deserved
+the thanks of his country, but these well printed books
+were, after all, mere compilations and came from the English
+press. Pamphlets were numerous enough, and some of them
+had literary skill, but they had, in the majority of cases, no permanent
+value except to the historian or antiquarian of the present
+day who must sift out all sorts of material and study every
+phase and incident of the times he has chosen for his theme.
+Michel Bibaud wrote a history of French Canada,<a name="FNanchor_22_33" id="FNanchor_22_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_33" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> which no one
+reads in these days, and the most of the other works that emanated
+from the Canadian press, like Thompson's "War of 1812,"<a name="FNanchor_23_34" id="FNanchor_23_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_34" class="fnanchor">[23]</a>
+are chiefly valued by the historical collector. It was not to be
+expected that in a relatively poor country, still in the infancy of
+its development, severely tried by political controversies, with a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">13</a></span>
+small population scattered over a long stretch of territory, from
+Sydney to Niagara, there could be any intellectual stimulus or
+literary effort except what was represented in newspapers like
+the <i>Gazette</i> of Montreal&mdash;which has always maintained a certain
+dignity of style in its long journalistic career&mdash;the <i>Gazette</i> and
+the <i>Canadien</i>, of Quebec, the <i>Nova Scotian</i> of Halifax, or displayed
+itself in keen contests in the legislatures or court-houses of a
+people delighting always in such displays as there were made of
+mental power and natural eloquence. From a literary point of
+view our American neighbours had, during this period, left us
+away behind, in fact no comparison can be made between the
+two countries; laying aside the original creation of Sam Slick.
+Towards the close of the eighteenth century Belknap published
+his admirable history of New Hampshire,<a name="FNanchor_24_35" id="FNanchor_24_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_35" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> while the third
+volume of Hutchinson's history of Massachusetts appeared in
+1828, to close a work of rare merit alike for careful research,
+philosophic acuteness and literary charm. That admirable collection
+of political and constitutional essays known as the "Federalist"
+had attained a wide circulation and largely influenced
+the destinies of the union under the constitution of 1783. Chief
+Justice Marshall illumined the bench by his great judicial decisions
+which have won a remarkable place in legal literature, on
+account of their close, acute reasoning, breadth of knowledge,
+insight into great constitutional principles, and their immediate
+influence on the political development of the federal republic.
+Washington Irving published, as far back as 1819, his "Sketch
+Book," in which appeared the original creation of Rip Van
+Winkle, and followed it up with other works which recall Addison's
+delightful style, and gave him a fame abroad that no later
+American writer has ever surpassed. Cooper's romances began
+to appear in 1821, and Bancroft published in 1834 the first volume
+of what is a great history despite its somewhat rhetorical and
+ambitious style. Hawthorne's "Twice Told Tales" appeared in
+1835, but his fame was to be won in later years when he wrote
+the "Scarlet Letter" and the "House of Seven Gables," the most
+original and quaint productions that New England genius has
+yet produced. If I linger for a moment among these men it is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span>
+because they were not merely American by the influence of their
+writings; but wherever the English tongue is spoken and English
+literature is read these writers of a past generation, as it
+may be said of others of later times, claim the gratitude of the
+untold thousands whom they have instructed and helped in
+many a weary and sad, as well as idle hour. They were not
+Canadians, but they illustrated the genius of this continent of
+ours.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2><a name="IV" id="IV"></a>IV.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>It was in the years that followed the concession of responsible
+government that a new era dawned on Canada&mdash;an era of
+intellectual as well as material activity. Then common schools
+followed the establishment of municipal institutions in Ontario.
+Even the province of Quebec awoke from its sullen lethargy and
+assumed greater confidence in the future, as its statesmen gradually
+recognized the fact that the union of 1841 could be turned
+to the advantage of French Canada despite it having been largely
+based on the hope of limiting the development of French Canadian
+institutions, and gradually leading the way to the assimilation
+of the two races. Political life still claimed the best talent
+and energy, as it has always done in this country; and, while
+Papineau soon disappeared from the arena where he had been,
+under a different condition of things, a powerful disturbing influence
+among his compatriots, men of greater discretion and wider
+statesmanship like Lafontaine, Morin and Cartier, took his place
+to the decided benefit of French Canada. Robert Baldwin, a tried
+and conservative reformer, yielded to the antagonistic influences
+that eventually arrayed themselves in his own party against him
+and retired to a privacy from which he never ventured until his
+death. William Lyon Mackenzie came back from exile and took
+a place once more in legislative halls only to find there was no
+longer scope for mere querulous agitators and restless politicians.
+Joseph Howe still devoted himself with untiring zeal to his countrymen
+in his native province, while Judge Wilmot, afterwards
+governor like the former in confederation days, delighted the
+people of New Brunswick with his rapid, fervid, scholarly eloquence.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">15</a></span>
+James W. Johnstone, long the leader of the Conservative
+party in Nova Scotia, remarkable for his great flow of language
+and argument; William Young, an astute politician;
+James Boyle Uniacke, with all the genius of an Irish orator;
+Laurence O'Connor Doyle, wit and Irishman; Samuel J. W.
+Archibald with his silver tongue, afterwards master of the rolls;
+Adams G. Archibald, polished gentleman; Leonard Tilley with
+his suavity of demeanour and skill as a politician; Charles Tupper
+with his great command of language, earnestness of expression
+and courage of conviction, were the leading exponents of the
+political opinions and of the culture and oratory of Nova Scotia
+and New Brunswick. In the upper provinces we had in addition
+to the names of the distinguished French Canadians I have
+already mentioned, those of John A. Macdonald, at all times a
+ready and incisive debater, a great party tactician, and a statesman
+of generous aspirations, who was destined to die very many
+years later with the knowledge that he had realized his conception
+of a federation uniting all the territory of British North
+America, from Sydney to Victoria, under one government. The
+names of Allan McNab, Francis Hincks, George Brown, George
+Etienne Cartier, Alexander Galt, D'Arcy McGee, Louis Sicotte,
+John Hillyard Cameron, Alexander Mackenzie, Seth Huntington,
+William McDougall, Antoine Dorion, Alexander Campbell, and of
+other men, eminent for their knowledge of finance, their powers
+as debaters, their graceful oratory, their legal acumen, their political
+skill and their intellectual achievements in their respective
+spheres, will be recalled by many of those who hear me, since
+the most eminent among them have but recently disappeared
+from the stage of active life.</p>
+
+<p>As long as party government lasts in this country men will
+be divided into political divisions, and objection will be of course
+time and again taken to the methods by which these and other
+political leaders have achieved their party ends, and none of us
+will be always satisfied with the conclusions to which their at
+times overweening ambition has led them; but, taking them all
+in all, I believe for one who has lived all my life among politicians
+and statesmen that, despite their failings and weaknesses, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">16</a></span>
+public men of our country in those days laboured on the whole
+conscientiously from their own points of view to make Canada
+happier and greater. Indeed, when I look around me and see
+what has been done in the face of great obstacles during a half
+century and less, I am bound to pay this tribute to those who
+laboured earnestly in the difficult and trying intellectual field of
+public life.</p>
+
+<p>But this period which brought so many bright intellects into
+the activities of political life was distinguished also, not merely for
+the material advance in industry, but notably for some performance
+in the less hazardous walk of literature. The newspaper
+press with the progress of population, the increase of wealth,
+the diffusion of education, the construction of railways and telegraph
+lines, and the development of political liberty, found itself
+stimulated to new energy and enterprise. A daily press now
+commenced to meet the necessities of the larger and wealthier
+cities and towns. It must be admitted, however, that from a
+strictly intellectual point of view there was not in some respects
+a marked advance in the tone and style of the leading public
+journals. Political partisanship ran extremely high in those
+days&mdash;higher than it has ever since&mdash;and grosser personalities
+than have ever characterized newspapers in this country sullied
+the editorial columns of leading exponents of public opinion. No
+doubt there was much brilliant and forcible writing, despite the
+acrimony and abuse that were too often considered more necessary
+than incisive argument and logical reasoning when a political
+opponent had to be met. It was rarely that one could get
+at the whole truth of a question by reading only one newspaper;
+it was necessary to take two or three or more on different sides
+of politics in order to obtain even an accurate idea of the debates
+in the legislative halls. A Liberal or Conservative journal would
+consider it beneath its legitimate functions even as a newspaper
+to report with any fulness the speeches of its political adversaries.
+Of course this is not newspaper editing in the proper sense
+of the phrase. It is not the English method assuredly, since the
+London <i>Times</i>, the best example of a well-equipped and well-conducted
+newspaper, has always considered it necessary to give<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">17</a></span>
+equal prominence to the speeches of Peel, Russell, Palmerston,
+Derby, Disraeli, Gladstone&mdash;of all the leaders irrespective of
+party. Even in these days of heated controversy on the Irish
+question one can always find in the columns of the London press
+fair and accurate reports of the speeches of Gladstone, Balfour,
+McCarthy, Chamberlain, Morley and Blake. This is the sound
+basis on which true and honest journalism must always rest if it
+is to find its legitimate reward, not in the fickle smiles of the
+mere party follower, but in the support of that great public which
+can best repay the enterprise and honesty of a true newspaper.
+Still, despite this violent partisanship to which bright intellects
+lowered themselves, and the absence of that responsibility to
+public opinion expected from its active teachers, the press of
+Canada, during the days of which I am speaking, kept pace
+in some essential respects with the material progress of the
+country, and represented too well the tone and spirit of the mass
+in the country where the rudiments of culture were still rough
+and raw. Public intelligence, however, was being gradually
+diffused, and according as the population increased, and the
+material conditions of the country improved, a literature of some
+merit commenced to show itself. The poems of Cr&#233;mazie,<a name="FNanchor_25_36" id="FNanchor_25_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_36" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> of
+Chauveau,<a name="FNanchor_26_37" id="FNanchor_26_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_37" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> of Howe,<a name="FNanchor_27_38" id="FNanchor_27_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_38" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> of Sangster<a name="FNanchor_28_39" id="FNanchor_28_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_39" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> and others, were imbued
+with a truly Canadian spirit&mdash;with a love for Canada, its scenery,
+its history and its traditions, which entitled them to a larger
+audience than they probably ever had in this or other countries.
+None of those were great poets, but all of them were more or less
+gifted with a measure of true poetic genius, the more noteworthy
+because it showed itself in the rawness and newness of a colonial
+life. Amid the activities of a very busy period the poetic instinct
+of Canadians constantly found some expression. One almost
+now forgotten poet who was engaged in journalism in Montreal
+wrote an ambitious drama, "Saul," which was described at the
+time by a British critic as "a drama treated with great poetic
+power and depth of psychological knowledge which are often
+quite startling;" and the author followed it up with other poems,
+displaying also much imagination and feeling, but at no time
+reaching the ears of a large and appreciative audience. We cannot,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">18</a></span>
+however, claim Charles Heavysege<a name="FNanchor_29_40" id="FNanchor_29_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_40" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> as a product of Canadian
+soil and education, for he was a man of mature age when he
+made his home in this country, and his works were in no wise
+inspired by Canadian sentiment, scenery or aspiration. In history
+Canadians have always shown some strength, and perhaps
+this was to be expected in view of the fact that political and historical
+literature&mdash;such works as Hamilton's "Federalist" or
+Todd's "Parliamentary Government"<a name="FNanchor_30_41" id="FNanchor_30_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_41" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>&mdash;naturally engages the
+attention of active intellects in a new country at a time when
+its institutions have to be moulded, and it is necessary to collect
+precedents and principles from the storehouse of the past for the
+assistance of the present. A most useful narrative of the political
+occurrences in Lower Canada, from the establishment of legislative
+institutions until the rebellion of 1837&ndash;38 and the union
+of 1841, was written by Mr. Robert Christie, long a publicist of
+note and a member of the assembly of the province. While it
+has no claim to literary style it has the great merit of stating the
+events of the day with fairness and of citing at length numerous
+original documents bearing on the text.<a name="FNanchor_31_42" id="FNanchor_31_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_42" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> In French Canada the
+names of Garneau<a name="FNanchor_32_43" id="FNanchor_32_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_43" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> and Ferland<a name="FNanchor_33_44" id="FNanchor_33_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_44" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> have undoubtedly received
+their full meed of praise for their clearness of style, industry of
+research, and scholarly management of their subject. Now that
+the political passion that so long convulsed the public mind in
+this country has disappeared with the causes that gave it birth,
+one is hardly prepared to make as much a hero of Papineau as
+Garneau attempted in his assuredly great book, while the foundation
+of a new Dominion and the dawn of an era of larger political
+life, has probably given a somewhat sectional character to
+such historical work. Still, despite its intense French Canadian
+spirit, Garneau's volumes notably illustrate the literary instinct
+and intellectual strength which have always been distinguishing
+features of the best productions of the able and even brilliant
+men who have devoted themselves to literature with marked
+success among their French Canadian countrymen, who are wont
+to pay a far deeper homage to such literary efforts than the colder,
+less impulsive English Canadian character has ever shown itself
+disposed to give to those who have been equally worthy of recognition
+in the English-speaking provinces.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">19</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="V" id="V"></a>V.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>As I glance over my library shelves I find indeed that historical
+literature has continued since the days of Garneau and
+Ferland, to enlist the earnest and industrious study of Canadians
+with more or less success. In English Canada, John Charles
+Dent produced a work on the political development of Canada
+from the union of 1841 until the confederation of 1867, which
+was written with fairness and ability, but he was an Englishman
+by birth and education, though resident for many years in
+the city of Toronto.<a name="FNanchor_34_45" id="FNanchor_34_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_45" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> And here let me observe that though such
+men as Dent, Heavysege, Faillon, Daniel Wilson, Hunt, D'Arcy
+McGee and Goldwin Smith were not born or educated in Canada
+like Haliburton, Logan, J. W. Dawson, Joseph Howe, Wilmot,
+Cartier, Garneau, or Fr&#233;chette, but only came to this country in
+the maturity of their mental powers, yet to men of their class
+the Dominion owes a heavy debt of gratitude for the ability and
+earnestness with which they have elevated the intellectual standard
+of the community where they have laboured. Although all
+of us may not be prepared to accept the conclusions of the historian,
+or approve the judgment of the political critic; although
+we may regret that a man of such deep scholarship and wide
+culture as Goldwin Smith has never yet been able to appreciate
+the Canadian or growing national sentiment of this dependency,
+yet who can doubt, laying aside all political or personal prejudice,
+that he, like the others I have named, has stimulated intellectual
+development in his adopted home, and so far has given
+us compensation for some utterances which, so many Canadians
+honestly believe, mar an otherwise useful and brilliant career.
+Such literary men have undoubtedly their uses, since they seem
+specially intended by a wise dispensation of affairs to cure us
+of too much self-complacency, and to prevent us from falling
+into a condition of mental stagnation by giving us from time to
+time abundant material for reflection. So much, by way of
+parenthesis, is due to the able men who have adopted Canada
+as their home and have been labouring in various vocations to
+stimulate the intellectual growth of this Dominion. A most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span>
+accurate historical record of the same period of our history as
+that reviewed by Dent was made in French about the same
+time by Louis Turcotte of Quebec.<a name="FNanchor_35_46" id="FNanchor_35_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_46" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> Mr. Benjamin Sulte, a member
+of this society, has also given us the results of many years of
+conscientious research in his "Histoire des Canadiens," which
+is not so well known as it ought to be, probably on account of
+its cumbrous size and mode of publication.<a name="FNanchor_36_47" id="FNanchor_36_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_47" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> The Abb&#233; Casgrain,
+also a member of the society and a most industrious author, has
+recently devoted himself with true French Canadian fervour to
+the days of Montcalm and L&#233;vis, and by the aid of a large mass
+of original documents has thrown much light on a very interesting
+and important epoch of the history of America.<a name="FNanchor_37_48" id="FNanchor_37_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_48" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> Dr. Kingsford
+with patience and industry has continued his history of
+Canada, which is distinguished by accuracy and research.<a name="FNanchor_38_49" id="FNanchor_38_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_49" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> It
+is not my intention to enumerate all those names which merit
+remark in this connection, for this is not a collection of bibliographical
+notes,<a name="FNanchor_39_50" id="FNanchor_39_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_50" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> but simply a review of the more salient features
+of our intellectual development in the well-marked periods of our
+history. Indeed it is gratifying to us to know that the Royal
+Society comprises within its ranks nearly all the historical writers
+in Canada, and it would seem too much like pure egotism were I
+to dilate on their respective performances. Of poets since the
+days of Cr&#233;mazie we have had our full proportion, and it is
+encouraging to know that the poems of Fr&#233;chette,&mdash;whose best
+work has been crowned by the French Academy,&mdash;LeMay, Reade,
+Mair, Roberts, Bliss Carman, Wilfred Campbell and Lampman
+have gained recognition from time to time in the world of letters
+outside of Canada.<a name="FNanchor_40_51" id="FNanchor_40_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_51" class="fnanchor">[40]</a><a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> We have yet to produce in English Canada
+a book of poems which can touch the sympathies and live on the
+lips of the world like those of Whittier and Longfellow, but we
+need not despair since even in the country which gave these
+birth they have not their compeers. Some even declare that the
+only bard of promise who appears in these days to touch that
+chord of nature which makes the whole world kin is James
+Whitcomb Riley, the Hoosier poet, despite his tendency to exaggerate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span>
+provincial dialect and make his true poetic genius too
+subordinate to what becomes at last an affectation and a mere
+mannerism which wearies by its very repetition. Even in England
+there is hesitation in choosing a poet laureate; there are
+Swinburne, Morris and other poets, but not another Tennyson,
+and it has been even suggested that the honour might pass to a
+master of poetic prose, John Ruskin, whose brilliant genius has
+been ever devoted to a lofty idealism which would make the
+world much happier and better. At the present time Canadian
+poets obtain a place with regularity in the best class of American
+magazines, and not infrequently their verse reaches a higher level
+than the majority of poetic aspirants who appear in the same
+field of poetry; but for one I am not an ardent admirer of American
+magazine poems which appear too often mere machine work
+and not the results of that true poetic inspiration which alone
+can achieve permanent fame.</p>
+
+<p>The poems of the well known American authors, Aldrich,
+Gilder and Stedman, have certainly an easy rhythmical flow and
+an artistic finish which the majority of Canadian poetic aspirants
+should study with far more closeness. At the same time it may
+be said that even these artists do not often surpass in poetic
+thought the best productions of the Canadians to whom I have
+referred as probably illustrating most perfectly the highest development
+so far among us of this department of <i>belles-lettres</i>. It is
+not often that one comes across more exquisitely conceived poems
+than some of those written by Mr. John Reade, whom the laborious
+occupation of journalism and probably the past indifference
+of a Canadian public to Canadian poetry have for a long while
+diverted from a literary field where it would seem he should
+have won a wider fame. Among the verses which one can read
+time and again are those of which the first lines are</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"In my heart are many chambers through which I wander free,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Some are furnished, some are empty, some are sombre, some are light;</div>
+  <div class="i0">Some are open to all comers, and of some I keep the key,</div>
+  <div class="i0">And I enter in the stillness of the night."<a name="FNanchor_41_52" id="FNanchor_41_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_52" class="fnanchor">[41]</a><a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span></p>
+<p>It would be interesting as well as instructive if some competent
+critic, with the analytical faculty and the poetic instinct
+of Matthew Arnold or Sainte-Beuve, were to study the English
+and French Canadian poets and show whether they are mere
+imitators of the best models of French and English literature,
+or whether their work contains within itself those germs which
+give promise of original fruition in the future. It will be remembered
+that the French critic, though a poet of merit himself, has
+spoken of what he calls "the radical inadequacy of French
+poetry." In his opinion, whatever talent the French poets have
+for strophe and line, their work, as a rule is "too slight, too soon
+read, too poor in ideas, to influence a serious mind for any length
+of time." No doubt many others think that, in comparison with
+the best conceptions of Wordsworth, Shelley, Keats, Emerson,
+Browning and Tennyson, French poetry is, generally speaking,
+inadequate for the expression of the most sublime thoughts, of
+the strongest passion, or of the most powerful imagination, and
+though it must always please us by its easy rhythm and lucidity
+of style, it fails to make that vivid impression on the mind and
+senses which is the best test of that true poetic genius which
+influences generations and ever lives in the hearts of the people.
+It represents in some respects the lightness and vivacity of the
+French intellectual temperament under ordinary conditions, and
+not the strength of the national character, whose depths are only
+revealed at some crisis which evokes a deep sentiment of patriotism.
+"Partant pour la Syrie," so often heard in the days of the
+last Bonaparte regime, probably illustrated this lighter tendency
+of the French mind just as the "Marseillaise," the noblest and
+most impressive of popular poetic outbursts, illustrated national
+passion evoked by abnormal conditions. French Canadian poetry
+has been often purely imitative of French models, like Musset
+and Gauthier, both in style and sentiment, and consequently
+lacked strength and originality. It might be thought that in
+this new country poets would be inspired by original conceptions&mdash;that
+the intellectual fruition would be fresh and vigorous like
+some natural products that grow so luxuriantly on the virginal
+soil of the new Dominion, and not like those which grow on land
+which is renewed and enriched by artificial means after centuries<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span>
+of growth. Perhaps the literature of a colonial dependency,
+or a relatively new country, must necessarily in its first stages
+be imitative, and it is only now and then an original mind bursts
+the fetters of intellectual subordination. In the United States
+Emerson and Hawthorne probably best represent the original
+thought and imagination of that comparatively new country,
+just as Aldrich and Howells represent in the first case English
+culture in poetry, and in the other the sublimated essence of
+reportorial realism. The two former are original thinkers, the
+two others pure imitators. Walt Whitman's poems certainly
+show at times much power and originality of conception, but
+after all they are simply the creations of an eccentric genius
+and illustrate a phase of that Realism towards which fiction
+even in America has been tending of late, and which has been
+already degraded in France to a Naturalism which is positively
+offensive. He has not influenced to any perceptible extent the
+intellect of his generation or elevated the thoughts of his countrymen
+like the two great minds I have just named. Yet even
+Whitman's success, relatively small as it was in his own country,
+arose chiefly from the fact that he attempted to be an <i>American</i>
+poet, representing the pristine vigour and natural freedom
+of a new land. It is when French Canadian poets become thoroughly
+Canadian by the very force of the inspiration of some
+Canadian subject they have chosen, that we can see them at their
+best. Fr&#233;chette has all the finish of the French poets, and while
+it cannot be said that he has yet originated great thoughts which
+are likely to live among even the people whom he has so often
+instructed and delighted, yet he has given us poems like that on
+the discovery of the Mississippi,<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> which proves that he is capable
+of even better things if he would always seek inspiration
+from the sources of the deeply interesting history of his own country,
+or enter into the inner mysteries and social relations of his
+own people, rather than dwell on the lighter shades and incidents
+of their lives. Perhaps in some respects Cr&#233;mazie had
+greater capabilities for the poems of deep passion or vivid imagination
+than any of his successors in literature; the few national<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span>
+poems he left behind are a promise of what he could have produced
+had the circumstances of his later life been happier.<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a>
+After all, the poetry that lives is the poetry of human life and
+human sympathy, of joy and sorrow, rather than verses on mountains,
+rivers and lakes, or sweetly worded sonnets to Madame B.
+or Mademoiselle C. When we compare the English with the
+French Canadian poets we can see what an influence the more
+picturesque and interesting history of French Canada exercises
+on the imagination of its writers. The poets that claim Ontario
+for their home give us rhythmical and pleasing descriptions of
+the lake and river scenery of which the varied aspects and moods
+might well captivate the eye of the poet as well as of the painter.
+It is very much painting in both cases; the poet should be an
+artist by temperament equally with the painter who puts his
+thoughts on canvas and not in words. Descriptions of our meadows,
+prairies and forests, with their wealth of herbage and
+foliage, or artistic sketches of pretty bits of lake scenery have
+their limitations as respects their influence on a people. Great
+thoughts or deeds are not bred by scenery. The American poem
+that has captured the world is not any one of Bryant's delightful
+sketches of the varied landscape of his native land, but Longfellow's
+Evangeline, which is a story of the "affection that
+hopes, and endures and is patient." Dollard, and the Lady of
+Fort La Tour are themes which we do not find in prosaic Ontario,
+whose history is only a century old&mdash;a history of stern
+materialism as a rule, rarely picturesque or romantic, and hardly
+ever heroic except in some episodes of the war of 1812&ndash;15, in
+which Canadians, women as well as men, did their duty faithfully
+to king and country, though their deeds have never yet been
+adequately told in poem or prose. The story of Laura Secord's
+toilsome journey on a June day eighty years ago<a name="FNanchor_41A_53" id="FNanchor_41A_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_41A_53" class="fnanchor">[41<i>a</i>]</a> seems as susceptible
+of strong poetic treatment as Paul Revere's Ride, told
+in matchless verse by Longfellow.</p>
+
+<p>I think if we compare the best Canadian poems with the
+same class of literature in Australia the former do not at all lose<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span>
+by the comparison. Thanks to the thoughtfulness of a friend in
+South Australia I have had many opportunities of late of studying
+the best work of Australian writers, chiefly poets and novelists,<a name="FNanchor_42_54" id="FNanchor_42_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_54" class="fnanchor">[42]</a>
+and have come to the conclusion that at least the poets of
+both hemispheres&mdash;for to fiction we cannot make even a pretense&mdash;reflect
+credit on each country. In one respect indeed Canadians
+can claim a superiority over their fellow-citizens of the
+British Empire in that far off Australian land, and that is, in the
+fact that we have poets, and historians, and essayists, who write
+the languages of France and England with purity and even elegance;
+that the grace and precision of the French tongue have
+their place in this country alongside the vigorous and copious
+expression of the English language. More than that, the Canadians
+have behind them a history which is well calculated to
+stimulate writers to give utterance to national sentiment. I
+mean national in the sense of being thoroughly imbued with a
+love for the country, its scenery, its history and its aspirations.
+The people of that great island continent possess great natural
+beauties and riches&mdash;flowers and fruits of every kind flourish
+there in rare profusion, and gold and gems are among the treasures
+of the soil, but its scenery is far less varied and picturesque
+than ours and its history is but of yesterday compared with that
+of Canada. Australians cannot point to such historic ground as
+is found from Louisbourg to Quebec, or from Montreal to Champlain,
+the battle ground of nations whose descendants now live
+under one flag, animated by feelings of a common interest and a
+common aspiration for the future!</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps if I were at any time inclined to be depressed as to
+the future of Canada, I should find some relief in those poems by
+Canadian authors which take frequently an elevated and patriotic
+range of thought and vision, and give expression to aspirations
+worthy of men born and living in this country. When
+some men doubt the future and would see us march into the
+ranks of other states, with heads bowed down in confession of our
+failure to hold our own on this continent and build up a new
+nation always in the closest connection with England, I ask them
+to turn to the poems of Joseph Howe and read that inspiring<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span>
+poetic tribute to the mother country, "All hail to the day when
+the Britons came over"&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Every flash of her genius our pathway enlightens,</div>
+  <div class="i2">Every field she explores we are beckoned to tread,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Each laurel she gathers, our future day brightens&mdash;</div>
+  <div class="i2">We joy with her living and mourn with her dead."<a name="FNanchor_43_55" id="FNanchor_43_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_55" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Or read that tribute which the French Canadian laureate,
+Fr&#233;chette, has been fain to pay to the English flag under whose
+folds his country has enjoyed so much freedom and protection for
+its institutions:</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Regarde me disait mon p&#232;re</div>
+  <div class="i0">Ce drapeau vaillamment port&#233;;</div>
+  <div class="i0">Il a fait ton pays prosp&#232;re</div>
+  <div class="i0">Et respecte ta libert&#233;.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"C'est le drapeau de l'Angleterre;</div>
+  <div class="i0">Sans tache, sur le firmament,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Presque &#224; tous les points de la terre</div>
+  <div class="i0">Il flotte glorieusement."</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Or take up a volume by Roberts and read that frequently
+quoted poem of which these are the closing lines:</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Shall not our love this rough sweet land make sure?</div>
+  <div class="i2">Her bounds preserve inviolate, though we die.</div>
+  <div class="i8">O strong hearts of the North,</div>
+  <div class="i8">Let flame your loyalty forth,</div>
+  <div class="i0">And put the craven and base to an open shame,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Till earth shall know the Child of Nations by her name."</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Even Mr. Edgar has forgotten the astute lawyer and the
+politician in his national song, "This Canada of Ours," and has
+given expression to the deep sentiment that lies as I have said
+in the heart of every true Canadian and forces him at times to
+words like these:</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Strong arms shall guard our cherished homes</div>
+  <div class="i6">When darkest danger lowers,</div>
+  <div class="i0">And with our life-blood we'll defend</div>
+  <div class="i8">This Canada of ours,</div>
+  <div class="i12">Fair Canada,</div>
+  <div class="i12">Dear Canada,</div>
+  <div class="i8">This Canada of ours."</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Such poems are worth a good many political speeches even
+in parliament so far as their effect upon the hearts and sympathies
+is concerned. We all remember a famous man once said,
+"Let me make all the ballads, and I care not who makes the
+laws of a people."</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> A list of Canadian poems which have been printed in books (from 1867&ndash;1893)
+appears in the Bibliographical Notes (<a href="#Footnote_40_51">40</a>).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> Given in full in Appendix.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> See Appendix to this work, <a href="#Footnote_40_51">note 40</a>, for an extract from this fine poem.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> See Appendix to this work, <a href="#Footnote_40_51">note 40</a>, for an extract from one of his national
+poems.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2><a name="VI" id="VI"></a>VI.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>But if Canada can point to some creditable achievement of
+recent years in history, poetry and essay-writing&mdash;for I think if
+one looks from time to time at the leading magazines and reviews
+of the two continents he will find that Canada is fairly well
+represented in their pages<a name="FNanchor_44_56" id="FNanchor_44_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_56" class="fnanchor">[44]</a>&mdash;there is one respect in which Canadians
+have never won any marked success, and that is in the novel
+or romance. "Wacousta, or the Prophecy: a Tale of the Canadas,"
+was written sixty years ago by Major John Richardson,<a name="FNanchor_45A_58" id="FNanchor_45A_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_45A_58" class="fnanchor">[45<i>a</i>]</a>
+a native Canadian, but it was at the best a spirited imitation
+of Cooper, and has not retained the interest it attracted at a time
+when the American novelist had created a taste for exaggerated
+pictures of Indian life and forest scenery. Of course attempts
+have been made time and again by other English Canadians to
+describe episodes of our history, and portray some of our national
+and social characteristics, but with the single exception of "The
+Golden Dog,"<a name="FNanchor_45_57" id="FNanchor_45_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_57" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> written a few years ago by Mr. William Kirby,
+of Niagara, I cannot point to one which shows much imaginative
+or literary skill. If we except the historical romance by Mr. Marmette,
+"Fran&#231;ois de Bienville,"<a name="FNanchor_46_59" id="FNanchor_46_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_59" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> which has had several editions,
+French Canada is even weak in this particular, and this is the
+more surprising because there is abundance of material for the
+novelist or writer of romance in her peculiar society and institutions,
+and in her historic annals and traditions. But as yet neither
+a Cooper, nor an Irving, nor a Hawthorne has appeared to delight
+Canadians in the fruitful field of fiction that their country offers
+to the pen of imaginative genius. It is true we have a work by
+De Gasp&#233;, "Les Anciens Canadiens,"<a name="FNanchor_47_60" id="FNanchor_47_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_60" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> which has been translated
+by Roberts and one or two others, but it has rather the value of
+historical annals than the spirit and form of true romance. It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span>
+is the very poverty of our production in what ought to be a rich
+source of literary inspiration, French Canadian life and history,
+that has given currency to a work whose signal merit is its simplicity
+of style and adherence to historical fact. As Parkman
+many years ago first commenced to illumine the too often dull
+pages of Canadian history, so other American writers have also
+ventured in the still fresh field of literary effort that romance
+offers to the industrious, inventive brain. In the "Romance of
+Dollard," "Tonty," and the "Lady of Fort St. John," Mrs. Mary
+Hartwell Catherwood has recalled most interesting episodes of
+our past annals with admirable literary taste and a deep enthusiasm
+for Canadian history in its romantic and picturesque aspects.<a name="FNanchor_48_61" id="FNanchor_48_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_61" class="fnanchor">[48]</a>
+When we read Conan Doyle's "Refugees"&mdash;the best
+historical novel that has appeared from the English Press for
+years&mdash;we may well regret that it is not Canadian genius which
+has created so fascinating a romance out of the materials that
+exist in the history of the <i>ancien r&#233;gime</i>. Dr. Doyle's knowledge
+of Canadian life and history is obviously very superficial; but
+slight as it is he has used it with a masterly skill to give Canada
+a part in his story&mdash;to show how closely associated were the fortunes
+of the colony with the French Court,&mdash;with the plans and
+intrigues of the king and his mistresses, and of the wily ecclesiastics
+who made all subservient to their deep purpose. It would
+seem from our failure to cultivate successfully the same popular
+branch of letters that Canadians are wanting in the inventive and
+imaginative faculty, and that the spirit of materialism and practical
+habits, which has so long necessarily cramped literary effort in
+this country, still prevents happy ventures in this direction. It is
+a pity that no success has been won in this country,&mdash;as in Australia
+by Mrs. Campbell Praed, "Tasma," and many others,&mdash;in the
+way of depicting those characteristics of Canadian life, in the
+past and present, which, when touched by the imaginative and
+cultured intellect, will reach the sympathies and earn the plaudits
+of all classes of readers at home and abroad. Perhaps, Mr.
+Gilbert Parker,<a name="FNanchor_49_62" id="FNanchor_49_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_62" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> now a resident of London, but a Canadian by
+birth, education and sympathies, will yet succeed in his laudable
+ambition of giving form and vitality to the abundant materials<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">29</a></span>
+that exist in the Dominion, among the habitants on the old seigneuries
+of the French province, in that historic past of which the
+ruins still remain in Montreal and Quebec, in the Northwest with
+its quarrels of adventurers in the fur trade, and in the many other
+sources of inspiration that exist in this country for the true story-teller
+who can invent a plot and give his creations a touch of
+reality, and not that doll-like, saw-dust appearance that the vapid
+characters of some Canadian stories assume from the very poverty
+of the imagination that has originated them.</p>
+
+<p>That imagination and humour have some existence in the
+Canadian mind&mdash;though one sees little of those qualities in the
+press or in public speeches, or in parliamentary debates&mdash;we can
+well believe when we read "The Dodge Club Abroad," by Professor
+De Mille,<a name="FNanchor_50_63" id="FNanchor_50_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_63" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> who was cut off in the prime of his intellectual
+strength, or "A Social Departure," by Sara Jeannette Duncan,<a name="FNanchor_51_64" id="FNanchor_51_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_64" class="fnanchor">[51]</a>
+who, as a sequence of a trip around the world, has given us not
+a dry book of travels but a story with touches of genial humour
+and bright descriptions of life and nature, and who is now following
+up that excellent literary effort by promising sketches of East
+Indian life. A story which attracted some attention not long
+since for originality of conception and ran through several editions,
+"Beggars All," is written by a Miss L. Dougall, who is said
+to be a member of a Montreal family, and though this book does
+not deal with incidents of Canadian life it illustrates that fertility
+of invention which is latent among our people and only requires
+a favourable opportunity to develop itself. The best literature
+of this kind is like that of France, which has the most intimate
+correspondence with the social life and development of the people
+of the country. "The excellence of a romance," writes Chevalier
+Bunsen in his critical preface to Gustav Freytag's "Debit and
+Credit," "like that of an epic or a drama, lies in the apprehension
+and truthful exhibition of the course of human things....
+The most vehement longing of our times is manifestly after a
+faithful mirror of the present." With us, all efforts in this
+direction have been most common place&mdash;hardly above the
+average of "Social Notes" in the columns of Ottawa newspapers.</p>
+
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">30</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I do not for one depreciate the influence of good fiction on
+the minds of a reading community like ours; it is inevitable that
+a busy people, and especially women distracted with household
+cares, should always find that relief in this branch of literature
+which no other reading can give them; and if the novel has
+then become a necessity of the times in which we live, at all
+events I hope Canadians, who may soon venture into the field,
+will study the better models, endeavour to infuse some originality
+into their creations and plots, and not bring the Canadian fiction
+of the future to that low level to which the school of realism in
+France, and in a minor degree in England and the United States,
+would degrade the novel and story of every-day life. To my
+mind it goes without saying that a history written with that
+fidelity to original authorities, that picturesqueness of narration,
+that philosophic insight into the motives and plans of statesmen,
+that study and comprehension of the character and life of a
+people, which should constitute the features of a great work of
+this class,&mdash;that such a history has assuredly a much deeper and
+more useful purpose in the culture and education of the world
+than any work of fiction can possibly have even when animated
+by a lofty genius. Still as the novel and romance will be written
+as long as a large proportion of the world amid the cares and
+activities of life seeks amusement rather than knowledge, it is
+for the Canadian Scott, or Hawthorne, or "George Eliot," or
+Dickens of the future, to have a higher and purer aim than the
+majority of novel writers of the present day, who, with a few
+notable exceptions like Black, Besant, Barrie, Stephenson or Oliphant,
+weary us by their dulness and lack of the imaginative
+and inventive faculty, and represent rather the demands of the
+publishers to meet the requirements of a public which must
+have its new novel as regularly as the Scotchman must have his
+porridge, the Englishman his egg and toast, and the American
+his ice-water.</p>
+
+<p>If it were possible within the compass of this address to give
+a list of the many histories, poems, essays and pamphlets that
+have appeared from the Canadian press during the first quarter of
+a century since the Dominion of Canada has been in existence,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">31</a></span>
+the number would astonish many persons who have not followed
+our literary activity. Of course the greater part of this work is
+ephemeral in its character and has no special value; much of the
+historical work is a dreary collection of facts and dates which
+shows the enterprise of school publishers and school teachers and
+is generally wanting in that picturesqueness and breadth of view
+which give interest to history and leave a vivid impression on
+the mind of the student. Most of these pamphlets have been
+written on religious, political or legal questions of the day.
+Many of the poems illustrate rather the aspirations of the school
+boy or maiden whose effusions generally appeared in the poet's
+corner of the village newspaper. Still there are even among these
+mere literary "transients" evidences of power of incisive argument
+and of some literary style. In fact, all the scientific, historical
+and poetical contributions of the period in question, make
+up quite a library of Canadian literature. And here let me observe
+in passing, some persons still suppose that <i>belles-lettres</i>, works
+of fiction, poetry and criticism, alone constitute literature. The
+word can take in its complete sense a very wide range, for it embraces
+the pamphlet or monograph on the most abstruse scientific,
+or mathematical or geographical or physical subject, as well as
+the political essay, the brilliant history, or the purely imaginative
+poem or novel. It is not so much the subject as the form and
+style which make them worthy of a place in literature. One of
+the most remarkable books ever written, the "Esprit des Lois"
+by Montesquieu, has won the highest place in literature by its
+admirable style, and in the science of politics by the importance
+of its matter. The works of Lyell, Huxley, Hunt, Dawson, Tyndall,
+and Darwin owe their great value not entirely to the scientific
+ideas and principles and problems there discussed, but also
+to the lucidity of style in which the whole subject is presented
+to the reader, whether versed or not in science. "Literature is
+a large word," says Matthew Arnold,<a name="FNanchor_52_65" id="FNanchor_52_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_65" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> discussing with Tyndall
+this very subject; "it may mean everything written with letters
+or printed in a book. Euclid's Elements and Newton's Principia
+are thus literature. All knowledge that reaches us through
+books is literature. But as I do not mean, by knowing ancient<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span>
+Rome, knowing merely more or less of Latin <i>belles-lettres</i>, and
+taking no account of Rome's military, and political, and legal,
+and administrative work in the world; and as, by knowing
+ancient Greece, I understand knowing her as the giver of Greek
+art, and the guide to a free and right use of reason and to scientific
+methods, and the founder of our mathematics, and physics,
+and astronomy, and biology, I understand knowing her as all
+this, and not merely knowing certain Greek poems, and histories,
+and treatises and speeches, so as to the knowledge of modern
+nations also. By knowing modern nations, I mean not merely
+knowing their <i>belles-lettres</i>, but knowing also what has been done
+by such men as Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, Darwin." I submit
+this definition of literature by a great English critic and
+poet who certainly knew what he was writing about, to the studious
+consideration of Principal Grant who, in an address to the
+Royal Society two years ago,<a name="FNanchor_53_66" id="FNanchor_53_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_66" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> appeared to have some doubt that
+much of its work could be called literature; a doubt that he
+forgot for the moment actually consigned to a questionable level
+also his many devious utterances and addresses on political, religious
+and other questions of the day, and left him entirely out
+of the ranks of <i>litt&#233;rateurs</i> and in a sort of limbo which is a world
+of neither divinity, nor politics, nor letters. Taking this definition
+of the bright apostle of English culture, I think Canadians
+can fairly claim to have some position as a literary people even
+if it be a relatively humble one, on account of the work done in
+history, <i>belles-lettres</i>, political science and the sciences generally
+Science alone has had in Canada for nearly half a century many
+votaries who have won for themselves high distinction, as the
+eminent names on the list of membership of the Royal Society
+since its foundation can conclusively show. The literature of
+science, as studied and written by Canadians, is remarkably comprehensive,
+and finds a place in every well furnished library of
+the world.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>doyen</i> of science in Canada, Sir William Dawson,<a name="FNanchor_54_67" id="FNanchor_54_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_67" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> we
+are all glad to know, is still at work after a long and severe illness,
+which was, no doubt, largely due to the arduous devotion
+of years to education and science. It is not my intention to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">33</a></span>
+refer here to other well-known names in scientific literature, but
+I may pause for an instant to mention the fact that one of the
+earliest scientific writers of eminence, who was a Canadian by
+birth and education, was Mr. Elkanah Billings,<a name="FNanchor_55_68" id="FNanchor_55_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_68" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> pal&#230;ontologist
+and geologist, who contributed his first papers to the <i>Citizen</i> of
+Ottawa, then Bytown, afterwards to have greatness thrown upon
+it and made the political capital of Canada.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2><a name="VII" id="VII"></a>VII.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Here I come naturally to answer the questions that may be
+put by some that have not followed the history and the work of
+the Royal Society of Canada,&mdash;What measure of success has it
+won? has it been of value to the Canadian people in whose interests
+it was established, and with whose money it is mainly
+supported? Twelve years have nearly passed away since a few
+gentlemen, engaged in literary, scientific and educational pursuits,
+assembled at McGill College on the invitation of the Marquess
+of Lorne, then governor-general of Canada, to consider the
+practicability of establishing a society which would bring together
+both the French and English Canadian elements of our population
+for purposes of common study and the discussion of such
+subjects as might be profitable to the Dominion, and at the same
+time develop the literature of learning and science as far as practicable.<a name="FNanchor_56_69" id="FNanchor_56_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_69" class="fnanchor">[56]</a>
+This society was to have a Dominion character&mdash;to
+form a union of leading representatives of all those engaged in
+literature and science in the several provinces, with the principle
+of federation observed in so far as it asked every society of note
+in every section to send delegates to make reports on the work of
+the year within its particular sphere. Of the gentlemen who
+assembled at this interesting meeting beneath the roof of the
+learned principal of Montreal's well-known university, the majority
+still continue active friends of the society they aided Lord
+Lome to found; but I must also add with deep regret that, within
+a little more than a year, two of the most distinguished promoters
+of the society, Dr. Thomas Sterry Hunt and Sir Daniel
+Wilson, have been called from their active and successful labours<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span>
+in education, science and letters. As I know perhaps better than
+any one else, on account of an official connection with the society
+from the very hour it was suggested by Lord Lorne, no two members
+ever comprehended more thoroughly the useful purpose
+which it could serve amid the all-surrounding materialism of this
+country, or laboured more conscientiously until the very hour of
+their death by their writings and their influence to make the
+society a Canadian institution, broad in its scope, liberal in its
+culture, and elevated in its aspirations. Without dwelling on the
+qualifications of two men<a name="FNanchor_57_70" id="FNanchor_57_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_70" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> whose names are imperishably connected
+with the work of their lifetime&mdash;arch&#230;ology, education
+and chemistry&mdash;I may go on to say that the result of the Montreal
+meeting was the establishment of a society which met for the first
+time at Ottawa in the May of 1882, with a membership of eighty
+Fellows under the presidency of Dr. (afterwards Sir) William
+Dawson, and the vice-presidency of the Honourable P. J. O. Chauveau,
+a distinguished French Canadian who had won a high
+name, not only in literature, but also in the political world where
+he was for years a conspicuous figure; noted for his eloquence,
+his culture and his courtesy of manner. The society was established
+in no spirit of isolation from other literary and scientific
+men because its membership was confined at the outset to eighty
+Fellows who had written "memoirs of merit or rendered eminent
+services to literature or science"&mdash;a number subsequently
+increased to a hundred under certain limitations. On the contrary
+it asks for, and has constantly published, contributions
+from all workers in the same fields of effort with the simple proviso
+that such contributions are presented with the endorsation
+of an actual member, though they may be read before any one of
+the four sections by the author himself. Every association, whether
+purely literature or historical, or scientific, as I have already
+intimated, has been asked to assist in the work of the society,<a name="FNanchor_58_71" id="FNanchor_58_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_71" class="fnanchor">[58]</a>
+and its delegates given every advantage at the meetings possessed
+by the Fellows themselves, except voting and discussing the
+purely internal affairs of the Royal Society. Some misapprehension
+appears to have existed at first in the public mind that,
+because the society was named "The Royal Society of Canada,"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">35</a></span>
+an exclusive and even aristocratic institution was in contemplation.
+It seems a little perplexing to understand why an objection
+could be taken to such a designation when the Queen is
+at the head of our system of government, and her name appears
+in the very first clauses of the act of union, and in every act requiring
+the exercise of the royal prerogative in this loyal dependency
+of the crown. As a fact, in using the title, the desire was
+to follow the example of similar societies in Australia, and recall
+that famous Royal Society in England, whose fellowship is a title
+of nobility in the world of science. Certain features were copied
+from the Institute of France, inasmuch as there is a division into
+sections with the idea of bringing together into each for the purposes
+of common study and discussion those men who have devoted
+themselves to special branches of the literature of learning
+and science. In this country and, indeed, in America generally,
+a notable tendency is what may be called the levelling principle&mdash;to
+deprecate the idea that any man should be in any way
+better than another; and in order to prevent that result it is
+necessary to assail him as soon as he shows any political or intellectual
+merit, and to stop him, if possible, from attaining that
+mental superiority above his fellows that his industry and his
+ability may enable him to reach. The Royal Society suffered a
+little at first from this spirit of depreciation which is often carried
+to an extent that one at times could almost believe that this is a
+country without political virtues or intellectual development of
+any kind. The claims of some of its members were disputed by
+literary aspirants who did not happen for a moment to be enrolled
+in its ranks, and the society was charged with exclusiveness
+when, as a fact, it simply limited its membership, and
+demanded certain qualifications, with the desire to make that
+membership a test of some intellectual effort, and consequently
+more prized by those who were allowed sooner or later to enter.
+It would have been quite possible for the society to make itself
+a sort of literary or scientific picnic by allowing every man or
+woman who had, or believed they had, some elementary scientific
+or other knowledge to enter its ranks, and have the consequent
+advantages of cheap railway fares and other subsidiary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">36</a></span>
+advantages on certain occasions, but its promoters did not think
+that would best subserve the special objects they had in view.
+At all events, none of them could have been prompted by any
+desire to create a sort of literary aristocracy. Indeed, one would
+like to know how any one in his senses could believe for a moment
+that any institution of learning could be founded with
+exclusive tendencies in these times, in this or any other country!
+If there is an intelligent democracy anywhere it is the Republic
+of Letters. It may be aristocratic in the sense that there are certain
+men and women who have won fame and stand on a pedestal
+above their fellows, but it is the world, not of a class, but of
+all ranks and conditions, that has agreed to place them on that
+pedestal as a tribute to their genius which has made people happier,
+wiser and better, has delighted and instructed the artisan
+as well as the noble.</p>
+
+<p>For twelve years then the Royal Society has continued to
+persevere in its work; and thanks to the encouragement given
+it by the government of Canada it has been able, year by year, to
+publish a large and handsome volume of the proceedings and
+transactions of its meetings. No other country in the world can
+exhibit volumes more creditable on the whole in point of workmanship
+than those of this society. The papers and monographs
+that have appeared embrace a wide field of literature&mdash;the whole
+range of arch&#230;ological, ethnological, historical, geographical, biological,
+mathematical and physical studies. The volumes now
+are largely distributed throughout Canada&mdash;among the educated
+and thinking classes&mdash;and are sent to every library, society, university
+and learned institution of note in the world, with the
+hope of making the Dominion better known. The countries
+where they are placed for purposes of reference are these:</p>
+
+<ul class="index">
+  <li class="isub2">The United States: every State of the Union and District of Columbia,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Newfoundland,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Mexico,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Brazil,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Costa Rica,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Uruguay,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Guatemala,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Venezuela,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Chile,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Peru,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">India,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Japan,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Australia,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">New Zealand,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Great Britain and Ireland,</li>
+  <li class="isub2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">37</a></span>Ecuador,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Italy,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Greece,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Norway and Sweden,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Spain,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">South Africa,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Germany,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Roumania,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Argentine Republic,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">France,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Russia,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Austria-Hungary,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Mauritius,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Denmark.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>So well known are these 'Transactions' now in every country
+that, when it happens some library or institution has not received
+it from the beginning or has been forgotten in the distribution,
+the officers of the society have very soon received an
+intimation of the fact. This is gratifying, since it shows that
+the world of higher literature and of special research&mdash;the world
+of scholars and scientists engaged in important observation and
+investigation&mdash;is interested in the work that is being done in
+the same branches in this relatively new country. It would be
+impossible for me within the limits of this address to give you
+anything like an accurate and comprehensive idea of the numerous
+papers the subject and treatment of which, even from a
+largely practical and utilitarian point of view, have been of
+decided value to Canada, and I can only say here that the members
+of the society have endeavoured to bring to the consideration
+of the subjects they have discussed a spirit of conscientious
+study and research, and that, too, without any fee or reward
+except that stimulating pleasure which work of an intellectual
+character always brings to the mind.</p>
+
+<p>In these days of critical comparative science, when the study
+of the aboriginal or native languages of this continent has absorbed
+the attention of close students, the Royal Society has endeavoured
+to give encouragement and currency to those studies
+by publishing grammars, vocabularies and other monographs
+relating to Indian tongues and antiquities. The Abb&#233; Cuoq,
+one of the most erudite scholars of this continent in this special
+branch of knowledge, has nearly completed in the 'Transactions'
+what will be a monumental work of learning on the Algonquin
+language. A Haida grammar and dictionary are also now awaiting
+the completion of the Abb&#233; Cuoq's work to be published in
+the same way. A great deal of light has been thrown on Cartier's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">38</a></span>
+and Champlain's voyages in the gulf, and consequently on
+its cartography, by the labours of the Abb&#233; Verreau, Prof. Ganong
+and others. The excellent work of the Geological Survey has
+been supplemented by important contributions from its staff, and
+consequently there is to be found in the 'Transactions' a large
+amount of information, both abstract and practical, on the economic
+and other minerals of the Dominion. Chiefly owing to the
+efforts of the society, the government of Canada some time ago
+commenced to take tidal observations on the Atlantic coasts of
+Canada&mdash;an enterprise of great value to the shipping and commercial
+interests of the country&mdash;and has also co-operated in the
+determination of the true longitude of Montreal which is now
+being prosecuted under the able superintendence of Professor
+McLeod. It is in the same practical spirit of investigation and
+action that the society has published a treatise by that veteran
+scholar, Dr. Moses Harvey, of St. John's, Newfoundland, on "The
+Artificial Propagation of Marine Food-fishes and Edible Crustaceans";
+and it is satisfactory to understand from a statement
+made in the House of Commons last session that a question of
+such deep interest to our great fishing industry in the maritime
+provinces is likely to result in some practical measure in the
+direction suggested. The contributions of Sir Daniel Wilson on
+the "Artistic Faculty in the Aboriginal Races," "The Pre-Aryan
+American Man," "The Trade and Commerce of the Stone Age,"
+and "The Huron-Iroquois Race in Canada," that typical race of
+American Indians, were all intended to supplement in a measure
+that scholarly work, "Prehistoric Man," which had brought him
+fame many years before. Dr. Patterson of Nova Scotia, a most
+careful student of the past, has made valuable contributions to
+the history of Portuguese exploration in North American waters,
+and of that remarkable lost tribe known as Beothiks or Red Indians
+of Newfoundland. Sir William Dawson has contributed to
+almost every volume of the 'Transactions' from his stores of
+geological learning, while his distinguished son has followed
+closely in his footsteps, and has made valuable additions to our
+knowledge, not only of the geology of the Northwest, but also of
+the antiquities, languages and customs of the Indian tribes of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">39</a></span>
+British Columbia and the adjacent islands. The opinions and
+theories of Dr. Thomas Sterry Hunt on the "Taconic Question in
+Geology" and the "Relations of the Taconic Series to the later
+Crystalline and the Cambrian Rocks," were given at length in
+the earlier volumes. Mr. G. F. Matthew, of St. John, New Brunswick,
+who is a very industrious student, has elaborated a work on
+the "Fauna of the St. John Group." Not only have our geological
+conditions been more fully explained, but our flora, ferns, and
+botany generally have been clearly set forth by Professors Lawson,
+Macoun and Penhallow. All these and many other papers
+of value have been illustrated by expensive plates, generally executed
+by Canadian artists. The majority of the names I have just
+given happen to be English Canadian, but the French language
+has been represented in science by such eminent men as Hamel,
+Laflamme and Deville&mdash;the two first illustrating the learning and
+culture of Laval, so long associated with the best scholarship of
+the province of Quebec. Without pursuing the subject further,
+let me say, as one who has always endeavoured to keep the interests
+of the society in view, that such monographs as I have mentioned
+represent the practical value of its work, and show what
+an important sphere of usefulness is invariably open to it. The
+object is not to publish ephemeral newspaper or magazine articles&mdash;that
+is to say, articles intended for merely popular information
+or purely literary practice&mdash;but always those essays and works
+of moderate compass which illustrate original research, experiment
+and investigation in all branches of historical, arch&#230;ological,
+ethnological and scientific studies, and which will form a
+permanent and instructive reference library for scholars and students
+in the same branches of thought and study all over the
+world. In fact, the essays must necessarily be such as cannot be
+well published except through the assistance granted by a government,
+as in our case, or by the liberality of private individuals.
+The society, in fact, is in its way attempting just such work as
+is done by the Smithsonian Institute, on a large scale, at Washington,
+so far as the publication of important transactions is concerned.
+I admit that sometimes essays have appeared, but many
+more are offered from time to time, better suited to the periodicals<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">40</a></span>
+of the day than to the pages of a work of which the object is
+to perpetuate the labours of students and scholars, and not the
+efforts of the mere literary amateur or trifler in <i>belles-lettres</i>. But
+while there must be necessarily such limitations to the scope of
+the 'Transactions,' which are largely scientific in their treatment,
+room will be always made for papers on any economic, social or
+ethical subject which, by their acute reasoning, sound philosophy
+and originality of thought, demand the attention of students
+everywhere. Such literary criticism as finds place now and
+then in the dignified old 'Quarterly Review' or in the 'Contemporary'
+will be printed whenever it is written by any Canadian
+author with the same power of keen analysis and judicious appreciation
+of the thoughts and motives of an author that we find
+notably in that charming study of Tennyson's "Princess," by
+S. E. Dawson,<a name="FNanchor_59_73" id="FNanchor_59_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_73" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> who is a Canadian by birth, education and feeling.
+No doubt there is room in the Dominion for a magazine
+combining the features of 'Blackwood,' the 'Contemporary' and
+the 'Quarterly Review'; that is to say, poetry, fiction, criticism,
+reviews of topics of the day, and, in fact, original literary effort
+of the higher order, which, though mostly ephemeral in its character,
+must have much influence for the time being on the culture
+and the education of the public mind. Since the days of
+the old 'Canadian Monthly,'<a name="FNanchor_60_74" id="FNanchor_60_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_74" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> which, with all its imperfections,
+contained much excellent work, all efforts in the same direction
+have been deserving of little encouragement; and, in fact, if such
+a venture is to succeed hereafter it must have behind it sufficient
+capital to engage the assistance of the best Canadian writers, who
+now send their work to American and English periodicals. Such
+a magazine must be carefully edited, and not made the dumping-ground
+for the crude efforts of literary dabblers or for romantic
+gush and twaddle, but must be such a judicious selection of the
+best Canadian talent as will evoke comparison with the higher
+class of periodicals I have mentioned. We have only one literary
+paper of merit in this country, and that is 'The Week,' which,
+despite all the indifference that is too apt to meet a journal not
+influenced by party motives, has kept its literary aim always
+before it, and endeavoured to do such a work as 'The New York<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">41</a></span>
+Nation' has been doing for years under far greater advantages
+in the neighbouring country with marked success and ability.
+In the meantime, until a magazine of the character I advocate is
+established, the 'Transactions of the Royal Society' cannot be
+expected to occupy the same ground unless it is prepared to give
+up that important field which it and the societies with which it
+is associated alone can fill in this country. In one respect, indeed,
+the Royal Society, in my opinion&mdash;and I have endeavoured to
+impress it on my fellow-members&mdash;can reach a much larger class
+of readers than it is now possible by means of its somewhat formidable
+though handsomely printed and well illustrated volumes,
+which necessarily are confined, for the most part, to libraries and
+institutions, where they can be best consulted by students who
+find it necessary to inform themselves on such Canadian subjects
+as the society necessarily treats. It is quite possible that by selecting
+a more convenient form, say royal octavo, and publishing the
+purely scientific sections in one volume and the purely literary
+department in another, a larger inducement will be given to the
+public to purchase its 'Transactions' at a moderate cost and in a
+more convenient shape for reading, whenever they contain monographs
+or large works in which Canadians generally are interested
+or on which they wish special information. Of course, in making
+this change care must be taken to maintain the typographical
+appearance and the character of the scientific illustrations and
+the usefulness of the cartography. Not only may the Royal Society
+in this way reach a larger reading public, but it may stimulate
+the efforts of historic and other writers by giving them
+greater facilities for obtaining special editions of their works for
+general sale. As it is now, each author obtains a hundred copies
+of his paper in pamphlets, sometimes more; and if the form is
+now made smaller and more handy, to use a common word, he
+will be induced to order a larger edition at his own cost. Even
+as it is now, some four or five thousand copies of essays and
+monographs&mdash;in special cases many more&mdash;are annually distributed
+by authors in addition to those circulated in the bound volumes
+of the 'Transactions'; and in this way any value these
+works may have is considerably enhanced. If it should be decided<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">42</a></span>
+to continue the large form, at all events it will be in the
+interest of the society, and of the author of any monograph or
+history of more than ordinary value, to print it not only in the
+'Transactions' but also in a smaller volume for general circulation.
+Practically this would meet the object in view&mdash;the larger
+distribution of the best work of the section devoted to historical
+and general literature. But whether this change is adopted or
+not,<a name="FNanchor_61_75" id="FNanchor_61_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_75" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> I think the Royal Society, by showing even still greater
+zeal and earnestness in the work for which it was founded, by
+co-operating with scholars and students throughout the Dominion,
+by showing every possible sympathy with all those engaged
+in the work of art, culture and education, can look forward hopefully
+to the future; and all it asks from the Canadian public at
+large is confidence in its work and objects, which are in no sense
+selfish or exclusive, but are influenced by a sincere desire to do
+what it can to promote historic truth and scientific research, and
+give a stimulus in this way to the intellectual development of
+this young Dominion, yet in the infancy of its literary life.<a name="FNanchor_F_6" id="FNanchor_F_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_6" class="fnanchor">[F]</a></p>
+
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_F_6" id="Footnote_F_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_6"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> In the course of a speech by the Earl of Derby, in answer to a farewell address
+from the Royal Society, he took occasion to make some remarks with reference
+to its work and usefulness, which have been given in full in the Appendix
+(Note <a name="FNanchor_58A_72" id="FNanchor_58A_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_58A_72" class="fnanchor">58<i>a</i></a>) as the impartial opinion of a governor-general who always took a deep
+interest in all matters affecting the intellectual as well as material development of
+the Dominion.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2><a name="VIII" id="VIII"></a>VIII.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>This necessarily brief review of the work of the Royal Society
+could not well be left out of an address like this; and I can
+now pass on to some reflections that occur to me on the general
+subject.</p>
+
+<p>In the literature of biography, so susceptible of a treatment
+full of human interests and sympathies&mdash;as chatty Boswell's
+"Life of Johnson," and Lockhart's "Life of Scott," notably illustrate&mdash;we
+have little to show, except it be the enterprise of publishers
+and the zeal of too enthusiastic friends. Nor is it necessary
+to dwell on the literature of the law, which is becoming in a measure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a></span>
+more of a technical and less of a learned profession in the
+larger sense, unless, indeed, our university schools of political
+science eventually elevate it to a wider range of thought. Several
+excellent books of a purely technical character have been
+compiled from year to year, but no Kent, or Story, or Cooley has
+yet appeared to instruct us by a luminous exposition of principle,
+or breadth of knowledge. Those who know anything of Dr. Edward
+Blake's great intellectual power, of his wealth of legal
+learning, of his insight into the operations of political constitutions,
+cannot deny that he at least could produce a work which
+might equal in many respects those of the great Americans here
+named; but it looks very much at present as if he, and others
+I could mention, will give up their best years to the absorbing
+and uncertain struggles of politics, rather than to the literature
+of that profession to which they might, under different conditions,
+raise imperishable memorials. From the pulpit many of us hear
+from time to time eloquent and well reasoned efforts which tell
+us how much even the class, necessarily most conservative in its
+traditions, and confined in its teachings, has been forced by modern
+tendencies to enlarge its human sympathies and widen its
+intellectual horizon; but the published sermons are relatively
+few in number; and while, now and then, at intervals, after a
+public celebration, an important anniversary or ceremonial, or as
+a sequence of a controversy on the merits or demerits of creed or
+dogma, we see a pile of pamphlets on the counter of a bookstore,
+we do not hear of any printed book of sermons that appears to
+have entered of recent years into the domain of human thought
+and discussion in the great world beyond our territorial limits.</p>
+
+<p>I shall not attempt to dwell at any length on the intellectual
+standard of our legislative bodies, but shall confine myself to a
+few general observations that naturally suggest themselves to an
+observer of our political conditions. Now, as in all times of our
+history, political life claims many strong, keen and cultured intellects,
+although it is doubtful whether the tendency of our
+democratic institutions is to encourage the most highly educated
+organizations to venture, or remain, should once they venture, in
+the agitated and unsafe sea of political passion and controversy.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span>
+The first parliament of the Dominion, and the first legislatures
+of the provinces, which met after the federal union of 1867,
+when the system of dual representation was permissible&mdash;a system
+whose advantages are more obvious now&mdash;brought into
+public life the most brilliant and astute intellects of Canada, and
+it will probably be a long time before we shall again see assemblages
+so distinguished for oratory, humour and intellectual
+power. A federal system was, doubtless, the only one feasible
+under the racial and natural conditions that met the Quebec
+Conference of 1864; but, while admitting its political necessity,
+we cannot conceal from ourselves the fact that the great drain
+its numerous legislative bodies and governments make upon the
+mental resources of a limited population&mdash;a drain increased by
+the abolition of dual representation&mdash;is calculated to weaken our
+intellectual strength in our legislative halls, when a legislative
+union would in the nature of things concentrate that strength in
+one powerful current of activity and thought. A population of
+five millions of people has to provide not only between six and
+seven hundred representatives, who must devote a large amount
+of time to the public service for inadequate compensation, but
+also lieutenant-governors, judges and high officials, holding positions
+requiring intellectual qualifications as well as business
+capacity if they are properly filled. Apart from these considerations,
+it must be remembered that the opportunities of acquiring
+wealth and success in business or professional vocations
+have naturally increased with the material development of the
+Dominion, and that men of brains have consequently even less
+inducement than formerly to enter on the uncertain and too
+often ungrateful pursuit of politics. We have also the danger
+before us that it will be with us, as it is in the United States
+and even in England under the new conditions that are rapidly
+developing there; the professional politician, who is too often
+the creation of factions and cliques, and the lower influences of
+political intrigue and party management, will be found, as time
+passes, more common in our legislative halls, to the detriment of
+those higher ideals that should be the animating principles of
+public life in this young country, whose future happiness and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">45</a></span>
+greatness depend so much on the present methods of party government.
+Be all this as it may be, one may still fairly claim
+for our legislative bodies that their intellectual standard can
+compare favourably with that of the Congress at Washington or
+the state legislatures of Massachusetts and New England generally.
+After all, it is not for brilliant intellectual pyrotechnics
+we should now so much look to the legislative bodies of Canada,
+but rather for honesty of purpose, keen comprehension of the
+public interests, and a business capacity which can grasp the
+actual material wants and necessities of a country which has to
+face the competition, and even opposition, of a great people full
+of industrial as well as intellectual energy.</p>
+
+<p>Nowhere in this review have I claimed for this country any
+very striking results in the course of the half century since which
+we have shown so much political and material activity. I cannot
+boast that we have produced a great poem or a great history
+which has attracted the attention of the world beyond us, and
+assuredly we find no noteworthy attempt in the direction of a
+novel of our modern life; but what I do claim is, looking at the
+results generally, the work we have done has been sometimes
+above the average in those fields of literature&mdash;and here I include,
+necessarily, science&mdash;in which Canadians have worked.
+They have shown in many productions a conscientious spirit of
+research, patient industry, and not a little literary skill in the
+management of their material. I think, on the whole, there have
+been enough good poems, histories and essays written and published
+in Canada for the last four or five decades to prove that
+there has been a steady intellectual growth on the part of our
+people, and that it has kept pace at all events with the mental
+growth in the pulpit, or in the legislative halls, where, of late
+years, a keen practical debating style has taken the place of the
+more rhetorical and studied oratory of old times. I believe the
+intellectual faculties of Canadians only require larger opportunities
+for their exercise to bring forth a rich fruition. I believe the
+progress in the years to come will be far greater than that we
+have yet shown, and that necessarily so, with the wider distribution
+of wealth, the dissemination of a higher culture, and a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span>
+greater confidence in our own mental strength, and in the resources
+that this country offers to pen and pencil. The time will
+come when that great river, associated with memories of Cartier,
+Champlain, La Salle, Frontenac, Wolfe and Montcalm,&mdash;that river
+already immortalized in history by the pen of Parkman&mdash;will be
+as noted in song and story as the Rhine, and will have its Irving
+to make it as famous as the lovely Hudson.</p>
+
+<p>Of course there are many obstacles in the way of successful
+literary pursuits in Canada. Our population is still small, and
+separated into two distinct nationalities, who for the most part
+necessarily read books printed in their own tongue. A book
+published in Canada then has a relatively limited <i>client&#232;le</i> in the
+country itself, and cannot meet much encouragement from publishers
+in England or in the United States who have advantages
+for placing their own publications which no Canadian can have
+under existing conditions. Consequently an author of ambition
+and merit should perforce look for publishers outside his own
+country if he is to expect anything like just appreciation, or to
+have a fair chance of reaching that literary world which alone
+gives fame in the true sense. It must be admitted too that so
+much inferior work has at times found its way from Canada to
+other countries that publishers are apt to look askance at a book
+when it is offered to them from the colonies. Still, while this
+may at times operate against making what is a fairly good bargain
+with the publisher&mdash;and many authors, of course, believe
+with reason that a publisher, as a rule, never makes a good bargain
+with an author, and certainly not with a new one&mdash;a good
+book will sooner or later assert itself whenever Canadians write
+such a book. Let Canadians then persevere conscientiously and
+confidently in their efforts to break through the indifference which
+at present tends to cramp their efforts and dampen their energy.
+It is a fashion with some colonial writers to believe that there
+is a settled determination on the part of English critics to ignore
+their best work, when, perhaps, in the majority of cases it is the
+lack of good work that is at fault. Such a conclusion sometimes
+finds an argument in the fact that, when so able a Canadian as
+Edward Blake enters the legislative halls of England, some ill-natured<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">47</a></span>
+critic, who represents a spirit of insular English snobbery,
+has only a sneer for "this Canadian lawyer" who had
+better "stay at home," and not presume to think that he, a mere
+colonist, could have anything to say in matters affecting the good
+government of the British Empire. But the time has long since
+passed for sneers at colonial self-government or colonial intellect,
+and we are more likely hereafter to have a Canadian House of
+Commons held up as a model of decorum for so-called English
+gentlemen. Such able and impartial critical journals as <i>The
+Athen&#230;um</i> are more ready to welcome than ignore a good book in
+these days of second-rate literature in England itself. If we produce
+such a good book as Mrs. Campbell Praed's "Australian
+Life," or Tasma's "Uncle Piper of Piper's Hill," we may be sure
+the English papers will do us justice. Let me frankly insist that
+we have far too much hasty and slovenly literary work done in
+Canada. The literary canon which every ambitious writer should
+have ever in his mind has been stated by no less an authority
+than Sainte-Beuve: "Devoted to my profession as a critic, I have
+tried to be more and more a good and if possible an able workman."
+A good style means artistic workmanship. It is too soon
+for us in this country to look for a Matthew Arnold or a Sainte-Beuve&mdash;such
+great critics are generally the results, and not the
+forerunners, of a great literature; but at least if we could have
+in the present state of our intellectual development, a criticism in
+the press which would be truthful and just, the essential characteristics
+of the two authors I have named, the effect would be
+probably in the direction of encouraging promising writers, and
+weeding out some literary dabblers. "What I have wished,"
+said the French critic, "is to say not a word more than I thought,
+to stop even a little short of what I believed in certain cases, in
+order that my words might acquire more weight as historical testimony."
+Truth tempered by consideration for literary genius is
+the essence of sound criticism.</p>
+
+<p>We all know that the literary temperament is naturally sensitive
+to anything like indifference and is too apt, perhaps, to
+exaggerate the importance of its calling in the prosaic world in
+which it is exercised. The pecuniary rewards are so few, relatively,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">48</a></span>
+in this country, that the man of imaginative mind&mdash;the
+purely literary worker&mdash;naturally thinks that he can, at least, ask
+for generous appreciation. No doubt he thinks, to quote a passage
+from a clever Australian novel&mdash;"The Australian Girl"&mdash;"Genius
+has never been truly acclimatized by the world. The
+Philistines always long to put out the eyes of poets and make
+them grind corn in Gaza." But it is well always to remember
+that a great deal of rough work has to be done in a country like
+Canada before its Augustan age can come. No doubt literary
+stimulus must be more or less wanting in a colony where there
+is latent at times in some quarters a want of self-confidence in
+ourselves and in our institutions, arising from that sense of dependency
+and habit of imitation and borrowing from others that
+is a necessity of a colonial condition. The tendency of the absence
+of sufficient self-assertion is to cramp intellectual exertion, and
+make us believe that success in literature can only be achieved
+in the old countries of Europe. That spirit of all-surrounding
+materialism to which Lowell has referred must also always exercise
+a certain sinister influence in this way&mdash;an influence largely
+exerted in Ontario&mdash;but despite all this we see that even among
+our neighbours it has not prevented the growth of a literary class
+famous for its intellectual successes in varied fields of literature.
+It is for Canadian writers to have always before them a high ideal,
+and remember that literature does best its duty&mdash;to quote the
+eloquent words of Ruskin&mdash;"in raising our fancy to the height of
+what may be noble, honest and felicitous in actual life; in giving
+us, though we may be ourselves poor and unknown, the companionship
+of the wisest spirits of every age and country, and in
+aiding the communication of clear thoughts and faithful purposes
+among distant nations, which will at last breathe calm upon the
+sea of lawless passion and change into such halcyon days the
+winter of the world, that the birds of the air may have their nests
+in peace and the Son of Man where to lay his head."</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">49</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="IX" id="IX"></a>IX.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Largely, if not entirely, owing to the expansion of our common
+school system&mdash;admirable in Ontario and Nova Scotia, but
+defective in Quebec&mdash;and the influence of our universities and
+colleges, the average intelligence of the people of this country is
+much higher than it was a very few years ago; but no doubt it
+is with us as with our neighbours&mdash;to quote the words of an eminent
+public speaker whose brilliancy sometimes leads one to forget
+his higher criticism&mdash;I refer to Dr. Chauncey Depew&mdash;"Speed is
+the virtue and vice of our generation. We demand that morning-glories
+and century plants shall submit to the same conditions
+and flower with equal frequency." Even some of our universities
+from which we naturally expect so much seem disposed from
+time to time to lower their standard and yield too readily to the
+demand for purely practical education when, after all, the great
+reason of all education is to draw forth the best qualities of the
+young man, elevate his intelligence, and stimulate his highest
+intellectual forces. The animating principle with the majority of
+people is to make a young man a doctor, a lawyer, an engineer,
+or teach him some other vocation as soon as possible, and the tendency
+is to consider any education that does not immediately
+effect that result as superfluous. Whilst every institution of
+learning must necessarily yield something to this pervading
+spirit of immediate utility, it would be a mistake to sacrifice all
+the methods and traditions of the past when sound scholars at
+least were made, and the world had so many men famous in
+learning, in poetry, in romance, and in history. For one I range
+myself among those who, like James Russell Lowell and Matthew
+Arnold, still consider the conscientious and intelligent study of
+the ancient classics&mdash;the humanities as they are called&mdash;as best
+adapted to create cultured men and women, and as the noblest
+basis on which to build up even a practical education with which
+to earn bread and capture the world. Goldwin Smith very truly
+says, "A romantic age stands in need of science, a scientific and
+utilitarian age stands in need of the humanities."<a name="FNanchor_62_76" id="FNanchor_62_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_76" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> The study of
+Greek, above all others of the humanities, is calculated to stimulate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">50</a></span>
+the higher qualities of our nature. As Matthew Arnold adds
+in the same discourse from which I have quoted, "The instinct
+for beauty is set in human nature, as surely as the instinct for
+knowledge is set there, or the instinct for conduct. If the instinct
+for beauty is served by Greek literature and art as it is served by
+no other literature or art, we may trust to the instinct of self-preservation
+in humanity for keeping Greek as part of our culture."
+With the same great critic and thinker, I hope that in
+Canada "Greek will be increasingly studied as men feel the need
+in them for beauty, and how powerfully Greek art and Greek
+literature can serve this need." We are as respects the higher
+education of this country in that very period which Arnold saw
+ahead for America&mdash;"a period of unsettlement and confusion and
+false tendency"&mdash;a tendency to crowd into education too many
+matters; and it is for this reason I venture to hope that letters
+will not be allowed to yield entirely to the necessity for practical
+science, the importance of which I fully admit, while deprecating
+it being made the dominant principle in our universities. If we
+are to come down to the lower grades of our educational system
+I might also doubt whether despite all its decided advantages
+for the masses&mdash;its admirable machinery and apparatus, its comfortable
+school-houses, its varied systematic studies from form to
+form and year to year, its well managed normal and model schools,
+its excellent teachers&mdash;there are not also signs of superficiality.
+The tendency of the age is to become rich fast, to get as much
+knowledge as possible within a short time, and the consequence
+of this is to spread far too much knowledge over a limited ground&mdash;to
+give a child too many subjects, and to teach him a little of
+everything. These are days of many cyclop&#230;dias, historical summaries,
+scientific digests, reviews of reviews, French in a few lessons,
+and interest tables. All is digested and made easy to the
+student. Consequently not a little of the production of our schools
+and of some of our colleges may be compared to a veneer of knowledge,
+which easily wears off in the activities of life, and leaves
+the roughness of the original and cheaper material very perceptible.
+One may well believe that the largely mechanical system
+and materialistic tendency of our education has some effect in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">51</a></span>
+checking the development of a really original and imaginative
+literature among us. Much of our daily literature&mdash;indeed the
+chief literary aliment of large classes of our busy population is
+the newspaper press, which illustrates in many ways the haste
+and pressure of this life of ours in a country of practical needs like
+Canada. When we consider the despatch with which a large
+newspaper has to be made up, how reports are caught on the
+wing and published without sufficient verification, how editorials
+have to be written <i>currente calamo</i>, and often after midnight when
+important despatches come in, we may well wonder that the daily
+issue of a newspaper is so well done. With the development of
+confederation the leading Canadian papers have taken, through
+the influence of the new condition of things, a larger range of
+thought and expression, and the gross personalities which so frequently
+discredited the press before 1867 have now become the
+exception. If I might refer to an old and enterprising paper as
+an example of the new order of things, I should point to the
+Toronto <i>Globe</i> under its present editorial management and compare
+it with two or three decades ago. It will be seen there is a
+deeper deference to an intelligent public opinion by an acknowledgment
+of the right of a community to hear argument and
+reason even on matters of party politics, and to have fair reports
+of speeches on both sides of a question. In point of appearance,
+make-up, and varied literary matter&mdash;especially in its literary
+department, its criticisms of new books in all branches of literature&mdash;the
+Australasian press is decidedly superior to that of
+Canada as a rule. The Melbourne <i>Argus</i> and the Sydney <i>Herald</i>
+compare with the best London journals, and the reason is mainly
+because there is no country press in Australia to limit the enterprise
+and energy of a newspaper publisher. Perhaps it is as well
+for the general instruction of a community like ours that there
+should be a large and active country press, and the people not
+too much under the guidance of a few great journals in important
+centres of political thought and action. For one I have more faith
+in the good sense and reason of the community as a whole than
+in the motives and disinterestedness of a few leaders in one or
+more cities or towns. But I must also add that when we consider<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">52</a></span>
+the influence a widely disseminated press like that of Canada
+must exercise on the opinions and sentiments of the large body
+of persons of whom it is the principal or only literature, one
+must wish that there was more independence of thought and
+honesty of criticism as well as a greater willingness, or capacity
+rather, to study a high ideal on the part of the press generally.
+However improved the tone of the Canadian press may have become
+of late years, however useful it may be as a daily record
+of passing events&mdash;of course, outside of party politics&mdash;however
+ably it may discuss in its editorial columns the topics of the day,
+it is not yet an influence always calculated to strengthen the
+mind and bring out the best intellectual faculties of a reader like
+a book which is the result of calm reflection, sound philosophic
+thought, originality of idea, or the elevated sentiment of the great
+poet or the historian. As a matter of fact a newspaper is too
+often in Canada a reflex of the average rather than of the higher
+intelligence of the country, and on no other ground can we explain
+the space devoted to a football match, or a prize fight, or a
+murder trial, or degrading incidents in the criminal life of men
+and women. For one, I am an admirer of athletic and other
+sports calculated to develop health and muscle, as long as they
+are not pursued to extremes, do not become the end and aim of
+youth, or allowed to degenerate into brutality. All of us do not
+forget the great influence of the Olympian, the Pythian and other
+public games on the Greek character when the land was "living
+Greece" indeed; but we must also remember that art and song
+had a part in those contests of athletes, that they even inspired
+the lyric odes of Pindar, that the poet there recited his drama or
+epic, the painter exhibited his picture, and the intellectual was
+made a part of the physical struggle in those palmy days of Greek
+culture. I have not yet heard that any Canadian poet or painter
+or historian has ever been so honoured, or asked to take part in
+those athletic games and sports to which our public journals devote
+a number of pages which have not yet been set apart for
+Canadian or any literature. The newspaper reporter is nowadays
+the only representative of literature in our Pythia or Olympia,
+and he assuredly cannot be said to be a Pindaric singer when he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">53</a></span>
+exalts the triumphs of lacrosse or the achievements of the baseball
+champion.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2><a name="X" id="X"></a>X.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>In drawing to a conclusion I come now to refer to a subject
+which is naturally embraced in an address intended to review
+the progress of culture in this country, and that is what should
+have, perhaps, been spoken of before, the condition of Art in the
+Dominion. As our public libraries<a name="FNanchor_63_77" id="FNanchor_63_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_77" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> are small compared with
+those in the neighbouring union, and confined to three or four
+cities&mdash;Montreal being in some respects behind Toronto&mdash;so our
+public and private art galleries are very few in number and insignificant
+as respects the value and the greatness of the paintings.
+Even in the House of Commons, not long since, regret was
+expressed at the smallness of the Dominion contribution, one
+thousand dollars only, for the support of a so-called National Art
+Gallery at Ottawa, and the greater part of this paltry sum, it
+appeared, went to pay, not the addition of good paintings, but
+actually the current expenses of keeping it up. Hopes were
+thrown out by more than one member of the government, in the
+course of the discussion on the subject, that ere long a much
+larger amount would be annually voted to make the gallery
+more representative of the best Canadian art, and it was very
+properly suggested that it should be the rule to purchase a number
+of Canadian pictures regularly every year, and in this way
+stimulate the talent of our artists. Montreal at present has one
+fairly good museum of art, thanks to the liberality of two or three
+of her rich men, but so public spirited a city as Toronto, which
+numbers among its citizens a number of artists of undoubted
+merit, is conspicuous for its dearth of good pictures even in private
+collections, and for the entire absence of any public gallery.
+In Montreal there are also some very valuable and representative
+paintings of foreign artists in the residences of her wealthy men
+of business; but whilst it is necessary that we should have
+brought to this country from time to time such examples of artistic
+genius to educate our own people for better things, it is still
+desirable that Canadian millionaires and men of means and taste<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">54</a></span>
+should encourage the best efforts of our own artists. It is said
+sometimes&mdash;and there is some truth in the remark&mdash;that Canadian
+art hitherto has been imitative rather than creative; but
+while we have pictures like those of L. R. O'Brien, W. Brymner,
+F. A. Verner, O. R. Jacobi, George Reid, F. M. Bell-Smith, Homer
+Watson, W. Raphael, Robert Harris, C. M. Manly, J. W. L. Forster,
+A. D. Patterson, Miss Bell, Miss Muntz, J. Pinhey, J. C. Forbes,
+Paul Peel&mdash;a young man of great promise too soon cut off&mdash;and of
+other excellent painters,<a name="FNanchor_64_78" id="FNanchor_64_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_78" class="fnanchor">[64]</a><a name="FNanchor_G_7" id="FNanchor_G_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_G_7" class="fnanchor">[G]</a> native born or adopted Canadians,
+illustrating in many cases, as do those of Mr. O'Brien notably, the
+charm and picturesqueness of Canadian scenery, it would seem
+that only sufficient encouragement is needed to develop a higher
+order of artistic performance among us. The Marquess of Lorne
+and the Princess Louise, during their too short residence in the
+Dominion, did something to stimulate a larger and better taste
+for art by the establishment of a Canadian Academy and the holding
+of several exhibitions; but such things can be of little practical
+utility if Canadians do not encourage the artists who are to
+contribute. It is to be hoped that the same spirit of generosity
+which is yearly building commodious science halls, and otherwise
+giving our universities additional opportunities for usefulness,
+will also ere long establish at least one fine art gallery in
+each of the older provinces, to illustrate not simply English and
+Foreign art, but the most original and highly executed work of
+Canadians themselves. Such galleries are so many object lessons&mdash;like
+that wondrous "White City" which has arisen by a
+western lake as suddenly as the palaces of eastern story&mdash;to educate
+the eye, form the taste and develop the higher faculties of
+our nature amid the material surroundings of our daily life. No
+doubt the creative and imaginative faculties of our people have
+not yet been developed to any noteworthy extent; the poems and
+paintings of native Canadians too frequently lack, and the little
+fiction so far written is entirely destitute of the essential elements
+of successful and permanent work in art and literature. But the
+deficiency in this respect has arisen not from the poverty of Canadian<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span>
+intellect, but rather from the absence of that general distribution
+of wealth on which art can alone thrive, the consequent
+want of galleries to cultivate a taste among the people for the
+best artistic productions, and above all from the existence of that
+spirit of intellectual self-depreciation which is essentially colonial,
+and leads not a few to believe that no good work of this kind can
+be done in mere dependencies.</p>
+
+<p>The exhibition of American art at the world's fair is remarkable
+on the whole for individual expression, excellent colour and
+effective composition. It proves to a demonstration that the
+tendency is progressive, and that it is not too much to expect
+that a few decades hence this continent will produce a Corot, a
+Daubigny, a Bonnat, a Bouguereau or a Millais. Not the least
+gratifying feature of the exhibition has been the revelation to the
+foreign world&mdash;and probably to many Canadians as well&mdash;that
+there is already some artistic performance of a much higher order
+than was believed to exist in Canada, and that it has been
+adjudged worthy of special mention among the masterpieces that
+surround the paintings of our artists. This success, very moderate
+as it is, must stimulate Canadian painters to still greater
+efforts in the future, and should help to create a wider interest
+in their work among our own people, heretofore too indifferent
+to the labours of men and women, whose rewards have been
+small in comparison with the conscientiousness and earnestness
+they have given to the prosecution of their art.</p>
+
+<p>The opportunities which Canadian artists have had of comparing
+their own work with that of the most artistic examples at
+the exhibition should be beneficial if they have made of them
+the best possible use. American and French art was particularly
+well represented at the exhibition, and was probably most interesting
+from a Canadian point of view, since our artists would
+naturally make comparisons with their fellow-workers on this
+continent, and at the same time closely study the illustrations of
+those French schools which now attract the greater number of
+students from this country, and have largely influenced&mdash;perhaps
+too much so at times&mdash;the later efforts of some well-known painters
+among us. A writer in the New York <i>Nation</i> has made some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span>
+comparisons between the best works of the artists of France and
+the United States, which are supported by the testimony of critics
+who are able to speak with authority on the subject. The French
+notably excel "in seriousness of purpose and general excellence
+of work from a technical point of view, especially in the thorough
+knowledge of construction in both the figure and landscape pictures."
+On the other hand, the artists of the United States
+"show more diversity of aim and individuality of expression, as
+well as colour feeling." Some two or three Canadian artists give
+examples of those very qualities&mdash;especially in their landscapes&mdash;which,
+according to the New York critic, distinguish the illustrations
+of the art of the United States. As a rule, however, there
+is a want of individuality of expression, and of perfection of
+finish, in the work of Canadian artists, as even their relatively
+imperfect representation at Chicago has shown. The tendency
+to be imitative rather than creative is too obvious. Canadian
+painters show even a readiness to leave their own beautiful and
+varied scenery that they may portray that of other countries, and
+in doing so they have ceased in many cases to be original. But
+despite these defects, there is much hope in the general performance
+of Canadians even without that encouragement and sympathy
+which the artists of the United States have in a larger
+measure been able to receive in a country of greater wealth, population
+and intellectual culture.</p>
+
+<p>Not only does the exhibition of paintings in the world's fair
+make one very hopeful of the future artistic development of this
+continent, but the beauty of the architectural design of the noble
+buildings which contain the treasures of art and industry, and
+of the decorative figures and groups of statuary that embellish
+these buildings and the surrounding grounds, is a remarkable
+illustration of the artistic genius that has produced so exquisite
+an effect in general, whatever defects there may be in minor
+details. A critic in the July number of the 'Quarterly Review,'
+while writing "in the presence of these lovely temples, domes,
+and colonnades under the burning American sky which adds a
+light and a transparency to all it rests upon," cannot help echoing
+the regret that this vision of beauty is but for a season, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">57</a></span>
+expressing the hope that some one of the American money kings
+"may perpetuate his name on marble, by restoring, on the edge
+of this immense capital, amid parks and waters, that great central
+square which, were it only built of enduring materials, would
+stand without a rival in modern architecture." Perhaps the fine
+arts in the Dominion&mdash;where sculpture would be hardly heard
+of were it not for the French Canadian H&#233;bert&mdash;may themselves
+even gain some stimulus from the examples of a higher conception
+of artistic achievement that is shown by this exhibition to exist
+in a country where a spirit of materialism has obtained the mastery
+so long. Canadian architecture hitherto has not been distinguished
+for originality of design&mdash;much more than art it has
+been imitative. In Montreal and Quebec the old buildings which
+represent the past have no architectural beauty, however interesting
+they may be to the antiquarian or the historian, and however
+well many of them harmonize with the heights of picturesque
+Quebec. Montreal is assuredly the most interesting city
+from an architectural point of view in Canada, simply for the
+reason that its architects have, as a rule, studied that effect of
+solidity and simplicity of design most in keeping with the grand
+mountain and the natural scenery that give such picturesqueness
+to an exceptionally noble site. While we see all over Canada&mdash;from
+Victoria on the Pacific to Halifax on the Atlantic<a name="FNanchor_64A_79" id="FNanchor_64A_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_64A_79" class="fnanchor">[64<i>a</i>]</a><a name="FNanchor_H_8" id="FNanchor_H_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_H_8" class="fnanchor">[H]</a>&mdash;the
+evidences of greater comfort, taste and wealth in our private and
+public buildings, while we see many elaborate specimens of ecclesiastical
+art, stately piles of legislative halls, excellent specimens
+of Gothic and Tudor art in our colleges, expensive commercial
+and financial structures, and even civic palaces, yet they are
+often illustrative of certain well defined and prevalent types of
+architecture in the eastern and western cities of the United
+States. It cannot be said that Canada has produced an architect
+of original genius like Henry Hobson Richardson, who was cut
+off in the commencement of his career, but not before he had given
+the continent some admirable specimens of architectural art, in
+which his study of the Romanesque was specially conspicuous,
+and probably led the way to a higher ideal which has reached some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">58</a></span>
+realization in the city which must too soon disappear like the
+fabric of a vision, though one can well believe that, unlike a
+dream, it will leave a permanent impress on the intellectual
+development of the people who have conceived an exhibition so
+creditable from a purely artistic point of view.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_G_7" id="Footnote_G_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_G_7"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> Some extended notes on the artists of Canada and their work appear in
+the Appendix, <a href="#Footnote_64_78">note 64</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_H_8" id="Footnote_H_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_H_8"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> See in <a href="#Footnote_64A_79">Appendix 64<i>a</i></a> references to our notable public edifices.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2><a name="XI" id="XI"></a>XI.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The Dominion of Canada possesses a noble heritage which
+has descended to us as the result of the achievement of Frenchmen,
+Englishmen, Scotchmen, and Irishmen, who through centuries
+of trial and privation, showed an indomitable courage,
+patience and industry which it is our duty to imitate with the
+far greater opportunities we now enjoy of developing the latent
+material and intellectual resources of this fair land. Possessing
+a country rich in natural treasures and a population inheriting
+the institutions, the traditions and qualities of their ancestors,
+having a remarkable capacity for self-government, enjoying exceptional
+facilities for the acquisition of knowledge, having
+before us always the record of difficulties overcome against great
+odds in endeavouring to establish ourselves on this continent,
+we may well in the present be animated by the spirit of hope,
+rather than by that feeling of despair which some despondent
+thinkers and writers have too frequently on their lips when it is
+a question of the destiny in store for Canada. In the course of
+the coming decades&mdash;perhaps in four or five, or less&mdash;Canada
+will probably have determined her destiny&mdash;her position among
+the communities of the world; and, for one, I have no doubt the
+results will be far more gratifying to our national pride than the
+results of even the past thirty years, when we have been laying
+broad and deep the foundations of our present system of government.
+We have reason to believe that the material success of this
+confederation will be fully equalled by the intellectual efforts of
+a people who have sprung from nations whose not least enduring
+fame has been the fact that they have given to the world of
+letters a Shakespeare, a Moli&#232;re, a Montesquieu, a Balzac, a
+Dickens, a Dudevant, a Tennyson, a Victor Hugo, a Longfellow,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span>
+a Hawthorne, a Th&#233;ophile Gauthier, and many other names that
+represent the best literary genius of the English and French races.
+All the evidence before us now goes to prove that the French
+language will continue into an indefinite future to be the language
+of a large and influential section of the population of
+Canada, and that it must consequently exercise a decided influence
+on the culture and intellect of the Dominion. It has been
+within the last four decades that the best intellectual work&mdash;both
+in literature and statesmanship&mdash;has been produced in French
+and English Canada, and the signs of intellectual activity in the
+same direction do not lessen with the expansion of the Dominion.
+The history of England from the day the Norman came into the
+island until he was absorbed in the original Saxon element, is
+not likely to be soon repeated in Canada, but in all probability
+the two nationalities will remain side by side for an unknown
+period to illustrate on the northern half of the continent of America
+the culture and genius of the two strongest and brightest
+powers of civilization. As both of these nationalities have vied
+with each other in the past to build up this confederation on a
+large and generous basis of national strength and greatness, and
+have risen time and again superior to those racial antagonisms
+created by differences of opinion at great crises of our history&mdash;antagonisms
+happily dispelled by the common sense, reason and
+patriotism of men of both races&mdash;so we should in the future hope
+for that friendly rivalry on the part of the best minds among
+French and English Canadians which will best stimulate the
+genius of their people in art, history, poetry and romance. In
+the meantime, while this confederation is fighting its way out of
+its political difficulties, and resolving wealth and refinement
+from the original and rugged elements of a new country, it is for
+the respective nationalities not to stand aloof from one another,
+but to unite in every way possible for common intellectual improvement,
+and give sympathetic encouragement to the study of
+the two languages and to the mental efforts of each other. It
+was on this enlightened principle of sympathetic interest that
+the Royal Society was founded and on which alone it can expect
+to obtain any permanent measure of success. If the English and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">60</a></span>
+French always endeavour to meet each other on this friendly
+basis in all the communities where they live side by side as well
+as on all occasions that demand common thought and action and
+cultivate that social and intellectual intercourse which may at
+all events weld them both as one in spirit and aspiration, however
+different they may continue in language and temperament,
+many prejudices must be removed, social life must gain in charm,
+and intellect must be developed by finding strength where it is
+weak, and grace where it is needed in the mental efforts of the
+two races. If in addition to this widening of the sympathies of
+our two national elements, we can see in the Dominion generally
+less of that provincialism which means a narrowness of mental
+vision on the part of our literary aspirants, and prevents Canadian
+authors reaching a larger audience in other countries, then
+we shall rise superior to those weaknesses of our intellectual
+character which now impede our mental development, and shall
+be able to give larger scope to what original and imaginative
+genius may exist among our people. So with the expansion of
+our mental horizon, with the growth of experience and knowledge,
+with the creation of a wider sympathy for native talent,
+with the disappearance of that tendency to self-depreciation
+which is so essentially colonial, and with the encouragement of
+more self-reliance and confidence in our own intellectual resources,
+we may look forward with some degree of hopefulness
+to conditions of higher development, and to the influence on our
+national character of what can best elevate Canadians and make
+them even happier and wiser,</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"The love of country, soaring far above all party strife;</div>
+  <div class="i0">The love of learning, art and song,&mdash;the crowning grace of life."<a name="FNanchor_65_80" id="FNanchor_65_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_80" class="fnanchor">[65]</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">61</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="BIBLIOGRAPHICAL_ART_AND_GENERAL_NOTES" id="BIBLIOGRAPHICAL_ART_AND_GENERAL_NOTES"></a>BIBLIOGRAPHICAL, ART AND GENERAL NOTES.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center">LOWELL'S ADDRESSES.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_1_9" id="Footnote_1_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_9"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Page 1.&mdash;See "Democracy, and Other Addresses," by James Russell Lowell
+(Boston and New York, 1887) pp. 235&ndash;237. The address at the Harvard Anniversary,
+from which I quote in the commencement of the text, should be carefully read and
+studied by all those who are interested in education and culture in the Dominion,
+and do not wish to see the classics superseded by purely scientific and utilitarian
+theories. "Leave," he said, for instance, "in their traditional pre-eminence those
+arts that were rightly called liberal; those studies that kindle the imagination, and
+through it irradiate the reason: those studies that manumitted the modern mind;
+those in which the brains of the finest temper have found alike their stimulus and
+their repose, taught by them that the power of intellect is heightened in proportion
+as it is made gracious by measure and symmetry. Give us science, too, but give,
+first of all and last of all, the science that ennobles life and makes it generous....
+Many-sidedness of culture makes your vision clearer and keener in particulars.
+For, after all, the noblest definition of Science is that breadth and impartiality of
+view which liberates the mind from specialties, and enables it to organize whatever
+we learn, so that it becomes real Knowledge by being brought into true and helpful
+relation with the rest."</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">JAMESTOWN, VA.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_2_10" id="Footnote_2_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_10"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Page 3.&mdash;"Nothing remains of this famous settlement but the ruins of a
+church tower covered with ivy, and some old tombstones. The tower is crumbling
+year by year, and the roots of trees have cracked the slabs, making great rifts across
+the names of the old Armigers and Honourables. The place is desolate with its
+washing waves and flitting sea-fowl, but possesses a singular attraction. It is one
+of the few localities which recall the first years of American history; but it will not
+recall them much longer. Every distinctive feature of the spot is slowly disappearing.
+The river encroaches year by year, and the ground occupied by the original
+huts is already submerged." Cooke's "Virginia" ('American Commonwealths,'
+1884), p. 19.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">CHAMPLAIN.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_3_11" id="Footnote_3_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_11"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;Editions of Champlain's works appeared at Paris in 1603, 1613, 1619,
+1620, 1627, 1632 and 1640; at Quebec in 1830 and 1870. An English translation was
+published by the Prince Society of Boston in 1878&ndash;80. The Abb&#233; Laverdi&#232;re's edition,
+in six volumes, 4to., (Quebec, 1870), is the most perfect modern publication of the
+works. It printed for the first time the text of the voyage of 1599&ndash;1601. For bibliographical
+notes of Champlain's works see Bourinot's "Cape Breton," 'Trans. Roy.
+Soc. Can.,' vol. ix., Sec. II., App. VIII. (also in separate form, Montreal, 1892);
+Winsor's 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 130&ndash;134; Harrisse's "Notes sur la bibliographie
+de la Nouvelle France."</p>
+
+<p>French Canadian writers like Garneau and Ferland have exhausted the language
+of eulogy in describing the character and life of Samuel Champlain, but no one who
+follows his career can doubt the truth of this latest tribute to the French colonizer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">62</a></span>
+of Canada by Dr. N. E. Dionne in "Samuel Champlain, fondateur de Qu&#233;bec et p&#232;re
+de la Nouvelle France: Histoire de sa vie et de ses voyages," Qu&#233;bec, 1891: "Il poss&#233;dait
+&#224; un haut degr&#233; le g&#233;nie colonisateur, et c'est dans ce r&#244;le, si difficile de tout
+temps, qu'il fit preuve de sagesse et de clairvoyance, et dans le choix des colons, et
+dans la direction qu'il sut imprimer &#224; leurs premiers efforts. L'intelligence de
+Champlain se r&#233;v&#232;le dans de nombreux &#233;crits, o&#249; l'observateur judicieux et p&#233;n&#233;trant
+coudoie le savant et le marin aussi hardi qu'exp&#233;riment&#233;. Comme cosmographe
+il a eu l'immense m&#233;rite d'avoir surpass&#233; tous ses devanciers, par l'abondance
+des descriptions et l'agencement heureux des donn&#233;es g&#233;ographiques. C'est un
+nouveau titre de gloire que l'on doit ajouter &#224; sa couronne resplendissante de tant
+de rayons lumineux. Plusieurs historiens, m&#234;me de ceux qui ne comptent pas parmi
+les admirateurs des &#339;uvres fran&#231;aises, lui out rendu le t&#233;moignage d'avoir fait entrer
+la science cartographique dans une nouvelle &#232;re de progr&#232;s. Naturaliste, g&#233;ographe,
+marin, cosmographe; Champlain &#233;tait tout cela &#224; la fois, et dans une mesure hautement
+remarquable pour l'epoque o&#249; il vivait.... Pas un gouverneur sous
+l'ancien r&#233;gime n'a donn&#233; d'aussi grands exemples de foi, de pi&#233;t&#233;, et de droiture
+d'intention."</p>
+
+<p>It is Captain John Smith of Virginia who, among the colonizers of America, can
+best compare with the founder of Quebec. The following estimate of his character,
+given by the historian George Bancroft (i., 138&ndash;139, ed. of 1866), could be applied in
+almost every particular to the Frenchman; all we need do is to read "New France"
+for "Virginia," "French" for "Saxon," "France" for "England," etc.: "He was
+the father of Virginia, the true leader who first planted the Saxon race within the
+borders of the United States. His judgment had ever been clear in the midst of
+general despondency. He united the highest spirit of adventure with consummate
+powers of action. His courage and self-possession accomplished what others esteemed
+desperate. Fruitful in expedients, he was prompt in execution. Though he had
+been harassed by the persecutions of malignant envy, he never revived the memory
+of the faults of his enemies. He was accustomed to lead, not to send his men to
+danger; would suffer want rather than borrow, and starve sooner than not pay. He
+had nothing counterfeit in his nature, but was open, honest and sincere. He clearly
+discerned that it was the true interest of England not to seek in Virginia for gold
+and hidden wealth, but to enforce regular industry. 'Nothing,' said he, 'is to be
+expected thence but by labour.'"</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">LESCARBOT.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_4_12" id="Footnote_4_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_12"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;Editions of Lescarbot's "Histoire de la Nouvelle France" appeared
+at Paris in 1609, 1611, 1617 and 1618; but the most complete and available modern
+copy is that printed by Tross in three volumes (Paris, 1866). For bibliographical
+notes of Lescarbot's works see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 149&ndash;151; Harrisse's
+"Notes."</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">CHARLEVOIX.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_5_13" id="Footnote_5_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_13"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;Editions of Charlevoix's "Histoire et description g&#233;n&#233;rale de la Nouvelle
+France," etc., appeared at Paris in 1744, three volumes, 4to., and six volumes in
+12mo., with maps. Dr. Shea's admirable English version and annotations were
+printed at New York in six handsome volumes, 1866&ndash;1872. For bibliographical notes
+see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 154, 358.</p>
+</div>
+
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">63</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">HUTCHINSON'S HISTORY.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_6_14" id="Footnote_6_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_14"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;For bibliography of Thomas Hutchinson's excellent "History of
+Massachusetts Bay" (Boston, 1749, 1767, 1795; London, 1750, 1768, 1828, three volumes),
+see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iii., 344. He was royal governor of the province,
+1770&ndash;72, and died near London in 1789.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">SAGARD.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_7_15" id="Footnote_7_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_15"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;Editions of Sagard's works, "Le Grand Voyage," etc., appeared at
+Paris in 1632 and 1636, but Tross printed admirable copies at Paris in 1864&ndash;66. Charlevoix
+has not a favourable judgment of Sagard; but no doubt, while he is diffuse,
+he gives an excellent insight into Indian life and customs. For bibliographical
+notes see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 290&ndash;291; Harrisse's "Notes."</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">P. BOUCHER.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_8_16" id="Footnote_8_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_16"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;Pierre Boucher's "M&#339;urs et productions de la Nouvelle France" appeared
+at Paris in 1664 (sm. 12mo.), and is described by Charlevoix as a faithful, if
+superficial, account of Canada. For bibliographical notes, see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist.
+Am.,' iv., 298; Harrisse's "Notes."</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">JESUIT RELATIONS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_9_17" id="Footnote_9_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_17"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;The Canadian Government published at Quebec in 1858, in three large
+8vo. volumes, a series of the "Relations," from 1611&ndash;1672, and supplemental or complemental
+issues of allied and later "Relations" were printed through the efforts of
+Mr. Lenox, Dr. O'Callaghan and Dr. Shea, of New York. For bibliographical notes
+on these invaluable collections, see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' 290 <i>et seq.</i>; Harrisse's
+"Notes."</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">P&#200;RE DU CREUX.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_10_18" id="Footnote_10_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_18"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;P&#232;re du Creux or Creuxius published his prolix work, "Historia
+Canadensis," with map and illustrations, in Latin, at Paris in 1664. For bibliographical
+notes, see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 296; Harrisse's "Notes." Despite its
+diffusiveness, it has value for the historical students of his times.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">LA POTHERIE.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_11_19" id="Footnote_11_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_19"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;Bacqueville de la Potherie's "Histoire de l'Am&#233;rique Septentrionale
+depuis 1534 jusqu'&#224; 1701" was published first at Paris in 1722, four volumes, 12mo.;
+but a later edition appeared in 1753. Charlevoix's opinion, that it is an undigested
+and ill-written narrative, is prejudiced, as the work is on the whole a useful and exact
+account of the French establishments at Quebec, Montreal and Three Rivers, and
+especially of the condition of the Indians of the time. For bibliographical notes see
+'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 299, 357&ndash;358.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">LAFITAU.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_11A_20" id="Footnote_11A_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11A_20"><span class="label">[11<i>a</i>]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;The following note with respect to this able priest's writing is
+taken from 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 298, 299: "The Jesuit Lafitau published
+at Paris in 1724 his 'M&#339;urs des Sauvages Am&#233;riquains' in two volumes, with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">64</a></span>
+various plates, which in the main is confined to the natives of Canada, where he had
+lived long with the Iroquois. Charlevoix said of his book, twenty years later, 'We
+have nothing so exact on the subject;' and Lafitau continues to hold high rank as
+an original authority, though his book is overlaid with a theory of Tartaric origin of
+the red race. Mr. Parkman calls him 'the most satisfactory of the elder writers.'"
+Garneau, ii., 154, mentions that he discovered in 1716 a plant in the Canadian forests
+which is of the nature of ginseng, which for awhile was a valuable article of export
+to Canton. Eventually it became valueless in China on account of its being prepared
+improperly.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">C. LE CLERCQ.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_12_21" id="Footnote_12_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_21"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;P&#232;re Chrestien Le Clercq's "Etablissement de la Foy" appeared in
+two volumes, 12mo., at Paris in 1691, and an excellent translation by Shea at New
+York in 1881. He also wrote a work, "Nouvelle Relation de la Gasp&#233;sie," which
+was also printed at Paris in 1691. For bibliographical notes see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist.
+Am.,' iv., 291; Harrisse's "Notes."</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">COTTON MATHER'S "MAGNALIA."</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_13_22" id="Footnote_13_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_22"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Page 7.&mdash;For bibliographical notes on this curious <i>olla podrida</i> of religion
+and history see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.' iii., 345; Stevens's "Historical Nuggets,"
+ii., 505.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">Dr. MICHEL SARRAZIN.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_13A_23" id="Footnote_13A_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13A_23"><span class="label">[13<i>a</i>]</span></a> Page 8.&mdash;An interesting account of the life and labours of the eminent
+pioneer of science in Canada, who came to Quebec in 1685 and died there in 1734, will
+be found in the fifth volume of the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.' (section IV.), by the Abb&#233;
+Laflamme. See also Parkman's "Old Regime in Canada," p. 366, <i>n.</i> Also, pp. 390&ndash;393
+for citations from Kalm and Charlevoix as to social condition of the French
+colony. Also, pp. 160&ndash;163 and notes, for an account and references to authorities on
+subject of the Seminary.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">PETER KALM.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_13B_24" id="Footnote_13B_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13B_24"><span class="label">[13<i>b</i>]</span></a> Page 8.&mdash;He was professor of Economy in the University of Aobo, in Swedish
+Finland, and a member of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences. His Travels in
+North America ("In Risa tel Nord America"), 1748&ndash;51, first appeared in Swedish
+(Stockholm, 1753&ndash;61), and subsequently in a translation, with the original somewhat
+abridged, by John Reinhold Forster (Warrington and London, 1770; 2nd ed., 1772).
+A translation in French by L. W. Marchand has also been published, and it is
+from that I quote in the text. (For German and Dutch versions see 'Nar. and Crit.
+Hist. Am.,' v., 244.) I have since found that Forster, in a note (ii., 185, 2nd ed.) on
+the remarks of the Swedish savant with respect to the study of science in the English
+colonies, calls attention to the fact that "Mr. Kalm has forgotten his own assertions
+in the former part of this work." Dr. Colden, Dr. Franklin and Mr. Bartram,
+he continues, "have been the great promoters and investigators of nature in this
+country, and how would the inhabitants have gotten the fine collections of North
+American trees, shrubs and plants, which grow at present almost in every garden,
+and are as if they were naturalized in old England, had they not been assisted by
+their friends and by the curious in North America." Forster also refers to the
+schools, colleges and libraries already existing in the English colonies as evidence
+that Kalm hardly did justice to the men of culture in those countries. No doubt
+La Galissoni&#232;re, Sarrazin, Gauthier, and others created, for a time certainly, much<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">65</a></span>
+interest in the practical pursuit of science in Canada. The interest, however, must
+have been necessarily confined to a very small class in the two or three towns and
+garrisons to which La Galissoni&#232;re's influence extended. Some of the Jesuit priests
+like Lafitau (see note 11<i>a</i>) had a taste for natural history, and have left us much information
+on the subject. But Lafitau, La Galissoni&#232;re, Gauthier, Sarrazin and
+others were not native Canadians, though, like Charlevoix and his predecessors who
+wrote of the country, they have left imperishable memorials connecting their names
+with the literary and scientific history of New France. On the other hand, Franklin,
+Bartram, Stith, the Mathers and Beverley, whose names will be always associated
+with the early culture of science and literature in the old English colonies, were
+American by birth and education. Still these men represented a very insignificant
+influence in the practical, money-making population of New England and the
+middle colonies of which Kalm chiefly spoke. Their influence would be relatively
+trifling compared with that which was necessarily exercised by a governor like
+La Galissoni&#232;re in New France, with its sympathetic officials and priests, and which
+was necessarily contrasted by Kalm with the indifference of the English colonists.
+Kalm failed, however, to recognize the public liberty, commercial enterprise and
+secular education which in New England and other colonial communities gave the
+people the advantage over the habitans and French Canadians generally. Instead,
+the spirit of materialism that was a distinguishing feature of the active, enterprising
+English colonists, must have grated on the susceptibilities of a student like
+Kalm, and prevented him from doing impartial justice to the strong qualities of a
+rising nation.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">SCHOOLS, 1792&ndash;1840.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_14_25" id="Footnote_14_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_25"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Page 9.&mdash;For accounts of the deplorable condition of the public schools in the
+rural districts of Upper Canada from 1791 to the union of 1841 see Canniff's "History
+of the Province of Ontario" (Toronto, 1872). Canniff Haight's "Country Life in
+Canada Fifty Years Ago" (Toronto, 1885), and Bourinot's "Intellectual Development
+of the Canadian People" (12mo., Toronto, and 'Canadian Monthly,' 1881). At the
+present time there are 14 universities and 29 colleges in which a classical education
+is given; 6 ladies' colleges, and 5 agricultural colleges and schools of science. The
+value of their buildings, endowments, etc., is upwards of $12,000,000, and the attendance
+is about 9,000 students. The classical colleges of Quebec&mdash;which make up the
+greater number of the colleges in Canada&mdash;are a combination of school and college
+attended by both boys and young men. They confer certain degrees and are generally
+affiliated with Laval University. The effect of the classical studies encouraged
+in these colleges is very perceptible in the culture of the well educated French Canadian.
+At present there are in Canada upwards of 17,000 public, high, normal, and
+model schools, attended by about 1,000,000 pupils, and costing a total annual expenditure
+of between six and seven millions of dollars. In Ontario (once Upper Canada)
+there are 16 universities and colleges, including ladies' and agricultural colleges;
+about 6,000 schools of all kinds, attended by over 500,000 pupils, and costing annually
+over $4,000,000. See "The Statistical Year-Book of Canada," Ottawa, 1893.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">UPPER CANADA, 1793&ndash;1840.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_15_26" id="Footnote_15_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_26"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Page 9.&mdash;Some interesting details of the early settlement of Ontario will be
+found in Dr. Canniff's "History of Ontario" (Toronto, 1872). As a local record or
+annals it is the most valuable yet given to the public by a descendant of the pioneers
+and U. E. Loyalists. Canniff Haight's "Country Life in Canada Fifty Years Ago"
+is a readable and sketchy account of old times.</p>
+</div>
+
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">66</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">CANADIAN JOURNALISM.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_16_27" id="Footnote_16_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_27"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Page 10.&mdash;A brief historical sketch of Canadian journalism will be found in
+Bourinot's "Intellectual Development of the Canadian People" (Toronto, 1881); also
+in Dr. Canniff's "History of the Province of Ontario" (Toronto, 1872), and in "Sketch
+of Canadian Journalism," by E. B. Biggar, "Canadian Newspaper Directory" (Montreal,
+1892). Some of the statements in this article appear to require verification. I
+have now in my possession a copy of the 'York Gazette' printed in July, 1815, though
+Mr. Biggar states that no paper was published in York after the capture of the town
+by the American troops and the destruction of the press and type, in 1813, until 1817.
+The 'York Gazette' was originally the 'Upper Canada Gazette, or American Oracle,'
+first printed in 1793 at Niagara (Newark), when it was the political capital of Upper
+Canada after the passage of the Constitutional Act of 1791. It was removed to York
+(Toronto) in 1800, and became the 'York Gazette' a few years later. At the present
+time there are in Ontario alone, of daily papers, 47; weekly, 386. In the Dominion
+there are 98 daily papers, 1,035 weekly, bi-weekly, monthly, etc. In 1838 there were
+in all British North America not more than 70 papers, of which 38 were in Upper
+Canada. In 1864 the total was about a quarter of the present number.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">HOWE'S SPEECHES.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_17_28" id="Footnote_17_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_28"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Page 11.&mdash;Joseph Howe's speeches were printed at Boston in 1858, two volumes,
+8vo. For bibliographical notes see 'Am. Hist. Ass. Papers, 1892,' p. 396, at end
+of Bourinot's "Parliamentary Government in Canada."</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">"SAM SLICK."</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_18_29" id="Footnote_18_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_29"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Page 11.&mdash;Judge Haliburton's famous work has the title, "The Clockmaker;
+or, Sayings and Doings of Sam Slick of Slickville." London and Halifax, 1st ser.
+1837, 2nd ser. 1838, 3rd ser. 1840. Reprinted 1838&ndash;1843, three volumes. New edition
+1845. Several later cheap English and American editions have appeared from time
+to time. A bibliography and sketch of the judge's life, written probably by his son,
+Robert G., appears in the "Bibliotheca Canadensis" (Ottawa, 1872). The humorous
+sketches, to which he chiefly owes his fame, were contributed anonymously to the
+'Nova Scotian,' then edited by Joseph Howe. The paper is still in existence as a
+weekly edition of the 'Morning Chronicle' of Halifax. The judge was educated in
+old King's College, Windsor. See <i>infra</i>, note 31.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">JUDGE HALIBURTON'S HISTORY.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_19_30" id="Footnote_19_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_30"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Page 12.&mdash;"An Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia," with maps
+and engravings. Halifax, two volumes, large 8vo. For bibliographical note see
+Bourinot's "Cape Breton," App. X. A complete copy, with maps and illustrations,
+is now becoming rare.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">W. SMITH'S HISTORY.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_20_31" id="Footnote_20_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_31"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Page 12.&mdash;"The History of Canada, from its First Discovery to the Peace of
+1763; and from the Establishment of the Civil Government in 1764 to the Establishment
+of the Constitution in 1796." By William Smith, Esquire, Clerk of the Parliament
+and Master in Chancery of the Province of Lower Canada. "Ne quid falsi
+dicere audeat, ne quid veri non audeat." In two volumes, large 8vo. (Quebec, 1815.)
+He was a son of the historian of the province of New York, who after the war of the
+revolution became chief justice of Canada.</p>
+</div>
+
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">67</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">JOSEPH BOUCHETTE.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_21_32" id="Footnote_21_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_32"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Page 12.&mdash;The works of this eminent Canadian surveyor and hydrographer
+appeared under the following titles:</p>
+
+<p>1. "A Topographical Description of the Province of Lower Canada, with remarks
+upon Upper Canada and on the relative connection of both Provinces with the United
+States of America." London, 1815, royal 8vo., with plates. Also an edition in French.</p>
+
+<p>2. "The British Dominions in North America, or a Topographical and Statistical
+Description of the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, New Brunswick, Nova
+Scotia, the Islands of Newfoundland, Prince Edward and Cape Breton, including
+considerations on land-granting and emigration, and a topographical dictionary of
+Lower Canada; to which is annexed the statistical tables and tables of distances,
+published with the author's maps of Lower Canada, in consequence of a vote of the
+Provincial Legislature. Embellished with vignettes, views, landscapes, plans of
+towns, harbours, etc.; containing also a copious appendix." London, 1831, three
+volumes, 4to., generally bound in two.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">MICHEL BIBAUD'S HISTORICAL WORKS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_22_33" id="Footnote_22_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_33"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Page 12.&mdash;"Histoire du Canada sous la Domination Fran&#231;aise." Montreal,
+1837, 8vo. Do., 1843, 12mo.</p>
+
+<p>"Histoire du Canada sous la Domination Anglaise." Do., 1844. The third volume
+of the series appeared after the author's death, and was published by his son,
+J. G. Bibaud, at Montreal, 1878, 12mo.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">THOMPSON'S BOOK ON THE WAR OF 1812.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_23_34" id="Footnote_23_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_34"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Page 12.&mdash;"History of the Late War between Great Britain and the United
+States of America, with a retrospective view of the causes from which it originated,
+collected from the most authentic sources; to which is added an appendix containing
+public documents, etc., relating to the subject." By David Thompson, late of
+the Royal Scots. Niagara, U. C. Printed by T. Sewell, printer, bookbinder and stationer,
+Market Square, 1832, 12mo., pp. 300. This was for some time believed to be
+the first book printed in Upper Canada, but Dr. Kingsford, F.R.S.C., in "The Early
+Bibliography of the Province of Ontario" (Toronto and Montreal, 1892), enumerates
+a list of some thirty-three publications that antedated it, and Mr. Charles Lindsey,
+a bibliophilist and <i>litt&#233;rateur</i> of Toronto, adds a number of others. See Toronto
+'Week,' Dec. 9, 1892, Dr. Kingsford's rejoinder, <i>ib.</i>, Dec. 30, and another article on
+same subject by Mr. Lindsey, <i>ib.</i>, Jan. 13, 1893. All these bibliographical notes are
+interesting, and show how insignificant in point of intellectual and original ability
+was the literature of Ontario for fifty years previous to 1841.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">BELKNAP'S HISTORY.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_24_35" id="Footnote_24_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_35"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Page 13.&mdash;Mr. Jeremy Belknap's "History of New Hampshire" was published
+in Philadelphia and Boston in 1784&ndash;92, three volumes. See Bourinot's "Cape Breton,"
+in 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. ix., p. 315, and p. 147 in the separate volume (Montreal,
+1892).</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">THE POET CR&#201;MAZIE.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_25_36" id="Footnote_25_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_36"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Page 17.&mdash;Octave Cr&#233;mazie was one of the <i>vrai sang</i> of French Canada, and
+a bookseller without the least aptitude for business. He left Quebec after his failure,
+and lived under an assumed name in France, where he died in poverty. His life
+was most unfortunate, and in the gloomy days of his later French career he never<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">68</a></span>
+realized the expectations which his literary efforts in Canada raised among his ardent
+friends. His poems appeared at first in the 'Soir&#233;es Canadiennes' and French
+Canadian journals, but his works were published in full at Montreal, in 1882, under
+the patronage of the Institut Canadien of Quebec, of which he was one of the
+founders. The Abb&#233; Casgrain has given the introduction for this edition, and added
+some of the letters written to him by Cr&#233;mazie from Paris. Cr&#233;mazie, and indeed
+many of his friends, considered the "Trois Morts" as the best effort of his poetic
+genius; but the Abb&#233; truly says: "Cr&#233;mazie has never really been original except
+in his patriotic poems; in them must be sought the secret of his popularity and his
+strongest claim to fame." And he goes on to say: "The old mother-country has
+so far given a warm welcome to only one of our poets. She has acknowledged Fr&#233;chette
+as the most emphatically French of our poetic aspirants; but the time is not
+far distant when she will recognize in Cr&#233;mazie the most thoroughly Canadian of
+them all. His verses have not the exquisite workmanship that is so much admired
+in Fr&#233;chette, but it is full of a patriotic inspiration that is not so often found in
+the author of 'Fleurs Bor&#233;ales.' Despite his inequalities and imperfections, Cr&#233;mazie
+must live among us as the father of our national poetry." The patriotic
+poem which has touched most deeply the hearts of his countrymen is "Le Drapeau
+de Carillon," in which he recalls the military achievements of the days of L&#233;vis and
+Montcalm&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i10">"Les jours de Carillon,</div>
+  <div class="i0">O&#249;, sur le drapeau blanc attachant la victoire,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Nos p&#232;res se couvraient d'un immortel renom</div>
+  <div class="i0">Et tra&#231;aient de leur glaive une h&#233;ro&#239;que histoire.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"O radieux d&#233;bris d'une grande &#233;pop&#233;e!</div>
+  <div class="i0">H&#233;ro&#239;que banni&#232;re au naufrage &#233;chapp&#233;e!</div>
+  <div class="i0">Tu restes sur nos bords comme un t&#233;moin vivant</div>
+  <div class="i0">Des glorieux exploits d'une race guerri&#232;re;</div>
+  <div class="i0">Et, sur les jours pass&#233;s, r&#233;pandant ta lumi&#232;re,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Tu viens rendre &#224; son nom un hommage &#233;clatant.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Ah! bient&#244;t puissions-nous, &#244; drapeau de nos p&#232;res!</div>
+  <div class="i0">Voir tous les Canadiens, unis comme des fr&#232;res,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Comme au jour du combat se serrer pr&#232;s de toi!</div>
+  <div class="i0">Puisse des souvenirs la tradition sainte,</div>
+  <div class="i0">En r&#233;gnant dans leur c&#339;ur, garder de toute atteinte,</div>
+  <div class="i10">Et leur langue et leur foi."</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>When we hear aspirations whispered nowadays that there may be only one language
+in Canada, it is well to consider the influence of such nervous poetic French on the
+national feelings of the large population in the province of Quebec. The French
+language is likely to be deeply seated for some generations yet while there are French
+Canadian poets.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">CHAUVEAU AS A POET.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_26_37" id="Footnote_26_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_37"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Page 17.&mdash;Hon. Mr. Chauveau's poems appeared at different times in the
+'Canadien' of Quebec, 'Le R&#233;pertoire National,' 'Les Soir&#233;es Canadiennes,' 'La
+Revue Canadienne,' and in other papers and publications from 1838 until the year of
+his death, 1890. One of his latest poems, "Le Sacr&#233; C&#339;ur," was printed in the
+second volume of the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' Sec. I. A valuable paper by the same<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">69</a></span>
+<i>litt&#233;rateur</i>, "Etude sur les commencements de la po&#233;sie fran&#231;aise au Canada," appeared
+in the first volume of the 'Trans.,' Sec. I, p. 65. In "Songs of the Dominion"
+(London, 1889, App., pp. 455&ndash;448) the editor gives an illustration of his spirited style
+by citing "Donnacona" at length.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">HOWE'S POEMS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_27_38" id="Footnote_27_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_38"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Page 17.&mdash;These were collected by his son after his death, and printed in a
+little volume with the title "Poems and Essays." Montreal, 1874, 12mo.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">THE POETS SANGSTER AND McLACHLAN.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_28_39" id="Footnote_28_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_39"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Page 17.&mdash;Charles Sangster was a native of Kingston, and consequently a
+native Canadian like the others mentioned in the text. His principal poems appeared
+in the following books: "The St. Lawrence and the Saguenay, and Other Poems."
+Kingston and New York, 1856, 8vo. "Hesperus and Other Poems and Lyrics."
+Montreal, 1860, 8vo. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Bayard Taylor and Jean Inglelow
+wrote of his verse in terms of eulogy. See "Bibliotheca Canadensis," p. 337.</p>
+
+<p>Alexander McLachlan was a poet contemporary with Sangster, and imbued with
+much poetic fervour and Canadian sentiment, but he was born and educated in
+Scotland, and came to Canada when a young man. His "Emigrant and Other
+Poems" (Toronto, 1861) merited the praise it received, though this, like his other
+poetic efforts, are now rarely cited, and no new edition of his works has appeared of
+recent years.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">CHARLES HEAVYSEGE'S WORKS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_29_40" id="Footnote_29_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_40"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Page 18.&mdash;"Saul: a Drama in Three Parts." Montreal, 1857, 8vo. 2nd ed.,
+1859.</p>
+
+<p>"Count Filippo; or, The Unequal Marriage: a Drama in Five Acts." Montreal,
+1860.</p>
+
+<p>"Jephthah's Daughter." London and Montreal, 1865, 12mo.</p>
+
+<p>"The Advocate: a Novel." Montreal, 1865, 8vo. This was a decided failure.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">TODD'S WORKS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_30_41" id="Footnote_30_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_41"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Page 18.&mdash;The first edition of Todd's "Parliamentary Government in England"
+appeared at London in 1867&ndash;68, two volumes, 8vo., and the second after his
+death in 1887. An abridged edition, by Spencer Walpole, an English writer, was
+printed in 1893, two volumes, 12mo. For bibliographical notes of this and other
+Canadian constitutional works see the Appendix to Bourinot's "Parliamentary
+Government in Canada: an Historical and Constitutional Study," 'Am. Hist. Ass.
+Papers,' Washington, 1892.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">CHRISTIE'S HISTORY.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_31_42" id="Footnote_31_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_42"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Page 18.&mdash;Mr. Christie's "History of Lower Canada" embraced the period
+from the commencement of its political history as a British dependency until it
+was reunited with Upper Canada in 1840 by act of the imperial parliament. It appeared
+in Quebec and Montreal from 1849 to 1855, when the sixth volume, a collection
+of valuable documents, completed the work. Previously the author had published
+several memoirs and reviews of political events and administrations, which were
+all finally embraced in the history. For bibliographical notes see 'Am. Hist. Ass.
+Papers,' 1891, p. 393; "Bibliotheca Canadensis," art. "Christie." It is noteworthy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">70</a></span>
+that Mr. Christie was, like Judge Haliburton, born and educated in Windsor, Nova
+Scotia, where old King's College still pursues its calm academic studies amid its
+sheltering and ancestral elms. In 1890 this venerable and interesting institution
+celebrated the centenary of its foundation. See Hind's "University of King's College,
+Windsor, N.S., 1790&ndash;1890," New York, "The Church Review Co.," 1890. But
+Robert Christie could not in those times be educated in King's, as he was not a member
+of the Church of England like the Judge.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">GARNEAU.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_32_43" id="Footnote_32_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_43"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Page 18.&mdash;The first volume of Fran&#231;ois Xavier Garneau's "Histoire du Canada
+depuis sa d&#233;couverte jusqu'&#224; nos jours" appeared at Quebec in 1845; the second in
+1846; and the third, bringing the history down to the establishment of constitutional
+government in 1791, was printed in 1848. A second edition completed the work to
+the union of the Canadas in 1841, and was published in 1852 at Montreal by Mr.
+Lovell, the well-known publisher. A third edition appeared at Quebec in 1859, and a
+somewhat slovenly translation was made by Mr. Andrew Bell and printed at Montreal
+in 1860. The fourth edition appeared in four volumes after the historian's
+death. It is the third edition, as originally written by Mr. Garneau. The fourth
+volume of this edition contains an eulogistic review of the author's life by Mr. Chauveau,
+a poem by Mr. Louis Fr&#233;chette on "Notre Histoire"&mdash;also printed in 'Trans.
+Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. i., Sec. I.,&mdash;and an analytical table by Mr. B. Sulte. A portrait
+of Mr. Garneau is the frontispiece to the same volume. The 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,'
+vol. i., Sec. I., has a paper by Abb&#233; Casgrain on Garneau and Ferland, "Notre Pass&#233;
+Litt&#233;raire, et nos deux historiens." In the same volume appears a paper by Mr.
+J. M. LeMoine on "Nos quatre historiens modernes, Bibaud, Garneau, Ferland,
+Faillon," which, like the preceding essay, certainly does not fail in the way of eulogy.
+French Canada assuredly is proud and not often too critical of her eminent writers.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">FERLAND AND FAILLON.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_33_44" id="Footnote_33_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_44"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Page 18.&mdash;"Cours d'Histoire du Canada. Premi&#232;re partie, 1534&ndash;1663." Par
+J. B. A. Ferland, pr&#234;tre, professeur d'histoire &#224; l'Universit&#233; Laval. Qu&#233;bec, 1861, 8vo.
+Seconde partie, 1663&ndash;1759; do., 1865, 8vo. The second volume was going through the
+press at the time of the author's death, and subsequently appeared under the careful
+supervision of his friend the Abb&#233; Laverdi&#232;re, to whose historical labours Canada
+is deeply indebted. Indeed French Canada owes much to Laval, with its able teachers,
+historians and scientists.</p>
+
+<p>The Abb&#233; Faillon, a Sulpician, who wrote a "Histoire de la Colonie Fran&#231;aise
+en Canada" (Paris, 1865) in four 4to. volumes, was not a Canadian by birth and education
+like Ferland and Garneau, but came to Canada in 1854, and, after residing
+there for over ten years, returned to his native country, where he published his
+well known and valuable work.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">DENT'S WORKS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_34_45" id="Footnote_34_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_45"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Page 19,&mdash;John Charles Dent was an English journalist, who subsequently
+became connected with the Toronto press. He wrote the two following works: "The
+Last Forty Years: Canada since the Union of 1841," Toronto, 1881, two volumes,
+sm. 4to.; "The Story of the Upper Canada Rebellion," Toronto, 1885&ndash;86, two volumes,
+sm. 4to. He also edited the "Canadian Portrait Gallery," Toronto, 1880&ndash;81. Although
+not a Canadian by birth or education, he identified himself thoroughly with Canadian
+thought and sentiment, and was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">71</a></span>
+before his too sudden death. A criticism of his work on "Canada since the Union"
+by the Abb&#233; Casgrain ('Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. iii., Sec. I.) indicated that his
+opinions did not always meet with the warm approval of the French Canadians of a
+very pronounced type.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">LOUIS TURCOTTE'S HISTORY.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_35_46" id="Footnote_35_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_46"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Page 20.&mdash;This work appeared at Quebec in two 12mo. volumes in 1871. Mr.
+Turcotte was a French Canadian by birth and education, and connected with the
+legislative library at Quebec when he died. See a favourable review of his literary
+work by Mr. Faucher de Saint-Maurice, F.R.S.C., in 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. i.,
+Sec. I.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">B. SULTE.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_36_47" id="Footnote_36_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_47"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> Page 20.&mdash;"Histoire des Canadiens-Fran&#231;ais, 1608&ndash;1880. Origine, Histoire,
+Religion, Guerres, D&#233;couvertes, Colonisation, Coutumes, Vie domestique et politique,
+D&#233;veloppement, Avenir. Par Benjamin Sulte. Ouvrage orn&#233; de portraits et de
+plans." Eight volumes, 4to., Montreal, 1882&ndash;1884. Mr. Sulte is also the author of
+several poems, (See Note 40) and numerous essays and monographs of much literary
+merit and historic value. He is one of the most industrious members of the Royal
+Society of Canada.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">ABB&#201; CASGRAIN.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_37_48" id="Footnote_37_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_48"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Page 20.&mdash;The Abb&#233; H. R. Casgrain's best known works are the following:</p>
+
+<p>"L&#233;gendes Canadiennes." Quebec, 1861, 12mo. New ed., Montreal, 1884.</p>
+
+<p>"Histoire de la M&#232;re Marie de l'Incarnation, premi&#232;re sup&#233;rieure des Ursulines
+de la Nouvelle France. Pr&#233;c&#233;d&#233;e d'une esquisse sur l'histoire religieuse des premiers
+temps de cette colonie." Quebec, 1864, 8vo. New ed., Montreal, 1886.</p>
+
+<p>"Guerre du Canada, 1756&ndash;1760. Montcalm et L&#233;vis." Quebec, 1891, two volumes,
+8vo.</p>
+
+<p>The Abb&#233; has been a most industrious historical student, and to enumerate all
+his literary efforts would be to occupy much space. He has been a principal contributor
+to the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.' His monographs, "Un p&#232;lerinage au pays
+d'Evangeline" (vol. iv.) and "Les Acadiens apr&#232;s leur dispersion" (vol. v.), are particularly
+interesting, and the former has been crowned by the French Academy, and
+appeared in book form at Quebec. He is very much imbued with the national spirit
+and fervour of his countrymen.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">KINGSFORD'S AND OTHER HISTORICAL WORKS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_38_49" id="Footnote_38_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_49"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Page 20.&mdash;Six volumes of Dr. Kingsford's "History of Canada" have appeared
+since 1887. Volume i. embraces the period from 1608 to 1682; vol. ii., 1679&ndash;1725; vol.
+iii., 1726&ndash;1756; vol. iv., 1756&ndash;1763; vol. v., 1763&ndash;1775; vol. vi., 1776&ndash;1779. Toronto and
+London, 8vo. For bibliographical notes on various works relating to the political and
+general history of Canada see Bourinot's "Parliamentary Government in Canada,"
+'Am. Hist. Ass. Papers,' 1891, App. References are there made to McMullen, Withrow,
+Murdoch, Campbell, Hincks, etc. Also 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' viii., 171&ndash;189.
+As usual, the learned editor, Dr. Winsor, supplies by his notes many deficiencies in
+the text. Also, Edmond Lareau's "Histoire de la Litt&#233;rature Canadienne" (Montreal),
+c. 4, and Mr. J. C. Dent's "Last Forty Years; or, Canada since the Union of
+1841," c. 42, on "Literature and Journalism." Among the later French Canadian
+writers who are doing excellent historical work is Dr. N. E. Dionne, F.R.S.C.,
+author of several books on Cartier and his successors and Champlain. Mr. Hannay<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">72</a></span>
+of St. John has written a "History of Acadia," which has been well received (St.
+John, N.B., 1879, 8vo.) The Abb&#233; Auguste Gosselin is another industrious French
+Canadian writer. Mr. Joseph Tass&#233;, whose "Canadiens de l'Ouest" (Montreal, 1878,
+two volumes) was distinguished by much research and literary skill, has of late years
+devoted himself mainly to politics and journalism, though he has found time to write
+several essays for the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' and a small volume, "38<sup>me</sup> Fauteuil,
+ou Souvenirs Parlementaires" (Montreal, 1891), a series of political sketches, written
+in excellent French. A monumental work is the "Dictionnaire G&#233;n&#233;alogique des
+familles canadiennes" by Mgr. Tanguay, F.R.S.C., invaluable to students of French
+Canadian history and ethnography.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">CANADIAN BIBLIOGRAPHY.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_39_50" id="Footnote_39_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_50"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Page 20.&mdash;A bibliography of the members of the Royal Society, on the plan of
+one given in the sixth volume (1892) of the 'Papers of the American Historical Association,'
+is now being prepared for the eleventh volume of the 'Transactions.' It
+will be much fuller necessarily than the bibliographical notes that appear in this
+monograph.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">LATER CANADIAN POETS, 1867&ndash;1893.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_40_51" id="Footnote_40_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_51"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Page 20.&mdash;Dr. Louis Fr&#233;chette's poems are admitted to be the most finished
+illustrations of French poetic art yet produced in the Dominion; and one who reads
+them can easily understand that "Les Fleurs Bor&#233;ales" and "Les Oiseaux de
+Neige" (now in the third edition, Montreal) should have been crowned by the French
+Academy in 1880, and that he should have been accorded the Monthyon prize as a
+matter of course. His other volumes of poems are these: "Mes Loisirs," Quebec,
+1863; "La Voix d'un Exil&#233;," Quebec, 1869; "P&#234;le-M&#234;le," Montreal, 1877; "Les
+Oubli&#233;s" and "Voix d'Outre-Mer," Montreal, 1886; and "Feuilles Volantes," Montreal,
+1891. His poem on the discovery of the Mississippi is probably his best sustained
+effort on the whole. A number of his poems have appeared in the 'Trans. Roy. Soc.
+Can.,' vols. i., ii., iii., iv. He has published some dramas and comedies (see 'Am.
+Cyclop&#230;dia of Biography,' vol. ii., p. 539), which have not been as successful as his
+purely poetic essays. He has also written several essays of merit in 'Harper's
+Monthly' and other periodicals of the day, as well as in the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.'</p>
+
+<p>The following is an extract from his poem on "La D&#233;couverte du Mississippi":</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Tant&#244;t je croyais voir, sous les vertes arcades,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Du fatal De Soto passer les cavalcades</div>
+  <div class="i0">En jetant au d&#233;sert un d&#233;fi solennel;</div>
+  <div class="i0">Tant&#244;t c'&#233;tait Marquette errant dans la prairie,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Impatient d'offrir un monde &#224; sa patrie,</div>
+  <div class="i6">Et des &#226;mes &#224; l'Eternel.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Parfois, sous les taillis, ma prunelle tromp&#233;e,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Croyait voir de La Salle &#233;tinceler l'&#233;p&#233;e,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Et parfois, groupe informe allant je ne sais o&#249;,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Devant une humble croix&mdash;&#244; puissance magique!&mdash;</div>
+  <div class="i0">De farouches guerriers &#225; l'&#339;il sombre et tragique</div>
+  <div class="i6">Passer en pliant le genou!</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Et puis, ber&#231;ant mon &#226;me aux r&#234;ves des po&#232;tes,</div>
+  <div class="i0">J'entrevoyais aussi de blanches silhouettes,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Doux fant&#244;mes flottant dans le vague des nuits:</div>
+  <div class="i0">Atala, Gabriel, Chactas, Evangeline,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Et l'ombre de Ren&#233;, debout sur la colline,</div>
+  <div class="i6">Pleurant ses immortels ennuis.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">73</a></span>"Et j'endormais ainsi mes souvenirs moroses....</div>
+  <div class="i0">Mais de ces visions po&#233;tiques et roses</div>
+  <div class="i0">Celle qui plus souvent venait frapper mon &#339;il,</div>
+  <div class="i0">C'&#233;tait, passant au loin dans un reflet de gloire,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Ce hardi pionnier dont notre jeune histoire</div>
+  <div class="i6">Redit le nom avec orgueil.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Jolliet! Jolliet! deux si&#232;cles de conqu&#234;tes,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Deux si&#232;cles sans rivaux ont pass&#233; sur nos t&#234;tes,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Depuis l'heure sublime o&#249;, de ta propre main,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Tu jetas d'un seul trait sur la carte du monde</div>
+  <div class="i0">Ces vastes r&#233;gions, zone immense et f&#233;conde,</div>
+  <div class="i6">Futur grenier du genre humain!</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Oui, deux si&#232;cles ont fui! La solitude vierge</div>
+  <div class="i0">N'est plus l&#224;! Du progr&#232;s le flot montant submerge</div>
+  <div class="i0">Les vestiges derniers d'un pass&#233; qui finit.</div>
+  <div class="i0">O&#249; le d&#233;sert dormait, grandit la m&#233;tropole;</div>
+  <div class="i0">Et le fleuve asservi courbe sa large &#233;paule</div>
+  <div class="i6">Sous l'arche aux piles de granit.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Plus de for&#234;ts sans fin: la vapeur les silonne!</div>
+  <div class="i0">L'astre des jours nouveaux sur tous les points rayonne;</div>
+  <div class="i0">L'enfant de la nature est &#233;vang&#233;lis&#233;;</div>
+  <div class="i0">Le soc du laboureur fertilise la plaine;</div>
+  <div class="i0">Et le surplus dor&#233; de sa gerbe trop pleine</div>
+  <div class="i6">Nourrit le vieux monde &#233;puis&#233;."</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Mr. Pamphile LeMay, one of the best known French Canadian poets, has published
+the following: "Essais Po&#233;tiques," Quebec, 1865; "La D&#233;couverte du Canada,"
+Quebec, 1867; "Po&#232;mes Couronn&#233;s," Quebec, 1870; "Les Vengeances," Quebec,
+1875, 1876 and 1888 (also dramatized); "Une Gerbe," Quebec, 1879. He has also
+written "Fables Canadiennes," Quebec, 1882. A number of his poems have appeared
+in the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vols i., iii., v., vi., ix. He has also written several
+stories of Canadian life: "L'Affaire Sougraine," Quebec, 1884; "Le P&#232;lerin de Sainte-Anne,"
+new ed., Montreal, 1893; and "Rouge et Bleu," comedy. One of his best
+works was a translation of Longfellow's "Evangeline."</p>
+
+<p>The following is a list of other Canadian books of poems, of varying merit, which
+have appeared within a quarter of a century:</p>
+
+<p>"The Songs of a Wanderer." By Carroll Ryan. Ottawa, 1867. Indicated much
+poetic taste, but the poet has been submerged in the busy journalist.</p>
+
+<p>"Songs of Life." By Rev. E. H. Dewart. Toronto, 1867. He was author of the
+first collection of Canadian poems made in this country. See <i>infra</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"The Prophecy of Merlin and other Poems." By John Reade. Montreal, 1870.
+In many respects the best sustained poems written by a Canadian can be read in
+this book.</p>
+
+<p>"Les Laurentiennes." By Benjamin Sulte. Montreal, 1870.</p>
+
+<p>"Les Chants Nouveaux." By the same. Ottawa, 1880.</p>
+
+<p>"The Legend of the Rose." By Samuel J. Watson. Toronto, 1876. Mr. Watson
+was a writer of promise who died in the maturity of his power.</p>
+
+<p>"The Feast of St. Anne, and other Poems." By P. S. Hamilton. Montreal,
+1878; 2nd ed. 1890. Has some interest from its description of the ceremonies at the
+feast of Sainte-Anne du Canada&mdash;the tutelary saint of the Canadian aborigines&mdash;which
+is held by the Micmacs on the 26th day of July in each year on Chapel Island,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">74</a></span>
+in the beautiful Bras d'Or Lake of Cape Breton. See Bourinot's "Cape Breton."</p>
+
+<p>"Waifs in Verse." (Ottawa, ed. in 1878, 1887 and 1891.) By G. W. Wicksteed,
+Q.C., for fifty years the able law clerk of the Canadian Commons.</p>
+
+<p>"A Collection of Poems." By Miss Williams of Grenville, P.Q., 1879.</p>
+
+<p>"The Coming of the Princess, and Other Poems." By Kate Seymour Maclean of
+Kingston. 1880.</p>
+
+<p>"Lyrics, Songs and Sonnets." By A. H. Chandler and C. Pelham Mulvany.
+Toronto, 1880.</p>
+
+<p>"The Times, and Other Poems." By J. R. Newell of Woodstock. 1880.</p>
+
+<p>"The Consolation." By George Gerrard. Montreal, 1880.</p>
+
+<p>"Poems of the Heart and Home." By Mrs. J. C. Yule. Toronto, 1880.</p>
+
+<p>"Poems, Songs and Odes." By Archibald McAlpine Taylor. Toronto, 1881.</p>
+
+<p>"The New Song, and Other Poems." By Mrs. W. H. Clarke. Toronto, 1883.</p>
+
+<p>"Zenobia. A Poem in Rhymed Heroics." By Rev. &#198;. McD. Dawson, F.R.S.C.
+1883.</p>
+
+<p>"The Mission of Love, and Other Poems." By Caris Sima. 1883.</p>
+
+<p>"Lorenzo, and Other Poems." By J. R. Pollock of Keswick, Ont. 1883.</p>
+
+<p>"Caprices Po&#233;tiques et Chansons Satiriques." Par R&#233;mi Tremblay.
+Montr&#233;al, 1883.</p>
+
+<p>"Les Echos." Par J. B. Routhier. Qu&#233;bec, 1883, 12mo. Judge Routhier is a
+member of the Royal Society of Canada, in whose 'Trans.' (vol. iv., Sec. I.) appeared
+"Lettre d'un Volontaire du 9<sup>ieme</sup> Voltigeurs camp&#233; &#224; Calgary." His literary reputation
+stands high among his countrymen.</p>
+
+<p>"Old Spookse's Pass, and Other Poems." By Isabella Valancy Crawford. Toronto,
+1884.</p>
+
+<p>"Marguerite, and Other Poems." By George Martin. 1886.</p>
+
+<p>"Laura Secord: a Ballad of 1812." By Mrs. Curzon. Toronto, 1886.</p>
+
+<p>"Songs, Sonnets and Miscellaneous Poems." By J. Imrie. Toronto, 1886.</p>
+
+<p>"Dreamland, and Other Poems" (Ottawa, 1868), and "Tecumseh: a Drama"
+(Toronto and London, 1886). By Charles Mair, a poet of original talent, and descriptive
+power, who is now a resident of the North-west Territories.</p>
+
+<p>"Orion, and Other Poems" (Philadelphia, 1880), and "In Divers Tones" (Montreal,
+1887). By Prof. C. G. D. Roberts, who is the best known abroad of all Canadian
+poets, and represents that Canadian or national spirit which has been slowly rising
+from the birth of Confederation. Since the days of Cr&#233;mazie&mdash;over thirty years ago&mdash;there
+are other poets who recognize the existence of a Canadian people in a large
+sense&mdash;a Canadian people of two races, born and educated in the country, and having
+common aspirations for a united, not an isolated, future. Prof. Roberts is now
+bringing out a new volume of poems in London.</p>
+
+<p>The poetic taste of the Archbishop of Halifax, the Most Rev. C. O'Brien, F.R.S.C.,
+is well illustrated in the following volume: "Aminta: a Modern Life Drama," New
+York, 1890. The Archbishop is also the author of a novel, "After Weary Years,"
+(Baltimore and New York, 1885), the scenes of which are laid in Rome and Canada,
+and are described with much power of invention and fervour. As the author himself
+says, "historic places and events are accurately described." He has, it will be seen
+from his preface, great confidence in the future national greatness of the Dominion.</p>
+
+<p>"A Gate of Flowers." By T. O'Hagan. Toronto, 1887. He has another volume
+in press.</p>
+
+<p>"The Masque of Minstrels, and Other Pieces, chiefly in verse." By B. W. and
+A. J. Lockhart. Bangor, Me., 1887. These two brothers are Nova Scotians by birth
+and education, who lived their youth in the land of Evangeline. The Gasp&#233;reaux and
+Grand Pr&#233; are naturally the constant theme of their pleasing verse.</p>
+
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">75</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Among the Millet, and Other Poems." By Archibald Lampman. Ottawa,
+1888. Some of Mr. Lampman's most finished sonnets have appeared in the best
+American periodicals, to which he is still a frequent contributor; his work shows
+the true poetic instinct. He holds a position in the Civil Service at Ottawa.</p>
+
+<p>"The Water Lily. An Oriental Fairy Tale." By Frank Waters. Ottawa, 1888.</p>
+
+<p>"De Roberval: a Drama. Also the Emigration of the Fairies, and the Triumph
+of Constancy: a Romaunt." By John Hunter Duvar. St. John, N.B., 1888. Mr.
+Duvar, who has fine literary tastes, has been a resident of Prince Edward Island
+for some years.</p>
+
+<p>"The Epic of the Dawn, and Other Poems." By Nicholas Flood Davin. Regina,
+N.W.T., 1889. Mr. Davin is the clever "Irishman in Canada," and while the most
+pretentious of his poems in this little book were written across the ocean, others are
+the product of Canadian thought and sentiment.</p>
+
+<p>"Lake Lyrics, and Other Poems." By W. Wilfred Campbell. St. John, N.B.,
+1889. Mr. Campbell, who was originally a clergyman of the Church of England, is
+now in the public service at Ottawa, and has written some of his best poems for
+American magazines. One on "The Mother," in 'Harper's Monthly' is full of poetic
+thought and deep pathos, and should be better known by Canadians than it appears
+to be. At this time of writing his new volume of poems entitled "The Dread Voyage"
+(Toronto, 1893), has appeared; it sustains his reputation, though one can hardly encourage
+his effort to imitate Tennyson in such poems as "Sir Lancelot." Canadian
+poets too frequently are imitative rather than original. Mr. Campbell's verses on
+the varied scenery of the lakes of the West show the artistic temperament.</p>
+
+<p>For instance:</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Domed with the azure of heaven,</div>
+  <div class="i2">Floored with a pavement of pearl,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Clothed all about with a brightness</div>
+  <div class="i2">Soft as the eyes of a girl.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Girt with a magical girdle,</div>
+  <div class="i2">Rimmed with a vapour of rest&mdash;</div>
+  <div class="i0">These are the inland waters,</div>
+  <div class="i2">These are the Lakes of the West."</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center in0 p1t">ON THE LEDGE.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"I lie out here on a ledge, with the surf on the rocks below me,</div>
+  <div class="i0">The hazy sunlight above and the whispering forest behind;</div>
+  <div class="i0">I lie and listen, O lake, to the legends and songs you throw me,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Out of the murmurous moods of your multitudinous mind.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"I lie and listen, a sound like voices of distant thunder,</div>
+  <div class="i0">The roar and throb of your life in your rock-wall's mighty cells;</div>
+  <div class="i0">Then after a softer voice that comes from the beaches under,</div>
+  <div class="i0">A chiming of waves on rocks, a laughter of silver bells.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"A glimmer of bird-like boats, that loom from the far horizon;</div>
+  <div class="i0">That scud and tack and dip under the gray and the blue;</div>
+  <div class="i0">A single gull that floats and skims the waters, and flies on,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Till she is lost like a dream in the haze of the distance, too.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">76</a></span>"A steamer that rises a smoke, then after a tall, dark funnel,</div>
+  <div class="i0">That moves like a shadow across your water and sky's gray edge;</div>
+  <div class="i0">A dull, hard beat of a wave that diggeth himself a tunnel,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Down in the crevices dark under my limestone ledge.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"And here I lie on my ledge, and listen the songs you sing me,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Songs of vapour and blue, songs of island and shore;</div>
+  <div class="i0">And strange and glad are the hopes and sweet are the thoughts you bring me</div>
+  <div class="i0">Out of the throbbing depths and wells of your heart's great store."</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>"Pine, Rose and Fleur-de-Lis." By S. Frances Harrison ("Seranus"). Toronto,
+1891.</p>
+
+<p>"Songs, Lyrical and Dramatic." By John Henry Brown. Ottawa, 1892, 12mo.
+The New York 'Nation' truly says of this new poetic aspirant that he has Walt
+Whitman's tendencies, but nevertheless he "writes in a generous spirit, and may
+yet have thoughts and expression all his own." The fact is, I repeat, most Canadian
+poets are too imitative and too rarely original.</p>
+
+<p>"Tendres Choses. Po&#233;sies Canadiennes." By Dr. R. Chevrier. Montreal, 1892,
+12mo. That an author unknown to fame should give us his portrait, as in this case,
+is perplexing. Still the verse is frequently melodious, though it represents what is
+a feature of French poetry, melodious rhythm, rather than strength and thought.</p>
+
+<p>"This Canada of Ours, and Other Poems." By J. D. Edgar, M.P., Toronto, 1893.
+This little volume contains "The White Stone Canoe: a Legend of the Ottawas,"
+which had been published in separate form some years previously. His French and
+Latin translations are full of taste.</p>
+
+<p>"Les Perce-Neige, premi&#232;res po&#233;sies." By Napol&#233;on Legendre. Montreal, 12mo.
+He is a member of the Royal Society of Canada, and constant contributor (generally
+in prose) to its 'Transactions.'</p>
+
+<p>"Mes Rimes." By Elz&#233;ar Labelle. Montreal, 1886, 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>Selections of Canadian poems have appeared of recent years in the following publications:</p>
+
+<p>1. "Selections from Canadian Poets: with occasional critical and biographical
+notes and an introductory essay on Canadian poetry." By the Rev. E. H. Dewart.
+Montreal, 1864, 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>2. "Songs of the Great Dominion: Voices from the Forests and Waters, the
+Settlements and Cities of Canada." Selected and edited by W. D. Lighthall, M.A.,
+of Montreal. London, 1889, 12mo.</p>
+
+<p>3. "Younger American Poets, 1830&ndash;1890." Edited by Douglas Sladen, B.A., Oxon.
+With an Appendix of Younger Canadian Poets. Edited by G. B. Roberts of St. John,
+N.B. New York, 1891, 12mo.</p>
+
+<p>4. "Later Canadian Poems." Edited by J. E. Wetherell, B.A. Toronto, 1893.</p>
+
+<p>In the first mentioned work, which is judiciously edited, the poets until 1864
+obtain a place. In the three other books we have selections from John Reade, Geo.
+Frederick Cameron, Prof. Roberts, Bliss Carman (now a resident of the United
+States), A. H. Chandler, Isabella Valancy Crawford, Mrs. Leprohon, Hereward K.
+Cockin, John Hunter Duvar, Rev. A. W. H. Eaton, Louis Fr&#233;chette, James Hannay,
+Sophie M. Hensley, Charles Sangster, M. Richey Knight, Archibald Lampman,
+W. D. Lighthall, A. J. Lockhart, B. W. Lockhart, Agnes Maude Machar ("Fidelis"),
+W. McLennan, Charles Mair, Mary Morgan ("Gowan Lea"), Charles P. Mulvany,
+Rev. F. G. Scott, Philip Stewart, H. R. A. Pocock, Barry Stratton, A. Weir, Mary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">77</a></span>
+Barry Smith, John T. Lesp&#233;rance ("Lacl&#232;de"), W. Wye Smith, Ethelwyn Wetherald,
+John E. Logan ("Barry Dane"), George Martin, Mrs. Harrison ("Seranus"),
+D. Campbell Scott, James D. Edgar, E. Pauline Johnson, George Murray, William
+Kirby, Annie Rothwell, W. A. Sherwood, Isidore G. Ascher, P. J. O. Chauveau,
+B. Sulte, P. LeMay, and others. I enumerate these names to show how many Canadians
+have ventured upon the field of poesy despite the practical realities of life in
+this relatively new country. The selections in the second of these works would
+have been more valuable had they contained "Our Fathers" by Joseph Howe&mdash;the
+most spirited poem in some respects ever written by a native Canadian. To the
+names of poetic aspirants, too, must be added those of M. J. Katzmann and of M. J.
+Griffin, whose fugitive pieces have attracted notice. Mr. Griffin has fine literary
+tastes and his few poems, only the relaxation of leisure hours, show he might win
+fame in this delightful department of letters. The reader will obtain some idea
+of the standard of Canadian poetry by reading the selections, and should not be carried
+away by the too obvious enthusiasm that has at times stifled the critical
+faculty in the editors. The poetic genius of Canadians is to be stimulated, not by
+sentimental gush, but by a judicious criticism that is not sufficiently cultivated by
+our writers who review the efforts of our poets, historians and essayists. These
+remarks also apply to such articles as that by the late Mr. Lesp&#233;rance on "The
+Poets of Canada" in 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. ii., Sec. II.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Evan McColl, F.R.S.C., is the Gaelic poet of Canada. Three editions have
+appeared of the "Cl&#224;rsach nam Beann," which was printed as far back as 1838 in
+Glasgow. The same was also published in English in the same year, under the
+title of "The Mountain Minstrel," of which six editions have been printed. In 1883
+he published in Toronto "Poems and Songs chiefly written in Canada." Mr. McColl
+is a great favourite among his Scotch countrymen everywhere; but his decidedly
+original poetic genius, rude and wild as it is at times, is not a Canadian product, for
+he was born at Kenmore, Lochfyne-Side, Scotland, in 1808, and it was not until he
+was forty years of age that he made Canada his home. He is now a resident of
+Toronto, and still comes to the annual meetings of the Royal Society, of which he
+was one of the original members.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p class="p1t"><a name="Footnote_41_52" id="Footnote_41_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_52"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> Page 21.&mdash;"IN MY HEART." <span class="smcap">By John Reade.</span></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"In my heart are many chambers through which I wander free;</div>
+  <div class="i0">Some are furnished, some are empty, some are sombre, some are light;</div>
+  <div class="i0">Some are open to all comers, and of some I keep the key,</div>
+  <div class="i0">And I enter in the stillness of the night.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"But there's one I never enter&mdash;it is closed to even me!</div>
+  <div class="i0">Only once its door was opened, and it shut for evermore;</div>
+  <div class="i0">And though sounds of many voices gather round it like a sea,</div>
+  <div class="i0">It is silent, ever silent, as the shore.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"In that chamber, long ago, my love's casket was concealed,</div>
+  <div class="i0">And the jewel that it sheltered I knew only one could win:</div>
+  <div class="i0">And my soul foreboded sorrow, should that jewel be revealed,</div>
+  <div class="i0">And I almost hoped that none might enter in.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Yet day and night I lingered by that fatal chamber door,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Till&mdash;she came at last my darling one, of all the earth my own;</div>
+  <div class="i0">And she entered&mdash;then she vanished with my jewel which she wore;</div>
+  <div class="i0">And the door was closed&mdash;and I was left alone.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">78</a></span>"She gave me back no jewel, but the spirit of her eyes</div>
+  <div class="i0">Shone with tenderness a moment, as she closed that chamber door,</div>
+  <div class="i0">And the memory of that moment is all I have to prize&mdash;</div>
+  <div class="i0">But <i>that</i>, <i>at least</i>, is mine for evermore.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Was she conscious, when she took it, that the jewel was my love?</div>
+  <div class="i0">Did she think it but a bauble she might wear or toss aside?</div>
+  <div class="i0">I know not, I accuse not, but I hope that it may prove</div>
+  <div class="i0">A blessing, though she spurn it in her pride."</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">LAURA SECORD'S WARNING.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_41A_53" id="Footnote_41A_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41A_53"><span class="label">[41<i>a</i>]</span></a> Page 24.&mdash;In Mrs. Edgar's excellent annotations to the Ridout Letters in
+"Ten Years of Upper Canada in Peace and War, 1805&ndash;1815," (Toronto, 1890), appears
+the following account of a courageous woman's exploit which brought disaster to
+the Americans soon after their defeat at Stoney Creek:</p>
+
+<p>"At a place called Beaver Dams, or Beechwoods, (about twelve miles in a direct
+road from Queenstown), where is now the town of Thorold, was a depot for provisions
+for the Canadian troops, guarded by a detachment of thirty of the 49th regiment
+under Lieutenant Fitzgibbon with some Indians and militia, in all about 200
+men. In order to surprise and dislodge this outpost, an American force of 500 men,
+with fifty cavalry and two field-pieces, under Colonel Boerstler, set out from Fort
+George (Niagara) on the 23rd of June [1813]. A surprise was meditated, in retaliation,
+no doubt, for the affair of Stoney Creek. Laura Secord, wife of a Canadian farmer,
+who had been wounded in the battle of Queenstown Heights, accidentally heard of
+the designs of the Americans, and determined to give the outpost timely warning.
+She set out alone before day-break, on the 23rd June, from her house at Queenstown,
+and arrived at Fitzgibbon's headquarters, a stone house known as DeCew's, near the
+Beaver Dams, at sunset of the same day. On account of the American sentries and
+outposts, she had to avoid the high roads and beaten paths, thus making her toilsome
+journey nearly twice as long. In spite of weakness and fatigue, this heroic
+woman went on her way through pathless woods, over hill and dale and unbridged
+streams, till she reached her destination. Her warning came just in time. Lieutenant
+Fitzgibbon disposed of his little force to the best advantage possible, placing
+them in ambush on both sides of the road, and taking every precaution to make it
+appear that he had a large force in reserve. Between eight and nine in the morning
+of the 24th June, the advance guard of the American riflemen appeared. A volley
+from the woods received them and emptied their saddles. Soon firing came from all
+directions, and bugle calls, and Indian yells. The bewildered Americans imagined
+themselves in the presence of a much superior force. Finding that his men were
+losing heavily from the fire of the unseen foe, and that they were suffering from
+fatigue and heat, he consented to surrender. By the capitulation 542 men, 2 field-pieces,
+some ammunition waggons, and the colours of the 14th U.S. regiment were
+delivered over to the Canadians. For this brilliant achievement Lieutenant Fitzgibbon
+[afterwards a military knight of Windsor] received his Company and a Captain's
+commission. As to Laura Secord, her reward has come to her in fame. The
+heroine lived until the year 1868, and sleeps now in that old cemetery at Drummondville,
+where lie so many of our brave soldiers. There is no 'Decoration Day' in
+Canada, but if there were, surely this woman is entitled to the laurel wreath."
+Pp. 198&ndash;201.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">79</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p1t">AUSTRALIAN POETS AND NOVELISTS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_42_54" id="Footnote_42_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_54"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> Page 25.&mdash;The Canadian reader can profitably and easily compare his own
+poets with those of Australia by reading Slade's "Australian Poets, 1788&ndash;1883, being
+a selection of poems upon all subjects written in Australia and New Zealand during
+the first century of the British colonization, with brief notes on their authors, etc."
+(London and Sydney, 1889.) It will be seen, however, that nearly all the so-called
+"Australian" poets are English born, while with one or two exceptions, those of
+Canada best known to fame are the product of Canadian life and thought. Henry
+Clarence Kendall, "the poet of New South Wales," was born at Ulladulla, on the
+coast of that colony, in 1842. He is the one Australian poet of reputation, except his
+forerunner, Charles Harpur, who was actually born under the Southern Cross.
+Kendall's verses on "Coogee," a striking natural feature of Australian scenery,
+show true poetic instinct and rhythmical ease:</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Sing the song of wave-worn Coogee-Coogee in the distance white,</div>
+  <div class="i0">With its jags and points disrupted, gaps and fractures fringed with light;</div>
+  <div class="i0">Haunt of gledes and restless plovers of the melancholy wail,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Ever lending deeper pathos to the melancholy gale.</div>
+  <div class="i0">There, my brothers, down the fissures, chasms deep and wan and wild,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Grows the sea-bloom, one that blushes like a shrinking, fair, blind child,</div>
+  <div class="i0">And amongst the oozing forelands many a glad green rockvine runs,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Getting ease on earthy ledges sheltered from December suns."</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But among the many spirited poems written in Australia since its settlement
+not one can equal the "Sick Stock-rider," by Adam Lindsay Gordon, who came to
+South Australia in his early manhood, and attempted sheep-farming, with the
+result of "owning nothing but a love for horsemanship and a head full of Browning
+and Shelley." This is a quotation from an introduction to his book by Marcus
+Clarke, himself a novelist and poet. One can see in the mind's eye the scenes described
+in the following verses, so full of real life and genuine poetry:</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"'Twas merry in the glowing morn, among the gleaming grass,</div>
+  <div class="i2">To wander as we've wandered many a mile,</div>
+  <div class="i0">And blow the cool tobacco cloud and watch the white wreaths pass,</div>
+  <div class="i2">Sitting loosely in the saddle all the while;</div>
+  <div class="i0">'Twas merry 'mid the backwoods, when we spied the station roofs,</div>
+  <div class="i2">To wheel the wild scrub cattle at the yard,</div>
+  <div class="i0">With a running fire of stockwhips and a fiery run of hoofs.</div>
+  <div class="i2">Oh! the hardest day was never then too hard!</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Aye! we had a glorious gallop after 'Starlight' and his gang,</div>
+  <div class="i2">When they bolted from Sylvester's on the flat;</div>
+  <div class="i0">How the sun-dried reed-beds crackled, how the flint-strewn ranges rang</div>
+  <div class="i2">To the strokes of 'Mountaineer' and 'Acrobat';</div>
+  <div class="i0">Hard behind them in the timber, harder still across the heath,</div>
+  <div class="i2">Close behind them through the tea-tree scrub we dashed;</div>
+  <div class="i0">And the golden-tinted fern-leaves, how they rustled underneath!</div>
+  <div class="i2">And the honeysuckle osiers, how they crash'd!"</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The best known novels of Australian life are these: "For the Term of His Natural
+Life," by Marcus Clarke, who was an Englishman born and educated; "The Miner's
+Right," "The Squatter's Dream," "A Colonial Reformer," and "Robbery Under
+Arms," by Thomas A. Browne ("Rolf Boldrewood"), who was also English born:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">80</a></span>
+"Uncle Piper of Piper's Hill," by Madame Couvreur ("Tasma"), who is of Belgian
+descent, and is now a resident of Belgium, though she was born in Australia and
+there studied its social conditions; "The Australian Girl" and "A Silent Sea," by
+Mrs. Alick McLeod. Mrs. Campbell Praed, who is colonial born, has, in addition
+to several novels, written "Australian Life," which is described by Sir Charles Dilke
+("Problems of Greater Britain," i., 374) as "a vivid autobiographical picture of the
+early days of Queensland." Copies of these and other Australian books the writer
+owes to the thoughtfulness of Chief Justice Way, D.C.L., Oxon., of Adelaide, South
+Australia. For many years he has been the recipient of these graceful attentions
+from friends in that fair land of the Southern Cross, and though it looks very much
+as if he will never meet some of them face to face&mdash;for the time is passing rapidly
+with us all&mdash;he takes this opportunity of now sending them his thanks across the
+seas.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">HOWE'S "FLAG OF OLD ENGLAND."</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_43_55" id="Footnote_43_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_55"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Page 26.&mdash;This spirited song was written for the one hundredth anniversary of
+the landing of Lord Cornwallis at Halifax. As many persons in old Canada do not
+know it&mdash;for it is not reproduced in recent collections of Canadian poems&mdash;I give it in
+full for the benefit of the youth of this Dominion, on whom the future destiny of
+the country depends:</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"All hail to the day when the Britons came over,</div>
+  <div class="i2">And planted their standard with sea-foam still wet,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Around and above us their spirits will hover,</div>
+  <div class="i2">Rejoicing to mark how we honour it yet.</div>
+  <div class="i0">Beneath it the emblems they cherished are waving,</div>
+  <div class="i2">The Rose of Old England the roadside perfumes;</div>
+  <div class="i0">The Shamrock and Thistle the north winds are braving,</div>
+  <div class="i2">Securely the Mayflower blushes and blooms.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i25"><span class="smcap">Chorus.</span></div>
+
+  <div class="i8">"Hail to the day when the Britons came over,</div>
+  <div class="i10">And planted their standard with sea-foam still wet,</div>
+  <div class="i8">Around and above us their spirits will hover,</div>
+  <div class="i10">Rejoicing to mark how we honour it yet.</div>
+  <div class="i12">We'll honour it yet, we'll honour it yet,</div>
+  <div class="i12">The flag of Old England! we'll honour it yet.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"In the temples they founded their faith is maintained,</div>
+  <div class="i2">Every foot of the soil they bequeathed is still ours,</div>
+  <div class="i0">The graves where they moulder no foe has profaned,</div>
+  <div class="i2">But we wreathe them with verdure, and strew them with flowers!</div>
+  <div class="i0">The blood of no brother, in civil strife pour'd,</div>
+  <div class="i2">In this hour of rejoicing, encumbers our souls!</div>
+  <div class="i0">The frontier's the field for the Patriot's sword,</div>
+  <div class="i2">And cursed be the weapon that Faction controls!</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<div class="i10"><span class="smcap">Chorus</span>&mdash;"Hail to the day, etc.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Then hail to the day! 'tis with memories crowded,</div>
+  <div class="i2">Delightful to trace 'midst the mists of the past,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Like the features of Beauty, bewitchingly shrouded,</div>
+  <div class="i2">They shine through the shadows Time o'er them has cast.</div>
+  <div class="i0"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">81</a></span>As travellers track to its source in the mountains</div>
+  <div class="i2">The stream which, far swelling, expands o'er the plains,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Our hearts, on this day, fondly turn to the fountains</div>
+  <div class="i2">Whence flow the warm currents that bound in our veins.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<div class="i10"><span class="smcap">Chorus</span>&mdash;"Hail to the day, etc.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"And proudly we trace them: no warrior flying</div>
+  <div class="i2">From city assaulted, and fanes overthrown,</div>
+  <div class="i0">With the last of his race on the battlements dying,</div>
+  <div class="i2">And weary with wandering, founded our own.</div>
+  <div class="i0">From the Queen of the Islands, then famous in story,</div>
+  <div class="i2">A century since, our brave forefathers came,</div>
+  <div class="i0">And our kindred yet fill the wide world with her glory,</div>
+  <div class="i2">Enlarging her Empire and spreading her name.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<div class="i10"><span class="smcap">Chorus</span>&mdash;"Hail to the day, etc.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Ev'ry flash of her genius our pathway enlightens&mdash;</div>
+  <div class="i2">Ev'ry field she explores we are beckoned to tread&mdash;</div>
+  <div class="i0">Each laurel she gathers our future day brightens&mdash;</div>
+  <div class="i2">We joy with her living, and mourn for her dead.</div>
+  <div class="i0">Then hail to the day when the Britons came over,</div>
+  <div class="i2">And planted their standard, with sea-foam still wet,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Above and around us their spirits shall hover,</div>
+  <div class="i2">Rejoicing to mark how we honour it yet.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<div class="i10"><span class="smcap">Chorus</span>&mdash;"Hail to the day," etc.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">ESSAYISTS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_44_56" id="Footnote_44_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_56"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> Page 27.&mdash;The principal contributors to the English and American periodical
+press of late years have been George Stewart of Quebec, Principal Grant, J. G. Bourinot,
+Martin J. Griffin, W. D. LeSueur, G. M. Dawson, S. E. Dawson, Arnold
+Haultain, John Reade, J. M. Oxley and Sir W. Dawson. Dr. Stewart of Quebec,
+despite the demands of journalism, has been always a most earnest literary worker,
+foremost by his own contributions and by his efforts to encourage the labours of
+others in the too indifferent little Canadian world. Goldwin Smith has always been
+a contributor of note, but he is rather an English than a Canadian writer. Among
+the names of the French Canadian general writers are those of Fr&#233;chette, Sulte,
+Marmette, Faucher de Saint-Maurice, J. Tass&#233;, DeCelles, Dionne, Casgrain and
+LeMoine; but their efforts have been confined as a rule to the numerous French
+Canadian periodicals which have appeared for the last thirty years, and after a
+short career died for want of adequate support. In the numerous periodicals of
+England and the United States English Canadian writers have great advantages
+over French Canadians, who are practically limited to their own country, since
+France offers few opportunities for such literary work.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">WILLIAM KIRBY'S WORKS AND OTHER ROMANCES BY CANADIANS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_45_57" id="Footnote_45_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_57"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Page 27.&mdash;"The Golden Dog: a Legend of Quebec." New York and Montreal,
+1877, 8vo. Also translated by Pamphile LeMay, the French Canadian poet,
+Montreal, 1884. Mr. Kirby is also the author of several poems of merit: "The
+U. E.: a Tale of Upper Canada. A Poem in XII. Cantos." Niagara, 1859, 12mo.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">82</a></span>
+"Canadian Idylls," Toronto, 1878, etc. He was born in England in 1817, but came to
+Canada at the early age of fifteen. He was one of the original members of the Royal
+Society of Canada.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lesp&#233;rance, F.R.S.C., was the author of the "Bastonnais" and other historical
+romances of some ability, but not of that high order of merit which gives a permanent
+reputation. The Hon. L. Seth Huntington, long known in Canadian political
+life, was the author of a semi-political novel, "Professor Conant" (Toronto, 1884),
+which had its merits, but it fell practically still-born from the press. Many other
+efforts have been made in the same branch of literature, but the performance, as
+stated in the text, has not been equal to the ambition that prompted the experiment.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">MAJOR RICHARDSON.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_45A_58" id="Footnote_45A_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45A_58"><span class="label">[45<i>a</i>]</span></a> Page 27.&mdash;Major Richardson was born at Niagara Falls in 1797, and educated
+at Amherstburg, U.C., where some of the scenes of "Wacousta" are laid. He served
+in the war of 1812, in the West Indies and in Spain, where he belonged to the British
+legion. He came back to Canada in 1838, and was for years connected with the
+press. He wrote a number of novels and short histories of Canadian events, but
+they are now all forgotten. His historical narrative is not generally trustworthy,
+while his later romances never even came up to the merit of "Wacousta." He died in
+obscurity some time after 1854&mdash;I cannot find the exact year&mdash;in the United States,
+where he attempted to continue a career of literature.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">MARMETTE.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_46_59" id="Footnote_46_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_59"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Page 27.&mdash;Mr. Joseph Marmette, F.R.S.C., is the author of several works of
+fiction, viz.:</p>
+
+<p>"Fran&#231;ois de Bienville. Roman historique." 1<sup>ere</sup> ed., Qu&#233;bec, 1870; 2<sup>e</sup> ed.,
+Montr&#233;al, 1882.</p>
+
+<p>"L'Intendant Bigot. Roman historique." Montr&#233;al, 1872.</p>
+
+<p>"Le Chevalier de Mornac. Roman historique." Montr&#233;al, 1873.</p>
+
+<p>"La Fianc&#233;e du Rebelle. Roman historique." Published in 'La Revue Canadienne,'
+Montreal, 1875.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">DE GASP&#201;'S WORKS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_47_60" id="Footnote_47_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_60"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> Page 27.&mdash;"Les Anciens Canadiens." By Philippe Aubert de Gasp&#233;. Quebec,
+1863, 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>
+Several translations have appeared since 1863. That by Prof. Roberts (New
+York, Appleton &amp; Co., 1890) omits the notes and addenda, which, if not interesting
+to the general reader, have much value for the historical student. Sulte's "Histoire
+des Canadiens," vol. vi., contains a portrait of the old French Canadian novelist. He
+also wrote "M&#233;moires" (Ottawa, 1886, 8vo.), which have also much historic value
+on account of their fidelity and simplicity of narrative.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">MRS. CATHERWOOD.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_48_61" id="Footnote_48_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_61"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> Page 28.&mdash;Mrs. Mary Hartwell Catherwood, whose home is in Hoopeston,
+Ill., has so far written and published the following admirable romances of the old
+days of New France and Acadie:</p>
+
+<p>"The Romance of Dollard." Illustrated. New York, 1889, 12mo.</p>
+
+<p>"The Story of Tonty." Illustrated. Chicago, 1890, 16mo.</p>
+
+<p>"The Lady of Fort St. John." Boston and New York, 1891, 16mo.</p>
+
+<p>"Old Kaskaskia: An Historical Novel of Early Illinois." Boston and New York,
+1893, 16mo.</p>
+
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">83</a></span></p>
+
+<p>She has now commenced in 'The Century' Magazine a new romance with the
+title, "The White Islander," a story of old Fort Michillimackinac, and in 'The
+Atlantic Monthly' another story, "The Chase of Saint Castin." Her romances are
+never long, but bear the impress of close study of the subject and of much careful
+writing.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">GILBERT PARKER.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_49_62" id="Footnote_49_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_62"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> Page 28.&mdash;He is a most industrious worker in various branches of literature
+in London. After a residence of a few years in Australia, where he was connected
+with the Sydney press, he went to England, where he wrote many sketches of Australian
+life which were well received. Recently he has been studying the interesting
+phases of French Canadian and Northwest life, and has produced, among other
+stories, "The Chief Factor," the principal scenes of which are laid in the great territories
+of the Dominion before they were opened up to the farmer, the rancher and
+the railway.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">DE MILLE'S WORKS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_50_63" id="Footnote_50_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_63"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Page 29.&mdash;James De Mille was a native of New Brunswick, and a professor
+in Dalhousie College, N. S., at the time of his death. His first work of fiction was
+"Helena's Household: a Tale of Rome in the First Century" (New York, 1858). His
+most popular works, "The Dodge Club Abroad" (1866), "Cord and Creese" (1867),
+"The Cryptogram" (1871), and "A Castle in Spain" (1883), first appeared in 'Harper's
+Monthly.' A strange, imaginative work, "A Curious MS. Found in a Copper Cylinder,"
+was published in New York in 1888, and is understood to have been written by
+him. It was not until Rider Haggard's fiction became popular that the New York
+publishers ventured to print a book which so severely taxes the credulity of the
+reader. As a work of pure invention it is in some respects superior to those of the
+English author. Mr. De Mille died in 1880, at the age of 43, when much was expected
+of him. See Appleton's "Cyclo. Am. Biogr.," ii., 138, for a list of his published works
+except the one just mentioned.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">SARA JEANNETTE DUNCAN.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_51_64" id="Footnote_51_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_64"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Page 29.&mdash;She is the author of three books. "A Social Departure" and
+"An American Girl in London" have had many readers and are full of promise.
+Miss Duncan, in company with another young lady, in 1889&ndash;90, went around the
+world, and made numerous contributions to the press of Canada during that tour,
+but its noteworthy result is the first mentioned volume. She is now married and a
+resident of India, whose striking aspects of social life she is studying and portraying
+in print. Her latest story, or rather sketch, of Indian customs, "The Simple Adventures
+of a Memsahib" (New York, 1893), has many touches of quiet humour. One
+must regret that her talent has not been directed to the incidents of Canadian life.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">MATTHEW ARNOLD ON LITERATURE AND SCIENCE.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_52_65" id="Footnote_52_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_65"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Page 31.&mdash;The extract given in the text is taken from "Literature and
+Science," one of Mr. Matthew Arnold's "Discourses in America," published in book
+form in London, 1885. See pp. 90&ndash;92.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">PRINCIPAL GRANT'S ADDRESS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_53_66" id="Footnote_53_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_66"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Page 32.&mdash;This address to the Royal Society of Canada, to which reference is
+made in the text, is given in the ninth volume of the 'Transactions,' pp. xxxix-xl.
+Dr. Grant could never be uninteresting, but the address shows his ideas can now<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">84</a></span>
+and then be a little chaotic or enigmatic. It is quite evident he has never studied
+with much care the volumes of the 'Transactions,' or comprehended the useful work
+the Society is doing in its own way. Never an active member himself, he has not
+done adequate justice to those who have been at all events conscientious labourers in
+the vineyard where he has planted no seed.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">SIR J. W. DAWSON.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_54_67" id="Footnote_54_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_67"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Page 32.&mdash;This distinguished scientific man is a Nova Scotian by birth, who,
+before he became so closely identified with the prosperity of McGill College at Montreal
+as its principal, was superintendent of education in his native province. His
+scientific works are numerous, but the one which first brought him fame was his
+"Acadian Geology: an Account of the Geological Structure and Mineral Resources
+of Nova Scotia and Portions of the Neighbouring Provinces of British America"
+(Edinburgh and London, 1855, 8vo.), which has run through many editions, and is
+now a very large volume compared with the little modest book that first ventured
+into the world of literature nearly forty years ago.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">MR. BILLINGS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_55_68" id="Footnote_55_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_68"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Page 33.&mdash;He was born on his father's farm, in the township of Gloucester,
+near Ottawa. A bibliography, evidently prepared by his own hand, is to be found
+in "Bibliotheca Canadensis," pp. 31&ndash;34. His most important memoirs are on the
+third and fourth Decades and the Pal&#230;ozoic fossils of the Canadian Geological
+Survey, in which nearly all the genera and species of the fossils there described were
+discovered by himself.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">ORIGIN OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_56_69" id="Footnote_56_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_69"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Page 33.&mdash;The first volume of the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.' (1882&ndash;83), pp. i-lxxiv.,
+contains an account of the proceedings before and after the foundation of the Society,
+with the addresses in full of the Marquess of Lorne and of the first President and
+Vice-President of the body. On the occasion of the Montreal meeting, 1891, a handbook
+was largely circulated by the Citizens' Committee with the view of giving information
+of the object and work of the Society. It was written by Mr. John Reade,
+F.R.S.C., and contains a succinct history of the origin and operations of the body
+until May, 1891. It contains plans of McGill College grounds and of Montreal in 1759,
+and sketches of the old Seminary towers, St. Gabriel-street church, St. Ann's, besides
+some interesting facts relating to Montreal's historic places.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">SIR D. WILSON, T. S. HUNT AND MR. CHAUVEAU.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_57_70" id="Footnote_57_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_70"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Page 34.&mdash;Dr. Kingsford has given a paper, "In Memoriam, on Sir Daniel
+Wilson" ('Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. xi.) in which he briefly reviews the excellent
+literary work and the wide culture of that eminent man. In volume ix. of the
+'Trans.,' Sec. I., pp. 53&ndash;58, there is a well-written paper on the late Mr. Chauveau, by
+his successor, Mr. L. O. David of Montreal. The presidential address of Abb&#233; Laflamme
+in 1892 (see 'Trans.,' vol. x.) was devoted to a review of the scientific attainments
+of Dr. T. Sterry Hunt.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">CANADIAN SOCIETIES.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_58_71" id="Footnote_58_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_71"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Page 34.&mdash;At the present time there are over twenty Canadian scientific and
+literary societies associated with the Royal Society in its work. Mr. John Reade,
+in the "Montreal Handbook of 1891" (see Note 56), gives the following list of societies<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">85</a></span>
+established before 1867: Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, 1824; Natural
+History Society of Montreal, 1827&mdash;act of incorporation five years later; Institut
+Canadien, Quebec, 1846; Canadian Institute, Toronto, 1851; Institut Canadien,
+Ottawa, 1852; Hamilton Association, 1856; Soci&#233;t&#233; Historique, Montr&#233;al, 1858:
+Nova Scotia Institute of Natural Science, 1862; Natural History Society, St. John,
+N.B., 1862; Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, Montreal, 1862; Entomological
+Society of Ontario, 1863.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">THE EARL OF DERBY AND THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_58A_72" id="Footnote_58A_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58A_72"><span class="label">[58<i>a</i>]</span></a> Page 42.&mdash;Four years ago you were good enough, in offering me the position of
+your honorary president, to ask the sympathy and encouragement which the governor-general,
+as Her Majesty's representative, might rightly be asked to manifest towards
+the representatives of science and of the liberal arts. I am afraid that my contributions
+to literature and science have been few. I do not know they are such as
+would have merited the notice of the Royal Society, but I can assure you that none
+of the members of your body take a deeper interest in all that concerns the welfare
+of your Society than he who is now laying down the office of honorary president.
+(Cheers.) There were some persons who considered that in a comparatively new
+country like Canada it was ambitious on her part when the foundations of the Royal
+Society were laid, but there must be a beginning of all things, and I think I may
+appeal to the work which has been and is being done by the different branches of
+the Society as evidence that its establishment was in no sense premature, but that
+it was fittingly determined that the progress of science and literature should take
+place coincidently with that of the country. In a new country like this&mdash;I think
+you have touched upon it in your address&mdash;there is a great tendency to further
+one's material wants, to promote trade and commerce, and to put aside, as it were,
+literature and the sciences; but here the Royal Society has stepped in and done
+good work by uniting those who were scattered by distance and who find in the
+meetings of our Society a convenient opportunity of coming together for the exchanging
+of ideas and renewing of those friendships which, though perhaps only yearly
+meetings permit, are nevertheless enduring. If we look back we shall best see what
+good work is being done. If we could imagine the existence of such a society as this
+in the older countries in olden times, what a mine of wealth of information would
+have been afforded us! We see that from the very first, whether in literature, which
+forms so important a part in our Society; whether it be in the constitutional studies,
+in which our President is such an adept&mdash;and I was glad to see his authority has
+been quoted on the other side of the Atlantic as well as on this&mdash;whether it be in the
+literature of the chivalrous pioneers of France, who first led the way into the unbroken
+wilderness, or whether it be in the latter days of constitutional progress of
+this country and its relations both to the old world and the country growing up
+alongside of us.</p>
+
+<p>In literature, history and poetry, also, the Society will from the first have its
+stamp, as we trust, upon the future of the Canadian race. (Cheers.) That science
+and the arts to an equal extent may find a place here is our earnest wish, in order
+that by sentiment and feeling we may bind together in the closest ties that by which
+she must achieve a great and enduring success. I must not detain you from your
+other duties, but I could not refrain from saying in a few words how heartily and
+truly I appreciate and believe in the work of the Royal Society. At your next meeting,
+as you truly say, I fear I shall not be amongst you; but though the Atlantic may
+roll between us, you may be certain that in spirit, at least, I hope to be present at
+your meeting, and shall follow with the liveliest and deepest interest any record you<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">86</a></span>
+may be good enough to send me of what takes place on that occasion. * * * * *
+I appeal not the less to my French colleagues than to my English ones in all matters
+which relate to the welfare of the Society. Science, art and literature, it is true, are
+cosmopolitan, but they are well knit together in this Society. We who have experienced
+in Canada the hospitality of its people are grateful for it. We have admired
+the greatness of the resources of this country, and we look forward to a society like
+this as having ample work to do in the future. As in every respect Canada seems to
+be disposed always to take a forward part, so I hope the Royal Society will ever
+press on to a higher and higher goal; and, gentlemen, I can wish to the Royal
+Society, to all my friends and brothers of the Society, to whom I once more tender
+my hearty thanks, no greater blessing than, like Canada itself, that they may be
+happy, united and prosperous. (Loud and prolonged cheers.)</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">S. E. DAWSON ON TENNYSON.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_59_73" id="Footnote_59_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_73"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Page 40.&mdash;"A Study, with Critical and Explanatory Notes, of Lord Tennyson's
+Poem, The Princess." By S. E. Dawson. Montreal, 1882, 12mo. 2nd ed. 1884.
+The preface contains a long and interesting letter from the poet, which "throws
+some light upon some important literary questions regarding the manner and
+method of the poet's working." Tennyson describes the "Study" truly as an "able
+and thoughtful essay."</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">THE OLD 'CANADIAN MONTHLY.'</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_60_74" id="Footnote_60_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_74"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> Page 40.&mdash;It first appeared in Toronto in 1872 (Adam Stevenson &amp; Co.), soon
+after Prof. Goldwin Smith took up his permanent residence in that western city.
+Much of its reputation for years necessarily depended on the contributions of a
+writer who, if he has failed to identify himself of late with the national or Canadian
+sentiment of the people, has at all events done something in the past to improve the
+style of Canadian <i>litt&#233;rateurs</i> and to elevate the tone of journalism. The 'Monthly'
+was the ablest successor of a long list of literary aspirants in the same field, the majority
+of which had a still shorter existence. See Bourinot's "Intellectual Development
+of the Canadian People" (Toronto, 1881), chap. iv. and 'Canadian Monthly,'
+March, 1881.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">FORM OF ROYAL SOCIETY 'TRANSACTIONS.'</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_61_75" id="Footnote_61_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_75"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Page 42.&mdash;Since the delivery of the presidential address the Royal Society
+decided by a considerable majority&mdash;chiefly made up of the two scientific sections&mdash;to
+continue the quarto form for the present. Under these circumstances the compromise
+suggested may be adopted&mdash;that of printing separate editions of important
+monographs and works from time to time by some understanding with the author.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">THE STUDY OF THE CLASSICS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_62_76" id="Footnote_62_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_76"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Page 49.&mdash;The following is a fuller quotation from Prof. Goldwin Smith's
+very apposite remarks delivered before the Classical Association of Ontario (see
+'The Week,' April 28th, 1893): "No age has stood more in need of humanizing
+culture than this, in which physical culture reigns. One of the newspapers the
+other day invited us to take part in a symposium the subject of which was 'How
+to Produce a Perfect Man.' The problem was large, but one help to its solution
+might have been a reminder to keep the balance. A romantic age stands in need of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">87</a></span>
+science, a scientific and utilitarian age stands in need of the humanities. Darwin
+avows that poetry gave him no pleasure whatever. This surely was a loss, unless
+the whole side of things which poetry denotes is dead and gone, nothing but dry
+science being left us; in which case the generations that are coming may have some
+reason, with all their increase of knowledge and power, to wish that they had lived
+nearer the youth of the world." See <i>supra</i>, Note 1, for Mr. Lowell's remarks on the
+same subject.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">CANADIAN LIBRARIES.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_63_77" id="Footnote_63_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_77"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Page 53.&mdash;Some interesting facts as to the evolution of libraries in the Dominion
+can be gathered by reference to Bourinot's "Intellectual Development in
+Canada" (Toronto, 1831); Canniff Haight's "Country Life in Canada Fifty Years
+Ago"; Dr. Canniff's "History of Ontario"; and Dr. Kingsford's "Early Bibliography
+of Ontario." The principal results of the Ontario law providing for the establishment
+of free libraries by votes of ratepayers in a community have been the opening
+of two excellent libraries in Hamilton and Toronto&mdash;the latter under the judicious
+superintendence of Mr. James Bain.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">CANADIAN ARTISTS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_64_78" id="Footnote_64_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_78"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> Page 54.&mdash;An Art Society was founded in Upper Canada as far back as 1841,
+but its exhibitions were necessarily representative of British works of art. The
+present Art Association was founded in Montreal in 1860, and the Ontario School of
+Arts, which is doing excellent work, twelve years later, with its headquarters in
+Toronto. The Royal Canadian Academy, mentioned in the text, was established in
+1880. The influence of these and two or three minor institutions in Canada has been
+on the whole in the direction of stimulating art, but their efforts are not adequately
+encouraged by government or people in the provinces.</p>
+
+<p>The following is a list of the painters in oils and water colours whose pictures
+now make the principal features of the annual exhibitions in Ontario and Quebec,
+and the majority of whom were inadequately represented at Chicago: F. A. Verner,
+whose Indian and Canadian scenes are excellent; H. M. Matthews, who has made a
+high reputation for his Rocky Mountain paintings; L. R. O'Brien, essentially the
+most finished painter of picturesque Canada; T. Mower Martin, an industrious
+painter of wild sports and Canadian scenery; E. Wyley Grier, who has done some
+good work in portraits and natural scenery; W. Brymner, one of the most promising
+younger painters of Canadian scenes: George Reid, whose "Foreclosure of the
+Mortgage" is one of the best pictures produced in the Dominion; John Hammond
+of St. John, N.B., a painter of water life; Percy Woodcock, whose efforts at sketches
+of Canadian rural life are praiseworthy: F. M. Bell-Smith, who has a decided artistic
+faculty for the portraiture of our noblest scenery; Homer Watson, a favourite for his
+rustic landscapes and romantic pastorals; J. W. L. Forster, in some respects the best
+figure painter, but also capable of good landscapes; G. Bruenech, a careful artist of
+scenery; Ernest Thompson, who has made some good efforts at prairie subjects;
+J. C. Forbes, who painted Mr. Gladstone's portrait, and is one of the best artists of
+the class that Canada has so far known; W. Raphael and O. R. Jacobi, two of the
+oldest and best known painters of Canadian landscape. To these we must add Miss
+Minnie A. Bell, A. Watson, Miss Sidney S. Tully, Mrs. M. H. Reid, J. T. Rolph,
+R. F. Gagen, T. C. McGillivray Knowles, Forshaw Day, L. Huot, Mlle. Colombier,
+E. Dyonnet, C. Macdonald Manly, D. P. MacKillsan, J. W. Morrice, A. D. Patterson,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">88</a></span>
+Miss G. F. Spurr, F. S. Challener, Paul J. Wickson, Mrs. M. B. Screiber, W. Revell,
+D. Fowler, Miss E. May Martin, Miss Laura Muntz, Miss F. M. Bell-Smith, Miss
+Florence Carlyle, Miss I. M. F. Adams, Owen P. Staples, Mrs. M. E. Dignam, Charles
+Alexander, W. E. Atkinson, J. C. Mills, J. A. Fraser (in New York), Carl Ahrens,
+W. A. Sherwood, Miss Fannie Sutherland, T. C. V. Ede, H. Sandham (in New York),
+Mr. Harvey, Mr. Cruickshank, Mr. Seavey, A. Cox, Miss Edwards, J. Griffith, Colin
+Scott, J. Wilson, James Smith, C. J. Way, F. Brownell, A. P. Coleman, R. Harris,
+Miss Holden and Miss Houghton. Many of these artists, whose merits, of course,
+vary much, are not native Canadians. One of the strongest landscape painters,
+Mr. Matthews, is an Englishman, who has now, after some years, thoroughly understood
+the light and colour of Canadian scenery. O'Brien, Brymner, L. Huot, Forbes,
+Forster, Pinhey, Sidney Tully, G. Harris, Gagen, Knowles, Watson, Alexander,
+A. D. Patterson, C. M. Manly, E. May Martin and George Reid are Canadians.
+G. T. Berthon, who died recently in Toronto at an advanced age, and was known as
+a painter of numerous portraits, the best of which are to be seen in Osgoode Hall,
+was of French origin and education. Raphael is German by birth and education.
+Jacobi is a painter of the Dusseldorf school, and was at one time employed in the court
+of the King of Bavaria. Bruenech is a native, I understand, of Denmark, though
+educated in Canada. E. W. Grier is an Englishman by birth and education, with a
+knowledge of French art derived from study in Paris. So is Ernest Thompson, who
+also studied in Paris. Mower Martin is an Englishman, educated in that country
+and in Canada, with whose scenery he has been always enamoured. Carl Ahrens
+was born and educated in the United States. Miss Minnie Bell and Miss Laura
+Muntz are among the most promising younger artists of Canada. Both were born
+and received their elementary education in Canada. Miss Bell, after studying in
+Paris, is now in Montreal. Miss Muntz is still studying in Paris. Robert Harris is
+a native of Prince Edward Island. Mr. N. Bourassa, who is a French Canadian
+artist, has of late years devoted himself to ecclesiastical decoration. His best work
+is to be seen in the architecture and decoration of the churches of Notre Dame de
+Nazareth and Notre Dame de Lourdes, in Montreal, and he has the credit of having
+first applied probably in America "the art of painting to the adornment of Christian
+churches in the broad and thorough manner so common at one period in central
+Italy." (See Dr. S. E. Dawson's "Handbook of Canada," Montreal, 1888, pp. 183,
+184.) The influence of the French schools of painting can be seen in the best works
+of Paul Peel (now dead), Forster, Harris, Geo. Reid and John Pinhey (born at Ottawa),
+all of whom have had success at the salons. At the present time there are some
+twenty-five Canadians, more or less, studying in Paris, and the majority are French
+Canadians. In fact, the French schools draw students from Canada as well as from
+the United States, and England is relatively ignored. The artistic temperament is
+more stimulated by the <i>ateliers</i> and the student life of Paris than among the more
+business-like and cold surroundings of a student in London. In sculpture the names
+are very few, Hamilton McCarthy, H&#233;bert and Dunbar having alone done meritorious
+work, but of these three H&#233;bert is the only native Canadian. One of the very
+first painters to draw attention, years ago, to Canadian scenery, especially to the
+wonderfully vivid tints of autumn, was Krieghoff, whose pictures have been so much
+copied that it is difficult now to tell the originals from the reproductions. He was,
+however, not a native Canadian but a Swiss painter from the German-speaking cantons,
+I believe. The name of Paul Kane (born in Toronto) will be always identified
+with Indian life and customs, and as the pioneer of art in Canada. A fine collection
+of his paintings is in the possession of Hon. G. W. Allan, who has always taken an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">89</a></span>
+active interest in the development of art in the city of which he has been so long an
+honoured citizen.</p>
+
+<p>Among other Canadian artists who laboured in the commencement of art studies
+in this country may be mentioned the following: Dulongpr&#233;, Samuel Berczy, Audy,
+William Berczy, Vincent Zacharie Thelariolin (Indian of Lorette, 1812&ndash;1886), Hamel,
+Carey, T. H. Burnett, J. J. Girouard, P. Leber&mdash;many of whose artistic efforts are
+already forgotten though their work was meritorious. With respect to Berthon,
+the following note by Col. G. T. Denison, F.R.S.C., of Toronto, which I have received
+since writing of the artist above, will be of interest: "His father was a court painter
+under the great Napoleon, and several of his pictures are now in Versailles. He
+was a Frenchman, and I think was in Vienna when his son, my old friend, was
+born; for I am under the impression Berthon told me he was born in Vienna. I
+think he was brought up in France, and went to London when comparatively young,
+and there set up as a portrait painter. He was induced to come out to Canada about
+the year 1843 or 1844, and settled in Toronto soon after, where he died about a year
+ago, over eighty years of age. He was certainly, when in his prime, the best portrait
+painter we ever had in Canada, and in my opinion was better than most of the men
+of great celebrity in London to-day."</p>
+
+<p>The successful artists at the World's Fair, where 113 works in all were presented
+from Canada, were the following: Mr. G. Reid, whose great picture mentioned above
+could not fail to attract much notice, Mr. Harris, Mr. Ede, Miss Holden and Mr.
+J. A. Fraser. This is satisfactory in view of the fact that the best work of the majority
+of leading Canadian artists was not represented in the exhibition. Apart
+from Mr. Reid's painting, the pictures that were signalled out for special notice
+were not equal in some respects to other efforts of the same artists that have been
+seen in our annual exhibitions.</p>
+
+<p>In closing this note I cannot do better than give the following judicious remarks
+on art in Canada, delivered before the Canadian Institute, by an able Canadian artist,
+J. W. L. Forster: "The art of Canada to-day is a mingling of elements.... The
+influence of the old world may be seen in the work of many who cherish still the
+precepts of their masters. Yet it is due to those who have adopted Canada as their
+home to say they are as Canadian in the faithful reproduction of the pure glories of
+our climate as those who first saw the sun in our own sky. Our native artists who
+have studied abroad are much inclined to paint a Canadian sky with the haze of
+Western Europe, and our verdure, too, as though it grew upon foreign soil. Our art
+is not Canadian.... Material is certainly not wanting, nor <i>motif</i> of the
+grander order. The first requisite is for a stronger national spirit. Events are
+slowly developing this; and the signs are full of promise in this direction. The
+second great need is for a museum equipped with well-chosen specimens of the
+world's art. Our government and citizens are establishing schools of industrial and
+fine art, yet when we would point our pupils to examples of pure art, lo! there are
+none; and when we would know what art has been, in order to discover what art
+may be, we must go as exiles and pilgrims to foreign cities. A museum that gives
+the best of their art history and achievement will greatly strengthen our hope and
+give rein to our ambition. A third need is for capable and generous criticism.
+There are many men whose discernment and sympathies fit them eminently for the
+role of art critic; but as yet journalism has not opened wide the door to advancement
+in such a specialty."</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">ARCHITECTURAL ART.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_64A_79" id="Footnote_64A_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64A_79"><span class="label">[64<i>a</i>]</span></a> Page 57.&mdash;While Canadian architecture is generally wanting in originality
+of conception, yet it affords many good illustrations of the effective adaptation of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">90</a></span>
+the best art of Europe to the principal edifices of the large cities. These are the
+most noteworthy public buildings:</p>
+
+<p>In <i>Ottawa</i>.&mdash;The parliament and departmental buildings, admirable examples of
+Italian Gothic of the 13th century, with a fine central tower, the effect of which has
+been marred by a later tower in the western block out of harmony with the general
+design of an otherwise perfect group.</p>
+
+<p>In <i>Quebec</i>.&mdash;The legislative building in the French style of the 17th century, noteworthy
+for its niches containing statues of men famous in French Canadian history.</p>
+
+<p>In <i>Montreal</i>.&mdash;The parish church of Notre Dame, on the Place d'Armes, of a
+simple Gothic style, attractive for its stateliness and massiveness.</p>
+
+<p>Christ Church Cathedral, on St. Catherine street, worthy of study as an admirable
+specimen of the early English style of ecclesiastical architecture, exhibiting
+unity of design and correctness of proportions.</p>
+
+<p>Notre Dame de Lourdes, whose interior has been already spoken of (see preceding
+note); a good example of the Byzantine order, combined with effects of the Italian
+Renaissance recalling Venetian architecture.</p>
+
+<p>The Montreal Bank, on St. James street, an artistic illustration of the Corinthian
+order, with an interior interesting for the artistic effort to illustrate on the walls
+remarkable scenes in Canadian history.</p>
+
+<p>The Canadian Pacific Station, on Windsor street, a fine example of an adaptation
+of old Norman architecture to modern necessities.</p>
+
+<p>In <i>Toronto</i>.&mdash;The University, perhaps the best example in America of a modern
+conception of Norman architecture, with a tower of much beauty.</p>
+
+<p>Trinity University, whose graceful Tudor-Gothic design, in which the tower is a
+conspicuous feature, is marred by the clumsy projection of a later chapel building,
+entirely out of harmony with the admirable front.</p>
+
+<p>Osgoode Hall, of the Ionic order, modified by additions of the Italian Renaissance.</p>
+
+<p>St. Andrew's Church, a combination of the Norman and Byzantine orders, more
+suitable for a great library or a hall than an ecclesiastical edifice. As a specimen of
+architecture, apart from its purpose, it is harmonious and artistic.</p>
+
+<p>The new legislative buildings, which are the most pretentious in Canada after
+the Ottawa parliament house, are a praiseworthy effort to illustrate the Romanesque,
+with details of the Celtic and Indo-Germanic schools.</p>
+
+<p>The Methodist Metropolitan Church, a judicious example of a modern form of
+the Gothic style which distinguished the 13th century in France. It is at once
+simple and harmonious in its general design, and has a massive tower which adds to
+the general effect of the whole structure.</p>
+
+<p>St. James's Church, often cited as a good example of ecclesiastical Gothic, with a
+graceful and well-proportioned tower and steeple, conspicuous from all points of view.</p>
+
+<p>In <i>Hamilton</i>.&mdash;The court-house is in some respects the best designed of its kind
+in Canada. The head office of the Canada Life Assurance Company is noteworthy
+for its graceful simplicity, in its way not equalled in Canada.</p>
+
+<p>In <i>Fredericton</i>.&mdash;The Church of England Cathedral, a perfect specimen, on a
+small scale, of pure early English Gothic on the Continent.</p>
+
+<p>The new library building which McGill University owes to the public spirit of
+Mr. Redpath, of Montreal, is distinguished by the graceful simplicity of its external
+form, and the conveniences of its beautiful interior. Apart from this fine edifice,
+however, and the parliamentary library at Ottawa, whose external design is harmonious
+and whose internal fittings illustrate the effectiveness of our natural woods,
+Canada has no such libraries&mdash;in special buildings I mean&mdash;noteworthy for
+beauty of architecture and convenience of arrangements as we find among our neighbours,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">91&ndash;92</a></span>
+illustrating their public and private spirit. Neither have we an art gallery of
+special architectural features, for the building at Montreal is simple in the extreme.
+Such as it is, however, it is an object of imitation to other cities in Canada.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">"FIDELIS."</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_65_80" id="Footnote_65_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_80"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Page 60.&mdash;The poetic citation which closes the presidential address is taken
+from Miss Machar's ("Fidelis") verses on "Dominion Day," which appear in "Songs
+of the Great Dominion," pp. 15&ndash;17, and merit a wide audience for their patriotic spirit
+and poetic taste.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">93</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>INDEX.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<ul class="index">
+  <li class="isub2">"Acadia, History of," by J. Hannay, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Acadian Geology," by Sir J. W. Dawson, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"After Weary Years," romance by Archbp. O'Brien, of Halifax, N.S., <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Ahrens, Carl, artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Algonquin Grammar, by Abb&#233; Cuoq, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Allan, Hon. G. W., his love of art, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"An American Girl in London," by Sara J. Duncan, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Aminta," poem by Archbishop O'Brien, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Anciens Canadiens," by P. de Gasp&#233;, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Archibald, Sir Adams J., statesman, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Archibald, S. J. W., statesman, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Architecture in Canada, imitative rather than original, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">special buildings of architectural beauty mentioned, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Art in Canada, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">names of eminent painters, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">want of art galleries, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">establishment of art associations in Montreal and Toronto, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">the Canadian Academy of Art, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">some general remarks on its use, <a href="#Page_54">ib.</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">J. W. L. Forster cited on the subject, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">success of Canadian artists at the Chicago World's Fair, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Art gallery in Montreal, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Arnold, Matthew, on the large meaning of "Literature," <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Australian novelists, superior to those of Canada, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">names, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Australian poets compared with those of Canada, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">names, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">extracts from, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Baldwin, Hon. Robert, statesman, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Bank of Montreal Building at Montreal, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Bastonnais, The," romance by J. Lesp&#233;rance, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Beggars All," by L. Dougall, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Belknap, Jeremy, his "History of New Hampshire," <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Bell, Miss Minnie, artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Bell-Smith, F. M., artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Beothiks, or Red Indians of Newfoundland, essay on, by Dr. Patterson, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Berthon, G. T., artist, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Bibaud, Michel, his History of Canada, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Bibliography of the writings of members of the Royal Society, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Bienville, Fran&#231;ois de," romance by M. Marmette, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Billings, Elkanah, geologist, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Biography, literature of, weak in Canada, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Blake, Edward, mentioned, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Boucher, Pierre, his account of the customs and natural productions of Nouvelle France, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Bouchette, Joseph, his works on the topography of Canada, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Bourassa, N., artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Brown, J. H., poet, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Bruenech, G., artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Bunsen, Chevalier, his opinion on what constitutes the excellence of a romance, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Brymner, W., artist, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2 p1t"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">94</a></span>Campbell, Wilfred, his poems, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">quotations therefrom, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Canada Life Assurance Building at Hamilton, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Canada, three eras of development, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Canadian Idylls," poems by W. Kirby, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Canadian Literary and Scientific Societies, the oldest in Canada, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Canadian Monthly," its usefulness, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Canadian Pacific RR., Station at Montreal, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Canadiens de l'Ouest," by J. Tass&#233;, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Carillon, le Drapeau de," poem by O. Cr&#233;mazie, quoted, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Carman, Bliss, his poems, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Cartier, Sir George Etienne, statesman, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Casgrain, Abb&#233;, his historical works, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">his opinion of Cr&#233;mazie, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Catherwood, Mary Hartwell, writer of fiction, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Champlain, compared with Columbus, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">with Captain John Smith, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">his works, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Chants Nouveaux," poems by B. Sulte, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Charlevoix, his history of Nouvelle France, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">his opinion of society in Quebec, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Chauveau, P. J. O., his poems, etc., <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">one of the founders of the Royal Society, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Chevrier, R., poet, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Christie, Robert, his history of Lower Canada, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Chief Factor, The," novel by Gilbert Parker, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Christ Church Cathedral at Fredericton, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Christ Church Cathedral at Montreal, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Classics, Study of;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Goldwin Smith on, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Matthew Arnold on, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">J. Russell Lowell on, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">should be encouraged in Canadian colleges, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">its results in French Canada, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Clarke, Professor, mentioned, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Cl&#224;rsach nam Beann," Gaelic poems by E. McColl, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Clercq, P&#232;re Chrestien le, his "Etablissement de la Foy," <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Coogee," poem by H. C. Kendall, the Australian poet, cited, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Cours d'Histoire du Canada," by Abb&#233; Ferland, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Crawford, Isabella Valancy, poet, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Cr&#233;mazie, Octave, his poems, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Creux, P&#232;re du, his <i>Historia Canadensis</i>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Criticism, necessity for a spirit of genuine, in Canada, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">reference to S. E. Dawson's essay on "The Princess," <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Sainte-Beuve quoted, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Cuoq, Abb&#233;, his works on the Algonquin language, contributed to Royal Society, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Davin, Nicholas Flood, poet, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Dawson, &#198;neas, poet, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Dawson, G. M., his contributions to Royal Society, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Dawson, S. E., his criticism on "The Princess," <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Dawson, Sir W., <i>doyen</i> of Science in Canada, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"D&#233;couverte du Mississippi, La," poem by L. Fr&#233;chette quoted, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Dent, John C., his histories, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Derby, the Earl of, his farewell address to the Royal Society of Canada, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Deville, E., his contributions to Royal Society, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Dewart, E. H., poet, his collection of Canadian poems, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Dionne, N. E., his writings, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Dodge Club Abroad," by Professor De Mille, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Doyle, Conan, his "Refugees" held up to imitation of Canadian writers of romance, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Dread Voyage," poem by W. Campbell, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Dreamland" and other poems by C. Mair, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Dunbar, sculptor, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Duncan, Sara Jeannette, author, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Duvar, John Hunter, poet, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Ede, T. C. V., artist, wins success at Chicago World's Fair, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Edgar, James D., poet, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">95</a></span>Edgar, Mrs., her "Ridout Letters" quoted, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Education, in French Canada under old regime, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">in Canada from 1760&ndash;1840, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">from 1840&ndash;1893, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">its present condition and defects, <a href="#Page_49">49&ndash;51</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Emerson, representative of original American genius, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Epic of the Dawn," poem by N. F. Davin, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Essayists, names of principal French and English, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Faillon, Abb&#233;, his history of the "Colonie fran&#231;aise," <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Fauna of St. John Group, geological work by G. F. Matthew, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Ferland, J. B. A., his "History of Canada," <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Flag of Old England," poem by Joseph Howe, quoted, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Flora and Botany of Canada, essays on, by Professors Lawson, Macoun and Penhallow, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Forbes, J. C., artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Foreclosure of the Mortgage," painting by G. A. Reid, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Forster, J. W. L., artist, his remarks on the tendency of Canadian art, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Fraser, J. A., artist, wins success at Chicago "World's Fair," <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Fr&#233;chette, L., his poems, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">quotation from his "D&#233;couverte du Mississippi," <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">essayist, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">French Canada: early writers of her history, Champlain, Boucher, Le Clercq, Charlevoix, etc., <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61&ndash;64</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">culture and science during French regime, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">historians and poets from 1760&ndash;1840, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">from 1840 to 1867, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">from 1867&ndash;1893, <a href="#Page_72">72&ndash;74</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">writers of romance few in number, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">influence of the French language, <a href="#Page_58">58&ndash;60</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">its probable duration, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">French language in Canada, remarks on, <a href="#Page_58">58&ndash;60</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">French Canadian poetry, an estimate of its merits, <a href="#Page_22">22&ndash;24</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Gagen, R. F., artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Gazette" of Montreal, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Galissoni&#232;re, La, his culture and scientific spirit, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Ganong, Prof., contributor to Royal Society of Canada, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Garneau, F. X., his "Histoire du Canada," <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Gladstone, Right Hon. Mr., portrait of, painted by J. C. Forbes, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Globe" of Toronto, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Golden Dog, The," romance by W. Kirby, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">translated by P. LeMay, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Gordon, A. Lindsay, his spirited poem, "The Sick Stock-rider," quoted, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Grant, Principal, author and lecturer, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Greek, study of, desirable, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Grier, E. W., artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Griffin, M. J., essayist and poet, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Haida Grammar, to be printed by Royal Society, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Haliburton, Judge, his "Sam Slick," <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">his "History of Nova Scotia," <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Hamel, Mgr., contributor to Royal Society, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Hamilton Court-house, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Hamilton, P. S., poet, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Hammond, John, artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Hannay, J., his "History of Acadia," <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Harris, George, artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Harrison, S. Frances ("Seranus"), poet, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Harvey, Moses, his contributions to Royal Society, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Haultain, Arnold, mentioned, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Hawthorne, N., representative of original American genius, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Heavysege, Chas., his poems, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">H&#233;bert, French Canadian sculptor, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Historians of Canada: W. Smith, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">M. Bibaud, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Haliburton's Nova Scotia, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Garneau, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Ferland, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Faillon, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">B. Sulte, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">J. C. Dent, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">L. Turcotte, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Withrow, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Kingsford, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">McMillan, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Hannay, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Murdoch, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Tanguay, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Dionne, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Casgrain, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Gosselin, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">96</a></span>"Histoire des Canadiens Fran&#231;ais," by B. Sulte, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Histoire de la Colonie Fran&#231;aise en Canada," by Abb&#233; Faillon, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Holden, Miss, artist, wins success at Chicago World's Fair, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Houghton, Miss, artist, wins success at Chicago World's Fair, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Howe, Joseph, as poet and orator, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">one of his poems quoted in full, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Hunt, Thomas Sterry, his contributions to the Royal Society of Canada, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">one of its founders, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Huntington, Hon. L. S., statesman and novelist, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Huot, L., artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Hutchinson, Governor, his "History of Massachusetts," <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">"In Divers Tones," poem by C. G. D. Roberts, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"In the Millet," poems by A. Lampman, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Intellectual Development in Canada: under the French regime, <a href="#Page_5">5&ndash;8</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">books, newspapers, education and culture from 1760&ndash;1840, <a href="#Page_9">9&ndash;18</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">from 1840&ndash;1893, <a href="#Page_19">19&ndash;27</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">statesmen of intellectual power, mentioned, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">historical literature, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">poets, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">essayists, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">humorists, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">novelists, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">biographers, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">pulpit literature, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">legal literature, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">newspaper development, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">the Royal Society and its work, <a href="#Page_33">33&ndash;42</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">success of scientific writers, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">want of good magazines, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">no very striking results yet achieved, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">obstacles in the way of successful literary results in Canada, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">artistic achievement, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">architectural work lacking originality, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">general remarks, on the intellectual conditions of Canada, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">what is wanted to stimulate mental effort in the Dominion, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">intellectual standard of our legislative bodies, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">the great drain on our intellectual strength by the legislative bodies of the Dominion, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">business capacity now chiefly conspicuous in legislative halls, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Jacobi, O. R., artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Jamestown, Va., in ruins, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Jesuit College, founded at Quebec, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Jesuit Relations, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Johnstone, James W., statesman, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Kalm, Peter, his reference to culture and science in French Canada, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Kane, Paul, painter of Indian scenes, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Katzmann, M. J., poet, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Kingsford, W., his "History of Canada," <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">his address, <i>In Memoriam</i>, Sir D. Wilson, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Kirby, W., his "Golden Dog," and other works, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Knowles, G., artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Krieghoff, painter of Canadian scenery, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Laflamme, Prof., contributor to Royal Society, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Lafitau, his account of Indian life and customs, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Lafontaine, Sir Louis Hypolite, statesman, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Lake Lyrics," poems by W. Campbell, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Lampman, Archibald, poet, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Later Canadian Poems," collected by J. E. Wetherell, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Laval University, mentioned, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Law, literature of, in Canada, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Legendre, N., author, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"L&#233;gendes Canadiennes," by Abb&#233; Casgrain, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Legend of the Rose," poem by S. J. Watson, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Legislative Buildings at Quebec, their architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Legislative Buildings at Toronto, their architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">LeMay, P., his poems, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Lescarbot, Marc, his "Nouvelle France," <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Lesp&#233;rance, John, novelist, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Les Echos," poems by Judge Routhier, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Les Fleurs Bor&#233;ales," prize poems by L. Fr&#233;chette, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Les Laurentiennes," poems by B. Sulte, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">97</a></span>LeSueur, W. D., essayist, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Libraries in Canada, before 1840, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">at present time, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Lighthall, W. D., his collection of Canadian poems, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Lockhart, B. W. and A. J., poets, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Logan, Sir William, geologist, born in Canada, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"London Times," an example of a perfect newspaper, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Lorne, Marquess of, establishes the Royal Society of Canada, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">and the Canadian Academy of Art, with the Princess Louise, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Louise, H. R. H. the Princess, her labours in connection with Art in Canada, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Lowell, James Russell, his remarks on the measure of a nation's true success, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">on the study of the classics, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Macdonald, Sir John A., statesman, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Machar, Miss ("Fidelis"), one of her poems quoted, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Mackenzie, Hon. Alexander, statesman, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Mackenzie, William Lyon, politician and agitator, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Magazine, need of, in Canada, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">the old "Canadian Monthly," <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Mair, Charles, poet, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Manly, C. M., artist, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Marmette, J., works cited, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Martin, E. May, artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Martin, Mower, artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Masque of Minstrels," poems by the Lockhart Brothers, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Mather, Cotton, his <i>Magnalia</i>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Matthew, G. F., his contributions to the Royal Society, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Matthews, H. M., artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">McCarthy, Hamilton, sculptor, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">McColl, Evan, his Gaelic poems, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">McGee, T. D'Arcy, statesman and author, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">McLachlan, Alexander, his poems, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Metropolitan Methodist Church at Toronto, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Montcalm et L&#233;vis," history by Abb&#233; Casgrain, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Montesquieu, his "Esprit des Lois," its high place in literature, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Montreal, its Art Gallery, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">its architectural features, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Morin, Augustin Norbert, statesman, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Muntz, Miss, artist, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Newspapers in Canada, previous to 1867, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">at present time, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">their character, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Novel-writing in Canada, not generally successful, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">exceptions, "Golden Dog" by Kirby, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">"Fran&#231;ois de Bienville" by Marmette, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">"Les Anciens Canadiens" by De Gasp&#233;, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">De Mille's works, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Sara Jeannette Duncan, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Gilbert Parker, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">L. Dougall, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Notre Dame de Lourdes, in Montreal, decorated by N. Bourassa, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">O'Brien, L. R., artist, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">O'Brien, Most Rev. Dr., author, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">O'Doyle, L. O'Connor, orator, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">O'Hagan, T., poet, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Oiseaux de Neige, Les," poems by L. Fr&#233;chette, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Orion" and other poems, by Professor Roberts, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Osgoode Hall in Toronto, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Our Fathers," by Joseph Howe, mentioned, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Papineau, Louis Joseph, statesman, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Parkman, Francis, his vivid historical pictures of Canada, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Parish Church of Notre Dame at Montreal, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Parliament and Departmental Buildings at Ottawa, their architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Parliamentary Library at Ottawa, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Patterson, A. D., artist, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Patterson, Dr., his contributions to Royal Society of Canada, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Peel, Paul, artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Pine, Rose and Fleur-de-Lis," poems by S. Frances Harrison, ("Seranus"), <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Pinhey, John, artist, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">98</a></span>Poets of Canada;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">previous to 1867, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">from 1867&ndash;1893, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">estimate of their productions, <a href="#Page_20">20&ndash;25</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">patriotic strain of many of their efforts, <a href="#Page_25">25&ndash;27</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Political Life in Canada, attracts best intellects in old times, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">also at present, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Potherie, La, his "Am&#233;rique Septentrionale," <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Professor Conant," novel by L. S. Huntington, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Prehistoric Man," by Sir D. Wilson, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Pulpit, literature of, in Canada, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Raphael, W., artist, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Reade, John, his poems, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">his "In My Heart" quoted at length, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">essayist, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Redpath Library at Montreal, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Reid, G. A., Canadian artist, his "Foreclosure of the Mortgage," his success at the World's Fair, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Religious literature, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Richardson, A. H., the architect, a lover of the Romanesque, mentioned, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Richardson, Major, his romances, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Riley, James Whitcomb, the poet, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Roberts, C. G. D., his poems, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Roberval," poem by J. H. Duvar, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Routhier, J. B., poet, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Royal Society of Canada, its foundation, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">its objects, <a href="#Page_33">33&ndash;36</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">its success, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">its Transactions and their circulation, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">some of its most prominent contributions to the literature of learning and science, <a href="#Page_37">37&ndash;39</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">its connection with "Tidal Observations," and the determination of the true longitude of Montreal, etc., <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">asks for sympathetic encouragement, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</li>
+      <li class="isub4">see note 58, p. <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Ruskin, John, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">quoted, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Ryan, Carroll, poet, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Sagard, Gabriel, his "Grand Voyage," etc., <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Sainte-Beuve on French poetry, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">on good workmanship in literature, and criticism, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Saint-Maurice, Faucher de, mentioned, "Sam Slick," by Judge Haliburton, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Sangster, Charles, his poems, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Sarrazin, Dr. Michel, his scientific labours in Canada, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Schools in Canada, number of, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">pupils at same, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Science, Canadians achieve notable success therein, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Sculptors in Canada, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Secord, Laura, her toilsome journey in 1813, described by Mrs. Edgar, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">worthy of a poet's pen, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Selections from Canadian Poets, by E. H. Dewart, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Seminary, The Great and Lesser, founded at Quebec, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Simple Adventures of a Memsahib," by Sara J. Duncan, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Sladen, Douglas, his collection of American poems, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Smith, Captain John, compared with Samuel Champlain, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Smith, Goldwin, on the study of the classics, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Smith, William, his History of Canada, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Social Departure, A," by Sara J. Duncan, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Songs of the Great Dominion," collection of poems by W. D. Lighthall, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Songs of Life," by E. H. Dewart, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Songs of a Wanderer," by Carroll Ryan, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">St. Andrew's Church at Toronto, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">St. James's Cathedral at Toronto, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Statesmanship in Canada, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Stewart, Dr. George, his literary efforts, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Suite, historian and poet, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Tanguay, Abb&#233;, his "Dictionnaire G&#233;n&#233;alogique des Canadiens Fran&#231;ais," <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Tass&#233;, Joseph, his writings, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Tecumseh," poem by C. Mair, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Tendres Choses," poem by R. Chevrier, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">99</a></span>"This Canada of Ours," poem by J. D. Edgar, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Thompson, David, his book on the War of 1812, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Thompson, Ernest, artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Tilley, Sir Leonard S., statesman, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Todd, A., his "Parliamentary Government," <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Trinity College at Toronto, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Trois Morts," poem by O. Cr&#233;mazie, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Tully, Sidney, artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Tupper, Sir Charles, statesman, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Turcotte, L., his "History of Canada," <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Uniacke, J. Boyle, statesman, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Universities and Colleges in Canada, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">University of Toronto, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Verner, F. A., artist, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Verreau, Abb&#233;, contributor to Royal Society, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">"Wacousta, or the Prophecy," romance by Major J. Richardson, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Waters, Frank, poet, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Watson, Homer, artist, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Watson, S. J., poet, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Way, Chief Justice, of Adelaide, S. A., mentioned, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Week, The," its literary work in Canada, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"White Stone Canoe," poem by J. D. Edgar, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Whitman, Walt, as poet, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Wicksteed, G. W., poet, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Wilmot, Judge, statesman, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Wilson, Sir D., one of the founders and constant workers of the Royal Society, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Woodcock, Percy, artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">World's Fair at Chicago, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">beauty of architecture, and excellence of exhibition of paintings and statuary, <a href="#Page_55">55&ndash;57</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">must help to develop higher artistic achievement in America, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Canadian painters at, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">"Younger American Poets," collection by D. Sladen, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Young, Sir William, statesman, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<div class="transnote">
+<h2 class="nobreak p1">Transcriber's Note:</h2>
+
+<p>Footnotes placed at end of their respective chapter</p>
+
+<p>Obvious punctuation and spelling errors corrected</p>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_6">Pg. 6</a>: Note 11 for "... the admirable account of Indian life and customs by the Jesuit Lafitau," changed to 11<i>a</i></p>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_27">Pg. 27</a>: Note 44<i>a</i> for "... written sixty years ago by Major John Richardson," changed to 45<i>a</i></p>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_42">Pg. 42</a>: Note/Footnote 58 * for "... yet in the infantry of its literary life." changed to Footnote F</p>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_63">Pg. 63</a>: In "(8) Page 6.&mdash;The Canadian Government...." changed to "(9) Page 6.&mdash;The Canadian Government...."</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 55499 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Our Intellectual Strength and Weakness, by
+John George Bourinot
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions 
+whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
+the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at 
+www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
+to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
+
+
+
+
+Title: Our Intellectual Strength and Weakness
+       A Short Historical and Critical Review of Literature, Art and Education in Canada
+
+
+Author: John George Bourinot
+
+
+
+Release Date: September 7, 2017  [eBook #55499]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OUR INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AND
+WEAKNESS***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made
+available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org)
+
+
+
+Note: Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      https://archive.org/details/ourintellectuals00jgborich
+
+
+
+
+
+Royal Society of Canada Series.
+
+No. 1.
+
+OUR INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS.
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
+
+Parliamentary Practice and Procedure, with a review of the origin,
+growth, and operation of parliamentary institutions in Canada. And
+an Appendix containing the British North America Act of 1867 and
+amending acts, Governor-General's commission and instructions, forms of
+proceeding in the Senate and House of Commons, etc.; 2nd ed., revised
+and enlarged, 8vo., pp. 970, cloth and calf. Montreal: Dawson Bros.,
+1892. $8.
+
+A Manual of the Constitutional History of Canada, from the earliest
+period to the year 1888, including the B. N. A. Act of 1867, and a
+digest of judicial decisions on questions of legislative jurisdiction.
+12mo. pp. 238. Montreal: Dawson Bros. Cloth, $1.25.
+
+Canadian Studies in Comparative Politics: I. Canada and English
+Institutions; II. Canada and the United States; III. Canada and
+Switzerland. Large 4to. pp. 100. Montreal: Dawson Bros. Cloth, $1.
+
+Local Government in Canada. 8vo. pp. 72. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
+University Studies. Paper, 50c.
+
+Federal Government in Canada. 8vo. pp. 172. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
+University Studies, 1889. Paper, 50c.
+
+Parliamentary Government in Canada: an historical and constitutional
+study. Annals of American Historical Association. 8vo. pp. 98.
+Washington: Government Printing Office, 1893. Paper, $1.
+
+Descriptive and Historical Account of the Island of Cape Breton,
+and of its Memorials of the French Regime, with bibliographical,
+historical and critical notes, and old maps; plans and illustrations
+of Louisbourg. Large 4to. pp. 180. Montreal: Foster Brown & Co., 1892.
+Fancy cloth, $3.
+
+      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+Royal Society of Canada Series.
+
+OUR INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS
+
+A Short Historical and Critical Review of Literature,
+Art and Education in Canada,
+
+by
+
+J. G. BOURINOT, C.M.G., LL.D., D.C.L., D.L. (LAVAL).
+
+Author of "Cape Breton and Its Memorials of the French Regime," and of
+Several Works on Federal and Parliamentary Government
+in the Dominion of Canada.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Montreal:
+Foster Brown & Co.
+
+London:
+Bernard Quaritch.
+
+1893
+
+Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada by J. G. BOURINOT, in
+the Office of the Minister of Agriculture, in the year 1893.
+
+Gazette Printing Company, Montreal.
+
+
+
+
+                             To my Friends
+              SIR J. W. DAWSON, (C.M.G., F.R.S.C., LL.D.)
+                                  AND
+                  MONSIGNOR HAMEL, (M.A., F.R.S.C.),
+   WHO REPRESENT THE CULTURE AND LEARNING OF THE ENGLISH AND FRENCH
+                   ELEMENTS OF THE CANADIAN PEOPLE,
+                              I dedicate
+           THIS SHORT REVIEW OF THE INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT
+                         OF THE NEW DOMINION.
+
+
+
+
+PREFATORY NOTE.
+
+
+This monograph on the intellectual development of the Dominion was
+delivered in substance as the presidential address to the Royal Society
+of Canada at its May meeting of 1893, in Ottawa. Since then the author
+has given the whole subject a careful revision, and added a number of
+bibliographical and other literary notes which could not conveniently
+appear in the text of the address, but are likely to interest those who
+wish to follow more closely the progress of culture in a country still
+struggling with the difficulties of the material development of half
+a continent. This little volume, as the title page shows, is intended
+as the commencement of a series of historical and other essays which
+will be periodically reproduced, in this more convenient form for the
+general reader, from the large quarto volumes of the Royal Society of
+Canada, where they first appear.
+
+  OTTAWA, 1st October, 1893.
+
+
+
+
+ANALYSIS OF CONTENTS.
+
+
+  I.--P. 1.
+
+  Introductory remarks on the overestimate of material success in
+        America; citation from an oration on the subject by James
+        Russell Lowell; application of his remarks to Canadians.
+
+  II.--P. 4.
+
+  Three well defined eras of development in Canada; the French regime
+        and its heroic aspect; the works of Champlain, Lescarbot,
+        Potherie, Le Clercq, Charlevoix and others; evidences of some
+        culture in Quebec and Montreal; the foundation of the Jesuit
+        College and the Seminaries; Peter Kalm on the study of science;
+        the mental apathy of the colony generally in the days of French
+        supremacy.
+
+  III.--P. 9.
+
+  The period of political development from 1760-1840, under English
+        government; low state of popular education; growth of the press;
+        influence of the clergy; intellectual contests in legislative
+        halls; publication of "Sam Slick"; development of a historical
+        literature.
+
+  IV.--P. 14.
+
+  An era of intellectual as well as material activity commences in 1840,
+        after the concession of responsible government; political life
+        still claims best intellects; names of prominent politicians and
+        statesmen from 1840-1867; performance in literature and science;
+        gross partisanship of the press; poems of Crémazie, Howe,
+        Sangster and others; histories of Christie, Bibaud, Garneau and
+        Ferland.
+
+  V.--P. 19.
+
+  Historical writers from 1867-1893--Dent, Turcotte, Casgrain, Sulte,
+        Kingsford, etc.; Canadian poets--LeMay, Reade, Mair, Roberts,
+        Carman and others; critical remarks on the character of French
+        and English Canadian poetry; comparison between Canadian and
+        Australian writers; patriotic spirit of Canadian poems.
+
+  VI.--P. 27.
+
+  Essay writing in Canada; weakness of attempts at fiction; Richardson's
+        "Wacousta"; De Gaspé's "Anciens Canadiens"; Kirby's "Golden
+        Dog"; Marmette's "F. de Bienville," among best works of this
+        class; Professor De Mille and his works; successful efforts of
+        Canadians abroad--Gilbert Parker, Sara Jeannette Duncan and L.
+        Dougall; general remarks on literary progress during half a
+        century; the literature of science in Canada eminently
+       successful.
+
+  VII.--P. 33.
+
+  A short review of the origin and history of the Royal Society of
+        Canada; its aim, the encouragement of the literature of learning
+        and science, and of original ethnographical, archæological,
+        historic and scientific investigation; desirous of stimulating
+        broad literary criticism; associated with all other Canadian
+        societies engaged in the same work; the wide circulation of its
+        Transactions throughout the world; the need of a magazine of a
+        high class in Canada.
+
+  VIII.--P. 42.
+
+  The intellectual standard of our legislative bodies; the literature of
+        biography, law and theology; summary of general results of
+        intellectual development; difficulties in the way of successful
+        literary pursuits in Canada; good work sure of appreciative
+        criticism by the best class of English periodicals like the
+        "Contemporary," "Athenæum," "English Historical Magazine,"
+        "Academy," etc.; Sainte-Beuve's advice to cultivate a good style
+        cited; some colonial conditions antagonistic to literary growth;
+        the necessity of cultivating a higher ideal of literature in
+        these modern times.
+
+  IX.--P. 49.
+
+  The condition of education in Canada; speed and superficiality among
+        the defects of an otherwise admirable system; tendency to make
+        all studies subordinate to a purely utilitarian spirit; the need
+        of cultivating the "humanities," especially Greek; remarks on
+        this point by Matthew Arnold and Goldwin Smith; the state of the
+        press of Canada; the Canadian Pythia and Olympia.
+
+  X.--P. 53.
+
+  Libraries in Canada; development of art; absence of art galleries in
+        the cities, and of large private collections of paintings;
+        meritorious work of O'Brien, Reed, Peel, Pinhey, Forster and
+        others; establishment of the Canadian Academy by the Princess
+        Louise and the Marquess of Lorne; necessity for greater
+        encouragement of native artists; success of Canadian artists at
+        the World's Fair; architecture in Canada imitative and not
+        creative; the White City at Chicago an illustration of the
+        triumph of intellectual and artistic effort over the spirit of
+        mere materialism; its effect probably the development of a
+        higher culture and creative artistic genius on the continent.
+
+  XI.--P. 58.
+
+  Conclusion: The French language and its probable duration in Canada;
+       the advantages of a friendly rivalry among French and English
+       Canadians, which will best stimulate the genius of their peoples
+       in art and letters; necessity for sympathetic encouragement of
+       the two languages and of the mental efforts of each other; less
+       provincialism or narrowness of mental vision likely to gain
+       larger audiences in other countries; conditions of higher
+       intellectual development largely dependent on a widening of our
+       mental horizon, the creation of wider sympathy for native talent,
+       the disappearance of a tendency to self-depreciation, and greater
+       self-reliance and confidence in our own intellectual resources.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHICAL, ART AND GENERAL NOTES.
+
+
+    (1) P. 61.--Lowell's remarks on the study of the Liberal Arts.
+
+    (2) P. 61.--Jamestown, Va.
+
+    (3) P. 61.--Champlain's Works; his character compared with that of
+                    Captain John Smith.
+
+    (4) P. 62.--Lescarbot's "Histoire de la Nouvelle France."
+
+    (5) P. 62.--Charlevoix's "Histoire et Description Générale de la
+                    Nouvelle France."
+
+    (6) P. 63.--Hutchinson's "History of Massachusetts."
+
+    (7) P. 63.--Sagard's "Le Grand Voyage," etc.
+
+    (8) P. 63.--P. Boucher's "Mœurs et Productions de la Nouvelle
+                    France."
+
+    (9) P. 63.--Jesuit Relations.
+
+    (10) P. 63.--Père du Creux, "Historia Canadensis."
+
+    (11) P. 63.--La Potherie's "Histoire de l'Amérique Septentrionale."
+
+    (11_a_) P. 63.--The Jesuit Lafitau and his work on Indian customs.
+
+    (12) P. 64.--C. le Clercq, "Etablissement de la Foy."
+
+    (13) P. 64.--Cotton Mather's "Magnalia."
+
+    (13_a_) P. 64.--Dr. Michel Sarrazin.
+
+    (13_b_) P. 64,--Peter Kalm and the English colonies.
+
+    (14) P. 65.--Education in Canada, 1792-1893.
+
+    (15) P. 65.--Upper Canada, 1792-1840.
+
+    (16) P. 66.--Canadian Journalism.
+
+    (17) P. 66.--Howe's Speeches.
+
+    (18) P. 66.--"Sam Slick."
+
+    (19) P. 66.--Judge Haliburton's History of Nova Scotia.
+
+    (20) P. 66.--W. Smith's History of Canada.
+
+    (21) P. 67.--Joseph Bouchette's Topographical Works on Canada.
+
+    (22) P. 67.--M. Bibaud's Histories of Canada.
+
+    (23) P. 67.--Thompson's Book on the War of 1812-14.
+
+    (24) P. 67.--Belknap's History of New Hampshire.
+
+    (25) P. 67.--The poet Crémazie.
+
+    (26) P. 68.--Chauveau as a poet.
+
+    (27) P. 69.--Howe's Poems.
+
+    (28) P. 69.--The poets Sangster and McLachlan.
+
+    (29) P. 69.--Charles Heavysege's Works.
+
+    (30) P. 69.--Todd's Parliamentary Government.
+
+    (31) P. 69.--Christie's History of Lower Canada.
+
+    (32) P. 70.--Garneau's History of Canada.
+
+    (33) P. 70.--Ferland and Faillon as Canadian Historians.
+
+    (34) P. 70.--Dent's Histories of Canada.
+
+    (35) P. 71.--Turcotte's History since Union of 1841.
+
+    (36) P. 71.--B. Sulte, "Histoire des Canadiens Français," etc.
+
+    (37) P. 71.--Abbé Casgrain's Works.
+
+    (38) P. 71.--Kingsford, Dionne, Gosselin, Tassé, Tanguay, and other
+                    Canadian historians.
+
+    (39) P. 72.--A Canadian Bibliography.
+
+    (40) P. 72.--Later Canadian Poets, 1867-1893: Fréchette, LeMay, W.
+                    Campbell Roberts, Lampman, Mair, O'Brien, McColl,
+                    Suite, Lockhart, Murray, Edgar, O'Hagan, Davin, etc.
+                    Collections of Canadian poems. Citations from
+                    Canadian poems.
+
+    (41) P. 77.--"In My Heart." By John Reade.
+
+    (41_a_) P. 78.--"Laura Secord's Warning," from Mrs. Edgar's "Ridout
+                    Letters."
+
+    (42) P. 79.--Australian poets and novelists.
+
+    (43) P. 80.--Howe's "Flag of Old England."
+
+    (44) P. 81.--Canadian essayists: Stewart, Grant, Griffin and others.
+
+    (45) P. 81.--W. Kirby's "Golden Dog" and other works.
+
+    (45_a_) P. 82.--Major Richardson's "Wacousta," etc.
+
+    (46) P. 82.--Marmette's "François de Bienville," and other romances.
+
+    (47) P. 82.--De Gaspé's "Anciens Canadiens."
+
+    (48) P. 82.--Mrs. Catherwood's works of fiction.
+
+    (49) P. 83.--Gilbert Parker's writings.
+
+    (50) P. 83.--DeMille's fiction.
+
+    (51) P. 83.--Sara Jeannette Duncan's "A Social Departure," etc.
+
+    (52) P. 83.--Matthew Arnold on Literature and Science.
+
+    (53) P. 83.--Principal Grant's Address to Royal Society.
+
+    (54) P. 84.--Sir J. W. Dawson's scientific labours.
+
+    (55) P. 84.--Elkanah Billings as scientist.
+
+    (56) P. 84.--Origin of Royal Society of Canada.
+
+    (57) P. 84.--Sir D. Wilson, T. S. Hunt and Mr. Chauveau.
+
+    (58) P. 84.--Canadian Literary and Scientific Societies.
+
+    (58_a_) P. 85.--The Earl of Derby's farewell address to the Royal
+                    Society. His opinion of its work and usefulness.
+
+    (59) P. 86.--S. E. Dawson on Tennyson.
+
+    (60) P. 86.--The old "Canadian Monthly."
+
+    (61) P. 86.--Form of Royal Society Transactions.
+
+    (62) P. 86.--Goldwin Smith on the study of the Classics.
+
+    (63) P. 87.--Canadian Libraries.
+
+    (64) P. 87.--List of artists in Canada. Native born and adopted. Art
+                    societies. Influence of French school. Canadian
+                    artists at the World's Fair. J. W. L. Forster on
+                    Canadian art.
+
+    (64_a_) P. 89.--Architectural art in Canada. List of prominent
+                    public buildings noted for beauty and symmetry of
+                    form.
+
+    (65) P. 91.--"Fidelis."
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  OUR INTELLECTUAL
+  STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS.
+
+  A SHORT REVIEW OF
+  LITERATURE, EDUCATION AND ART IN CANADA
+
+
+
+
+I.
+
+
+I cannot more appropriately commence this address than by a reference
+to an oration delivered seven years ago in the great hall of a famous
+university which stands beneath the stately elms of Cambridge, in
+the old "Bay State" of Massachusetts: a noble seat of learning in
+which Canadians take a deep interest, not only because some of their
+sons have completed their education within its walls, but because it
+represents that culture and scholarship which know no national lines
+of separation, but belong to the world's great Federation of Learning.
+The orator was a man who, by his deep philosophy, his poetic genius,
+his broad patriotism, his love for England, her great literature and
+history, had won for himself a reputation not equalled in some respects
+by any other citizen of the United States of these later times. In
+the course of a brilliant oration in honour[1][A] of the two hundred
+and fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of Harvard, James Russell
+Lowell took occasion to warn his audience against the tendency of a
+prosperous democracy "towards an overweening confidence in itself and
+its home-made methods, an overestimate of material success and a
+corresponding indifference to the things of the mind." He did not deny
+that wealth is a great fertilizer of civilization and of the arts that
+beautify it; that wealth is an excellent thing since it means power,
+leisure and liberty; "but these," he went on to say, "divorced from
+culture, that is, from intelligent purpose, become the very mockery
+of their own essence, not goods, but evils fatal to their possessor,
+and bring with them, like the Nibelungen Hoard, a doom instead of a
+blessing." "I am saddened," he continued, "when I see our success as
+a nation measured by the number of acres under tillage, or of bushels
+of wheat exported; for the real value of a country must be weighed in
+scales more delicate than the balance of trade. The garners of Sicily
+are empty now, but the bees from all climes still fetch honey from the
+tiny garden-plot of Theocritus. On a map of the world you may cover
+Judea with your thumb, Athens with a finger-tip, and neither of them
+figures in the Prices Current; but they still lord it in the thought
+and action of every civilized man. Did not Dante cover with his hood
+all that was Italy six hundred years ago? And if we go back a century,
+where was Germany outside of Weimar? Material success is good, but
+only as the necessary preliminary of better things. The measure of a
+nation's true success is the amount it has contributed to the thought,
+the moral energy, the intellectual happiness, the spiritual hope and
+consolation of mankind."
+
+These eloquently suggestive words, it must be remembered, were
+addressed by a great American author to an audience, made up of
+eminent scholars and writers, in the principal academic seat of that
+New England which has given birth to Emerson, Longfellow, Bancroft,
+Prescott, Motley, Hawthorne, Holmes, Parkman, and many others,
+representing the brightest thought and intellect of this continent.
+These writers were the product of the intellectual development of the
+many years that had passed since the pilgrims landed on the historic
+rock of Plymouth. Yet, while Lowell could point to such a brilliant
+array of historians, essayists, poets and novelists, as I have just
+named, as the latest results of New England culture, he felt compelled
+to utter a word of remonstrance against that spirit of materialism
+that was then as now abroad in the land, tending to stifle those
+generous intellectual aspirations which are best calculated to make a
+people truly happy and great.
+
+Let us now apply these remarks of the eminent American poet and thinker
+to Canada--to ourselves, whose history is even older than that of New
+England; contemporaneous rather with that of Virginia, since Champlain
+landed on the heights of Quebec and laid the foundations of the ancient
+capital only a year after the English adventurers of the days of
+King James set their feet on the banks of the river named after that
+sovereign and commenced the old town which has long since disappeared
+before the tides of the ocean that stretches away beyond the shores of
+the Old Dominion.[2] If we in Canada are open to the same charge of
+attaching too much importance to material things, are we able at the
+same time to point to as notable achievements in literature as results
+of the three centuries that have nearly passed since the foundation of
+New France? I do not suppose that the most patriotic Canadian, however
+ready to eulogize his own country, will make an effort to claim an
+equality with New England in this respect; but, if indeed we feel it
+necessary to offer any comparison that would do us justice, it would
+be with that Virginia whose history is contemporaneous with that of
+French Canada. Statesmanship rather than Letters has been the pride and
+ambition of the Old Dominion, its brightest and highest achievement.
+Virginia has been the mother of great orators and great presidents,
+and her men of letters sink into insignificance alongside of those
+of New England. It may be said, too, of Canada, that her history in
+the days of the French regime, during the struggle for responsible
+government, as well as at the birth of confederation, gives us the
+names of men of statesmanlike designs and of patriotic purpose. From
+the days of Champlain to the establishment of the confederation, Canada
+has had the services of men as eminent in their respective spheres,
+and as successful in the attainment of popular rights, in moulding the
+educational and political institutions of the country, and in laying
+broad and deep the foundations of a new nationality across half a
+continent, as those great Virginians to whom the world is ever ready
+to pay its meed of respect. These Virginian statesmen won their fame
+in the large theatre of national achievement--in laying the basis of
+the most remarkable federal republic the world has ever seen; whilst
+Canadian public men have laboured with equal earnestness and ability in
+that far less conspicuous and brilliant arena of colonial development,
+the eulogy of which has to be written in the histories of the future.
+
+[Footnote A: In all cases the references are to the Notes in the
+Appendix.]
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+
+Let me now ask you to follow me for a short time whilst I review some
+of the most salient features of our intellectual progress since the
+days Canada entered on its career of competition in the civilization
+of this continent. So far there have been three well defined eras of
+development in the country now known as the Dominion of Canada. First,
+there was the era of French Canadian occupation which in many respects
+had its heroic and picturesque features. Then, after the cession of
+Canada to England, came that era of political and constitutional
+struggle for a larger measure of public liberty which ended in the
+establishment of responsible government about half a century ago.
+Then we come to that era which dates from the confederation of the
+provinces--an era of which the first quarter of a century only has
+passed, of which the signs are still full of promise, despite the
+prediction of gloomy thinkers, if Canadians remain true to themselves
+and face the future with the same courage and confidence that have
+distinguished the past.
+
+As I have just said, the days of the French regime were in a sense days
+of heroic endeavour, since we see in the vista of the past a small
+colony whose total population at no period exceeded eighty thousand
+souls, chiefly living on the banks of the St. Lawrence, between Quebec
+and Montreal, and contending against great odds for the supremacy on
+the continent of America. The pen of Francis Parkman has given a vivid
+picture of those days when bold adventurers unlocked the secrets of
+this Canadian Dominion, pushed into the western wilderness, followed
+unknown rivers, and at last found a way to the waters of that southern
+gulf where Spain had long before, in the days of Grijalva, Cortez and
+Pineda, planted her flag and won treasures of gold and silver from an
+unhappy people who soon learned to curse the day when the white men
+came to the fair islands of the south and the rich country of Mexico.
+In these days the world, with universal acclaim has paid its tribute of
+admiration to the memory of a great Discoverer who had the courage of
+his convictions and led the way to the unknown lands beyond the Azores
+and the Canaries. This present generation has forgiven him much in view
+of his heroism in facing the dangers of unknown seas and piercing their
+mysteries. His purpose was so great, and his success so conspicuous,
+that both have obscured his human weakness. In some respects he was
+wiser than the age in which he lived; in others he was the product of
+the greed and the superstition of that age; but we who owe him so much
+forget the frailty of the man in the sagacity of the Discoverer. As
+Canadians, however, now review the character of the great Genoese, and
+of his compeers and successors in the opening up of this continent,
+they must, with pride, come to the conclusion that none of these men
+can compare in nobility of purpose, in sincere devotion to God, King
+and Country, with Champlain, the sailor of Brouage, who became the
+founder of Quebec and the father of New France.
+
+In the daring ventures of Marquette, Jolliet, La Salle and Tonty,
+in the stern purpose of Frontenac, in the far-reaching plans of La
+Galissonière, in the military genius of Montcalm, the historian of the
+present time has at his command the most attractive materials for his
+pen. But we cannot expect to find the signs of intellectual development
+among a people where there was not a single printing press, where
+freedom of thought and action was repressed by a paternal absolutism,
+where the struggle for life was very bitter up to the last hours of
+French supremacy in a country constantly exposed to the misfortunes
+of war, and too often neglected by a king who thought more of his
+mistresses than of his harassed and patient subjects across the sea.
+Yet that memorable period--days of struggle in many ways--was the
+origin of a large amount of literature which we, in these times, find
+of the deepest interest and value from a historic point of view. The
+English colonies of America cannot present us with any books which,
+for faithful narrative and simplicity of style, bear comparison with
+the admirable works of Champlain, explorer and historian,[3] or with
+those of the genial and witty advocate, Marc Lescarbot,[4] names that
+can never be forgotten on the picturesque heights of Quebec, or on
+the banks of the beautiful basin of Annapolis. Is there a Canadian
+or American writer who is not under a deep debt of obligation to the
+clear-headed and industrious Jesuit traveller, Charlevoix,[5] the
+Nestor of French Canadian history? The only historical writer that can
+at all surpass him in New England was the loyalist Governor Hutchinson,
+and he published his books at a later time when the French dominion had
+disappeared with the fall of Quebec.[6] To the works just mentioned we
+may add the books of Gabriel Sagard,[7] and of Boucher, the governor of
+Three Rivers and founder of a still eminent French Canadian family;[8]
+that remarkable collection of authentic historic narrative, known as
+the Jesuit Relations;[9] even that tedious Latin compilation by Père
+du Creux,[10] the useful narrative by La Potherie,[11] the admirable
+account of Indian life and customs by the Jesuit Lafitau,[11_a_]
+and that now very rare historical account of the French colony, the
+"Etablissement de la Foy dans la Nouvelle France," written by the
+Recollet le Clercq,[12] probably aided by Frontenac. In these and other
+works, despite their diffuseness in some cases, we have a library of
+historical literature, which, when supplemented by the great stores
+of official documents still preserved in the French archives, is of
+priceless value as a true and minute record of the times in which the
+authors lived, or which they described from the materials to which
+they alone had access. It may be said with truth that none of these
+writers were Canadians in the sense that they were born or educated
+in Canada, but still they were the product of the life, the hardships
+and the realities of New France--it was from this country they drew
+the inspiration that gave vigour and colour to their writings. New
+England, as I have already said, never originated a class of writers
+who produced work of equal value, or indeed of equal literary merit.
+Religious and polemic controversy had the chief attraction for the
+gloomy, disputatious puritan native of Massachusetts and the adjoining
+colonies. Cotton Mather was essentially a New England creation, and
+if quantity were the criterion of literary merit then he was the most
+distinguished author of his century; for it is said that indefatigable
+antiquarians have counted up the titles of nearly four hundred books
+and pamphlets by this industrious writer. His principal work, however,
+was the "Magnalia Christi Americana, or Ecclesiastical History of New
+England from 1620 to 1698,"[13] a large folio, remarkable as a curious
+collection of strange conceits, forced witticisms, and prolixity
+of narrative, in which the venturesome reader soon finds himself
+so irretrievably mystified and lost that he rises from the perusal
+with wonderment that so much learning, as was evidently possessed
+by the author, could be so used to bewilder the world of letters.
+The historical knowledge is literally choked up with verbiage and
+mannerisms. Even prosy du Creux becomes tolerable at times compared
+with the garrulous Puritan author.
+
+Though books were rarely seen, and secular education was extremely
+defective as a rule throughout the French colony, yet at a very early
+period in its history remarkable opportunities were afforded for the
+education of a priesthood and the cult of the principles of the Roman
+Catholic religion among those classes who were able to avail themselves
+of the facilities offered by the Jesuit College, which was founded
+at Quebec before even Harvard at Cambridge, or by the famous Great
+and Lesser Seminaries in the same place, in connection with which, in
+later times, rose the University with which is directly associated the
+name of the most famous Bishop of the French regime. The influence
+of such institutions was not simply in making Canada a most devoted
+daughter of that great Church, which has ever exercised a paternal and
+even absolute care of its people, but also in discouraging a purely
+materialistic spirit and probably keeping alive a taste for letters
+among a very small class, especially the priests, who, in politics
+as in society, have been always a controlling element in the French
+province. Evidences of some culture and intellectual aspirations in
+the social circles of the ancient capital attracted the surprise of
+travellers who visited the country before the close of the French
+dominion. "Science and the fine arts," wrote Charlevoix, "have their
+turn, and conversation does not fail. The Canadians breathe from
+their birth an air of liberty, which makes them very pleasant in the
+intercourse of life, and our language is nowhere more purely spoken."
+La Galissonière, who was an associate member of the French Academy of
+Science, and the most highly cultured governor ever sent out by France,
+spared no effort to encourage a systematic study of scientific pursuits
+in Canada. Dr. Michel Sarrazin,[13_a_] who was a practising physician
+in Quebec for nearly half a century, devoted himself most assiduously
+to the natural history of the colony, and made some valuable
+contributions to the French Academy, of which he was a correspondent.
+The Swedish botanist, Peter Kalm, who visited America in the middle of
+the last century, was impressed with the liking for scientific study
+which he observed in the French colony. "I have found," he wrote, "that
+eminent persons, generally speaking, in this country, have much more
+taste for natural history and literature than in the English colonies,
+where the majority of people are entirely engrossed in making their
+fortune, whilst science is as a rule held in very light esteem."
+Strange to say, he ignores in this passage the scientific labours
+of Franklin, Bartram and others he had met in Pennsylvania.[13_b_]
+As a fact such evidences of intellectual enlightenment as Kalm and
+Charlevoix mentioned were entirely exceptional in the colony, and
+never showed themselves beyond the walls of Quebec or Montreal. The
+province, as a whole, was in a state of mental sluggishness. The germs
+of intellectual life were necessarily dormant among the mass of the
+people, for they never could produce any rich fruition until they
+were freed from the spirit of absolutism which distinguished French
+supremacy, and were able to give full expression to the natural genius
+of their race under the inspiration of the liberal government of
+England in these later times.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+
+Passing from the heroic days of Canada, which, if it could hardly in
+the nature of things originate a native literature, at least inspired a
+brilliant succession of historians, essayists and poets in much later
+times, we come now to that period of constitutional and political
+development which commenced with the rule of England. It does not fall
+within the scope of this address to dwell on the political struggles
+which showed their intensity in the rebellion of 1837-8, and reached
+their fruition in the concession of parliamentary government, in the
+large sense of the term, some years later. These struggles were carried
+on during times when there was only a sparse population chiefly centred
+in the few towns of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Upper and Lower Canada,
+on the shores of the Atlantic, on the banks of the St. Lawrence and
+Lake Ontario, and not extending beyond the peninsula of the present
+province of Ontario. The cities, or towns rather, of Halifax, St.
+John, Quebec, Montreal, Kingston and York, were then necessarily the
+only centres of intellectual life. Education was chiefly under the
+control of religious bodies or in the hands of private teachers. In
+the rural districts it was at the lowest point possible,[14] and the
+great system of free schools which has of late years extended through
+the Dominion--and is the chief honour of Ontario--was never dreamed of
+in those times of sluggish growth and local apathy, when communication
+between the distant parts of the country was slow and wretched, when
+the conditions of life were generally very hard and rude, when the
+forest still covered the greater portion of the most fertile districts
+of Ontario,[15] though here and there the pioneer's axe could be
+heard from morn to eve hewing out little patches of sunlight, so many
+glimpses of civilization and better times amid the wildness of a new
+land even then full of promise.
+
+The newspapers of those days were very few and came only at uncertain
+times to the home of the farmer by the side of some stream or amid
+the dense forest, or to the little hamlets that were springing up
+in favoured spots, and represented so many radiating influences of
+intelligence on the borders of the great lakes and their tributary
+streams, on the Atlantic seaboard, or on the numerous rivers that form
+so many natural highways to the people of the maritime provinces.
+These newspapers were for years mostly small quarto or folio sheets,
+in which the scissors played necessarily the all-important part;
+but there was, nevertheless, before 1840 in the more pretentious
+journals of the large towns, some good writing done by thoughtful
+men who studied their questions, and helped to atone for the very
+bitter vindictive partisan attacks on opponents that too frequently
+sullied the press in those times of fierce conflict.[16] Books were
+only found in the homes of the clergy or of the official classes, and
+these were generally old editions and rarely the latest publications
+of the time. Montreal and Quebec, for many years, were the only places
+where bookstores and libraries of more than a thousand volumes could
+be seen. It was not until 1813 that a successful effort was made to
+establish a "social library" at Kingston, Bath, and some other places
+in the Midland district. Toronto had no library worth mentioning until
+1836. What culture existed in those rude days was to be hunted up among
+the clergy, especially of the Church of England, the Roman Catholic
+priests of Lower Canada, and the official classes of the large towns.
+Some sermons that have come down to us, in pamphlets of very common
+paper--and very few were printed in those days when postage was dear
+and bookselling was not profitable--have no pretensions to originality
+of thought or literary style: sermons in remarkable contrast with the
+brilliant and suggestive utterances of such modern pulpit orators as
+Professor Clarke, of Trinity. The exhaustive and, generally, closely
+reasoned sermons of the Presbyterian divine had a special flavour of
+the Westminster confession and little of the versatility of preachers
+like Principal Grant in these later times when men are attempting to
+make even dogma more genial, and to understand the meaning of the
+sermon in the Mount. Then, as always in Canada, there were found among
+the clergy of all denominations hardworking, self-denying priests and
+missionaries who brought from time to time to some remote settlement
+of the provinces spiritual consolation and to many a household, long
+deprived of the intellectual nourishment of other days, an opportunity
+of conversing on subjects which in the stern daily routine of their
+lives in a new country were seldom or ever talked of. It was in the
+legislative halls of the provinces that the brightest intellect
+naturally found scope for its display, and at no subsequent period
+of the political history of Canada were there more fervid, earnest
+orators than appeared in the days when the battle for responsible
+government was at its height. The names of Nelson, Papineau, Howe,
+Baldwin, Wilmot, Johnstone, Young, Robinson, Rolph and Mackenzie recall
+the era when questions of political controversy and political freedom
+stimulated mental development among that class which sought and found
+the best popular opportunities for the display of their intellectual
+gifts in the legislative halls in the absence of a great printing
+press and a native literature. Joseph Howe's speeches[17] displayed a
+wide culture, an original eloquence, and a patriotic aspiration beyond
+those of any other man of his time and generation, and would have done
+credit to the Senate of the United States, then in the zenith of its
+reputation as a body of orators and statesmen. It is an interesting
+fact that Howe, then printer and publisher, should have printed the
+first work of the only great humorist that Canada has yet produced. I
+mean of course "The Clockmaker,"[18] in which Judge Haliburton created
+"Sam Slick," a type of a Down-east Yankee pedlar who sold his wares by
+a judicious use of that quality which is sure to be appreciated the
+world over, "Soft sawder and human natur'." In this work, which has
+run through ever so many editions, and is still found on the shelves
+of every well-equipped library and bookstore, Sam Slick told some home
+truths to his somewhat self-satisfied countrymen who could not help
+laughing even if the humour touched them very keenly at times. Nova
+Scotia has changed much for the better since those dull times when the
+house of assembly was expected to be a sort of political providence,
+to make all the roads and bridges, and give good times and harvests;
+but even now there are some people cruel enough, after a visit to
+Halifax, to hint that there still is a grain of truth in the following
+reflection on the enterprise of that beautiful port: "How the folks to
+Halifax take it all out in talkin'--they talk of steam-boats, whalers
+and railroads--but they all end where they begin--in talk. I don't
+think I'd be out in my latitude if I was to say they beat the womankind
+at that. One feller says, I talk of goin' to England--another says,
+I talk of goin' to the country--while another says, I talk of goin'
+to sleep. If we Yankees happen to speak of such things we say, 'I'm
+right off down East;' or 'I'm away off South,' and away we go jist
+like a streak of lightnin'." This clever humourist also wrote the best
+history[19]--one of his own province--that had been written in British
+North America up to that time--indeed it is still most readable, and
+worthy of a place in every library. In later days the Judge wrote many
+other books and became a member of the English House of Commons: but
+"Sam Slick" still remains the most signal illustration of his original
+genius.
+
+During this period, however, apart from the two works to which I have
+referred, we look in vain for any original literature worthy of special
+mention. A history of Canada written by William Smith,[20] a son of
+an eminent chief justice of New York, and subsequently of Canada, was
+published in excellent style for those days as early as 1815 at Quebec,
+but it has no special value except to the collector of old and rare
+books. Bouchette's topographical and geographical account of Canada[21]
+illustrated the ability and zeal of an eminent French Canadian, who
+deserved the thanks of his country, but these well printed books
+were, after all, mere compilations and came from the English press.
+Pamphlets were numerous enough, and some of them had literary skill,
+but they had, in the majority of cases, no permanent value except to
+the historian or antiquarian of the present day who must sift out all
+sorts of material and study every phase and incident of the times he
+has chosen for his theme. Michel Bibaud wrote a history of French
+Canada,[22] which no one reads in these days, and the most of the other
+works that emanated from the Canadian press, like Thompson's "War of
+1812,"[23] are chiefly valued by the historical collector. It was not
+to be expected that in a relatively poor country, still in the infancy
+of its development, severely tried by political controversies, with
+a small population scattered over a long stretch of territory, from
+Sydney to Niagara, there could be any intellectual stimulus or literary
+effort except what was represented in newspapers like the _Gazette_
+of Montreal--which has always maintained a certain dignity of style
+in its long journalistic career--the _Gazette_ and the _Canadien_, of
+Quebec, the _Nova Scotian_ of Halifax, or displayed itself in keen
+contests in the legislatures or court-houses of a people delighting
+always in such displays as there were made of mental power and natural
+eloquence. From a literary point of view our American neighbours had,
+during this period, left us away behind, in fact no comparison can be
+made between the two countries; laying aside the original creation
+of Sam Slick. Towards the close of the eighteenth century Belknap
+published his admirable history of New Hampshire,[24] while the third
+volume of Hutchinson's history of Massachusetts appeared in 1828, to
+close a work of rare merit alike for careful research, philosophic
+acuteness and literary charm. That admirable collection of political
+and constitutional essays known as the "Federalist" had attained a
+wide circulation and largely influenced the destinies of the union
+under the constitution of 1783. Chief Justice Marshall illumined the
+bench by his great judicial decisions which have won a remarkable
+place in legal literature, on account of their close, acute reasoning,
+breadth of knowledge, insight into great constitutional principles, and
+their immediate influence on the political development of the federal
+republic. Washington Irving published, as far back as 1819, his "Sketch
+Book," in which appeared the original creation of Rip Van Winkle, and
+followed it up with other works which recall Addison's delightful
+style, and gave him a fame abroad that no later American writer has
+ever surpassed. Cooper's romances began to appear in 1821, and Bancroft
+published in 1834 the first volume of what is a great history despite
+its somewhat rhetorical and ambitious style. Hawthorne's "Twice Told
+Tales" appeared in 1835, but his fame was to be won in later years
+when he wrote the "Scarlet Letter" and the "House of Seven Gables,"
+the most original and quaint productions that New England genius has
+yet produced. If I linger for a moment among these men it is because
+they were not merely American by the influence of their writings; but
+wherever the English tongue is spoken and English literature is read
+these writers of a past generation, as it may be said of others of
+later times, claim the gratitude of the untold thousands whom they
+have instructed and helped in many a weary and sad, as well as idle
+hour. They were not Canadians, but they illustrated the genius of this
+continent of ours.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+
+It was in the years that followed the concession of responsible
+government that a new era dawned on Canada--an era of intellectual
+as well as material activity. Then common schools followed the
+establishment of municipal institutions in Ontario. Even the province
+of Quebec awoke from its sullen lethargy and assumed greater confidence
+in the future, as its statesmen gradually recognized the fact that the
+union of 1841 could be turned to the advantage of French Canada despite
+it having been largely based on the hope of limiting the development
+of French Canadian institutions, and gradually leading the way to the
+assimilation of the two races. Political life still claimed the best
+talent and energy, as it has always done in this country; and, while
+Papineau soon disappeared from the arena where he had been, under a
+different condition of things, a powerful disturbing influence among
+his compatriots, men of greater discretion and wider statesmanship like
+Lafontaine, Morin and Cartier, took his place to the decided benefit
+of French Canada. Robert Baldwin, a tried and conservative reformer,
+yielded to the antagonistic influences that eventually arrayed
+themselves in his own party against him and retired to a privacy
+from which he never ventured until his death. William Lyon Mackenzie
+came back from exile and took a place once more in legislative halls
+only to find there was no longer scope for mere querulous agitators
+and restless politicians. Joseph Howe still devoted himself with
+untiring zeal to his countrymen in his native province, while Judge
+Wilmot, afterwards governor like the former in confederation days,
+delighted the people of New Brunswick with his rapid, fervid, scholarly
+eloquence. James W. Johnstone, long the leader of the Conservative
+party in Nova Scotia, remarkable for his great flow of language and
+argument; William Young, an astute politician; James Boyle Uniacke,
+with all the genius of an Irish orator; Laurence O'Connor Doyle, wit
+and Irishman; Samuel J. W. Archibald with his silver tongue, afterwards
+master of the rolls; Adams G. Archibald, polished gentleman; Leonard
+Tilley with his suavity of demeanour and skill as a politician;
+Charles Tupper with his great command of language, earnestness of
+expression and courage of conviction, were the leading exponents of the
+political opinions and of the culture and oratory of Nova Scotia and
+New Brunswick. In the upper provinces we had in addition to the names
+of the distinguished French Canadians I have already mentioned, those
+of John A. Macdonald, at all times a ready and incisive debater, a
+great party tactician, and a statesman of generous aspirations, who was
+destined to die very many years later with the knowledge that he had
+realized his conception of a federation uniting all the territory of
+British North America, from Sydney to Victoria, under one government.
+The names of Allan McNab, Francis Hincks, George Brown, George Etienne
+Cartier, Alexander Galt, D'Arcy McGee, Louis Sicotte, John Hillyard
+Cameron, Alexander Mackenzie, Seth Huntington, William McDougall,
+Antoine Dorion, Alexander Campbell, and of other men, eminent for their
+knowledge of finance, their powers as debaters, their graceful oratory,
+their legal acumen, their political skill and their intellectual
+achievements in their respective spheres, will be recalled by many of
+those who hear me, since the most eminent among them have but recently
+disappeared from the stage of active life.
+
+As long as party government lasts in this country men will be divided
+into political divisions, and objection will be of course time and
+again taken to the methods by which these and other political leaders
+have achieved their party ends, and none of us will be always satisfied
+with the conclusions to which their at times overweening ambition
+has led them; but, taking them all in all, I believe for one who has
+lived all my life among politicians and statesmen that, despite their
+failings and weaknesses, the public men of our country in those days
+laboured on the whole conscientiously from their own points of view
+to make Canada happier and greater. Indeed, when I look around me and
+see what has been done in the face of great obstacles during a half
+century and less, I am bound to pay this tribute to those who laboured
+earnestly in the difficult and trying intellectual field of public life.
+
+But this period which brought so many bright intellects into the
+activities of political life was distinguished also, not merely for
+the material advance in industry, but notably for some performance
+in the less hazardous walk of literature. The newspaper press with
+the progress of population, the increase of wealth, the diffusion of
+education, the construction of railways and telegraph lines, and the
+development of political liberty, found itself stimulated to new energy
+and enterprise. A daily press now commenced to meet the necessities
+of the larger and wealthier cities and towns. It must be admitted,
+however, that from a strictly intellectual point of view there was
+not in some respects a marked advance in the tone and style of the
+leading public journals. Political partisanship ran extremely high in
+those days--higher than it has ever since--and grosser personalities
+than have ever characterized newspapers in this country sullied the
+editorial columns of leading exponents of public opinion. No doubt
+there was much brilliant and forcible writing, despite the acrimony
+and abuse that were too often considered more necessary than incisive
+argument and logical reasoning when a political opponent had to be met.
+It was rarely that one could get at the whole truth of a question by
+reading only one newspaper; it was necessary to take two or three or
+more on different sides of politics in order to obtain even an accurate
+idea of the debates in the legislative halls. A Liberal or Conservative
+journal would consider it beneath its legitimate functions even as a
+newspaper to report with any fulness the speeches of its political
+adversaries. Of course this is not newspaper editing in the proper
+sense of the phrase. It is not the English method assuredly, since the
+London _Times_, the best example of a well-equipped and well-conducted
+newspaper, has always considered it necessary to give equal prominence
+to the speeches of Peel, Russell, Palmerston, Derby, Disraeli,
+Gladstone--of all the leaders irrespective of party. Even in these days
+of heated controversy on the Irish question one can always find in the
+columns of the London press fair and accurate reports of the speeches
+of Gladstone, Balfour, McCarthy, Chamberlain, Morley and Blake. This is
+the sound basis on which true and honest journalism must always rest
+if it is to find its legitimate reward, not in the fickle smiles of
+the mere party follower, but in the support of that great public which
+can best repay the enterprise and honesty of a true newspaper. Still,
+despite this violent partisanship to which bright intellects lowered
+themselves, and the absence of that responsibility to public opinion
+expected from its active teachers, the press of Canada, during the days
+of which I am speaking, kept pace in some essential respects with the
+material progress of the country, and represented too well the tone
+and spirit of the mass in the country where the rudiments of culture
+were still rough and raw. Public intelligence, however, was being
+gradually diffused, and according as the population increased, and the
+material conditions of the country improved, a literature of some merit
+commenced to show itself. The poems of Crémazie,[25] of Chauveau,[26]
+of Howe,[27] of Sangster[28] and others, were imbued with a truly
+Canadian spirit--with a love for Canada, its scenery, its history and
+its traditions, which entitled them to a larger audience than they
+probably ever had in this or other countries. None of those were great
+poets, but all of them were more or less gifted with a measure of true
+poetic genius, the more noteworthy because it showed itself in the
+rawness and newness of a colonial life. Amid the activities of a very
+busy period the poetic instinct of Canadians constantly found some
+expression. One almost now forgotten poet who was engaged in journalism
+in Montreal wrote an ambitious drama, "Saul," which was described at
+the time by a British critic as "a drama treated with great poetic
+power and depth of psychological knowledge which are often quite
+startling;" and the author followed it up with other poems, displaying
+also much imagination and feeling, but at no time reaching the ears of
+a large and appreciative audience. We cannot, however, claim Charles
+Heavysege[29] as a product of Canadian soil and education, for he
+was a man of mature age when he made his home in this country, and
+his works were in no wise inspired by Canadian sentiment, scenery or
+aspiration. In history Canadians have always shown some strength, and
+perhaps this was to be expected in view of the fact that political
+and historical literature--such works as Hamilton's "Federalist" or
+Todd's "Parliamentary Government"[30]--naturally engages the attention
+of active intellects in a new country at a time when its institutions
+have to be moulded, and it is necessary to collect precedents and
+principles from the storehouse of the past for the assistance of the
+present. A most useful narrative of the political occurrences in Lower
+Canada, from the establishment of legislative institutions until the
+rebellion of 1837-38 and the union of 1841, was written by Mr. Robert
+Christie, long a publicist of note and a member of the assembly of the
+province. While it has no claim to literary style it has the great
+merit of stating the events of the day with fairness and of citing at
+length numerous original documents bearing on the text.[31] In French
+Canada the names of Garneau[32] and Ferland[33] have undoubtedly
+received their full meed of praise for their clearness of style,
+industry of research, and scholarly management of their subject. Now
+that the political passion that so long convulsed the public mind
+in this country has disappeared with the causes that gave it birth,
+one is hardly prepared to make as much a hero of Papineau as Garneau
+attempted in his assuredly great book, while the foundation of a new
+Dominion and the dawn of an era of larger political life, has probably
+given a somewhat sectional character to such historical work. Still,
+despite its intense French Canadian spirit, Garneau's volumes notably
+illustrate the literary instinct and intellectual strength which have
+always been distinguishing features of the best productions of the able
+and even brilliant men who have devoted themselves to literature with
+marked success among their French Canadian countrymen, who are wont to
+pay a far deeper homage to such literary efforts than the colder, less
+impulsive English Canadian character has ever shown itself disposed
+to give to those who have been equally worthy of recognition in the
+English-speaking provinces.
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+
+As I glance over my library shelves I find indeed that historical
+literature has continued since the days of Garneau and Ferland, to
+enlist the earnest and industrious study of Canadians with more or
+less success. In English Canada, John Charles Dent produced a work on
+the political development of Canada from the union of 1841 until the
+confederation of 1867, which was written with fairness and ability,
+but he was an Englishman by birth and education, though resident for
+many years in the city of Toronto.[34] And here let me observe that
+though such men as Dent, Heavysege, Faillon, Daniel Wilson, Hunt,
+D'Arcy McGee and Goldwin Smith were not born or educated in Canada
+like Haliburton, Logan, J. W. Dawson, Joseph Howe, Wilmot, Cartier,
+Garneau, or Fréchette, but only came to this country in the maturity
+of their mental powers, yet to men of their class the Dominion owes a
+heavy debt of gratitude for the ability and earnestness with which they
+have elevated the intellectual standard of the community where they
+have laboured. Although all of us may not be prepared to accept the
+conclusions of the historian, or approve the judgment of the political
+critic; although we may regret that a man of such deep scholarship and
+wide culture as Goldwin Smith has never yet been able to appreciate
+the Canadian or growing national sentiment of this dependency, yet who
+can doubt, laying aside all political or personal prejudice, that he,
+like the others I have named, has stimulated intellectual development
+in his adopted home, and so far has given us compensation for some
+utterances which, so many Canadians honestly believe, mar an otherwise
+useful and brilliant career. Such literary men have undoubtedly their
+uses, since they seem specially intended by a wise dispensation of
+affairs to cure us of too much self-complacency, and to prevent us from
+falling into a condition of mental stagnation by giving us from time to
+time abundant material for reflection. So much, by way of parenthesis,
+is due to the able men who have adopted Canada as their home and have
+been labouring in various vocations to stimulate the intellectual
+growth of this Dominion. A most accurate historical record of the same
+period of our history as that reviewed by Dent was made in French about
+the same time by Louis Turcotte of Quebec.[35] Mr. Benjamin Sulte, a
+member of this society, has also given us the results of many years of
+conscientious research in his "Histoire des Canadiens," which is not
+so well known as it ought to be, probably on account of its cumbrous
+size and mode of publication.[36] The Abbé Casgrain, also a member
+of the society and a most industrious author, has recently devoted
+himself with true French Canadian fervour to the days of Montcalm
+and Lévis, and by the aid of a large mass of original documents has
+thrown much light on a very interesting and important epoch of the
+history of America.[37] Dr. Kingsford with patience and industry has
+continued his history of Canada, which is distinguished by accuracy
+and research.[38] It is not my intention to enumerate all those names
+which merit remark in this connection, for this is not a collection
+of bibliographical notes,[39] but simply a review of the more salient
+features of our intellectual development in the well-marked periods
+of our history. Indeed it is gratifying to us to know that the Royal
+Society comprises within its ranks nearly all the historical writers in
+Canada, and it would seem too much like pure egotism were I to dilate
+on their respective performances. Of poets since the days of Crémazie
+we have had our full proportion, and it is encouraging to know that the
+poems of Fréchette,--whose best work has been crowned by the French
+Academy,--LeMay, Reade, Mair, Roberts, Bliss Carman, Wilfred Campbell
+and Lampman have gained recognition from time to time in the world of
+letters outside of Canada.[40][B] We have yet to produce in English
+Canada a book of poems which can touch the sympathies and live on the
+lips of the world like those of Whittier and Longfellow, but we need
+not despair since even in the country which gave these birth they have
+not their compeers. Some even declare that the only bard of promise who
+appears in these days to touch that chord of nature which makes the
+whole world kin is James Whitcomb Riley, the Hoosier poet, despite his
+tendency to exaggerate provincial dialect and make his true poetic
+genius too subordinate to what becomes at last an affectation and a
+mere mannerism which wearies by its very repetition. Even in England
+there is hesitation in choosing a poet laureate; there are Swinburne,
+Morris and other poets, but not another Tennyson, and it has been even
+suggested that the honour might pass to a master of poetic prose,
+John Ruskin, whose brilliant genius has been ever devoted to a lofty
+idealism which would make the world much happier and better. At the
+present time Canadian poets obtain a place with regularity in the best
+class of American magazines, and not infrequently their verse reaches
+a higher level than the majority of poetic aspirants who appear in
+the same field of poetry; but for one I am not an ardent admirer of
+American magazine poems which appear too often mere machine work and
+not the results of that true poetic inspiration which alone can achieve
+permanent fame.
+
+The poems of the well known American authors, Aldrich, Gilder and
+Stedman, have certainly an easy rhythmical flow and an artistic finish
+which the majority of Canadian poetic aspirants should study with
+far more closeness. At the same time it may be said that even these
+artists do not often surpass in poetic thought the best productions of
+the Canadians to whom I have referred as probably illustrating most
+perfectly the highest development so far among us of this department
+of _belles-lettres_. It is not often that one comes across more
+exquisitely conceived poems than some of those written by Mr. John
+Reade, whom the laborious occupation of journalism and probably the
+past indifference of a Canadian public to Canadian poetry have for a
+long while diverted from a literary field where it would seem he should
+have won a wider fame. Among the verses which one can read time and
+again are those of which the first lines are
+
+      "In my heart are many chambers through which I wander free,
+      Some are furnished, some are empty, some are sombre, some are
+                light;
+      Some are open to all comers, and of some I keep the key,
+      And I enter in the stillness of the night."[41][C]
+
+It would be interesting as well as instructive if some competent
+critic, with the analytical faculty and the poetic instinct of Matthew
+Arnold or Sainte-Beuve, were to study the English and French Canadian
+poets and show whether they are mere imitators of the best models of
+French and English literature, or whether their work contains within
+itself those germs which give promise of original fruition in the
+future. It will be remembered that the French critic, though a poet
+of merit himself, has spoken of what he calls "the radical inadequacy
+of French poetry." In his opinion, whatever talent the French poets
+have for strophe and line, their work, as a rule is "too slight, too
+soon read, too poor in ideas, to influence a serious mind for any
+length of time." No doubt many others think that, in comparison with
+the best conceptions of Wordsworth, Shelley, Keats, Emerson, Browning
+and Tennyson, French poetry is, generally speaking, inadequate for the
+expression of the most sublime thoughts, of the strongest passion, or
+of the most powerful imagination, and though it must always please
+us by its easy rhythm and lucidity of style, it fails to make that
+vivid impression on the mind and senses which is the best test of that
+true poetic genius which influences generations and ever lives in the
+hearts of the people. It represents in some respects the lightness
+and vivacity of the French intellectual temperament under ordinary
+conditions, and not the strength of the national character, whose
+depths are only revealed at some crisis which evokes a deep sentiment
+of patriotism. "Partant pour la Syrie," so often heard in the days of
+the last Bonaparte regime, probably illustrated this lighter tendency
+of the French mind just as the "Marseillaise," the noblest and most
+impressive of popular poetic outbursts, illustrated national passion
+evoked by abnormal conditions. French Canadian poetry has been often
+purely imitative of French models, like Musset and Gauthier, both in
+style and sentiment, and consequently lacked strength and originality.
+It might be thought that in this new country poets would be inspired
+by original conceptions--that the intellectual fruition would be fresh
+and vigorous like some natural products that grow so luxuriantly
+on the virginal soil of the new Dominion, and not like those which
+grow on land which is renewed and enriched by artificial means after
+centuries of growth. Perhaps the literature of a colonial dependency,
+or a relatively new country, must necessarily in its first stages be
+imitative, and it is only now and then an original mind bursts the
+fetters of intellectual subordination. In the United States Emerson
+and Hawthorne probably best represent the original thought and
+imagination of that comparatively new country, just as Aldrich and
+Howells represent in the first case English culture in poetry, and in
+the other the sublimated essence of reportorial realism. The two former
+are original thinkers, the two others pure imitators. Walt Whitman's
+poems certainly show at times much power and originality of conception,
+but after all they are simply the creations of an eccentric genius
+and illustrate a phase of that Realism towards which fiction even in
+America has been tending of late, and which has been already degraded
+in France to a Naturalism which is positively offensive. He has not
+influenced to any perceptible extent the intellect of his generation or
+elevated the thoughts of his countrymen like the two great minds I have
+just named. Yet even Whitman's success, relatively small as it was in
+his own country, arose chiefly from the fact that he attempted to be an
+_American_ poet, representing the pristine vigour and natural freedom
+of a new land. It is when French Canadian poets become thoroughly
+Canadian by the very force of the inspiration of some Canadian subject
+they have chosen, that we can see them at their best. Fréchette has all
+the finish of the French poets, and while it cannot be said that he
+has yet originated great thoughts which are likely to live among even
+the people whom he has so often instructed and delighted, yet he has
+given us poems like that on the discovery of the Mississippi,[D] which
+proves that he is capable of even better things if he would always
+seek inspiration from the sources of the deeply interesting history
+of his own country, or enter into the inner mysteries and social
+relations of his own people, rather than dwell on the lighter shades
+and incidents of their lives. Perhaps in some respects Crémazie had
+greater capabilities for the poems of deep passion or vivid imagination
+than any of his successors in literature; the few national poems
+he left behind are a promise of what he could have produced had the
+circumstances of his later life been happier.[E] After all, the poetry
+that lives is the poetry of human life and human sympathy, of joy and
+sorrow, rather than verses on mountains, rivers and lakes, or sweetly
+worded sonnets to Madame B. or Mademoiselle C. When we compare the
+English with the French Canadian poets we can see what an influence the
+more picturesque and interesting history of French Canada exercises on
+the imagination of its writers. The poets that claim Ontario for their
+home give us rhythmical and pleasing descriptions of the lake and river
+scenery of which the varied aspects and moods might well captivate the
+eye of the poet as well as of the painter. It is very much painting
+in both cases; the poet should be an artist by temperament equally
+with the painter who puts his thoughts on canvas and not in words.
+Descriptions of our meadows, prairies and forests, with their wealth
+of herbage and foliage, or artistic sketches of pretty bits of lake
+scenery have their limitations as respects their influence on a people.
+Great thoughts or deeds are not bred by scenery. The American poem
+that has captured the world is not any one of Bryant's delightful
+sketches of the varied landscape of his native land, but Longfellow's
+Evangeline, which is a story of the "affection that hopes, and endures
+and is patient." Dollard, and the Lady of Fort La Tour are themes which
+we do not find in prosaic Ontario, whose history is only a century
+old--a history of stern materialism as a rule, rarely picturesque or
+romantic, and hardly ever heroic except in some episodes of the war
+of 1812-15, in which Canadians, women as well as men, did their duty
+faithfully to king and country, though their deeds have never yet been
+adequately told in poem or prose. The story of Laura Secord's toilsome
+journey on a June day eighty years ago[41_a_] seems as susceptible of
+strong poetic treatment as Paul Revere's Ride, told in matchless verse
+by Longfellow.
+
+I think if we compare the best Canadian poems with the same class
+of literature in Australia the former do not at all lose by the
+comparison. Thanks to the thoughtfulness of a friend in South Australia
+I have had many opportunities of late of studying the best work of
+Australian writers, chiefly poets and novelists,[42] and have come
+to the conclusion that at least the poets of both hemispheres--for
+to fiction we cannot make even a pretense--reflect credit on each
+country. In one respect indeed Canadians can claim a superiority over
+their fellow-citizens of the British Empire in that far off Australian
+land, and that is, in the fact that we have poets, and historians, and
+essayists, who write the languages of France and England with purity
+and even elegance; that the grace and precision of the French tongue
+have their place in this country alongside the vigorous and copious
+expression of the English language. More than that, the Canadians have
+behind them a history which is well calculated to stimulate writers to
+give utterance to national sentiment. I mean national in the sense of
+being thoroughly imbued with a love for the country, its scenery, its
+history and its aspirations. The people of that great island continent
+possess great natural beauties and riches--flowers and fruits of every
+kind flourish there in rare profusion, and gold and gems are among
+the treasures of the soil, but its scenery is far less varied and
+picturesque than ours and its history is but of yesterday compared with
+that of Canada. Australians cannot point to such historic ground as is
+found from Louisbourg to Quebec, or from Montreal to Champlain, the
+battle ground of nations whose descendants now live under one flag,
+animated by feelings of a common interest and a common aspiration for
+the future!
+
+Perhaps if I were at any time inclined to be depressed as to the future
+of Canada, I should find some relief in those poems by Canadian authors
+which take frequently an elevated and patriotic range of thought and
+vision, and give expression to aspirations worthy of men born and
+living in this country. When some men doubt the future and would see
+us march into the ranks of other states, with heads bowed down in
+confession of our failure to hold our own on this continent and build
+up a new nation always in the closest connection with England, I ask
+them to turn to the poems of Joseph Howe and read that inspiring
+poetic tribute to the mother country, "All hail to the day when the
+Britons came over"--
+
+      "Every flash of her genius our pathway enlightens,
+        Every field she explores we are beckoned to tread,
+      Each laurel she gathers, our future day brightens--
+        We joy with her living and mourn with her dead."[43]
+
+Or read that tribute which the French Canadian laureate, Fréchette, has
+been fain to pay to the English flag under whose folds his country has
+enjoyed so much freedom and protection for its institutions:
+
+      "Regarde me disait mon père
+      Ce drapeau vaillamment porté;
+      Il a fait ton pays prospère
+      Et respecte ta liberté.
+
+      "C'est le drapeau de l'Angleterre;
+      Sans tache, sur le firmament,
+      Presque à tous les points de la terre
+      Il flotte glorieusement."
+
+Or take up a volume by Roberts and read that frequently quoted poem of
+which these are the closing lines:
+
+      "Shall not our love this rough sweet land make sure?
+        Her bounds preserve inviolate, though we die.
+                O strong hearts of the North,
+                Let flame your loyalty forth,
+      And put the craven and base to an open shame,
+      Till earth shall know the Child of Nations by her name."
+
+Even Mr. Edgar has forgotten the astute lawyer and the politician in
+his national song, "This Canada of Ours," and has given expression to
+the deep sentiment that lies as I have said in the heart of every true
+Canadian and forces him at times to words like these:
+
+      "Strong arms shall guard our cherished homes
+            When darkest danger lowers,
+      And with our life-blood we'll defend
+                This Canada of ours,
+                    Fair Canada,
+                    Dear Canada,
+                This Canada of ours."
+
+Such poems are worth a good many political speeches even in parliament
+so far as their effect upon the hearts and sympathies is concerned. We
+all remember a famous man once said, "Let me make all the ballads, and
+I care not who makes the laws of a people."
+
+[Footnote B: A list of Canadian poems which have been printed in books
+(from 1867-1893) appears in the Bibliographical Notes (40).]
+
+[Footnote C: Given in full in Appendix.]
+
+[Footnote D: See Appendix to this work, note 40, for an extract from
+this fine poem.]
+
+[Footnote E: See Appendix to this work, note 40, for an extract from
+one of his national poems.]
+
+
+
+
+VI.
+
+
+But if Canada can point to some creditable achievement of recent
+years in history, poetry and essay-writing--for I think if one looks
+from time to time at the leading magazines and reviews of the two
+continents he will find that Canada is fairly well represented in their
+pages[44]--there is one respect in which Canadians have never won any
+marked success, and that is in the novel or romance. "Wacousta, or
+the Prophecy: a Tale of the Canadas," was written sixty years ago by
+Major John Richardson,[45_a_] a native Canadian, but it was at the
+best a spirited imitation of Cooper, and has not retained the interest
+it attracted at a time when the American novelist had created a taste
+for exaggerated pictures of Indian life and forest scenery. Of course
+attempts have been made time and again by other English Canadians to
+describe episodes of our history, and portray some of our national and
+social characteristics, but with the single exception of "The Golden
+Dog,"[45] written a few years ago by Mr. William Kirby, of Niagara, I
+cannot point to one which shows much imaginative or literary skill.
+If we except the historical romance by Mr. Marmette, "François de
+Bienville,"[46] which has had several editions, French Canada is even
+weak in this particular, and this is the more surprising because there
+is abundance of material for the novelist or writer of romance in her
+peculiar society and institutions, and in her historic annals and
+traditions. But as yet neither a Cooper, nor an Irving, nor a Hawthorne
+has appeared to delight Canadians in the fruitful field of fiction that
+their country offers to the pen of imaginative genius. It is true we
+have a work by De Gaspé, "Les Anciens Canadiens,"[47] which has been
+translated by Roberts and one or two others, but it has rather the
+value of historical annals than the spirit and form of true romance.
+It is the very poverty of our production in what ought to be a rich
+source of literary inspiration, French Canadian life and history, that
+has given currency to a work whose signal merit is its simplicity of
+style and adherence to historical fact. As Parkman many years ago first
+commenced to illumine the too often dull pages of Canadian history,
+so other American writers have also ventured in the still fresh field
+of literary effort that romance offers to the industrious, inventive
+brain. In the "Romance of Dollard," "Tonty," and the "Lady of Fort St.
+John," Mrs. Mary Hartwell Catherwood has recalled most interesting
+episodes of our past annals with admirable literary taste and a deep
+enthusiasm for Canadian history in its romantic and picturesque
+aspects.[48] When we read Conan Doyle's "Refugees"--the best historical
+novel that has appeared from the English Press for years--we may well
+regret that it is not Canadian genius which has created so fascinating
+a romance out of the materials that exist in the history of the
+_ancien régime_. Dr. Doyle's knowledge of Canadian life and history is
+obviously very superficial; but slight as it is he has used it with a
+masterly skill to give Canada a part in his story--to show how closely
+associated were the fortunes of the colony with the French Court,--with
+the plans and intrigues of the king and his mistresses, and of the
+wily ecclesiastics who made all subservient to their deep purpose. It
+would seem from our failure to cultivate successfully the same popular
+branch of letters that Canadians are wanting in the inventive and
+imaginative faculty, and that the spirit of materialism and practical
+habits, which has so long necessarily cramped literary effort in this
+country, still prevents happy ventures in this direction. It is a pity
+that no success has been won in this country,--as in Australia by Mrs.
+Campbell Praed, "Tasma," and many others,--in the way of depicting
+those characteristics of Canadian life, in the past and present, which,
+when touched by the imaginative and cultured intellect, will reach the
+sympathies and earn the plaudits of all classes of readers at home and
+abroad. Perhaps, Mr. Gilbert Parker,[49] now a resident of London,
+but a Canadian by birth, education and sympathies, will yet succeed
+in his laudable ambition of giving form and vitality to the abundant
+materials that exist in the Dominion, among the habitants on the old
+seigneuries of the French province, in that historic past of which the
+ruins still remain in Montreal and Quebec, in the Northwest with its
+quarrels of adventurers in the fur trade, and in the many other sources
+of inspiration that exist in this country for the true story-teller who
+can invent a plot and give his creations a touch of reality, and not
+that doll-like, saw-dust appearance that the vapid characters of some
+Canadian stories assume from the very poverty of the imagination that
+has originated them.
+
+That imagination and humour have some existence in the Canadian
+mind--though one sees little of those qualities in the press or in
+public speeches, or in parliamentary debates--we can well believe
+when we read "The Dodge Club Abroad," by Professor De Mille,[50] who
+was cut off in the prime of his intellectual strength, or "A Social
+Departure," by Sara Jeannette Duncan,[51] who, as a sequence of a trip
+around the world, has given us not a dry book of travels but a story
+with touches of genial humour and bright descriptions of life and
+nature, and who is now following up that excellent literary effort by
+promising sketches of East Indian life. A story which attracted some
+attention not long since for originality of conception and ran through
+several editions, "Beggars All," is written by a Miss L. Dougall, who
+is said to be a member of a Montreal family, and though this book does
+not deal with incidents of Canadian life it illustrates that fertility
+of invention which is latent among our people and only requires a
+favourable opportunity to develop itself. The best literature of this
+kind is like that of France, which has the most intimate correspondence
+with the social life and development of the people of the country.
+"The excellence of a romance," writes Chevalier Bunsen in his critical
+preface to Gustav Freytag's "Debit and Credit," "like that of an epic
+or a drama, lies in the apprehension and truthful exhibition of the
+course of human things.... The most vehement longing of our times
+is manifestly after a faithful mirror of the present." With us, all
+efforts in this direction have been most common place--hardly above the
+average of "Social Notes" in the columns of Ottawa newspapers.
+
+I do not for one depreciate the influence of good fiction on the minds
+of a reading community like ours; it is inevitable that a busy people,
+and especially women distracted with household cares, should always
+find that relief in this branch of literature which no other reading
+can give them; and if the novel has then become a necessity of the
+times in which we live, at all events I hope Canadians, who may soon
+venture into the field, will study the better models, endeavour to
+infuse some originality into their creations and plots, and not bring
+the Canadian fiction of the future to that low level to which the
+school of realism in France, and in a minor degree in England and the
+United States, would degrade the novel and story of every-day life.
+To my mind it goes without saying that a history written with that
+fidelity to original authorities, that picturesqueness of narration,
+that philosophic insight into the motives and plans of statesmen, that
+study and comprehension of the character and life of a people, which
+should constitute the features of a great work of this class,--that
+such a history has assuredly a much deeper and more useful purpose
+in the culture and education of the world than any work of fiction
+can possibly have even when animated by a lofty genius. Still as the
+novel and romance will be written as long as a large proportion of the
+world amid the cares and activities of life seeks amusement rather
+than knowledge, it is for the Canadian Scott, or Hawthorne, or "George
+Eliot," or Dickens of the future, to have a higher and purer aim than
+the majority of novel writers of the present day, who, with a few
+notable exceptions like Black, Besant, Barrie, Stephenson or Oliphant,
+weary us by their dulness and lack of the imaginative and inventive
+faculty, and represent rather the demands of the publishers to meet the
+requirements of a public which must have its new novel as regularly as
+the Scotchman must have his porridge, the Englishman his egg and toast,
+and the American his ice-water.
+
+If it were possible within the compass of this address to give a list
+of the many histories, poems, essays and pamphlets that have appeared
+from the Canadian press during the first quarter of a century since the
+Dominion of Canada has been in existence, the number would astonish
+many persons who have not followed our literary activity. Of course
+the greater part of this work is ephemeral in its character and has
+no special value; much of the historical work is a dreary collection
+of facts and dates which shows the enterprise of school publishers
+and school teachers and is generally wanting in that picturesqueness
+and breadth of view which give interest to history and leave a vivid
+impression on the mind of the student. Most of these pamphlets have
+been written on religious, political or legal questions of the day.
+Many of the poems illustrate rather the aspirations of the school boy
+or maiden whose effusions generally appeared in the poet's corner
+of the village newspaper. Still there are even among these mere
+literary "transients" evidences of power of incisive argument and
+of some literary style. In fact, all the scientific, historical and
+poetical contributions of the period in question, make up quite a
+library of Canadian literature. And here let me observe in passing,
+some persons still suppose that _belles-lettres_, works of fiction,
+poetry and criticism, alone constitute literature. The word can take
+in its complete sense a very wide range, for it embraces the pamphlet
+or monograph on the most abstruse scientific, or mathematical or
+geographical or physical subject, as well as the political essay, the
+brilliant history, or the purely imaginative poem or novel. It is not
+so much the subject as the form and style which make them worthy of a
+place in literature. One of the most remarkable books ever written,
+the "Esprit des Lois" by Montesquieu, has won the highest place in
+literature by its admirable style, and in the science of politics
+by the importance of its matter. The works of Lyell, Huxley, Hunt,
+Dawson, Tyndall, and Darwin owe their great value not entirely to the
+scientific ideas and principles and problems there discussed, but also
+to the lucidity of style in which the whole subject is presented to
+the reader, whether versed or not in science. "Literature is a large
+word," says Matthew Arnold,[52] discussing with Tyndall this very
+subject; "it may mean everything written with letters or printed in a
+book. Euclid's Elements and Newton's Principia are thus literature.
+All knowledge that reaches us through books is literature. But as I
+do not mean, by knowing ancient Rome, knowing merely more or less
+of Latin _belles-lettres_, and taking no account of Rome's military,
+and political, and legal, and administrative work in the world; and
+as, by knowing ancient Greece, I understand knowing her as the giver
+of Greek art, and the guide to a free and right use of reason and to
+scientific methods, and the founder of our mathematics, and physics,
+and astronomy, and biology, I understand knowing her as all this, and
+not merely knowing certain Greek poems, and histories, and treatises
+and speeches, so as to the knowledge of modern nations also. By knowing
+modern nations, I mean not merely knowing their _belles-lettres_, but
+knowing also what has been done by such men as Copernicus, Galileo,
+Newton, Darwin." I submit this definition of literature by a great
+English critic and poet who certainly knew what he was writing about,
+to the studious consideration of Principal Grant who, in an address
+to the Royal Society two years ago,[53] appeared to have some doubt
+that much of its work could be called literature; a doubt that he
+forgot for the moment actually consigned to a questionable level also
+his many devious utterances and addresses on political, religious and
+other questions of the day, and left him entirely out of the ranks
+of _littérateurs_ and in a sort of limbo which is a world of neither
+divinity, nor politics, nor letters. Taking this definition of the
+bright apostle of English culture, I think Canadians can fairly claim
+to have some position as a literary people even if it be a relatively
+humble one, on account of the work done in history, _belles-lettres_,
+political science and the sciences generally Science alone has had
+in Canada for nearly half a century many votaries who have won for
+themselves high distinction, as the eminent names on the list of
+membership of the Royal Society since its foundation can conclusively
+show. The literature of science, as studied and written by Canadians,
+is remarkably comprehensive, and finds a place in every well furnished
+library of the world.
+
+The _doyen_ of science in Canada, Sir William Dawson,[54] we are
+all glad to know, is still at work after a long and severe illness,
+which was, no doubt, largely due to the arduous devotion of years to
+education and science. It is not my intention to refer here to other
+well-known names in scientific literature, but I may pause for an
+instant to mention the fact that one of the earliest scientific writers
+of eminence, who was a Canadian by birth and education, was Mr. Elkanah
+Billings,[55] palæontologist and geologist, who contributed his first
+papers to the _Citizen_ of Ottawa, then Bytown, afterwards to have
+greatness thrown upon it and made the political capital of Canada.
+
+
+
+
+VII.
+
+
+Here I come naturally to answer the questions that may be put by some
+that have not followed the history and the work of the Royal Society
+of Canada,--What measure of success has it won? has it been of value
+to the Canadian people in whose interests it was established, and
+with whose money it is mainly supported? Twelve years have nearly
+passed away since a few gentlemen, engaged in literary, scientific and
+educational pursuits, assembled at McGill College on the invitation of
+the Marquess of Lorne, then governor-general of Canada, to consider the
+practicability of establishing a society which would bring together
+both the French and English Canadian elements of our population for
+purposes of common study and the discussion of such subjects as might
+be profitable to the Dominion, and at the same time develop the
+literature of learning and science as far as practicable.[56] This
+society was to have a Dominion character--to form a union of leading
+representatives of all those engaged in literature and science in
+the several provinces, with the principle of federation observed
+in so far as it asked every society of note in every section to
+send delegates to make reports on the work of the year within its
+particular sphere. Of the gentlemen who assembled at this interesting
+meeting beneath the roof of the learned principal of Montreal's
+well-known university, the majority still continue active friends of
+the society they aided Lord Lome to found; but I must also add with
+deep regret that, within a little more than a year, two of the most
+distinguished promoters of the society, Dr. Thomas Sterry Hunt and
+Sir Daniel Wilson, have been called from their active and successful
+labours in education, science and letters. As I know perhaps better
+than any one else, on account of an official connection with the
+society from the very hour it was suggested by Lord Lorne, no two
+members ever comprehended more thoroughly the useful purpose which
+it could serve amid the all-surrounding materialism of this country,
+or laboured more conscientiously until the very hour of their death
+by their writings and their influence to make the society a Canadian
+institution, broad in its scope, liberal in its culture, and elevated
+in its aspirations. Without dwelling on the qualifications of two
+men[57] whose names are imperishably connected with the work of their
+lifetime--archæology, education and chemistry--I may go on to say that
+the result of the Montreal meeting was the establishment of a society
+which met for the first time at Ottawa in the May of 1882, with a
+membership of eighty Fellows under the presidency of Dr. (afterwards
+Sir) William Dawson, and the vice-presidency of the Honourable P.
+J. O. Chauveau, a distinguished French Canadian who had won a high
+name, not only in literature, but also in the political world where
+he was for years a conspicuous figure; noted for his eloquence, his
+culture and his courtesy of manner. The society was established in no
+spirit of isolation from other literary and scientific men because
+its membership was confined at the outset to eighty Fellows who had
+written "memoirs of merit or rendered eminent services to literature
+or science"--a number subsequently increased to a hundred under
+certain limitations. On the contrary it asks for, and has constantly
+published, contributions from all workers in the same fields of effort
+with the simple proviso that such contributions are presented with the
+endorsation of an actual member, though they may be read before any one
+of the four sections by the author himself. Every association, whether
+purely literature or historical, or scientific, as I have already
+intimated, has been asked to assist in the work of the society,[58] and
+its delegates given every advantage at the meetings possessed by the
+Fellows themselves, except voting and discussing the purely internal
+affairs of the Royal Society. Some misapprehension appears to have
+existed at first in the public mind that, because the society was named
+"The Royal Society of Canada," an exclusive and even aristocratic
+institution was in contemplation. It seems a little perplexing to
+understand why an objection could be taken to such a designation when
+the Queen is at the head of our system of government, and her name
+appears in the very first clauses of the act of union, and in every
+act requiring the exercise of the royal prerogative in this loyal
+dependency of the crown. As a fact, in using the title, the desire was
+to follow the example of similar societies in Australia, and recall
+that famous Royal Society in England, whose fellowship is a title of
+nobility in the world of science. Certain features were copied from
+the Institute of France, inasmuch as there is a division into sections
+with the idea of bringing together into each for the purposes of common
+study and discussion those men who have devoted themselves to special
+branches of the literature of learning and science. In this country
+and, indeed, in America generally, a notable tendency is what may be
+called the levelling principle--to deprecate the idea that any man
+should be in any way better than another; and in order to prevent that
+result it is necessary to assail him as soon as he shows any political
+or intellectual merit, and to stop him, if possible, from attaining
+that mental superiority above his fellows that his industry and his
+ability may enable him to reach. The Royal Society suffered a little
+at first from this spirit of depreciation which is often carried to an
+extent that one at times could almost believe that this is a country
+without political virtues or intellectual development of any kind.
+The claims of some of its members were disputed by literary aspirants
+who did not happen for a moment to be enrolled in its ranks, and the
+society was charged with exclusiveness when, as a fact, it simply
+limited its membership, and demanded certain qualifications, with the
+desire to make that membership a test of some intellectual effort, and
+consequently more prized by those who were allowed sooner or later
+to enter. It would have been quite possible for the society to make
+itself a sort of literary or scientific picnic by allowing every man
+or woman who had, or believed they had, some elementary scientific or
+other knowledge to enter its ranks, and have the consequent advantages
+of cheap railway fares and other subsidiary advantages on certain
+occasions, but its promoters did not think that would best subserve
+the special objects they had in view. At all events, none of them
+could have been prompted by any desire to create a sort of literary
+aristocracy. Indeed, one would like to know how any one in his senses
+could believe for a moment that any institution of learning could
+be founded with exclusive tendencies in these times, in this or any
+other country! If there is an intelligent democracy anywhere it is the
+Republic of Letters. It may be aristocratic in the sense that there
+are certain men and women who have won fame and stand on a pedestal
+above their fellows, but it is the world, not of a class, but of all
+ranks and conditions, that has agreed to place them on that pedestal
+as a tribute to their genius which has made people happier, wiser and
+better, has delighted and instructed the artisan as well as the noble.
+
+For twelve years then the Royal Society has continued to persevere in
+its work; and thanks to the encouragement given it by the government of
+Canada it has been able, year by year, to publish a large and handsome
+volume of the proceedings and transactions of its meetings. No other
+country in the world can exhibit volumes more creditable on the whole
+in point of workmanship than those of this society. The papers and
+monographs that have appeared embrace a wide field of literature--the
+whole range of archæological, ethnological, historical, geographical,
+biological, mathematical and physical studies. The volumes now are
+largely distributed throughout Canada--among the educated and thinking
+classes--and are sent to every library, society, university and learned
+institution of note in the world, with the hope of making the Dominion
+better known. The countries where they are placed for purposes of
+reference are these:
+
+  The United States: every State of the Union and District of Columbia,
+  Newfoundland,
+  Mexico,
+  Brazil,
+  Costa Rica,
+  Uruguay,
+  Guatemala,
+  Venezuela,
+  Chile,
+  Peru,
+  India,
+  Japan,
+  Australia,
+  New Zealand,
+  Great Britain and Ireland,
+  Ecuador,
+  Italy,
+  Greece,
+  Norway and Sweden,
+  Spain,
+  South Africa,
+  Germany,
+  Roumania,
+  Argentine Republic,
+  France,
+  Russia,
+  Austria-Hungary,
+  Mauritius,
+  Denmark.
+
+So well known are these 'Transactions' now in every country that, when
+it happens some library or institution has not received it from the
+beginning or has been forgotten in the distribution, the officers of
+the society have very soon received an intimation of the fact. This
+is gratifying, since it shows that the world of higher literature and
+of special research--the world of scholars and scientists engaged in
+important observation and investigation--is interested in the work that
+is being done in the same branches in this relatively new country.
+It would be impossible for me within the limits of this address to
+give you anything like an accurate and comprehensive idea of the
+numerous papers the subject and treatment of which, even from a largely
+practical and utilitarian point of view, have been of decided value to
+Canada, and I can only say here that the members of the society have
+endeavoured to bring to the consideration of the subjects they have
+discussed a spirit of conscientious study and research, and that, too,
+without any fee or reward except that stimulating pleasure which work
+of an intellectual character always brings to the mind.
+
+In these days of critical comparative science, when the study of the
+aboriginal or native languages of this continent has absorbed the
+attention of close students, the Royal Society has endeavoured to give
+encouragement and currency to those studies by publishing grammars,
+vocabularies and other monographs relating to Indian tongues and
+antiquities. The Abbé Cuoq, one of the most erudite scholars of this
+continent in this special branch of knowledge, has nearly completed
+in the 'Transactions' what will be a monumental work of learning on
+the Algonquin language. A Haida grammar and dictionary are also now
+awaiting the completion of the Abbé Cuoq's work to be published in
+the same way. A great deal of light has been thrown on Cartier's and
+Champlain's voyages in the gulf, and consequently on its cartography,
+by the labours of the Abbé Verreau, Prof. Ganong and others. The
+excellent work of the Geological Survey has been supplemented by
+important contributions from its staff, and consequently there is to
+be found in the 'Transactions' a large amount of information, both
+abstract and practical, on the economic and other minerals of the
+Dominion. Chiefly owing to the efforts of the society, the government
+of Canada some time ago commenced to take tidal observations on the
+Atlantic coasts of Canada--an enterprise of great value to the shipping
+and commercial interests of the country--and has also co-operated in
+the determination of the true longitude of Montreal which is now being
+prosecuted under the able superintendence of Professor McLeod. It is
+in the same practical spirit of investigation and action that the
+society has published a treatise by that veteran scholar, Dr. Moses
+Harvey, of St. John's, Newfoundland, on "The Artificial Propagation
+of Marine Food-fishes and Edible Crustaceans"; and it is satisfactory
+to understand from a statement made in the House of Commons last
+session that a question of such deep interest to our great fishing
+industry in the maritime provinces is likely to result in some
+practical measure in the direction suggested. The contributions of
+Sir Daniel Wilson on the "Artistic Faculty in the Aboriginal Races,"
+"The Pre-Aryan American Man," "The Trade and Commerce of the Stone
+Age," and "The Huron-Iroquois Race in Canada," that typical race of
+American Indians, were all intended to supplement in a measure that
+scholarly work, "Prehistoric Man," which had brought him fame many
+years before. Dr. Patterson of Nova Scotia, a most careful student of
+the past, has made valuable contributions to the history of Portuguese
+exploration in North American waters, and of that remarkable lost
+tribe known as Beothiks or Red Indians of Newfoundland. Sir William
+Dawson has contributed to almost every volume of the 'Transactions'
+from his stores of geological learning, while his distinguished son
+has followed closely in his footsteps, and has made valuable additions
+to our knowledge, not only of the geology of the Northwest, but also
+of the antiquities, languages and customs of the Indian tribes of
+British Columbia and the adjacent islands. The opinions and theories
+of Dr. Thomas Sterry Hunt on the "Taconic Question in Geology" and
+the "Relations of the Taconic Series to the later Crystalline and the
+Cambrian Rocks," were given at length in the earlier volumes. Mr. G.
+F. Matthew, of St. John, New Brunswick, who is a very industrious
+student, has elaborated a work on the "Fauna of the St. John Group."
+Not only have our geological conditions been more fully explained, but
+our flora, ferns, and botany generally have been clearly set forth
+by Professors Lawson, Macoun and Penhallow. All these and many other
+papers of value have been illustrated by expensive plates, generally
+executed by Canadian artists. The majority of the names I have just
+given happen to be English Canadian, but the French language has
+been represented in science by such eminent men as Hamel, Laflamme
+and Deville--the two first illustrating the learning and culture of
+Laval, so long associated with the best scholarship of the province
+of Quebec. Without pursuing the subject further, let me say, as one
+who has always endeavoured to keep the interests of the society in
+view, that such monographs as I have mentioned represent the practical
+value of its work, and show what an important sphere of usefulness
+is invariably open to it. The object is not to publish ephemeral
+newspaper or magazine articles--that is to say, articles intended for
+merely popular information or purely literary practice--but always
+those essays and works of moderate compass which illustrate original
+research, experiment and investigation in all branches of historical,
+archæological, ethnological and scientific studies, and which will
+form a permanent and instructive reference library for scholars and
+students in the same branches of thought and study all over the
+world. In fact, the essays must necessarily be such as cannot be well
+published except through the assistance granted by a government, as in
+our case, or by the liberality of private individuals. The society,
+in fact, is in its way attempting just such work as is done by the
+Smithsonian Institute, on a large scale, at Washington, so far as
+the publication of important transactions is concerned. I admit that
+sometimes essays have appeared, but many more are offered from time
+to time, better suited to the periodicals of the day than to the
+pages of a work of which the object is to perpetuate the labours of
+students and scholars, and not the efforts of the mere literary amateur
+or trifler in _belles-lettres_. But while there must be necessarily
+such limitations to the scope of the 'Transactions,' which are largely
+scientific in their treatment, room will be always made for papers
+on any economic, social or ethical subject which, by their acute
+reasoning, sound philosophy and originality of thought, demand the
+attention of students everywhere. Such literary criticism as finds
+place now and then in the dignified old 'Quarterly Review' or in the
+'Contemporary' will be printed whenever it is written by any Canadian
+author with the same power of keen analysis and judicious appreciation
+of the thoughts and motives of an author that we find notably in that
+charming study of Tennyson's "Princess," by S. E. Dawson,[59] who is
+a Canadian by birth, education and feeling. No doubt there is room in
+the Dominion for a magazine combining the features of 'Blackwood,' the
+'Contemporary' and the 'Quarterly Review'; that is to say, poetry,
+fiction, criticism, reviews of topics of the day, and, in fact,
+original literary effort of the higher order, which, though mostly
+ephemeral in its character, must have much influence for the time being
+on the culture and the education of the public mind. Since the days
+of the old 'Canadian Monthly,'[60] which, with all its imperfections,
+contained much excellent work, all efforts in the same direction have
+been deserving of little encouragement; and, in fact, if such a venture
+is to succeed hereafter it must have behind it sufficient capital to
+engage the assistance of the best Canadian writers, who now send their
+work to American and English periodicals. Such a magazine must be
+carefully edited, and not made the dumping-ground for the crude efforts
+of literary dabblers or for romantic gush and twaddle, but must be
+such a judicious selection of the best Canadian talent as will evoke
+comparison with the higher class of periodicals I have mentioned. We
+have only one literary paper of merit in this country, and that is
+'The Week,' which, despite all the indifference that is too apt to
+meet a journal not influenced by party motives, has kept its literary
+aim always before it, and endeavoured to do such a work as 'The New
+York Nation' has been doing for years under far greater advantages
+in the neighbouring country with marked success and ability. In the
+meantime, until a magazine of the character I advocate is established,
+the 'Transactions of the Royal Society' cannot be expected to occupy
+the same ground unless it is prepared to give up that important field
+which it and the societies with which it is associated alone can fill
+in this country. In one respect, indeed, the Royal Society, in my
+opinion--and I have endeavoured to impress it on my fellow-members--can
+reach a much larger class of readers than it is now possible by
+means of its somewhat formidable though handsomely printed and well
+illustrated volumes, which necessarily are confined, for the most part,
+to libraries and institutions, where they can be best consulted by
+students who find it necessary to inform themselves on such Canadian
+subjects as the society necessarily treats. It is quite possible that
+by selecting a more convenient form, say royal octavo, and publishing
+the purely scientific sections in one volume and the purely literary
+department in another, a larger inducement will be given to the public
+to purchase its 'Transactions' at a moderate cost and in a more
+convenient shape for reading, whenever they contain monographs or large
+works in which Canadians generally are interested or on which they
+wish special information. Of course, in making this change care must
+be taken to maintain the typographical appearance and the character of
+the scientific illustrations and the usefulness of the cartography. Not
+only may the Royal Society in this way reach a larger reading public,
+but it may stimulate the efforts of historic and other writers by
+giving them greater facilities for obtaining special editions of their
+works for general sale. As it is now, each author obtains a hundred
+copies of his paper in pamphlets, sometimes more; and if the form is
+now made smaller and more handy, to use a common word, he will be
+induced to order a larger edition at his own cost. Even as it is now,
+some four or five thousand copies of essays and monographs--in special
+cases many more--are annually distributed by authors in addition to
+those circulated in the bound volumes of the 'Transactions'; and in
+this way any value these works may have is considerably enhanced. If it
+should be decided to continue the large form, at all events it will
+be in the interest of the society, and of the author of any monograph
+or history of more than ordinary value, to print it not only in the
+'Transactions' but also in a smaller volume for general circulation.
+Practically this would meet the object in view--the larger distribution
+of the best work of the section devoted to historical and general
+literature. But whether this change is adopted or not,[61] I think the
+Royal Society, by showing even still greater zeal and earnestness in
+the work for which it was founded, by co-operating with scholars and
+students throughout the Dominion, by showing every possible sympathy
+with all those engaged in the work of art, culture and education, can
+look forward hopefully to the future; and all it asks from the Canadian
+public at large is confidence in its work and objects, which are in no
+sense selfish or exclusive, but are influenced by a sincere desire to
+do what it can to promote historic truth and scientific research, and
+give a stimulus in this way to the intellectual development of this
+young Dominion, yet in the infancy of its literary life.[F]
+
+[Footnote F: In the course of a speech by the Earl of Derby, in answer
+to a farewell address from the Royal Society, he took occasion to make
+some remarks with reference to its work and usefulness, which have been
+given in full in the Appendix (Note 58_a_) as the impartial opinion
+of a governor-general who always took a deep interest in all matters
+affecting the intellectual as well as material development of the
+Dominion.]
+
+
+
+
+VIII.
+
+
+This necessarily brief review of the work of the Royal Society could
+not well be left out of an address like this; and I can now pass on to
+some reflections that occur to me on the general subject.
+
+In the literature of biography, so susceptible of a treatment full of
+human interests and sympathies--as chatty Boswell's "Life of Johnson,"
+and Lockhart's "Life of Scott," notably illustrate--we have little to
+show, except it be the enterprise of publishers and the zeal of too
+enthusiastic friends. Nor is it necessary to dwell on the literature
+of the law, which is becoming in a measure more of a technical and
+less of a learned profession in the larger sense, unless, indeed,
+our university schools of political science eventually elevate it
+to a wider range of thought. Several excellent books of a purely
+technical character have been compiled from year to year, but no Kent,
+or Story, or Cooley has yet appeared to instruct us by a luminous
+exposition of principle, or breadth of knowledge. Those who know
+anything of Dr. Edward Blake's great intellectual power, of his wealth
+of legal learning, of his insight into the operations of political
+constitutions, cannot deny that he at least could produce a work which
+might equal in many respects those of the great Americans here named;
+but it looks very much at present as if he, and others I could mention,
+will give up their best years to the absorbing and uncertain struggles
+of politics, rather than to the literature of that profession to which
+they might, under different conditions, raise imperishable memorials.
+From the pulpit many of us hear from time to time eloquent and well
+reasoned efforts which tell us how much even the class, necessarily
+most conservative in its traditions, and confined in its teachings,
+has been forced by modern tendencies to enlarge its human sympathies
+and widen its intellectual horizon; but the published sermons are
+relatively few in number; and while, now and then, at intervals, after
+a public celebration, an important anniversary or ceremonial, or as a
+sequence of a controversy on the merits or demerits of creed or dogma,
+we see a pile of pamphlets on the counter of a bookstore, we do not
+hear of any printed book of sermons that appears to have entered of
+recent years into the domain of human thought and discussion in the
+great world beyond our territorial limits.
+
+I shall not attempt to dwell at any length on the intellectual standard
+of our legislative bodies, but shall confine myself to a few general
+observations that naturally suggest themselves to an observer of our
+political conditions. Now, as in all times of our history, political
+life claims many strong, keen and cultured intellects, although it is
+doubtful whether the tendency of our democratic institutions is to
+encourage the most highly educated organizations to venture, or remain,
+should once they venture, in the agitated and unsafe sea of political
+passion and controversy. The first parliament of the Dominion, and the
+first legislatures of the provinces, which met after the federal union
+of 1867, when the system of dual representation was permissible--a
+system whose advantages are more obvious now--brought into public
+life the most brilliant and astute intellects of Canada, and it will
+probably be a long time before we shall again see assemblages so
+distinguished for oratory, humour and intellectual power. A federal
+system was, doubtless, the only one feasible under the racial and
+natural conditions that met the Quebec Conference of 1864; but, while
+admitting its political necessity, we cannot conceal from ourselves
+the fact that the great drain its numerous legislative bodies and
+governments make upon the mental resources of a limited population--a
+drain increased by the abolition of dual representation--is calculated
+to weaken our intellectual strength in our legislative halls, when
+a legislative union would in the nature of things concentrate that
+strength in one powerful current of activity and thought. A population
+of five millions of people has to provide not only between six and
+seven hundred representatives, who must devote a large amount of
+time to the public service for inadequate compensation, but also
+lieutenant-governors, judges and high officials, holding positions
+requiring intellectual qualifications as well as business capacity if
+they are properly filled. Apart from these considerations, it must
+be remembered that the opportunities of acquiring wealth and success
+in business or professional vocations have naturally increased with
+the material development of the Dominion, and that men of brains
+have consequently even less inducement than formerly to enter on the
+uncertain and too often ungrateful pursuit of politics. We have also
+the danger before us that it will be with us, as it is in the United
+States and even in England under the new conditions that are rapidly
+developing there; the professional politician, who is too often the
+creation of factions and cliques, and the lower influences of political
+intrigue and party management, will be found, as time passes, more
+common in our legislative halls, to the detriment of those higher
+ideals that should be the animating principles of public life in
+this young country, whose future happiness and greatness depend so
+much on the present methods of party government. Be all this as it
+may be, one may still fairly claim for our legislative bodies that
+their intellectual standard can compare favourably with that of the
+Congress at Washington or the state legislatures of Massachusetts and
+New England generally. After all, it is not for brilliant intellectual
+pyrotechnics we should now so much look to the legislative bodies of
+Canada, but rather for honesty of purpose, keen comprehension of the
+public interests, and a business capacity which can grasp the actual
+material wants and necessities of a country which has to face the
+competition, and even opposition, of a great people full of industrial
+as well as intellectual energy.
+
+Nowhere in this review have I claimed for this country any very
+striking results in the course of the half century since which we have
+shown so much political and material activity. I cannot boast that we
+have produced a great poem or a great history which has attracted the
+attention of the world beyond us, and assuredly we find no noteworthy
+attempt in the direction of a novel of our modern life; but what I do
+claim is, looking at the results generally, the work we have done has
+been sometimes above the average in those fields of literature--and
+here I include, necessarily, science--in which Canadians have worked.
+They have shown in many productions a conscientious spirit of research,
+patient industry, and not a little literary skill in the management
+of their material. I think, on the whole, there have been enough
+good poems, histories and essays written and published in Canada for
+the last four or five decades to prove that there has been a steady
+intellectual growth on the part of our people, and that it has kept
+pace at all events with the mental growth in the pulpit, or in the
+legislative halls, where, of late years, a keen practical debating
+style has taken the place of the more rhetorical and studied oratory
+of old times. I believe the intellectual faculties of Canadians only
+require larger opportunities for their exercise to bring forth a
+rich fruition. I believe the progress in the years to come will be
+far greater than that we have yet shown, and that necessarily so,
+with the wider distribution of wealth, the dissemination of a higher
+culture, and a greater confidence in our own mental strength, and in
+the resources that this country offers to pen and pencil. The time
+will come when that great river, associated with memories of Cartier,
+Champlain, La Salle, Frontenac, Wolfe and Montcalm,--that river already
+immortalized in history by the pen of Parkman--will be as noted in song
+and story as the Rhine, and will have its Irving to make it as famous
+as the lovely Hudson.
+
+Of course there are many obstacles in the way of successful literary
+pursuits in Canada. Our population is still small, and separated into
+two distinct nationalities, who for the most part necessarily read
+books printed in their own tongue. A book published in Canada then has
+a relatively limited _clientèle_ in the country itself, and cannot
+meet much encouragement from publishers in England or in the United
+States who have advantages for placing their own publications which no
+Canadian can have under existing conditions. Consequently an author
+of ambition and merit should perforce look for publishers outside his
+own country if he is to expect anything like just appreciation, or to
+have a fair chance of reaching that literary world which alone gives
+fame in the true sense. It must be admitted too that so much inferior
+work has at times found its way from Canada to other countries that
+publishers are apt to look askance at a book when it is offered to
+them from the colonies. Still, while this may at times operate against
+making what is a fairly good bargain with the publisher--and many
+authors, of course, believe with reason that a publisher, as a rule,
+never makes a good bargain with an author, and certainly not with a new
+one--a good book will sooner or later assert itself whenever Canadians
+write such a book. Let Canadians then persevere conscientiously and
+confidently in their efforts to break through the indifference which at
+present tends to cramp their efforts and dampen their energy. It is a
+fashion with some colonial writers to believe that there is a settled
+determination on the part of English critics to ignore their best
+work, when, perhaps, in the majority of cases it is the lack of good
+work that is at fault. Such a conclusion sometimes finds an argument
+in the fact that, when so able a Canadian as Edward Blake enters the
+legislative halls of England, some ill-natured critic, who represents
+a spirit of insular English snobbery, has only a sneer for "this
+Canadian lawyer" who had better "stay at home," and not presume to
+think that he, a mere colonist, could have anything to say in matters
+affecting the good government of the British Empire. But the time has
+long since passed for sneers at colonial self-government or colonial
+intellect, and we are more likely hereafter to have a Canadian House of
+Commons held up as a model of decorum for so-called English gentlemen.
+Such able and impartial critical journals as _The Athenæum_ are more
+ready to welcome than ignore a good book in these days of second-rate
+literature in England itself. If we produce such a good book as Mrs.
+Campbell Praed's "Australian Life," or Tasma's "Uncle Piper of Piper's
+Hill," we may be sure the English papers will do us justice. Let me
+frankly insist that we have far too much hasty and slovenly literary
+work done in Canada. The literary canon which every ambitious writer
+should have ever in his mind has been stated by no less an authority
+than Sainte-Beuve: "Devoted to my profession as a critic, I have tried
+to be more and more a good and if possible an able workman." A good
+style means artistic workmanship. It is too soon for us in this country
+to look for a Matthew Arnold or a Sainte-Beuve--such great critics are
+generally the results, and not the forerunners, of a great literature;
+but at least if we could have in the present state of our intellectual
+development, a criticism in the press which would be truthful and
+just, the essential characteristics of the two authors I have named,
+the effect would be probably in the direction of encouraging promising
+writers, and weeding out some literary dabblers. "What I have wished,"
+said the French critic, "is to say not a word more than I thought, to
+stop even a little short of what I believed in certain cases, in order
+that my words might acquire more weight as historical testimony." Truth
+tempered by consideration for literary genius is the essence of sound
+criticism.
+
+We all know that the literary temperament is naturally sensitive to
+anything like indifference and is too apt, perhaps, to exaggerate
+the importance of its calling in the prosaic world in which it is
+exercised. The pecuniary rewards are so few, relatively, in this
+country, that the man of imaginative mind--the purely literary
+worker--naturally thinks that he can, at least, ask for generous
+appreciation. No doubt he thinks, to quote a passage from a clever
+Australian novel--"The Australian Girl"--"Genius has never been truly
+acclimatized by the world. The Philistines always long to put out
+the eyes of poets and make them grind corn in Gaza." But it is well
+always to remember that a great deal of rough work has to be done in a
+country like Canada before its Augustan age can come. No doubt literary
+stimulus must be more or less wanting in a colony where there is latent
+at times in some quarters a want of self-confidence in ourselves and in
+our institutions, arising from that sense of dependency and habit of
+imitation and borrowing from others that is a necessity of a colonial
+condition. The tendency of the absence of sufficient self-assertion is
+to cramp intellectual exertion, and make us believe that success in
+literature can only be achieved in the old countries of Europe. That
+spirit of all-surrounding materialism to which Lowell has referred
+must also always exercise a certain sinister influence in this way--an
+influence largely exerted in Ontario--but despite all this we see
+that even among our neighbours it has not prevented the growth of a
+literary class famous for its intellectual successes in varied fields
+of literature. It is for Canadian writers to have always before them a
+high ideal, and remember that literature does best its duty--to quote
+the eloquent words of Ruskin--"in raising our fancy to the height of
+what may be noble, honest and felicitous in actual life; in giving
+us, though we may be ourselves poor and unknown, the companionship
+of the wisest spirits of every age and country, and in aiding the
+communication of clear thoughts and faithful purposes among distant
+nations, which will at last breathe calm upon the sea of lawless
+passion and change into such halcyon days the winter of the world, that
+the birds of the air may have their nests in peace and the Son of Man
+where to lay his head."
+
+
+
+
+IX.
+
+
+Largely, if not entirely, owing to the expansion of our common
+school system--admirable in Ontario and Nova Scotia, but defective
+in Quebec--and the influence of our universities and colleges, the
+average intelligence of the people of this country is much higher
+than it was a very few years ago; but no doubt it is with us as with
+our neighbours--to quote the words of an eminent public speaker whose
+brilliancy sometimes leads one to forget his higher criticism--I
+refer to Dr. Chauncey Depew--"Speed is the virtue and vice of our
+generation. We demand that morning-glories and century plants shall
+submit to the same conditions and flower with equal frequency." Even
+some of our universities from which we naturally expect so much seem
+disposed from time to time to lower their standard and yield too
+readily to the demand for purely practical education when, after all,
+the great reason of all education is to draw forth the best qualities
+of the young man, elevate his intelligence, and stimulate his highest
+intellectual forces. The animating principle with the majority of
+people is to make a young man a doctor, a lawyer, an engineer, or teach
+him some other vocation as soon as possible, and the tendency is to
+consider any education that does not immediately effect that result
+as superfluous. Whilst every institution of learning must necessarily
+yield something to this pervading spirit of immediate utility, it would
+be a mistake to sacrifice all the methods and traditions of the past
+when sound scholars at least were made, and the world had so many men
+famous in learning, in poetry, in romance, and in history. For one I
+range myself among those who, like James Russell Lowell and Matthew
+Arnold, still consider the conscientious and intelligent study of the
+ancient classics--the humanities as they are called--as best adapted
+to create cultured men and women, and as the noblest basis on which
+to build up even a practical education with which to earn bread and
+capture the world. Goldwin Smith very truly says, "A romantic age
+stands in need of science, a scientific and utilitarian age stands in
+need of the humanities."[62] The study of Greek, above all others of
+the humanities, is calculated to stimulate the higher qualities of
+our nature. As Matthew Arnold adds in the same discourse from which
+I have quoted, "The instinct for beauty is set in human nature, as
+surely as the instinct for knowledge is set there, or the instinct for
+conduct. If the instinct for beauty is served by Greek literature and
+art as it is served by no other literature or art, we may trust to the
+instinct of self-preservation in humanity for keeping Greek as part
+of our culture." With the same great critic and thinker, I hope that
+in Canada "Greek will be increasingly studied as men feel the need in
+them for beauty, and how powerfully Greek art and Greek literature
+can serve this need." We are as respects the higher education of this
+country in that very period which Arnold saw ahead for America--"a
+period of unsettlement and confusion and false tendency"--a tendency
+to crowd into education too many matters; and it is for this reason
+I venture to hope that letters will not be allowed to yield entirely
+to the necessity for practical science, the importance of which I
+fully admit, while deprecating it being made the dominant principle in
+our universities. If we are to come down to the lower grades of our
+educational system I might also doubt whether despite all its decided
+advantages for the masses--its admirable machinery and apparatus, its
+comfortable school-houses, its varied systematic studies from form to
+form and year to year, its well managed normal and model schools, its
+excellent teachers--there are not also signs of superficiality. The
+tendency of the age is to become rich fast, to get as much knowledge
+as possible within a short time, and the consequence of this is to
+spread far too much knowledge over a limited ground--to give a child
+too many subjects, and to teach him a little of everything. These are
+days of many cyclopædias, historical summaries, scientific digests,
+reviews of reviews, French in a few lessons, and interest tables.
+All is digested and made easy to the student. Consequently not a
+little of the production of our schools and of some of our colleges
+may be compared to a veneer of knowledge, which easily wears off in
+the activities of life, and leaves the roughness of the original and
+cheaper material very perceptible. One may well believe that the
+largely mechanical system and materialistic tendency of our education
+has some effect in checking the development of a really original and
+imaginative literature among us. Much of our daily literature--indeed
+the chief literary aliment of large classes of our busy population
+is the newspaper press, which illustrates in many ways the haste and
+pressure of this life of ours in a country of practical needs like
+Canada. When we consider the despatch with which a large newspaper has
+to be made up, how reports are caught on the wing and published without
+sufficient verification, how editorials have to be written _currente
+calamo_, and often after midnight when important despatches come in, we
+may well wonder that the daily issue of a newspaper is so well done.
+With the development of confederation the leading Canadian papers
+have taken, through the influence of the new condition of things, a
+larger range of thought and expression, and the gross personalities
+which so frequently discredited the press before 1867 have now become
+the exception. If I might refer to an old and enterprising paper as
+an example of the new order of things, I should point to the Toronto
+_Globe_ under its present editorial management and compare it with
+two or three decades ago. It will be seen there is a deeper deference
+to an intelligent public opinion by an acknowledgment of the right
+of a community to hear argument and reason even on matters of party
+politics, and to have fair reports of speeches on both sides of
+a question. In point of appearance, make-up, and varied literary
+matter--especially in its literary department, its criticisms of
+new books in all branches of literature--the Australasian press is
+decidedly superior to that of Canada as a rule. The Melbourne _Argus_
+and the Sydney _Herald_ compare with the best London journals, and
+the reason is mainly because there is no country press in Australia
+to limit the enterprise and energy of a newspaper publisher. Perhaps
+it is as well for the general instruction of a community like ours
+that there should be a large and active country press, and the people
+not too much under the guidance of a few great journals in important
+centres of political thought and action. For one I have more faith
+in the good sense and reason of the community as a whole than in the
+motives and disinterestedness of a few leaders in one or more cities
+or towns. But I must also add that when we consider the influence a
+widely disseminated press like that of Canada must exercise on the
+opinions and sentiments of the large body of persons of whom it is
+the principal or only literature, one must wish that there was more
+independence of thought and honesty of criticism as well as a greater
+willingness, or capacity rather, to study a high ideal on the part of
+the press generally. However improved the tone of the Canadian press
+may have become of late years, however useful it may be as a daily
+record of passing events--of course, outside of party politics--however
+ably it may discuss in its editorial columns the topics of the day,
+it is not yet an influence always calculated to strengthen the mind
+and bring out the best intellectual faculties of a reader like a book
+which is the result of calm reflection, sound philosophic thought,
+originality of idea, or the elevated sentiment of the great poet or
+the historian. As a matter of fact a newspaper is too often in Canada
+a reflex of the average rather than of the higher intelligence of the
+country, and on no other ground can we explain the space devoted to
+a football match, or a prize fight, or a murder trial, or degrading
+incidents in the criminal life of men and women. For one, I am an
+admirer of athletic and other sports calculated to develop health and
+muscle, as long as they are not pursued to extremes, do not become the
+end and aim of youth, or allowed to degenerate into brutality. All of
+us do not forget the great influence of the Olympian, the Pythian and
+other public games on the Greek character when the land was "living
+Greece" indeed; but we must also remember that art and song had a part
+in those contests of athletes, that they even inspired the lyric odes
+of Pindar, that the poet there recited his drama or epic, the painter
+exhibited his picture, and the intellectual was made a part of the
+physical struggle in those palmy days of Greek culture. I have not yet
+heard that any Canadian poet or painter or historian has ever been so
+honoured, or asked to take part in those athletic games and sports to
+which our public journals devote a number of pages which have not yet
+been set apart for Canadian or any literature. The newspaper reporter
+is nowadays the only representative of literature in our Pythia or
+Olympia, and he assuredly cannot be said to be a Pindaric singer when
+he exalts the triumphs of lacrosse or the achievements of the baseball
+champion.
+
+
+
+
+X.
+
+
+In drawing to a conclusion I come now to refer to a subject which is
+naturally embraced in an address intended to review the progress of
+culture in this country, and that is what should have, perhaps, been
+spoken of before, the condition of Art in the Dominion. As our public
+libraries[63] are small compared with those in the neighbouring union,
+and confined to three or four cities--Montreal being in some respects
+behind Toronto--so our public and private art galleries are very few
+in number and insignificant as respects the value and the greatness
+of the paintings. Even in the House of Commons, not long since,
+regret was expressed at the smallness of the Dominion contribution,
+one thousand dollars only, for the support of a so-called National
+Art Gallery at Ottawa, and the greater part of this paltry sum, it
+appeared, went to pay, not the addition of good paintings, but actually
+the current expenses of keeping it up. Hopes were thrown out by more
+than one member of the government, in the course of the discussion
+on the subject, that ere long a much larger amount would be annually
+voted to make the gallery more representative of the best Canadian
+art, and it was very properly suggested that it should be the rule
+to purchase a number of Canadian pictures regularly every year, and
+in this way stimulate the talent of our artists. Montreal at present
+has one fairly good museum of art, thanks to the liberality of two
+or three of her rich men, but so public spirited a city as Toronto,
+which numbers among its citizens a number of artists of undoubted
+merit, is conspicuous for its dearth of good pictures even in private
+collections, and for the entire absence of any public gallery. In
+Montreal there are also some very valuable and representative paintings
+of foreign artists in the residences of her wealthy men of business;
+but whilst it is necessary that we should have brought to this country
+from time to time such examples of artistic genius to educate our
+own people for better things, it is still desirable that Canadian
+millionaires and men of means and taste should encourage the best
+efforts of our own artists. It is said sometimes--and there is some
+truth in the remark--that Canadian art hitherto has been imitative
+rather than creative; but while we have pictures like those of L. R.
+O'Brien, W. Brymner, F. A. Verner, O. R. Jacobi, George Reid, F. M.
+Bell-Smith, Homer Watson, W. Raphael, Robert Harris, C. M. Manly, J. W.
+L. Forster, A. D. Patterson, Miss Bell, Miss Muntz, J. Pinhey, J. C.
+Forbes, Paul Peel--a young man of great promise too soon cut off--and
+of other excellent painters,[64][G] native born or adopted Canadians,
+illustrating in many cases, as do those of Mr. O'Brien notably, the
+charm and picturesqueness of Canadian scenery, it would seem that
+only sufficient encouragement is needed to develop a higher order of
+artistic performance among us. The Marquess of Lorne and the Princess
+Louise, during their too short residence in the Dominion, did something
+to stimulate a larger and better taste for art by the establishment of
+a Canadian Academy and the holding of several exhibitions; but such
+things can be of little practical utility if Canadians do not encourage
+the artists who are to contribute. It is to be hoped that the same
+spirit of generosity which is yearly building commodious science halls,
+and otherwise giving our universities additional opportunities for
+usefulness, will also ere long establish at least one fine art gallery
+in each of the older provinces, to illustrate not simply English
+and Foreign art, but the most original and highly executed work of
+Canadians themselves. Such galleries are so many object lessons--like
+that wondrous "White City" which has arisen by a western lake as
+suddenly as the palaces of eastern story--to educate the eye, form the
+taste and develop the higher faculties of our nature amid the material
+surroundings of our daily life. No doubt the creative and imaginative
+faculties of our people have not yet been developed to any noteworthy
+extent; the poems and paintings of native Canadians too frequently
+lack, and the little fiction so far written is entirely destitute of
+the essential elements of successful and permanent work in art and
+literature. But the deficiency in this respect has arisen not from
+the poverty of Canadian intellect, but rather from the absence of
+that general distribution of wealth on which art can alone thrive, the
+consequent want of galleries to cultivate a taste among the people for
+the best artistic productions, and above all from the existence of that
+spirit of intellectual self-depreciation which is essentially colonial,
+and leads not a few to believe that no good work of this kind can be
+done in mere dependencies.
+
+The exhibition of American art at the world's fair is remarkable on
+the whole for individual expression, excellent colour and effective
+composition. It proves to a demonstration that the tendency is
+progressive, and that it is not too much to expect that a few decades
+hence this continent will produce a Corot, a Daubigny, a Bonnat, a
+Bouguereau or a Millais. Not the least gratifying feature of the
+exhibition has been the revelation to the foreign world--and probably
+to many Canadians as well--that there is already some artistic
+performance of a much higher order than was believed to exist in
+Canada, and that it has been adjudged worthy of special mention among
+the masterpieces that surround the paintings of our artists. This
+success, very moderate as it is, must stimulate Canadian painters to
+still greater efforts in the future, and should help to create a wider
+interest in their work among our own people, heretofore too indifferent
+to the labours of men and women, whose rewards have been small in
+comparison with the conscientiousness and earnestness they have given
+to the prosecution of their art.
+
+The opportunities which Canadian artists have had of comparing their
+own work with that of the most artistic examples at the exhibition
+should be beneficial if they have made of them the best possible
+use. American and French art was particularly well represented at
+the exhibition, and was probably most interesting from a Canadian
+point of view, since our artists would naturally make comparisons
+with their fellow-workers on this continent, and at the same time
+closely study the illustrations of those French schools which now
+attract the greater number of students from this country, and have
+largely influenced--perhaps too much so at times--the later efforts of
+some well-known painters among us. A writer in the New York _Nation_
+has made some comparisons between the best works of the artists of
+France and the United States, which are supported by the testimony
+of critics who are able to speak with authority on the subject. The
+French notably excel "in seriousness of purpose and general excellence
+of work from a technical point of view, especially in the thorough
+knowledge of construction in both the figure and landscape pictures."
+On the other hand, the artists of the United States "show more
+diversity of aim and individuality of expression, as well as colour
+feeling." Some two or three Canadian artists give examples of those
+very qualities--especially in their landscapes--which, according to
+the New York critic, distinguish the illustrations of the art of the
+United States. As a rule, however, there is a want of individuality
+of expression, and of perfection of finish, in the work of Canadian
+artists, as even their relatively imperfect representation at Chicago
+has shown. The tendency to be imitative rather than creative is too
+obvious. Canadian painters show even a readiness to leave their own
+beautiful and varied scenery that they may portray that of other
+countries, and in doing so they have ceased in many cases to be
+original. But despite these defects, there is much hope in the general
+performance of Canadians even without that encouragement and sympathy
+which the artists of the United States have in a larger measure
+been able to receive in a country of greater wealth, population and
+intellectual culture.
+
+Not only does the exhibition of paintings in the world's fair make one
+very hopeful of the future artistic development of this continent,
+but the beauty of the architectural design of the noble buildings
+which contain the treasures of art and industry, and of the decorative
+figures and groups of statuary that embellish these buildings and the
+surrounding grounds, is a remarkable illustration of the artistic
+genius that has produced so exquisite an effect in general, whatever
+defects there may be in minor details. A critic in the July number
+of the 'Quarterly Review,' while writing "in the presence of these
+lovely temples, domes, and colonnades under the burning American sky
+which adds a light and a transparency to all it rests upon," cannot
+help echoing the regret that this vision of beauty is but for a
+season, and expressing the hope that some one of the American money
+kings "may perpetuate his name on marble, by restoring, on the edge
+of this immense capital, amid parks and waters, that great central
+square which, were it only built of enduring materials, would stand
+without a rival in modern architecture." Perhaps the fine arts in the
+Dominion--where sculpture would be hardly heard of were it not for the
+French Canadian Hébert--may themselves even gain some stimulus from the
+examples of a higher conception of artistic achievement that is shown
+by this exhibition to exist in a country where a spirit of materialism
+has obtained the mastery so long. Canadian architecture hitherto has
+not been distinguished for originality of design--much more than art
+it has been imitative. In Montreal and Quebec the old buildings which
+represent the past have no architectural beauty, however interesting
+they may be to the antiquarian or the historian, and however well many
+of them harmonize with the heights of picturesque Quebec. Montreal
+is assuredly the most interesting city from an architectural point
+of view in Canada, simply for the reason that its architects have,
+as a rule, studied that effect of solidity and simplicity of design
+most in keeping with the grand mountain and the natural scenery that
+give such picturesqueness to an exceptionally noble site. While we
+see all over Canada--from Victoria on the Pacific to Halifax on the
+Atlantic[64_a_][H]--the evidences of greater comfort, taste and wealth
+in our private and public buildings, while we see many elaborate
+specimens of ecclesiastical art, stately piles of legislative halls,
+excellent specimens of Gothic and Tudor art in our colleges, expensive
+commercial and financial structures, and even civic palaces, yet
+they are often illustrative of certain well defined and prevalent
+types of architecture in the eastern and western cities of the United
+States. It cannot be said that Canada has produced an architect of
+original genius like Henry Hobson Richardson, who was cut off in the
+commencement of his career, but not before he had given the continent
+some admirable specimens of architectural art, in which his study of
+the Romanesque was specially conspicuous, and probably led the way to a
+higher ideal which has reached some realization in the city which must
+too soon disappear like the fabric of a vision, though one can well
+believe that, unlike a dream, it will leave a permanent impress on the
+intellectual development of the people who have conceived an exhibition
+so creditable from a purely artistic point of view.
+
+[Footnote G: Some extended notes on the artists of Canada and their
+work appear in the Appendix, note 64.]
+
+[Footnote H: See in Appendix 64_a_ references to our notable public
+edifices.]
+
+
+
+
+XI.
+
+
+The Dominion of Canada possesses a noble heritage which has descended
+to us as the result of the achievement of Frenchmen, Englishmen,
+Scotchmen, and Irishmen, who through centuries of trial and privation,
+showed an indomitable courage, patience and industry which it is our
+duty to imitate with the far greater opportunities we now enjoy of
+developing the latent material and intellectual resources of this fair
+land. Possessing a country rich in natural treasures and a population
+inheriting the institutions, the traditions and qualities of their
+ancestors, having a remarkable capacity for self-government, enjoying
+exceptional facilities for the acquisition of knowledge, having before
+us always the record of difficulties overcome against great odds in
+endeavouring to establish ourselves on this continent, we may well in
+the present be animated by the spirit of hope, rather than by that
+feeling of despair which some despondent thinkers and writers have
+too frequently on their lips when it is a question of the destiny
+in store for Canada. In the course of the coming decades--perhaps
+in four or five, or less--Canada will probably have determined her
+destiny--her position among the communities of the world; and, for
+one, I have no doubt the results will be far more gratifying to our
+national pride than the results of even the past thirty years, when we
+have been laying broad and deep the foundations of our present system
+of government. We have reason to believe that the material success of
+this confederation will be fully equalled by the intellectual efforts
+of a people who have sprung from nations whose not least enduring
+fame has been the fact that they have given to the world of letters a
+Shakespeare, a Molière, a Montesquieu, a Balzac, a Dickens, a Dudevant,
+a Tennyson, a Victor Hugo, a Longfellow, a Hawthorne, a Théophile
+Gauthier, and many other names that represent the best literary genius
+of the English and French races. All the evidence before us now goes
+to prove that the French language will continue into an indefinite
+future to be the language of a large and influential section of the
+population of Canada, and that it must consequently exercise a decided
+influence on the culture and intellect of the Dominion. It has been
+within the last four decades that the best intellectual work--both in
+literature and statesmanship--has been produced in French and English
+Canada, and the signs of intellectual activity in the same direction do
+not lessen with the expansion of the Dominion. The history of England
+from the day the Norman came into the island until he was absorbed
+in the original Saxon element, is not likely to be soon repeated in
+Canada, but in all probability the two nationalities will remain side
+by side for an unknown period to illustrate on the northern half of
+the continent of America the culture and genius of the two strongest
+and brightest powers of civilization. As both of these nationalities
+have vied with each other in the past to build up this confederation
+on a large and generous basis of national strength and greatness, and
+have risen time and again superior to those racial antagonisms created
+by differences of opinion at great crises of our history--antagonisms
+happily dispelled by the common sense, reason and patriotism of men of
+both races--so we should in the future hope for that friendly rivalry
+on the part of the best minds among French and English Canadians which
+will best stimulate the genius of their people in art, history, poetry
+and romance. In the meantime, while this confederation is fighting
+its way out of its political difficulties, and resolving wealth and
+refinement from the original and rugged elements of a new country,
+it is for the respective nationalities not to stand aloof from one
+another, but to unite in every way possible for common intellectual
+improvement, and give sympathetic encouragement to the study of the
+two languages and to the mental efforts of each other. It was on this
+enlightened principle of sympathetic interest that the Royal Society
+was founded and on which alone it can expect to obtain any permanent
+measure of success. If the English and French always endeavour to
+meet each other on this friendly basis in all the communities where
+they live side by side as well as on all occasions that demand
+common thought and action and cultivate that social and intellectual
+intercourse which may at all events weld them both as one in spirit
+and aspiration, however different they may continue in language and
+temperament, many prejudices must be removed, social life must gain
+in charm, and intellect must be developed by finding strength where
+it is weak, and grace where it is needed in the mental efforts of the
+two races. If in addition to this widening of the sympathies of our
+two national elements, we can see in the Dominion generally less of
+that provincialism which means a narrowness of mental vision on the
+part of our literary aspirants, and prevents Canadian authors reaching
+a larger audience in other countries, then we shall rise superior to
+those weaknesses of our intellectual character which now impede our
+mental development, and shall be able to give larger scope to what
+original and imaginative genius may exist among our people. So with
+the expansion of our mental horizon, with the growth of experience
+and knowledge, with the creation of a wider sympathy for native
+talent, with the disappearance of that tendency to self-depreciation
+which is so essentially colonial, and with the encouragement of more
+self-reliance and confidence in our own intellectual resources, we may
+look forward with some degree of hopefulness to conditions of higher
+development, and to the influence on our national character of what can
+best elevate Canadians and make them even happier and wiser,
+
+      "The love of country, soaring far above all party strife;
+      The love of learning, art and song,--the crowning grace of
+                life."[65]
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHICAL, ART AND GENERAL NOTES.
+
+
+LOWELL'S ADDRESSES.
+
+[Footnote 1: Page 1.--See "Democracy, and Other Addresses," by James
+Russell Lowell (Boston and New York, 1887) pp. 235-237. The address
+at the Harvard Anniversary, from which I quote in the commencement of
+the text, should be carefully read and studied by all those who are
+interested in education and culture in the Dominion, and do not wish
+to see the classics superseded by purely scientific and utilitarian
+theories. "Leave," he said, for instance, "in their traditional
+pre-eminence those arts that were rightly called liberal; those studies
+that kindle the imagination, and through it irradiate the reason:
+those studies that manumitted the modern mind; those in which the
+brains of the finest temper have found alike their stimulus and their
+repose, taught by them that the power of intellect is heightened in
+proportion as it is made gracious by measure and symmetry. Give us
+science, too, but give, first of all and last of all, the science that
+ennobles life and makes it generous.... Many-sidedness of culture makes
+your vision clearer and keener in particulars. For, after all, the
+noblest definition of Science is that breadth and impartiality of view
+which liberates the mind from specialties, and enables it to organize
+whatever we learn, so that it becomes real Knowledge by being brought
+into true and helpful relation with the rest."]
+
+
+JAMESTOWN, VA.
+
+[Footnote 2: Page 3.--"Nothing remains of this famous settlement but
+the ruins of a church tower covered with ivy, and some old tombstones.
+The tower is crumbling year by year, and the roots of trees have
+cracked the slabs, making great rifts across the names of the old
+Armigers and Honourables. The place is desolate with its washing waves
+and flitting sea-fowl, but possesses a singular attraction. It is one
+of the few localities which recall the first years of American history;
+but it will not recall them much longer. Every distinctive feature of
+the spot is slowly disappearing. The river encroaches year by year, and
+the ground occupied by the original huts is already submerged." Cooke's
+"Virginia" ('American Commonwealths,' 1884), p. 19.]
+
+
+CHAMPLAIN.
+
+[Footnote 3: Page 6.--Editions of Champlain's works appeared at Paris
+in 1603, 1613, 1619, 1620, 1627, 1632 and 1640; at Quebec in 1830 and
+1870. An English translation was published by the Prince Society of
+Boston in 1878-80. The Abbé Laverdière's edition, in six volumes, 4to.,
+(Quebec, 1870), is the most perfect modern publication of the works.
+It printed for the first time the text of the voyage of 1599-1601.
+For bibliographical notes of Champlain's works see Bourinot's "Cape
+Breton," 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. ix., Sec. II., App. VIII. (also
+in separate form, Montreal, 1892); Winsor's 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,'
+iv., 130-134; Harrisse's "Notes sur la bibliographie de la Nouvelle
+France."
+
+French Canadian writers like Garneau and Ferland have exhausted the
+language of eulogy in describing the character and life of Samuel
+Champlain, but no one who follows his career can doubt the truth of
+this latest tribute to the French colonizer of Canada by Dr. N.
+E. Dionne in "Samuel Champlain, fondateur de Québec et père de la
+Nouvelle France: Histoire de sa vie et de ses voyages," Québec, 1891:
+"Il possédait à un haut degré le génie colonisateur, et c'est dans ce
+rôle, si difficile de tout temps, qu'il fit preuve de sagesse et de
+clairvoyance, et dans le choix des colons, et dans la direction qu'il
+sut imprimer à leurs premiers efforts. L'intelligence de Champlain
+se révèle dans de nombreux écrits, où l'observateur judicieux et
+pénétrant coudoie le savant et le marin aussi hardi qu'expérimenté.
+Comme cosmographe il a eu l'immense mérite d'avoir surpassé tous ses
+devanciers, par l'abondance des descriptions et l'agencement heureux
+des données géographiques. C'est un nouveau titre de gloire que l'on
+doit ajouter à sa couronne resplendissante de tant de rayons lumineux.
+Plusieurs historiens, même de ceux qui ne comptent pas parmi les
+admirateurs des œuvres françaises, lui out rendu le témoignage d'avoir
+fait entrer la science cartographique dans une nouvelle ère de progrès.
+Naturaliste, géographe, marin, cosmographe; Champlain était tout cela
+à la fois, et dans une mesure hautement remarquable pour l'epoque où
+il vivait.... Pas un gouverneur sous l'ancien régime n'a donné d'aussi
+grands exemples de foi, de piété, et de droiture d'intention."
+
+It is Captain John Smith of Virginia who, among the colonizers of
+America, can best compare with the founder of Quebec. The following
+estimate of his character, given by the historian George Bancroft (i.,
+138-139, ed. of 1866), could be applied in almost every particular to
+the Frenchman; all we need do is to read "New France" for "Virginia,"
+"French" for "Saxon," "France" for "England," etc.: "He was the
+father of Virginia, the true leader who first planted the Saxon race
+within the borders of the United States. His judgment had ever been
+clear in the midst of general despondency. He united the highest
+spirit of adventure with consummate powers of action. His courage and
+self-possession accomplished what others esteemed desperate. Fruitful
+in expedients, he was prompt in execution. Though he had been harassed
+by the persecutions of malignant envy, he never revived the memory of
+the faults of his enemies. He was accustomed to lead, not to send his
+men to danger; would suffer want rather than borrow, and starve sooner
+than not pay. He had nothing counterfeit in his nature, but was open,
+honest and sincere. He clearly discerned that it was the true interest
+of England not to seek in Virginia for gold and hidden wealth, but to
+enforce regular industry. 'Nothing,' said he, 'is to be expected thence
+but by labour.'"]
+
+
+LESCARBOT.
+
+[Footnote 4: Page 6.--Editions of Lescarbot's "Histoire de la Nouvelle
+France" appeared at Paris in 1609, 1611, 1617 and 1618; but the most
+complete and available modern copy is that printed by Tross in three
+volumes (Paris, 1866). For bibliographical notes of Lescarbot's works
+see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 149-151; Harrisse's "Notes."]
+
+
+CHARLEVOIX.
+
+[Footnote 5: Page 6.--Editions of Charlevoix's "Histoire et description
+générale de la Nouvelle France," etc., appeared at Paris in 1744,
+three volumes, 4to., and six volumes in 12mo., with maps. Dr. Shea's
+admirable English version and annotations were printed at New York in
+six handsome volumes, 1866-1872. For bibliographical notes see 'Nar.
+and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 154, 358.]
+
+
+HUTCHINSON'S HISTORY.
+
+[Footnote 6: Page 6.--For bibliography of Thomas Hutchinson's excellent
+"History of Massachusetts Bay" (Boston, 1749, 1767, 1795; London, 1750,
+1768, 1828, three volumes), see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iii., 344.
+He was royal governor of the province, 1770-72, and died near London in
+1789.]
+
+
+SAGARD.
+
+[Footnote 7: Page 6.--Editions of Sagard's works, "Le Grand Voyage,"
+etc., appeared at Paris in 1632 and 1636, but Tross printed admirable
+copies at Paris in 1864-66. Charlevoix has not a favourable judgment
+of Sagard; but no doubt, while he is diffuse, he gives an excellent
+insight into Indian life and customs. For bibliographical notes see
+'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 290-291; Harrisse's "Notes."]
+
+
+P. BOUCHER.
+
+[Footnote 8: Page 6.--Pierre Boucher's "Mœurs et productions de
+la Nouvelle France" appeared at Paris in 1664 (sm. 12mo.), and is
+described by Charlevoix as a faithful, if superficial, account of
+Canada. For bibliographical notes, see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv.,
+298; Harrisse's "Notes."]
+
+
+JESUIT RELATIONS.
+
+[Footnote 9: Page 6.--The Canadian Government published at Quebec
+in 1858, in three large 8vo. volumes, a series of the "Relations,"
+from 1611-1672, and supplemental or complemental issues of allied and
+later "Relations" were printed through the efforts of Mr. Lenox, Dr.
+O'Callaghan and Dr. Shea, of New York. For bibliographical notes on
+these invaluable collections, see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' 290 _et
+seq._; Harrisse's "Notes."]
+
+
+PÈRE DU CREUX.
+
+[Footnote 10: Page 6.--Père du Creux or Creuxius published his prolix
+work, "Historia Canadensis," with map and illustrations, in Latin, at
+Paris in 1664. For bibliographical notes, see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist.
+Am.,' iv., 296; Harrisse's "Notes." Despite its diffusiveness, it has
+value for the historical students of his times.]
+
+
+LA POTHERIE.
+
+[Footnote 11: Page 6.--Bacqueville de la Potherie's "Histoire de
+l'Amérique Septentrionale depuis 1534 jusqu'à 1701" was published first
+at Paris in 1722, four volumes, 12mo.; but a later edition appeared in
+1753. Charlevoix's opinion, that it is an undigested and ill-written
+narrative, is prejudiced, as the work is on the whole a useful and
+exact account of the French establishments at Quebec, Montreal and
+Three Rivers, and especially of the condition of the Indians of the
+time. For bibliographical notes see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv.,
+299, 357-358.]
+
+
+LAFITAU.
+
+[Footnote 11_a_: Page 6.--The following note with respect to this able
+priest's writing is taken from 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 298,
+299: "The Jesuit Lafitau published at Paris in 1724 his 'Mœurs des
+Sauvages Amériquains' in two volumes, with various plates, which in
+the main is confined to the natives of Canada, where he had lived long
+with the Iroquois. Charlevoix said of his book, twenty years later, 'We
+have nothing so exact on the subject;' and Lafitau continues to hold
+high rank as an original authority, though his book is overlaid with a
+theory of Tartaric origin of the red race. Mr. Parkman calls him 'the
+most satisfactory of the elder writers.'" Garneau, ii., 154, mentions
+that he discovered in 1716 a plant in the Canadian forests which is
+of the nature of ginseng, which for awhile was a valuable article of
+export to Canton. Eventually it became valueless in China on account of
+its being prepared improperly.]
+
+
+C. LE CLERCQ.
+
+[Footnote 12: Page 6.--Père Chrestien Le Clercq's "Etablissement de la
+Foy" appeared in two volumes, 12mo., at Paris in 1691, and an excellent
+translation by Shea at New York in 1881. He also wrote a work,
+"Nouvelle Relation de la Gaspésie," which was also printed at Paris in
+1691. For bibliographical notes see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv.,
+291; Harrisse's "Notes."]
+
+
+COTTON MATHER'S "MAGNALIA."
+
+[Footnote 13: Page 7.--For bibliographical notes on this curious _olla
+podrida_ of religion and history see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.' iii.,
+345; Stevens's "Historical Nuggets," ii., 505.]
+
+
+Dr. MICHEL SARRAZIN.
+
+[Footnote 13_a_: Page 8.--An interesting account of the life and
+labours of the eminent pioneer of science in Canada, who came to Quebec
+in 1685 and died there in 1734, will be found in the fifth volume of
+the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.' (section IV.), by the Abbé Laflamme. See
+also Parkman's "Old Regime in Canada," p. 366, _n._ Also, pp. 390-393
+for citations from Kalm and Charlevoix as to social condition of
+the French colony. Also, pp. 160-163 and notes, for an account and
+references to authorities on subject of the Seminary.]
+
+
+PETER KALM.
+
+[Footnote 13_b_: Page 8.--He was professor of Economy in the University
+of Aobo, in Swedish Finland, and a member of the Swedish Royal
+Academy of Sciences. His Travels in North America ("In Risa tel Nord
+America"), 1748-51, first appeared in Swedish (Stockholm, 1753-61), and
+subsequently in a translation, with the original somewhat abridged, by
+John Reinhold Forster (Warrington and London, 1770; 2nd ed., 1772). A
+translation in French by L. W. Marchand has also been published, and
+it is from that I quote in the text. (For German and Dutch versions
+see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' v., 244.) I have since found that
+Forster, in a note (ii., 185, 2nd ed.) on the remarks of the Swedish
+savant with respect to the study of science in the English colonies,
+calls attention to the fact that "Mr. Kalm has forgotten his own
+assertions in the former part of this work." Dr. Colden, Dr. Franklin
+and Mr. Bartram, he continues, "have been the great promoters and
+investigators of nature in this country, and how would the inhabitants
+have gotten the fine collections of North American trees, shrubs and
+plants, which grow at present almost in every garden, and are as if
+they were naturalized in old England, had they not been assisted by
+their friends and by the curious in North America." Forster also refers
+to the schools, colleges and libraries already existing in the English
+colonies as evidence that Kalm hardly did justice to the men of culture
+in those countries. No doubt La Galissonière, Sarrazin, Gauthier, and
+others created, for a time certainly, much interest in the practical
+pursuit of science in Canada. The interest, however, must have been
+necessarily confined to a very small class in the two or three towns
+and garrisons to which La Galissonière's influence extended. Some
+of the Jesuit priests like Lafitau (see note 11_a_) had a taste for
+natural history, and have left us much information on the subject. But
+Lafitau, La Galissonière, Gauthier, Sarrazin and others were not native
+Canadians, though, like Charlevoix and his predecessors who wrote of
+the country, they have left imperishable memorials connecting their
+names with the literary and scientific history of New France. On the
+other hand, Franklin, Bartram, Stith, the Mathers and Beverley, whose
+names will be always associated with the early culture of science and
+literature in the old English colonies, were American by birth and
+education. Still these men represented a very insignificant influence
+in the practical, money-making population of New England and the
+middle colonies of which Kalm chiefly spoke. Their influence would be
+relatively trifling compared with that which was necessarily exercised
+by a governor like La Galissonière in New France, with its sympathetic
+officials and priests, and which was necessarily contrasted by Kalm
+with the indifference of the English colonists. Kalm failed, however,
+to recognize the public liberty, commercial enterprise and secular
+education which in New England and other colonial communities gave the
+people the advantage over the habitans and French Canadians generally.
+Instead, the spirit of materialism that was a distinguishing feature
+of the active, enterprising English colonists, must have grated on the
+susceptibilities of a student like Kalm, and prevented him from doing
+impartial justice to the strong qualities of a rising nation.]
+
+
+SCHOOLS, 1792-1840.
+
+[Footnote 14: Page 9.--For accounts of the deplorable condition of the
+public schools in the rural districts of Upper Canada from 1791 to
+the union of 1841 see Canniff's "History of the Province of Ontario"
+(Toronto, 1872). Canniff Haight's "Country Life in Canada Fifty Years
+Ago" (Toronto, 1885), and Bourinot's "Intellectual Development of the
+Canadian People" (12mo., Toronto, and 'Canadian Monthly,' 1881). At
+the present time there are 14 universities and 29 colleges in which a
+classical education is given; 6 ladies' colleges, and 5 agricultural
+colleges and schools of science. The value of their buildings,
+endowments, etc., is upwards of $12,000,000, and the attendance is
+about 9,000 students. The classical colleges of Quebec--which make up
+the greater number of the colleges in Canada--are a combination of
+school and college attended by both boys and young men. They confer
+certain degrees and are generally affiliated with Laval University.
+The effect of the classical studies encouraged in these colleges is
+very perceptible in the culture of the well educated French Canadian.
+At present there are in Canada upwards of 17,000 public, high, normal,
+and model schools, attended by about 1,000,000 pupils, and costing a
+total annual expenditure of between six and seven millions of dollars.
+In Ontario (once Upper Canada) there are 16 universities and colleges,
+including ladies' and agricultural colleges; about 6,000 schools of
+all kinds, attended by over 500,000 pupils, and costing annually over
+$4,000,000. See "The Statistical Year-Book of Canada," Ottawa, 1893.]
+
+
+UPPER CANADA, 1793-1840.
+
+[Footnote 15: Page 9.--Some interesting details of the early settlement
+of Ontario will be found in Dr. Canniff's "History of Ontario"
+(Toronto, 1872). As a local record or annals it is the most valuable
+yet given to the public by a descendant of the pioneers and U. E.
+Loyalists. Canniff Haight's "Country Life in Canada Fifty Years Ago" is
+a readable and sketchy account of old times.]
+
+
+CANADIAN JOURNALISM.
+
+[Footnote 16: Page 10.--A brief historical sketch of Canadian
+journalism will be found in Bourinot's "Intellectual Development of
+the Canadian People" (Toronto, 1881); also in Dr. Canniff's "History
+of the Province of Ontario" (Toronto, 1872), and in "Sketch of
+Canadian Journalism," by E. B. Biggar, "Canadian Newspaper Directory"
+(Montreal, 1892). Some of the statements in this article appear to
+require verification. I have now in my possession a copy of the 'York
+Gazette' printed in July, 1815, though Mr. Biggar states that no paper
+was published in York after the capture of the town by the American
+troops and the destruction of the press and type, in 1813, until
+1817. The 'York Gazette' was originally the 'Upper Canada Gazette, or
+American Oracle,' first printed in 1793 at Niagara (Newark), when it
+was the political capital of Upper Canada after the passage of the
+Constitutional Act of 1791. It was removed to York (Toronto) in 1800,
+and became the 'York Gazette' a few years later. At the present time
+there are in Ontario alone, of daily papers, 47; weekly, 386. In the
+Dominion there are 98 daily papers, 1,035 weekly, bi-weekly, monthly,
+etc. In 1838 there were in all British North America not more than 70
+papers, of which 38 were in Upper Canada. In 1864 the total was about a
+quarter of the present number.]
+
+
+HOWE'S SPEECHES.
+
+[Footnote 17: Page 11.--Joseph Howe's speeches were printed at Boston
+in 1858, two volumes, 8vo. For bibliographical notes see 'Am. Hist.
+Ass. Papers, 1892,' p. 396, at end of Bourinot's "Parliamentary
+Government in Canada."]
+
+
+"SAM SLICK."
+
+[Footnote 18: Page 11.--Judge Haliburton's famous work has the title,
+"The Clockmaker; or, Sayings and Doings of Sam Slick of Slickville."
+London and Halifax, 1st ser. 1837, 2nd ser. 1838, 3rd ser. 1840.
+Reprinted 1838-1843, three volumes. New edition 1845. Several later
+cheap English and American editions have appeared from time to time.
+A bibliography and sketch of the judge's life, written probably by
+his son, Robert G., appears in the "Bibliotheca Canadensis" (Ottawa,
+1872). The humorous sketches, to which he chiefly owes his fame, were
+contributed anonymously to the 'Nova Scotian,' then edited by Joseph
+Howe. The paper is still in existence as a weekly edition of the
+'Morning Chronicle' of Halifax. The judge was educated in old King's
+College, Windsor. See _infra_, note 31.]
+
+
+JUDGE HALIBURTON'S HISTORY.
+
+[Footnote 19: Page 12.--"An Historical and Statistical Account of Nova
+Scotia," with maps and engravings. Halifax, two volumes, large 8vo. For
+bibliographical note see Bourinot's "Cape Breton," App. X. A complete
+copy, with maps and illustrations, is now becoming rare.]
+
+
+W. SMITH'S HISTORY.
+
+[Footnote 20: Page 12.--"The History of Canada, from its First
+Discovery to the Peace of 1763; and from the Establishment of the
+Civil Government in 1764 to the Establishment of the Constitution in
+1796." By William Smith, Esquire, Clerk of the Parliament and Master in
+Chancery of the Province of Lower Canada. "Ne quid falsi dicere audeat,
+ne quid veri non audeat." In two volumes, large 8vo. (Quebec, 1815.) He
+was a son of the historian of the province of New York, who after the
+war of the revolution became chief justice of Canada.]
+
+
+JOSEPH BOUCHETTE.
+
+[Footnote 21: Page 12.--The works of this eminent Canadian surveyor and
+hydrographer appeared under the following titles:
+
+1. "A Topographical Description of the Province of Lower Canada, with
+remarks upon Upper Canada and on the relative connection of both
+Provinces with the United States of America." London, 1815, royal 8vo.,
+with plates. Also an edition in French.
+
+2. "The British Dominions in North America, or a Topographical and
+Statistical Description of the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, New
+Brunswick, Nova Scotia, the Islands of Newfoundland, Prince Edward and
+Cape Breton, including considerations on land-granting and emigration,
+and a topographical dictionary of Lower Canada; to which is annexed the
+statistical tables and tables of distances, published with the author's
+maps of Lower Canada, in consequence of a vote of the Provincial
+Legislature. Embellished with vignettes, views, landscapes, plans of
+towns, harbours, etc.; containing also a copious appendix." London,
+1831, three volumes, 4to., generally bound in two.]
+
+
+MICHEL BIBAUD'S HISTORICAL WORKS.
+
+[Footnote 22: Page 12.--"Histoire du Canada sous la Domination
+Française." Montreal, 1837, 8vo. Do., 1843, 12mo.
+
+"Histoire du Canada sous la Domination Anglaise." Do., 1844. The
+third volume of the series appeared after the author's death, and was
+published by his son, J. G. Bibaud, at Montreal, 1878, 12mo.]
+
+
+THOMPSON'S BOOK ON THE WAR OF 1812.
+
+[Footnote 23: Page 12.--"History of the Late War between Great Britain
+and the United States of America, with a retrospective view of the
+causes from which it originated, collected from the most authentic
+sources; to which is added an appendix containing public documents,
+etc., relating to the subject." By David Thompson, late of the Royal
+Scots. Niagara, U. C. Printed by T. Sewell, printer, bookbinder and
+stationer, Market Square, 1832, 12mo., pp. 300. This was for some
+time believed to be the first book printed in Upper Canada, but Dr.
+Kingsford, F.R.S.C., in "The Early Bibliography of the Province of
+Ontario" (Toronto and Montreal, 1892), enumerates a list of some
+thirty-three publications that antedated it, and Mr. Charles Lindsey,
+a bibliophilist and _littérateur_ of Toronto, adds a number of others.
+See Toronto 'Week,' Dec. 9, 1892, Dr. Kingsford's rejoinder, _ib._,
+Dec. 30, and another article on same subject by Mr. Lindsey, _ib._,
+Jan. 13, 1893. All these bibliographical notes are interesting, and
+show how insignificant in point of intellectual and original ability
+was the literature of Ontario for fifty years previous to 1841.]
+
+
+BELKNAP'S HISTORY.
+
+[Footnote 24: Page 13.--Mr. Jeremy Belknap's "History of New Hampshire"
+was published in Philadelphia and Boston in 1784-92, three volumes. See
+Bourinot's "Cape Breton," in 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. ix., p. 315,
+and p. 147 in the separate volume (Montreal, 1892).]
+
+
+THE POET CRÉMAZIE.
+
+[Footnote 25: Page 17.--Octave Crémazie was one of the _vrai sang_
+of French Canada, and a bookseller without the least aptitude for
+business. He left Quebec after his failure, and lived under an
+assumed name in France, where he died in poverty. His life was most
+unfortunate, and in the gloomy days of his later French career he
+never realized the expectations which his literary efforts in Canada
+raised among his ardent friends. His poems appeared at first in the
+'Soirées Canadiennes' and French Canadian journals, but his works were
+published in full at Montreal, in 1882, under the patronage of the
+Institut Canadien of Quebec, of which he was one of the founders. The
+Abbé Casgrain has given the introduction for this edition, and added
+some of the letters written to him by Crémazie from Paris. Crémazie,
+and indeed many of his friends, considered the "Trois Morts" as the
+best effort of his poetic genius; but the Abbé truly says: "Crémazie
+has never really been original except in his patriotic poems; in them
+must be sought the secret of his popularity and his strongest claim
+to fame." And he goes on to say: "The old mother-country has so far
+given a warm welcome to only one of our poets. She has acknowledged
+Fréchette as the most emphatically French of our poetic aspirants; but
+the time is not far distant when she will recognize in Crémazie the
+most thoroughly Canadian of them all. His verses have not the exquisite
+workmanship that is so much admired in Fréchette, but it is full of
+a patriotic inspiration that is not so often found in the author of
+'Fleurs Boréales.' Despite his inequalities and imperfections, Crémazie
+must live among us as the father of our national poetry." The patriotic
+poem which has touched most deeply the hearts of his countrymen is "Le
+Drapeau de Carillon," in which he recalls the military achievements of
+the days of Lévis and Montcalm--
+
+                  "Les jours de Carillon,
+      Où, sur le drapeau blanc attachant la victoire,
+      Nos pères se couvraient d'un immortel renom
+      Et traçaient de leur glaive une héroïque histoire.
+
+      "O radieux débris d'une grande épopée!
+      Héroïque bannière au naufrage échappée!
+      Tu restes sur nos bords comme un témoin vivant
+      Des glorieux exploits d'une race guerrière;
+      Et, sur les jours passés, répandant ta lumière,
+      Tu viens rendre à son nom un hommage éclatant.
+
+      "Ah! bientôt puissions-nous, ô drapeau de nos pères!
+      Voir tous les Canadiens, unis comme des frères,
+      Comme au jour du combat se serrer près de toi!
+      Puisse des souvenirs la tradition sainte,
+      En régnant dans leur cœur, garder de toute atteinte,
+                  Et leur langue et leur foi."
+
+When we hear aspirations whispered nowadays that there may be only
+one language in Canada, it is well to consider the influence of such
+nervous poetic French on the national feelings of the large population
+in the province of Quebec. The French language is likely to be deeply
+seated for some generations yet while there are French Canadian poets.]
+
+
+CHAUVEAU AS A POET.
+
+[Footnote 26: Page 17.--Hon. Mr. Chauveau's poems appeared at different
+times in the 'Canadien' of Quebec, 'Le Répertoire National,' 'Les
+Soirées Canadiennes,' 'La Revue Canadienne,' and in other papers and
+publications from 1838 until the year of his death, 1890. One of his
+latest poems, "Le Sacré Cœur," was printed in the second volume of
+the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' Sec. I. A valuable paper by the same
+_littérateur_, "Etude sur les commencements de la poésie française au
+Canada," appeared in the first volume of the 'Trans.,' Sec. I, p. 65.
+In "Songs of the Dominion" (London, 1889, App., pp. 455-448) the editor
+gives an illustration of his spirited style by citing "Donnacona" at
+length.]
+
+
+HOWE'S POEMS.
+
+[Footnote 27: Page 17.--These were collected by his son after his
+death, and printed in a little volume with the title "Poems and
+Essays." Montreal, 1874, 12mo.]
+
+
+THE POETS SANGSTER AND McLACHLAN.
+
+[Footnote 28: Page 17.--Charles Sangster was a native of Kingston, and
+consequently a native Canadian like the others mentioned in the text.
+His principal poems appeared in the following books: "The St. Lawrence
+and the Saguenay, and Other Poems." Kingston and New York, 1856, 8vo.
+"Hesperus and Other Poems and Lyrics." Montreal, 1860, 8vo. Oliver
+Wendell Holmes, Bayard Taylor and Jean Inglelow wrote of his verse in
+terms of eulogy. See "Bibliotheca Canadensis," p. 337.
+
+Alexander McLachlan was a poet contemporary with Sangster, and imbued
+with much poetic fervour and Canadian sentiment, but he was born
+and educated in Scotland, and came to Canada when a young man. His
+"Emigrant and Other Poems" (Toronto, 1861) merited the praise it
+received, though this, like his other poetic efforts, are now rarely
+cited, and no new edition of his works has appeared of recent years.]
+
+
+CHARLES HEAVYSEGE'S WORKS.
+
+[Footnote 29: Page 18.--"Saul: a Drama in Three Parts." Montreal, 1857,
+8vo. 2nd ed., 1859.
+
+"Count Filippo; or, The Unequal Marriage: a Drama in Five Acts."
+Montreal, 1860.
+
+"Jephthah's Daughter." London and Montreal, 1865, 12mo.
+
+"The Advocate: a Novel." Montreal, 1865, 8vo. This was a decided
+failure.]
+
+
+TODD'S WORKS.
+
+[Footnote 30: Page 18.--The first edition of Todd's "Parliamentary
+Government in England" appeared at London in 1867-68, two volumes,
+8vo., and the second after his death in 1887. An abridged edition,
+by Spencer Walpole, an English writer, was printed in 1893, two
+volumes, 12mo. For bibliographical notes of this and other Canadian
+constitutional works see the Appendix to Bourinot's "Parliamentary
+Government in Canada: an Historical and Constitutional Study," 'Am.
+Hist. Ass. Papers,' Washington, 1892.]
+
+
+CHRISTIE'S HISTORY.
+
+[Footnote 31: Page 18.--Mr. Christie's "History of Lower Canada"
+embraced the period from the commencement of its political history as
+a British dependency until it was reunited with Upper Canada in 1840
+by act of the imperial parliament. It appeared in Quebec and Montreal
+from 1849 to 1855, when the sixth volume, a collection of valuable
+documents, completed the work. Previously the author had published
+several memoirs and reviews of political events and administrations,
+which were all finally embraced in the history. For bibliographical
+notes see 'Am. Hist. Ass. Papers,' 1891, p. 393; "Bibliotheca
+Canadensis," art. "Christie." It is noteworthy that Mr. Christie was,
+like Judge Haliburton, born and educated in Windsor, Nova Scotia, where
+old King's College still pursues its calm academic studies amid its
+sheltering and ancestral elms. In 1890 this venerable and interesting
+institution celebrated the centenary of its foundation. See Hind's
+"University of King's College, Windsor, N.S., 1790-1890," New York,
+"The Church Review Co.," 1890. But Robert Christie could not in those
+times be educated in King's, as he was not a member of the Church of
+England like the Judge.]
+
+
+GARNEAU.
+
+[Footnote 32: Page 18.--The first volume of François Xavier Garneau's
+"Histoire du Canada depuis sa découverte jusqu'à nos jours" appeared
+at Quebec in 1845; the second in 1846; and the third, bringing the
+history down to the establishment of constitutional government in 1791,
+was printed in 1848. A second edition completed the work to the union
+of the Canadas in 1841, and was published in 1852 at Montreal by Mr.
+Lovell, the well-known publisher. A third edition appeared at Quebec
+in 1859, and a somewhat slovenly translation was made by Mr. Andrew
+Bell and printed at Montreal in 1860. The fourth edition appeared in
+four volumes after the historian's death. It is the third edition, as
+originally written by Mr. Garneau. The fourth volume of this edition
+contains an eulogistic review of the author's life by Mr. Chauveau,
+a poem by Mr. Louis Fréchette on "Notre Histoire"--also printed in
+'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. i., Sec. I.,--and an analytical table
+by Mr. B. Sulte. A portrait of Mr. Garneau is the frontispiece to the
+same volume. The 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. i., Sec. I., has a paper
+by Abbé Casgrain on Garneau and Ferland, "Notre Passé Littéraire, et
+nos deux historiens." In the same volume appears a paper by Mr. J. M.
+LeMoine on "Nos quatre historiens modernes, Bibaud, Garneau, Ferland,
+Faillon," which, like the preceding essay, certainly does not fail in
+the way of eulogy. French Canada assuredly is proud and not often too
+critical of her eminent writers.]
+
+
+FERLAND AND FAILLON.
+
+[Footnote 33: Page 18.--"Cours d'Histoire du Canada. Première partie,
+1534-1663." Par J. B. A. Ferland, prêtre, professeur d'histoire à
+l'Université Laval. Québec, 1861, 8vo. Seconde partie, 1663-1759; do.,
+1865, 8vo. The second volume was going through the press at the time
+of the author's death, and subsequently appeared under the careful
+supervision of his friend the Abbé Laverdière, to whose historical
+labours Canada is deeply indebted. Indeed French Canada owes much to
+Laval, with its able teachers, historians and scientists.
+
+The Abbé Faillon, a Sulpician, who wrote a "Histoire de la Colonie
+Française en Canada" (Paris, 1865) in four 4to. volumes, was not a
+Canadian by birth and education like Ferland and Garneau, but came to
+Canada in 1854, and, after residing there for over ten years, returned
+to his native country, where he published his well known and valuable
+work.]
+
+
+DENT'S WORKS.
+
+[Footnote 34: Page 19,--John Charles Dent was an English journalist,
+who subsequently became connected with the Toronto press. He wrote the
+two following works: "The Last Forty Years: Canada since the Union of
+1841," Toronto, 1881, two volumes, sm. 4to.; "The Story of the Upper
+Canada Rebellion," Toronto, 1885-86, two volumes, sm. 4to. He also
+edited the "Canadian Portrait Gallery," Toronto, 1880-81. Although not
+a Canadian by birth or education, he identified himself thoroughly with
+Canadian thought and sentiment, and was made a Fellow of the Royal
+Society of Canada before his too sudden death. A criticism of his
+work on "Canada since the Union" by the Abbé Casgrain ('Trans. Roy.
+Soc. Can.,' vol. iii., Sec. I.) indicated that his opinions did not
+always meet with the warm approval of the French Canadians of a very
+pronounced type.]
+
+
+LOUIS TURCOTTE'S HISTORY.
+
+[Footnote 35: Page 20.--This work appeared at Quebec in two 12mo.
+volumes in 1871. Mr. Turcotte was a French Canadian by birth and
+education, and connected with the legislative library at Quebec when he
+died. See a favourable review of his literary work by Mr. Faucher de
+Saint-Maurice, F.R.S.C., in 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. i., Sec. I.]
+
+
+B. SULTE.
+
+[Footnote 36: Page 20.--"Histoire des Canadiens-Français, 1608-1880.
+Origine, Histoire, Religion, Guerres, Découvertes, Colonisation,
+Coutumes, Vie domestique et politique, Développement, Avenir. Par
+Benjamin Sulte. Ouvrage orné de portraits et de plans." Eight volumes,
+4to., Montreal, 1882-1884. Mr. Sulte is also the author of several
+poems, (See Note 40) and numerous essays and monographs of much
+literary merit and historic value. He is one of the most industrious
+members of the Royal Society of Canada.]
+
+
+ABBÉ CASGRAIN.
+
+[Footnote 37: Page 20.--The Abbé H. R. Casgrain's best known works are
+the following:
+
+"Légendes Canadiennes." Quebec, 1861, 12mo. New ed., Montreal, 1884.
+
+"Histoire de la Mère Marie de l'Incarnation, première supérieure des
+Ursulines de la Nouvelle France. Précédée d'une esquisse sur l'histoire
+religieuse des premiers temps de cette colonie." Quebec, 1864, 8vo. New
+ed., Montreal, 1886.
+
+"Guerre du Canada, 1756-1760. Montcalm et Lévis." Quebec, 1891, two
+volumes, 8vo.
+
+The Abbé has been a most industrious historical student, and to
+enumerate all his literary efforts would be to occupy much space.
+He has been a principal contributor to the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.'
+His monographs, "Un pèlerinage au pays d'Evangeline" (vol. iv.) and
+"Les Acadiens après leur dispersion" (vol. v.), are particularly
+interesting, and the former has been crowned by the French Academy,
+and appeared in book form at Quebec. He is very much imbued with the
+national spirit and fervour of his countrymen.]
+
+
+KINGSFORD'S AND OTHER HISTORICAL WORKS.
+
+[Footnote 38: Page 20.--Six volumes of Dr. Kingsford's "History of
+Canada" have appeared since 1887. Volume i. embraces the period from
+1608 to 1682; vol. ii., 1679-1725; vol. iii., 1726-1756; vol. iv.,
+1756-1763; vol. v., 1763-1775; vol. vi., 1776-1779. Toronto and London,
+8vo. For bibliographical notes on various works relating to the
+political and general history of Canada see Bourinot's "Parliamentary
+Government in Canada," 'Am. Hist. Ass. Papers,' 1891, App. References
+are there made to McMullen, Withrow, Murdoch, Campbell, Hincks, etc.
+Also 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' viii., 171-189. As usual, the learned
+editor, Dr. Winsor, supplies by his notes many deficiencies in the
+text. Also, Edmond Lareau's "Histoire de la Littérature Canadienne"
+(Montreal), c. 4, and Mr. J. C. Dent's "Last Forty Years; or, Canada
+since the Union of 1841," c. 42, on "Literature and Journalism." Among
+the later French Canadian writers who are doing excellent historical
+work is Dr. N. E. Dionne, F.R.S.C., author of several books on Cartier
+and his successors and Champlain. Mr. Hannay of St. John has written
+a "History of Acadia," which has been well received (St. John, N.B.,
+1879, 8vo.) The Abbé Auguste Gosselin is another industrious French
+Canadian writer. Mr. Joseph Tassé, whose "Canadiens de l'Ouest"
+(Montreal, 1878, two volumes) was distinguished by much research and
+literary skill, has of late years devoted himself mainly to politics
+and journalism, though he has found time to write several essays for
+the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' and a small volume, "38^{me} Fauteuil,
+ou Souvenirs Parlementaires" (Montreal, 1891), a series of political
+sketches, written in excellent French. A monumental work is the
+"Dictionnaire Généalogique des familles canadiennes" by Mgr. Tanguay,
+F.R.S.C., invaluable to students of French Canadian history and
+ethnography.]
+
+
+CANADIAN BIBLIOGRAPHY.
+
+[Footnote 39: Page 20.--A bibliography of the members of the Royal
+Society, on the plan of one given in the sixth volume (1892) of the
+'Papers of the American Historical Association,' is now being prepared
+for the eleventh volume of the 'Transactions.' It will be much fuller
+necessarily than the bibliographical notes that appear in this
+monograph.]
+
+
+LATER CANADIAN POETS, 1867-1893.
+
+[Footnote 40: Page 20.--Dr. Louis Fréchette's poems are admitted to
+be the most finished illustrations of French poetic art yet produced
+in the Dominion; and one who reads them can easily understand that
+"Les Fleurs Boréales" and "Les Oiseaux de Neige" (now in the third
+edition, Montreal) should have been crowned by the French Academy in
+1880, and that he should have been accorded the Monthyon prize as a
+matter of course. His other volumes of poems are these: "Mes Loisirs,"
+Quebec, 1863; "La Voix d'un Exilé," Quebec, 1869; "Pêle-Mêle,"
+Montreal, 1877; "Les Oubliés" and "Voix d'Outre-Mer," Montreal, 1886;
+and "Feuilles Volantes," Montreal, 1891. His poem on the discovery of
+the Mississippi is probably his best sustained effort on the whole. A
+number of his poems have appeared in the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vols.
+i., ii., iii., iv. He has published some dramas and comedies (see 'Am.
+Cyclopædia of Biography,' vol. ii., p. 539), which have not been as
+successful as his purely poetic essays. He has also written several
+essays of merit in 'Harper's Monthly' and other periodicals of the day,
+as well as in the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.'
+
+The following is an extract from his poem on "La Découverte du
+Mississippi":
+
+      "Tantôt je croyais voir, sous les vertes arcades,
+      Du fatal De Soto passer les cavalcades
+      En jetant au désert un défi solennel;
+      Tantôt c'était Marquette errant dans la prairie,
+      Impatient d'offrir un monde à sa patrie,
+            Et des âmes à l'Eternel.
+
+      "Parfois, sous les taillis, ma prunelle trompée,
+      Croyait voir de La Salle étinceler l'épée,
+      Et parfois, groupe informe allant je ne sais où,
+      Devant une humble croix--ô puissance magique!--
+      De farouches guerriers á l'œil sombre et tragique
+            Passer en pliant le genou!
+
+      "Et puis, berçant mon âme aux rêves des poètes,
+      J'entrevoyais aussi de blanches silhouettes,
+      Doux fantômes flottant dans le vague des nuits:
+      Atala, Gabriel, Chactas, Evangeline,
+      Et l'ombre de René, debout sur la colline,
+            Pleurant ses immortels ennuis.
+
+      "Et j'endormais ainsi mes souvenirs moroses....
+      Mais de ces visions poétiques et roses
+      Celle qui plus souvent venait frapper mon œil,
+      C'était, passant au loin dans un reflet de gloire,
+      Ce hardi pionnier dont notre jeune histoire
+            Redit le nom avec orgueil.
+
+      "Jolliet! Jolliet! deux siècles de conquêtes,
+      Deux siècles sans rivaux ont passé sur nos têtes,
+      Depuis l'heure sublime où, de ta propre main,
+      Tu jetas d'un seul trait sur la carte du monde
+      Ces vastes régions, zone immense et féconde,
+            Futur grenier du genre humain!
+
+      "Oui, deux siècles ont fui! La solitude vierge
+      N'est plus là! Du progrès le flot montant submerge
+      Les vestiges derniers d'un passé qui finit.
+      Où le désert dormait, grandit la métropole;
+      Et le fleuve asservi courbe sa large épaule
+            Sous l'arche aux piles de granit.
+
+      "Plus de forêts sans fin: la vapeur les silonne!
+      L'astre des jours nouveaux sur tous les points rayonne;
+      L'enfant de la nature est évangélisé;
+      Le soc du laboureur fertilise la plaine;
+      Et le surplus doré de sa gerbe trop pleine
+            Nourrit le vieux monde épuisé."
+
+Mr. Pamphile LeMay, one of the best known French Canadian poets,
+has published the following: "Essais Poétiques," Quebec, 1865; "La
+Découverte du Canada," Quebec, 1867; "Poèmes Couronnés," Quebec, 1870;
+"Les Vengeances," Quebec, 1875, 1876 and 1888 (also dramatized); "Une
+Gerbe," Quebec, 1879. He has also written "Fables Canadiennes," Quebec,
+1882. A number of his poems have appeared in the 'Trans. Roy. Soc.
+Can.,' vols i., iii., v., vi., ix. He has also written several stories
+of Canadian life: "L'Affaire Sougraine," Quebec, 1884; "Le Pèlerin de
+Sainte-Anne," new ed., Montreal, 1893; and "Rouge et Bleu," comedy. One
+of his best works was a translation of Longfellow's "Evangeline."
+
+The following is a list of other Canadian books of poems, of varying
+merit, which have appeared within a quarter of a century:
+
+"The Songs of a Wanderer." By Carroll Ryan. Ottawa, 1867. Indicated
+much poetic taste, but the poet has been submerged in the busy
+journalist.
+
+"Songs of Life." By Rev. E. H. Dewart. Toronto, 1867. He was author
+of the first collection of Canadian poems made in this country. See
+_infra_.
+
+"The Prophecy of Merlin and other Poems." By John Reade. Montreal,
+1870. In many respects the best sustained poems written by a Canadian
+can be read in this book.
+
+"Les Laurentiennes." By Benjamin Sulte. Montreal, 1870.
+
+"Les Chants Nouveaux." By the same. Ottawa, 1880.
+
+"The Legend of the Rose." By Samuel J. Watson. Toronto, 1876. Mr.
+Watson was a writer of promise who died in the maturity of his power.
+
+"The Feast of St. Anne, and other Poems." By P. S. Hamilton. Montreal,
+1878; 2nd ed. 1890. Has some interest from its description of the
+ceremonies at the feast of Sainte-Anne du Canada--the tutelary saint of
+the Canadian aborigines--which is held by the Micmacs on the 26th day
+of July in each year on Chapel Island, in the beautiful Bras d'Or Lake
+of Cape Breton. See Bourinot's "Cape Breton."
+
+"Waifs in Verse." (Ottawa, ed. in 1878, 1887 and 1891.) By G. W.
+Wicksteed, Q.C., for fifty years the able law clerk of the Canadian
+Commons.
+
+"A Collection of Poems." By Miss Williams of Grenville, P.Q., 1879.
+
+"The Coming of the Princess, and Other Poems." By Kate Seymour Maclean
+of Kingston. 1880.
+
+"Lyrics, Songs and Sonnets." By A. H. Chandler and C. Pelham Mulvany.
+Toronto, 1880.
+
+"The Times, and Other Poems." By J. R. Newell of Woodstock. 1880.
+
+"The Consolation." By George Gerrard. Montreal, 1880.
+
+"Poems of the Heart and Home." By Mrs. J. C. Yule. Toronto, 1880.
+
+"Poems, Songs and Odes." By Archibald McAlpine Taylor. Toronto, 1881.
+
+"The New Song, and Other Poems." By Mrs. W. H. Clarke. Toronto, 1883.
+
+"Zenobia. A Poem in Rhymed Heroics." By Rev. Æ. McD. Dawson, F.R.S.C.
+1883.
+
+"The Mission of Love, and Other Poems." By Caris Sima. 1883.
+
+"Lorenzo, and Other Poems." By J. R. Pollock of Keswick, Ont. 1883.
+
+"Caprices Poétiques et Chansons Satiriques." Par Rémi Tremblay.
+Montréal, 1883.
+
+"Les Echos." Par J. B. Routhier. Québec, 1883, 12mo. Judge Routhier is
+a member of the Royal Society of Canada, in whose 'Trans.' (vol. iv.,
+Sec. I.) appeared "Lettre d'un Volontaire du 9^{ieme} Voltigeurs campé
+à Calgary." His literary reputation stands high among his countrymen.
+
+"Old Spookse's Pass, and Other Poems." By Isabella Valancy Crawford.
+Toronto, 1884.
+
+"Marguerite, and Other Poems." By George Martin. 1886.
+
+"Laura Secord: a Ballad of 1812." By Mrs. Curzon. Toronto, 1886.
+
+"Songs, Sonnets and Miscellaneous Poems." By J. Imrie. Toronto, 1886.
+
+"Dreamland, and Other Poems" (Ottawa, 1868), and "Tecumseh: a Drama"
+(Toronto and London, 1886). By Charles Mair, a poet of original
+talent, and descriptive power, who is now a resident of the North-west
+Territories.
+
+"Orion, and Other Poems" (Philadelphia, 1880), and "In Divers Tones"
+(Montreal, 1887). By Prof. C. G. D. Roberts, who is the best known
+abroad of all Canadian poets, and represents that Canadian or national
+spirit which has been slowly rising from the birth of Confederation.
+Since the days of Crémazie--over thirty years ago--there are other
+poets who recognize the existence of a Canadian people in a large
+sense--a Canadian people of two races, born and educated in the
+country, and having common aspirations for a united, not an isolated,
+future. Prof. Roberts is now bringing out a new volume of poems in
+London.
+
+The poetic taste of the Archbishop of Halifax, the Most Rev. C.
+O'Brien, F.R.S.C., is well illustrated in the following volume:
+"Aminta: a Modern Life Drama," New York, 1890. The Archbishop is
+also the author of a novel, "After Weary Years," (Baltimore and New
+York, 1885), the scenes of which are laid in Rome and Canada, and are
+described with much power of invention and fervour. As the author
+himself says, "historic places and events are accurately described." He
+has, it will be seen from his preface, great confidence in the future
+national greatness of the Dominion.
+
+"A Gate of Flowers." By T. O'Hagan. Toronto, 1887. He has another
+volume in press.
+
+"The Masque of Minstrels, and Other Pieces, chiefly in verse." By B.
+W. and A. J. Lockhart. Bangor, Me., 1887. These two brothers are Nova
+Scotians by birth and education, who lived their youth in the land of
+Evangeline. The Gaspéreaux and Grand Pré are naturally the constant
+theme of their pleasing verse. "Among the Millet, and Other Poems." By
+Archibald Lampman. Ottawa, 1888. Some of Mr. Lampman's most finished
+sonnets have appeared in the best American periodicals, to which he is
+still a frequent contributor; his work shows the true poetic instinct.
+He holds a position in the Civil Service at Ottawa.
+
+"The Water Lily. An Oriental Fairy Tale." By Frank Waters. Ottawa, 1888.
+
+"De Roberval: a Drama. Also the Emigration of the Fairies, and the
+Triumph of Constancy: a Romaunt." By John Hunter Duvar. St. John, N.B.,
+1888. Mr. Duvar, who has fine literary tastes, has been a resident of
+Prince Edward Island for some years.
+
+"The Epic of the Dawn, and Other Poems." By Nicholas Flood Davin.
+Regina, N.W.T., 1889. Mr. Davin is the clever "Irishman in Canada,"
+and while the most pretentious of his poems in this little book were
+written across the ocean, others are the product of Canadian thought
+and sentiment.
+
+"Lake Lyrics, and Other Poems." By W. Wilfred Campbell. St. John,
+N.B., 1889. Mr. Campbell, who was originally a clergyman of the Church
+of England, is now in the public service at Ottawa, and has written
+some of his best poems for American magazines. One on "The Mother,"
+in 'Harper's Monthly' is full of poetic thought and deep pathos, and
+should be better known by Canadians than it appears to be. At this
+time of writing his new volume of poems entitled "The Dread Voyage"
+(Toronto, 1893), has appeared; it sustains his reputation, though one
+can hardly encourage his effort to imitate Tennyson in such poems as
+"Sir Lancelot." Canadian poets too frequently are imitative rather than
+original. Mr. Campbell's verses on the varied scenery of the lakes of
+the West show the artistic temperament.
+
+For instance:
+
+      "Domed with the azure of heaven,
+        Floored with a pavement of pearl,
+      Clothed all about with a brightness
+        Soft as the eyes of a girl.
+
+      "Girt with a magical girdle,
+        Rimmed with a vapour of rest--
+      These are the inland waters,
+        These are the Lakes of the West."
+
+
+ON THE LEDGE.
+
+      "I lie out here on a ledge, with the surf on the rocks below me,
+      The hazy sunlight above and the whispering forest behind;
+      I lie and listen, O lake, to the legends and songs you throw me,
+      Out of the murmurous moods of your multitudinous mind.
+
+      "I lie and listen, a sound like voices of distant thunder,
+      The roar and throb of your life in your rock-wall's mighty cells;
+      Then after a softer voice that comes from the beaches under,
+      A chiming of waves on rocks, a laughter of silver bells.
+
+      "A glimmer of bird-like boats, that loom from the far horizon;
+      That scud and tack and dip under the gray and the blue;
+      A single gull that floats and skims the waters, and flies on,
+      Till she is lost like a dream in the haze of the distance, too.
+
+      "A steamer that rises a smoke, then after a tall, dark funnel,
+      That moves like a shadow across your water and sky's gray edge;
+      A dull, hard beat of a wave that diggeth himself a tunnel,
+      Down in the crevices dark under my limestone ledge.
+
+      "And here I lie on my ledge, and listen the songs you sing me,
+      Songs of vapour and blue, songs of island and shore;
+      And strange and glad are the hopes and sweet are the thoughts you
+                bring me
+      Out of the throbbing depths and wells of your heart's great
+                store."
+
+"Pine, Rose and Fleur-de-Lis." By S. Frances Harrison ("Seranus").
+Toronto, 1891.
+
+"Songs, Lyrical and Dramatic." By John Henry Brown. Ottawa, 1892, 12mo.
+The New York 'Nation' truly says of this new poetic aspirant that
+he has Walt Whitman's tendencies, but nevertheless he "writes in a
+generous spirit, and may yet have thoughts and expression all his own."
+The fact is, I repeat, most Canadian poets are too imitative and too
+rarely original.
+
+"Tendres Choses. Poésies Canadiennes." By Dr. R. Chevrier. Montreal,
+1892, 12mo. That an author unknown to fame should give us his portrait,
+as in this case, is perplexing. Still the verse is frequently
+melodious, though it represents what is a feature of French poetry,
+melodious rhythm, rather than strength and thought.
+
+"This Canada of Ours, and Other Poems." By J. D. Edgar, M.P., Toronto,
+1893. This little volume contains "The White Stone Canoe: a Legend of
+the Ottawas," which had been published in separate form some years
+previously. His French and Latin translations are full of taste.
+
+"Les Perce-Neige, premières poésies." By Napoléon Legendre. Montreal,
+12mo. He is a member of the Royal Society of Canada, and constant
+contributor (generally in prose) to its 'Transactions.'
+
+"Mes Rimes." By Elzéar Labelle. Montreal, 1886, 8vo.
+
+Selections of Canadian poems have appeared of recent years in the
+following publications:
+
+1. "Selections from Canadian Poets: with occasional critical and
+biographical notes and an introductory essay on Canadian poetry." By
+the Rev. E. H. Dewart. Montreal, 1864, 8vo.
+
+2. "Songs of the Great Dominion: Voices from the Forests and Waters,
+the Settlements and Cities of Canada." Selected and edited by W. D.
+Lighthall, M.A., of Montreal. London, 1889, 12mo.
+
+3. "Younger American Poets, 1830-1890." Edited by Douglas Sladen, B.A.,
+Oxon. With an Appendix of Younger Canadian Poets. Edited by G. B.
+Roberts of St. John, N.B. New York, 1891, 12mo.
+
+4. "Later Canadian Poems." Edited by J. E. Wetherell, B.A. Toronto,
+1893.
+
+In the first mentioned work, which is judiciously edited, the poets
+until 1864 obtain a place. In the three other books we have selections
+from John Reade, Geo. Frederick Cameron, Prof. Roberts, Bliss Carman
+(now a resident of the United States), A. H. Chandler, Isabella Valancy
+Crawford, Mrs. Leprohon, Hereward K. Cockin, John Hunter Duvar, Rev.
+A. W. H. Eaton, Louis Fréchette, James Hannay, Sophie M. Hensley,
+Charles Sangster, M. Richey Knight, Archibald Lampman, W. D. Lighthall,
+A. J. Lockhart, B. W. Lockhart, Agnes Maude Machar ("Fidelis"), W.
+McLennan, Charles Mair, Mary Morgan ("Gowan Lea"), Charles P. Mulvany,
+Rev. F. G. Scott, Philip Stewart, H. R. A. Pocock, Barry Stratton, A.
+Weir, Mary Barry Smith, John T. Lespérance ("Laclède"), W. Wye Smith,
+Ethelwyn Wetherald, John E. Logan ("Barry Dane"), George Martin, Mrs.
+Harrison ("Seranus"), D. Campbell Scott, James D. Edgar, E. Pauline
+Johnson, George Murray, William Kirby, Annie Rothwell, W. A. Sherwood,
+Isidore G. Ascher, P. J. O. Chauveau, B. Sulte, P. LeMay, and others.
+I enumerate these names to show how many Canadians have ventured upon
+the field of poesy despite the practical realities of life in this
+relatively new country. The selections in the second of these works
+would have been more valuable had they contained "Our Fathers" by
+Joseph Howe--the most spirited poem in some respects ever written by a
+native Canadian. To the names of poetic aspirants, too, must be added
+those of M. J. Katzmann and of M. J. Griffin, whose fugitive pieces
+have attracted notice. Mr. Griffin has fine literary tastes and his few
+poems, only the relaxation of leisure hours, show he might win fame
+in this delightful department of letters. The reader will obtain some
+idea of the standard of Canadian poetry by reading the selections, and
+should not be carried away by the too obvious enthusiasm that has at
+times stifled the critical faculty in the editors. The poetic genius
+of Canadians is to be stimulated, not by sentimental gush, but by a
+judicious criticism that is not sufficiently cultivated by our writers
+who review the efforts of our poets, historians and essayists. These
+remarks also apply to such articles as that by the late Mr. Lespérance
+on "The Poets of Canada" in 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. ii., Sec. II.
+
+Mr. Evan McColl, F.R.S.C., is the Gaelic poet of Canada. Three editions
+have appeared of the "Clàrsach nam Beann," which was printed as far
+back as 1838 in Glasgow. The same was also published in English in the
+same year, under the title of "The Mountain Minstrel," of which six
+editions have been printed. In 1883 he published in Toronto "Poems and
+Songs chiefly written in Canada." Mr. McColl is a great favourite among
+his Scotch countrymen everywhere; but his decidedly original poetic
+genius, rude and wild as it is at times, is not a Canadian product, for
+he was born at Kenmore, Lochfyne-Side, Scotland, in 1808, and it was
+not until he was forty years of age that he made Canada his home. He is
+now a resident of Toronto, and still comes to the annual meetings of
+the Royal Society, of which he was one of the original members.]
+
+
+[Footnote 41: Page 21.--"IN MY HEART." BY JOHN READE.
+
+      "In my heart are many chambers through which I wander free;
+      Some are furnished, some are empty, some are sombre, some are
+                light;
+      Some are open to all comers, and of some I keep the key,
+      And I enter in the stillness of the night.
+
+      "But there's one I never enter--it is closed to even me!
+      Only once its door was opened, and it shut for evermore;
+      And though sounds of many voices gather round it like a sea,
+      It is silent, ever silent, as the shore.
+
+      "In that chamber, long ago, my love's casket was concealed,
+      And the jewel that it sheltered I knew only one could win:
+      And my soul foreboded sorrow, should that jewel be revealed,
+      And I almost hoped that none might enter in.
+
+      "Yet day and night I lingered by that fatal chamber door,
+      Till--she came at last my darling one, of all the earth my own;
+      And she entered--then she vanished with my jewel which she wore;
+      And the door was closed--and I was left alone.
+
+      "She gave me back no jewel, but the spirit of her eyes
+      Shone with tenderness a moment, as she closed that chamber door,
+      And the memory of that moment is all I have to prize--
+      But _that_, _at least_, is mine for evermore.
+
+      "Was she conscious, when she took it, that the jewel was my love?
+      Did she think it but a bauble she might wear or toss aside?
+      I know not, I accuse not, but I hope that it may prove
+      A blessing, though she spurn it in her pride."]
+
+LAURA SECORD'S WARNING.
+
+[Footnote 41_a_: Page 24.--In Mrs. Edgar's excellent annotations to
+the Ridout Letters in "Ten Years of Upper Canada in Peace and War,
+1805-1815," (Toronto, 1890), appears the following account of a
+courageous woman's exploit which brought disaster to the Americans soon
+after their defeat at Stoney Creek:
+
+"At a place called Beaver Dams, or Beechwoods, (about twelve miles in a
+direct road from Queenstown), where is now the town of Thorold, was a
+depot for provisions for the Canadian troops, guarded by a detachment
+of thirty of the 49th regiment under Lieutenant Fitzgibbon with some
+Indians and militia, in all about 200 men. In order to surprise and
+dislodge this outpost, an American force of 500 men, with fifty cavalry
+and two field-pieces, under Colonel Boerstler, set out from Fort George
+(Niagara) on the 23rd of June [1813]. A surprise was meditated, in
+retaliation, no doubt, for the affair of Stoney Creek. Laura Secord,
+wife of a Canadian farmer, who had been wounded in the battle of
+Queenstown Heights, accidentally heard of the designs of the Americans,
+and determined to give the outpost timely warning. She set out alone
+before day-break, on the 23rd June, from her house at Queenstown, and
+arrived at Fitzgibbon's headquarters, a stone house known as DeCew's,
+near the Beaver Dams, at sunset of the same day. On account of the
+American sentries and outposts, she had to avoid the high roads and
+beaten paths, thus making her toilsome journey nearly twice as long.
+In spite of weakness and fatigue, this heroic woman went on her way
+through pathless woods, over hill and dale and unbridged streams, till
+she reached her destination. Her warning came just in time. Lieutenant
+Fitzgibbon disposed of his little force to the best advantage possible,
+placing them in ambush on both sides of the road, and taking every
+precaution to make it appear that he had a large force in reserve.
+Between eight and nine in the morning of the 24th June, the advance
+guard of the American riflemen appeared. A volley from the woods
+received them and emptied their saddles. Soon firing came from all
+directions, and bugle calls, and Indian yells. The bewildered Americans
+imagined themselves in the presence of a much superior force. Finding
+that his men were losing heavily from the fire of the unseen foe,
+and that they were suffering from fatigue and heat, he consented to
+surrender. By the capitulation 542 men, 2 field-pieces, some ammunition
+waggons, and the colours of the 14th U.S. regiment were delivered over
+to the Canadians. For this brilliant achievement Lieutenant Fitzgibbon
+[afterwards a military knight of Windsor] received his Company and a
+Captain's commission. As to Laura Secord, her reward has come to her
+in fame. The heroine lived until the year 1868, and sleeps now in that
+old cemetery at Drummondville, where lie so many of our brave soldiers.
+There is no 'Decoration Day' in Canada, but if there were, surely this
+woman is entitled to the laurel wreath." Pp. 198-201.]
+
+
+AUSTRALIAN POETS AND NOVELISTS.
+
+[Footnote 42: Page 25.--The Canadian reader can profitably and easily
+compare his own poets with those of Australia by reading Slade's
+"Australian Poets, 1788-1883, being a selection of poems upon all
+subjects written in Australia and New Zealand during the first century
+of the British colonization, with brief notes on their authors, etc."
+(London and Sydney, 1889.) It will be seen, however, that nearly all
+the so-called "Australian" poets are English born, while with one or
+two exceptions, those of Canada best known to fame are the product
+of Canadian life and thought. Henry Clarence Kendall, "the poet of
+New South Wales," was born at Ulladulla, on the coast of that colony,
+in 1842. He is the one Australian poet of reputation, except his
+forerunner, Charles Harpur, who was actually born under the Southern
+Cross. Kendall's verses on "Coogee," a striking natural feature of
+Australian scenery, show true poetic instinct and rhythmical ease:
+
+      "Sing the song of wave-worn Coogee-Coogee in the distance white,
+      With its jags and points disrupted, gaps and fractures fringed
+                with light;
+      Haunt of gledes and restless plovers of the melancholy wail,
+      Ever lending deeper pathos to the melancholy gale.
+      There, my brothers, down the fissures, chasms deep and wan and
+                wild,
+      Grows the sea-bloom, one that blushes like a shrinking, fair,
+                blind child,
+      And amongst the oozing forelands many a glad green rockvine runs,
+      Getting ease on earthy ledges sheltered from December suns."
+
+But among the many spirited poems written in Australia since its
+settlement not one can equal the "Sick Stock-rider," by Adam Lindsay
+Gordon, who came to South Australia in his early manhood, and attempted
+sheep-farming, with the result of "owning nothing but a love for
+horsemanship and a head full of Browning and Shelley." This is a
+quotation from an introduction to his book by Marcus Clarke, himself a
+novelist and poet. One can see in the mind's eye the scenes described
+in the following verses, so full of real life and genuine poetry:
+
+      "'Twas merry in the glowing morn, among the gleaming grass,
+        To wander as we've wandered many a mile,
+      And blow the cool tobacco cloud and watch the white wreaths pass,
+        Sitting loosely in the saddle all the while;
+      'Twas merry 'mid the backwoods, when we spied the station roofs,
+        To wheel the wild scrub cattle at the yard,
+      With a running fire of stockwhips and a fiery run of hoofs.
+        Oh! the hardest day was never then too hard!
+
+      "Aye! we had a glorious gallop after 'Starlight' and his gang,
+        When they bolted from Sylvester's on the flat;
+      How the sun-dried reed-beds crackled, how the flint-strewn ranges
+                rang
+        To the strokes of 'Mountaineer' and 'Acrobat';
+      Hard behind them in the timber, harder still across the heath,
+        Close behind them through the tea-tree scrub we dashed;
+      And the golden-tinted fern-leaves, how they rustled underneath!
+        And the honeysuckle osiers, how they crash'd!"
+
+The best known novels of Australian life are these: "For the Term of
+His Natural Life," by Marcus Clarke, who was an Englishman born and
+educated; "The Miner's Right," "The Squatter's Dream," "A Colonial
+Reformer," and "Robbery Under Arms," by Thomas A. Browne ("Rolf
+Boldrewood"), who was also English born: "Uncle Piper of Piper's
+Hill," by Madame Couvreur ("Tasma"), who is of Belgian descent, and is
+now a resident of Belgium, though she was born in Australia and there
+studied its social conditions; "The Australian Girl" and "A Silent
+Sea," by Mrs. Alick McLeod. Mrs. Campbell Praed, who is colonial born,
+has, in addition to several novels, written "Australian Life," which is
+described by Sir Charles Dilke ("Problems of Greater Britain," i., 374)
+as "a vivid autobiographical picture of the early days of Queensland."
+Copies of these and other Australian books the writer owes to the
+thoughtfulness of Chief Justice Way, D.C.L., Oxon., of Adelaide, South
+Australia. For many years he has been the recipient of these graceful
+attentions from friends in that fair land of the Southern Cross, and
+though it looks very much as if he will never meet some of them face
+to face--for the time is passing rapidly with us all--he takes this
+opportunity of now sending them his thanks across the seas.]
+
+
+HOWE'S "FLAG OF OLD ENGLAND."
+
+[Footnote 43: Page 26.--This spirited song was written for the one
+hundredth anniversary of the landing of Lord Cornwallis at Halifax. As
+many persons in old Canada do not know it--for it is not reproduced
+in recent collections of Canadian poems--I give it in full for the
+benefit of the youth of this Dominion, on whom the future destiny of
+the country depends:
+
+      "All hail to the day when the Britons came over,
+        And planted their standard with sea-foam still wet,
+      Around and above us their spirits will hover,
+        Rejoicing to mark how we honour it yet.
+      Beneath it the emblems they cherished are waving,
+        The Rose of Old England the roadside perfumes;
+      The Shamrock and Thistle the north winds are braving,
+        Securely the Mayflower blushes and blooms.
+
+                CHORUS.
+
+                "Hail to the day when the Britons came over,
+                  And planted their standard with sea-foam still wet,
+                Around and above us their spirits will hover,
+                  Rejoicing to mark how we honour it yet.
+                    We'll honour it yet, we'll honour it yet,
+                    The flag of Old England! we'll honour it yet.
+
+      "In the temples they founded their faith is maintained,
+        Every foot of the soil they bequeathed is still ours,
+      The graves where they moulder no foe has profaned,
+        But we wreathe them with verdure, and strew them with flowers!
+      The blood of no brother, in civil strife pour'd,
+        In this hour of rejoicing, encumbers our souls!
+      The frontier's the field for the Patriot's sword,
+        And cursed be the weapon that Faction controls!
+
+                CHORUS--"Hail to the day, etc.
+
+      "Then hail to the day! 'tis with memories crowded,
+        Delightful to trace 'midst the mists of the past,
+      Like the features of Beauty, bewitchingly shrouded,
+        They shine through the shadows Time o'er them has cast.
+      As travellers track to its source in the mountains
+        The stream which, far swelling, expands o'er the plains,
+      Our hearts, on this day, fondly turn to the fountains
+        Whence flow the warm currents that bound in our veins.
+
+                CHORUS--"Hail to the day, etc.
+
+      "And proudly we trace them: no warrior flying
+        From city assaulted, and fanes overthrown,
+      With the last of his race on the battlements dying,
+        And weary with wandering, founded our own.
+      From the Queen of the Islands, then famous in story,
+        A century since, our brave forefathers came,
+      And our kindred yet fill the wide world with her glory,
+        Enlarging her Empire and spreading her name.
+
+                CHORUS--"Hail to the day, etc.
+
+      "Ev'ry flash of her genius our pathway enlightens--
+         Ev'ry field she explores we are beckoned to tread--
+       Each laurel she gathers our future day brightens--
+         We joy with her living, and mourn for her dead.
+       Then hail to the day when the Britons came over,
+         And planted their standard, with sea-foam still wet,
+       Above and around us their spirits shall hover,
+         Rejoicing to mark how we honour it yet.
+
+                CHORUS--"Hail to the day," etc.]
+
+
+ESSAYISTS.
+
+[Footnote 44: Page 27.--The principal contributors to the English
+and American periodical press of late years have been George Stewart
+of Quebec, Principal Grant, J. G. Bourinot, Martin J. Griffin, W. D.
+LeSueur, G. M. Dawson, S. E. Dawson, Arnold Haultain, John Reade, J. M.
+Oxley and Sir W. Dawson. Dr. Stewart of Quebec, despite the demands of
+journalism, has been always a most earnest literary worker, foremost by
+his own contributions and by his efforts to encourage the labours of
+others in the too indifferent little Canadian world. Goldwin Smith has
+always been a contributor of note, but he is rather an English than a
+Canadian writer. Among the names of the French Canadian general writers
+are those of Fréchette, Sulte, Marmette, Faucher de Saint-Maurice, J.
+Tassé, DeCelles, Dionne, Casgrain and LeMoine; but their efforts have
+been confined as a rule to the numerous French Canadian periodicals
+which have appeared for the last thirty years, and after a short
+career died for want of adequate support. In the numerous periodicals
+of England and the United States English Canadian writers have great
+advantages over French Canadians, who are practically limited to their
+own country, since France offers few opportunities for such literary
+work.]
+
+
+WILLIAM KIRBY'S WORKS AND OTHER ROMANCES BY CANADIANS.
+
+[Footnote 45: Page 27.--"The Golden Dog: a Legend of Quebec." New York
+and Montreal, 1877, 8vo. Also translated by Pamphile LeMay, the French
+Canadian poet, Montreal, 1884. Mr. Kirby is also the author of several
+poems of merit: "The U. E.: a Tale of Upper Canada. A Poem in XII.
+Cantos." Niagara, 1859, 12mo. "Canadian Idylls," Toronto, 1878, etc.
+He was born in England in 1817, but came to Canada at the early age of
+fifteen. He was one of the original members of the Royal Society of
+Canada.
+
+Mr. Lespérance, F.R.S.C., was the author of the "Bastonnais" and
+other historical romances of some ability, but not of that high
+order of merit which gives a permanent reputation. The Hon. L. Seth
+Huntington, long known in Canadian political life, was the author of
+a semi-political novel, "Professor Conant" (Toronto, 1884), which had
+its merits, but it fell practically still-born from the press. Many
+other efforts have been made in the same branch of literature, but the
+performance, as stated in the text, has not been equal to the ambition
+that prompted the experiment.]
+
+
+MAJOR RICHARDSON.
+
+[Footnote 45_a_: Page 27.--Major Richardson was born at Niagara Falls
+in 1797, and educated at Amherstburg, U.C., where some of the scenes
+of "Wacousta" are laid. He served in the war of 1812, in the West
+Indies and in Spain, where he belonged to the British legion. He came
+back to Canada in 1838, and was for years connected with the press. He
+wrote a number of novels and short histories of Canadian events, but
+they are now all forgotten. His historical narrative is not generally
+trustworthy, while his later romances never even came up to the merit
+of "Wacousta." He died in obscurity some time after 1854--I cannot find
+the exact year--in the United States, where he attempted to continue a
+career of literature.]
+
+
+MARMETTE.
+
+[Footnote 46: Page 27.--Mr. Joseph Marmette, F.R.S.C., is the author of
+several works of fiction, viz.:
+
+"François de Bienville. Roman historique." 1^{ere} ed., Québec, 1870;
+2^e ed., Montréal, 1882.
+
+"L'Intendant Bigot. Roman historique." Montréal, 1872.
+
+"Le Chevalier de Mornac. Roman historique." Montréal, 1873.
+
+"La Fiancée du Rebelle. Roman historique." Published in 'La Revue
+Canadienne,' Montreal, 1875.]
+
+
+DE GASPÉ'S WORKS.
+
+[Footnote 47: Page 27.--"Les Anciens Canadiens." By Philippe Aubert de
+Gaspé. Quebec, 1863, 8vo.
+
+Several translations have appeared since 1863. That by Prof. Roberts
+(New York, Appleton & Co., 1890) omits the notes and addenda, which,
+if not interesting to the general reader, have much value for the
+historical student. Sulte's "Histoire des Canadiens," vol. vi.,
+contains a portrait of the old French Canadian novelist. He also wrote
+"Mémoires" (Ottawa, 1886, 8vo.), which have also much historic value on
+account of their fidelity and simplicity of narrative.]
+
+
+MRS. CATHERWOOD.
+
+[Footnote 48: Page 28.--Mrs. Mary Hartwell Catherwood, whose home is
+in Hoopeston, Ill., has so far written and published the following
+admirable romances of the old days of New France and Acadie:
+
+"The Romance of Dollard." Illustrated. New York, 1889, 12mo.
+
+"The Story of Tonty." Illustrated. Chicago, 1890, 16mo.
+
+"The Lady of Fort St. John." Boston and New York, 1891, 16mo.
+
+"Old Kaskaskia: An Historical Novel of Early Illinois." Boston and New
+York, 1893, 16mo.
+
+She has now commenced in 'The Century' Magazine a new romance with the
+title, "The White Islander," a story of old Fort Michillimackinac, and
+in 'The Atlantic Monthly' another story, "The Chase of Saint Castin."
+Her romances are never long, but bear the impress of close study of the
+subject and of much careful writing.]
+
+
+GILBERT PARKER.
+
+[Footnote 49: Page 28.--He is a most industrious worker in various
+branches of literature in London. After a residence of a few years in
+Australia, where he was connected with the Sydney press, he went to
+England, where he wrote many sketches of Australian life which were
+well received. Recently he has been studying the interesting phases
+of French Canadian and Northwest life, and has produced, among other
+stories, "The Chief Factor," the principal scenes of which are laid in
+the great territories of the Dominion before they were opened up to the
+farmer, the rancher and the railway.]
+
+
+DE MILLE'S WORKS.
+
+[Footnote 50: Page 29.--James De Mille was a native of New Brunswick,
+and a professor in Dalhousie College, N. S., at the time of his death.
+His first work of fiction was "Helena's Household: a Tale of Rome in
+the First Century" (New York, 1858). His most popular works, "The Dodge
+Club Abroad" (1866), "Cord and Creese" (1867), "The Cryptogram" (1871),
+and "A Castle in Spain" (1883), first appeared in 'Harper's Monthly.' A
+strange, imaginative work, "A Curious MS. Found in a Copper Cylinder,"
+was published in New York in 1888, and is understood to have been
+written by him. It was not until Rider Haggard's fiction became popular
+that the New York publishers ventured to print a book which so severely
+taxes the credulity of the reader. As a work of pure invention it is
+in some respects superior to those of the English author. Mr. De Mille
+died in 1880, at the age of 43, when much was expected of him. See
+Appleton's "Cyclo. Am. Biogr.," ii., 138, for a list of his published
+works except the one just mentioned.]
+
+
+SARA JEANNETTE DUNCAN.
+
+[Footnote 51: Page 29.--She is the author of three books. "A Social
+Departure" and "An American Girl in London" have had many readers and
+are full of promise. Miss Duncan, in company with another young lady,
+in 1889-90, went around the world, and made numerous contributions to
+the press of Canada during that tour, but its noteworthy result is the
+first mentioned volume. She is now married and a resident of India,
+whose striking aspects of social life she is studying and portraying
+in print. Her latest story, or rather sketch, of Indian customs, "The
+Simple Adventures of a Memsahib" (New York, 1893), has many touches of
+quiet humour. One must regret that her talent has not been directed to
+the incidents of Canadian life.]
+
+
+MATTHEW ARNOLD ON LITERATURE AND SCIENCE.
+
+[Footnote 52: Page 31.--The extract given in the text is taken from
+"Literature and Science," one of Mr. Matthew Arnold's "Discourses in
+America," published in book form in London, 1885. See pp. 90-92.]
+
+
+PRINCIPAL GRANT'S ADDRESS.
+
+[Footnote 53: Page 32.--This address to the Royal Society of Canada,
+to which reference is made in the text, is given in the ninth volume
+of the 'Transactions,' pp. xxxix-xl. Dr. Grant could never be
+uninteresting, but the address shows his ideas can now and then be a
+little chaotic or enigmatic. It is quite evident he has never studied
+with much care the volumes of the 'Transactions,' or comprehended the
+useful work the Society is doing in its own way. Never an active member
+himself, he has not done adequate justice to those who have been at all
+events conscientious labourers in the vineyard where he has planted no
+seed.]
+
+
+SIR J. W. DAWSON.
+
+[Footnote 54: Page 32.--This distinguished scientific man is a Nova
+Scotian by birth, who, before he became so closely identified with
+the prosperity of McGill College at Montreal as its principal, was
+superintendent of education in his native province. His scientific
+works are numerous, but the one which first brought him fame was his
+"Acadian Geology: an Account of the Geological Structure and Mineral
+Resources of Nova Scotia and Portions of the Neighbouring Provinces
+of British America" (Edinburgh and London, 1855, 8vo.), which has run
+through many editions, and is now a very large volume compared with the
+little modest book that first ventured into the world of literature
+nearly forty years ago.]
+
+
+MR. BILLINGS.
+
+[Footnote 55: Page 33.--He was born on his father's farm, in the
+township of Gloucester, near Ottawa. A bibliography, evidently prepared
+by his own hand, is to be found in "Bibliotheca Canadensis," pp.
+31-34. His most important memoirs are on the third and fourth Decades
+and the Palæozoic fossils of the Canadian Geological Survey, in which
+nearly all the genera and species of the fossils there described were
+discovered by himself.]
+
+
+ORIGIN OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.
+
+[Footnote 56: Page 33.--The first volume of the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.'
+(1882-83), pp. i-lxxiv., contains an account of the proceedings before
+and after the foundation of the Society, with the addresses in full of
+the Marquess of Lorne and of the first President and Vice-President of
+the body. On the occasion of the Montreal meeting, 1891, a handbook was
+largely circulated by the Citizens' Committee with the view of giving
+information of the object and work of the Society. It was written
+by Mr. John Reade, F.R.S.C., and contains a succinct history of the
+origin and operations of the body until May, 1891. It contains plans
+of McGill College grounds and of Montreal in 1759, and sketches of the
+old Seminary towers, St. Gabriel-street church, St. Ann's, besides some
+interesting facts relating to Montreal's historic places.]
+
+
+SIR D. WILSON, T. S. HUNT AND MR. CHAUVEAU.
+
+[Footnote 57: Page 34.--Dr. Kingsford has given a paper, "In Memoriam,
+on Sir Daniel Wilson" ('Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. xi.) in which
+he briefly reviews the excellent literary work and the wide culture
+of that eminent man. In volume ix. of the 'Trans.,' Sec. I., pp.
+53-58, there is a well-written paper on the late Mr. Chauveau, by his
+successor, Mr. L. O. David of Montreal. The presidential address of
+Abbé Laflamme in 1892 (see 'Trans.,' vol. x.) was devoted to a review
+of the scientific attainments of Dr. T. Sterry Hunt.]
+
+
+CANADIAN SOCIETIES.
+
+[Footnote 58: Page 34.--At the present time there are over twenty
+Canadian scientific and literary societies associated with the Royal
+Society in its work. Mr. John Reade, in the "Montreal Handbook of 1891"
+(see Note 56), gives the following list of societies established
+before 1867: Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, 1824; Natural
+History Society of Montreal, 1827--act of incorporation five years
+later; Institut Canadien, Quebec, 1846; Canadian Institute, Toronto,
+1851; Institut Canadien, Ottawa, 1852; Hamilton Association, 1856;
+Société Historique, Montréal, 1858: Nova Scotia Institute of Natural
+Science, 1862; Natural History Society, St. John, N.B., 1862;
+Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, Montreal, 1862; Entomological
+Society of Ontario, 1863.]
+
+
+THE EARL OF DERBY AND THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.
+
+[Footnote 58_a_: Page 42.--Four years ago you were good enough, in
+offering me the position of your honorary president, to ask the
+sympathy and encouragement which the governor-general, as Her Majesty's
+representative, might rightly be asked to manifest towards the
+representatives of science and of the liberal arts. I am afraid that my
+contributions to literature and science have been few. I do not know
+they are such as would have merited the notice of the Royal Society,
+but I can assure you that none of the members of your body take a
+deeper interest in all that concerns the welfare of your Society than
+he who is now laying down the office of honorary president. (Cheers.)
+There were some persons who considered that in a comparatively new
+country like Canada it was ambitious on her part when the foundations
+of the Royal Society were laid, but there must be a beginning of all
+things, and I think I may appeal to the work which has been and is
+being done by the different branches of the Society as evidence that
+its establishment was in no sense premature, but that it was fittingly
+determined that the progress of science and literature should take
+place coincidently with that of the country. In a new country like
+this--I think you have touched upon it in your address--there is a
+great tendency to further one's material wants, to promote trade and
+commerce, and to put aside, as it were, literature and the sciences;
+but here the Royal Society has stepped in and done good work by uniting
+those who were scattered by distance and who find in the meetings
+of our Society a convenient opportunity of coming together for the
+exchanging of ideas and renewing of those friendships which, though
+perhaps only yearly meetings permit, are nevertheless enduring. If we
+look back we shall best see what good work is being done. If we could
+imagine the existence of such a society as this in the older countries
+in olden times, what a mine of wealth of information would have been
+afforded us! We see that from the very first, whether in literature,
+which forms so important a part in our Society; whether it be in the
+constitutional studies, in which our President is such an adept--and I
+was glad to see his authority has been quoted on the other side of the
+Atlantic as well as on this--whether it be in the literature of the
+chivalrous pioneers of France, who first led the way into the unbroken
+wilderness, or whether it be in the latter days of constitutional
+progress of this country and its relations both to the old world and
+the country growing up alongside of us.
+
+In literature, history and poetry, also, the Society will from the
+first have its stamp, as we trust, upon the future of the Canadian
+race. (Cheers.) That science and the arts to an equal extent may find a
+place here is our earnest wish, in order that by sentiment and feeling
+we may bind together in the closest ties that by which she must achieve
+a great and enduring success. I must not detain you from your other
+duties, but I could not refrain from saying in a few words how heartily
+and truly I appreciate and believe in the work of the Royal Society. At
+your next meeting, as you truly say, I fear I shall not be amongst you;
+but though the Atlantic may roll between us, you may be certain that
+in spirit, at least, I hope to be present at your meeting, and shall
+follow with the liveliest and deepest interest any record you may be
+good enough to send me of what takes place on that occasion. * * * * *
+I appeal not the less to my French colleagues than to my English ones
+in all matters which relate to the welfare of the Society. Science,
+art and literature, it is true, are cosmopolitan, but they are well
+knit together in this Society. We who have experienced in Canada the
+hospitality of its people are grateful for it. We have admired the
+greatness of the resources of this country, and we look forward to a
+society like this as having ample work to do in the future. As in every
+respect Canada seems to be disposed always to take a forward part, so I
+hope the Royal Society will ever press on to a higher and higher goal;
+and, gentlemen, I can wish to the Royal Society, to all my friends and
+brothers of the Society, to whom I once more tender my hearty thanks,
+no greater blessing than, like Canada itself, that they may be happy,
+united and prosperous. (Loud and prolonged cheers.)]
+
+
+S. E. DAWSON ON TENNYSON.
+
+[Footnote 59: Page 40.--"A Study, with Critical and Explanatory
+Notes, of Lord Tennyson's Poem, The Princess." By S. E. Dawson.
+Montreal, 1882, 12mo. 2nd ed. 1884. The preface contains a long and
+interesting letter from the poet, which "throws some light upon some
+important literary questions regarding the manner and method of the
+poet's working." Tennyson describes the "Study" truly as an "able and
+thoughtful essay."]
+
+
+THE OLD 'CANADIAN MONTHLY.'
+
+[Footnote 60: Page 40.--It first appeared in Toronto in 1872 (Adam
+Stevenson & Co.), soon after Prof. Goldwin Smith took up his permanent
+residence in that western city. Much of its reputation for years
+necessarily depended on the contributions of a writer who, if he has
+failed to identify himself of late with the national or Canadian
+sentiment of the people, has at all events done something in the past
+to improve the style of Canadian _littérateurs_ and to elevate the tone
+of journalism. The 'Monthly' was the ablest successor of a long list
+of literary aspirants in the same field, the majority of which had a
+still shorter existence. See Bourinot's "Intellectual Development of
+the Canadian People" (Toronto, 1881), chap. iv. and 'Canadian Monthly,'
+March, 1881.]
+
+
+FORM OF ROYAL SOCIETY 'TRANSACTIONS.'
+
+[Footnote 61: Page 42.--Since the delivery of the presidential address
+the Royal Society decided by a considerable majority--chiefly made up
+of the two scientific sections--to continue the quarto form for the
+present. Under these circumstances the compromise suggested may be
+adopted--that of printing separate editions of important monographs and
+works from time to time by some understanding with the author.]
+
+
+THE STUDY OF THE CLASSICS.
+
+[Footnote 62: Page 49.--The following is a fuller quotation from Prof.
+Goldwin Smith's very apposite remarks delivered before the Classical
+Association of Ontario (see 'The Week,' April 28th, 1893): "No age has
+stood more in need of humanizing culture than this, in which physical
+culture reigns. One of the newspapers the other day invited us to take
+part in a symposium the subject of which was 'How to Produce a Perfect
+Man.' The problem was large, but one help to its solution might have
+been a reminder to keep the balance. A romantic age stands in need
+of science, a scientific and utilitarian age stands in need of the
+humanities. Darwin avows that poetry gave him no pleasure whatever.
+This surely was a loss, unless the whole side of things which poetry
+denotes is dead and gone, nothing but dry science being left us; in
+which case the generations that are coming may have some reason, with
+all their increase of knowledge and power, to wish that they had lived
+nearer the youth of the world." See _supra_, Note 1, for Mr. Lowell's
+remarks on the same subject.]
+
+
+CANADIAN LIBRARIES.
+
+[Footnote 63: Page 53.--Some interesting facts as to the evolution of
+libraries in the Dominion can be gathered by reference to Bourinot's
+"Intellectual Development in Canada" (Toronto, 1831); Canniff Haight's
+"Country Life in Canada Fifty Years Ago"; Dr. Canniff's "History of
+Ontario"; and Dr. Kingsford's "Early Bibliography of Ontario." The
+principal results of the Ontario law providing for the establishment
+of free libraries by votes of ratepayers in a community have been the
+opening of two excellent libraries in Hamilton and Toronto--the latter
+under the judicious superintendence of Mr. James Bain.]
+
+
+CANADIAN ARTISTS.
+
+[Footnote 64: Page 54.--An Art Society was founded in Upper Canada as
+far back as 1841, but its exhibitions were necessarily representative
+of British works of art. The present Art Association was founded in
+Montreal in 1860, and the Ontario School of Arts, which is doing
+excellent work, twelve years later, with its headquarters in Toronto.
+The Royal Canadian Academy, mentioned in the text, was established in
+1880. The influence of these and two or three minor institutions in
+Canada has been on the whole in the direction of stimulating art, but
+their efforts are not adequately encouraged by government or people in
+the provinces.
+
+The following is a list of the painters in oils and water colours whose
+pictures now make the principal features of the annual exhibitions
+in Ontario and Quebec, and the majority of whom were inadequately
+represented at Chicago: F. A. Verner, whose Indian and Canadian scenes
+are excellent; H. M. Matthews, who has made a high reputation for his
+Rocky Mountain paintings; L. R. O'Brien, essentially the most finished
+painter of picturesque Canada; T. Mower Martin, an industrious painter
+of wild sports and Canadian scenery; E. Wyley Grier, who has done some
+good work in portraits and natural scenery; W. Brymner, one of the
+most promising younger painters of Canadian scenes: George Reid, whose
+"Foreclosure of the Mortgage" is one of the best pictures produced in
+the Dominion; John Hammond of St. John, N.B., a painter of water life;
+Percy Woodcock, whose efforts at sketches of Canadian rural life are
+praiseworthy: F. M. Bell-Smith, who has a decided artistic faculty
+for the portraiture of our noblest scenery; Homer Watson, a favourite
+for his rustic landscapes and romantic pastorals; J. W. L. Forster,
+in some respects the best figure painter, but also capable of good
+landscapes; G. Bruenech, a careful artist of scenery; Ernest Thompson,
+who has made some good efforts at prairie subjects; J. C. Forbes, who
+painted Mr. Gladstone's portrait, and is one of the best artists of
+the class that Canada has so far known; W. Raphael and O. R. Jacobi,
+two of the oldest and best known painters of Canadian landscape. To
+these we must add Miss Minnie A. Bell, A. Watson, Miss Sidney S. Tully,
+Mrs. M. H. Reid, J. T. Rolph, R. F. Gagen, T. C. McGillivray Knowles,
+Forshaw Day, L. Huot, Mlle. Colombier, E. Dyonnet, C. Macdonald Manly,
+D. P. MacKillsan, J. W. Morrice, A. D. Patterson, Miss G. F. Spurr,
+F. S. Challener, Paul J. Wickson, Mrs. M. B. Screiber, W. Revell, D.
+Fowler, Miss E. May Martin, Miss Laura Muntz, Miss F. M. Bell-Smith,
+Miss Florence Carlyle, Miss I. M. F. Adams, Owen P. Staples, Mrs. M. E.
+Dignam, Charles Alexander, W. E. Atkinson, J. C. Mills, J. A. Fraser
+(in New York), Carl Ahrens, W. A. Sherwood, Miss Fannie Sutherland,
+T. C. V. Ede, H. Sandham (in New York), Mr. Harvey, Mr. Cruickshank,
+Mr. Seavey, A. Cox, Miss Edwards, J. Griffith, Colin Scott, J. Wilson,
+James Smith, C. J. Way, F. Brownell, A. P. Coleman, R. Harris, Miss
+Holden and Miss Houghton. Many of these artists, whose merits, of
+course, vary much, are not native Canadians. One of the strongest
+landscape painters, Mr. Matthews, is an Englishman, who has now, after
+some years, thoroughly understood the light and colour of Canadian
+scenery. O'Brien, Brymner, L. Huot, Forbes, Forster, Pinhey, Sidney
+Tully, G. Harris, Gagen, Knowles, Watson, Alexander, A. D. Patterson,
+C. M. Manly, E. May Martin and George Reid are Canadians. G. T.
+Berthon, who died recently in Toronto at an advanced age, and was known
+as a painter of numerous portraits, the best of which are to be seen in
+Osgoode Hall, was of French origin and education. Raphael is German by
+birth and education. Jacobi is a painter of the Dusseldorf school, and
+was at one time employed in the court of the King of Bavaria. Bruenech
+is a native, I understand, of Denmark, though educated in Canada. E.
+W. Grier is an Englishman by birth and education, with a knowledge of
+French art derived from study in Paris. So is Ernest Thompson, who
+also studied in Paris. Mower Martin is an Englishman, educated in that
+country and in Canada, with whose scenery he has been always enamoured.
+Carl Ahrens was born and educated in the United States. Miss Minnie
+Bell and Miss Laura Muntz are among the most promising younger artists
+of Canada. Both were born and received their elementary education in
+Canada. Miss Bell, after studying in Paris, is now in Montreal. Miss
+Muntz is still studying in Paris. Robert Harris is a native of Prince
+Edward Island. Mr. N. Bourassa, who is a French Canadian artist, has
+of late years devoted himself to ecclesiastical decoration. His best
+work is to be seen in the architecture and decoration of the churches
+of Notre Dame de Nazareth and Notre Dame de Lourdes, in Montreal, and
+he has the credit of having first applied probably in America "the art
+of painting to the adornment of Christian churches in the broad and
+thorough manner so common at one period in central Italy." (See Dr. S.
+E. Dawson's "Handbook of Canada," Montreal, 1888, pp. 183, 184.) The
+influence of the French schools of painting can be seen in the best
+works of Paul Peel (now dead), Forster, Harris, Geo. Reid and John
+Pinhey (born at Ottawa), all of whom have had success at the salons. At
+the present time there are some twenty-five Canadians, more or less,
+studying in Paris, and the majority are French Canadians. In fact, the
+French schools draw students from Canada as well as from the United
+States, and England is relatively ignored. The artistic temperament is
+more stimulated by the _ateliers_ and the student life of Paris than
+among the more business-like and cold surroundings of a student in
+London. In sculpture the names are very few, Hamilton McCarthy, Hébert
+and Dunbar having alone done meritorious work, but of these three
+Hébert is the only native Canadian. One of the very first painters
+to draw attention, years ago, to Canadian scenery, especially to the
+wonderfully vivid tints of autumn, was Krieghoff, whose pictures have
+been so much copied that it is difficult now to tell the originals from
+the reproductions. He was, however, not a native Canadian but a Swiss
+painter from the German-speaking cantons, I believe. The name of Paul
+Kane (born in Toronto) will be always identified with Indian life and
+customs, and as the pioneer of art in Canada. A fine collection of his
+paintings is in the possession of Hon. G. W. Allan, who has always
+taken an active interest in the development of art in the city of
+which he has been so long an honoured citizen.
+
+Among other Canadian artists who laboured in the commencement of art
+studies in this country may be mentioned the following: Dulongpré,
+Samuel Berczy, Audy, William Berczy, Vincent Zacharie Thelariolin
+(Indian of Lorette, 1812-1886), Hamel, Carey, T. H. Burnett, J.
+J. Girouard, P. Leber--many of whose artistic efforts are already
+forgotten though their work was meritorious. With respect to Berthon,
+the following note by Col. G. T. Denison, F.R.S.C., of Toronto, which I
+have received since writing of the artist above, will be of interest:
+"His father was a court painter under the great Napoleon, and several
+of his pictures are now in Versailles. He was a Frenchman, and I think
+was in Vienna when his son, my old friend, was born; for I am under
+the impression Berthon told me he was born in Vienna. I think he was
+brought up in France, and went to London when comparatively young,
+and there set up as a portrait painter. He was induced to come out
+to Canada about the year 1843 or 1844, and settled in Toronto soon
+after, where he died about a year ago, over eighty years of age. He was
+certainly, when in his prime, the best portrait painter we ever had
+in Canada, and in my opinion was better than most of the men of great
+celebrity in London to-day."
+
+The successful artists at the World's Fair, where 113 works in all were
+presented from Canada, were the following: Mr. G. Reid, whose great
+picture mentioned above could not fail to attract much notice, Mr.
+Harris, Mr. Ede, Miss Holden and Mr. J. A. Fraser. This is satisfactory
+in view of the fact that the best work of the majority of leading
+Canadian artists was not represented in the exhibition. Apart from
+Mr. Reid's painting, the pictures that were signalled out for special
+notice were not equal in some respects to other efforts of the same
+artists that have been seen in our annual exhibitions.
+
+In closing this note I cannot do better than give the following
+judicious remarks on art in Canada, delivered before the Canadian
+Institute, by an able Canadian artist, J. W. L. Forster: "The art of
+Canada to-day is a mingling of elements.... The influence of the old
+world may be seen in the work of many who cherish still the precepts
+of their masters. Yet it is due to those who have adopted Canada as
+their home to say they are as Canadian in the faithful reproduction
+of the pure glories of our climate as those who first saw the sun
+in our own sky. Our native artists who have studied abroad are much
+inclined to paint a Canadian sky with the haze of Western Europe, and
+our verdure, too, as though it grew upon foreign soil. Our art is not
+Canadian.... Material is certainly not wanting, nor _motif_ of the
+grander order. The first requisite is for a stronger national spirit.
+Events are slowly developing this; and the signs are full of promise
+in this direction. The second great need is for a museum equipped with
+well-chosen specimens of the world's art. Our government and citizens
+are establishing schools of industrial and fine art, yet when we would
+point our pupils to examples of pure art, lo! there are none; and
+when we would know what art has been, in order to discover what art
+may be, we must go as exiles and pilgrims to foreign cities. A museum
+that gives the best of their art history and achievement will greatly
+strengthen our hope and give rein to our ambition. A third need is for
+capable and generous criticism. There are many men whose discernment
+and sympathies fit them eminently for the role of art critic; but as
+yet journalism has not opened wide the door to advancement in such a
+specialty."]
+
+
+ARCHITECTURAL ART.
+
+[Footnote 64_a_: Page 57.--While Canadian architecture is generally
+wanting in originality of conception, yet it affords many good
+illustrations of the effective adaptation of the best art of Europe
+to the principal edifices of the large cities. These are the most
+noteworthy public buildings:
+
+In _Ottawa_.--The parliament and departmental buildings, admirable
+examples of Italian Gothic of the 13th century, with a fine central
+tower, the effect of which has been marred by a later tower in the
+western block out of harmony with the general design of an otherwise
+perfect group.
+
+In _Quebec_.--The legislative building in the French style of the 17th
+century, noteworthy for its niches containing statues of men famous in
+French Canadian history.
+
+In _Montreal_.--The parish church of Notre Dame, on the Place
+d'Armes, of a simple Gothic style, attractive for its stateliness and
+massiveness.
+
+Christ Church Cathedral, on St. Catherine street, worthy of study as
+an admirable specimen of the early English style of ecclesiastical
+architecture, exhibiting unity of design and correctness of proportions.
+
+Notre Dame de Lourdes, whose interior has been already spoken of (see
+preceding note); a good example of the Byzantine order, combined with
+effects of the Italian Renaissance recalling Venetian architecture.
+
+The Montreal Bank, on St. James street, an artistic illustration of the
+Corinthian order, with an interior interesting for the artistic effort
+to illustrate on the walls remarkable scenes in Canadian history.
+
+The Canadian Pacific Station, on Windsor street, a fine example of an
+adaptation of old Norman architecture to modern necessities.
+
+In _Toronto_.--The University, perhaps the best example in America of a
+modern conception of Norman architecture, with a tower of much beauty.
+
+Trinity University, whose graceful Tudor-Gothic design, in which the
+tower is a conspicuous feature, is marred by the clumsy projection of a
+later chapel building, entirely out of harmony with the admirable front.
+
+Osgoode Hall, of the Ionic order, modified by additions of the Italian
+Renaissance.
+
+St. Andrew's Church, a combination of the Norman and Byzantine orders,
+more suitable for a great library or a hall than an ecclesiastical
+edifice. As a specimen of architecture, apart from its purpose, it is
+harmonious and artistic.
+
+The new legislative buildings, which are the most pretentious in
+Canada after the Ottawa parliament house, are a praiseworthy effort to
+illustrate the Romanesque, with details of the Celtic and Indo-Germanic
+schools.
+
+The Methodist Metropolitan Church, a judicious example of a modern form
+of the Gothic style which distinguished the 13th century in France.
+It is at once simple and harmonious in its general design, and has a
+massive tower which adds to the general effect of the whole structure.
+
+St. James's Church, often cited as a good example of ecclesiastical
+Gothic, with a graceful and well-proportioned tower and steeple,
+conspicuous from all points of view.
+
+In _Hamilton_.--The court-house is in some respects the best designed
+of its kind in Canada. The head office of the Canada Life Assurance
+Company is noteworthy for its graceful simplicity, in its way not
+equalled in Canada.
+
+In _Fredericton_.--The Church of England Cathedral, a perfect specimen,
+on a small scale, of pure early English Gothic on the Continent.
+
+The new library building which McGill University owes to the public
+spirit of Mr. Redpath, of Montreal, is distinguished by the graceful
+simplicity of its external form, and the conveniences of its beautiful
+interior. Apart from this fine edifice, however, and the parliamentary
+library at Ottawa, whose external design is harmonious and whose
+internal fittings illustrate the effectiveness of our natural woods,
+Canada has no such libraries--in special buildings I mean--noteworthy
+for beauty of architecture and convenience of arrangements as we find
+among our neighbours, illustrating their public and private spirit.
+Neither have we an art gallery of special architectural features, for
+the building at Montreal is simple in the extreme. Such as it is,
+however, it is an object of imitation to other cities in Canada.]
+
+
+"FIDELIS."
+
+[Footnote 65: Page 60.--The poetic citation which closes the
+presidential address is taken from Miss Machar's ("Fidelis") verses
+on "Dominion Day," which appear in "Songs of the Great Dominion," pp.
+15-17, and merit a wide audience for their patriotic spirit and poetic
+taste.]
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+  "Acadia, History of," by J. Hannay, 71.
+
+  "Acadian Geology," by Sir J. W. Dawson, 84.
+
+  "After Weary Years," romance by Archbp. O'Brien, of Halifax, N.S., 74.
+
+  Ahrens, Carl, artist, 88.
+
+  Algonquin Grammar, by Abbé Cuoq, 37.
+
+  Allan, Hon. G. W., his love of art, 88.
+
+  "An American Girl in London," by Sara J. Duncan, 83.
+
+  "Aminta," poem by Archbishop O'Brien, 74.
+
+  "Anciens Canadiens," by P. de Gaspé, 27, 82.
+
+  Archibald, Sir Adams J., statesman, 15.
+
+  Archibald, S. J. W., statesman, 15.
+
+  Architecture in Canada, imitative rather than original, 57;
+    special buildings of architectural beauty mentioned, 89, 91.
+
+  Art in Canada, 53;
+    names of eminent painters, 54, 87;
+    want of art galleries, 53, 54;
+    establishment of art associations in Montreal and Toronto, 89;
+    the Canadian Academy of Art, 54;
+    some general remarks on its use, ib.;
+    J. W. L. Forster cited on the subject, 89;
+    success of Canadian artists at the Chicago World's Fair, 55, 89.
+
+  Art gallery in Montreal, 53, 91.
+
+  Arnold, Matthew, on the large meaning of "Literature," 31, 32, 83.
+
+  Australian novelists, superior to those of Canada, 25;
+    names, 79.
+
+  Australian poets compared with those of Canada, 25;
+    names, 79;
+    extracts from, 79.
+
+
+  Baldwin, Hon. Robert, statesman, 14.
+
+  Bank of Montreal Building at Montreal, its architecture, 90.
+
+  "Bastonnais, The," romance by J. Lespérance, 82.
+
+  "Beggars All," by L. Dougall, 29.
+
+  Belknap, Jeremy, his "History of New Hampshire," 13, 67.
+
+  Bell, Miss Minnie, artist, 87.
+
+  Bell-Smith, F. M., artist, 88.
+
+  Beothiks, or Red Indians of Newfoundland, essay on, by Dr. Patterson,
+            38.
+
+  Berthon, G. T., artist, 89.
+
+  Bibaud, Michel, his History of Canada, 12, 67.
+
+  Bibliography of the writings of members of the Royal Society, 72.
+
+  "Bienville, François de," romance by M. Marmette, 27, 82.
+
+  Billings, Elkanah, geologist, 33, 84.
+
+  Biography, literature of, weak in Canada, 42.
+
+  Blake, Edward, mentioned, 17, 43.
+
+  Boucher, Pierre, his account of the customs and natural productions of
+            Nouvelle France, 6, 63.
+
+  Bouchette, Joseph, his works on the topography of Canada, 12, 67.
+
+  Bourassa, N., artist, 88.
+
+  Brown, J. H., poet, 76.
+
+  Bruenech, G., artist, 87.
+
+  Bunsen, Chevalier, his opinion on what constitutes the excellence of a
+            romance, 29.
+
+  Brymner, W., artist, 54, 88.
+
+
+  Campbell, Wilfred, his poems, 20;
+    quotations therefrom, 75.
+
+  Canada Life Assurance Building at Hamilton, its architecture, 90.
+
+  Canada, three eras of development, 4.
+
+  "Canadian Idylls," poems by W. Kirby, 82.
+
+  Canadian Literary and Scientific Societies, the oldest in Canada,
+            34, 84.
+
+  "Canadian Monthly," its usefulness, 40, 86.
+
+  Canadian Pacific RR., Station at Montreal, its architecture, 90.
+
+  "Canadiens de l'Ouest," by J. Tassé, 72.
+
+  "Carillon, le Drapeau de," poem by O. Crémazie, quoted, 68.
+
+  Carman, Bliss, his poems, 20.
+
+  Cartier, Sir George Etienne, statesman, 14.
+
+  Casgrain, Abbé, his historical works, 71;
+    his opinion of Crémazie, 20.
+
+  Catherwood, Mary Hartwell, writer of fiction, 28, 82.
+
+  Champlain, compared with Columbus, 5;
+    with Captain John Smith, 62;
+    his works, 6, 61.
+
+  "Chants Nouveaux," poems by B. Sulte, 73.
+
+  Charlevoix, his history of Nouvelle France, 6, 62;
+    his opinion of society in Quebec, 8.
+
+  Chauveau, P. J. O., his poems, etc., 17;
+    one of the founders of the Royal Society, 34, 67.
+
+  Chevrier, R., poet, 76.
+
+  Christie, Robert, his history of Lower Canada, 18, 69.
+
+  "Chief Factor, The," novel by Gilbert Parker, 28, 82.
+
+  Christ Church Cathedral at Fredericton, its architecture, 90.
+
+  Christ Church Cathedral at Montreal, its architecture, 90.
+
+  Classics, Study of;
+    Goldwin Smith on, 49, 86;
+    Matthew Arnold on, 50;
+    J. Russell Lowell on, 61;
+    should be encouraged in Canadian colleges, 49;
+    its results in French Canada, 65.
+
+  Clarke, Professor, mentioned, 10.
+
+  "Clàrsach nam Beann," Gaelic poems by E. McColl, 77.
+
+  Clercq, Père Chrestien le, his "Etablissement de la Foy," 6, 64.
+
+  "Coogee," poem by H. C. Kendall, the Australian poet, cited, 79.
+
+  "Cours d'Histoire du Canada," by Abbé Ferland, 18, 70.
+
+  Crawford, Isabella Valancy, poet, 76.
+
+  Crémazie, Octave, his poems, 17, 68.
+
+  Creux, Père du, his _Historia Canadensis_, 6, 63.
+
+  Criticism, necessity for a spirit of genuine, in Canada, 47;
+    reference to S. E. Dawson's essay on "The Princess," 40;
+    Sainte-Beuve quoted, 47.
+
+  Cuoq, Abbé, his works on the Algonquin language, contributed to Royal
+            Society, 37.
+
+
+  Davin, Nicholas Flood, poet, 75.
+
+  Dawson, Æneas, poet, 74.
+
+  Dawson, G. M., his contributions to Royal Society, 38.
+
+  Dawson, S. E., his criticism on "The Princess," 40, 86.
+
+  Dawson, Sir W., _doyen_ of Science in Canada, 19, 32, 34, 38, 84.
+
+  "Découverte du Mississippi, La," poem by L. Fréchette quoted, 72.
+
+  Dent, John C., his histories, 19, 70.
+
+  Derby, the Earl of, his farewell address to the Royal Society of
+            Canada, 85.
+
+  Deville, E., his contributions to Royal Society, 39.
+
+  Dewart, E. H., poet, his collection of Canadian poems, 73.
+
+  Dionne, N. E., his writings, 62, 72.
+
+  "Dodge Club Abroad," by Professor De Mille, 29, 83.
+
+  Doyle, Conan, his "Refugees" held up to imitation of Canadian writers
+            of romance, 28.
+
+  "Dread Voyage," poem by W. Campbell, 75.
+
+  "Dreamland" and other poems by C. Mair, 74.
+
+  Dunbar, sculptor, 88.
+
+  Duncan, Sara Jeannette, author, 29.
+
+  Duvar, John Hunter, poet, 75.
+
+
+  Ede, T. C. V., artist, wins success at Chicago World's Fair, 89.
+
+  Edgar, James D., poet, 26.
+
+  Edgar, Mrs., her "Ridout Letters" quoted, 78.
+
+  Education, in French Canada under old regime, 7, 8;
+    in Canada from 1760-1840, 9;
+    from 1840-1893, 65;
+    its present condition and defects, 49-51.
+
+  Emerson, representative of original American genius, 23.
+
+  "Epic of the Dawn," poem by N. F. Davin, 75.
+
+  Essayists, names of principal French and English, 81.
+
+
+  Faillon, Abbé, his history of the "Colonie française," 19, 70.
+
+  Fauna of St. John Group, geological work by G. F. Matthew, 39.
+
+  Ferland, J. B. A., his "History of Canada," 18, 70.
+
+  "Flag of Old England," poem by Joseph Howe, quoted, 80.
+
+  Flora and Botany of Canada, essays on, by Professors Lawson, Macoun
+            and Penhallow, 39.
+
+  Forbes, J. C., artist, 87.
+
+  "Foreclosure of the Mortgage," painting by G. A. Reid, 87.
+
+  Forster, J. W. L., artist, his remarks on the tendency of Canadian
+            art, 89.
+
+  Fraser, J. A., artist, wins success at Chicago "World's Fair," 89.
+
+  Fréchette, L., his poems, 29;
+    quotation from his "Découverte du Mississippi," 72;
+    essayist, 81.
+
+  French Canada: early writers of her history, Champlain, Boucher, Le
+            Clercq, Charlevoix, etc., 6, 7, 61-64;
+    culture and science during French regime, 8;
+    historians and poets from 1760-1840, 17, 18;
+    from 1840 to 1867, 20, 74;
+    from 1867-1893, 72-74;
+    writers of romance few in number, 27;
+    influence of the French language, 58-60;
+    its probable duration, 59.
+
+  French language in Canada, remarks on, 58-60.
+
+  French Canadian poetry, an estimate of its merits, 22-24.
+
+
+  Gagen, R. F., artist, 87.
+
+  "Gazette" of Montreal, 13.
+
+  Galissonière, La, his culture and scientific spirit, 8, 64, 65.
+
+  Ganong, Prof., contributor to Royal Society of Canada, 38.
+
+  Garneau, F. X., his "Histoire du Canada," 18, 70.
+
+  Gladstone, Right Hon. Mr., portrait of, painted by J. C. Forbes, 87.
+
+  "Globe" of Toronto, 51.
+
+  "Golden Dog, The," romance by W. Kirby, 27;
+    translated by P. LeMay, 81.
+
+  Gordon, A. Lindsay, his spirited poem, "The Sick Stock-rider," quoted,
+            79.
+
+  Grant, Principal, author and lecturer, 10, 32, 83.
+
+  Greek, study of, desirable, 50, 61.
+
+  Grier, E. W., artist, 88.
+
+  Griffin, M. J., essayist and poet, 77, 81.
+
+
+  Haida Grammar, to be printed by Royal Society, 37.
+
+  Haliburton, Judge, his "Sam Slick," 11, 66;
+    his "History of Nova Scotia," 12, 66.
+
+  Hamel, Mgr., contributor to Royal Society, 39.
+
+  Hamilton Court-house, its architecture, 90.
+
+  Hamilton, P. S., poet, 73.
+
+  Hammond, John, artist, 87.
+
+  Hannay, J., his "History of Acadia," 71.
+
+  Harris, George, artist, 88.
+
+  Harrison, S. Frances ("Seranus"), poet, 76.
+
+  Harvey, Moses, his contributions to Royal Society, 38.
+
+  Haultain, Arnold, mentioned, 81.
+
+  Hawthorne, N., representative of original American genius, 23.
+
+  Heavysege, Chas., his poems, 17, 18, 69.
+
+  Hébert, French Canadian sculptor, 57, 88.
+
+  Historians of Canada: W. Smith, 66;
+    M. Bibaud, 67;
+    Haliburton's Nova Scotia, 12, 66;
+    Garneau, 70;
+    Ferland, 70;
+    Faillon, 70;
+    B. Sulte, 71;
+    J. C. Dent, 70;
+    L. Turcotte, 71;
+    Withrow, 71;
+    Kingsford, 71;
+    McMillan, 71;
+    Hannay, 71;
+    Murdoch, 71;
+    Tanguay, 71;
+    Dionne, 71;
+    Casgrain, 37, 71;
+    Gosselin, 72.
+
+  "Histoire des Canadiens Français," by B. Sulte, 71.
+
+  "Histoire de la Colonie Française en Canada," by Abbé Faillon, 19, 70.
+
+  Holden, Miss, artist, wins success at Chicago World's Fair, 89.
+
+  Houghton, Miss, artist, wins success at Chicago World's Fair, 89.
+
+  Howe, Joseph, as poet and orator, 11, 17, 26, 66, 69;
+    one of his poems quoted in full, 80.
+
+  Hunt, Thomas Sterry, his contributions to the Royal Society of Canada,
+            39;
+    one of its founders, 33.
+
+  Huntington, Hon. L. S., statesman and novelist, 82.
+
+  Huot, L., artist, 88.
+
+  Hutchinson, Governor, his "History of Massachusetts," 6, 13, 63.
+
+
+  "In Divers Tones," poem by C. G. D. Roberts, 74.
+
+  "In the Millet," poems by A. Lampman, 75.
+
+  Intellectual Development in Canada: under the French regime, 5-8;
+    books, newspapers, education and culture from 1760-1840, 9-18;
+    from 1840-1893, 19-27;
+    statesmen of intellectual power, mentioned, 14, 15;
+    historical literature, 18, 20;
+    poets, 20;
+    essayists, 81;
+    humorists, 11;
+    novelists, 27;
+    biographers, 42;
+    pulpit literature, 43;
+    legal literature, 43;
+    newspaper development, 52;
+    the Royal Society and its work, 33-42;
+    success of scientific writers, 32;
+    want of good magazines, 40;
+    no very striking results yet achieved, 45;
+    obstacles in the way of successful literary results in Canada, 46;
+    artistic achievement, 54, 55;
+    architectural work lacking originality, 57;
+    general remarks, on the intellectual conditions of Canada, 58;
+    what is wanted to stimulate mental effort in the Dominion, 60;
+    intellectual standard of our legislative bodies, 43;
+    the great drain on our intellectual strength by the legislative
+            bodies of the Dominion, 44;
+    business capacity now chiefly conspicuous in legislative halls, 45.
+
+
+  Jacobi, O. R., artist, 88.
+
+  Jamestown, Va., in ruins, 3, 61.
+
+  Jesuit College, founded at Quebec, 7.
+
+  Jesuit Relations, 6, 63.
+
+  Johnstone, James W., statesman, 15.
+
+
+  Kalm, Peter, his reference to culture and science in French Canada,
+            8, 64.
+
+  Kane, Paul, painter of Indian scenes, 88.
+
+  Katzmann, M. J., poet, 77.
+
+  Kingsford, W., his "History of Canada," 71;
+    his address, _In Memoriam_, Sir D. Wilson, 34, 84.
+
+  Kirby, W., his "Golden Dog," and other works, 27, 81.
+
+  Knowles, G., artist, 88.
+
+  Krieghoff, painter of Canadian scenery, 88.
+
+
+  Laflamme, Prof., contributor to Royal Society, 39.
+
+  Lafitau, his account of Indian life and customs, 6, 63.
+
+  Lafontaine, Sir Louis Hypolite, statesman, 14.
+
+  "Lake Lyrics," poems by W. Campbell, 75.
+
+  Lampman, Archibald, poet, 20, 75.
+
+  "Later Canadian Poems," collected by J. E. Wetherell, 76.
+
+  Laval University, mentioned, 7, 39, 70.
+
+  Law, literature of, in Canada, 43.
+
+  Legendre, N., author, 76.
+
+  "Légendes Canadiennes," by Abbé Casgrain, 71.
+
+  "Legend of the Rose," poem by S. J. Watson, 73.
+
+  Legislative Buildings at Quebec, their architecture, 90.
+
+  Legislative Buildings at Toronto, their architecture, 90.
+
+  LeMay, P., his poems, 20, 73.
+
+  Lescarbot, Marc, his "Nouvelle France," 6, 62.
+
+  Lespérance, John, novelist, 77.
+
+  "Les Echos," poems by Judge Routhier, 74.
+
+  "Les Fleurs Boréales," prize poems by L. Fréchette, 72.
+
+  "Les Laurentiennes," poems by B. Sulte, 73.
+
+  LeSueur, W. D., essayist, 81.
+
+  Libraries in Canada, before 1840, 10;
+    at present time, 53, 87, 90.
+
+  Lighthall, W. D., his collection of Canadian poems, 76.
+
+  Lockhart, B. W. and A. J., poets, 74.
+
+  Logan, Sir William, geologist, born in Canada, 19.
+
+  "London Times," an example of a perfect newspaper, 16.
+
+  Lorne, Marquess of, establishes the Royal Society of Canada, 33;
+    and the Canadian Academy of Art, with the Princess Louise, 54.
+
+  Louise, H. R. H. the Princess, her labours in connection with Art in
+            Canada, 54.
+
+  Lowell, James Russell, his remarks on the measure of a nation's true
+            success, 1, 2;
+    on the study of the classics, 61.
+
+
+  Macdonald, Sir John A., statesman, 15.
+
+  Machar, Miss ("Fidelis"), one of her poems quoted, 60, 90.
+
+  Mackenzie, Hon. Alexander, statesman, 15.
+
+  Mackenzie, William Lyon, politician and agitator, 14.
+
+  Magazine, need of, in Canada, 40, 41;
+    the old "Canadian Monthly," 40.
+
+  Mair, Charles, poet, 20, 74.
+
+  Manly, C. M., artist, 54.
+
+  Marmette, J., works cited, 82.
+
+  Martin, E. May, artist, 88.
+
+  Martin, Mower, artist, 87.
+
+  "Masque of Minstrels," poems by the Lockhart Brothers, 74.
+
+  Mather, Cotton, his _Magnalia_, 7, 64.
+
+  Matthew, G. F., his contributions to the Royal Society, 39.
+
+  Matthews, H. M., artist, 87.
+
+  McCarthy, Hamilton, sculptor, 88.
+
+  McColl, Evan, his Gaelic poems, 77.
+
+  McGee, T. D'Arcy, statesman and author, 15.
+
+  McLachlan, Alexander, his poems, 17, 69.
+
+  Metropolitan Methodist Church at Toronto, its architecture, 90.
+
+  "Montcalm et Lévis," history by Abbé Casgrain, 20.
+
+  Montesquieu, his "Esprit des Lois," its high place in literature, 31.
+
+  Montreal, its Art Gallery, 53;
+    its architectural features, 57, 91.
+
+  Morin, Augustin Norbert, statesman, 14.
+
+  Muntz, Miss, artist, 54, 88.
+
+
+  Newspapers in Canada, previous to 1867, 9, 16, 66;
+    at present time, 51;
+    their character, 52.
+
+  Novel-writing in Canada, not generally successful, 27;
+    exceptions, "Golden Dog" by Kirby, 27;
+    "François de Bienville" by Marmette, 27;
+    "Les Anciens Canadiens" by De Gaspé, 27;
+    De Mille's works, 29;
+    Sara Jeannette Duncan, 29;
+    Gilbert Parker, 28;
+    L. Dougall, 29.
+
+  Notre Dame de Lourdes, in Montreal, decorated by N. Bourassa, 88.
+
+
+  O'Brien, L. R., artist, 54.
+
+  O'Brien, Most Rev. Dr., author, 74.
+
+  O'Doyle, L. O'Connor, orator, 15.
+
+  O'Hagan, T., poet, 74.
+
+  "Oiseaux de Neige, Les," poems by L. Fréchette, 72.
+
+  "Orion" and other poems, by Professor Roberts, 74.
+
+  Osgoode Hall in Toronto, its architecture, 90.
+
+  "Our Fathers," by Joseph Howe, mentioned, 77.
+
+
+  Papineau, Louis Joseph, statesman, 14.
+
+  Parkman, Francis, his vivid historical pictures of Canada, 4.
+
+  Parish Church of Notre Dame at Montreal, its architecture, 90.
+
+  Parliament and Departmental Buildings at Ottawa, their architecture,
+            90.
+
+  Parliamentary Library at Ottawa, its architecture, 90.
+
+  Patterson, A. D., artist, 54, 88.
+
+  Patterson, Dr., his contributions to Royal Society of Canada, 38.
+
+  Peel, Paul, artist, 88.
+
+  "Pine, Rose and Fleur-de-Lis," poems by S. Frances Harrison,
+            ("Seranus"), 76.
+
+  Pinhey, John, artist, 54, 88.
+
+  Poets of Canada;
+    previous to 1867, 17;
+    from 1867-1893, 20, 72;
+    estimate of their productions, 20-25;
+    patriotic strain of many of their efforts, 25-27.
+
+  Political Life in Canada, attracts best intellects in old times,
+            11, 43;
+    also at present, 43, 44.
+
+  Potherie, La, his "Amérique Septentrionale," 6, 63.
+
+  "Professor Conant," novel by L. S. Huntington, 82.
+
+  "Prehistoric Man," by Sir D. Wilson, 81.
+
+  Pulpit, literature of, in Canada, 43.
+
+
+  Raphael, W., artist, 54.
+
+  Reade, John, his poems, 20, 21, 73;
+    his "In My Heart" quoted at length, 77;
+    essayist, 81.
+
+  Redpath Library at Montreal, 90.
+
+  Reid, G. A., Canadian artist, his "Foreclosure of the Mortgage," his
+            success at the World's Fair, 87.
+
+  Religious literature, 10.
+
+  Richardson, A. H., the architect, a lover of the Romanesque,
+            mentioned, 57.
+
+  Richardson, Major, his romances, 82.
+
+  Riley, James Whitcomb, the poet, 20.
+
+  Roberts, C. G. D., his poems, 20, 26, 74.
+
+  "Roberval," poem by J. H. Duvar, 75.
+
+  Routhier, J. B., poet, 74.
+
+  Royal Society of Canada, its foundation, 33;
+    its objects, 33-36;
+    its success, 36;
+    its Transactions and their circulation, 36, 37;
+    some of its most prominent contributions to the literature of
+            learning and science, 37-39;
+    its connection with "Tidal Observations," and the determination of
+            the true longitude of Montreal, etc., 38;
+    asks for sympathetic encouragement, 42;
+      see note 58, p. 84.
+
+  Ruskin, John, 21;
+    quoted, 48.
+
+  Ryan, Carroll, poet, 73.
+
+
+  Sagard, Gabriel, his "Grand Voyage," etc., 6, 63.
+
+  Sainte-Beuve on French poetry, 22;
+    on good workmanship in literature, and criticism, 47.
+
+  Saint-Maurice, Faucher de, mentioned, "Sam Slick," by Judge
+            Haliburton, 11, 12, 66.
+
+  Sangster, Charles, his poems, 17, 69.
+
+  Sarrazin, Dr. Michel, his scientific labours in Canada, 8, 64.
+
+  Schools in Canada, number of, 65;
+    pupils at same, 65.
+
+  Science, Canadians achieve notable success therein, 32.
+
+  Sculptors in Canada, 57, 88.
+
+  Secord, Laura, her toilsome journey in 1813, described by Mrs. Edgar,
+            78;
+    worthy of a poet's pen, 24.
+
+  Selections from Canadian Poets, by E. H. Dewart, 73.
+
+  Seminary, The Great and Lesser, founded at Quebec, 6.
+
+  "Simple Adventures of a Memsahib," by Sara J. Duncan, 83.
+
+  Sladen, Douglas, his collection of American poems, 76.
+
+  Smith, Captain John, compared with Samuel Champlain, 62.
+
+  Smith, Goldwin, on the study of the classics, 49.
+
+  Smith, William, his History of Canada, 12, 66.
+
+  "Social Departure, A," by Sara J. Duncan, 29, 83.
+
+  "Songs of the Great Dominion," collection of poems by W. D. Lighthall,
+            76.
+
+  "Songs of Life," by E. H. Dewart, 73.
+
+  "Songs of a Wanderer," by Carroll Ryan, 73.
+
+  St. Andrew's Church at Toronto, its architecture, 90.
+
+  St. James's Cathedral at Toronto, its architecture, 90.
+
+  Statesmanship in Canada, 15, 42.
+
+  Stewart, Dr. George, his literary efforts, 81.
+
+  Suite, historian and poet, 20, 71, 73.
+
+
+  Tanguay, Abbé, his "Dictionnaire Généalogique des Canadiens Français,"
+            72.
+
+  Tassé, Joseph, his writings, 72.
+
+  "Tecumseh," poem by C. Mair, 74.
+
+  "Tendres Choses," poem by R. Chevrier, 76.
+
+  "This Canada of Ours," poem by J. D. Edgar, 76.
+
+  Thompson, David, his book on the War of 1812, 12, 67.
+
+  Thompson, Ernest, artist, 87.
+
+  Tilley, Sir Leonard S., statesman, 15.
+
+  Todd, A., his "Parliamentary Government," 18, 69.
+
+  Trinity College at Toronto, its architecture, 90.
+
+  "Trois Morts," poem by O. Crémazie, 68.
+
+  Tully, Sidney, artist, 87.
+
+  Tupper, Sir Charles, statesman, 15.
+
+  Turcotte, L., his "History of Canada," 20, 71.
+
+
+  Uniacke, J. Boyle, statesman, 15.
+
+  Universities and Colleges in Canada, 65.
+
+  University of Toronto, its architecture, 90.
+
+
+  Verner, F. A., artist, 54.
+
+  Verreau, Abbé, contributor to Royal Society, 38.
+
+
+  "Wacousta, or the Prophecy," romance by Major J. Richardson, 82.
+
+  Waters, Frank, poet, 75.
+
+  Watson, Homer, artist, 54.
+
+  Watson, S. J., poet, 73.
+
+  Way, Chief Justice, of Adelaide, S. A., mentioned, 80.
+
+  "Week, The," its literary work in Canada, 40.
+
+  "White Stone Canoe," poem by J. D. Edgar, 76.
+
+  Whitman, Walt, as poet, 23.
+
+  Wicksteed, G. W., poet, 74.
+
+  Wilmot, Judge, statesman, 14.
+
+  Wilson, Sir D., one of the founders and constant workers of the Royal
+            Society, 33, 38.
+
+  Woodcock, Percy, artist, 87.
+
+  World's Fair at Chicago, 54;
+    beauty of architecture, and excellence of exhibition of paintings
+            and statuary, 55-57;
+    must help to develop higher artistic achievement in America, 57;
+    Canadian painters at, 55, 56.
+
+
+  "Younger American Poets," collection by D. Sladen, 76.
+
+  Young, Sir William, statesman, 15.
+
+
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+  Footnotes placed at end of their respective chapter
+
+  Obvious punctuation and spelling errors corrected
+
+  Pg. 6: Note 11 for "... the admirable account of Indian life and
+  customs by the Jesuit Lafitau," changed to 11_a_
+
+  Pg. 27: Note 44_a_ for "... written sixty years ago by Major John
+  Richardson," changed to 45_a_
+
+  Pg. 42: Note/Footnote 58 * for "... yet in the infantry of its literary
+  life." changed to Footnote F
+
+  Pg. 63: In "(8) Page 6.--The Canadian Government...." changed to "(9)
+  Page 6.--The Canadian Government...."
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OUR INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AND
+WEAKNESS***
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+
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+/* Signature */
+
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+     margin-left: 2em;
+     text-align: left;
+}
+
+
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+<body>
+<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Our Intellectual Strength and Weakness, by
+John George Bourinot</h1>
+<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
+and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
+restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
+under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
+eBook or online at <a
+href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>.  If you are not
+located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the
+country where you are located before using this ebook.</p>
+<p>Title: Our Intellectual Strength and Weakness</p>
+<p>       A Short Historical and Critical Review of Literature, Art and Education in Canada</p>
+<p>Author: John George Bourinot</p>
+<p>Release Date: September 7, 2017  [eBook #55499]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: UTF-8</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OUR INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4>E-text prepared by Larry B. Harrison<br />
+    and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br />
+    from page images generously made available by<br />
+    Internet Archive<br />
+    (<a href="https://archive.org">https://archive.org</a>)</h4>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10">
+  <tr>
+    <td valign="top">
+      Note:
+    </td>
+    <td>
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      <a href="https://archive.org/details/ourintellectuals00jgborich">
+      https://archive.org/details/ourintellectuals00jgborich</a>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter newpage">
+  <img src="images/i_title.jpg" width="536" height="800" alt="title_page" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="half-title in0"><i>Royal Society of Canada Series.</i><br /><br />
+No. 1.<br /><br />
+OUR INTELLECTUAL<br />
+STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="box">
+<p class="newpage center in0"><span class="xlarge">WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>Parliamentary Practice and Procedure, with a review
+of the origin, growth, and operation of parliamentary
+institutions in Canada. And an Appendix containing
+the British North America Act of 1867 and amending
+acts, Governor-General's commission and instructions,
+forms of proceeding in the Senate and House of Commons,
+etc.; 2nd ed., revised and enlarged, 8vo., pp. 970,
+cloth and calf. Montreal: Dawson Bros., 1892. $8.</p>
+
+<p>A Manual of the Constitutional History of Canada,
+from the earliest period to the year 1888, including the
+B. N. A. Act of 1867, and a digest of judicial decisions on
+questions of legislative jurisdiction. 12mo. pp. 238.
+Montreal: Dawson Bros. Cloth, $1.25.</p>
+
+<p>Canadian Studies in Comparative Politics: I. Canada
+and English Institutions; II. Canada and the United
+States; III. Canada and Switzerland. Large 4to. pp.
+100. Montreal: Dawson Bros. Cloth, $1.</p>
+
+<p>Local Government in Canada. 8vo. pp. 72. Baltimore:
+Johns Hopkins University Studies. Paper, 50c.</p>
+
+<p>Federal Government in Canada. 8vo. pp. 172. Baltimore:
+Johns Hopkins University Studies, 1889. Paper,
+50c.</p>
+
+<p>Parliamentary Government in Canada: an historical
+and constitutional study. Annals of American Historical
+Association. 8vo. pp. 98. Washington: Government
+Printing Office, 1893. Paper, $1.</p>
+
+<p>Descriptive and Historical Account of the Island of
+Cape Breton, and of its Memorials of the French Regime,
+with bibliographical, historical and critical notes, and
+old maps; plans and illustrations of Louisbourg. Large
+4to. pp. 180. Montreal: Foster Brown &amp; Co., 1892. Fancy
+cloth, $3.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<h1><i>Royal Society of Canada Series.</i><br /><br />
+
+OUR INTELLECTUAL<br />
+<span class="large">STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS</span><br /><br />
+
+<span class="small">A SHORT HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL REVIEW OF LITERATURE,<br />
+ART AND EDUCATION IN CANADA,</span><br /><br />
+
+<span class="small">BY</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">J. G. BOURINOT, c.m.g., ll.d., d.c.l., d.l. (laval)</span>.<br /><br />
+
+<span class="smcap small">Author of "CAPE BRETON AND ITS MEMORIALS OF THE FRENCH REGIME," and of<br />
+several works on Federal and Parliamentary Government<br />
+in the Dominion of Canada.</span><br /><br /><br /><br />
+
+<span class="small">MONTREAL:<br />
+<span class="gesperrt">FOSTER BROWN &amp; CO.</span><br /><br />
+
+LONDON:<br />
+<span class="gesperrt">BERNARD QUARITCH.</span><br /><br />
+
+1893</span></h1>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="newpage center in0">Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada by <span class="smcap">J. G. Bourinot</span>, in the Office<br />
+of the Minister of Agriculture, in the year 1893.<br /><br />
+
+GAZETTE PRINTING COMPANY, MONTREAL.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="newpage center in0"><span class="large"><i>To my Friends</i></span><br />
+<span class="smcap large">Sir J. W. DAWSON, (c.m.g., f.r.s.c., ll.d.)</span><br />
+AND<br />
+<span class="smcap large">MONSIGNOR HAMEL, (m.a., f.r.s.c.)</span>,<br />
+WHO REPRESENT THE CULTURE AND LEARNING OF THE ENGLISH AND FRENCH<br />
+ELEMENTS OF THE CANADIAN PEOPLE,<br />
+<i>I dedicate</i><br />
+THIS SHORT REVIEW OF THE INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT<br />
+OF THE NEW DOMINION.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="newpage center bold in0"><span class="xlarge">PREFATORY NOTE.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>This monograph on the intellectual development of the Dominion
+was delivered in substance as the presidential address to
+the Royal Society of Canada at its May meeting of 1893, in
+Ottawa. Since then the author has given the whole subject a
+careful revision, and added a number of bibliographical and other
+literary notes which could not conveniently appear in the text
+of the address, but are likely to interest those who wish to follow
+more closely the progress of culture in a country still struggling
+with the difficulties of the material development of half a continent.
+This little volume, as the title page shows, is intended as
+the commencement of a series of historical and other essays
+which will be periodically reproduced, in this more convenient
+form for the general reader, from the large quarto volumes of the
+Royal Society of Canada, where they first appear.</p>
+
+<p class="sigleft"><span class="smcap">Ottawa</span>, 1st October, 1893.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">ix</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="newpage center bold in0"><span class="xlarge">ANALYSIS OF CONTENTS.</span></p>
+
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="in0 center p1t">I.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang p1b">Introductory remarks on the overestimate of material success in America; citation
+from an oration on the subject by James Russell Lowell; application of his
+remarks to Canadians.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">II.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang p1b">Three well defined eras of development in Canada; the French regime and its heroic
+aspect; the works of Champlain, Lescarbot, Potherie, Le Clercq, Charlevoix and
+others; evidences of some culture in Quebec and Montreal; the foundation of
+the Jesuit College and the Seminaries; Peter Kalm on the study of science;
+the mental apathy of the colony generally in the days of French supremacy.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">III.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang p1b">The period of political development from 1760&ndash;1840, under English government; low
+state of popular education; growth of the press; influence of the clergy; intellectual
+contests in legislative halls; publication of "Sam Slick"; development
+of a historical literature.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">IV.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang p1b">An era of intellectual as well as material activity commences in 1840, after the concession
+of responsible government; political life still claims best intellects;
+names of prominent politicians and statesmen from 1840&ndash;1867; performance in
+literature and science; gross partisanship of the press; poems of Cr&#233;mazie,
+Howe, Sangster and others; histories of Christie, Bibaud, Garneau and
+Ferland.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">V.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang p1b">Historical writers from 1867&ndash;1893&mdash;Dent, Turcotte, Casgrain, Sulte, Kingsford, etc.;
+Canadian poets&mdash;LeMay, Reade, Mair, Roberts, Carman and others; critical
+remarks on the character of French and English Canadian poetry; comparison
+between Canadian and Australian writers; patriotic spirit of Canadian poems.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">VI.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang p1b">Essay writing in Canada; weakness of attempts at fiction; Richardson's "Wacousta";
+De Gasp&#233;'s "Anciens Canadiens"; Kirby's "Golden Dog"; Marmette's
+"F. de Bienville," among best works of this class; Professor De Mille and his
+works; successful efforts of Canadians abroad&mdash;Gilbert Parker, Sara Jeannette
+Duncan and L. Dougall; general remarks on literary progress during half a
+century; the literature of science in Canada eminently successful.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">x</a></span>VII.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang p1b">A short review of the origin and history of the Royal Society of Canada; its aim, the
+encouragement of the literature of learning and science, and of original ethnographical,
+arch&#230;ological, historic and scientific investigation; desirous of
+stimulating broad literary criticism; associated with all other Canadian societies
+engaged in the same work; the wide circulation of its Transactions throughout
+the world; the need of a magazine of a high class in Canada.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">VIII.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang p1b">The intellectual standard of our legislative bodies; the literature of biography, law
+and theology; summary of general results of intellectual development; difficulties
+in the way of successful literary pursuits in Canada; good work sure of
+appreciative criticism by the best class of English periodicals like the "Contemporary,"
+"Athen&#230;um," "English Historical Magazine," "Academy," etc.;
+Sainte-Beuve's advice to cultivate a good style cited; some colonial conditions
+antagonistic to literary growth; the necessity of cultivating a higher ideal of
+literature in these modern times.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">IX.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang p1b">The condition of education in Canada; speed and superficiality among the defects
+of an otherwise admirable system; tendency to make all studies subordinate
+to a purely utilitarian spirit; the need of cultivating the "humanities," especially
+Greek; remarks on this point by Matthew Arnold and Goldwin Smith;
+the state of the press of Canada; the Canadian Pythia and Olympia.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">X.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang p1b">Libraries in Canada; development of art; absence of art galleries in the cities, and
+of large private collections of paintings; meritorious work of O'Brien, Reed,
+Peel, Pinhey, Forster and others; establishment of the Canadian Academy by
+the Princess Louise and the Marquess of Lorne; necessity for greater encouragement
+of native artists; success of Canadian artists at the World's Fair;
+architecture in Canada imitative and not creative; the White City at Chicago
+an illustration of the triumph of intellectual and artistic effort over the spirit
+of mere materialism; its effect probably the development of a higher culture
+and creative artistic genius on the continent.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">XI.&mdash;P. <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Conclusion: The French language and its probable duration in Canada; the advantages
+of a friendly rivalry among French and English Canadians, which will
+best stimulate the genius of their peoples in art and letters; necessity for sympathetic
+encouragement of the two languages and of the mental efforts of each
+other; less provincialism or narrowness of mental vision likely to gain larger
+audiences in other countries; conditions of higher intellectual development
+largely dependent on a widening of our mental horizon, the creation of wider
+sympathy for native talent, the disappearance of a tendency to self-depreciation,
+and greater self-reliance and confidence in our own intellectual resources.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">xi</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="newpage center bold in0"><span class="xlarge">BIBLIOGRAPHICAL, ART AND GENERAL NOTES</span>.</p>
+
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="hang">(1) P. <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.&mdash;Lowell's remarks on the study of the Liberal Arts.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(2) P. <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.&mdash;Jamestown, Va.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(3) P. <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.&mdash;Champlain's Works; his character compared with that of Captain John
+Smith.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(4) P. <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.&mdash;Lescarbot's "Histoire de la Nouvelle France."</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(5) P. <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.&mdash;Charlevoix's "Histoire et Description G&#233;n&#233;rale de la Nouvelle France."</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(6) P. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.&mdash;Hutchinson's "History of Massachusetts."</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(7) P. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.&mdash;Sagard's "Le Grand Voyage," etc.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(8) P. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.&mdash;P. Boucher's "M&#339;urs et Productions de la Nouvelle France."</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(9) P. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.&mdash;Jesuit Relations.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(10) P. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.&mdash;P&#232;re du Creux, "Historia Canadensis."</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(11) P. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.&mdash;La Potherie's "Histoire de l'Am&#233;rique Septentrionale."</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(11<i>a</i>) P. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.&mdash;The Jesuit Lafitau and his work on Indian customs.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(12) P. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.&mdash;C. le Clercq, "Etablissement de la Foy."</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(13) P. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.&mdash;Cotton Mather's "Magnalia."</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(13<i>a</i>) P. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.&mdash;Dr. Michel Sarrazin.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(13<i>b</i>) P. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>,&mdash;Peter Kalm and the English colonies.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(14) P. <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.&mdash;Education in Canada, 1792&ndash;1893.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(15) P. <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.&mdash;Upper Canada, 1792&ndash;1840.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(16) P. <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.&mdash;Canadian Journalism.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(17) P. <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.&mdash;Howe's Speeches.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(18) P. <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.&mdash;"Sam Slick."</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(19) P. <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.&mdash;Judge Haliburton's History of Nova Scotia.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(20) P. <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.&mdash;W. Smith's History of Canada.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(21) P. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.&mdash;Joseph Bouchette's Topographical Works on Canada.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(22) P. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.&mdash;M. Bibaud's Histories of Canada.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(23) P. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.&mdash;Thompson's Book on the War of 1812&ndash;14.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(24) P. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.&mdash;Belknap's History of New Hampshire.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(25) P. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.&mdash;The poet Cr&#233;mazie.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(26) P. <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.&mdash;Chauveau as a poet.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(27) P. <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.&mdash;Howe's Poems.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(28) P. <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.&mdash;The poets Sangster and McLachlan.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(29) P. <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.&mdash;Charles Heavysege's Works.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(30) P. <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.&mdash;Todd's Parliamentary Government.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(31) P. <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.&mdash;Christie's History of Lower Canada.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(32) P. <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.&mdash;Garneau's History of Canada.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(33) P. <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.&mdash;Ferland and Faillon as Canadian Historians.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(34) P. <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.&mdash;Dent's Histories of Canada.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">xii</a></span>(35) P. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.&mdash;Turcotte's History since Union of 1841.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(36) P. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.&mdash;B. Sulte, "Histoire des Canadiens Fran&#231;ais," etc.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(37) P. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.&mdash;Abb&#233; Casgrain's Works.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(38) P. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.&mdash;Kingsford, Dionne, Gosselin, Tass&#233;, Tanguay, and other Canadian
+historians.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(39) P. <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.&mdash;A Canadian Bibliography.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(40) P. <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.&mdash;Later Canadian Poets, 1867&ndash;1893: Fr&#233;chette, LeMay, W. Campbell
+Roberts, Lampman, Mair, O'Brien, McColl, Suite, Lockhart, Murray,
+Edgar, O'Hagan, Davin, etc. Collections of Canadian poems. Citations
+from Canadian poems.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(41) P. <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.&mdash;"In My Heart." By John Reade.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(41<i>a</i>) P. <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.&mdash;"Laura Secord's Warning," from Mrs. Edgar's "Ridout Letters."</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(42) P. <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.&mdash;Australian poets and novelists.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(43) P. <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.&mdash;Howe's "Flag of Old England."</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(44) P. <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.&mdash;Canadian essayists: Stewart, Grant, Griffin and others.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(45) P. <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.&mdash;W. Kirby's "Golden Dog" and other works.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(45<i>a</i>) P. <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.&mdash;Major Richardson's "Wacousta," etc.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(46) P. <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.&mdash;Marmette's "Fran&#231;ois de Bienville," and other romances.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(47) P. <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.&mdash;De Gasp&#233;'s "Anciens Canadiens."</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(48) P. <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.&mdash;Mrs. Catherwood's works of fiction.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(49) P. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.&mdash;Gilbert Parker's writings.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(50) P. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.&mdash;DeMille's fiction.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(51) P. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.&mdash;Sara Jeannette Duncan's "A Social Departure," etc.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(52) P. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.&mdash;Matthew Arnold on Literature and Science.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(53) P. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.&mdash;Principal Grant's Address to Royal Society.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(54) P. <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.&mdash;Sir J. W. Dawson's scientific labours.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(55) P. <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.&mdash;Elkanah Billings as scientist.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(56) P. <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.&mdash;Origin of Royal Society of Canada.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(57) P. <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.&mdash;Sir D. Wilson, T. S. Hunt and Mr. Chauveau.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(58) P. <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.&mdash;Canadian Literary and Scientific Societies.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(58<i>a</i>) P. <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.&mdash;The Earl of Derby's farewell address to the Royal Society. His opinion
+of its work and usefulness.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(59) P. <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.&mdash;S. E. Dawson on Tennyson.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(60) P. <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.&mdash;The old "Canadian Monthly."</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(61) P. <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.&mdash;Form of Royal Society Transactions.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(62) P. <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.&mdash;Goldwin Smith on the study of the Classics.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(63) P. <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.&mdash;Canadian Libraries.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(64) P. <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.&mdash;List of artists in Canada. Native born and adopted. Art societies. Influence
+of French school. Canadian artists at the World's Fair.
+J. W. L. Forster on Canadian art.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(64<i>a</i>) P. <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.&mdash;Architectural art in Canada. List of prominent public buildings noted
+for beauty and symmetry of form.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">(65) P. <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.&mdash;"Fidelis."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">1</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter newpage">
+  <img src="images/i_001.jpg" width="550" height="101" alt="decor" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center bold in0 p1t"><span class="xlarge">OUR INTELLECTUAL</span><br />
+<span class="xxlarge">STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS.</span><br /><br />
+
+A SHORT REVIEW OF<br />
+<span class="smcap xlarge">Literature, Education and Art in Canada</span></p>
+
+
+
+<h2 class="no-break"><a name="I" id="I"></a>I.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>I cannot more appropriately commence this address than by
+a reference to an oration delivered seven years ago in the great
+hall of a famous university which stands beneath the stately
+elms of Cambridge, in the old "Bay State" of Massachusetts: a
+noble seat of learning in which Canadians take a deep interest,
+not only because some of their sons have completed their education
+within its walls, but because it represents that culture and
+scholarship which know no national lines of separation, but
+belong to the world's great Federation of Learning. The orator
+was a man who, by his deep philosophy, his poetic genius, his
+broad patriotism, his love for England, her great literature and
+history, had won for himself a reputation not equalled in some
+respects by any other citizen of the United States of these later
+times. In the course of a brilliant oration in honour<a name="FNanchor_1_9" id="FNanchor_1_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_9" class="fnanchor">[1]</a><a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> of the two
+hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of Harvard,
+James Russell Lowell took occasion to warn his audience against
+the tendency of a prosperous democracy "towards an overweening
+confidence in itself and its home-made methods, an overestimate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">2</a></span>
+of material success and a corresponding indifference to the things
+of the mind." He did not deny that wealth is a great fertilizer of
+civilization and of the arts that beautify it; that wealth is an
+excellent thing since it means power, leisure and liberty; "but
+these," he went on to say, "divorced from culture, that is, from
+intelligent purpose, become the very mockery of their own essence,
+not goods, but evils fatal to their possessor, and bring with them,
+like the Nibelungen Hoard, a doom instead of a blessing." "I
+am saddened," he continued, "when I see our success as a nation
+measured by the number of acres under tillage, or of bushels of
+wheat exported; for the real value of a country must be weighed
+in scales more delicate than the balance of trade. The garners of
+Sicily are empty now, but the bees from all climes still fetch
+honey from the tiny garden-plot of Theocritus. On a map of the
+world you may cover Judea with your thumb, Athens with a
+finger-tip, and neither of them figures in the Prices Current; but
+they still lord it in the thought and action of every civilized man.
+Did not Dante cover with his hood all that was Italy six hundred
+years ago? And if we go back a century, where was Germany
+outside of Weimar? Material success is good, but only as the
+necessary preliminary of better things. The measure of a nation's
+true success is the amount it has contributed to the thought, the
+moral energy, the intellectual happiness, the spiritual hope and
+consolation of mankind."</p>
+
+<p>These eloquently suggestive words, it must be remembered,
+were addressed by a great American author to an audience, made
+up of eminent scholars and writers, in the principal academic
+seat of that New England which has given birth to Emerson,
+Longfellow, Bancroft, Prescott, Motley, Hawthorne, Holmes,
+Parkman, and many others, representing the brightest thought
+and intellect of this continent. These writers were the product
+of the intellectual development of the many years that had
+passed since the pilgrims landed on the historic rock of Plymouth.
+Yet, while Lowell could point to such a brilliant array of historians,
+essayists, poets and novelists, as I have just named, as
+the latest results of New England culture, he felt compelled to
+utter a word of remonstrance against that spirit of materialism<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">3</a></span>
+that was then as now abroad in the land, tending to stifle those
+generous intellectual aspirations which are best calculated to
+make a people truly happy and great.</p>
+
+<p>Let us now apply these remarks of the eminent American
+poet and thinker to Canada&mdash;to ourselves, whose history is even
+older than that of New England; contemporaneous rather with
+that of Virginia, since Champlain landed on the heights of Quebec
+and laid the foundations of the ancient capital only a year
+after the English adventurers of the days of King James set their
+feet on the banks of the river named after that sovereign and
+commenced the old town which has long since disappeared
+before the tides of the ocean that stretches away beyond the
+shores of the Old Dominion.<a name="FNanchor_2_10" id="FNanchor_2_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_10" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> If we in Canada are open to the
+same charge of attaching too much importance to material things,
+are we able at the same time to point to as notable achievements
+in literature as results of the three centuries that have nearly
+passed since the foundation of New France? I do not suppose
+that the most patriotic Canadian, however ready to eulogize his
+own country, will make an effort to claim an equality with New
+England in this respect; but, if indeed we feel it necessary to
+offer any comparison that would do us justice, it would be with
+that Virginia whose history is contemporaneous with that of
+French Canada. Statesmanship rather than Letters has been the
+pride and ambition of the Old Dominion, its brightest and highest
+achievement. Virginia has been the mother of great orators and
+great presidents, and her men of letters sink into insignificance
+alongside of those of New England. It may be said, too, of
+Canada, that her history in the days of the French regime, during
+the struggle for responsible government, as well as at the birth
+of confederation, gives us the names of men of statesmanlike
+designs and of patriotic purpose. From the days of Champlain
+to the establishment of the confederation, Canada has had the
+services of men as eminent in their respective spheres, and as
+successful in the attainment of popular rights, in moulding the
+educational and political institutions of the country, and in laying
+broad and deep the foundations of a new nationality across
+half a continent, as those great Virginians to whom the world is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">4</a></span>
+ever ready to pay its meed of respect. These Virginian statesmen
+won their fame in the large theatre of national achievement&mdash;in
+laying the basis of the most remarkable federal republic the
+world has ever seen; whilst Canadian public men have laboured
+with equal earnestness and ability in that far less conspicuous
+and brilliant arena of colonial development, the eulogy of which
+has to be written in the histories of the future.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> In all cases the references are to the <a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHICAL_ART_AND_GENERAL_NOTES">Notes</a> in the Appendix.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2><a name="II" id="II"></a>II.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Let me now ask you to follow me for a short time whilst I
+review some of the most salient features of our intellectual
+progress since the days Canada entered on its career of competition
+in the civilization of this continent. So far there have
+been three well defined eras of development in the country now
+known as the Dominion of Canada. First, there was the era of
+French Canadian occupation which in many respects had its
+heroic and picturesque features. Then, after the cession of Canada
+to England, came that era of political and constitutional struggle
+for a larger measure of public liberty which ended in the establishment
+of responsible government about half a century ago. Then
+we come to that era which dates from the confederation of the
+provinces&mdash;an era of which the first quarter of a century only has
+passed, of which the signs are still full of promise, despite the
+prediction of gloomy thinkers, if Canadians remain true to themselves
+and face the future with the same courage and confidence
+that have distinguished the past.</p>
+
+<p>As I have just said, the days of the French regime were in
+a sense days of heroic endeavour, since we see in the vista of the
+past a small colony whose total population at no period exceeded
+eighty thousand souls, chiefly living on the banks of the St.
+Lawrence, between Quebec and Montreal, and contending against
+great odds for the supremacy on the continent of America. The
+pen of Francis Parkman has given a vivid picture of those days
+when bold adventurers unlocked the secrets of this Canadian
+Dominion, pushed into the western wilderness, followed unknown
+rivers, and at last found a way to the waters of that southern
+gulf where Spain had long before, in the days of Grijalva, Cortez<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">5</a></span>
+and Pineda, planted her flag and won treasures of gold and silver
+from an unhappy people who soon learned to curse the day when
+the white men came to the fair islands of the south and the rich
+country of Mexico. In these days the world, with universal acclaim
+has paid its tribute of admiration to the memory of a great
+Discoverer who had the courage of his convictions and led the
+way to the unknown lands beyond the Azores and the Canaries.
+This present generation has forgiven him much in view of his
+heroism in facing the dangers of unknown seas and piercing
+their mysteries. His purpose was so great, and his success so
+conspicuous, that both have obscured his human weakness. In
+some respects he was wiser than the age in which he lived; in
+others he was the product of the greed and the superstition of
+that age; but we who owe him so much forget the frailty of
+the man in the sagacity of the Discoverer. As Canadians, however,
+now review the character of the great Genoese, and of his
+compeers and successors in the opening up of this continent,
+they must, with pride, come to the conclusion that none of these
+men can compare in nobility of purpose, in sincere devotion to
+God, King and Country, with Champlain, the sailor of Brouage,
+who became the founder of Quebec and the father of New
+France.</p>
+
+<p>In the daring ventures of Marquette, Jolliet, La Salle and
+Tonty, in the stern purpose of Frontenac, in the far-reaching
+plans of La Galissoni&#232;re, in the military genius of Montcalm, the
+historian of the present time has at his command the most attractive
+materials for his pen. But we cannot expect to find the
+signs of intellectual development among a people where there
+was not a single printing press, where freedom of thought and
+action was repressed by a paternal absolutism, where the struggle
+for life was very bitter up to the last hours of French
+supremacy in a country constantly exposed to the misfortunes of
+war, and too often neglected by a king who thought more of his
+mistresses than of his harassed and patient subjects across the
+sea. Yet that memorable period&mdash;days of struggle in many ways&mdash;was
+the origin of a large amount of literature which we, in
+these times, find of the deepest interest and value from a historic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">6</a></span>
+point of view. The English colonies of America cannot present
+us with any books which, for faithful narrative and simplicity
+of style, bear comparison with the admirable works of Champlain,
+explorer and historian,<a name="FNanchor_3_11" id="FNanchor_3_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_11" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> or with those of the genial and
+witty advocate, Marc Lescarbot,<a name="FNanchor_4_12" id="FNanchor_4_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_12" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> names that can never be forgotten
+on the picturesque heights of Quebec, or on the banks of
+the beautiful basin of Annapolis. Is there a Canadian or American
+writer who is not under a deep debt of obligation to the
+clear-headed and industrious Jesuit traveller, Charlevoix,<a name="FNanchor_5_13" id="FNanchor_5_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_13" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> the
+Nestor of French Canadian history? The only historical writer
+that can at all surpass him in New England was the loyalist
+Governor Hutchinson, and he published his books at a later
+time when the French dominion had disappeared with the fall
+of Quebec.<a name="FNanchor_6_14" id="FNanchor_6_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_14" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> To the works just mentioned we may add the books
+of Gabriel Sagard,<a name="FNanchor_7_15" id="FNanchor_7_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_15" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> and of Boucher, the governor of Three Rivers
+and founder of a still eminent French Canadian family;<a name="FNanchor_8_16" id="FNanchor_8_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_16" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> that
+remarkable collection of authentic historic narrative, known as
+the Jesuit Relations;<a name="FNanchor_9_17" id="FNanchor_9_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_17" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> even that tedious Latin compilation by
+P&#232;re du Creux,<a name="FNanchor_10_18" id="FNanchor_10_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_18" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> the useful narrative by La Potherie,<a name="FNanchor_11_19" id="FNanchor_11_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_19" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> the admirable
+account of Indian life and customs by the Jesuit Lafitau,<a name="FNanchor_11A_20" id="FNanchor_11A_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_11A_20" class="fnanchor">[11<i>a</i>]</a>
+and that now very rare historical account of the French colony,
+the "Etablissement de la Foy dans la Nouvelle France," written
+by the Recollet le Clercq,<a name="FNanchor_12_21" id="FNanchor_12_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_21" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> probably aided by Frontenac. In
+these and other works, despite their diffuseness in some cases,
+we have a library of historical literature, which, when supplemented
+by the great stores of official documents still preserved
+in the French archives, is of priceless value as a true and
+minute record of the times in which the authors lived, or which
+they described from the materials to which they alone had
+access. It may be said with truth that none of these writers
+were Canadians in the sense that they were born or educated in
+Canada, but still they were the product of the life, the hardships
+and the realities of New France&mdash;it was from this country they
+drew the inspiration that gave vigour and colour to their
+writings. New England, as I have already said, never originated
+a class of writers who produced work of equal value, or
+indeed of equal literary merit. Religious and polemic controversy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">7</a></span>
+had the chief attraction for the gloomy, disputatious puritan
+native of Massachusetts and the adjoining colonies. Cotton
+Mather was essentially a New England creation, and if quantity
+were the criterion of literary merit then he was the most distinguished
+author of his century; for it is said that indefatigable
+antiquarians have counted up the titles of nearly four hundred
+books and pamphlets by this industrious writer. His principal
+work, however, was the "Magnalia Christi Americana, or Ecclesiastical
+History of New England from 1620 to 1698,"<a name="FNanchor_13_22" id="FNanchor_13_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_22" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> a large
+folio, remarkable as a curious collection of strange conceits, forced
+witticisms, and prolixity of narrative, in which the venturesome
+reader soon finds himself so irretrievably mystified and lost that
+he rises from the perusal with wonderment that so much learning,
+as was evidently possessed by the author, could be so used
+to bewilder the world of letters. The historical knowledge is
+literally choked up with verbiage and mannerisms. Even prosy
+du Creux becomes tolerable at times compared with the garrulous
+Puritan author.</p>
+
+<p>Though books were rarely seen, and secular education was
+extremely defective as a rule throughout the French colony, yet
+at a very early period in its history remarkable opportunities
+were afforded for the education of a priesthood and the cult of
+the principles of the Roman Catholic religion among those
+classes who were able to avail themselves of the facilities offered
+by the Jesuit College, which was founded at Quebec before even
+Harvard at Cambridge, or by the famous Great and Lesser Seminaries
+in the same place, in connection with which, in later times,
+rose the University with which is directly associated the name
+of the most famous Bishop of the French regime. The influence
+of such institutions was not simply in making Canada a most
+devoted daughter of that great Church, which has ever exercised
+a paternal and even absolute care of its people, but also in discouraging
+a purely materialistic spirit and probably keeping
+alive a taste for letters among a very small class, especially the
+priests, who, in politics as in society, have been always a controlling
+element in the French province. Evidences of some
+culture and intellectual aspirations in the social circles of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">8</a></span>
+ancient capital attracted the surprise of travellers who visited
+the country before the close of the French dominion. "Science
+and the fine arts," wrote Charlevoix, "have their turn, and conversation
+does not fail. The Canadians breathe from their birth
+an air of liberty, which makes them very pleasant in the intercourse
+of life, and our language is nowhere more purely spoken."
+La Galissoni&#232;re, who was an associate member of the French
+Academy of Science, and the most highly cultured governor
+ever sent out by France, spared no effort to encourage a systematic
+study of scientific pursuits in Canada. Dr. Michel Sarrazin,<a name="FNanchor_13A_23" id="FNanchor_13A_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_13A_23" class="fnanchor">[13<i>a</i>]</a>
+who was a practising physician in Quebec for nearly half a century,
+devoted himself most assiduously to the natural history
+of the colony, and made some valuable contributions to the
+French Academy, of which he was a correspondent. The
+Swedish botanist, Peter Kalm, who visited America in the middle
+of the last century, was impressed with the liking for scientific
+study which he observed in the French colony. "I have
+found," he wrote, "that eminent persons, generally speaking, in
+this country, have much more taste for natural history and literature
+than in the English colonies, where the majority of people
+are entirely engrossed in making their fortune, whilst science is
+as a rule held in very light esteem." Strange to say, he ignores
+in this passage the scientific labours of Franklin, Bartram and
+others he had met in Pennsylvania.<a name="FNanchor_13B_24" id="FNanchor_13B_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_13B_24" class="fnanchor">[13<i>b</i>]</a> As a fact such evidences
+of intellectual enlightenment as Kalm and Charlevoix mentioned
+were entirely exceptional in the colony, and never showed themselves
+beyond the walls of Quebec or Montreal. The province, as
+a whole, was in a state of mental sluggishness. The germs of
+intellectual life were necessarily dormant among the mass of the
+people, for they never could produce any rich fruition until they
+were freed from the spirit of absolutism which distinguished
+French supremacy, and were able to give full expression to the
+natural genius of their race under the inspiration of the liberal
+government of England in these later times.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<div class="chapter">
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">9</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="III" id="III"></a>III.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Passing from the heroic days of Canada, which, if it could
+hardly in the nature of things originate a native literature, at
+least inspired a brilliant succession of historians, essayists and
+poets in much later times, we come now to that period of constitutional
+and political development which commenced with the
+rule of England. It does not fall within the scope of this address
+to dwell on the political struggles which showed their intensity
+in the rebellion of 1837&ndash;8, and reached their fruition in the concession
+of parliamentary government, in the large sense of the
+term, some years later. These struggles were carried on during
+times when there was only a sparse population chiefly centred
+in the few towns of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Upper and
+Lower Canada, on the shores of the Atlantic, on the banks of
+the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario, and not extending beyond
+the peninsula of the present province of Ontario. The cities, or
+towns rather, of Halifax, St. John, Quebec, Montreal, Kingston
+and York, were then necessarily the only centres of intellectual
+life. Education was chiefly under the control of religious bodies
+or in the hands of private teachers. In the rural districts it was
+at the lowest point possible,<a name="FNanchor_14_25" id="FNanchor_14_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_25" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> and the great system of free schools
+which has of late years extended through the Dominion&mdash;and is
+the chief honour of Ontario&mdash;was never dreamed of in those
+times of sluggish growth and local apathy, when communication
+between the distant parts of the country was slow and wretched,
+when the conditions of life were generally very hard and rude,
+when the forest still covered the greater portion of the most
+fertile districts of Ontario,<a name="FNanchor_15_26" id="FNanchor_15_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_26" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> though here and there the pioneer's
+axe could be heard from morn to eve hewing out little patches
+of sunlight, so many glimpses of civilization and better times
+amid the wildness of a new land even then full of promise.</p>
+
+<p>The newspapers of those days were very few and came only
+at uncertain times to the home of the farmer by the side of some
+stream or amid the dense forest, or to the little hamlets that
+were springing up in favoured spots, and represented so many
+radiating influences of intelligence on the borders of the great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">10</a></span>
+lakes and their tributary streams, on the Atlantic seaboard, or on
+the numerous rivers that form so many natural highways to the
+people of the maritime provinces. These newspapers were for
+years mostly small quarto or folio sheets, in which the scissors
+played necessarily the all-important part; but there was, nevertheless,
+before 1840 in the more pretentious journals of the large
+towns, some good writing done by thoughtful men who studied
+their questions, and helped to atone for the very bitter vindictive
+partisan attacks on opponents that too frequently sullied the
+press in those times of fierce conflict.<a name="FNanchor_16_27" id="FNanchor_16_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_27" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> Books were only found
+in the homes of the clergy or of the official classes, and these were
+generally old editions and rarely the latest publications of the
+time. Montreal and Quebec, for many years, were the only
+places where bookstores and libraries of more than a thousand
+volumes could be seen. It was not until 1813 that a successful
+effort was made to establish a "social library" at Kingston,
+Bath, and some other places in the Midland district. Toronto
+had no library worth mentioning until 1836. What culture existed
+in those rude days was to be hunted up among the clergy,
+especially of the Church of England, the Roman Catholic priests
+of Lower Canada, and the official classes of the large towns.
+Some sermons that have come down to us, in pamphlets of very
+common paper&mdash;and very few were printed in those days when
+postage was dear and bookselling was not profitable&mdash;have no
+pretensions to originality of thought or literary style: sermons
+in remarkable contrast with the brilliant and suggestive utterances
+of such modern pulpit orators as Professor Clarke, of Trinity.
+The exhaustive and, generally, closely reasoned sermons of the
+Presbyterian divine had a special flavour of the Westminster confession
+and little of the versatility of preachers like Principal
+Grant in these later times when men are attempting to make
+even dogma more genial, and to understand the meaning of the
+sermon in the Mount. Then, as always in Canada, there were
+found among the clergy of all denominations hardworking, self-denying
+priests and missionaries who brought from time to time
+to some remote settlement of the provinces spiritual consolation
+and to many a household, long deprived of the intellectual nourishment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">11</a></span>
+of other days, an opportunity of conversing on subjects
+which in the stern daily routine of their lives in a new country
+were seldom or ever talked of. It was in the legislative halls of
+the provinces that the brightest intellect naturally found scope for
+its display, and at no subsequent period of the political history
+of Canada were there more fervid, earnest orators than appeared
+in the days when the battle for responsible government was at
+its height. The names of Nelson, Papineau, Howe, Baldwin,
+Wilmot, Johnstone, Young, Robinson, Rolph and Mackenzie
+recall the era when questions of political controversy and political
+freedom stimulated mental development among that class
+which sought and found the best popular opportunities for the
+display of their intellectual gifts in the legislative halls in the
+absence of a great printing press and a native literature. Joseph
+Howe's speeches<a name="FNanchor_17_28" id="FNanchor_17_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_28" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> displayed a wide culture, an original eloquence,
+and a patriotic aspiration beyond those of any other man
+of his time and generation, and would have done credit to the
+Senate of the United States, then in the zenith of its reputation
+as a body of orators and statesmen. It is an interesting fact that
+Howe, then printer and publisher, should have printed the first
+work of the only great humorist that Canada has yet produced.
+I mean of course "The Clockmaker,"<a name="FNanchor_18_29" id="FNanchor_18_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_29" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> in which Judge Haliburton
+created "Sam Slick," a type of a Down-east Yankee pedlar
+who sold his wares by a judicious use of that quality which is
+sure to be appreciated the world over, "Soft sawder and human
+natur'." In this work, which has run through ever so many
+editions, and is still found on the shelves of every well-equipped
+library and bookstore, Sam Slick told some home truths to his
+somewhat self-satisfied countrymen who could not help laughing
+even if the humour touched them very keenly at times.
+Nova Scotia has changed much for the better since those dull
+times when the house of assembly was expected to be a sort of
+political providence, to make all the roads and bridges, and give
+good times and harvests; but even now there are some people
+cruel enough, after a visit to Halifax, to hint that there still is a
+grain of truth in the following reflection on the enterprise of that
+beautiful port: "How the folks to Halifax take it all out in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">12</a></span>
+talkin'&mdash;they talk of steam-boats, whalers and railroads&mdash;but
+they all end where they begin&mdash;in talk. I don't think I'd be
+out in my latitude if I was to say they beat the womankind at
+that. One feller says, I talk of goin' to England&mdash;another says,
+I talk of goin' to the country&mdash;while another says, I talk of
+goin' to sleep. If we Yankees happen to speak of such things
+we say, 'I'm right off down East;' or 'I'm away off South,' and
+away we go jist like a streak of lightnin'." This clever humourist
+also wrote the best history<a name="FNanchor_19_30" id="FNanchor_19_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_30" class="fnanchor">[19]</a>&mdash;one of his own province&mdash;that
+had been written in British North America up to that time&mdash;indeed
+it is still most readable, and worthy of a place in every
+library. In later days the Judge wrote many other books and
+became a member of the English House of Commons: but "Sam
+Slick" still remains the most signal illustration of his original
+genius.</p>
+
+<p>During this period, however, apart from the two works to
+which I have referred, we look in vain for any original literature
+worthy of special mention. A history of Canada written by
+William Smith,<a name="FNanchor_20_31" id="FNanchor_20_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_31" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> a son of an eminent chief justice of New York,
+and subsequently of Canada, was published in excellent style
+for those days as early as 1815 at Quebec, but it has no special
+value except to the collector of old and rare books. Bouchette's
+topographical and geographical account of Canada<a name="FNanchor_21_32" id="FNanchor_21_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_32" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> illustrated
+the ability and zeal of an eminent French Canadian, who deserved
+the thanks of his country, but these well printed books
+were, after all, mere compilations and came from the English
+press. Pamphlets were numerous enough, and some of them
+had literary skill, but they had, in the majority of cases, no permanent
+value except to the historian or antiquarian of the present
+day who must sift out all sorts of material and study every
+phase and incident of the times he has chosen for his theme.
+Michel Bibaud wrote a history of French Canada,<a name="FNanchor_22_33" id="FNanchor_22_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_33" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> which no one
+reads in these days, and the most of the other works that emanated
+from the Canadian press, like Thompson's "War of 1812,"<a name="FNanchor_23_34" id="FNanchor_23_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_34" class="fnanchor">[23]</a>
+are chiefly valued by the historical collector. It was not to be
+expected that in a relatively poor country, still in the infancy of
+its development, severely tried by political controversies, with a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">13</a></span>
+small population scattered over a long stretch of territory, from
+Sydney to Niagara, there could be any intellectual stimulus or
+literary effort except what was represented in newspapers like
+the <i>Gazette</i> of Montreal&mdash;which has always maintained a certain
+dignity of style in its long journalistic career&mdash;the <i>Gazette</i> and
+the <i>Canadien</i>, of Quebec, the <i>Nova Scotian</i> of Halifax, or displayed
+itself in keen contests in the legislatures or court-houses of a
+people delighting always in such displays as there were made of
+mental power and natural eloquence. From a literary point of
+view our American neighbours had, during this period, left us
+away behind, in fact no comparison can be made between the
+two countries; laying aside the original creation of Sam Slick.
+Towards the close of the eighteenth century Belknap published
+his admirable history of New Hampshire,<a name="FNanchor_24_35" id="FNanchor_24_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_35" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> while the third
+volume of Hutchinson's history of Massachusetts appeared in
+1828, to close a work of rare merit alike for careful research,
+philosophic acuteness and literary charm. That admirable collection
+of political and constitutional essays known as the "Federalist"
+had attained a wide circulation and largely influenced
+the destinies of the union under the constitution of 1783. Chief
+Justice Marshall illumined the bench by his great judicial decisions
+which have won a remarkable place in legal literature, on
+account of their close, acute reasoning, breadth of knowledge,
+insight into great constitutional principles, and their immediate
+influence on the political development of the federal republic.
+Washington Irving published, as far back as 1819, his "Sketch
+Book," in which appeared the original creation of Rip Van
+Winkle, and followed it up with other works which recall Addison's
+delightful style, and gave him a fame abroad that no later
+American writer has ever surpassed. Cooper's romances began
+to appear in 1821, and Bancroft published in 1834 the first volume
+of what is a great history despite its somewhat rhetorical and
+ambitious style. Hawthorne's "Twice Told Tales" appeared in
+1835, but his fame was to be won in later years when he wrote
+the "Scarlet Letter" and the "House of Seven Gables," the most
+original and quaint productions that New England genius has
+yet produced. If I linger for a moment among these men it is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span>
+because they were not merely American by the influence of their
+writings; but wherever the English tongue is spoken and English
+literature is read these writers of a past generation, as it
+may be said of others of later times, claim the gratitude of the
+untold thousands whom they have instructed and helped in
+many a weary and sad, as well as idle hour. They were not
+Canadians, but they illustrated the genius of this continent of
+ours.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2><a name="IV" id="IV"></a>IV.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>It was in the years that followed the concession of responsible
+government that a new era dawned on Canada&mdash;an era of
+intellectual as well as material activity. Then common schools
+followed the establishment of municipal institutions in Ontario.
+Even the province of Quebec awoke from its sullen lethargy and
+assumed greater confidence in the future, as its statesmen gradually
+recognized the fact that the union of 1841 could be turned
+to the advantage of French Canada despite it having been largely
+based on the hope of limiting the development of French Canadian
+institutions, and gradually leading the way to the assimilation
+of the two races. Political life still claimed the best talent
+and energy, as it has always done in this country; and, while
+Papineau soon disappeared from the arena where he had been,
+under a different condition of things, a powerful disturbing influence
+among his compatriots, men of greater discretion and wider
+statesmanship like Lafontaine, Morin and Cartier, took his place
+to the decided benefit of French Canada. Robert Baldwin, a tried
+and conservative reformer, yielded to the antagonistic influences
+that eventually arrayed themselves in his own party against him
+and retired to a privacy from which he never ventured until his
+death. William Lyon Mackenzie came back from exile and took
+a place once more in legislative halls only to find there was no
+longer scope for mere querulous agitators and restless politicians.
+Joseph Howe still devoted himself with untiring zeal to his countrymen
+in his native province, while Judge Wilmot, afterwards
+governor like the former in confederation days, delighted the
+people of New Brunswick with his rapid, fervid, scholarly eloquence.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">15</a></span>
+James W. Johnstone, long the leader of the Conservative
+party in Nova Scotia, remarkable for his great flow of language
+and argument; William Young, an astute politician;
+James Boyle Uniacke, with all the genius of an Irish orator;
+Laurence O'Connor Doyle, wit and Irishman; Samuel J. W.
+Archibald with his silver tongue, afterwards master of the rolls;
+Adams G. Archibald, polished gentleman; Leonard Tilley with
+his suavity of demeanour and skill as a politician; Charles Tupper
+with his great command of language, earnestness of expression
+and courage of conviction, were the leading exponents of the
+political opinions and of the culture and oratory of Nova Scotia
+and New Brunswick. In the upper provinces we had in addition
+to the names of the distinguished French Canadians I have
+already mentioned, those of John A. Macdonald, at all times a
+ready and incisive debater, a great party tactician, and a statesman
+of generous aspirations, who was destined to die very many
+years later with the knowledge that he had realized his conception
+of a federation uniting all the territory of British North
+America, from Sydney to Victoria, under one government. The
+names of Allan McNab, Francis Hincks, George Brown, George
+Etienne Cartier, Alexander Galt, D'Arcy McGee, Louis Sicotte,
+John Hillyard Cameron, Alexander Mackenzie, Seth Huntington,
+William McDougall, Antoine Dorion, Alexander Campbell, and of
+other men, eminent for their knowledge of finance, their powers
+as debaters, their graceful oratory, their legal acumen, their political
+skill and their intellectual achievements in their respective
+spheres, will be recalled by many of those who hear me, since
+the most eminent among them have but recently disappeared
+from the stage of active life.</p>
+
+<p>As long as party government lasts in this country men will
+be divided into political divisions, and objection will be of course
+time and again taken to the methods by which these and other
+political leaders have achieved their party ends, and none of us
+will be always satisfied with the conclusions to which their at
+times overweening ambition has led them; but, taking them all
+in all, I believe for one who has lived all my life among politicians
+and statesmen that, despite their failings and weaknesses, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">16</a></span>
+public men of our country in those days laboured on the whole
+conscientiously from their own points of view to make Canada
+happier and greater. Indeed, when I look around me and see
+what has been done in the face of great obstacles during a half
+century and less, I am bound to pay this tribute to those who
+laboured earnestly in the difficult and trying intellectual field of
+public life.</p>
+
+<p>But this period which brought so many bright intellects into
+the activities of political life was distinguished also, not merely for
+the material advance in industry, but notably for some performance
+in the less hazardous walk of literature. The newspaper
+press with the progress of population, the increase of wealth,
+the diffusion of education, the construction of railways and telegraph
+lines, and the development of political liberty, found itself
+stimulated to new energy and enterprise. A daily press now
+commenced to meet the necessities of the larger and wealthier
+cities and towns. It must be admitted, however, that from a
+strictly intellectual point of view there was not in some respects
+a marked advance in the tone and style of the leading public
+journals. Political partisanship ran extremely high in those
+days&mdash;higher than it has ever since&mdash;and grosser personalities
+than have ever characterized newspapers in this country sullied
+the editorial columns of leading exponents of public opinion. No
+doubt there was much brilliant and forcible writing, despite the
+acrimony and abuse that were too often considered more necessary
+than incisive argument and logical reasoning when a political
+opponent had to be met. It was rarely that one could get
+at the whole truth of a question by reading only one newspaper;
+it was necessary to take two or three or more on different sides
+of politics in order to obtain even an accurate idea of the debates
+in the legislative halls. A Liberal or Conservative journal would
+consider it beneath its legitimate functions even as a newspaper
+to report with any fulness the speeches of its political adversaries.
+Of course this is not newspaper editing in the proper sense
+of the phrase. It is not the English method assuredly, since the
+London <i>Times</i>, the best example of a well-equipped and well-conducted
+newspaper, has always considered it necessary to give<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">17</a></span>
+equal prominence to the speeches of Peel, Russell, Palmerston,
+Derby, Disraeli, Gladstone&mdash;of all the leaders irrespective of
+party. Even in these days of heated controversy on the Irish
+question one can always find in the columns of the London press
+fair and accurate reports of the speeches of Gladstone, Balfour,
+McCarthy, Chamberlain, Morley and Blake. This is the sound
+basis on which true and honest journalism must always rest if it
+is to find its legitimate reward, not in the fickle smiles of the
+mere party follower, but in the support of that great public which
+can best repay the enterprise and honesty of a true newspaper.
+Still, despite this violent partisanship to which bright intellects
+lowered themselves, and the absence of that responsibility to
+public opinion expected from its active teachers, the press of
+Canada, during the days of which I am speaking, kept pace
+in some essential respects with the material progress of the
+country, and represented too well the tone and spirit of the mass
+in the country where the rudiments of culture were still rough
+and raw. Public intelligence, however, was being gradually
+diffused, and according as the population increased, and the
+material conditions of the country improved, a literature of some
+merit commenced to show itself. The poems of Cr&#233;mazie,<a name="FNanchor_25_36" id="FNanchor_25_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_36" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> of
+Chauveau,<a name="FNanchor_26_37" id="FNanchor_26_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_37" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> of Howe,<a name="FNanchor_27_38" id="FNanchor_27_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_38" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> of Sangster<a name="FNanchor_28_39" id="FNanchor_28_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_39" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> and others, were imbued
+with a truly Canadian spirit&mdash;with a love for Canada, its scenery,
+its history and its traditions, which entitled them to a larger
+audience than they probably ever had in this or other countries.
+None of those were great poets, but all of them were more or less
+gifted with a measure of true poetic genius, the more noteworthy
+because it showed itself in the rawness and newness of a colonial
+life. Amid the activities of a very busy period the poetic instinct
+of Canadians constantly found some expression. One almost
+now forgotten poet who was engaged in journalism in Montreal
+wrote an ambitious drama, "Saul," which was described at the
+time by a British critic as "a drama treated with great poetic
+power and depth of psychological knowledge which are often
+quite startling;" and the author followed it up with other poems,
+displaying also much imagination and feeling, but at no time
+reaching the ears of a large and appreciative audience. We cannot,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">18</a></span>
+however, claim Charles Heavysege<a name="FNanchor_29_40" id="FNanchor_29_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_40" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> as a product of Canadian
+soil and education, for he was a man of mature age when he
+made his home in this country, and his works were in no wise
+inspired by Canadian sentiment, scenery or aspiration. In history
+Canadians have always shown some strength, and perhaps
+this was to be expected in view of the fact that political and historical
+literature&mdash;such works as Hamilton's "Federalist" or
+Todd's "Parliamentary Government"<a name="FNanchor_30_41" id="FNanchor_30_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_41" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>&mdash;naturally engages the
+attention of active intellects in a new country at a time when
+its institutions have to be moulded, and it is necessary to collect
+precedents and principles from the storehouse of the past for the
+assistance of the present. A most useful narrative of the political
+occurrences in Lower Canada, from the establishment of legislative
+institutions until the rebellion of 1837&ndash;38 and the union
+of 1841, was written by Mr. Robert Christie, long a publicist of
+note and a member of the assembly of the province. While it
+has no claim to literary style it has the great merit of stating the
+events of the day with fairness and of citing at length numerous
+original documents bearing on the text.<a name="FNanchor_31_42" id="FNanchor_31_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_42" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> In French Canada the
+names of Garneau<a name="FNanchor_32_43" id="FNanchor_32_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_43" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> and Ferland<a name="FNanchor_33_44" id="FNanchor_33_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_44" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> have undoubtedly received
+their full meed of praise for their clearness of style, industry of
+research, and scholarly management of their subject. Now that
+the political passion that so long convulsed the public mind in
+this country has disappeared with the causes that gave it birth,
+one is hardly prepared to make as much a hero of Papineau as
+Garneau attempted in his assuredly great book, while the foundation
+of a new Dominion and the dawn of an era of larger political
+life, has probably given a somewhat sectional character to
+such historical work. Still, despite its intense French Canadian
+spirit, Garneau's volumes notably illustrate the literary instinct
+and intellectual strength which have always been distinguishing
+features of the best productions of the able and even brilliant
+men who have devoted themselves to literature with marked
+success among their French Canadian countrymen, who are wont
+to pay a far deeper homage to such literary efforts than the colder,
+less impulsive English Canadian character has ever shown itself
+disposed to give to those who have been equally worthy of recognition
+in the English-speaking provinces.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">19</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="V" id="V"></a>V.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>As I glance over my library shelves I find indeed that historical
+literature has continued since the days of Garneau and
+Ferland, to enlist the earnest and industrious study of Canadians
+with more or less success. In English Canada, John Charles
+Dent produced a work on the political development of Canada
+from the union of 1841 until the confederation of 1867, which
+was written with fairness and ability, but he was an Englishman
+by birth and education, though resident for many years in
+the city of Toronto.<a name="FNanchor_34_45" id="FNanchor_34_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_45" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> And here let me observe that though such
+men as Dent, Heavysege, Faillon, Daniel Wilson, Hunt, D'Arcy
+McGee and Goldwin Smith were not born or educated in Canada
+like Haliburton, Logan, J. W. Dawson, Joseph Howe, Wilmot,
+Cartier, Garneau, or Fr&#233;chette, but only came to this country in
+the maturity of their mental powers, yet to men of their class
+the Dominion owes a heavy debt of gratitude for the ability and
+earnestness with which they have elevated the intellectual standard
+of the community where they have laboured. Although all
+of us may not be prepared to accept the conclusions of the historian,
+or approve the judgment of the political critic; although
+we may regret that a man of such deep scholarship and wide
+culture as Goldwin Smith has never yet been able to appreciate
+the Canadian or growing national sentiment of this dependency,
+yet who can doubt, laying aside all political or personal prejudice,
+that he, like the others I have named, has stimulated intellectual
+development in his adopted home, and so far has given
+us compensation for some utterances which, so many Canadians
+honestly believe, mar an otherwise useful and brilliant career.
+Such literary men have undoubtedly their uses, since they seem
+specially intended by a wise dispensation of affairs to cure us
+of too much self-complacency, and to prevent us from falling
+into a condition of mental stagnation by giving us from time to
+time abundant material for reflection. So much, by way of
+parenthesis, is due to the able men who have adopted Canada
+as their home and have been labouring in various vocations to
+stimulate the intellectual growth of this Dominion. A most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span>
+accurate historical record of the same period of our history as
+that reviewed by Dent was made in French about the same
+time by Louis Turcotte of Quebec.<a name="FNanchor_35_46" id="FNanchor_35_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_46" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> Mr. Benjamin Sulte, a member
+of this society, has also given us the results of many years of
+conscientious research in his "Histoire des Canadiens," which
+is not so well known as it ought to be, probably on account of
+its cumbrous size and mode of publication.<a name="FNanchor_36_47" id="FNanchor_36_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_47" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> The Abb&#233; Casgrain,
+also a member of the society and a most industrious author, has
+recently devoted himself with true French Canadian fervour to
+the days of Montcalm and L&#233;vis, and by the aid of a large mass
+of original documents has thrown much light on a very interesting
+and important epoch of the history of America.<a name="FNanchor_37_48" id="FNanchor_37_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_48" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> Dr. Kingsford
+with patience and industry has continued his history of
+Canada, which is distinguished by accuracy and research.<a name="FNanchor_38_49" id="FNanchor_38_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_49" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> It
+is not my intention to enumerate all those names which merit
+remark in this connection, for this is not a collection of bibliographical
+notes,<a name="FNanchor_39_50" id="FNanchor_39_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_50" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> but simply a review of the more salient features
+of our intellectual development in the well-marked periods of our
+history. Indeed it is gratifying to us to know that the Royal
+Society comprises within its ranks nearly all the historical writers
+in Canada, and it would seem too much like pure egotism were I
+to dilate on their respective performances. Of poets since the
+days of Cr&#233;mazie we have had our full proportion, and it is
+encouraging to know that the poems of Fr&#233;chette,&mdash;whose best
+work has been crowned by the French Academy,&mdash;LeMay, Reade,
+Mair, Roberts, Bliss Carman, Wilfred Campbell and Lampman
+have gained recognition from time to time in the world of letters
+outside of Canada.<a name="FNanchor_40_51" id="FNanchor_40_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_51" class="fnanchor">[40]</a><a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> We have yet to produce in English Canada
+a book of poems which can touch the sympathies and live on the
+lips of the world like those of Whittier and Longfellow, but we
+need not despair since even in the country which gave these
+birth they have not their compeers. Some even declare that the
+only bard of promise who appears in these days to touch that
+chord of nature which makes the whole world kin is James
+Whitcomb Riley, the Hoosier poet, despite his tendency to exaggerate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span>
+provincial dialect and make his true poetic genius too
+subordinate to what becomes at last an affectation and a mere
+mannerism which wearies by its very repetition. Even in England
+there is hesitation in choosing a poet laureate; there are
+Swinburne, Morris and other poets, but not another Tennyson,
+and it has been even suggested that the honour might pass to a
+master of poetic prose, John Ruskin, whose brilliant genius has
+been ever devoted to a lofty idealism which would make the
+world much happier and better. At the present time Canadian
+poets obtain a place with regularity in the best class of American
+magazines, and not infrequently their verse reaches a higher level
+than the majority of poetic aspirants who appear in the same
+field of poetry; but for one I am not an ardent admirer of American
+magazine poems which appear too often mere machine work
+and not the results of that true poetic inspiration which alone
+can achieve permanent fame.</p>
+
+<p>The poems of the well known American authors, Aldrich,
+Gilder and Stedman, have certainly an easy rhythmical flow and
+an artistic finish which the majority of Canadian poetic aspirants
+should study with far more closeness. At the same time it may
+be said that even these artists do not often surpass in poetic
+thought the best productions of the Canadians to whom I have
+referred as probably illustrating most perfectly the highest development
+so far among us of this department of <i>belles-lettres</i>. It is
+not often that one comes across more exquisitely conceived poems
+than some of those written by Mr. John Reade, whom the laborious
+occupation of journalism and probably the past indifference
+of a Canadian public to Canadian poetry have for a long while
+diverted from a literary field where it would seem he should
+have won a wider fame. Among the verses which one can read
+time and again are those of which the first lines are</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"In my heart are many chambers through which I wander free,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Some are furnished, some are empty, some are sombre, some are light;</div>
+  <div class="i0">Some are open to all comers, and of some I keep the key,</div>
+  <div class="i0">And I enter in the stillness of the night."<a name="FNanchor_41_52" id="FNanchor_41_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_52" class="fnanchor">[41]</a><a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span></p>
+<p>It would be interesting as well as instructive if some competent
+critic, with the analytical faculty and the poetic instinct
+of Matthew Arnold or Sainte-Beuve, were to study the English
+and French Canadian poets and show whether they are mere
+imitators of the best models of French and English literature,
+or whether their work contains within itself those germs which
+give promise of original fruition in the future. It will be remembered
+that the French critic, though a poet of merit himself, has
+spoken of what he calls "the radical inadequacy of French
+poetry." In his opinion, whatever talent the French poets have
+for strophe and line, their work, as a rule is "too slight, too soon
+read, too poor in ideas, to influence a serious mind for any length
+of time." No doubt many others think that, in comparison with
+the best conceptions of Wordsworth, Shelley, Keats, Emerson,
+Browning and Tennyson, French poetry is, generally speaking,
+inadequate for the expression of the most sublime thoughts, of
+the strongest passion, or of the most powerful imagination, and
+though it must always please us by its easy rhythm and lucidity
+of style, it fails to make that vivid impression on the mind and
+senses which is the best test of that true poetic genius which
+influences generations and ever lives in the hearts of the people.
+It represents in some respects the lightness and vivacity of the
+French intellectual temperament under ordinary conditions, and
+not the strength of the national character, whose depths are only
+revealed at some crisis which evokes a deep sentiment of patriotism.
+"Partant pour la Syrie," so often heard in the days of the
+last Bonaparte regime, probably illustrated this lighter tendency
+of the French mind just as the "Marseillaise," the noblest and
+most impressive of popular poetic outbursts, illustrated national
+passion evoked by abnormal conditions. French Canadian poetry
+has been often purely imitative of French models, like Musset
+and Gauthier, both in style and sentiment, and consequently
+lacked strength and originality. It might be thought that in
+this new country poets would be inspired by original conceptions&mdash;that
+the intellectual fruition would be fresh and vigorous like
+some natural products that grow so luxuriantly on the virginal
+soil of the new Dominion, and not like those which grow on land
+which is renewed and enriched by artificial means after centuries<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span>
+of growth. Perhaps the literature of a colonial dependency,
+or a relatively new country, must necessarily in its first stages
+be imitative, and it is only now and then an original mind bursts
+the fetters of intellectual subordination. In the United States
+Emerson and Hawthorne probably best represent the original
+thought and imagination of that comparatively new country,
+just as Aldrich and Howells represent in the first case English
+culture in poetry, and in the other the sublimated essence of
+reportorial realism. The two former are original thinkers, the
+two others pure imitators. Walt Whitman's poems certainly
+show at times much power and originality of conception, but
+after all they are simply the creations of an eccentric genius
+and illustrate a phase of that Realism towards which fiction
+even in America has been tending of late, and which has been
+already degraded in France to a Naturalism which is positively
+offensive. He has not influenced to any perceptible extent the
+intellect of his generation or elevated the thoughts of his countrymen
+like the two great minds I have just named. Yet even
+Whitman's success, relatively small as it was in his own country,
+arose chiefly from the fact that he attempted to be an <i>American</i>
+poet, representing the pristine vigour and natural freedom
+of a new land. It is when French Canadian poets become thoroughly
+Canadian by the very force of the inspiration of some
+Canadian subject they have chosen, that we can see them at their
+best. Fr&#233;chette has all the finish of the French poets, and while
+it cannot be said that he has yet originated great thoughts which
+are likely to live among even the people whom he has so often
+instructed and delighted, yet he has given us poems like that on
+the discovery of the Mississippi,<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> which proves that he is capable
+of even better things if he would always seek inspiration
+from the sources of the deeply interesting history of his own country,
+or enter into the inner mysteries and social relations of his
+own people, rather than dwell on the lighter shades and incidents
+of their lives. Perhaps in some respects Cr&#233;mazie had
+greater capabilities for the poems of deep passion or vivid imagination
+than any of his successors in literature; the few national<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span>
+poems he left behind are a promise of what he could have produced
+had the circumstances of his later life been happier.<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a>
+After all, the poetry that lives is the poetry of human life and
+human sympathy, of joy and sorrow, rather than verses on mountains,
+rivers and lakes, or sweetly worded sonnets to Madame B.
+or Mademoiselle C. When we compare the English with the
+French Canadian poets we can see what an influence the more
+picturesque and interesting history of French Canada exercises
+on the imagination of its writers. The poets that claim Ontario
+for their home give us rhythmical and pleasing descriptions of
+the lake and river scenery of which the varied aspects and moods
+might well captivate the eye of the poet as well as of the painter.
+It is very much painting in both cases; the poet should be an
+artist by temperament equally with the painter who puts his
+thoughts on canvas and not in words. Descriptions of our meadows,
+prairies and forests, with their wealth of herbage and
+foliage, or artistic sketches of pretty bits of lake scenery have
+their limitations as respects their influence on a people. Great
+thoughts or deeds are not bred by scenery. The American poem
+that has captured the world is not any one of Bryant's delightful
+sketches of the varied landscape of his native land, but Longfellow's
+Evangeline, which is a story of the "affection that
+hopes, and endures and is patient." Dollard, and the Lady of
+Fort La Tour are themes which we do not find in prosaic Ontario,
+whose history is only a century old&mdash;a history of stern
+materialism as a rule, rarely picturesque or romantic, and hardly
+ever heroic except in some episodes of the war of 1812&ndash;15, in
+which Canadians, women as well as men, did their duty faithfully
+to king and country, though their deeds have never yet been
+adequately told in poem or prose. The story of Laura Secord's
+toilsome journey on a June day eighty years ago<a name="FNanchor_41A_53" id="FNanchor_41A_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_41A_53" class="fnanchor">[41<i>a</i>]</a> seems as susceptible
+of strong poetic treatment as Paul Revere's Ride, told
+in matchless verse by Longfellow.</p>
+
+<p>I think if we compare the best Canadian poems with the
+same class of literature in Australia the former do not at all lose<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span>
+by the comparison. Thanks to the thoughtfulness of a friend in
+South Australia I have had many opportunities of late of studying
+the best work of Australian writers, chiefly poets and novelists,<a name="FNanchor_42_54" id="FNanchor_42_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_54" class="fnanchor">[42]</a>
+and have come to the conclusion that at least the poets of
+both hemispheres&mdash;for to fiction we cannot make even a pretense&mdash;reflect
+credit on each country. In one respect indeed Canadians
+can claim a superiority over their fellow-citizens of the
+British Empire in that far off Australian land, and that is, in the
+fact that we have poets, and historians, and essayists, who write
+the languages of France and England with purity and even elegance;
+that the grace and precision of the French tongue have
+their place in this country alongside the vigorous and copious
+expression of the English language. More than that, the Canadians
+have behind them a history which is well calculated to
+stimulate writers to give utterance to national sentiment. I
+mean national in the sense of being thoroughly imbued with a
+love for the country, its scenery, its history and its aspirations.
+The people of that great island continent possess great natural
+beauties and riches&mdash;flowers and fruits of every kind flourish
+there in rare profusion, and gold and gems are among the treasures
+of the soil, but its scenery is far less varied and picturesque
+than ours and its history is but of yesterday compared with that
+of Canada. Australians cannot point to such historic ground as
+is found from Louisbourg to Quebec, or from Montreal to Champlain,
+the battle ground of nations whose descendants now live
+under one flag, animated by feelings of a common interest and a
+common aspiration for the future!</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps if I were at any time inclined to be depressed as to
+the future of Canada, I should find some relief in those poems by
+Canadian authors which take frequently an elevated and patriotic
+range of thought and vision, and give expression to aspirations
+worthy of men born and living in this country. When
+some men doubt the future and would see us march into the
+ranks of other states, with heads bowed down in confession of our
+failure to hold our own on this continent and build up a new
+nation always in the closest connection with England, I ask them
+to turn to the poems of Joseph Howe and read that inspiring<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span>
+poetic tribute to the mother country, "All hail to the day when
+the Britons came over"&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Every flash of her genius our pathway enlightens,</div>
+  <div class="i2">Every field she explores we are beckoned to tread,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Each laurel she gathers, our future day brightens&mdash;</div>
+  <div class="i2">We joy with her living and mourn with her dead."<a name="FNanchor_43_55" id="FNanchor_43_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_55" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Or read that tribute which the French Canadian laureate,
+Fr&#233;chette, has been fain to pay to the English flag under whose
+folds his country has enjoyed so much freedom and protection for
+its institutions:</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Regarde me disait mon p&#232;re</div>
+  <div class="i0">Ce drapeau vaillamment port&#233;;</div>
+  <div class="i0">Il a fait ton pays prosp&#232;re</div>
+  <div class="i0">Et respecte ta libert&#233;.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"C'est le drapeau de l'Angleterre;</div>
+  <div class="i0">Sans tache, sur le firmament,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Presque &#224; tous les points de la terre</div>
+  <div class="i0">Il flotte glorieusement."</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Or take up a volume by Roberts and read that frequently
+quoted poem of which these are the closing lines:</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Shall not our love this rough sweet land make sure?</div>
+  <div class="i2">Her bounds preserve inviolate, though we die.</div>
+  <div class="i8">O strong hearts of the North,</div>
+  <div class="i8">Let flame your loyalty forth,</div>
+  <div class="i0">And put the craven and base to an open shame,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Till earth shall know the Child of Nations by her name."</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Even Mr. Edgar has forgotten the astute lawyer and the
+politician in his national song, "This Canada of Ours," and has
+given expression to the deep sentiment that lies as I have said
+in the heart of every true Canadian and forces him at times to
+words like these:</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Strong arms shall guard our cherished homes</div>
+  <div class="i6">When darkest danger lowers,</div>
+  <div class="i0">And with our life-blood we'll defend</div>
+  <div class="i8">This Canada of ours,</div>
+  <div class="i12">Fair Canada,</div>
+  <div class="i12">Dear Canada,</div>
+  <div class="i8">This Canada of ours."</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Such poems are worth a good many political speeches even
+in parliament so far as their effect upon the hearts and sympathies
+is concerned. We all remember a famous man once said,
+"Let me make all the ballads, and I care not who makes the
+laws of a people."</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> A list of Canadian poems which have been printed in books (from 1867&ndash;1893)
+appears in the Bibliographical Notes (<a href="#Footnote_40_51">40</a>).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> Given in full in Appendix.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> See Appendix to this work, <a href="#Footnote_40_51">note 40</a>, for an extract from this fine poem.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> See Appendix to this work, <a href="#Footnote_40_51">note 40</a>, for an extract from one of his national
+poems.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2><a name="VI" id="VI"></a>VI.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>But if Canada can point to some creditable achievement of
+recent years in history, poetry and essay-writing&mdash;for I think if
+one looks from time to time at the leading magazines and reviews
+of the two continents he will find that Canada is fairly well
+represented in their pages<a name="FNanchor_44_56" id="FNanchor_44_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_56" class="fnanchor">[44]</a>&mdash;there is one respect in which Canadians
+have never won any marked success, and that is in the novel
+or romance. "Wacousta, or the Prophecy: a Tale of the Canadas,"
+was written sixty years ago by Major John Richardson,<a name="FNanchor_45A_58" id="FNanchor_45A_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_45A_58" class="fnanchor">[45<i>a</i>]</a>
+a native Canadian, but it was at the best a spirited imitation
+of Cooper, and has not retained the interest it attracted at a time
+when the American novelist had created a taste for exaggerated
+pictures of Indian life and forest scenery. Of course attempts
+have been made time and again by other English Canadians to
+describe episodes of our history, and portray some of our national
+and social characteristics, but with the single exception of "The
+Golden Dog,"<a name="FNanchor_45_57" id="FNanchor_45_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_57" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> written a few years ago by Mr. William Kirby,
+of Niagara, I cannot point to one which shows much imaginative
+or literary skill. If we except the historical romance by Mr. Marmette,
+"Fran&#231;ois de Bienville,"<a name="FNanchor_46_59" id="FNanchor_46_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_59" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> which has had several editions,
+French Canada is even weak in this particular, and this is the
+more surprising because there is abundance of material for the
+novelist or writer of romance in her peculiar society and institutions,
+and in her historic annals and traditions. But as yet neither
+a Cooper, nor an Irving, nor a Hawthorne has appeared to delight
+Canadians in the fruitful field of fiction that their country offers
+to the pen of imaginative genius. It is true we have a work by
+De Gasp&#233;, "Les Anciens Canadiens,"<a name="FNanchor_47_60" id="FNanchor_47_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_60" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> which has been translated
+by Roberts and one or two others, but it has rather the value of
+historical annals than the spirit and form of true romance. It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span>
+is the very poverty of our production in what ought to be a rich
+source of literary inspiration, French Canadian life and history,
+that has given currency to a work whose signal merit is its simplicity
+of style and adherence to historical fact. As Parkman
+many years ago first commenced to illumine the too often dull
+pages of Canadian history, so other American writers have also
+ventured in the still fresh field of literary effort that romance
+offers to the industrious, inventive brain. In the "Romance of
+Dollard," "Tonty," and the "Lady of Fort St. John," Mrs. Mary
+Hartwell Catherwood has recalled most interesting episodes of
+our past annals with admirable literary taste and a deep enthusiasm
+for Canadian history in its romantic and picturesque aspects.<a name="FNanchor_48_61" id="FNanchor_48_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_61" class="fnanchor">[48]</a>
+When we read Conan Doyle's "Refugees"&mdash;the best
+historical novel that has appeared from the English Press for
+years&mdash;we may well regret that it is not Canadian genius which
+has created so fascinating a romance out of the materials that
+exist in the history of the <i>ancien r&#233;gime</i>. Dr. Doyle's knowledge
+of Canadian life and history is obviously very superficial; but
+slight as it is he has used it with a masterly skill to give Canada
+a part in his story&mdash;to show how closely associated were the fortunes
+of the colony with the French Court,&mdash;with the plans and
+intrigues of the king and his mistresses, and of the wily ecclesiastics
+who made all subservient to their deep purpose. It would
+seem from our failure to cultivate successfully the same popular
+branch of letters that Canadians are wanting in the inventive and
+imaginative faculty, and that the spirit of materialism and practical
+habits, which has so long necessarily cramped literary effort in
+this country, still prevents happy ventures in this direction. It is
+a pity that no success has been won in this country,&mdash;as in Australia
+by Mrs. Campbell Praed, "Tasma," and many others,&mdash;in the
+way of depicting those characteristics of Canadian life, in the
+past and present, which, when touched by the imaginative and
+cultured intellect, will reach the sympathies and earn the plaudits
+of all classes of readers at home and abroad. Perhaps, Mr.
+Gilbert Parker,<a name="FNanchor_49_62" id="FNanchor_49_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_62" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> now a resident of London, but a Canadian by
+birth, education and sympathies, will yet succeed in his laudable
+ambition of giving form and vitality to the abundant materials<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">29</a></span>
+that exist in the Dominion, among the habitants on the old seigneuries
+of the French province, in that historic past of which the
+ruins still remain in Montreal and Quebec, in the Northwest with
+its quarrels of adventurers in the fur trade, and in the many other
+sources of inspiration that exist in this country for the true story-teller
+who can invent a plot and give his creations a touch of
+reality, and not that doll-like, saw-dust appearance that the vapid
+characters of some Canadian stories assume from the very poverty
+of the imagination that has originated them.</p>
+
+<p>That imagination and humour have some existence in the
+Canadian mind&mdash;though one sees little of those qualities in the
+press or in public speeches, or in parliamentary debates&mdash;we can
+well believe when we read "The Dodge Club Abroad," by Professor
+De Mille,<a name="FNanchor_50_63" id="FNanchor_50_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_63" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> who was cut off in the prime of his intellectual
+strength, or "A Social Departure," by Sara Jeannette Duncan,<a name="FNanchor_51_64" id="FNanchor_51_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_64" class="fnanchor">[51]</a>
+who, as a sequence of a trip around the world, has given us not
+a dry book of travels but a story with touches of genial humour
+and bright descriptions of life and nature, and who is now following
+up that excellent literary effort by promising sketches of East
+Indian life. A story which attracted some attention not long
+since for originality of conception and ran through several editions,
+"Beggars All," is written by a Miss L. Dougall, who is said
+to be a member of a Montreal family, and though this book does
+not deal with incidents of Canadian life it illustrates that fertility
+of invention which is latent among our people and only requires
+a favourable opportunity to develop itself. The best literature
+of this kind is like that of France, which has the most intimate
+correspondence with the social life and development of the people
+of the country. "The excellence of a romance," writes Chevalier
+Bunsen in his critical preface to Gustav Freytag's "Debit and
+Credit," "like that of an epic or a drama, lies in the apprehension
+and truthful exhibition of the course of human things....
+The most vehement longing of our times is manifestly after a
+faithful mirror of the present." With us, all efforts in this
+direction have been most common place&mdash;hardly above the
+average of "Social Notes" in the columns of Ottawa newspapers.</p>
+
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">30</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I do not for one depreciate the influence of good fiction on
+the minds of a reading community like ours; it is inevitable that
+a busy people, and especially women distracted with household
+cares, should always find that relief in this branch of literature
+which no other reading can give them; and if the novel has
+then become a necessity of the times in which we live, at all
+events I hope Canadians, who may soon venture into the field,
+will study the better models, endeavour to infuse some originality
+into their creations and plots, and not bring the Canadian fiction
+of the future to that low level to which the school of realism in
+France, and in a minor degree in England and the United States,
+would degrade the novel and story of every-day life. To my
+mind it goes without saying that a history written with that
+fidelity to original authorities, that picturesqueness of narration,
+that philosophic insight into the motives and plans of statesmen,
+that study and comprehension of the character and life of a
+people, which should constitute the features of a great work of
+this class,&mdash;that such a history has assuredly a much deeper and
+more useful purpose in the culture and education of the world
+than any work of fiction can possibly have even when animated
+by a lofty genius. Still as the novel and romance will be written
+as long as a large proportion of the world amid the cares and
+activities of life seeks amusement rather than knowledge, it is
+for the Canadian Scott, or Hawthorne, or "George Eliot," or
+Dickens of the future, to have a higher and purer aim than the
+majority of novel writers of the present day, who, with a few
+notable exceptions like Black, Besant, Barrie, Stephenson or Oliphant,
+weary us by their dulness and lack of the imaginative
+and inventive faculty, and represent rather the demands of the
+publishers to meet the requirements of a public which must
+have its new novel as regularly as the Scotchman must have his
+porridge, the Englishman his egg and toast, and the American
+his ice-water.</p>
+
+<p>If it were possible within the compass of this address to give
+a list of the many histories, poems, essays and pamphlets that
+have appeared from the Canadian press during the first quarter of
+a century since the Dominion of Canada has been in existence,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">31</a></span>
+the number would astonish many persons who have not followed
+our literary activity. Of course the greater part of this work is
+ephemeral in its character and has no special value; much of the
+historical work is a dreary collection of facts and dates which
+shows the enterprise of school publishers and school teachers and
+is generally wanting in that picturesqueness and breadth of view
+which give interest to history and leave a vivid impression on
+the mind of the student. Most of these pamphlets have been
+written on religious, political or legal questions of the day.
+Many of the poems illustrate rather the aspirations of the school
+boy or maiden whose effusions generally appeared in the poet's
+corner of the village newspaper. Still there are even among these
+mere literary "transients" evidences of power of incisive argument
+and of some literary style. In fact, all the scientific, historical
+and poetical contributions of the period in question, make
+up quite a library of Canadian literature. And here let me observe
+in passing, some persons still suppose that <i>belles-lettres</i>, works
+of fiction, poetry and criticism, alone constitute literature. The
+word can take in its complete sense a very wide range, for it embraces
+the pamphlet or monograph on the most abstruse scientific,
+or mathematical or geographical or physical subject, as well as
+the political essay, the brilliant history, or the purely imaginative
+poem or novel. It is not so much the subject as the form and
+style which make them worthy of a place in literature. One of
+the most remarkable books ever written, the "Esprit des Lois"
+by Montesquieu, has won the highest place in literature by its
+admirable style, and in the science of politics by the importance
+of its matter. The works of Lyell, Huxley, Hunt, Dawson, Tyndall,
+and Darwin owe their great value not entirely to the scientific
+ideas and principles and problems there discussed, but also
+to the lucidity of style in which the whole subject is presented
+to the reader, whether versed or not in science. "Literature is
+a large word," says Matthew Arnold,<a name="FNanchor_52_65" id="FNanchor_52_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_65" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> discussing with Tyndall
+this very subject; "it may mean everything written with letters
+or printed in a book. Euclid's Elements and Newton's Principia
+are thus literature. All knowledge that reaches us through
+books is literature. But as I do not mean, by knowing ancient<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span>
+Rome, knowing merely more or less of Latin <i>belles-lettres</i>, and
+taking no account of Rome's military, and political, and legal,
+and administrative work in the world; and as, by knowing
+ancient Greece, I understand knowing her as the giver of Greek
+art, and the guide to a free and right use of reason and to scientific
+methods, and the founder of our mathematics, and physics,
+and astronomy, and biology, I understand knowing her as all
+this, and not merely knowing certain Greek poems, and histories,
+and treatises and speeches, so as to the knowledge of modern
+nations also. By knowing modern nations, I mean not merely
+knowing their <i>belles-lettres</i>, but knowing also what has been done
+by such men as Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, Darwin." I submit
+this definition of literature by a great English critic and
+poet who certainly knew what he was writing about, to the studious
+consideration of Principal Grant who, in an address to the
+Royal Society two years ago,<a name="FNanchor_53_66" id="FNanchor_53_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_66" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> appeared to have some doubt that
+much of its work could be called literature; a doubt that he
+forgot for the moment actually consigned to a questionable level
+also his many devious utterances and addresses on political, religious
+and other questions of the day, and left him entirely out
+of the ranks of <i>litt&#233;rateurs</i> and in a sort of limbo which is a world
+of neither divinity, nor politics, nor letters. Taking this definition
+of the bright apostle of English culture, I think Canadians
+can fairly claim to have some position as a literary people even
+if it be a relatively humble one, on account of the work done in
+history, <i>belles-lettres</i>, political science and the sciences generally
+Science alone has had in Canada for nearly half a century many
+votaries who have won for themselves high distinction, as the
+eminent names on the list of membership of the Royal Society
+since its foundation can conclusively show. The literature of
+science, as studied and written by Canadians, is remarkably comprehensive,
+and finds a place in every well furnished library of
+the world.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>doyen</i> of science in Canada, Sir William Dawson,<a name="FNanchor_54_67" id="FNanchor_54_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_67" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> we
+are all glad to know, is still at work after a long and severe illness,
+which was, no doubt, largely due to the arduous devotion
+of years to education and science. It is not my intention to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">33</a></span>
+refer here to other well-known names in scientific literature, but
+I may pause for an instant to mention the fact that one of the
+earliest scientific writers of eminence, who was a Canadian by
+birth and education, was Mr. Elkanah Billings,<a name="FNanchor_55_68" id="FNanchor_55_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_68" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> pal&#230;ontologist
+and geologist, who contributed his first papers to the <i>Citizen</i> of
+Ottawa, then Bytown, afterwards to have greatness thrown upon
+it and made the political capital of Canada.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2><a name="VII" id="VII"></a>VII.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Here I come naturally to answer the questions that may be
+put by some that have not followed the history and the work of
+the Royal Society of Canada,&mdash;What measure of success has it
+won? has it been of value to the Canadian people in whose interests
+it was established, and with whose money it is mainly
+supported? Twelve years have nearly passed away since a few
+gentlemen, engaged in literary, scientific and educational pursuits,
+assembled at McGill College on the invitation of the Marquess
+of Lorne, then governor-general of Canada, to consider the
+practicability of establishing a society which would bring together
+both the French and English Canadian elements of our population
+for purposes of common study and the discussion of such
+subjects as might be profitable to the Dominion, and at the same
+time develop the literature of learning and science as far as practicable.<a name="FNanchor_56_69" id="FNanchor_56_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_69" class="fnanchor">[56]</a>
+This society was to have a Dominion character&mdash;to
+form a union of leading representatives of all those engaged in
+literature and science in the several provinces, with the principle
+of federation observed in so far as it asked every society of note
+in every section to send delegates to make reports on the work of
+the year within its particular sphere. Of the gentlemen who
+assembled at this interesting meeting beneath the roof of the
+learned principal of Montreal's well-known university, the majority
+still continue active friends of the society they aided Lord
+Lome to found; but I must also add with deep regret that, within
+a little more than a year, two of the most distinguished promoters
+of the society, Dr. Thomas Sterry Hunt and Sir Daniel
+Wilson, have been called from their active and successful labours<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span>
+in education, science and letters. As I know perhaps better than
+any one else, on account of an official connection with the society
+from the very hour it was suggested by Lord Lorne, no two members
+ever comprehended more thoroughly the useful purpose
+which it could serve amid the all-surrounding materialism of this
+country, or laboured more conscientiously until the very hour of
+their death by their writings and their influence to make the
+society a Canadian institution, broad in its scope, liberal in its
+culture, and elevated in its aspirations. Without dwelling on the
+qualifications of two men<a name="FNanchor_57_70" id="FNanchor_57_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_70" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> whose names are imperishably connected
+with the work of their lifetime&mdash;arch&#230;ology, education
+and chemistry&mdash;I may go on to say that the result of the Montreal
+meeting was the establishment of a society which met for the first
+time at Ottawa in the May of 1882, with a membership of eighty
+Fellows under the presidency of Dr. (afterwards Sir) William
+Dawson, and the vice-presidency of the Honourable P. J. O. Chauveau,
+a distinguished French Canadian who had won a high
+name, not only in literature, but also in the political world where
+he was for years a conspicuous figure; noted for his eloquence,
+his culture and his courtesy of manner. The society was established
+in no spirit of isolation from other literary and scientific
+men because its membership was confined at the outset to eighty
+Fellows who had written "memoirs of merit or rendered eminent
+services to literature or science"&mdash;a number subsequently
+increased to a hundred under certain limitations. On the contrary
+it asks for, and has constantly published, contributions
+from all workers in the same fields of effort with the simple proviso
+that such contributions are presented with the endorsation
+of an actual member, though they may be read before any one of
+the four sections by the author himself. Every association, whether
+purely literature or historical, or scientific, as I have already
+intimated, has been asked to assist in the work of the society,<a name="FNanchor_58_71" id="FNanchor_58_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_71" class="fnanchor">[58]</a>
+and its delegates given every advantage at the meetings possessed
+by the Fellows themselves, except voting and discussing the
+purely internal affairs of the Royal Society. Some misapprehension
+appears to have existed at first in the public mind that,
+because the society was named "The Royal Society of Canada,"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">35</a></span>
+an exclusive and even aristocratic institution was in contemplation.
+It seems a little perplexing to understand why an objection
+could be taken to such a designation when the Queen is
+at the head of our system of government, and her name appears
+in the very first clauses of the act of union, and in every act requiring
+the exercise of the royal prerogative in this loyal dependency
+of the crown. As a fact, in using the title, the desire was
+to follow the example of similar societies in Australia, and recall
+that famous Royal Society in England, whose fellowship is a title
+of nobility in the world of science. Certain features were copied
+from the Institute of France, inasmuch as there is a division into
+sections with the idea of bringing together into each for the purposes
+of common study and discussion those men who have devoted
+themselves to special branches of the literature of learning
+and science. In this country and, indeed, in America generally,
+a notable tendency is what may be called the levelling principle&mdash;to
+deprecate the idea that any man should be in any way
+better than another; and in order to prevent that result it is
+necessary to assail him as soon as he shows any political or intellectual
+merit, and to stop him, if possible, from attaining that
+mental superiority above his fellows that his industry and his
+ability may enable him to reach. The Royal Society suffered a
+little at first from this spirit of depreciation which is often carried
+to an extent that one at times could almost believe that this is a
+country without political virtues or intellectual development of
+any kind. The claims of some of its members were disputed by
+literary aspirants who did not happen for a moment to be enrolled
+in its ranks, and the society was charged with exclusiveness
+when, as a fact, it simply limited its membership, and
+demanded certain qualifications, with the desire to make that
+membership a test of some intellectual effort, and consequently
+more prized by those who were allowed sooner or later to enter.
+It would have been quite possible for the society to make itself
+a sort of literary or scientific picnic by allowing every man or
+woman who had, or believed they had, some elementary scientific
+or other knowledge to enter its ranks, and have the consequent
+advantages of cheap railway fares and other subsidiary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">36</a></span>
+advantages on certain occasions, but its promoters did not think
+that would best subserve the special objects they had in view.
+At all events, none of them could have been prompted by any
+desire to create a sort of literary aristocracy. Indeed, one would
+like to know how any one in his senses could believe for a moment
+that any institution of learning could be founded with
+exclusive tendencies in these times, in this or any other country!
+If there is an intelligent democracy anywhere it is the Republic
+of Letters. It may be aristocratic in the sense that there are certain
+men and women who have won fame and stand on a pedestal
+above their fellows, but it is the world, not of a class, but of
+all ranks and conditions, that has agreed to place them on that
+pedestal as a tribute to their genius which has made people happier,
+wiser and better, has delighted and instructed the artisan
+as well as the noble.</p>
+
+<p>For twelve years then the Royal Society has continued to
+persevere in its work; and thanks to the encouragement given
+it by the government of Canada it has been able, year by year, to
+publish a large and handsome volume of the proceedings and
+transactions of its meetings. No other country in the world can
+exhibit volumes more creditable on the whole in point of workmanship
+than those of this society. The papers and monographs
+that have appeared embrace a wide field of literature&mdash;the whole
+range of arch&#230;ological, ethnological, historical, geographical, biological,
+mathematical and physical studies. The volumes now
+are largely distributed throughout Canada&mdash;among the educated
+and thinking classes&mdash;and are sent to every library, society, university
+and learned institution of note in the world, with the
+hope of making the Dominion better known. The countries
+where they are placed for purposes of reference are these:</p>
+
+<ul class="index">
+  <li class="isub2">The United States: every State of the Union and District of Columbia,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Newfoundland,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Mexico,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Brazil,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Costa Rica,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Uruguay,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Guatemala,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Venezuela,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Chile,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Peru,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">India,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Japan,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Australia,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">New Zealand,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Great Britain and Ireland,</li>
+  <li class="isub2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">37</a></span>Ecuador,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Italy,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Greece,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Norway and Sweden,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Spain,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">South Africa,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Germany,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Roumania,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Argentine Republic,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">France,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Russia,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Austria-Hungary,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Mauritius,</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Denmark.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>So well known are these 'Transactions' now in every country
+that, when it happens some library or institution has not received
+it from the beginning or has been forgotten in the distribution,
+the officers of the society have very soon received an
+intimation of the fact. This is gratifying, since it shows that
+the world of higher literature and of special research&mdash;the world
+of scholars and scientists engaged in important observation and
+investigation&mdash;is interested in the work that is being done in
+the same branches in this relatively new country. It would be
+impossible for me within the limits of this address to give you
+anything like an accurate and comprehensive idea of the numerous
+papers the subject and treatment of which, even from a
+largely practical and utilitarian point of view, have been of
+decided value to Canada, and I can only say here that the members
+of the society have endeavoured to bring to the consideration
+of the subjects they have discussed a spirit of conscientious
+study and research, and that, too, without any fee or reward
+except that stimulating pleasure which work of an intellectual
+character always brings to the mind.</p>
+
+<p>In these days of critical comparative science, when the study
+of the aboriginal or native languages of this continent has absorbed
+the attention of close students, the Royal Society has endeavoured
+to give encouragement and currency to those studies
+by publishing grammars, vocabularies and other monographs
+relating to Indian tongues and antiquities. The Abb&#233; Cuoq,
+one of the most erudite scholars of this continent in this special
+branch of knowledge, has nearly completed in the 'Transactions'
+what will be a monumental work of learning on the Algonquin
+language. A Haida grammar and dictionary are also now awaiting
+the completion of the Abb&#233; Cuoq's work to be published in
+the same way. A great deal of light has been thrown on Cartier's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">38</a></span>
+and Champlain's voyages in the gulf, and consequently on
+its cartography, by the labours of the Abb&#233; Verreau, Prof. Ganong
+and others. The excellent work of the Geological Survey has
+been supplemented by important contributions from its staff, and
+consequently there is to be found in the 'Transactions' a large
+amount of information, both abstract and practical, on the economic
+and other minerals of the Dominion. Chiefly owing to the
+efforts of the society, the government of Canada some time ago
+commenced to take tidal observations on the Atlantic coasts of
+Canada&mdash;an enterprise of great value to the shipping and commercial
+interests of the country&mdash;and has also co-operated in the
+determination of the true longitude of Montreal which is now
+being prosecuted under the able superintendence of Professor
+McLeod. It is in the same practical spirit of investigation and
+action that the society has published a treatise by that veteran
+scholar, Dr. Moses Harvey, of St. John's, Newfoundland, on "The
+Artificial Propagation of Marine Food-fishes and Edible Crustaceans";
+and it is satisfactory to understand from a statement
+made in the House of Commons last session that a question of
+such deep interest to our great fishing industry in the maritime
+provinces is likely to result in some practical measure in the
+direction suggested. The contributions of Sir Daniel Wilson on
+the "Artistic Faculty in the Aboriginal Races," "The Pre-Aryan
+American Man," "The Trade and Commerce of the Stone Age,"
+and "The Huron-Iroquois Race in Canada," that typical race of
+American Indians, were all intended to supplement in a measure
+that scholarly work, "Prehistoric Man," which had brought him
+fame many years before. Dr. Patterson of Nova Scotia, a most
+careful student of the past, has made valuable contributions to
+the history of Portuguese exploration in North American waters,
+and of that remarkable lost tribe known as Beothiks or Red Indians
+of Newfoundland. Sir William Dawson has contributed to
+almost every volume of the 'Transactions' from his stores of
+geological learning, while his distinguished son has followed
+closely in his footsteps, and has made valuable additions to our
+knowledge, not only of the geology of the Northwest, but also of
+the antiquities, languages and customs of the Indian tribes of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">39</a></span>
+British Columbia and the adjacent islands. The opinions and
+theories of Dr. Thomas Sterry Hunt on the "Taconic Question in
+Geology" and the "Relations of the Taconic Series to the later
+Crystalline and the Cambrian Rocks," were given at length in
+the earlier volumes. Mr. G. F. Matthew, of St. John, New Brunswick,
+who is a very industrious student, has elaborated a work on
+the "Fauna of the St. John Group." Not only have our geological
+conditions been more fully explained, but our flora, ferns, and
+botany generally have been clearly set forth by Professors Lawson,
+Macoun and Penhallow. All these and many other papers
+of value have been illustrated by expensive plates, generally executed
+by Canadian artists. The majority of the names I have just
+given happen to be English Canadian, but the French language
+has been represented in science by such eminent men as Hamel,
+Laflamme and Deville&mdash;the two first illustrating the learning and
+culture of Laval, so long associated with the best scholarship of
+the province of Quebec. Without pursuing the subject further,
+let me say, as one who has always endeavoured to keep the interests
+of the society in view, that such monographs as I have mentioned
+represent the practical value of its work, and show what
+an important sphere of usefulness is invariably open to it. The
+object is not to publish ephemeral newspaper or magazine articles&mdash;that
+is to say, articles intended for merely popular information
+or purely literary practice&mdash;but always those essays and works
+of moderate compass which illustrate original research, experiment
+and investigation in all branches of historical, arch&#230;ological,
+ethnological and scientific studies, and which will form a
+permanent and instructive reference library for scholars and students
+in the same branches of thought and study all over the
+world. In fact, the essays must necessarily be such as cannot be
+well published except through the assistance granted by a government,
+as in our case, or by the liberality of private individuals.
+The society, in fact, is in its way attempting just such work as
+is done by the Smithsonian Institute, on a large scale, at Washington,
+so far as the publication of important transactions is concerned.
+I admit that sometimes essays have appeared, but many
+more are offered from time to time, better suited to the periodicals<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">40</a></span>
+of the day than to the pages of a work of which the object is
+to perpetuate the labours of students and scholars, and not the
+efforts of the mere literary amateur or trifler in <i>belles-lettres</i>. But
+while there must be necessarily such limitations to the scope of
+the 'Transactions,' which are largely scientific in their treatment,
+room will be always made for papers on any economic, social or
+ethical subject which, by their acute reasoning, sound philosophy
+and originality of thought, demand the attention of students
+everywhere. Such literary criticism as finds place now and
+then in the dignified old 'Quarterly Review' or in the 'Contemporary'
+will be printed whenever it is written by any Canadian
+author with the same power of keen analysis and judicious appreciation
+of the thoughts and motives of an author that we find
+notably in that charming study of Tennyson's "Princess," by
+S. E. Dawson,<a name="FNanchor_59_73" id="FNanchor_59_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_73" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> who is a Canadian by birth, education and feeling.
+No doubt there is room in the Dominion for a magazine
+combining the features of 'Blackwood,' the 'Contemporary' and
+the 'Quarterly Review'; that is to say, poetry, fiction, criticism,
+reviews of topics of the day, and, in fact, original literary effort
+of the higher order, which, though mostly ephemeral in its character,
+must have much influence for the time being on the culture
+and the education of the public mind. Since the days of
+the old 'Canadian Monthly,'<a name="FNanchor_60_74" id="FNanchor_60_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_74" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> which, with all its imperfections,
+contained much excellent work, all efforts in the same direction
+have been deserving of little encouragement; and, in fact, if such
+a venture is to succeed hereafter it must have behind it sufficient
+capital to engage the assistance of the best Canadian writers, who
+now send their work to American and English periodicals. Such
+a magazine must be carefully edited, and not made the dumping-ground
+for the crude efforts of literary dabblers or for romantic
+gush and twaddle, but must be such a judicious selection of the
+best Canadian talent as will evoke comparison with the higher
+class of periodicals I have mentioned. We have only one literary
+paper of merit in this country, and that is 'The Week,' which,
+despite all the indifference that is too apt to meet a journal not
+influenced by party motives, has kept its literary aim always
+before it, and endeavoured to do such a work as 'The New York<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">41</a></span>
+Nation' has been doing for years under far greater advantages
+in the neighbouring country with marked success and ability.
+In the meantime, until a magazine of the character I advocate is
+established, the 'Transactions of the Royal Society' cannot be
+expected to occupy the same ground unless it is prepared to give
+up that important field which it and the societies with which it
+is associated alone can fill in this country. In one respect, indeed,
+the Royal Society, in my opinion&mdash;and I have endeavoured to
+impress it on my fellow-members&mdash;can reach a much larger class
+of readers than it is now possible by means of its somewhat formidable
+though handsomely printed and well illustrated volumes,
+which necessarily are confined, for the most part, to libraries and
+institutions, where they can be best consulted by students who
+find it necessary to inform themselves on such Canadian subjects
+as the society necessarily treats. It is quite possible that by selecting
+a more convenient form, say royal octavo, and publishing the
+purely scientific sections in one volume and the purely literary
+department in another, a larger inducement will be given to the
+public to purchase its 'Transactions' at a moderate cost and in a
+more convenient shape for reading, whenever they contain monographs
+or large works in which Canadians generally are interested
+or on which they wish special information. Of course, in making
+this change care must be taken to maintain the typographical
+appearance and the character of the scientific illustrations and
+the usefulness of the cartography. Not only may the Royal Society
+in this way reach a larger reading public, but it may stimulate
+the efforts of historic and other writers by giving them
+greater facilities for obtaining special editions of their works for
+general sale. As it is now, each author obtains a hundred copies
+of his paper in pamphlets, sometimes more; and if the form is
+now made smaller and more handy, to use a common word, he
+will be induced to order a larger edition at his own cost. Even
+as it is now, some four or five thousand copies of essays and
+monographs&mdash;in special cases many more&mdash;are annually distributed
+by authors in addition to those circulated in the bound volumes
+of the 'Transactions'; and in this way any value these
+works may have is considerably enhanced. If it should be decided<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">42</a></span>
+to continue the large form, at all events it will be in the
+interest of the society, and of the author of any monograph or
+history of more than ordinary value, to print it not only in the
+'Transactions' but also in a smaller volume for general circulation.
+Practically this would meet the object in view&mdash;the larger
+distribution of the best work of the section devoted to historical
+and general literature. But whether this change is adopted or
+not,<a name="FNanchor_61_75" id="FNanchor_61_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_75" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> I think the Royal Society, by showing even still greater
+zeal and earnestness in the work for which it was founded, by
+co-operating with scholars and students throughout the Dominion,
+by showing every possible sympathy with all those engaged
+in the work of art, culture and education, can look forward hopefully
+to the future; and all it asks from the Canadian public at
+large is confidence in its work and objects, which are in no sense
+selfish or exclusive, but are influenced by a sincere desire to do
+what it can to promote historic truth and scientific research, and
+give a stimulus in this way to the intellectual development of
+this young Dominion, yet in the infancy of its literary life.<a name="FNanchor_F_6" id="FNanchor_F_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_6" class="fnanchor">[F]</a></p>
+
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_F_6" id="Footnote_F_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_6"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> In the course of a speech by the Earl of Derby, in answer to a farewell address
+from the Royal Society, he took occasion to make some remarks with reference
+to its work and usefulness, which have been given in full in the Appendix
+(Note <a name="FNanchor_58A_72" id="FNanchor_58A_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_58A_72" class="fnanchor">58<i>a</i></a>) as the impartial opinion of a governor-general who always took a deep
+interest in all matters affecting the intellectual as well as material development of
+the Dominion.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2><a name="VIII" id="VIII"></a>VIII.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>This necessarily brief review of the work of the Royal Society
+could not well be left out of an address like this; and I can
+now pass on to some reflections that occur to me on the general
+subject.</p>
+
+<p>In the literature of biography, so susceptible of a treatment
+full of human interests and sympathies&mdash;as chatty Boswell's
+"Life of Johnson," and Lockhart's "Life of Scott," notably illustrate&mdash;we
+have little to show, except it be the enterprise of publishers
+and the zeal of too enthusiastic friends. Nor is it necessary
+to dwell on the literature of the law, which is becoming in a measure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a></span>
+more of a technical and less of a learned profession in the
+larger sense, unless, indeed, our university schools of political
+science eventually elevate it to a wider range of thought. Several
+excellent books of a purely technical character have been
+compiled from year to year, but no Kent, or Story, or Cooley has
+yet appeared to instruct us by a luminous exposition of principle,
+or breadth of knowledge. Those who know anything of Dr. Edward
+Blake's great intellectual power, of his wealth of legal
+learning, of his insight into the operations of political constitutions,
+cannot deny that he at least could produce a work which
+might equal in many respects those of the great Americans here
+named; but it looks very much at present as if he, and others
+I could mention, will give up their best years to the absorbing
+and uncertain struggles of politics, rather than to the literature
+of that profession to which they might, under different conditions,
+raise imperishable memorials. From the pulpit many of us hear
+from time to time eloquent and well reasoned efforts which tell
+us how much even the class, necessarily most conservative in its
+traditions, and confined in its teachings, has been forced by modern
+tendencies to enlarge its human sympathies and widen its
+intellectual horizon; but the published sermons are relatively
+few in number; and while, now and then, at intervals, after a
+public celebration, an important anniversary or ceremonial, or as
+a sequence of a controversy on the merits or demerits of creed or
+dogma, we see a pile of pamphlets on the counter of a bookstore,
+we do not hear of any printed book of sermons that appears to
+have entered of recent years into the domain of human thought
+and discussion in the great world beyond our territorial limits.</p>
+
+<p>I shall not attempt to dwell at any length on the intellectual
+standard of our legislative bodies, but shall confine myself to a
+few general observations that naturally suggest themselves to an
+observer of our political conditions. Now, as in all times of our
+history, political life claims many strong, keen and cultured intellects,
+although it is doubtful whether the tendency of our
+democratic institutions is to encourage the most highly educated
+organizations to venture, or remain, should once they venture, in
+the agitated and unsafe sea of political passion and controversy.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span>
+The first parliament of the Dominion, and the first legislatures
+of the provinces, which met after the federal union of 1867,
+when the system of dual representation was permissible&mdash;a system
+whose advantages are more obvious now&mdash;brought into
+public life the most brilliant and astute intellects of Canada, and
+it will probably be a long time before we shall again see assemblages
+so distinguished for oratory, humour and intellectual
+power. A federal system was, doubtless, the only one feasible
+under the racial and natural conditions that met the Quebec
+Conference of 1864; but, while admitting its political necessity,
+we cannot conceal from ourselves the fact that the great drain
+its numerous legislative bodies and governments make upon the
+mental resources of a limited population&mdash;a drain increased by
+the abolition of dual representation&mdash;is calculated to weaken our
+intellectual strength in our legislative halls, when a legislative
+union would in the nature of things concentrate that strength in
+one powerful current of activity and thought. A population of
+five millions of people has to provide not only between six and
+seven hundred representatives, who must devote a large amount
+of time to the public service for inadequate compensation, but
+also lieutenant-governors, judges and high officials, holding positions
+requiring intellectual qualifications as well as business
+capacity if they are properly filled. Apart from these considerations,
+it must be remembered that the opportunities of acquiring
+wealth and success in business or professional vocations
+have naturally increased with the material development of the
+Dominion, and that men of brains have consequently even less
+inducement than formerly to enter on the uncertain and too
+often ungrateful pursuit of politics. We have also the danger
+before us that it will be with us, as it is in the United States
+and even in England under the new conditions that are rapidly
+developing there; the professional politician, who is too often
+the creation of factions and cliques, and the lower influences of
+political intrigue and party management, will be found, as time
+passes, more common in our legislative halls, to the detriment of
+those higher ideals that should be the animating principles of
+public life in this young country, whose future happiness and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">45</a></span>
+greatness depend so much on the present methods of party government.
+Be all this as it may be, one may still fairly claim
+for our legislative bodies that their intellectual standard can
+compare favourably with that of the Congress at Washington or
+the state legislatures of Massachusetts and New England generally.
+After all, it is not for brilliant intellectual pyrotechnics
+we should now so much look to the legislative bodies of Canada,
+but rather for honesty of purpose, keen comprehension of the
+public interests, and a business capacity which can grasp the
+actual material wants and necessities of a country which has to
+face the competition, and even opposition, of a great people full
+of industrial as well as intellectual energy.</p>
+
+<p>Nowhere in this review have I claimed for this country any
+very striking results in the course of the half century since which
+we have shown so much political and material activity. I cannot
+boast that we have produced a great poem or a great history
+which has attracted the attention of the world beyond us, and
+assuredly we find no noteworthy attempt in the direction of a
+novel of our modern life; but what I do claim is, looking at the
+results generally, the work we have done has been sometimes
+above the average in those fields of literature&mdash;and here I include,
+necessarily, science&mdash;in which Canadians have worked.
+They have shown in many productions a conscientious spirit of
+research, patient industry, and not a little literary skill in the
+management of their material. I think, on the whole, there have
+been enough good poems, histories and essays written and published
+in Canada for the last four or five decades to prove that
+there has been a steady intellectual growth on the part of our
+people, and that it has kept pace at all events with the mental
+growth in the pulpit, or in the legislative halls, where, of late
+years, a keen practical debating style has taken the place of the
+more rhetorical and studied oratory of old times. I believe the
+intellectual faculties of Canadians only require larger opportunities
+for their exercise to bring forth a rich fruition. I believe the
+progress in the years to come will be far greater than that we
+have yet shown, and that necessarily so, with the wider distribution
+of wealth, the dissemination of a higher culture, and a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span>
+greater confidence in our own mental strength, and in the resources
+that this country offers to pen and pencil. The time will
+come when that great river, associated with memories of Cartier,
+Champlain, La Salle, Frontenac, Wolfe and Montcalm,&mdash;that river
+already immortalized in history by the pen of Parkman&mdash;will be
+as noted in song and story as the Rhine, and will have its Irving
+to make it as famous as the lovely Hudson.</p>
+
+<p>Of course there are many obstacles in the way of successful
+literary pursuits in Canada. Our population is still small, and
+separated into two distinct nationalities, who for the most part
+necessarily read books printed in their own tongue. A book
+published in Canada then has a relatively limited <i>client&#232;le</i> in the
+country itself, and cannot meet much encouragement from publishers
+in England or in the United States who have advantages
+for placing their own publications which no Canadian can have
+under existing conditions. Consequently an author of ambition
+and merit should perforce look for publishers outside his own
+country if he is to expect anything like just appreciation, or to
+have a fair chance of reaching that literary world which alone
+gives fame in the true sense. It must be admitted too that so
+much inferior work has at times found its way from Canada to
+other countries that publishers are apt to look askance at a book
+when it is offered to them from the colonies. Still, while this
+may at times operate against making what is a fairly good bargain
+with the publisher&mdash;and many authors, of course, believe
+with reason that a publisher, as a rule, never makes a good bargain
+with an author, and certainly not with a new one&mdash;a good
+book will sooner or later assert itself whenever Canadians write
+such a book. Let Canadians then persevere conscientiously and
+confidently in their efforts to break through the indifference which
+at present tends to cramp their efforts and dampen their energy.
+It is a fashion with some colonial writers to believe that there
+is a settled determination on the part of English critics to ignore
+their best work, when, perhaps, in the majority of cases it is the
+lack of good work that is at fault. Such a conclusion sometimes
+finds an argument in the fact that, when so able a Canadian as
+Edward Blake enters the legislative halls of England, some ill-natured<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">47</a></span>
+critic, who represents a spirit of insular English snobbery,
+has only a sneer for "this Canadian lawyer" who had
+better "stay at home," and not presume to think that he, a mere
+colonist, could have anything to say in matters affecting the good
+government of the British Empire. But the time has long since
+passed for sneers at colonial self-government or colonial intellect,
+and we are more likely hereafter to have a Canadian House of
+Commons held up as a model of decorum for so-called English
+gentlemen. Such able and impartial critical journals as <i>The
+Athen&#230;um</i> are more ready to welcome than ignore a good book in
+these days of second-rate literature in England itself. If we produce
+such a good book as Mrs. Campbell Praed's "Australian
+Life," or Tasma's "Uncle Piper of Piper's Hill," we may be sure
+the English papers will do us justice. Let me frankly insist that
+we have far too much hasty and slovenly literary work done in
+Canada. The literary canon which every ambitious writer should
+have ever in his mind has been stated by no less an authority
+than Sainte-Beuve: "Devoted to my profession as a critic, I have
+tried to be more and more a good and if possible an able workman."
+A good style means artistic workmanship. It is too soon
+for us in this country to look for a Matthew Arnold or a Sainte-Beuve&mdash;such
+great critics are generally the results, and not the
+forerunners, of a great literature; but at least if we could have
+in the present state of our intellectual development, a criticism in
+the press which would be truthful and just, the essential characteristics
+of the two authors I have named, the effect would be
+probably in the direction of encouraging promising writers, and
+weeding out some literary dabblers. "What I have wished,"
+said the French critic, "is to say not a word more than I thought,
+to stop even a little short of what I believed in certain cases, in
+order that my words might acquire more weight as historical testimony."
+Truth tempered by consideration for literary genius is
+the essence of sound criticism.</p>
+
+<p>We all know that the literary temperament is naturally sensitive
+to anything like indifference and is too apt, perhaps, to
+exaggerate the importance of its calling in the prosaic world in
+which it is exercised. The pecuniary rewards are so few, relatively,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">48</a></span>
+in this country, that the man of imaginative mind&mdash;the
+purely literary worker&mdash;naturally thinks that he can, at least, ask
+for generous appreciation. No doubt he thinks, to quote a passage
+from a clever Australian novel&mdash;"The Australian Girl"&mdash;"Genius
+has never been truly acclimatized by the world. The
+Philistines always long to put out the eyes of poets and make
+them grind corn in Gaza." But it is well always to remember
+that a great deal of rough work has to be done in a country like
+Canada before its Augustan age can come. No doubt literary
+stimulus must be more or less wanting in a colony where there
+is latent at times in some quarters a want of self-confidence in
+ourselves and in our institutions, arising from that sense of dependency
+and habit of imitation and borrowing from others that
+is a necessity of a colonial condition. The tendency of the absence
+of sufficient self-assertion is to cramp intellectual exertion, and
+make us believe that success in literature can only be achieved
+in the old countries of Europe. That spirit of all-surrounding
+materialism to which Lowell has referred must also always exercise
+a certain sinister influence in this way&mdash;an influence largely
+exerted in Ontario&mdash;but despite all this we see that even among
+our neighbours it has not prevented the growth of a literary class
+famous for its intellectual successes in varied fields of literature.
+It is for Canadian writers to have always before them a high ideal,
+and remember that literature does best its duty&mdash;to quote the
+eloquent words of Ruskin&mdash;"in raising our fancy to the height of
+what may be noble, honest and felicitous in actual life; in giving
+us, though we may be ourselves poor and unknown, the companionship
+of the wisest spirits of every age and country, and in
+aiding the communication of clear thoughts and faithful purposes
+among distant nations, which will at last breathe calm upon the
+sea of lawless passion and change into such halcyon days the
+winter of the world, that the birds of the air may have their nests
+in peace and the Son of Man where to lay his head."</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">49</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="IX" id="IX"></a>IX.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Largely, if not entirely, owing to the expansion of our common
+school system&mdash;admirable in Ontario and Nova Scotia, but
+defective in Quebec&mdash;and the influence of our universities and
+colleges, the average intelligence of the people of this country is
+much higher than it was a very few years ago; but no doubt it
+is with us as with our neighbours&mdash;to quote the words of an eminent
+public speaker whose brilliancy sometimes leads one to forget
+his higher criticism&mdash;I refer to Dr. Chauncey Depew&mdash;"Speed is
+the virtue and vice of our generation. We demand that morning-glories
+and century plants shall submit to the same conditions
+and flower with equal frequency." Even some of our universities
+from which we naturally expect so much seem disposed from
+time to time to lower their standard and yield too readily to the
+demand for purely practical education when, after all, the great
+reason of all education is to draw forth the best qualities of the
+young man, elevate his intelligence, and stimulate his highest
+intellectual forces. The animating principle with the majority of
+people is to make a young man a doctor, a lawyer, an engineer,
+or teach him some other vocation as soon as possible, and the tendency
+is to consider any education that does not immediately
+effect that result as superfluous. Whilst every institution of
+learning must necessarily yield something to this pervading
+spirit of immediate utility, it would be a mistake to sacrifice all
+the methods and traditions of the past when sound scholars at
+least were made, and the world had so many men famous in
+learning, in poetry, in romance, and in history. For one I range
+myself among those who, like James Russell Lowell and Matthew
+Arnold, still consider the conscientious and intelligent study of
+the ancient classics&mdash;the humanities as they are called&mdash;as best
+adapted to create cultured men and women, and as the noblest
+basis on which to build up even a practical education with which
+to earn bread and capture the world. Goldwin Smith very truly
+says, "A romantic age stands in need of science, a scientific and
+utilitarian age stands in need of the humanities."<a name="FNanchor_62_76" id="FNanchor_62_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_76" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> The study of
+Greek, above all others of the humanities, is calculated to stimulate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">50</a></span>
+the higher qualities of our nature. As Matthew Arnold adds
+in the same discourse from which I have quoted, "The instinct
+for beauty is set in human nature, as surely as the instinct for
+knowledge is set there, or the instinct for conduct. If the instinct
+for beauty is served by Greek literature and art as it is served by
+no other literature or art, we may trust to the instinct of self-preservation
+in humanity for keeping Greek as part of our culture."
+With the same great critic and thinker, I hope that in
+Canada "Greek will be increasingly studied as men feel the need
+in them for beauty, and how powerfully Greek art and Greek
+literature can serve this need." We are as respects the higher
+education of this country in that very period which Arnold saw
+ahead for America&mdash;"a period of unsettlement and confusion and
+false tendency"&mdash;a tendency to crowd into education too many
+matters; and it is for this reason I venture to hope that letters
+will not be allowed to yield entirely to the necessity for practical
+science, the importance of which I fully admit, while deprecating
+it being made the dominant principle in our universities. If we
+are to come down to the lower grades of our educational system
+I might also doubt whether despite all its decided advantages
+for the masses&mdash;its admirable machinery and apparatus, its comfortable
+school-houses, its varied systematic studies from form to
+form and year to year, its well managed normal and model schools,
+its excellent teachers&mdash;there are not also signs of superficiality.
+The tendency of the age is to become rich fast, to get as much
+knowledge as possible within a short time, and the consequence
+of this is to spread far too much knowledge over a limited ground&mdash;to
+give a child too many subjects, and to teach him a little of
+everything. These are days of many cyclop&#230;dias, historical summaries,
+scientific digests, reviews of reviews, French in a few lessons,
+and interest tables. All is digested and made easy to the
+student. Consequently not a little of the production of our schools
+and of some of our colleges may be compared to a veneer of knowledge,
+which easily wears off in the activities of life, and leaves
+the roughness of the original and cheaper material very perceptible.
+One may well believe that the largely mechanical system
+and materialistic tendency of our education has some effect in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">51</a></span>
+checking the development of a really original and imaginative
+literature among us. Much of our daily literature&mdash;indeed the
+chief literary aliment of large classes of our busy population is
+the newspaper press, which illustrates in many ways the haste
+and pressure of this life of ours in a country of practical needs like
+Canada. When we consider the despatch with which a large
+newspaper has to be made up, how reports are caught on the
+wing and published without sufficient verification, how editorials
+have to be written <i>currente calamo</i>, and often after midnight when
+important despatches come in, we may well wonder that the daily
+issue of a newspaper is so well done. With the development of
+confederation the leading Canadian papers have taken, through
+the influence of the new condition of things, a larger range of
+thought and expression, and the gross personalities which so frequently
+discredited the press before 1867 have now become the
+exception. If I might refer to an old and enterprising paper as
+an example of the new order of things, I should point to the
+Toronto <i>Globe</i> under its present editorial management and compare
+it with two or three decades ago. It will be seen there is a
+deeper deference to an intelligent public opinion by an acknowledgment
+of the right of a community to hear argument and
+reason even on matters of party politics, and to have fair reports
+of speeches on both sides of a question. In point of appearance,
+make-up, and varied literary matter&mdash;especially in its literary
+department, its criticisms of new books in all branches of literature&mdash;the
+Australasian press is decidedly superior to that of
+Canada as a rule. The Melbourne <i>Argus</i> and the Sydney <i>Herald</i>
+compare with the best London journals, and the reason is mainly
+because there is no country press in Australia to limit the enterprise
+and energy of a newspaper publisher. Perhaps it is as well
+for the general instruction of a community like ours that there
+should be a large and active country press, and the people not
+too much under the guidance of a few great journals in important
+centres of political thought and action. For one I have more faith
+in the good sense and reason of the community as a whole than
+in the motives and disinterestedness of a few leaders in one or
+more cities or towns. But I must also add that when we consider<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">52</a></span>
+the influence a widely disseminated press like that of Canada
+must exercise on the opinions and sentiments of the large body
+of persons of whom it is the principal or only literature, one
+must wish that there was more independence of thought and
+honesty of criticism as well as a greater willingness, or capacity
+rather, to study a high ideal on the part of the press generally.
+However improved the tone of the Canadian press may have become
+of late years, however useful it may be as a daily record
+of passing events&mdash;of course, outside of party politics&mdash;however
+ably it may discuss in its editorial columns the topics of the day,
+it is not yet an influence always calculated to strengthen the
+mind and bring out the best intellectual faculties of a reader like
+a book which is the result of calm reflection, sound philosophic
+thought, originality of idea, or the elevated sentiment of the great
+poet or the historian. As a matter of fact a newspaper is too
+often in Canada a reflex of the average rather than of the higher
+intelligence of the country, and on no other ground can we explain
+the space devoted to a football match, or a prize fight, or a
+murder trial, or degrading incidents in the criminal life of men
+and women. For one, I am an admirer of athletic and other
+sports calculated to develop health and muscle, as long as they
+are not pursued to extremes, do not become the end and aim of
+youth, or allowed to degenerate into brutality. All of us do not
+forget the great influence of the Olympian, the Pythian and other
+public games on the Greek character when the land was "living
+Greece" indeed; but we must also remember that art and song
+had a part in those contests of athletes, that they even inspired
+the lyric odes of Pindar, that the poet there recited his drama or
+epic, the painter exhibited his picture, and the intellectual was
+made a part of the physical struggle in those palmy days of Greek
+culture. I have not yet heard that any Canadian poet or painter
+or historian has ever been so honoured, or asked to take part in
+those athletic games and sports to which our public journals devote
+a number of pages which have not yet been set apart for
+Canadian or any literature. The newspaper reporter is nowadays
+the only representative of literature in our Pythia or Olympia,
+and he assuredly cannot be said to be a Pindaric singer when he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">53</a></span>
+exalts the triumphs of lacrosse or the achievements of the baseball
+champion.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2><a name="X" id="X"></a>X.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>In drawing to a conclusion I come now to refer to a subject
+which is naturally embraced in an address intended to review
+the progress of culture in this country, and that is what should
+have, perhaps, been spoken of before, the condition of Art in the
+Dominion. As our public libraries<a name="FNanchor_63_77" id="FNanchor_63_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_77" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> are small compared with
+those in the neighbouring union, and confined to three or four
+cities&mdash;Montreal being in some respects behind Toronto&mdash;so our
+public and private art galleries are very few in number and insignificant
+as respects the value and the greatness of the paintings.
+Even in the House of Commons, not long since, regret was
+expressed at the smallness of the Dominion contribution, one
+thousand dollars only, for the support of a so-called National Art
+Gallery at Ottawa, and the greater part of this paltry sum, it
+appeared, went to pay, not the addition of good paintings, but
+actually the current expenses of keeping it up. Hopes were
+thrown out by more than one member of the government, in the
+course of the discussion on the subject, that ere long a much
+larger amount would be annually voted to make the gallery
+more representative of the best Canadian art, and it was very
+properly suggested that it should be the rule to purchase a number
+of Canadian pictures regularly every year, and in this way
+stimulate the talent of our artists. Montreal at present has one
+fairly good museum of art, thanks to the liberality of two or three
+of her rich men, but so public spirited a city as Toronto, which
+numbers among its citizens a number of artists of undoubted
+merit, is conspicuous for its dearth of good pictures even in private
+collections, and for the entire absence of any public gallery.
+In Montreal there are also some very valuable and representative
+paintings of foreign artists in the residences of her wealthy men
+of business; but whilst it is necessary that we should have
+brought to this country from time to time such examples of artistic
+genius to educate our own people for better things, it is still
+desirable that Canadian millionaires and men of means and taste<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">54</a></span>
+should encourage the best efforts of our own artists. It is said
+sometimes&mdash;and there is some truth in the remark&mdash;that Canadian
+art hitherto has been imitative rather than creative; but
+while we have pictures like those of L. R. O'Brien, W. Brymner,
+F. A. Verner, O. R. Jacobi, George Reid, F. M. Bell-Smith, Homer
+Watson, W. Raphael, Robert Harris, C. M. Manly, J. W. L. Forster,
+A. D. Patterson, Miss Bell, Miss Muntz, J. Pinhey, J. C. Forbes,
+Paul Peel&mdash;a young man of great promise too soon cut off&mdash;and of
+other excellent painters,<a name="FNanchor_64_78" id="FNanchor_64_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_78" class="fnanchor">[64]</a><a name="FNanchor_G_7" id="FNanchor_G_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_G_7" class="fnanchor">[G]</a> native born or adopted Canadians,
+illustrating in many cases, as do those of Mr. O'Brien notably, the
+charm and picturesqueness of Canadian scenery, it would seem
+that only sufficient encouragement is needed to develop a higher
+order of artistic performance among us. The Marquess of Lorne
+and the Princess Louise, during their too short residence in the
+Dominion, did something to stimulate a larger and better taste
+for art by the establishment of a Canadian Academy and the holding
+of several exhibitions; but such things can be of little practical
+utility if Canadians do not encourage the artists who are to
+contribute. It is to be hoped that the same spirit of generosity
+which is yearly building commodious science halls, and otherwise
+giving our universities additional opportunities for usefulness,
+will also ere long establish at least one fine art gallery in
+each of the older provinces, to illustrate not simply English and
+Foreign art, but the most original and highly executed work of
+Canadians themselves. Such galleries are so many object lessons&mdash;like
+that wondrous "White City" which has arisen by a
+western lake as suddenly as the palaces of eastern story&mdash;to educate
+the eye, form the taste and develop the higher faculties of
+our nature amid the material surroundings of our daily life. No
+doubt the creative and imaginative faculties of our people have
+not yet been developed to any noteworthy extent; the poems and
+paintings of native Canadians too frequently lack, and the little
+fiction so far written is entirely destitute of the essential elements
+of successful and permanent work in art and literature. But the
+deficiency in this respect has arisen not from the poverty of Canadian<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span>
+intellect, but rather from the absence of that general distribution
+of wealth on which art can alone thrive, the consequent
+want of galleries to cultivate a taste among the people for the
+best artistic productions, and above all from the existence of that
+spirit of intellectual self-depreciation which is essentially colonial,
+and leads not a few to believe that no good work of this kind can
+be done in mere dependencies.</p>
+
+<p>The exhibition of American art at the world's fair is remarkable
+on the whole for individual expression, excellent colour and
+effective composition. It proves to a demonstration that the
+tendency is progressive, and that it is not too much to expect
+that a few decades hence this continent will produce a Corot, a
+Daubigny, a Bonnat, a Bouguereau or a Millais. Not the least
+gratifying feature of the exhibition has been the revelation to the
+foreign world&mdash;and probably to many Canadians as well&mdash;that
+there is already some artistic performance of a much higher order
+than was believed to exist in Canada, and that it has been
+adjudged worthy of special mention among the masterpieces that
+surround the paintings of our artists. This success, very moderate
+as it is, must stimulate Canadian painters to still greater
+efforts in the future, and should help to create a wider interest
+in their work among our own people, heretofore too indifferent
+to the labours of men and women, whose rewards have been
+small in comparison with the conscientiousness and earnestness
+they have given to the prosecution of their art.</p>
+
+<p>The opportunities which Canadian artists have had of comparing
+their own work with that of the most artistic examples at
+the exhibition should be beneficial if they have made of them
+the best possible use. American and French art was particularly
+well represented at the exhibition, and was probably most interesting
+from a Canadian point of view, since our artists would
+naturally make comparisons with their fellow-workers on this
+continent, and at the same time closely study the illustrations of
+those French schools which now attract the greater number of
+students from this country, and have largely influenced&mdash;perhaps
+too much so at times&mdash;the later efforts of some well-known painters
+among us. A writer in the New York <i>Nation</i> has made some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span>
+comparisons between the best works of the artists of France and
+the United States, which are supported by the testimony of critics
+who are able to speak with authority on the subject. The French
+notably excel "in seriousness of purpose and general excellence
+of work from a technical point of view, especially in the thorough
+knowledge of construction in both the figure and landscape pictures."
+On the other hand, the artists of the United States
+"show more diversity of aim and individuality of expression, as
+well as colour feeling." Some two or three Canadian artists give
+examples of those very qualities&mdash;especially in their landscapes&mdash;which,
+according to the New York critic, distinguish the illustrations
+of the art of the United States. As a rule, however, there
+is a want of individuality of expression, and of perfection of
+finish, in the work of Canadian artists, as even their relatively
+imperfect representation at Chicago has shown. The tendency
+to be imitative rather than creative is too obvious. Canadian
+painters show even a readiness to leave their own beautiful and
+varied scenery that they may portray that of other countries, and
+in doing so they have ceased in many cases to be original. But
+despite these defects, there is much hope in the general performance
+of Canadians even without that encouragement and sympathy
+which the artists of the United States have in a larger
+measure been able to receive in a country of greater wealth, population
+and intellectual culture.</p>
+
+<p>Not only does the exhibition of paintings in the world's fair
+make one very hopeful of the future artistic development of this
+continent, but the beauty of the architectural design of the noble
+buildings which contain the treasures of art and industry, and
+of the decorative figures and groups of statuary that embellish
+these buildings and the surrounding grounds, is a remarkable
+illustration of the artistic genius that has produced so exquisite
+an effect in general, whatever defects there may be in minor
+details. A critic in the July number of the 'Quarterly Review,'
+while writing "in the presence of these lovely temples, domes,
+and colonnades under the burning American sky which adds a
+light and a transparency to all it rests upon," cannot help echoing
+the regret that this vision of beauty is but for a season, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">57</a></span>
+expressing the hope that some one of the American money kings
+"may perpetuate his name on marble, by restoring, on the edge
+of this immense capital, amid parks and waters, that great central
+square which, were it only built of enduring materials, would
+stand without a rival in modern architecture." Perhaps the fine
+arts in the Dominion&mdash;where sculpture would be hardly heard
+of were it not for the French Canadian H&#233;bert&mdash;may themselves
+even gain some stimulus from the examples of a higher conception
+of artistic achievement that is shown by this exhibition to exist
+in a country where a spirit of materialism has obtained the mastery
+so long. Canadian architecture hitherto has not been distinguished
+for originality of design&mdash;much more than art it has
+been imitative. In Montreal and Quebec the old buildings which
+represent the past have no architectural beauty, however interesting
+they may be to the antiquarian or the historian, and however
+well many of them harmonize with the heights of picturesque
+Quebec. Montreal is assuredly the most interesting city
+from an architectural point of view in Canada, simply for the
+reason that its architects have, as a rule, studied that effect of
+solidity and simplicity of design most in keeping with the grand
+mountain and the natural scenery that give such picturesqueness
+to an exceptionally noble site. While we see all over Canada&mdash;from
+Victoria on the Pacific to Halifax on the Atlantic<a name="FNanchor_64A_79" id="FNanchor_64A_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_64A_79" class="fnanchor">[64<i>a</i>]</a><a name="FNanchor_H_8" id="FNanchor_H_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_H_8" class="fnanchor">[H]</a>&mdash;the
+evidences of greater comfort, taste and wealth in our private and
+public buildings, while we see many elaborate specimens of ecclesiastical
+art, stately piles of legislative halls, excellent specimens
+of Gothic and Tudor art in our colleges, expensive commercial
+and financial structures, and even civic palaces, yet they are
+often illustrative of certain well defined and prevalent types of
+architecture in the eastern and western cities of the United
+States. It cannot be said that Canada has produced an architect
+of original genius like Henry Hobson Richardson, who was cut
+off in the commencement of his career, but not before he had given
+the continent some admirable specimens of architectural art, in
+which his study of the Romanesque was specially conspicuous,
+and probably led the way to a higher ideal which has reached some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">58</a></span>
+realization in the city which must too soon disappear like the
+fabric of a vision, though one can well believe that, unlike a
+dream, it will leave a permanent impress on the intellectual
+development of the people who have conceived an exhibition so
+creditable from a purely artistic point of view.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_G_7" id="Footnote_G_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_G_7"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> Some extended notes on the artists of Canada and their work appear in
+the Appendix, <a href="#Footnote_64_78">note 64</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_H_8" id="Footnote_H_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_H_8"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> See in <a href="#Footnote_64A_79">Appendix 64<i>a</i></a> references to our notable public edifices.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2><a name="XI" id="XI"></a>XI.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The Dominion of Canada possesses a noble heritage which
+has descended to us as the result of the achievement of Frenchmen,
+Englishmen, Scotchmen, and Irishmen, who through centuries
+of trial and privation, showed an indomitable courage,
+patience and industry which it is our duty to imitate with the
+far greater opportunities we now enjoy of developing the latent
+material and intellectual resources of this fair land. Possessing
+a country rich in natural treasures and a population inheriting
+the institutions, the traditions and qualities of their ancestors,
+having a remarkable capacity for self-government, enjoying exceptional
+facilities for the acquisition of knowledge, having
+before us always the record of difficulties overcome against great
+odds in endeavouring to establish ourselves on this continent,
+we may well in the present be animated by the spirit of hope,
+rather than by that feeling of despair which some despondent
+thinkers and writers have too frequently on their lips when it is
+a question of the destiny in store for Canada. In the course of
+the coming decades&mdash;perhaps in four or five, or less&mdash;Canada
+will probably have determined her destiny&mdash;her position among
+the communities of the world; and, for one, I have no doubt the
+results will be far more gratifying to our national pride than the
+results of even the past thirty years, when we have been laying
+broad and deep the foundations of our present system of government.
+We have reason to believe that the material success of this
+confederation will be fully equalled by the intellectual efforts of
+a people who have sprung from nations whose not least enduring
+fame has been the fact that they have given to the world of
+letters a Shakespeare, a Moli&#232;re, a Montesquieu, a Balzac, a
+Dickens, a Dudevant, a Tennyson, a Victor Hugo, a Longfellow,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span>
+a Hawthorne, a Th&#233;ophile Gauthier, and many other names that
+represent the best literary genius of the English and French races.
+All the evidence before us now goes to prove that the French
+language will continue into an indefinite future to be the language
+of a large and influential section of the population of
+Canada, and that it must consequently exercise a decided influence
+on the culture and intellect of the Dominion. It has been
+within the last four decades that the best intellectual work&mdash;both
+in literature and statesmanship&mdash;has been produced in French
+and English Canada, and the signs of intellectual activity in the
+same direction do not lessen with the expansion of the Dominion.
+The history of England from the day the Norman came into the
+island until he was absorbed in the original Saxon element, is
+not likely to be soon repeated in Canada, but in all probability
+the two nationalities will remain side by side for an unknown
+period to illustrate on the northern half of the continent of America
+the culture and genius of the two strongest and brightest
+powers of civilization. As both of these nationalities have vied
+with each other in the past to build up this confederation on a
+large and generous basis of national strength and greatness, and
+have risen time and again superior to those racial antagonisms
+created by differences of opinion at great crises of our history&mdash;antagonisms
+happily dispelled by the common sense, reason and
+patriotism of men of both races&mdash;so we should in the future hope
+for that friendly rivalry on the part of the best minds among
+French and English Canadians which will best stimulate the
+genius of their people in art, history, poetry and romance. In
+the meantime, while this confederation is fighting its way out of
+its political difficulties, and resolving wealth and refinement
+from the original and rugged elements of a new country, it is for
+the respective nationalities not to stand aloof from one another,
+but to unite in every way possible for common intellectual improvement,
+and give sympathetic encouragement to the study of
+the two languages and to the mental efforts of each other. It
+was on this enlightened principle of sympathetic interest that
+the Royal Society was founded and on which alone it can expect
+to obtain any permanent measure of success. If the English and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">60</a></span>
+French always endeavour to meet each other on this friendly
+basis in all the communities where they live side by side as well
+as on all occasions that demand common thought and action and
+cultivate that social and intellectual intercourse which may at
+all events weld them both as one in spirit and aspiration, however
+different they may continue in language and temperament,
+many prejudices must be removed, social life must gain in charm,
+and intellect must be developed by finding strength where it is
+weak, and grace where it is needed in the mental efforts of the
+two races. If in addition to this widening of the sympathies of
+our two national elements, we can see in the Dominion generally
+less of that provincialism which means a narrowness of mental
+vision on the part of our literary aspirants, and prevents Canadian
+authors reaching a larger audience in other countries, then
+we shall rise superior to those weaknesses of our intellectual
+character which now impede our mental development, and shall
+be able to give larger scope to what original and imaginative
+genius may exist among our people. So with the expansion of
+our mental horizon, with the growth of experience and knowledge,
+with the creation of a wider sympathy for native talent,
+with the disappearance of that tendency to self-depreciation
+which is so essentially colonial, and with the encouragement of
+more self-reliance and confidence in our own intellectual resources,
+we may look forward with some degree of hopefulness
+to conditions of higher development, and to the influence on our
+national character of what can best elevate Canadians and make
+them even happier and wiser,</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"The love of country, soaring far above all party strife;</div>
+  <div class="i0">The love of learning, art and song,&mdash;the crowning grace of life."<a name="FNanchor_65_80" id="FNanchor_65_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_80" class="fnanchor">[65]</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">61</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="BIBLIOGRAPHICAL_ART_AND_GENERAL_NOTES" id="BIBLIOGRAPHICAL_ART_AND_GENERAL_NOTES"></a>BIBLIOGRAPHICAL, ART AND GENERAL NOTES.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center">LOWELL'S ADDRESSES.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_1_9" id="Footnote_1_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_9"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Page 1.&mdash;See "Democracy, and Other Addresses," by James Russell Lowell
+(Boston and New York, 1887) pp. 235&ndash;237. The address at the Harvard Anniversary,
+from which I quote in the commencement of the text, should be carefully read and
+studied by all those who are interested in education and culture in the Dominion,
+and do not wish to see the classics superseded by purely scientific and utilitarian
+theories. "Leave," he said, for instance, "in their traditional pre-eminence those
+arts that were rightly called liberal; those studies that kindle the imagination, and
+through it irradiate the reason: those studies that manumitted the modern mind;
+those in which the brains of the finest temper have found alike their stimulus and
+their repose, taught by them that the power of intellect is heightened in proportion
+as it is made gracious by measure and symmetry. Give us science, too, but give,
+first of all and last of all, the science that ennobles life and makes it generous....
+Many-sidedness of culture makes your vision clearer and keener in particulars.
+For, after all, the noblest definition of Science is that breadth and impartiality of
+view which liberates the mind from specialties, and enables it to organize whatever
+we learn, so that it becomes real Knowledge by being brought into true and helpful
+relation with the rest."</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">JAMESTOWN, VA.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_2_10" id="Footnote_2_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_10"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Page 3.&mdash;"Nothing remains of this famous settlement but the ruins of a
+church tower covered with ivy, and some old tombstones. The tower is crumbling
+year by year, and the roots of trees have cracked the slabs, making great rifts across
+the names of the old Armigers and Honourables. The place is desolate with its
+washing waves and flitting sea-fowl, but possesses a singular attraction. It is one
+of the few localities which recall the first years of American history; but it will not
+recall them much longer. Every distinctive feature of the spot is slowly disappearing.
+The river encroaches year by year, and the ground occupied by the original
+huts is already submerged." Cooke's "Virginia" ('American Commonwealths,'
+1884), p. 19.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">CHAMPLAIN.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_3_11" id="Footnote_3_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_11"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;Editions of Champlain's works appeared at Paris in 1603, 1613, 1619,
+1620, 1627, 1632 and 1640; at Quebec in 1830 and 1870. An English translation was
+published by the Prince Society of Boston in 1878&ndash;80. The Abb&#233; Laverdi&#232;re's edition,
+in six volumes, 4to., (Quebec, 1870), is the most perfect modern publication of the
+works. It printed for the first time the text of the voyage of 1599&ndash;1601. For bibliographical
+notes of Champlain's works see Bourinot's "Cape Breton," 'Trans. Roy.
+Soc. Can.,' vol. ix., Sec. II., App. VIII. (also in separate form, Montreal, 1892);
+Winsor's 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 130&ndash;134; Harrisse's "Notes sur la bibliographie
+de la Nouvelle France."</p>
+
+<p>French Canadian writers like Garneau and Ferland have exhausted the language
+of eulogy in describing the character and life of Samuel Champlain, but no one who
+follows his career can doubt the truth of this latest tribute to the French colonizer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">62</a></span>
+of Canada by Dr. N. E. Dionne in "Samuel Champlain, fondateur de Qu&#233;bec et p&#232;re
+de la Nouvelle France: Histoire de sa vie et de ses voyages," Qu&#233;bec, 1891: "Il poss&#233;dait
+&#224; un haut degr&#233; le g&#233;nie colonisateur, et c'est dans ce r&#244;le, si difficile de tout
+temps, qu'il fit preuve de sagesse et de clairvoyance, et dans le choix des colons, et
+dans la direction qu'il sut imprimer &#224; leurs premiers efforts. L'intelligence de
+Champlain se r&#233;v&#232;le dans de nombreux &#233;crits, o&#249; l'observateur judicieux et p&#233;n&#233;trant
+coudoie le savant et le marin aussi hardi qu'exp&#233;riment&#233;. Comme cosmographe
+il a eu l'immense m&#233;rite d'avoir surpass&#233; tous ses devanciers, par l'abondance
+des descriptions et l'agencement heureux des donn&#233;es g&#233;ographiques. C'est un
+nouveau titre de gloire que l'on doit ajouter &#224; sa couronne resplendissante de tant
+de rayons lumineux. Plusieurs historiens, m&#234;me de ceux qui ne comptent pas parmi
+les admirateurs des &#339;uvres fran&#231;aises, lui out rendu le t&#233;moignage d'avoir fait entrer
+la science cartographique dans une nouvelle &#232;re de progr&#232;s. Naturaliste, g&#233;ographe,
+marin, cosmographe; Champlain &#233;tait tout cela &#224; la fois, et dans une mesure hautement
+remarquable pour l'epoque o&#249; il vivait.... Pas un gouverneur sous
+l'ancien r&#233;gime n'a donn&#233; d'aussi grands exemples de foi, de pi&#233;t&#233;, et de droiture
+d'intention."</p>
+
+<p>It is Captain John Smith of Virginia who, among the colonizers of America, can
+best compare with the founder of Quebec. The following estimate of his character,
+given by the historian George Bancroft (i., 138&ndash;139, ed. of 1866), could be applied in
+almost every particular to the Frenchman; all we need do is to read "New France"
+for "Virginia," "French" for "Saxon," "France" for "England," etc.: "He was
+the father of Virginia, the true leader who first planted the Saxon race within the
+borders of the United States. His judgment had ever been clear in the midst of
+general despondency. He united the highest spirit of adventure with consummate
+powers of action. His courage and self-possession accomplished what others esteemed
+desperate. Fruitful in expedients, he was prompt in execution. Though he had
+been harassed by the persecutions of malignant envy, he never revived the memory
+of the faults of his enemies. He was accustomed to lead, not to send his men to
+danger; would suffer want rather than borrow, and starve sooner than not pay. He
+had nothing counterfeit in his nature, but was open, honest and sincere. He clearly
+discerned that it was the true interest of England not to seek in Virginia for gold
+and hidden wealth, but to enforce regular industry. 'Nothing,' said he, 'is to be
+expected thence but by labour.'"</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">LESCARBOT.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_4_12" id="Footnote_4_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_12"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;Editions of Lescarbot's "Histoire de la Nouvelle France" appeared
+at Paris in 1609, 1611, 1617 and 1618; but the most complete and available modern
+copy is that printed by Tross in three volumes (Paris, 1866). For bibliographical
+notes of Lescarbot's works see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 149&ndash;151; Harrisse's
+"Notes."</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">CHARLEVOIX.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_5_13" id="Footnote_5_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_13"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;Editions of Charlevoix's "Histoire et description g&#233;n&#233;rale de la Nouvelle
+France," etc., appeared at Paris in 1744, three volumes, 4to., and six volumes in
+12mo., with maps. Dr. Shea's admirable English version and annotations were
+printed at New York in six handsome volumes, 1866&ndash;1872. For bibliographical notes
+see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 154, 358.</p>
+</div>
+
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">63</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">HUTCHINSON'S HISTORY.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_6_14" id="Footnote_6_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_14"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;For bibliography of Thomas Hutchinson's excellent "History of
+Massachusetts Bay" (Boston, 1749, 1767, 1795; London, 1750, 1768, 1828, three volumes),
+see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iii., 344. He was royal governor of the province,
+1770&ndash;72, and died near London in 1789.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">SAGARD.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_7_15" id="Footnote_7_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_15"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;Editions of Sagard's works, "Le Grand Voyage," etc., appeared at
+Paris in 1632 and 1636, but Tross printed admirable copies at Paris in 1864&ndash;66. Charlevoix
+has not a favourable judgment of Sagard; but no doubt, while he is diffuse,
+he gives an excellent insight into Indian life and customs. For bibliographical
+notes see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 290&ndash;291; Harrisse's "Notes."</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">P. BOUCHER.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_8_16" id="Footnote_8_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_16"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;Pierre Boucher's "M&#339;urs et productions de la Nouvelle France" appeared
+at Paris in 1664 (sm. 12mo.), and is described by Charlevoix as a faithful, if
+superficial, account of Canada. For bibliographical notes, see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist.
+Am.,' iv., 298; Harrisse's "Notes."</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">JESUIT RELATIONS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_9_17" id="Footnote_9_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_17"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;The Canadian Government published at Quebec in 1858, in three large
+8vo. volumes, a series of the "Relations," from 1611&ndash;1672, and supplemental or complemental
+issues of allied and later "Relations" were printed through the efforts of
+Mr. Lenox, Dr. O'Callaghan and Dr. Shea, of New York. For bibliographical notes
+on these invaluable collections, see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' 290 <i>et seq.</i>; Harrisse's
+"Notes."</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">P&#200;RE DU CREUX.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_10_18" id="Footnote_10_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_18"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;P&#232;re du Creux or Creuxius published his prolix work, "Historia
+Canadensis," with map and illustrations, in Latin, at Paris in 1664. For bibliographical
+notes, see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 296; Harrisse's "Notes." Despite its
+diffusiveness, it has value for the historical students of his times.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">LA POTHERIE.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_11_19" id="Footnote_11_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_19"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;Bacqueville de la Potherie's "Histoire de l'Am&#233;rique Septentrionale
+depuis 1534 jusqu'&#224; 1701" was published first at Paris in 1722, four volumes, 12mo.;
+but a later edition appeared in 1753. Charlevoix's opinion, that it is an undigested
+and ill-written narrative, is prejudiced, as the work is on the whole a useful and exact
+account of the French establishments at Quebec, Montreal and Three Rivers, and
+especially of the condition of the Indians of the time. For bibliographical notes see
+'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 299, 357&ndash;358.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">LAFITAU.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_11A_20" id="Footnote_11A_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11A_20"><span class="label">[11<i>a</i>]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;The following note with respect to this able priest's writing is
+taken from 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 298, 299: "The Jesuit Lafitau published
+at Paris in 1724 his 'M&#339;urs des Sauvages Am&#233;riquains' in two volumes, with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">64</a></span>
+various plates, which in the main is confined to the natives of Canada, where he had
+lived long with the Iroquois. Charlevoix said of his book, twenty years later, 'We
+have nothing so exact on the subject;' and Lafitau continues to hold high rank as
+an original authority, though his book is overlaid with a theory of Tartaric origin of
+the red race. Mr. Parkman calls him 'the most satisfactory of the elder writers.'"
+Garneau, ii., 154, mentions that he discovered in 1716 a plant in the Canadian forests
+which is of the nature of ginseng, which for awhile was a valuable article of export
+to Canton. Eventually it became valueless in China on account of its being prepared
+improperly.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">C. LE CLERCQ.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_12_21" id="Footnote_12_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_21"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Page 6.&mdash;P&#232;re Chrestien Le Clercq's "Etablissement de la Foy" appeared in
+two volumes, 12mo., at Paris in 1691, and an excellent translation by Shea at New
+York in 1881. He also wrote a work, "Nouvelle Relation de la Gasp&#233;sie," which
+was also printed at Paris in 1691. For bibliographical notes see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist.
+Am.,' iv., 291; Harrisse's "Notes."</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">COTTON MATHER'S "MAGNALIA."</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_13_22" id="Footnote_13_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_22"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Page 7.&mdash;For bibliographical notes on this curious <i>olla podrida</i> of religion
+and history see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.' iii., 345; Stevens's "Historical Nuggets,"
+ii., 505.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">Dr. MICHEL SARRAZIN.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_13A_23" id="Footnote_13A_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13A_23"><span class="label">[13<i>a</i>]</span></a> Page 8.&mdash;An interesting account of the life and labours of the eminent
+pioneer of science in Canada, who came to Quebec in 1685 and died there in 1734, will
+be found in the fifth volume of the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.' (section IV.), by the Abb&#233;
+Laflamme. See also Parkman's "Old Regime in Canada," p. 366, <i>n.</i> Also, pp. 390&ndash;393
+for citations from Kalm and Charlevoix as to social condition of the French
+colony. Also, pp. 160&ndash;163 and notes, for an account and references to authorities on
+subject of the Seminary.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">PETER KALM.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_13B_24" id="Footnote_13B_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13B_24"><span class="label">[13<i>b</i>]</span></a> Page 8.&mdash;He was professor of Economy in the University of Aobo, in Swedish
+Finland, and a member of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences. His Travels in
+North America ("In Risa tel Nord America"), 1748&ndash;51, first appeared in Swedish
+(Stockholm, 1753&ndash;61), and subsequently in a translation, with the original somewhat
+abridged, by John Reinhold Forster (Warrington and London, 1770; 2nd ed., 1772).
+A translation in French by L. W. Marchand has also been published, and it is
+from that I quote in the text. (For German and Dutch versions see 'Nar. and Crit.
+Hist. Am.,' v., 244.) I have since found that Forster, in a note (ii., 185, 2nd ed.) on
+the remarks of the Swedish savant with respect to the study of science in the English
+colonies, calls attention to the fact that "Mr. Kalm has forgotten his own assertions
+in the former part of this work." Dr. Colden, Dr. Franklin and Mr. Bartram,
+he continues, "have been the great promoters and investigators of nature in this
+country, and how would the inhabitants have gotten the fine collections of North
+American trees, shrubs and plants, which grow at present almost in every garden,
+and are as if they were naturalized in old England, had they not been assisted by
+their friends and by the curious in North America." Forster also refers to the
+schools, colleges and libraries already existing in the English colonies as evidence
+that Kalm hardly did justice to the men of culture in those countries. No doubt
+La Galissoni&#232;re, Sarrazin, Gauthier, and others created, for a time certainly, much<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">65</a></span>
+interest in the practical pursuit of science in Canada. The interest, however, must
+have been necessarily confined to a very small class in the two or three towns and
+garrisons to which La Galissoni&#232;re's influence extended. Some of the Jesuit priests
+like Lafitau (see note 11<i>a</i>) had a taste for natural history, and have left us much information
+on the subject. But Lafitau, La Galissoni&#232;re, Gauthier, Sarrazin and
+others were not native Canadians, though, like Charlevoix and his predecessors who
+wrote of the country, they have left imperishable memorials connecting their names
+with the literary and scientific history of New France. On the other hand, Franklin,
+Bartram, Stith, the Mathers and Beverley, whose names will be always associated
+with the early culture of science and literature in the old English colonies, were
+American by birth and education. Still these men represented a very insignificant
+influence in the practical, money-making population of New England and the
+middle colonies of which Kalm chiefly spoke. Their influence would be relatively
+trifling compared with that which was necessarily exercised by a governor like
+La Galissoni&#232;re in New France, with its sympathetic officials and priests, and which
+was necessarily contrasted by Kalm with the indifference of the English colonists.
+Kalm failed, however, to recognize the public liberty, commercial enterprise and
+secular education which in New England and other colonial communities gave the
+people the advantage over the habitans and French Canadians generally. Instead,
+the spirit of materialism that was a distinguishing feature of the active, enterprising
+English colonists, must have grated on the susceptibilities of a student like
+Kalm, and prevented him from doing impartial justice to the strong qualities of a
+rising nation.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">SCHOOLS, 1792&ndash;1840.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_14_25" id="Footnote_14_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_25"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Page 9.&mdash;For accounts of the deplorable condition of the public schools in the
+rural districts of Upper Canada from 1791 to the union of 1841 see Canniff's "History
+of the Province of Ontario" (Toronto, 1872). Canniff Haight's "Country Life in
+Canada Fifty Years Ago" (Toronto, 1885), and Bourinot's "Intellectual Development
+of the Canadian People" (12mo., Toronto, and 'Canadian Monthly,' 1881). At the
+present time there are 14 universities and 29 colleges in which a classical education
+is given; 6 ladies' colleges, and 5 agricultural colleges and schools of science. The
+value of their buildings, endowments, etc., is upwards of $12,000,000, and the attendance
+is about 9,000 students. The classical colleges of Quebec&mdash;which make up the
+greater number of the colleges in Canada&mdash;are a combination of school and college
+attended by both boys and young men. They confer certain degrees and are generally
+affiliated with Laval University. The effect of the classical studies encouraged
+in these colleges is very perceptible in the culture of the well educated French Canadian.
+At present there are in Canada upwards of 17,000 public, high, normal, and
+model schools, attended by about 1,000,000 pupils, and costing a total annual expenditure
+of between six and seven millions of dollars. In Ontario (once Upper Canada)
+there are 16 universities and colleges, including ladies' and agricultural colleges;
+about 6,000 schools of all kinds, attended by over 500,000 pupils, and costing annually
+over $4,000,000. See "The Statistical Year-Book of Canada," Ottawa, 1893.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">UPPER CANADA, 1793&ndash;1840.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_15_26" id="Footnote_15_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_26"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Page 9.&mdash;Some interesting details of the early settlement of Ontario will be
+found in Dr. Canniff's "History of Ontario" (Toronto, 1872). As a local record or
+annals it is the most valuable yet given to the public by a descendant of the pioneers
+and U. E. Loyalists. Canniff Haight's "Country Life in Canada Fifty Years Ago"
+is a readable and sketchy account of old times.</p>
+</div>
+
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">66</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">CANADIAN JOURNALISM.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_16_27" id="Footnote_16_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_27"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Page 10.&mdash;A brief historical sketch of Canadian journalism will be found in
+Bourinot's "Intellectual Development of the Canadian People" (Toronto, 1881); also
+in Dr. Canniff's "History of the Province of Ontario" (Toronto, 1872), and in "Sketch
+of Canadian Journalism," by E. B. Biggar, "Canadian Newspaper Directory" (Montreal,
+1892). Some of the statements in this article appear to require verification. I
+have now in my possession a copy of the 'York Gazette' printed in July, 1815, though
+Mr. Biggar states that no paper was published in York after the capture of the town
+by the American troops and the destruction of the press and type, in 1813, until 1817.
+The 'York Gazette' was originally the 'Upper Canada Gazette, or American Oracle,'
+first printed in 1793 at Niagara (Newark), when it was the political capital of Upper
+Canada after the passage of the Constitutional Act of 1791. It was removed to York
+(Toronto) in 1800, and became the 'York Gazette' a few years later. At the present
+time there are in Ontario alone, of daily papers, 47; weekly, 386. In the Dominion
+there are 98 daily papers, 1,035 weekly, bi-weekly, monthly, etc. In 1838 there were
+in all British North America not more than 70 papers, of which 38 were in Upper
+Canada. In 1864 the total was about a quarter of the present number.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">HOWE'S SPEECHES.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_17_28" id="Footnote_17_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_28"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Page 11.&mdash;Joseph Howe's speeches were printed at Boston in 1858, two volumes,
+8vo. For bibliographical notes see 'Am. Hist. Ass. Papers, 1892,' p. 396, at end
+of Bourinot's "Parliamentary Government in Canada."</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">"SAM SLICK."</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_18_29" id="Footnote_18_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_29"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Page 11.&mdash;Judge Haliburton's famous work has the title, "The Clockmaker;
+or, Sayings and Doings of Sam Slick of Slickville." London and Halifax, 1st ser.
+1837, 2nd ser. 1838, 3rd ser. 1840. Reprinted 1838&ndash;1843, three volumes. New edition
+1845. Several later cheap English and American editions have appeared from time
+to time. A bibliography and sketch of the judge's life, written probably by his son,
+Robert G., appears in the "Bibliotheca Canadensis" (Ottawa, 1872). The humorous
+sketches, to which he chiefly owes his fame, were contributed anonymously to the
+'Nova Scotian,' then edited by Joseph Howe. The paper is still in existence as a
+weekly edition of the 'Morning Chronicle' of Halifax. The judge was educated in
+old King's College, Windsor. See <i>infra</i>, note 31.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">JUDGE HALIBURTON'S HISTORY.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_19_30" id="Footnote_19_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_30"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Page 12.&mdash;"An Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia," with maps
+and engravings. Halifax, two volumes, large 8vo. For bibliographical note see
+Bourinot's "Cape Breton," App. X. A complete copy, with maps and illustrations,
+is now becoming rare.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">W. SMITH'S HISTORY.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_20_31" id="Footnote_20_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_31"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Page 12.&mdash;"The History of Canada, from its First Discovery to the Peace of
+1763; and from the Establishment of the Civil Government in 1764 to the Establishment
+of the Constitution in 1796." By William Smith, Esquire, Clerk of the Parliament
+and Master in Chancery of the Province of Lower Canada. "Ne quid falsi
+dicere audeat, ne quid veri non audeat." In two volumes, large 8vo. (Quebec, 1815.)
+He was a son of the historian of the province of New York, who after the war of the
+revolution became chief justice of Canada.</p>
+</div>
+
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">67</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">JOSEPH BOUCHETTE.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_21_32" id="Footnote_21_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_32"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Page 12.&mdash;The works of this eminent Canadian surveyor and hydrographer
+appeared under the following titles:</p>
+
+<p>1. "A Topographical Description of the Province of Lower Canada, with remarks
+upon Upper Canada and on the relative connection of both Provinces with the United
+States of America." London, 1815, royal 8vo., with plates. Also an edition in French.</p>
+
+<p>2. "The British Dominions in North America, or a Topographical and Statistical
+Description of the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, New Brunswick, Nova
+Scotia, the Islands of Newfoundland, Prince Edward and Cape Breton, including
+considerations on land-granting and emigration, and a topographical dictionary of
+Lower Canada; to which is annexed the statistical tables and tables of distances,
+published with the author's maps of Lower Canada, in consequence of a vote of the
+Provincial Legislature. Embellished with vignettes, views, landscapes, plans of
+towns, harbours, etc.; containing also a copious appendix." London, 1831, three
+volumes, 4to., generally bound in two.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">MICHEL BIBAUD'S HISTORICAL WORKS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_22_33" id="Footnote_22_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_33"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Page 12.&mdash;"Histoire du Canada sous la Domination Fran&#231;aise." Montreal,
+1837, 8vo. Do., 1843, 12mo.</p>
+
+<p>"Histoire du Canada sous la Domination Anglaise." Do., 1844. The third volume
+of the series appeared after the author's death, and was published by his son,
+J. G. Bibaud, at Montreal, 1878, 12mo.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">THOMPSON'S BOOK ON THE WAR OF 1812.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_23_34" id="Footnote_23_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_34"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Page 12.&mdash;"History of the Late War between Great Britain and the United
+States of America, with a retrospective view of the causes from which it originated,
+collected from the most authentic sources; to which is added an appendix containing
+public documents, etc., relating to the subject." By David Thompson, late of
+the Royal Scots. Niagara, U. C. Printed by T. Sewell, printer, bookbinder and stationer,
+Market Square, 1832, 12mo., pp. 300. This was for some time believed to be
+the first book printed in Upper Canada, but Dr. Kingsford, F.R.S.C., in "The Early
+Bibliography of the Province of Ontario" (Toronto and Montreal, 1892), enumerates
+a list of some thirty-three publications that antedated it, and Mr. Charles Lindsey,
+a bibliophilist and <i>litt&#233;rateur</i> of Toronto, adds a number of others. See Toronto
+'Week,' Dec. 9, 1892, Dr. Kingsford's rejoinder, <i>ib.</i>, Dec. 30, and another article on
+same subject by Mr. Lindsey, <i>ib.</i>, Jan. 13, 1893. All these bibliographical notes are
+interesting, and show how insignificant in point of intellectual and original ability
+was the literature of Ontario for fifty years previous to 1841.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">BELKNAP'S HISTORY.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_24_35" id="Footnote_24_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_35"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Page 13.&mdash;Mr. Jeremy Belknap's "History of New Hampshire" was published
+in Philadelphia and Boston in 1784&ndash;92, three volumes. See Bourinot's "Cape Breton,"
+in 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. ix., p. 315, and p. 147 in the separate volume (Montreal,
+1892).</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">THE POET CR&#201;MAZIE.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_25_36" id="Footnote_25_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_36"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Page 17.&mdash;Octave Cr&#233;mazie was one of the <i>vrai sang</i> of French Canada, and
+a bookseller without the least aptitude for business. He left Quebec after his failure,
+and lived under an assumed name in France, where he died in poverty. His life
+was most unfortunate, and in the gloomy days of his later French career he never<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">68</a></span>
+realized the expectations which his literary efforts in Canada raised among his ardent
+friends. His poems appeared at first in the 'Soir&#233;es Canadiennes' and French
+Canadian journals, but his works were published in full at Montreal, in 1882, under
+the patronage of the Institut Canadien of Quebec, of which he was one of the
+founders. The Abb&#233; Casgrain has given the introduction for this edition, and added
+some of the letters written to him by Cr&#233;mazie from Paris. Cr&#233;mazie, and indeed
+many of his friends, considered the "Trois Morts" as the best effort of his poetic
+genius; but the Abb&#233; truly says: "Cr&#233;mazie has never really been original except
+in his patriotic poems; in them must be sought the secret of his popularity and his
+strongest claim to fame." And he goes on to say: "The old mother-country has
+so far given a warm welcome to only one of our poets. She has acknowledged Fr&#233;chette
+as the most emphatically French of our poetic aspirants; but the time is not
+far distant when she will recognize in Cr&#233;mazie the most thoroughly Canadian of
+them all. His verses have not the exquisite workmanship that is so much admired
+in Fr&#233;chette, but it is full of a patriotic inspiration that is not so often found in
+the author of 'Fleurs Bor&#233;ales.' Despite his inequalities and imperfections, Cr&#233;mazie
+must live among us as the father of our national poetry." The patriotic
+poem which has touched most deeply the hearts of his countrymen is "Le Drapeau
+de Carillon," in which he recalls the military achievements of the days of L&#233;vis and
+Montcalm&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i10">"Les jours de Carillon,</div>
+  <div class="i0">O&#249;, sur le drapeau blanc attachant la victoire,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Nos p&#232;res se couvraient d'un immortel renom</div>
+  <div class="i0">Et tra&#231;aient de leur glaive une h&#233;ro&#239;que histoire.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"O radieux d&#233;bris d'une grande &#233;pop&#233;e!</div>
+  <div class="i0">H&#233;ro&#239;que banni&#232;re au naufrage &#233;chapp&#233;e!</div>
+  <div class="i0">Tu restes sur nos bords comme un t&#233;moin vivant</div>
+  <div class="i0">Des glorieux exploits d'une race guerri&#232;re;</div>
+  <div class="i0">Et, sur les jours pass&#233;s, r&#233;pandant ta lumi&#232;re,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Tu viens rendre &#224; son nom un hommage &#233;clatant.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Ah! bient&#244;t puissions-nous, &#244; drapeau de nos p&#232;res!</div>
+  <div class="i0">Voir tous les Canadiens, unis comme des fr&#232;res,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Comme au jour du combat se serrer pr&#232;s de toi!</div>
+  <div class="i0">Puisse des souvenirs la tradition sainte,</div>
+  <div class="i0">En r&#233;gnant dans leur c&#339;ur, garder de toute atteinte,</div>
+  <div class="i10">Et leur langue et leur foi."</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>When we hear aspirations whispered nowadays that there may be only one language
+in Canada, it is well to consider the influence of such nervous poetic French on the
+national feelings of the large population in the province of Quebec. The French
+language is likely to be deeply seated for some generations yet while there are French
+Canadian poets.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">CHAUVEAU AS A POET.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_26_37" id="Footnote_26_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_37"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Page 17.&mdash;Hon. Mr. Chauveau's poems appeared at different times in the
+'Canadien' of Quebec, 'Le R&#233;pertoire National,' 'Les Soir&#233;es Canadiennes,' 'La
+Revue Canadienne,' and in other papers and publications from 1838 until the year of
+his death, 1890. One of his latest poems, "Le Sacr&#233; C&#339;ur," was printed in the
+second volume of the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' Sec. I. A valuable paper by the same<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">69</a></span>
+<i>litt&#233;rateur</i>, "Etude sur les commencements de la po&#233;sie fran&#231;aise au Canada," appeared
+in the first volume of the 'Trans.,' Sec. I, p. 65. In "Songs of the Dominion"
+(London, 1889, App., pp. 455&ndash;448) the editor gives an illustration of his spirited style
+by citing "Donnacona" at length.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">HOWE'S POEMS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_27_38" id="Footnote_27_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_38"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Page 17.&mdash;These were collected by his son after his death, and printed in a
+little volume with the title "Poems and Essays." Montreal, 1874, 12mo.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">THE POETS SANGSTER AND McLACHLAN.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_28_39" id="Footnote_28_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_39"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Page 17.&mdash;Charles Sangster was a native of Kingston, and consequently a
+native Canadian like the others mentioned in the text. His principal poems appeared
+in the following books: "The St. Lawrence and the Saguenay, and Other Poems."
+Kingston and New York, 1856, 8vo. "Hesperus and Other Poems and Lyrics."
+Montreal, 1860, 8vo. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Bayard Taylor and Jean Inglelow
+wrote of his verse in terms of eulogy. See "Bibliotheca Canadensis," p. 337.</p>
+
+<p>Alexander McLachlan was a poet contemporary with Sangster, and imbued with
+much poetic fervour and Canadian sentiment, but he was born and educated in
+Scotland, and came to Canada when a young man. His "Emigrant and Other
+Poems" (Toronto, 1861) merited the praise it received, though this, like his other
+poetic efforts, are now rarely cited, and no new edition of his works has appeared of
+recent years.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">CHARLES HEAVYSEGE'S WORKS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_29_40" id="Footnote_29_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_40"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Page 18.&mdash;"Saul: a Drama in Three Parts." Montreal, 1857, 8vo. 2nd ed.,
+1859.</p>
+
+<p>"Count Filippo; or, The Unequal Marriage: a Drama in Five Acts." Montreal,
+1860.</p>
+
+<p>"Jephthah's Daughter." London and Montreal, 1865, 12mo.</p>
+
+<p>"The Advocate: a Novel." Montreal, 1865, 8vo. This was a decided failure.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">TODD'S WORKS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_30_41" id="Footnote_30_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_41"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Page 18.&mdash;The first edition of Todd's "Parliamentary Government in England"
+appeared at London in 1867&ndash;68, two volumes, 8vo., and the second after his
+death in 1887. An abridged edition, by Spencer Walpole, an English writer, was
+printed in 1893, two volumes, 12mo. For bibliographical notes of this and other
+Canadian constitutional works see the Appendix to Bourinot's "Parliamentary
+Government in Canada: an Historical and Constitutional Study," 'Am. Hist. Ass.
+Papers,' Washington, 1892.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">CHRISTIE'S HISTORY.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_31_42" id="Footnote_31_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_42"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Page 18.&mdash;Mr. Christie's "History of Lower Canada" embraced the period
+from the commencement of its political history as a British dependency until it
+was reunited with Upper Canada in 1840 by act of the imperial parliament. It appeared
+in Quebec and Montreal from 1849 to 1855, when the sixth volume, a collection
+of valuable documents, completed the work. Previously the author had published
+several memoirs and reviews of political events and administrations, which were
+all finally embraced in the history. For bibliographical notes see 'Am. Hist. Ass.
+Papers,' 1891, p. 393; "Bibliotheca Canadensis," art. "Christie." It is noteworthy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">70</a></span>
+that Mr. Christie was, like Judge Haliburton, born and educated in Windsor, Nova
+Scotia, where old King's College still pursues its calm academic studies amid its
+sheltering and ancestral elms. In 1890 this venerable and interesting institution
+celebrated the centenary of its foundation. See Hind's "University of King's College,
+Windsor, N.S., 1790&ndash;1890," New York, "The Church Review Co.," 1890. But
+Robert Christie could not in those times be educated in King's, as he was not a member
+of the Church of England like the Judge.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">GARNEAU.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_32_43" id="Footnote_32_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_43"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Page 18.&mdash;The first volume of Fran&#231;ois Xavier Garneau's "Histoire du Canada
+depuis sa d&#233;couverte jusqu'&#224; nos jours" appeared at Quebec in 1845; the second in
+1846; and the third, bringing the history down to the establishment of constitutional
+government in 1791, was printed in 1848. A second edition completed the work to
+the union of the Canadas in 1841, and was published in 1852 at Montreal by Mr.
+Lovell, the well-known publisher. A third edition appeared at Quebec in 1859, and a
+somewhat slovenly translation was made by Mr. Andrew Bell and printed at Montreal
+in 1860. The fourth edition appeared in four volumes after the historian's
+death. It is the third edition, as originally written by Mr. Garneau. The fourth
+volume of this edition contains an eulogistic review of the author's life by Mr. Chauveau,
+a poem by Mr. Louis Fr&#233;chette on "Notre Histoire"&mdash;also printed in 'Trans.
+Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. i., Sec. I.,&mdash;and an analytical table by Mr. B. Sulte. A portrait
+of Mr. Garneau is the frontispiece to the same volume. The 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,'
+vol. i., Sec. I., has a paper by Abb&#233; Casgrain on Garneau and Ferland, "Notre Pass&#233;
+Litt&#233;raire, et nos deux historiens." In the same volume appears a paper by Mr.
+J. M. LeMoine on "Nos quatre historiens modernes, Bibaud, Garneau, Ferland,
+Faillon," which, like the preceding essay, certainly does not fail in the way of eulogy.
+French Canada assuredly is proud and not often too critical of her eminent writers.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">FERLAND AND FAILLON.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_33_44" id="Footnote_33_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_44"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Page 18.&mdash;"Cours d'Histoire du Canada. Premi&#232;re partie, 1534&ndash;1663." Par
+J. B. A. Ferland, pr&#234;tre, professeur d'histoire &#224; l'Universit&#233; Laval. Qu&#233;bec, 1861, 8vo.
+Seconde partie, 1663&ndash;1759; do., 1865, 8vo. The second volume was going through the
+press at the time of the author's death, and subsequently appeared under the careful
+supervision of his friend the Abb&#233; Laverdi&#232;re, to whose historical labours Canada
+is deeply indebted. Indeed French Canada owes much to Laval, with its able teachers,
+historians and scientists.</p>
+
+<p>The Abb&#233; Faillon, a Sulpician, who wrote a "Histoire de la Colonie Fran&#231;aise
+en Canada" (Paris, 1865) in four 4to. volumes, was not a Canadian by birth and education
+like Ferland and Garneau, but came to Canada in 1854, and, after residing
+there for over ten years, returned to his native country, where he published his
+well known and valuable work.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">DENT'S WORKS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_34_45" id="Footnote_34_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_45"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Page 19,&mdash;John Charles Dent was an English journalist, who subsequently
+became connected with the Toronto press. He wrote the two following works: "The
+Last Forty Years: Canada since the Union of 1841," Toronto, 1881, two volumes,
+sm. 4to.; "The Story of the Upper Canada Rebellion," Toronto, 1885&ndash;86, two volumes,
+sm. 4to. He also edited the "Canadian Portrait Gallery," Toronto, 1880&ndash;81. Although
+not a Canadian by birth or education, he identified himself thoroughly with Canadian
+thought and sentiment, and was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">71</a></span>
+before his too sudden death. A criticism of his work on "Canada since the Union"
+by the Abb&#233; Casgrain ('Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. iii., Sec. I.) indicated that his
+opinions did not always meet with the warm approval of the French Canadians of a
+very pronounced type.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">LOUIS TURCOTTE'S HISTORY.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_35_46" id="Footnote_35_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_46"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Page 20.&mdash;This work appeared at Quebec in two 12mo. volumes in 1871. Mr.
+Turcotte was a French Canadian by birth and education, and connected with the
+legislative library at Quebec when he died. See a favourable review of his literary
+work by Mr. Faucher de Saint-Maurice, F.R.S.C., in 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. i.,
+Sec. I.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">B. SULTE.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_36_47" id="Footnote_36_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_47"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> Page 20.&mdash;"Histoire des Canadiens-Fran&#231;ais, 1608&ndash;1880. Origine, Histoire,
+Religion, Guerres, D&#233;couvertes, Colonisation, Coutumes, Vie domestique et politique,
+D&#233;veloppement, Avenir. Par Benjamin Sulte. Ouvrage orn&#233; de portraits et de
+plans." Eight volumes, 4to., Montreal, 1882&ndash;1884. Mr. Sulte is also the author of
+several poems, (See Note 40) and numerous essays and monographs of much literary
+merit and historic value. He is one of the most industrious members of the Royal
+Society of Canada.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">ABB&#201; CASGRAIN.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_37_48" id="Footnote_37_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_48"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Page 20.&mdash;The Abb&#233; H. R. Casgrain's best known works are the following:</p>
+
+<p>"L&#233;gendes Canadiennes." Quebec, 1861, 12mo. New ed., Montreal, 1884.</p>
+
+<p>"Histoire de la M&#232;re Marie de l'Incarnation, premi&#232;re sup&#233;rieure des Ursulines
+de la Nouvelle France. Pr&#233;c&#233;d&#233;e d'une esquisse sur l'histoire religieuse des premiers
+temps de cette colonie." Quebec, 1864, 8vo. New ed., Montreal, 1886.</p>
+
+<p>"Guerre du Canada, 1756&ndash;1760. Montcalm et L&#233;vis." Quebec, 1891, two volumes,
+8vo.</p>
+
+<p>The Abb&#233; has been a most industrious historical student, and to enumerate all
+his literary efforts would be to occupy much space. He has been a principal contributor
+to the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.' His monographs, "Un p&#232;lerinage au pays
+d'Evangeline" (vol. iv.) and "Les Acadiens apr&#232;s leur dispersion" (vol. v.), are particularly
+interesting, and the former has been crowned by the French Academy, and
+appeared in book form at Quebec. He is very much imbued with the national spirit
+and fervour of his countrymen.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">KINGSFORD'S AND OTHER HISTORICAL WORKS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_38_49" id="Footnote_38_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_49"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Page 20.&mdash;Six volumes of Dr. Kingsford's "History of Canada" have appeared
+since 1887. Volume i. embraces the period from 1608 to 1682; vol. ii., 1679&ndash;1725; vol.
+iii., 1726&ndash;1756; vol. iv., 1756&ndash;1763; vol. v., 1763&ndash;1775; vol. vi., 1776&ndash;1779. Toronto and
+London, 8vo. For bibliographical notes on various works relating to the political and
+general history of Canada see Bourinot's "Parliamentary Government in Canada,"
+'Am. Hist. Ass. Papers,' 1891, App. References are there made to McMullen, Withrow,
+Murdoch, Campbell, Hincks, etc. Also 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' viii., 171&ndash;189.
+As usual, the learned editor, Dr. Winsor, supplies by his notes many deficiencies in
+the text. Also, Edmond Lareau's "Histoire de la Litt&#233;rature Canadienne" (Montreal),
+c. 4, and Mr. J. C. Dent's "Last Forty Years; or, Canada since the Union of
+1841," c. 42, on "Literature and Journalism." Among the later French Canadian
+writers who are doing excellent historical work is Dr. N. E. Dionne, F.R.S.C.,
+author of several books on Cartier and his successors and Champlain. Mr. Hannay<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">72</a></span>
+of St. John has written a "History of Acadia," which has been well received (St.
+John, N.B., 1879, 8vo.) The Abb&#233; Auguste Gosselin is another industrious French
+Canadian writer. Mr. Joseph Tass&#233;, whose "Canadiens de l'Ouest" (Montreal, 1878,
+two volumes) was distinguished by much research and literary skill, has of late years
+devoted himself mainly to politics and journalism, though he has found time to write
+several essays for the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' and a small volume, "38<sup>me</sup> Fauteuil,
+ou Souvenirs Parlementaires" (Montreal, 1891), a series of political sketches, written
+in excellent French. A monumental work is the "Dictionnaire G&#233;n&#233;alogique des
+familles canadiennes" by Mgr. Tanguay, F.R.S.C., invaluable to students of French
+Canadian history and ethnography.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">CANADIAN BIBLIOGRAPHY.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_39_50" id="Footnote_39_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_50"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Page 20.&mdash;A bibliography of the members of the Royal Society, on the plan of
+one given in the sixth volume (1892) of the 'Papers of the American Historical Association,'
+is now being prepared for the eleventh volume of the 'Transactions.' It
+will be much fuller necessarily than the bibliographical notes that appear in this
+monograph.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">LATER CANADIAN POETS, 1867&ndash;1893.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_40_51" id="Footnote_40_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_51"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Page 20.&mdash;Dr. Louis Fr&#233;chette's poems are admitted to be the most finished
+illustrations of French poetic art yet produced in the Dominion; and one who reads
+them can easily understand that "Les Fleurs Bor&#233;ales" and "Les Oiseaux de
+Neige" (now in the third edition, Montreal) should have been crowned by the French
+Academy in 1880, and that he should have been accorded the Monthyon prize as a
+matter of course. His other volumes of poems are these: "Mes Loisirs," Quebec,
+1863; "La Voix d'un Exil&#233;," Quebec, 1869; "P&#234;le-M&#234;le," Montreal, 1877; "Les
+Oubli&#233;s" and "Voix d'Outre-Mer," Montreal, 1886; and "Feuilles Volantes," Montreal,
+1891. His poem on the discovery of the Mississippi is probably his best sustained
+effort on the whole. A number of his poems have appeared in the 'Trans. Roy. Soc.
+Can.,' vols. i., ii., iii., iv. He has published some dramas and comedies (see 'Am.
+Cyclop&#230;dia of Biography,' vol. ii., p. 539), which have not been as successful as his
+purely poetic essays. He has also written several essays of merit in 'Harper's
+Monthly' and other periodicals of the day, as well as in the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.'</p>
+
+<p>The following is an extract from his poem on "La D&#233;couverte du Mississippi":</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Tant&#244;t je croyais voir, sous les vertes arcades,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Du fatal De Soto passer les cavalcades</div>
+  <div class="i0">En jetant au d&#233;sert un d&#233;fi solennel;</div>
+  <div class="i0">Tant&#244;t c'&#233;tait Marquette errant dans la prairie,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Impatient d'offrir un monde &#224; sa patrie,</div>
+  <div class="i6">Et des &#226;mes &#224; l'Eternel.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Parfois, sous les taillis, ma prunelle tromp&#233;e,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Croyait voir de La Salle &#233;tinceler l'&#233;p&#233;e,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Et parfois, groupe informe allant je ne sais o&#249;,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Devant une humble croix&mdash;&#244; puissance magique!&mdash;</div>
+  <div class="i0">De farouches guerriers &#225; l'&#339;il sombre et tragique</div>
+  <div class="i6">Passer en pliant le genou!</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Et puis, ber&#231;ant mon &#226;me aux r&#234;ves des po&#232;tes,</div>
+  <div class="i0">J'entrevoyais aussi de blanches silhouettes,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Doux fant&#244;mes flottant dans le vague des nuits:</div>
+  <div class="i0">Atala, Gabriel, Chactas, Evangeline,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Et l'ombre de Ren&#233;, debout sur la colline,</div>
+  <div class="i6">Pleurant ses immortels ennuis.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">73</a></span>"Et j'endormais ainsi mes souvenirs moroses....</div>
+  <div class="i0">Mais de ces visions po&#233;tiques et roses</div>
+  <div class="i0">Celle qui plus souvent venait frapper mon &#339;il,</div>
+  <div class="i0">C'&#233;tait, passant au loin dans un reflet de gloire,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Ce hardi pionnier dont notre jeune histoire</div>
+  <div class="i6">Redit le nom avec orgueil.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Jolliet! Jolliet! deux si&#232;cles de conqu&#234;tes,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Deux si&#232;cles sans rivaux ont pass&#233; sur nos t&#234;tes,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Depuis l'heure sublime o&#249;, de ta propre main,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Tu jetas d'un seul trait sur la carte du monde</div>
+  <div class="i0">Ces vastes r&#233;gions, zone immense et f&#233;conde,</div>
+  <div class="i6">Futur grenier du genre humain!</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Oui, deux si&#232;cles ont fui! La solitude vierge</div>
+  <div class="i0">N'est plus l&#224;! Du progr&#232;s le flot montant submerge</div>
+  <div class="i0">Les vestiges derniers d'un pass&#233; qui finit.</div>
+  <div class="i0">O&#249; le d&#233;sert dormait, grandit la m&#233;tropole;</div>
+  <div class="i0">Et le fleuve asservi courbe sa large &#233;paule</div>
+  <div class="i6">Sous l'arche aux piles de granit.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Plus de for&#234;ts sans fin: la vapeur les silonne!</div>
+  <div class="i0">L'astre des jours nouveaux sur tous les points rayonne;</div>
+  <div class="i0">L'enfant de la nature est &#233;vang&#233;lis&#233;;</div>
+  <div class="i0">Le soc du laboureur fertilise la plaine;</div>
+  <div class="i0">Et le surplus dor&#233; de sa gerbe trop pleine</div>
+  <div class="i6">Nourrit le vieux monde &#233;puis&#233;."</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Mr. Pamphile LeMay, one of the best known French Canadian poets, has published
+the following: "Essais Po&#233;tiques," Quebec, 1865; "La D&#233;couverte du Canada,"
+Quebec, 1867; "Po&#232;mes Couronn&#233;s," Quebec, 1870; "Les Vengeances," Quebec,
+1875, 1876 and 1888 (also dramatized); "Une Gerbe," Quebec, 1879. He has also
+written "Fables Canadiennes," Quebec, 1882. A number of his poems have appeared
+in the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vols i., iii., v., vi., ix. He has also written several
+stories of Canadian life: "L'Affaire Sougraine," Quebec, 1884; "Le P&#232;lerin de Sainte-Anne,"
+new ed., Montreal, 1893; and "Rouge et Bleu," comedy. One of his best
+works was a translation of Longfellow's "Evangeline."</p>
+
+<p>The following is a list of other Canadian books of poems, of varying merit, which
+have appeared within a quarter of a century:</p>
+
+<p>"The Songs of a Wanderer." By Carroll Ryan. Ottawa, 1867. Indicated much
+poetic taste, but the poet has been submerged in the busy journalist.</p>
+
+<p>"Songs of Life." By Rev. E. H. Dewart. Toronto, 1867. He was author of the
+first collection of Canadian poems made in this country. See <i>infra</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"The Prophecy of Merlin and other Poems." By John Reade. Montreal, 1870.
+In many respects the best sustained poems written by a Canadian can be read in
+this book.</p>
+
+<p>"Les Laurentiennes." By Benjamin Sulte. Montreal, 1870.</p>
+
+<p>"Les Chants Nouveaux." By the same. Ottawa, 1880.</p>
+
+<p>"The Legend of the Rose." By Samuel J. Watson. Toronto, 1876. Mr. Watson
+was a writer of promise who died in the maturity of his power.</p>
+
+<p>"The Feast of St. Anne, and other Poems." By P. S. Hamilton. Montreal,
+1878; 2nd ed. 1890. Has some interest from its description of the ceremonies at the
+feast of Sainte-Anne du Canada&mdash;the tutelary saint of the Canadian aborigines&mdash;which
+is held by the Micmacs on the 26th day of July in each year on Chapel Island,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">74</a></span>
+in the beautiful Bras d'Or Lake of Cape Breton. See Bourinot's "Cape Breton."</p>
+
+<p>"Waifs in Verse." (Ottawa, ed. in 1878, 1887 and 1891.) By G. W. Wicksteed,
+Q.C., for fifty years the able law clerk of the Canadian Commons.</p>
+
+<p>"A Collection of Poems." By Miss Williams of Grenville, P.Q., 1879.</p>
+
+<p>"The Coming of the Princess, and Other Poems." By Kate Seymour Maclean of
+Kingston. 1880.</p>
+
+<p>"Lyrics, Songs and Sonnets." By A. H. Chandler and C. Pelham Mulvany.
+Toronto, 1880.</p>
+
+<p>"The Times, and Other Poems." By J. R. Newell of Woodstock. 1880.</p>
+
+<p>"The Consolation." By George Gerrard. Montreal, 1880.</p>
+
+<p>"Poems of the Heart and Home." By Mrs. J. C. Yule. Toronto, 1880.</p>
+
+<p>"Poems, Songs and Odes." By Archibald McAlpine Taylor. Toronto, 1881.</p>
+
+<p>"The New Song, and Other Poems." By Mrs. W. H. Clarke. Toronto, 1883.</p>
+
+<p>"Zenobia. A Poem in Rhymed Heroics." By Rev. &#198;. McD. Dawson, F.R.S.C.
+1883.</p>
+
+<p>"The Mission of Love, and Other Poems." By Caris Sima. 1883.</p>
+
+<p>"Lorenzo, and Other Poems." By J. R. Pollock of Keswick, Ont. 1883.</p>
+
+<p>"Caprices Po&#233;tiques et Chansons Satiriques." Par R&#233;mi Tremblay.
+Montr&#233;al, 1883.</p>
+
+<p>"Les Echos." Par J. B. Routhier. Qu&#233;bec, 1883, 12mo. Judge Routhier is a
+member of the Royal Society of Canada, in whose 'Trans.' (vol. iv., Sec. I.) appeared
+"Lettre d'un Volontaire du 9<sup>ieme</sup> Voltigeurs camp&#233; &#224; Calgary." His literary reputation
+stands high among his countrymen.</p>
+
+<p>"Old Spookse's Pass, and Other Poems." By Isabella Valancy Crawford. Toronto,
+1884.</p>
+
+<p>"Marguerite, and Other Poems." By George Martin. 1886.</p>
+
+<p>"Laura Secord: a Ballad of 1812." By Mrs. Curzon. Toronto, 1886.</p>
+
+<p>"Songs, Sonnets and Miscellaneous Poems." By J. Imrie. Toronto, 1886.</p>
+
+<p>"Dreamland, and Other Poems" (Ottawa, 1868), and "Tecumseh: a Drama"
+(Toronto and London, 1886). By Charles Mair, a poet of original talent, and descriptive
+power, who is now a resident of the North-west Territories.</p>
+
+<p>"Orion, and Other Poems" (Philadelphia, 1880), and "In Divers Tones" (Montreal,
+1887). By Prof. C. G. D. Roberts, who is the best known abroad of all Canadian
+poets, and represents that Canadian or national spirit which has been slowly rising
+from the birth of Confederation. Since the days of Cr&#233;mazie&mdash;over thirty years ago&mdash;there
+are other poets who recognize the existence of a Canadian people in a large
+sense&mdash;a Canadian people of two races, born and educated in the country, and having
+common aspirations for a united, not an isolated, future. Prof. Roberts is now
+bringing out a new volume of poems in London.</p>
+
+<p>The poetic taste of the Archbishop of Halifax, the Most Rev. C. O'Brien, F.R.S.C.,
+is well illustrated in the following volume: "Aminta: a Modern Life Drama," New
+York, 1890. The Archbishop is also the author of a novel, "After Weary Years,"
+(Baltimore and New York, 1885), the scenes of which are laid in Rome and Canada,
+and are described with much power of invention and fervour. As the author himself
+says, "historic places and events are accurately described." He has, it will be seen
+from his preface, great confidence in the future national greatness of the Dominion.</p>
+
+<p>"A Gate of Flowers." By T. O'Hagan. Toronto, 1887. He has another volume
+in press.</p>
+
+<p>"The Masque of Minstrels, and Other Pieces, chiefly in verse." By B. W. and
+A. J. Lockhart. Bangor, Me., 1887. These two brothers are Nova Scotians by birth
+and education, who lived their youth in the land of Evangeline. The Gasp&#233;reaux and
+Grand Pr&#233; are naturally the constant theme of their pleasing verse.</p>
+
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">75</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Among the Millet, and Other Poems." By Archibald Lampman. Ottawa,
+1888. Some of Mr. Lampman's most finished sonnets have appeared in the best
+American periodicals, to which he is still a frequent contributor; his work shows
+the true poetic instinct. He holds a position in the Civil Service at Ottawa.</p>
+
+<p>"The Water Lily. An Oriental Fairy Tale." By Frank Waters. Ottawa, 1888.</p>
+
+<p>"De Roberval: a Drama. Also the Emigration of the Fairies, and the Triumph
+of Constancy: a Romaunt." By John Hunter Duvar. St. John, N.B., 1888. Mr.
+Duvar, who has fine literary tastes, has been a resident of Prince Edward Island
+for some years.</p>
+
+<p>"The Epic of the Dawn, and Other Poems." By Nicholas Flood Davin. Regina,
+N.W.T., 1889. Mr. Davin is the clever "Irishman in Canada," and while the most
+pretentious of his poems in this little book were written across the ocean, others are
+the product of Canadian thought and sentiment.</p>
+
+<p>"Lake Lyrics, and Other Poems." By W. Wilfred Campbell. St. John, N.B.,
+1889. Mr. Campbell, who was originally a clergyman of the Church of England, is
+now in the public service at Ottawa, and has written some of his best poems for
+American magazines. One on "The Mother," in 'Harper's Monthly' is full of poetic
+thought and deep pathos, and should be better known by Canadians than it appears
+to be. At this time of writing his new volume of poems entitled "The Dread Voyage"
+(Toronto, 1893), has appeared; it sustains his reputation, though one can hardly encourage
+his effort to imitate Tennyson in such poems as "Sir Lancelot." Canadian
+poets too frequently are imitative rather than original. Mr. Campbell's verses on
+the varied scenery of the lakes of the West show the artistic temperament.</p>
+
+<p>For instance:</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Domed with the azure of heaven,</div>
+  <div class="i2">Floored with a pavement of pearl,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Clothed all about with a brightness</div>
+  <div class="i2">Soft as the eyes of a girl.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Girt with a magical girdle,</div>
+  <div class="i2">Rimmed with a vapour of rest&mdash;</div>
+  <div class="i0">These are the inland waters,</div>
+  <div class="i2">These are the Lakes of the West."</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center in0 p1t">ON THE LEDGE.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"I lie out here on a ledge, with the surf on the rocks below me,</div>
+  <div class="i0">The hazy sunlight above and the whispering forest behind;</div>
+  <div class="i0">I lie and listen, O lake, to the legends and songs you throw me,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Out of the murmurous moods of your multitudinous mind.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"I lie and listen, a sound like voices of distant thunder,</div>
+  <div class="i0">The roar and throb of your life in your rock-wall's mighty cells;</div>
+  <div class="i0">Then after a softer voice that comes from the beaches under,</div>
+  <div class="i0">A chiming of waves on rocks, a laughter of silver bells.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"A glimmer of bird-like boats, that loom from the far horizon;</div>
+  <div class="i0">That scud and tack and dip under the gray and the blue;</div>
+  <div class="i0">A single gull that floats and skims the waters, and flies on,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Till she is lost like a dream in the haze of the distance, too.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">76</a></span>"A steamer that rises a smoke, then after a tall, dark funnel,</div>
+  <div class="i0">That moves like a shadow across your water and sky's gray edge;</div>
+  <div class="i0">A dull, hard beat of a wave that diggeth himself a tunnel,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Down in the crevices dark under my limestone ledge.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"And here I lie on my ledge, and listen the songs you sing me,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Songs of vapour and blue, songs of island and shore;</div>
+  <div class="i0">And strange and glad are the hopes and sweet are the thoughts you bring me</div>
+  <div class="i0">Out of the throbbing depths and wells of your heart's great store."</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>"Pine, Rose and Fleur-de-Lis." By S. Frances Harrison ("Seranus"). Toronto,
+1891.</p>
+
+<p>"Songs, Lyrical and Dramatic." By John Henry Brown. Ottawa, 1892, 12mo.
+The New York 'Nation' truly says of this new poetic aspirant that he has Walt
+Whitman's tendencies, but nevertheless he "writes in a generous spirit, and may
+yet have thoughts and expression all his own." The fact is, I repeat, most Canadian
+poets are too imitative and too rarely original.</p>
+
+<p>"Tendres Choses. Po&#233;sies Canadiennes." By Dr. R. Chevrier. Montreal, 1892,
+12mo. That an author unknown to fame should give us his portrait, as in this case,
+is perplexing. Still the verse is frequently melodious, though it represents what is
+a feature of French poetry, melodious rhythm, rather than strength and thought.</p>
+
+<p>"This Canada of Ours, and Other Poems." By J. D. Edgar, M.P., Toronto, 1893.
+This little volume contains "The White Stone Canoe: a Legend of the Ottawas,"
+which had been published in separate form some years previously. His French and
+Latin translations are full of taste.</p>
+
+<p>"Les Perce-Neige, premi&#232;res po&#233;sies." By Napol&#233;on Legendre. Montreal, 12mo.
+He is a member of the Royal Society of Canada, and constant contributor (generally
+in prose) to its 'Transactions.'</p>
+
+<p>"Mes Rimes." By Elz&#233;ar Labelle. Montreal, 1886, 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>Selections of Canadian poems have appeared of recent years in the following publications:</p>
+
+<p>1. "Selections from Canadian Poets: with occasional critical and biographical
+notes and an introductory essay on Canadian poetry." By the Rev. E. H. Dewart.
+Montreal, 1864, 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>2. "Songs of the Great Dominion: Voices from the Forests and Waters, the
+Settlements and Cities of Canada." Selected and edited by W. D. Lighthall, M.A.,
+of Montreal. London, 1889, 12mo.</p>
+
+<p>3. "Younger American Poets, 1830&ndash;1890." Edited by Douglas Sladen, B.A., Oxon.
+With an Appendix of Younger Canadian Poets. Edited by G. B. Roberts of St. John,
+N.B. New York, 1891, 12mo.</p>
+
+<p>4. "Later Canadian Poems." Edited by J. E. Wetherell, B.A. Toronto, 1893.</p>
+
+<p>In the first mentioned work, which is judiciously edited, the poets until 1864
+obtain a place. In the three other books we have selections from John Reade, Geo.
+Frederick Cameron, Prof. Roberts, Bliss Carman (now a resident of the United
+States), A. H. Chandler, Isabella Valancy Crawford, Mrs. Leprohon, Hereward K.
+Cockin, John Hunter Duvar, Rev. A. W. H. Eaton, Louis Fr&#233;chette, James Hannay,
+Sophie M. Hensley, Charles Sangster, M. Richey Knight, Archibald Lampman,
+W. D. Lighthall, A. J. Lockhart, B. W. Lockhart, Agnes Maude Machar ("Fidelis"),
+W. McLennan, Charles Mair, Mary Morgan ("Gowan Lea"), Charles P. Mulvany,
+Rev. F. G. Scott, Philip Stewart, H. R. A. Pocock, Barry Stratton, A. Weir, Mary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">77</a></span>
+Barry Smith, John T. Lesp&#233;rance ("Lacl&#232;de"), W. Wye Smith, Ethelwyn Wetherald,
+John E. Logan ("Barry Dane"), George Martin, Mrs. Harrison ("Seranus"),
+D. Campbell Scott, James D. Edgar, E. Pauline Johnson, George Murray, William
+Kirby, Annie Rothwell, W. A. Sherwood, Isidore G. Ascher, P. J. O. Chauveau,
+B. Sulte, P. LeMay, and others. I enumerate these names to show how many Canadians
+have ventured upon the field of poesy despite the practical realities of life in
+this relatively new country. The selections in the second of these works would
+have been more valuable had they contained "Our Fathers" by Joseph Howe&mdash;the
+most spirited poem in some respects ever written by a native Canadian. To the
+names of poetic aspirants, too, must be added those of M. J. Katzmann and of M. J.
+Griffin, whose fugitive pieces have attracted notice. Mr. Griffin has fine literary
+tastes and his few poems, only the relaxation of leisure hours, show he might win
+fame in this delightful department of letters. The reader will obtain some idea
+of the standard of Canadian poetry by reading the selections, and should not be carried
+away by the too obvious enthusiasm that has at times stifled the critical
+faculty in the editors. The poetic genius of Canadians is to be stimulated, not by
+sentimental gush, but by a judicious criticism that is not sufficiently cultivated by
+our writers who review the efforts of our poets, historians and essayists. These
+remarks also apply to such articles as that by the late Mr. Lesp&#233;rance on "The
+Poets of Canada" in 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. ii., Sec. II.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Evan McColl, F.R.S.C., is the Gaelic poet of Canada. Three editions have
+appeared of the "Cl&#224;rsach nam Beann," which was printed as far back as 1838 in
+Glasgow. The same was also published in English in the same year, under the
+title of "The Mountain Minstrel," of which six editions have been printed. In 1883
+he published in Toronto "Poems and Songs chiefly written in Canada." Mr. McColl
+is a great favourite among his Scotch countrymen everywhere; but his decidedly
+original poetic genius, rude and wild as it is at times, is not a Canadian product, for
+he was born at Kenmore, Lochfyne-Side, Scotland, in 1808, and it was not until he
+was forty years of age that he made Canada his home. He is now a resident of
+Toronto, and still comes to the annual meetings of the Royal Society, of which he
+was one of the original members.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p class="p1t"><a name="Footnote_41_52" id="Footnote_41_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_52"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> Page 21.&mdash;"IN MY HEART." <span class="smcap">By John Reade.</span></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"In my heart are many chambers through which I wander free;</div>
+  <div class="i0">Some are furnished, some are empty, some are sombre, some are light;</div>
+  <div class="i0">Some are open to all comers, and of some I keep the key,</div>
+  <div class="i0">And I enter in the stillness of the night.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"But there's one I never enter&mdash;it is closed to even me!</div>
+  <div class="i0">Only once its door was opened, and it shut for evermore;</div>
+  <div class="i0">And though sounds of many voices gather round it like a sea,</div>
+  <div class="i0">It is silent, ever silent, as the shore.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"In that chamber, long ago, my love's casket was concealed,</div>
+  <div class="i0">And the jewel that it sheltered I knew only one could win:</div>
+  <div class="i0">And my soul foreboded sorrow, should that jewel be revealed,</div>
+  <div class="i0">And I almost hoped that none might enter in.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Yet day and night I lingered by that fatal chamber door,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Till&mdash;she came at last my darling one, of all the earth my own;</div>
+  <div class="i0">And she entered&mdash;then she vanished with my jewel which she wore;</div>
+  <div class="i0">And the door was closed&mdash;and I was left alone.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">78</a></span>"She gave me back no jewel, but the spirit of her eyes</div>
+  <div class="i0">Shone with tenderness a moment, as she closed that chamber door,</div>
+  <div class="i0">And the memory of that moment is all I have to prize&mdash;</div>
+  <div class="i0">But <i>that</i>, <i>at least</i>, is mine for evermore.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Was she conscious, when she took it, that the jewel was my love?</div>
+  <div class="i0">Did she think it but a bauble she might wear or toss aside?</div>
+  <div class="i0">I know not, I accuse not, but I hope that it may prove</div>
+  <div class="i0">A blessing, though she spurn it in her pride."</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">LAURA SECORD'S WARNING.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_41A_53" id="Footnote_41A_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41A_53"><span class="label">[41<i>a</i>]</span></a> Page 24.&mdash;In Mrs. Edgar's excellent annotations to the Ridout Letters in
+"Ten Years of Upper Canada in Peace and War, 1805&ndash;1815," (Toronto, 1890), appears
+the following account of a courageous woman's exploit which brought disaster to
+the Americans soon after their defeat at Stoney Creek:</p>
+
+<p>"At a place called Beaver Dams, or Beechwoods, (about twelve miles in a direct
+road from Queenstown), where is now the town of Thorold, was a depot for provisions
+for the Canadian troops, guarded by a detachment of thirty of the 49th regiment
+under Lieutenant Fitzgibbon with some Indians and militia, in all about 200
+men. In order to surprise and dislodge this outpost, an American force of 500 men,
+with fifty cavalry and two field-pieces, under Colonel Boerstler, set out from Fort
+George (Niagara) on the 23rd of June [1813]. A surprise was meditated, in retaliation,
+no doubt, for the affair of Stoney Creek. Laura Secord, wife of a Canadian farmer,
+who had been wounded in the battle of Queenstown Heights, accidentally heard of
+the designs of the Americans, and determined to give the outpost timely warning.
+She set out alone before day-break, on the 23rd June, from her house at Queenstown,
+and arrived at Fitzgibbon's headquarters, a stone house known as DeCew's, near the
+Beaver Dams, at sunset of the same day. On account of the American sentries and
+outposts, she had to avoid the high roads and beaten paths, thus making her toilsome
+journey nearly twice as long. In spite of weakness and fatigue, this heroic
+woman went on her way through pathless woods, over hill and dale and unbridged
+streams, till she reached her destination. Her warning came just in time. Lieutenant
+Fitzgibbon disposed of his little force to the best advantage possible, placing
+them in ambush on both sides of the road, and taking every precaution to make it
+appear that he had a large force in reserve. Between eight and nine in the morning
+of the 24th June, the advance guard of the American riflemen appeared. A volley
+from the woods received them and emptied their saddles. Soon firing came from all
+directions, and bugle calls, and Indian yells. The bewildered Americans imagined
+themselves in the presence of a much superior force. Finding that his men were
+losing heavily from the fire of the unseen foe, and that they were suffering from
+fatigue and heat, he consented to surrender. By the capitulation 542 men, 2 field-pieces,
+some ammunition waggons, and the colours of the 14th U.S. regiment were
+delivered over to the Canadians. For this brilliant achievement Lieutenant Fitzgibbon
+[afterwards a military knight of Windsor] received his Company and a Captain's
+commission. As to Laura Secord, her reward has come to her in fame. The
+heroine lived until the year 1868, and sleeps now in that old cemetery at Drummondville,
+where lie so many of our brave soldiers. There is no 'Decoration Day' in
+Canada, but if there were, surely this woman is entitled to the laurel wreath."
+Pp. 198&ndash;201.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">79</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p1t">AUSTRALIAN POETS AND NOVELISTS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_42_54" id="Footnote_42_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_54"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> Page 25.&mdash;The Canadian reader can profitably and easily compare his own
+poets with those of Australia by reading Slade's "Australian Poets, 1788&ndash;1883, being
+a selection of poems upon all subjects written in Australia and New Zealand during
+the first century of the British colonization, with brief notes on their authors, etc."
+(London and Sydney, 1889.) It will be seen, however, that nearly all the so-called
+"Australian" poets are English born, while with one or two exceptions, those of
+Canada best known to fame are the product of Canadian life and thought. Henry
+Clarence Kendall, "the poet of New South Wales," was born at Ulladulla, on the
+coast of that colony, in 1842. He is the one Australian poet of reputation, except his
+forerunner, Charles Harpur, who was actually born under the Southern Cross.
+Kendall's verses on "Coogee," a striking natural feature of Australian scenery,
+show true poetic instinct and rhythmical ease:</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Sing the song of wave-worn Coogee-Coogee in the distance white,</div>
+  <div class="i0">With its jags and points disrupted, gaps and fractures fringed with light;</div>
+  <div class="i0">Haunt of gledes and restless plovers of the melancholy wail,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Ever lending deeper pathos to the melancholy gale.</div>
+  <div class="i0">There, my brothers, down the fissures, chasms deep and wan and wild,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Grows the sea-bloom, one that blushes like a shrinking, fair, blind child,</div>
+  <div class="i0">And amongst the oozing forelands many a glad green rockvine runs,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Getting ease on earthy ledges sheltered from December suns."</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But among the many spirited poems written in Australia since its settlement
+not one can equal the "Sick Stock-rider," by Adam Lindsay Gordon, who came to
+South Australia in his early manhood, and attempted sheep-farming, with the
+result of "owning nothing but a love for horsemanship and a head full of Browning
+and Shelley." This is a quotation from an introduction to his book by Marcus
+Clarke, himself a novelist and poet. One can see in the mind's eye the scenes described
+in the following verses, so full of real life and genuine poetry:</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"'Twas merry in the glowing morn, among the gleaming grass,</div>
+  <div class="i2">To wander as we've wandered many a mile,</div>
+  <div class="i0">And blow the cool tobacco cloud and watch the white wreaths pass,</div>
+  <div class="i2">Sitting loosely in the saddle all the while;</div>
+  <div class="i0">'Twas merry 'mid the backwoods, when we spied the station roofs,</div>
+  <div class="i2">To wheel the wild scrub cattle at the yard,</div>
+  <div class="i0">With a running fire of stockwhips and a fiery run of hoofs.</div>
+  <div class="i2">Oh! the hardest day was never then too hard!</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Aye! we had a glorious gallop after 'Starlight' and his gang,</div>
+  <div class="i2">When they bolted from Sylvester's on the flat;</div>
+  <div class="i0">How the sun-dried reed-beds crackled, how the flint-strewn ranges rang</div>
+  <div class="i2">To the strokes of 'Mountaineer' and 'Acrobat';</div>
+  <div class="i0">Hard behind them in the timber, harder still across the heath,</div>
+  <div class="i2">Close behind them through the tea-tree scrub we dashed;</div>
+  <div class="i0">And the golden-tinted fern-leaves, how they rustled underneath!</div>
+  <div class="i2">And the honeysuckle osiers, how they crash'd!"</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The best known novels of Australian life are these: "For the Term of His Natural
+Life," by Marcus Clarke, who was an Englishman born and educated; "The Miner's
+Right," "The Squatter's Dream," "A Colonial Reformer," and "Robbery Under
+Arms," by Thomas A. Browne ("Rolf Boldrewood"), who was also English born:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">80</a></span>
+"Uncle Piper of Piper's Hill," by Madame Couvreur ("Tasma"), who is of Belgian
+descent, and is now a resident of Belgium, though she was born in Australia and
+there studied its social conditions; "The Australian Girl" and "A Silent Sea," by
+Mrs. Alick McLeod. Mrs. Campbell Praed, who is colonial born, has, in addition
+to several novels, written "Australian Life," which is described by Sir Charles Dilke
+("Problems of Greater Britain," i., 374) as "a vivid autobiographical picture of the
+early days of Queensland." Copies of these and other Australian books the writer
+owes to the thoughtfulness of Chief Justice Way, D.C.L., Oxon., of Adelaide, South
+Australia. For many years he has been the recipient of these graceful attentions
+from friends in that fair land of the Southern Cross, and though it looks very much
+as if he will never meet some of them face to face&mdash;for the time is passing rapidly
+with us all&mdash;he takes this opportunity of now sending them his thanks across the
+seas.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">HOWE'S "FLAG OF OLD ENGLAND."</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_43_55" id="Footnote_43_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_55"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Page 26.&mdash;This spirited song was written for the one hundredth anniversary of
+the landing of Lord Cornwallis at Halifax. As many persons in old Canada do not
+know it&mdash;for it is not reproduced in recent collections of Canadian poems&mdash;I give it in
+full for the benefit of the youth of this Dominion, on whom the future destiny of
+the country depends:</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"All hail to the day when the Britons came over,</div>
+  <div class="i2">And planted their standard with sea-foam still wet,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Around and above us their spirits will hover,</div>
+  <div class="i2">Rejoicing to mark how we honour it yet.</div>
+  <div class="i0">Beneath it the emblems they cherished are waving,</div>
+  <div class="i2">The Rose of Old England the roadside perfumes;</div>
+  <div class="i0">The Shamrock and Thistle the north winds are braving,</div>
+  <div class="i2">Securely the Mayflower blushes and blooms.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i25"><span class="smcap">Chorus.</span></div>
+
+  <div class="i8">"Hail to the day when the Britons came over,</div>
+  <div class="i10">And planted their standard with sea-foam still wet,</div>
+  <div class="i8">Around and above us their spirits will hover,</div>
+  <div class="i10">Rejoicing to mark how we honour it yet.</div>
+  <div class="i12">We'll honour it yet, we'll honour it yet,</div>
+  <div class="i12">The flag of Old England! we'll honour it yet.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"In the temples they founded their faith is maintained,</div>
+  <div class="i2">Every foot of the soil they bequeathed is still ours,</div>
+  <div class="i0">The graves where they moulder no foe has profaned,</div>
+  <div class="i2">But we wreathe them with verdure, and strew them with flowers!</div>
+  <div class="i0">The blood of no brother, in civil strife pour'd,</div>
+  <div class="i2">In this hour of rejoicing, encumbers our souls!</div>
+  <div class="i0">The frontier's the field for the Patriot's sword,</div>
+  <div class="i2">And cursed be the weapon that Faction controls!</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<div class="i10"><span class="smcap">Chorus</span>&mdash;"Hail to the day, etc.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Then hail to the day! 'tis with memories crowded,</div>
+  <div class="i2">Delightful to trace 'midst the mists of the past,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Like the features of Beauty, bewitchingly shrouded,</div>
+  <div class="i2">They shine through the shadows Time o'er them has cast.</div>
+  <div class="i0"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">81</a></span>As travellers track to its source in the mountains</div>
+  <div class="i2">The stream which, far swelling, expands o'er the plains,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Our hearts, on this day, fondly turn to the fountains</div>
+  <div class="i2">Whence flow the warm currents that bound in our veins.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<div class="i10"><span class="smcap">Chorus</span>&mdash;"Hail to the day, etc.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"And proudly we trace them: no warrior flying</div>
+  <div class="i2">From city assaulted, and fanes overthrown,</div>
+  <div class="i0">With the last of his race on the battlements dying,</div>
+  <div class="i2">And weary with wandering, founded our own.</div>
+  <div class="i0">From the Queen of the Islands, then famous in story,</div>
+  <div class="i2">A century since, our brave forefathers came,</div>
+  <div class="i0">And our kindred yet fill the wide world with her glory,</div>
+  <div class="i2">Enlarging her Empire and spreading her name.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<div class="i10"><span class="smcap">Chorus</span>&mdash;"Hail to the day, etc.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+  <div class="i0">"Ev'ry flash of her genius our pathway enlightens&mdash;</div>
+  <div class="i2">Ev'ry field she explores we are beckoned to tread&mdash;</div>
+  <div class="i0">Each laurel she gathers our future day brightens&mdash;</div>
+  <div class="i2">We joy with her living, and mourn for her dead.</div>
+  <div class="i0">Then hail to the day when the Britons came over,</div>
+  <div class="i2">And planted their standard, with sea-foam still wet,</div>
+  <div class="i0">Above and around us their spirits shall hover,</div>
+  <div class="i2">Rejoicing to mark how we honour it yet.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<div class="i10"><span class="smcap">Chorus</span>&mdash;"Hail to the day," etc.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">ESSAYISTS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_44_56" id="Footnote_44_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_56"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> Page 27.&mdash;The principal contributors to the English and American periodical
+press of late years have been George Stewart of Quebec, Principal Grant, J. G. Bourinot,
+Martin J. Griffin, W. D. LeSueur, G. M. Dawson, S. E. Dawson, Arnold
+Haultain, John Reade, J. M. Oxley and Sir W. Dawson. Dr. Stewart of Quebec,
+despite the demands of journalism, has been always a most earnest literary worker,
+foremost by his own contributions and by his efforts to encourage the labours of
+others in the too indifferent little Canadian world. Goldwin Smith has always been
+a contributor of note, but he is rather an English than a Canadian writer. Among
+the names of the French Canadian general writers are those of Fr&#233;chette, Sulte,
+Marmette, Faucher de Saint-Maurice, J. Tass&#233;, DeCelles, Dionne, Casgrain and
+LeMoine; but their efforts have been confined as a rule to the numerous French
+Canadian periodicals which have appeared for the last thirty years, and after a
+short career died for want of adequate support. In the numerous periodicals of
+England and the United States English Canadian writers have great advantages
+over French Canadians, who are practically limited to their own country, since
+France offers few opportunities for such literary work.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">WILLIAM KIRBY'S WORKS AND OTHER ROMANCES BY CANADIANS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_45_57" id="Footnote_45_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_57"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Page 27.&mdash;"The Golden Dog: a Legend of Quebec." New York and Montreal,
+1877, 8vo. Also translated by Pamphile LeMay, the French Canadian poet,
+Montreal, 1884. Mr. Kirby is also the author of several poems of merit: "The
+U. E.: a Tale of Upper Canada. A Poem in XII. Cantos." Niagara, 1859, 12mo.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">82</a></span>
+"Canadian Idylls," Toronto, 1878, etc. He was born in England in 1817, but came to
+Canada at the early age of fifteen. He was one of the original members of the Royal
+Society of Canada.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lesp&#233;rance, F.R.S.C., was the author of the "Bastonnais" and other historical
+romances of some ability, but not of that high order of merit which gives a permanent
+reputation. The Hon. L. Seth Huntington, long known in Canadian political
+life, was the author of a semi-political novel, "Professor Conant" (Toronto, 1884),
+which had its merits, but it fell practically still-born from the press. Many other
+efforts have been made in the same branch of literature, but the performance, as
+stated in the text, has not been equal to the ambition that prompted the experiment.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">MAJOR RICHARDSON.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_45A_58" id="Footnote_45A_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45A_58"><span class="label">[45<i>a</i>]</span></a> Page 27.&mdash;Major Richardson was born at Niagara Falls in 1797, and educated
+at Amherstburg, U.C., where some of the scenes of "Wacousta" are laid. He served
+in the war of 1812, in the West Indies and in Spain, where he belonged to the British
+legion. He came back to Canada in 1838, and was for years connected with the
+press. He wrote a number of novels and short histories of Canadian events, but
+they are now all forgotten. His historical narrative is not generally trustworthy,
+while his later romances never even came up to the merit of "Wacousta." He died in
+obscurity some time after 1854&mdash;I cannot find the exact year&mdash;in the United States,
+where he attempted to continue a career of literature.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">MARMETTE.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_46_59" id="Footnote_46_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_59"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Page 27.&mdash;Mr. Joseph Marmette, F.R.S.C., is the author of several works of
+fiction, viz.:</p>
+
+<p>"Fran&#231;ois de Bienville. Roman historique." 1<sup>ere</sup> ed., Qu&#233;bec, 1870; 2<sup>e</sup> ed.,
+Montr&#233;al, 1882.</p>
+
+<p>"L'Intendant Bigot. Roman historique." Montr&#233;al, 1872.</p>
+
+<p>"Le Chevalier de Mornac. Roman historique." Montr&#233;al, 1873.</p>
+
+<p>"La Fianc&#233;e du Rebelle. Roman historique." Published in 'La Revue Canadienne,'
+Montreal, 1875.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">DE GASP&#201;'S WORKS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_47_60" id="Footnote_47_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_60"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> Page 27.&mdash;"Les Anciens Canadiens." By Philippe Aubert de Gasp&#233;. Quebec,
+1863, 8vo.</p>
+
+<p>
+Several translations have appeared since 1863. That by Prof. Roberts (New
+York, Appleton &amp; Co., 1890) omits the notes and addenda, which, if not interesting
+to the general reader, have much value for the historical student. Sulte's "Histoire
+des Canadiens," vol. vi., contains a portrait of the old French Canadian novelist. He
+also wrote "M&#233;moires" (Ottawa, 1886, 8vo.), which have also much historic value
+on account of their fidelity and simplicity of narrative.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">MRS. CATHERWOOD.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_48_61" id="Footnote_48_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_61"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> Page 28.&mdash;Mrs. Mary Hartwell Catherwood, whose home is in Hoopeston,
+Ill., has so far written and published the following admirable romances of the old
+days of New France and Acadie:</p>
+
+<p>"The Romance of Dollard." Illustrated. New York, 1889, 12mo.</p>
+
+<p>"The Story of Tonty." Illustrated. Chicago, 1890, 16mo.</p>
+
+<p>"The Lady of Fort St. John." Boston and New York, 1891, 16mo.</p>
+
+<p>"Old Kaskaskia: An Historical Novel of Early Illinois." Boston and New York,
+1893, 16mo.</p>
+
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">83</a></span></p>
+
+<p>She has now commenced in 'The Century' Magazine a new romance with the
+title, "The White Islander," a story of old Fort Michillimackinac, and in 'The
+Atlantic Monthly' another story, "The Chase of Saint Castin." Her romances are
+never long, but bear the impress of close study of the subject and of much careful
+writing.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">GILBERT PARKER.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_49_62" id="Footnote_49_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_62"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> Page 28.&mdash;He is a most industrious worker in various branches of literature
+in London. After a residence of a few years in Australia, where he was connected
+with the Sydney press, he went to England, where he wrote many sketches of Australian
+life which were well received. Recently he has been studying the interesting
+phases of French Canadian and Northwest life, and has produced, among other
+stories, "The Chief Factor," the principal scenes of which are laid in the great territories
+of the Dominion before they were opened up to the farmer, the rancher and
+the railway.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">DE MILLE'S WORKS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_50_63" id="Footnote_50_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_63"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Page 29.&mdash;James De Mille was a native of New Brunswick, and a professor
+in Dalhousie College, N. S., at the time of his death. His first work of fiction was
+"Helena's Household: a Tale of Rome in the First Century" (New York, 1858). His
+most popular works, "The Dodge Club Abroad" (1866), "Cord and Creese" (1867),
+"The Cryptogram" (1871), and "A Castle in Spain" (1883), first appeared in 'Harper's
+Monthly.' A strange, imaginative work, "A Curious MS. Found in a Copper Cylinder,"
+was published in New York in 1888, and is understood to have been written by
+him. It was not until Rider Haggard's fiction became popular that the New York
+publishers ventured to print a book which so severely taxes the credulity of the
+reader. As a work of pure invention it is in some respects superior to those of the
+English author. Mr. De Mille died in 1880, at the age of 43, when much was expected
+of him. See Appleton's "Cyclo. Am. Biogr.," ii., 138, for a list of his published works
+except the one just mentioned.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">SARA JEANNETTE DUNCAN.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_51_64" id="Footnote_51_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_64"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Page 29.&mdash;She is the author of three books. "A Social Departure" and
+"An American Girl in London" have had many readers and are full of promise.
+Miss Duncan, in company with another young lady, in 1889&ndash;90, went around the
+world, and made numerous contributions to the press of Canada during that tour,
+but its noteworthy result is the first mentioned volume. She is now married and a
+resident of India, whose striking aspects of social life she is studying and portraying
+in print. Her latest story, or rather sketch, of Indian customs, "The Simple Adventures
+of a Memsahib" (New York, 1893), has many touches of quiet humour. One
+must regret that her talent has not been directed to the incidents of Canadian life.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">MATTHEW ARNOLD ON LITERATURE AND SCIENCE.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_52_65" id="Footnote_52_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_65"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Page 31.&mdash;The extract given in the text is taken from "Literature and
+Science," one of Mr. Matthew Arnold's "Discourses in America," published in book
+form in London, 1885. See pp. 90&ndash;92.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">PRINCIPAL GRANT'S ADDRESS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_53_66" id="Footnote_53_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_66"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Page 32.&mdash;This address to the Royal Society of Canada, to which reference is
+made in the text, is given in the ninth volume of the 'Transactions,' pp. xxxix-xl.
+Dr. Grant could never be uninteresting, but the address shows his ideas can now<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">84</a></span>
+and then be a little chaotic or enigmatic. It is quite evident he has never studied
+with much care the volumes of the 'Transactions,' or comprehended the useful work
+the Society is doing in its own way. Never an active member himself, he has not
+done adequate justice to those who have been at all events conscientious labourers in
+the vineyard where he has planted no seed.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">SIR J. W. DAWSON.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_54_67" id="Footnote_54_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_67"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Page 32.&mdash;This distinguished scientific man is a Nova Scotian by birth, who,
+before he became so closely identified with the prosperity of McGill College at Montreal
+as its principal, was superintendent of education in his native province. His
+scientific works are numerous, but the one which first brought him fame was his
+"Acadian Geology: an Account of the Geological Structure and Mineral Resources
+of Nova Scotia and Portions of the Neighbouring Provinces of British America"
+(Edinburgh and London, 1855, 8vo.), which has run through many editions, and is
+now a very large volume compared with the little modest book that first ventured
+into the world of literature nearly forty years ago.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">MR. BILLINGS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_55_68" id="Footnote_55_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_68"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Page 33.&mdash;He was born on his father's farm, in the township of Gloucester,
+near Ottawa. A bibliography, evidently prepared by his own hand, is to be found
+in "Bibliotheca Canadensis," pp. 31&ndash;34. His most important memoirs are on the
+third and fourth Decades and the Pal&#230;ozoic fossils of the Canadian Geological
+Survey, in which nearly all the genera and species of the fossils there described were
+discovered by himself.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">ORIGIN OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_56_69" id="Footnote_56_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_69"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Page 33.&mdash;The first volume of the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.' (1882&ndash;83), pp. i-lxxiv.,
+contains an account of the proceedings before and after the foundation of the Society,
+with the addresses in full of the Marquess of Lorne and of the first President and
+Vice-President of the body. On the occasion of the Montreal meeting, 1891, a handbook
+was largely circulated by the Citizens' Committee with the view of giving information
+of the object and work of the Society. It was written by Mr. John Reade,
+F.R.S.C., and contains a succinct history of the origin and operations of the body
+until May, 1891. It contains plans of McGill College grounds and of Montreal in 1759,
+and sketches of the old Seminary towers, St. Gabriel-street church, St. Ann's, besides
+some interesting facts relating to Montreal's historic places.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">SIR D. WILSON, T. S. HUNT AND MR. CHAUVEAU.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_57_70" id="Footnote_57_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_70"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Page 34.&mdash;Dr. Kingsford has given a paper, "In Memoriam, on Sir Daniel
+Wilson" ('Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. xi.) in which he briefly reviews the excellent
+literary work and the wide culture of that eminent man. In volume ix. of the
+'Trans.,' Sec. I., pp. 53&ndash;58, there is a well-written paper on the late Mr. Chauveau, by
+his successor, Mr. L. O. David of Montreal. The presidential address of Abb&#233; Laflamme
+in 1892 (see 'Trans.,' vol. x.) was devoted to a review of the scientific attainments
+of Dr. T. Sterry Hunt.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">CANADIAN SOCIETIES.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_58_71" id="Footnote_58_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_71"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Page 34.&mdash;At the present time there are over twenty Canadian scientific and
+literary societies associated with the Royal Society in its work. Mr. John Reade,
+in the "Montreal Handbook of 1891" (see Note 56), gives the following list of societies<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">85</a></span>
+established before 1867: Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, 1824; Natural
+History Society of Montreal, 1827&mdash;act of incorporation five years later; Institut
+Canadien, Quebec, 1846; Canadian Institute, Toronto, 1851; Institut Canadien,
+Ottawa, 1852; Hamilton Association, 1856; Soci&#233;t&#233; Historique, Montr&#233;al, 1858:
+Nova Scotia Institute of Natural Science, 1862; Natural History Society, St. John,
+N.B., 1862; Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, Montreal, 1862; Entomological
+Society of Ontario, 1863.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">THE EARL OF DERBY AND THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_58A_72" id="Footnote_58A_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58A_72"><span class="label">[58<i>a</i>]</span></a> Page 42.&mdash;Four years ago you were good enough, in offering me the position of
+your honorary president, to ask the sympathy and encouragement which the governor-general,
+as Her Majesty's representative, might rightly be asked to manifest towards
+the representatives of science and of the liberal arts. I am afraid that my contributions
+to literature and science have been few. I do not know they are such as
+would have merited the notice of the Royal Society, but I can assure you that none
+of the members of your body take a deeper interest in all that concerns the welfare
+of your Society than he who is now laying down the office of honorary president.
+(Cheers.) There were some persons who considered that in a comparatively new
+country like Canada it was ambitious on her part when the foundations of the Royal
+Society were laid, but there must be a beginning of all things, and I think I may
+appeal to the work which has been and is being done by the different branches of
+the Society as evidence that its establishment was in no sense premature, but that
+it was fittingly determined that the progress of science and literature should take
+place coincidently with that of the country. In a new country like this&mdash;I think
+you have touched upon it in your address&mdash;there is a great tendency to further
+one's material wants, to promote trade and commerce, and to put aside, as it were,
+literature and the sciences; but here the Royal Society has stepped in and done
+good work by uniting those who were scattered by distance and who find in the
+meetings of our Society a convenient opportunity of coming together for the exchanging
+of ideas and renewing of those friendships which, though perhaps only yearly
+meetings permit, are nevertheless enduring. If we look back we shall best see what
+good work is being done. If we could imagine the existence of such a society as this
+in the older countries in olden times, what a mine of wealth of information would
+have been afforded us! We see that from the very first, whether in literature, which
+forms so important a part in our Society; whether it be in the constitutional studies,
+in which our President is such an adept&mdash;and I was glad to see his authority has
+been quoted on the other side of the Atlantic as well as on this&mdash;whether it be in the
+literature of the chivalrous pioneers of France, who first led the way into the unbroken
+wilderness, or whether it be in the latter days of constitutional progress of
+this country and its relations both to the old world and the country growing up
+alongside of us.</p>
+
+<p>In literature, history and poetry, also, the Society will from the first have its
+stamp, as we trust, upon the future of the Canadian race. (Cheers.) That science
+and the arts to an equal extent may find a place here is our earnest wish, in order
+that by sentiment and feeling we may bind together in the closest ties that by which
+she must achieve a great and enduring success. I must not detain you from your
+other duties, but I could not refrain from saying in a few words how heartily and
+truly I appreciate and believe in the work of the Royal Society. At your next meeting,
+as you truly say, I fear I shall not be amongst you; but though the Atlantic may
+roll between us, you may be certain that in spirit, at least, I hope to be present at
+your meeting, and shall follow with the liveliest and deepest interest any record you<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">86</a></span>
+may be good enough to send me of what takes place on that occasion. * * * * *
+I appeal not the less to my French colleagues than to my English ones in all matters
+which relate to the welfare of the Society. Science, art and literature, it is true, are
+cosmopolitan, but they are well knit together in this Society. We who have experienced
+in Canada the hospitality of its people are grateful for it. We have admired
+the greatness of the resources of this country, and we look forward to a society like
+this as having ample work to do in the future. As in every respect Canada seems to
+be disposed always to take a forward part, so I hope the Royal Society will ever
+press on to a higher and higher goal; and, gentlemen, I can wish to the Royal
+Society, to all my friends and brothers of the Society, to whom I once more tender
+my hearty thanks, no greater blessing than, like Canada itself, that they may be
+happy, united and prosperous. (Loud and prolonged cheers.)</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">S. E. DAWSON ON TENNYSON.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_59_73" id="Footnote_59_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_73"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Page 40.&mdash;"A Study, with Critical and Explanatory Notes, of Lord Tennyson's
+Poem, The Princess." By S. E. Dawson. Montreal, 1882, 12mo. 2nd ed. 1884.
+The preface contains a long and interesting letter from the poet, which "throws
+some light upon some important literary questions regarding the manner and
+method of the poet's working." Tennyson describes the "Study" truly as an "able
+and thoughtful essay."</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">THE OLD 'CANADIAN MONTHLY.'</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_60_74" id="Footnote_60_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_74"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> Page 40.&mdash;It first appeared in Toronto in 1872 (Adam Stevenson &amp; Co.), soon
+after Prof. Goldwin Smith took up his permanent residence in that western city.
+Much of its reputation for years necessarily depended on the contributions of a
+writer who, if he has failed to identify himself of late with the national or Canadian
+sentiment of the people, has at all events done something in the past to improve the
+style of Canadian <i>litt&#233;rateurs</i> and to elevate the tone of journalism. The 'Monthly'
+was the ablest successor of a long list of literary aspirants in the same field, the majority
+of which had a still shorter existence. See Bourinot's "Intellectual Development
+of the Canadian People" (Toronto, 1881), chap. iv. and 'Canadian Monthly,'
+March, 1881.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">FORM OF ROYAL SOCIETY 'TRANSACTIONS.'</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_61_75" id="Footnote_61_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_75"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Page 42.&mdash;Since the delivery of the presidential address the Royal Society
+decided by a considerable majority&mdash;chiefly made up of the two scientific sections&mdash;to
+continue the quarto form for the present. Under these circumstances the compromise
+suggested may be adopted&mdash;that of printing separate editions of important
+monographs and works from time to time by some understanding with the author.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">THE STUDY OF THE CLASSICS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_62_76" id="Footnote_62_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_76"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Page 49.&mdash;The following is a fuller quotation from Prof. Goldwin Smith's
+very apposite remarks delivered before the Classical Association of Ontario (see
+'The Week,' April 28th, 1893): "No age has stood more in need of humanizing
+culture than this, in which physical culture reigns. One of the newspapers the
+other day invited us to take part in a symposium the subject of which was 'How
+to Produce a Perfect Man.' The problem was large, but one help to its solution
+might have been a reminder to keep the balance. A romantic age stands in need of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">87</a></span>
+science, a scientific and utilitarian age stands in need of the humanities. Darwin
+avows that poetry gave him no pleasure whatever. This surely was a loss, unless
+the whole side of things which poetry denotes is dead and gone, nothing but dry
+science being left us; in which case the generations that are coming may have some
+reason, with all their increase of knowledge and power, to wish that they had lived
+nearer the youth of the world." See <i>supra</i>, Note 1, for Mr. Lowell's remarks on the
+same subject.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">CANADIAN LIBRARIES.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_63_77" id="Footnote_63_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_77"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Page 53.&mdash;Some interesting facts as to the evolution of libraries in the Dominion
+can be gathered by reference to Bourinot's "Intellectual Development in
+Canada" (Toronto, 1831); Canniff Haight's "Country Life in Canada Fifty Years
+Ago"; Dr. Canniff's "History of Ontario"; and Dr. Kingsford's "Early Bibliography
+of Ontario." The principal results of the Ontario law providing for the establishment
+of free libraries by votes of ratepayers in a community have been the opening
+of two excellent libraries in Hamilton and Toronto&mdash;the latter under the judicious
+superintendence of Mr. James Bain.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">CANADIAN ARTISTS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_64_78" id="Footnote_64_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_78"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> Page 54.&mdash;An Art Society was founded in Upper Canada as far back as 1841,
+but its exhibitions were necessarily representative of British works of art. The
+present Art Association was founded in Montreal in 1860, and the Ontario School of
+Arts, which is doing excellent work, twelve years later, with its headquarters in
+Toronto. The Royal Canadian Academy, mentioned in the text, was established in
+1880. The influence of these and two or three minor institutions in Canada has been
+on the whole in the direction of stimulating art, but their efforts are not adequately
+encouraged by government or people in the provinces.</p>
+
+<p>The following is a list of the painters in oils and water colours whose pictures
+now make the principal features of the annual exhibitions in Ontario and Quebec,
+and the majority of whom were inadequately represented at Chicago: F. A. Verner,
+whose Indian and Canadian scenes are excellent; H. M. Matthews, who has made a
+high reputation for his Rocky Mountain paintings; L. R. O'Brien, essentially the
+most finished painter of picturesque Canada; T. Mower Martin, an industrious
+painter of wild sports and Canadian scenery; E. Wyley Grier, who has done some
+good work in portraits and natural scenery; W. Brymner, one of the most promising
+younger painters of Canadian scenes: George Reid, whose "Foreclosure of the
+Mortgage" is one of the best pictures produced in the Dominion; John Hammond
+of St. John, N.B., a painter of water life; Percy Woodcock, whose efforts at sketches
+of Canadian rural life are praiseworthy: F. M. Bell-Smith, who has a decided artistic
+faculty for the portraiture of our noblest scenery; Homer Watson, a favourite for his
+rustic landscapes and romantic pastorals; J. W. L. Forster, in some respects the best
+figure painter, but also capable of good landscapes; G. Bruenech, a careful artist of
+scenery; Ernest Thompson, who has made some good efforts at prairie subjects;
+J. C. Forbes, who painted Mr. Gladstone's portrait, and is one of the best artists of
+the class that Canada has so far known; W. Raphael and O. R. Jacobi, two of the
+oldest and best known painters of Canadian landscape. To these we must add Miss
+Minnie A. Bell, A. Watson, Miss Sidney S. Tully, Mrs. M. H. Reid, J. T. Rolph,
+R. F. Gagen, T. C. McGillivray Knowles, Forshaw Day, L. Huot, Mlle. Colombier,
+E. Dyonnet, C. Macdonald Manly, D. P. MacKillsan, J. W. Morrice, A. D. Patterson,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">88</a></span>
+Miss G. F. Spurr, F. S. Challener, Paul J. Wickson, Mrs. M. B. Screiber, W. Revell,
+D. Fowler, Miss E. May Martin, Miss Laura Muntz, Miss F. M. Bell-Smith, Miss
+Florence Carlyle, Miss I. M. F. Adams, Owen P. Staples, Mrs. M. E. Dignam, Charles
+Alexander, W. E. Atkinson, J. C. Mills, J. A. Fraser (in New York), Carl Ahrens,
+W. A. Sherwood, Miss Fannie Sutherland, T. C. V. Ede, H. Sandham (in New York),
+Mr. Harvey, Mr. Cruickshank, Mr. Seavey, A. Cox, Miss Edwards, J. Griffith, Colin
+Scott, J. Wilson, James Smith, C. J. Way, F. Brownell, A. P. Coleman, R. Harris,
+Miss Holden and Miss Houghton. Many of these artists, whose merits, of course,
+vary much, are not native Canadians. One of the strongest landscape painters,
+Mr. Matthews, is an Englishman, who has now, after some years, thoroughly understood
+the light and colour of Canadian scenery. O'Brien, Brymner, L. Huot, Forbes,
+Forster, Pinhey, Sidney Tully, G. Harris, Gagen, Knowles, Watson, Alexander,
+A. D. Patterson, C. M. Manly, E. May Martin and George Reid are Canadians.
+G. T. Berthon, who died recently in Toronto at an advanced age, and was known as
+a painter of numerous portraits, the best of which are to be seen in Osgoode Hall,
+was of French origin and education. Raphael is German by birth and education.
+Jacobi is a painter of the Dusseldorf school, and was at one time employed in the court
+of the King of Bavaria. Bruenech is a native, I understand, of Denmark, though
+educated in Canada. E. W. Grier is an Englishman by birth and education, with a
+knowledge of French art derived from study in Paris. So is Ernest Thompson, who
+also studied in Paris. Mower Martin is an Englishman, educated in that country
+and in Canada, with whose scenery he has been always enamoured. Carl Ahrens
+was born and educated in the United States. Miss Minnie Bell and Miss Laura
+Muntz are among the most promising younger artists of Canada. Both were born
+and received their elementary education in Canada. Miss Bell, after studying in
+Paris, is now in Montreal. Miss Muntz is still studying in Paris. Robert Harris is
+a native of Prince Edward Island. Mr. N. Bourassa, who is a French Canadian
+artist, has of late years devoted himself to ecclesiastical decoration. His best work
+is to be seen in the architecture and decoration of the churches of Notre Dame de
+Nazareth and Notre Dame de Lourdes, in Montreal, and he has the credit of having
+first applied probably in America "the art of painting to the adornment of Christian
+churches in the broad and thorough manner so common at one period in central
+Italy." (See Dr. S. E. Dawson's "Handbook of Canada," Montreal, 1888, pp. 183,
+184.) The influence of the French schools of painting can be seen in the best works
+of Paul Peel (now dead), Forster, Harris, Geo. Reid and John Pinhey (born at Ottawa),
+all of whom have had success at the salons. At the present time there are some
+twenty-five Canadians, more or less, studying in Paris, and the majority are French
+Canadians. In fact, the French schools draw students from Canada as well as from
+the United States, and England is relatively ignored. The artistic temperament is
+more stimulated by the <i>ateliers</i> and the student life of Paris than among the more
+business-like and cold surroundings of a student in London. In sculpture the names
+are very few, Hamilton McCarthy, H&#233;bert and Dunbar having alone done meritorious
+work, but of these three H&#233;bert is the only native Canadian. One of the very
+first painters to draw attention, years ago, to Canadian scenery, especially to the
+wonderfully vivid tints of autumn, was Krieghoff, whose pictures have been so much
+copied that it is difficult now to tell the originals from the reproductions. He was,
+however, not a native Canadian but a Swiss painter from the German-speaking cantons,
+I believe. The name of Paul Kane (born in Toronto) will be always identified
+with Indian life and customs, and as the pioneer of art in Canada. A fine collection
+of his paintings is in the possession of Hon. G. W. Allan, who has always taken an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">89</a></span>
+active interest in the development of art in the city of which he has been so long an
+honoured citizen.</p>
+
+<p>Among other Canadian artists who laboured in the commencement of art studies
+in this country may be mentioned the following: Dulongpr&#233;, Samuel Berczy, Audy,
+William Berczy, Vincent Zacharie Thelariolin (Indian of Lorette, 1812&ndash;1886), Hamel,
+Carey, T. H. Burnett, J. J. Girouard, P. Leber&mdash;many of whose artistic efforts are
+already forgotten though their work was meritorious. With respect to Berthon,
+the following note by Col. G. T. Denison, F.R.S.C., of Toronto, which I have received
+since writing of the artist above, will be of interest: "His father was a court painter
+under the great Napoleon, and several of his pictures are now in Versailles. He
+was a Frenchman, and I think was in Vienna when his son, my old friend, was
+born; for I am under the impression Berthon told me he was born in Vienna. I
+think he was brought up in France, and went to London when comparatively young,
+and there set up as a portrait painter. He was induced to come out to Canada about
+the year 1843 or 1844, and settled in Toronto soon after, where he died about a year
+ago, over eighty years of age. He was certainly, when in his prime, the best portrait
+painter we ever had in Canada, and in my opinion was better than most of the men
+of great celebrity in London to-day."</p>
+
+<p>The successful artists at the World's Fair, where 113 works in all were presented
+from Canada, were the following: Mr. G. Reid, whose great picture mentioned above
+could not fail to attract much notice, Mr. Harris, Mr. Ede, Miss Holden and Mr.
+J. A. Fraser. This is satisfactory in view of the fact that the best work of the majority
+of leading Canadian artists was not represented in the exhibition. Apart
+from Mr. Reid's painting, the pictures that were signalled out for special notice
+were not equal in some respects to other efforts of the same artists that have been
+seen in our annual exhibitions.</p>
+
+<p>In closing this note I cannot do better than give the following judicious remarks
+on art in Canada, delivered before the Canadian Institute, by an able Canadian artist,
+J. W. L. Forster: "The art of Canada to-day is a mingling of elements.... The
+influence of the old world may be seen in the work of many who cherish still the
+precepts of their masters. Yet it is due to those who have adopted Canada as their
+home to say they are as Canadian in the faithful reproduction of the pure glories of
+our climate as those who first saw the sun in our own sky. Our native artists who
+have studied abroad are much inclined to paint a Canadian sky with the haze of
+Western Europe, and our verdure, too, as though it grew upon foreign soil. Our art
+is not Canadian.... Material is certainly not wanting, nor <i>motif</i> of the
+grander order. The first requisite is for a stronger national spirit. Events are
+slowly developing this; and the signs are full of promise in this direction. The
+second great need is for a museum equipped with well-chosen specimens of the
+world's art. Our government and citizens are establishing schools of industrial and
+fine art, yet when we would point our pupils to examples of pure art, lo! there are
+none; and when we would know what art has been, in order to discover what art
+may be, we must go as exiles and pilgrims to foreign cities. A museum that gives
+the best of their art history and achievement will greatly strengthen our hope and
+give rein to our ambition. A third need is for capable and generous criticism.
+There are many men whose discernment and sympathies fit them eminently for the
+role of art critic; but as yet journalism has not opened wide the door to advancement
+in such a specialty."</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">ARCHITECTURAL ART.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_64A_79" id="Footnote_64A_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64A_79"><span class="label">[64<i>a</i>]</span></a> Page 57.&mdash;While Canadian architecture is generally wanting in originality
+of conception, yet it affords many good illustrations of the effective adaptation of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">90</a></span>
+the best art of Europe to the principal edifices of the large cities. These are the
+most noteworthy public buildings:</p>
+
+<p>In <i>Ottawa</i>.&mdash;The parliament and departmental buildings, admirable examples of
+Italian Gothic of the 13th century, with a fine central tower, the effect of which has
+been marred by a later tower in the western block out of harmony with the general
+design of an otherwise perfect group.</p>
+
+<p>In <i>Quebec</i>.&mdash;The legislative building in the French style of the 17th century, noteworthy
+for its niches containing statues of men famous in French Canadian history.</p>
+
+<p>In <i>Montreal</i>.&mdash;The parish church of Notre Dame, on the Place d'Armes, of a
+simple Gothic style, attractive for its stateliness and massiveness.</p>
+
+<p>Christ Church Cathedral, on St. Catherine street, worthy of study as an admirable
+specimen of the early English style of ecclesiastical architecture, exhibiting
+unity of design and correctness of proportions.</p>
+
+<p>Notre Dame de Lourdes, whose interior has been already spoken of (see preceding
+note); a good example of the Byzantine order, combined with effects of the Italian
+Renaissance recalling Venetian architecture.</p>
+
+<p>The Montreal Bank, on St. James street, an artistic illustration of the Corinthian
+order, with an interior interesting for the artistic effort to illustrate on the walls
+remarkable scenes in Canadian history.</p>
+
+<p>The Canadian Pacific Station, on Windsor street, a fine example of an adaptation
+of old Norman architecture to modern necessities.</p>
+
+<p>In <i>Toronto</i>.&mdash;The University, perhaps the best example in America of a modern
+conception of Norman architecture, with a tower of much beauty.</p>
+
+<p>Trinity University, whose graceful Tudor-Gothic design, in which the tower is a
+conspicuous feature, is marred by the clumsy projection of a later chapel building,
+entirely out of harmony with the admirable front.</p>
+
+<p>Osgoode Hall, of the Ionic order, modified by additions of the Italian Renaissance.</p>
+
+<p>St. Andrew's Church, a combination of the Norman and Byzantine orders, more
+suitable for a great library or a hall than an ecclesiastical edifice. As a specimen of
+architecture, apart from its purpose, it is harmonious and artistic.</p>
+
+<p>The new legislative buildings, which are the most pretentious in Canada after
+the Ottawa parliament house, are a praiseworthy effort to illustrate the Romanesque,
+with details of the Celtic and Indo-Germanic schools.</p>
+
+<p>The Methodist Metropolitan Church, a judicious example of a modern form of
+the Gothic style which distinguished the 13th century in France. It is at once
+simple and harmonious in its general design, and has a massive tower which adds to
+the general effect of the whole structure.</p>
+
+<p>St. James's Church, often cited as a good example of ecclesiastical Gothic, with a
+graceful and well-proportioned tower and steeple, conspicuous from all points of view.</p>
+
+<p>In <i>Hamilton</i>.&mdash;The court-house is in some respects the best designed of its kind
+in Canada. The head office of the Canada Life Assurance Company is noteworthy
+for its graceful simplicity, in its way not equalled in Canada.</p>
+
+<p>In <i>Fredericton</i>.&mdash;The Church of England Cathedral, a perfect specimen, on a
+small scale, of pure early English Gothic on the Continent.</p>
+
+<p>The new library building which McGill University owes to the public spirit of
+Mr. Redpath, of Montreal, is distinguished by the graceful simplicity of its external
+form, and the conveniences of its beautiful interior. Apart from this fine edifice,
+however, and the parliamentary library at Ottawa, whose external design is harmonious
+and whose internal fittings illustrate the effectiveness of our natural woods,
+Canada has no such libraries&mdash;in special buildings I mean&mdash;noteworthy for
+beauty of architecture and convenience of arrangements as we find among our neighbours,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">91&ndash;92</a></span>
+illustrating their public and private spirit. Neither have we an art gallery of
+special architectural features, for the building at Montreal is simple in the extreme.
+Such as it is, however, it is an object of imitation to other cities in Canada.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1t">"FIDELIS."</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_65_80" id="Footnote_65_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_80"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Page 60.&mdash;The poetic citation which closes the presidential address is taken
+from Miss Machar's ("Fidelis") verses on "Dominion Day," which appear in "Songs
+of the Great Dominion," pp. 15&ndash;17, and merit a wide audience for their patriotic spirit
+and poetic taste.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+                    <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">93</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>INDEX.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<ul class="index">
+  <li class="isub2">"Acadia, History of," by J. Hannay, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Acadian Geology," by Sir J. W. Dawson, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"After Weary Years," romance by Archbp. O'Brien, of Halifax, N.S., <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Ahrens, Carl, artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Algonquin Grammar, by Abb&#233; Cuoq, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Allan, Hon. G. W., his love of art, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"An American Girl in London," by Sara J. Duncan, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Aminta," poem by Archbishop O'Brien, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Anciens Canadiens," by P. de Gasp&#233;, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Archibald, Sir Adams J., statesman, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Archibald, S. J. W., statesman, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Architecture in Canada, imitative rather than original, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">special buildings of architectural beauty mentioned, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Art in Canada, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">names of eminent painters, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">want of art galleries, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">establishment of art associations in Montreal and Toronto, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">the Canadian Academy of Art, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">some general remarks on its use, <a href="#Page_54">ib.</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">J. W. L. Forster cited on the subject, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">success of Canadian artists at the Chicago World's Fair, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Art gallery in Montreal, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Arnold, Matthew, on the large meaning of "Literature," <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Australian novelists, superior to those of Canada, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">names, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Australian poets compared with those of Canada, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">names, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">extracts from, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Baldwin, Hon. Robert, statesman, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Bank of Montreal Building at Montreal, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Bastonnais, The," romance by J. Lesp&#233;rance, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Beggars All," by L. Dougall, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Belknap, Jeremy, his "History of New Hampshire," <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Bell, Miss Minnie, artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Bell-Smith, F. M., artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Beothiks, or Red Indians of Newfoundland, essay on, by Dr. Patterson, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Berthon, G. T., artist, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Bibaud, Michel, his History of Canada, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Bibliography of the writings of members of the Royal Society, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Bienville, Fran&#231;ois de," romance by M. Marmette, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Billings, Elkanah, geologist, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Biography, literature of, weak in Canada, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Blake, Edward, mentioned, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Boucher, Pierre, his account of the customs and natural productions of Nouvelle France, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Bouchette, Joseph, his works on the topography of Canada, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Bourassa, N., artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Brown, J. H., poet, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Bruenech, G., artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Bunsen, Chevalier, his opinion on what constitutes the excellence of a romance, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Brymner, W., artist, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2 p1t"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">94</a></span>Campbell, Wilfred, his poems, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">quotations therefrom, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Canada Life Assurance Building at Hamilton, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Canada, three eras of development, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Canadian Idylls," poems by W. Kirby, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Canadian Literary and Scientific Societies, the oldest in Canada, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Canadian Monthly," its usefulness, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Canadian Pacific RR., Station at Montreal, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Canadiens de l'Ouest," by J. Tass&#233;, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Carillon, le Drapeau de," poem by O. Cr&#233;mazie, quoted, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Carman, Bliss, his poems, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Cartier, Sir George Etienne, statesman, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Casgrain, Abb&#233;, his historical works, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">his opinion of Cr&#233;mazie, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Catherwood, Mary Hartwell, writer of fiction, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Champlain, compared with Columbus, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">with Captain John Smith, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">his works, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Chants Nouveaux," poems by B. Sulte, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Charlevoix, his history of Nouvelle France, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">his opinion of society in Quebec, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Chauveau, P. J. O., his poems, etc., <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">one of the founders of the Royal Society, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Chevrier, R., poet, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Christie, Robert, his history of Lower Canada, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Chief Factor, The," novel by Gilbert Parker, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Christ Church Cathedral at Fredericton, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Christ Church Cathedral at Montreal, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Classics, Study of;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Goldwin Smith on, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Matthew Arnold on, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">J. Russell Lowell on, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">should be encouraged in Canadian colleges, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">its results in French Canada, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Clarke, Professor, mentioned, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Cl&#224;rsach nam Beann," Gaelic poems by E. McColl, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Clercq, P&#232;re Chrestien le, his "Etablissement de la Foy," <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Coogee," poem by H. C. Kendall, the Australian poet, cited, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Cours d'Histoire du Canada," by Abb&#233; Ferland, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Crawford, Isabella Valancy, poet, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Cr&#233;mazie, Octave, his poems, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Creux, P&#232;re du, his <i>Historia Canadensis</i>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Criticism, necessity for a spirit of genuine, in Canada, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">reference to S. E. Dawson's essay on "The Princess," <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Sainte-Beuve quoted, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Cuoq, Abb&#233;, his works on the Algonquin language, contributed to Royal Society, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Davin, Nicholas Flood, poet, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Dawson, &#198;neas, poet, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Dawson, G. M., his contributions to Royal Society, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Dawson, S. E., his criticism on "The Princess," <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Dawson, Sir W., <i>doyen</i> of Science in Canada, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"D&#233;couverte du Mississippi, La," poem by L. Fr&#233;chette quoted, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Dent, John C., his histories, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Derby, the Earl of, his farewell address to the Royal Society of Canada, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Deville, E., his contributions to Royal Society, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Dewart, E. H., poet, his collection of Canadian poems, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Dionne, N. E., his writings, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Dodge Club Abroad," by Professor De Mille, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Doyle, Conan, his "Refugees" held up to imitation of Canadian writers of romance, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Dread Voyage," poem by W. Campbell, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Dreamland" and other poems by C. Mair, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Dunbar, sculptor, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Duncan, Sara Jeannette, author, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Duvar, John Hunter, poet, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Ede, T. C. V., artist, wins success at Chicago World's Fair, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Edgar, James D., poet, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">95</a></span>Edgar, Mrs., her "Ridout Letters" quoted, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Education, in French Canada under old regime, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">in Canada from 1760&ndash;1840, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">from 1840&ndash;1893, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">its present condition and defects, <a href="#Page_49">49&ndash;51</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Emerson, representative of original American genius, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Epic of the Dawn," poem by N. F. Davin, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Essayists, names of principal French and English, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Faillon, Abb&#233;, his history of the "Colonie fran&#231;aise," <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Fauna of St. John Group, geological work by G. F. Matthew, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Ferland, J. B. A., his "History of Canada," <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Flag of Old England," poem by Joseph Howe, quoted, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Flora and Botany of Canada, essays on, by Professors Lawson, Macoun and Penhallow, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Forbes, J. C., artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Foreclosure of the Mortgage," painting by G. A. Reid, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Forster, J. W. L., artist, his remarks on the tendency of Canadian art, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Fraser, J. A., artist, wins success at Chicago "World's Fair," <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Fr&#233;chette, L., his poems, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">quotation from his "D&#233;couverte du Mississippi," <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">essayist, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">French Canada: early writers of her history, Champlain, Boucher, Le Clercq, Charlevoix, etc., <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61&ndash;64</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">culture and science during French regime, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">historians and poets from 1760&ndash;1840, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">from 1840 to 1867, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">from 1867&ndash;1893, <a href="#Page_72">72&ndash;74</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">writers of romance few in number, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">influence of the French language, <a href="#Page_58">58&ndash;60</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">its probable duration, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">French language in Canada, remarks on, <a href="#Page_58">58&ndash;60</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">French Canadian poetry, an estimate of its merits, <a href="#Page_22">22&ndash;24</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Gagen, R. F., artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Gazette" of Montreal, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Galissoni&#232;re, La, his culture and scientific spirit, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Ganong, Prof., contributor to Royal Society of Canada, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Garneau, F. X., his "Histoire du Canada," <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Gladstone, Right Hon. Mr., portrait of, painted by J. C. Forbes, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Globe" of Toronto, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Golden Dog, The," romance by W. Kirby, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">translated by P. LeMay, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Gordon, A. Lindsay, his spirited poem, "The Sick Stock-rider," quoted, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Grant, Principal, author and lecturer, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Greek, study of, desirable, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Grier, E. W., artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Griffin, M. J., essayist and poet, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Haida Grammar, to be printed by Royal Society, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Haliburton, Judge, his "Sam Slick," <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">his "History of Nova Scotia," <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Hamel, Mgr., contributor to Royal Society, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Hamilton Court-house, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Hamilton, P. S., poet, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Hammond, John, artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Hannay, J., his "History of Acadia," <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Harris, George, artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Harrison, S. Frances ("Seranus"), poet, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Harvey, Moses, his contributions to Royal Society, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Haultain, Arnold, mentioned, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Hawthorne, N., representative of original American genius, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Heavysege, Chas., his poems, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">H&#233;bert, French Canadian sculptor, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Historians of Canada: W. Smith, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">M. Bibaud, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Haliburton's Nova Scotia, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Garneau, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Ferland, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Faillon, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">B. Sulte, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">J. C. Dent, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">L. Turcotte, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Withrow, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Kingsford, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">McMillan, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Hannay, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Murdoch, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Tanguay, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Dionne, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Casgrain, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Gosselin, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">96</a></span>"Histoire des Canadiens Fran&#231;ais," by B. Sulte, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Histoire de la Colonie Fran&#231;aise en Canada," by Abb&#233; Faillon, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Holden, Miss, artist, wins success at Chicago World's Fair, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Houghton, Miss, artist, wins success at Chicago World's Fair, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Howe, Joseph, as poet and orator, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">one of his poems quoted in full, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Hunt, Thomas Sterry, his contributions to the Royal Society of Canada, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">one of its founders, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Huntington, Hon. L. S., statesman and novelist, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Huot, L., artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Hutchinson, Governor, his "History of Massachusetts," <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">"In Divers Tones," poem by C. G. D. Roberts, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"In the Millet," poems by A. Lampman, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Intellectual Development in Canada: under the French regime, <a href="#Page_5">5&ndash;8</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">books, newspapers, education and culture from 1760&ndash;1840, <a href="#Page_9">9&ndash;18</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">from 1840&ndash;1893, <a href="#Page_19">19&ndash;27</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">statesmen of intellectual power, mentioned, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">historical literature, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">poets, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">essayists, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">humorists, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">novelists, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">biographers, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">pulpit literature, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">legal literature, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">newspaper development, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">the Royal Society and its work, <a href="#Page_33">33&ndash;42</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">success of scientific writers, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">want of good magazines, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">no very striking results yet achieved, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">obstacles in the way of successful literary results in Canada, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">artistic achievement, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">architectural work lacking originality, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">general remarks, on the intellectual conditions of Canada, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">what is wanted to stimulate mental effort in the Dominion, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">intellectual standard of our legislative bodies, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">the great drain on our intellectual strength by the legislative bodies of the Dominion, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">business capacity now chiefly conspicuous in legislative halls, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Jacobi, O. R., artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Jamestown, Va., in ruins, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Jesuit College, founded at Quebec, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Jesuit Relations, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Johnstone, James W., statesman, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Kalm, Peter, his reference to culture and science in French Canada, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Kane, Paul, painter of Indian scenes, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Katzmann, M. J., poet, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Kingsford, W., his "History of Canada," <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">his address, <i>In Memoriam</i>, Sir D. Wilson, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Kirby, W., his "Golden Dog," and other works, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Knowles, G., artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Krieghoff, painter of Canadian scenery, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Laflamme, Prof., contributor to Royal Society, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Lafitau, his account of Indian life and customs, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Lafontaine, Sir Louis Hypolite, statesman, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Lake Lyrics," poems by W. Campbell, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Lampman, Archibald, poet, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Later Canadian Poems," collected by J. E. Wetherell, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Laval University, mentioned, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Law, literature of, in Canada, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Legendre, N., author, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"L&#233;gendes Canadiennes," by Abb&#233; Casgrain, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Legend of the Rose," poem by S. J. Watson, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Legislative Buildings at Quebec, their architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Legislative Buildings at Toronto, their architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">LeMay, P., his poems, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Lescarbot, Marc, his "Nouvelle France," <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Lesp&#233;rance, John, novelist, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Les Echos," poems by Judge Routhier, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Les Fleurs Bor&#233;ales," prize poems by L. Fr&#233;chette, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Les Laurentiennes," poems by B. Sulte, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">97</a></span>LeSueur, W. D., essayist, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Libraries in Canada, before 1840, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">at present time, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Lighthall, W. D., his collection of Canadian poems, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Lockhart, B. W. and A. J., poets, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Logan, Sir William, geologist, born in Canada, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"London Times," an example of a perfect newspaper, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Lorne, Marquess of, establishes the Royal Society of Canada, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">and the Canadian Academy of Art, with the Princess Louise, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Louise, H. R. H. the Princess, her labours in connection with Art in Canada, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Lowell, James Russell, his remarks on the measure of a nation's true success, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">on the study of the classics, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Macdonald, Sir John A., statesman, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Machar, Miss ("Fidelis"), one of her poems quoted, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Mackenzie, Hon. Alexander, statesman, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Mackenzie, William Lyon, politician and agitator, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Magazine, need of, in Canada, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">the old "Canadian Monthly," <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Mair, Charles, poet, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Manly, C. M., artist, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Marmette, J., works cited, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Martin, E. May, artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Martin, Mower, artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Masque of Minstrels," poems by the Lockhart Brothers, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Mather, Cotton, his <i>Magnalia</i>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Matthew, G. F., his contributions to the Royal Society, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Matthews, H. M., artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">McCarthy, Hamilton, sculptor, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">McColl, Evan, his Gaelic poems, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">McGee, T. D'Arcy, statesman and author, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">McLachlan, Alexander, his poems, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Metropolitan Methodist Church at Toronto, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Montcalm et L&#233;vis," history by Abb&#233; Casgrain, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Montesquieu, his "Esprit des Lois," its high place in literature, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Montreal, its Art Gallery, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">its architectural features, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Morin, Augustin Norbert, statesman, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Muntz, Miss, artist, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Newspapers in Canada, previous to 1867, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">at present time, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">their character, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Novel-writing in Canada, not generally successful, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">exceptions, "Golden Dog" by Kirby, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">"Fran&#231;ois de Bienville" by Marmette, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">"Les Anciens Canadiens" by De Gasp&#233;, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">De Mille's works, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Sara Jeannette Duncan, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Gilbert Parker, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">L. Dougall, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Notre Dame de Lourdes, in Montreal, decorated by N. Bourassa, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">O'Brien, L. R., artist, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">O'Brien, Most Rev. Dr., author, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">O'Doyle, L. O'Connor, orator, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">O'Hagan, T., poet, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Oiseaux de Neige, Les," poems by L. Fr&#233;chette, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Orion" and other poems, by Professor Roberts, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Osgoode Hall in Toronto, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Our Fathers," by Joseph Howe, mentioned, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Papineau, Louis Joseph, statesman, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Parkman, Francis, his vivid historical pictures of Canada, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Parish Church of Notre Dame at Montreal, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Parliament and Departmental Buildings at Ottawa, their architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Parliamentary Library at Ottawa, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Patterson, A. D., artist, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Patterson, Dr., his contributions to Royal Society of Canada, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Peel, Paul, artist, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Pine, Rose and Fleur-de-Lis," poems by S. Frances Harrison, ("Seranus"), <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Pinhey, John, artist, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">98</a></span>Poets of Canada;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">previous to 1867, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">from 1867&ndash;1893, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">estimate of their productions, <a href="#Page_20">20&ndash;25</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">patriotic strain of many of their efforts, <a href="#Page_25">25&ndash;27</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Political Life in Canada, attracts best intellects in old times, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">also at present, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Potherie, La, his "Am&#233;rique Septentrionale," <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Professor Conant," novel by L. S. Huntington, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Prehistoric Man," by Sir D. Wilson, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Pulpit, literature of, in Canada, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Raphael, W., artist, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Reade, John, his poems, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">his "In My Heart" quoted at length, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">essayist, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Redpath Library at Montreal, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Reid, G. A., Canadian artist, his "Foreclosure of the Mortgage," his success at the World's Fair, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Religious literature, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Richardson, A. H., the architect, a lover of the Romanesque, mentioned, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Richardson, Major, his romances, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Riley, James Whitcomb, the poet, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Roberts, C. G. D., his poems, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Roberval," poem by J. H. Duvar, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Routhier, J. B., poet, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Royal Society of Canada, its foundation, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">its objects, <a href="#Page_33">33&ndash;36</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">its success, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">its Transactions and their circulation, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">some of its most prominent contributions to the literature of learning and science, <a href="#Page_37">37&ndash;39</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">its connection with "Tidal Observations," and the determination of the true longitude of Montreal, etc., <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">asks for sympathetic encouragement, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</li>
+      <li class="isub4">see note 58, p. <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Ruskin, John, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">quoted, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Ryan, Carroll, poet, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Sagard, Gabriel, his "Grand Voyage," etc., <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Sainte-Beuve on French poetry, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">on good workmanship in literature, and criticism, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Saint-Maurice, Faucher de, mentioned, "Sam Slick," by Judge Haliburton, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Sangster, Charles, his poems, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Sarrazin, Dr. Michel, his scientific labours in Canada, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Schools in Canada, number of, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">pupils at same, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Science, Canadians achieve notable success therein, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Sculptors in Canada, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Secord, Laura, her toilsome journey in 1813, described by Mrs. Edgar, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">worthy of a poet's pen, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Selections from Canadian Poets, by E. H. Dewart, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Seminary, The Great and Lesser, founded at Quebec, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Simple Adventures of a Memsahib," by Sara J. Duncan, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Sladen, Douglas, his collection of American poems, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Smith, Captain John, compared with Samuel Champlain, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Smith, Goldwin, on the study of the classics, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Smith, William, his History of Canada, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Social Departure, A," by Sara J. Duncan, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Songs of the Great Dominion," collection of poems by W. D. Lighthall, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Songs of Life," by E. H. Dewart, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Songs of a Wanderer," by Carroll Ryan, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">St. Andrew's Church at Toronto, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">St. James's Cathedral at Toronto, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Statesmanship in Canada, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Stewart, Dr. George, his literary efforts, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Suite, historian and poet, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Tanguay, Abb&#233;, his "Dictionnaire G&#233;n&#233;alogique des Canadiens Fran&#231;ais," <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Tass&#233;, Joseph, his writings, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Tecumseh," poem by C. Mair, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Tendres Choses," poem by R. Chevrier, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">99</a></span>"This Canada of Ours," poem by J. D. Edgar, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Thompson, David, his book on the War of 1812, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Thompson, Ernest, artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Tilley, Sir Leonard S., statesman, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Todd, A., his "Parliamentary Government," <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Trinity College at Toronto, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Trois Morts," poem by O. Cr&#233;mazie, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Tully, Sidney, artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Tupper, Sir Charles, statesman, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Turcotte, L., his "History of Canada," <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Uniacke, J. Boyle, statesman, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Universities and Colleges in Canada, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">University of Toronto, its architecture, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">Verner, F. A., artist, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Verreau, Abb&#233;, contributor to Royal Society, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">"Wacousta, or the Prophecy," romance by Major J. Richardson, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Waters, Frank, poet, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Watson, Homer, artist, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Watson, S. J., poet, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Way, Chief Justice, of Adelaide, S. A., mentioned, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"Week, The," its literary work in Canada, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">"White Stone Canoe," poem by J. D. Edgar, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Whitman, Walt, as poet, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Wicksteed, G. W., poet, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Wilmot, Judge, statesman, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Wilson, Sir D., one of the founders and constant workers of the Royal Society, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Woodcock, Percy, artist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">World's Fair at Chicago, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">beauty of architecture, and excellence of exhibition of paintings and statuary, <a href="#Page_55">55&ndash;57</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">must help to develop higher artistic achievement in America, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</li>
+    <li class="isub3">Canadian painters at, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li>
+
+
+  <li class="isub2 p1t">"Younger American Poets," collection by D. Sladen, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+  <li class="isub2">Young, Sir William, statesman, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<div class="transnote">
+<h2 class="nobreak p1">Transcriber's Note:</h2>
+
+<p>Footnotes placed at end of their respective chapter</p>
+
+<p>Obvious punctuation and spelling errors corrected</p>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_6">Pg. 6</a>: Note 11 for "... the admirable account of Indian life and customs by the Jesuit Lafitau," changed to 11<i>a</i></p>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_27">Pg. 27</a>: Note 44<i>a</i> for "... written sixty years ago by Major John Richardson," changed to 45<i>a</i></p>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_42">Pg. 42</a>: Note/Footnote 58 * for "... yet in the infantry of its literary life." changed to Footnote F</p>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_63">Pg. 63</a>: In "(8) Page 6.&mdash;The Canadian Government...." changed to "(9) Page 6.&mdash;The Canadian Government...."</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OUR INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS***</p>
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