diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/55499-0.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55499-0.txt | 5776 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 5776 deletions
diff --git a/old/55499-0.txt b/old/55499-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 66eb838..0000000 --- a/old/55499-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,5776 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, Our Intellectual Strength and Weakness, by -John George Bourinot - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: Our Intellectual Strength and Weakness - A Short Historical and Critical Review of Literature, Art and Education in Canada - - -Author: John George Bourinot - - - -Release Date: September 7, 2017 [eBook #55499] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OUR INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AND -WEAKNESS*** - - -E-text prepared by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made -available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org) - - - -Note: Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive. See - https://archive.org/details/ourintellectuals00jgborich - - - - - -Royal Society of Canada Series. - -No. 1. - -OUR INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS. - - - * * * * * * - -WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR. - -Parliamentary Practice and Procedure, with a review of the origin, -growth, and operation of parliamentary institutions in Canada. And -an Appendix containing the British North America Act of 1867 and -amending acts, Governor-General's commission and instructions, forms of -proceeding in the Senate and House of Commons, etc.; 2nd ed., revised -and enlarged, 8vo., pp. 970, cloth and calf. Montreal: Dawson Bros., -1892. $8. - -A Manual of the Constitutional History of Canada, from the earliest -period to the year 1888, including the B. N. A. Act of 1867, and a -digest of judicial decisions on questions of legislative jurisdiction. -12mo. pp. 238. Montreal: Dawson Bros. Cloth, $1.25. - -Canadian Studies in Comparative Politics: I. Canada and English -Institutions; II. Canada and the United States; III. Canada and -Switzerland. Large 4to. pp. 100. Montreal: Dawson Bros. Cloth, $1. - -Local Government in Canada. 8vo. pp. 72. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins -University Studies. Paper, 50c. - -Federal Government in Canada. 8vo. pp. 172. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins -University Studies, 1889. Paper, 50c. - -Parliamentary Government in Canada: an historical and constitutional -study. Annals of American Historical Association. 8vo. pp. 98. -Washington: Government Printing Office, 1893. Paper, $1. - -Descriptive and Historical Account of the Island of Cape Breton, -and of its Memorials of the French Regime, with bibliographical, -historical and critical notes, and old maps; plans and illustrations -of Louisbourg. Large 4to. pp. 180. Montreal: Foster Brown & Co., 1892. -Fancy cloth, $3. - - * * * * * * - - -Royal Society of Canada Series. - -OUR INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS - -A Short Historical and Critical Review of Literature, -Art and Education in Canada, - -by - -J. G. BOURINOT, C.M.G., LL.D., D.C.L., D.L. (LAVAL). - -Author of "Cape Breton and Its Memorials of the French Regime," and of -Several Works on Federal and Parliamentary Government -in the Dominion of Canada. - - - - - - -Montreal: -Foster Brown & Co. - -London: -Bernard Quaritch. - -1893 - -Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada by J. G. BOURINOT, in -the Office of the Minister of Agriculture, in the year 1893. - -Gazette Printing Company, Montreal. - - - - - To my Friends - SIR J. W. DAWSON, (C.M.G., F.R.S.C., LL.D.) - AND - MONSIGNOR HAMEL, (M.A., F.R.S.C.), - WHO REPRESENT THE CULTURE AND LEARNING OF THE ENGLISH AND FRENCH - ELEMENTS OF THE CANADIAN PEOPLE, - I dedicate - THIS SHORT REVIEW OF THE INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT - OF THE NEW DOMINION. - - - - -PREFATORY NOTE. - - -This monograph on the intellectual development of the Dominion was -delivered in substance as the presidential address to the Royal Society -of Canada at its May meeting of 1893, in Ottawa. Since then the author -has given the whole subject a careful revision, and added a number of -bibliographical and other literary notes which could not conveniently -appear in the text of the address, but are likely to interest those who -wish to follow more closely the progress of culture in a country still -struggling with the difficulties of the material development of half -a continent. This little volume, as the title page shows, is intended -as the commencement of a series of historical and other essays which -will be periodically reproduced, in this more convenient form for the -general reader, from the large quarto volumes of the Royal Society of -Canada, where they first appear. - - OTTAWA, 1st October, 1893. - - - - -ANALYSIS OF CONTENTS. - - - I.--P. 1. - - Introductory remarks on the overestimate of material success in - America; citation from an oration on the subject by James - Russell Lowell; application of his remarks to Canadians. - - II.--P. 4. - - Three well defined eras of development in Canada; the French regime - and its heroic aspect; the works of Champlain, Lescarbot, - Potherie, Le Clercq, Charlevoix and others; evidences of some - culture in Quebec and Montreal; the foundation of the Jesuit - College and the Seminaries; Peter Kalm on the study of science; - the mental apathy of the colony generally in the days of French - supremacy. - - III.--P. 9. - - The period of political development from 1760-1840, under English - government; low state of popular education; growth of the press; - influence of the clergy; intellectual contests in legislative - halls; publication of "Sam Slick"; development of a historical - literature. - - IV.--P. 14. - - An era of intellectual as well as material activity commences in 1840, - after the concession of responsible government; political life - still claims best intellects; names of prominent politicians and - statesmen from 1840-1867; performance in literature and science; - gross partisanship of the press; poems of Crémazie, Howe, - Sangster and others; histories of Christie, Bibaud, Garneau and - Ferland. - - V.--P. 19. - - Historical writers from 1867-1893--Dent, Turcotte, Casgrain, Sulte, - Kingsford, etc.; Canadian poets--LeMay, Reade, Mair, Roberts, - Carman and others; critical remarks on the character of French - and English Canadian poetry; comparison between Canadian and - Australian writers; patriotic spirit of Canadian poems. - - VI.--P. 27. - - Essay writing in Canada; weakness of attempts at fiction; Richardson's - "Wacousta"; De Gaspé's "Anciens Canadiens"; Kirby's "Golden - Dog"; Marmette's "F. de Bienville," among best works of this - class; Professor De Mille and his works; successful efforts of - Canadians abroad--Gilbert Parker, Sara Jeannette Duncan and L. - Dougall; general remarks on literary progress during half a - century; the literature of science in Canada eminently - successful. - - VII.--P. 33. - - A short review of the origin and history of the Royal Society of - Canada; its aim, the encouragement of the literature of learning - and science, and of original ethnographical, archæological, - historic and scientific investigation; desirous of stimulating - broad literary criticism; associated with all other Canadian - societies engaged in the same work; the wide circulation of its - Transactions throughout the world; the need of a magazine of a - high class in Canada. - - VIII.--P. 42. - - The intellectual standard of our legislative bodies; the literature of - biography, law and theology; summary of general results of - intellectual development; difficulties in the way of successful - literary pursuits in Canada; good work sure of appreciative - criticism by the best class of English periodicals like the - "Contemporary," "Athenæum," "English Historical Magazine," - "Academy," etc.; Sainte-Beuve's advice to cultivate a good style - cited; some colonial conditions antagonistic to literary growth; - the necessity of cultivating a higher ideal of literature in - these modern times. - - IX.--P. 49. - - The condition of education in Canada; speed and superficiality among - the defects of an otherwise admirable system; tendency to make - all studies subordinate to a purely utilitarian spirit; the need - of cultivating the "humanities," especially Greek; remarks on - this point by Matthew Arnold and Goldwin Smith; the state of the - press of Canada; the Canadian Pythia and Olympia. - - X.--P. 53. - - Libraries in Canada; development of art; absence of art galleries in - the cities, and of large private collections of paintings; - meritorious work of O'Brien, Reed, Peel, Pinhey, Forster and - others; establishment of the Canadian Academy by the Princess - Louise and the Marquess of Lorne; necessity for greater - encouragement of native artists; success of Canadian artists at - the World's Fair; architecture in Canada imitative and not - creative; the White City at Chicago an illustration of the - triumph of intellectual and artistic effort over the spirit of - mere materialism; its effect probably the development of a - higher culture and creative artistic genius on the continent. - - XI.--P. 58. - - Conclusion: The French language and its probable duration in Canada; - the advantages of a friendly rivalry among French and English - Canadians, which will best stimulate the genius of their peoples - in art and letters; necessity for sympathetic encouragement of - the two languages and of the mental efforts of each other; less - provincialism or narrowness of mental vision likely to gain - larger audiences in other countries; conditions of higher - intellectual development largely dependent on a widening of our - mental horizon, the creation of wider sympathy for native talent, - the disappearance of a tendency to self-depreciation, and greater - self-reliance and confidence in our own intellectual resources. - - - - -BIBLIOGRAPHICAL, ART AND GENERAL NOTES. - - - (1) P. 61.--Lowell's remarks on the study of the Liberal Arts. - - (2) P. 61.--Jamestown, Va. - - (3) P. 61.--Champlain's Works; his character compared with that of - Captain John Smith. - - (4) P. 62.--Lescarbot's "Histoire de la Nouvelle France." - - (5) P. 62.--Charlevoix's "Histoire et Description Générale de la - Nouvelle France." - - (6) P. 63.--Hutchinson's "History of Massachusetts." - - (7) P. 63.--Sagard's "Le Grand Voyage," etc. - - (8) P. 63.--P. Boucher's "Mœurs et Productions de la Nouvelle - France." - - (9) P. 63.--Jesuit Relations. - - (10) P. 63.--Père du Creux, "Historia Canadensis." - - (11) P. 63.--La Potherie's "Histoire de l'Amérique Septentrionale." - - (11_a_) P. 63.--The Jesuit Lafitau and his work on Indian customs. - - (12) P. 64.--C. le Clercq, "Etablissement de la Foy." - - (13) P. 64.--Cotton Mather's "Magnalia." - - (13_a_) P. 64.--Dr. Michel Sarrazin. - - (13_b_) P. 64,--Peter Kalm and the English colonies. - - (14) P. 65.--Education in Canada, 1792-1893. - - (15) P. 65.--Upper Canada, 1792-1840. - - (16) P. 66.--Canadian Journalism. - - (17) P. 66.--Howe's Speeches. - - (18) P. 66.--"Sam Slick." - - (19) P. 66.--Judge Haliburton's History of Nova Scotia. - - (20) P. 66.--W. Smith's History of Canada. - - (21) P. 67.--Joseph Bouchette's Topographical Works on Canada. - - (22) P. 67.--M. Bibaud's Histories of Canada. - - (23) P. 67.--Thompson's Book on the War of 1812-14. - - (24) P. 67.--Belknap's History of New Hampshire. - - (25) P. 67.--The poet Crémazie. - - (26) P. 68.--Chauveau as a poet. - - (27) P. 69.--Howe's Poems. - - (28) P. 69.--The poets Sangster and McLachlan. - - (29) P. 69.--Charles Heavysege's Works. - - (30) P. 69.--Todd's Parliamentary Government. - - (31) P. 69.--Christie's History of Lower Canada. - - (32) P. 70.--Garneau's History of Canada. - - (33) P. 70.--Ferland and Faillon as Canadian Historians. - - (34) P. 70.--Dent's Histories of Canada. - - (35) P. 71.--Turcotte's History since Union of 1841. - - (36) P. 71.--B. Sulte, "Histoire des Canadiens Français," etc. - - (37) P. 71.--Abbé Casgrain's Works. - - (38) P. 71.--Kingsford, Dionne, Gosselin, Tassé, Tanguay, and other - Canadian historians. - - (39) P. 72.--A Canadian Bibliography. - - (40) P. 72.--Later Canadian Poets, 1867-1893: Fréchette, LeMay, W. - Campbell Roberts, Lampman, Mair, O'Brien, McColl, - Suite, Lockhart, Murray, Edgar, O'Hagan, Davin, etc. - Collections of Canadian poems. Citations from - Canadian poems. - - (41) P. 77.--"In My Heart." By John Reade. - - (41_a_) P. 78.--"Laura Secord's Warning," from Mrs. Edgar's "Ridout - Letters." - - (42) P. 79.--Australian poets and novelists. - - (43) P. 80.--Howe's "Flag of Old England." - - (44) P. 81.--Canadian essayists: Stewart, Grant, Griffin and others. - - (45) P. 81.--W. Kirby's "Golden Dog" and other works. - - (45_a_) P. 82.--Major Richardson's "Wacousta," etc. - - (46) P. 82.--Marmette's "François de Bienville," and other romances. - - (47) P. 82.--De Gaspé's "Anciens Canadiens." - - (48) P. 82.--Mrs. Catherwood's works of fiction. - - (49) P. 83.--Gilbert Parker's writings. - - (50) P. 83.--DeMille's fiction. - - (51) P. 83.--Sara Jeannette Duncan's "A Social Departure," etc. - - (52) P. 83.--Matthew Arnold on Literature and Science. - - (53) P. 83.--Principal Grant's Address to Royal Society. - - (54) P. 84.--Sir J. W. Dawson's scientific labours. - - (55) P. 84.--Elkanah Billings as scientist. - - (56) P. 84.--Origin of Royal Society of Canada. - - (57) P. 84.--Sir D. Wilson, T. S. Hunt and Mr. Chauveau. - - (58) P. 84.--Canadian Literary and Scientific Societies. - - (58_a_) P. 85.--The Earl of Derby's farewell address to the Royal - Society. His opinion of its work and usefulness. - - (59) P. 86.--S. E. Dawson on Tennyson. - - (60) P. 86.--The old "Canadian Monthly." - - (61) P. 86.--Form of Royal Society Transactions. - - (62) P. 86.--Goldwin Smith on the study of the Classics. - - (63) P. 87.--Canadian Libraries. - - (64) P. 87.--List of artists in Canada. Native born and adopted. Art - societies. Influence of French school. Canadian - artists at the World's Fair. J. W. L. Forster on - Canadian art. - - (64_a_) P. 89.--Architectural art in Canada. List of prominent - public buildings noted for beauty and symmetry of - form. - - (65) P. 91.--"Fidelis." - - - - -[Illustration] - - OUR INTELLECTUAL - STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS. - - A SHORT REVIEW OF - LITERATURE, EDUCATION AND ART IN CANADA - - - - -I. - - -I cannot more appropriately commence this address than by a reference -to an oration delivered seven years ago in the great hall of a famous -university which stands beneath the stately elms of Cambridge, in -the old "Bay State" of Massachusetts: a noble seat of learning in -which Canadians take a deep interest, not only because some of their -sons have completed their education within its walls, but because it -represents that culture and scholarship which know no national lines -of separation, but belong to the world's great Federation of Learning. -The orator was a man who, by his deep philosophy, his poetic genius, -his broad patriotism, his love for England, her great literature and -history, had won for himself a reputation not equalled in some respects -by any other citizen of the United States of these later times. In -the course of a brilliant oration in honour[1][A] of the two hundred -and fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of Harvard, James Russell -Lowell took occasion to warn his audience against the tendency of a -prosperous democracy "towards an overweening confidence in itself and -its home-made methods, an overestimate of material success and a -corresponding indifference to the things of the mind." He did not deny -that wealth is a great fertilizer of civilization and of the arts that -beautify it; that wealth is an excellent thing since it means power, -leisure and liberty; "but these," he went on to say, "divorced from -culture, that is, from intelligent purpose, become the very mockery -of their own essence, not goods, but evils fatal to their possessor, -and bring with them, like the Nibelungen Hoard, a doom instead of a -blessing." "I am saddened," he continued, "when I see our success as -a nation measured by the number of acres under tillage, or of bushels -of wheat exported; for the real value of a country must be weighed in -scales more delicate than the balance of trade. The garners of Sicily -are empty now, but the bees from all climes still fetch honey from the -tiny garden-plot of Theocritus. On a map of the world you may cover -Judea with your thumb, Athens with a finger-tip, and neither of them -figures in the Prices Current; but they still lord it in the thought -and action of every civilized man. Did not Dante cover with his hood -all that was Italy six hundred years ago? And if we go back a century, -where was Germany outside of Weimar? Material success is good, but -only as the necessary preliminary of better things. The measure of a -nation's true success is the amount it has contributed to the thought, -the moral energy, the intellectual happiness, the spiritual hope and -consolation of mankind." - -These eloquently suggestive words, it must be remembered, were -addressed by a great American author to an audience, made up of -eminent scholars and writers, in the principal academic seat of that -New England which has given birth to Emerson, Longfellow, Bancroft, -Prescott, Motley, Hawthorne, Holmes, Parkman, and many others, -representing the brightest thought and intellect of this continent. -These writers were the product of the intellectual development of the -many years that had passed since the pilgrims landed on the historic -rock of Plymouth. Yet, while Lowell could point to such a brilliant -array of historians, essayists, poets and novelists, as I have just -named, as the latest results of New England culture, he felt compelled -to utter a word of remonstrance against that spirit of materialism -that was then as now abroad in the land, tending to stifle those -generous intellectual aspirations which are best calculated to make a -people truly happy and great. - -Let us now apply these remarks of the eminent American poet and thinker -to Canada--to ourselves, whose history is even older than that of New -England; contemporaneous rather with that of Virginia, since Champlain -landed on the heights of Quebec and laid the foundations of the ancient -capital only a year after the English adventurers of the days of -King James set their feet on the banks of the river named after that -sovereign and commenced the old town which has long since disappeared -before the tides of the ocean that stretches away beyond the shores of -the Old Dominion.[2] If we in Canada are open to the same charge of -attaching too much importance to material things, are we able at the -same time to point to as notable achievements in literature as results -of the three centuries that have nearly passed since the foundation of -New France? I do not suppose that the most patriotic Canadian, however -ready to eulogize his own country, will make an effort to claim an -equality with New England in this respect; but, if indeed we feel it -necessary to offer any comparison that would do us justice, it would -be with that Virginia whose history is contemporaneous with that of -French Canada. Statesmanship rather than Letters has been the pride and -ambition of the Old Dominion, its brightest and highest achievement. -Virginia has been the mother of great orators and great presidents, -and her men of letters sink into insignificance alongside of those -of New England. It may be said, too, of Canada, that her history in -the days of the French regime, during the struggle for responsible -government, as well as at the birth of confederation, gives us the -names of men of statesmanlike designs and of patriotic purpose. From -the days of Champlain to the establishment of the confederation, Canada -has had the services of men as eminent in their respective spheres, -and as successful in the attainment of popular rights, in moulding the -educational and political institutions of the country, and in laying -broad and deep the foundations of a new nationality across half a -continent, as those great Virginians to whom the world is ever ready -to pay its meed of respect. These Virginian statesmen won their fame -in the large theatre of national achievement--in laying the basis of -the most remarkable federal republic the world has ever seen; whilst -Canadian public men have laboured with equal earnestness and ability in -that far less conspicuous and brilliant arena of colonial development, -the eulogy of which has to be written in the histories of the future. - -[Footnote A: In all cases the references are to the Notes in the -Appendix.] - - - - -II. - - -Let me now ask you to follow me for a short time whilst I review some -of the most salient features of our intellectual progress since the -days Canada entered on its career of competition in the civilization -of this continent. So far there have been three well defined eras of -development in the country now known as the Dominion of Canada. First, -there was the era of French Canadian occupation which in many respects -had its heroic and picturesque features. Then, after the cession of -Canada to England, came that era of political and constitutional -struggle for a larger measure of public liberty which ended in the -establishment of responsible government about half a century ago. -Then we come to that era which dates from the confederation of the -provinces--an era of which the first quarter of a century only has -passed, of which the signs are still full of promise, despite the -prediction of gloomy thinkers, if Canadians remain true to themselves -and face the future with the same courage and confidence that have -distinguished the past. - -As I have just said, the days of the French regime were in a sense days -of heroic endeavour, since we see in the vista of the past a small -colony whose total population at no period exceeded eighty thousand -souls, chiefly living on the banks of the St. Lawrence, between Quebec -and Montreal, and contending against great odds for the supremacy on -the continent of America. The pen of Francis Parkman has given a vivid -picture of those days when bold adventurers unlocked the secrets of -this Canadian Dominion, pushed into the western wilderness, followed -unknown rivers, and at last found a way to the waters of that southern -gulf where Spain had long before, in the days of Grijalva, Cortez and -Pineda, planted her flag and won treasures of gold and silver from an -unhappy people who soon learned to curse the day when the white men -came to the fair islands of the south and the rich country of Mexico. -In these days the world, with universal acclaim has paid its tribute of -admiration to the memory of a great Discoverer who had the courage of -his convictions and led the way to the unknown lands beyond the Azores -and the Canaries. This present generation has forgiven him much in view -of his heroism in facing the dangers of unknown seas and piercing their -mysteries. His purpose was so great, and his success so conspicuous, -that both have obscured his human weakness. In some respects he was -wiser than the age in which he lived; in others he was the product of -the greed and the superstition of that age; but we who owe him so much -forget the frailty of the man in the sagacity of the Discoverer. As -Canadians, however, now review the character of the great Genoese, and -of his compeers and successors in the opening up of this continent, -they must, with pride, come to the conclusion that none of these men -can compare in nobility of purpose, in sincere devotion to God, King -and Country, with Champlain, the sailor of Brouage, who became the -founder of Quebec and the father of New France. - -In the daring ventures of Marquette, Jolliet, La Salle and Tonty, -in the stern purpose of Frontenac, in the far-reaching plans of La -Galissonière, in the military genius of Montcalm, the historian of the -present time has at his command the most attractive materials for his -pen. But we cannot expect to find the signs of intellectual development -among a people where there was not a single printing press, where -freedom of thought and action was repressed by a paternal absolutism, -where the struggle for life was very bitter up to the last hours of -French supremacy in a country constantly exposed to the misfortunes -of war, and too often neglected by a king who thought more of his -mistresses than of his harassed and patient subjects across the sea. -Yet that memorable period--days of struggle in many ways--was the -origin of a large amount of literature which we, in these times, find -of the deepest interest and value from a historic point of view. The -English colonies of America cannot present us with any books which, -for faithful narrative and simplicity of style, bear comparison with -the admirable works of Champlain, explorer and historian,[3] or with -those of the genial and witty advocate, Marc Lescarbot,[4] names that -can never be forgotten on the picturesque heights of Quebec, or on -the banks of the beautiful basin of Annapolis. Is there a Canadian -or American writer who is not under a deep debt of obligation to the -clear-headed and industrious Jesuit traveller, Charlevoix,[5] the -Nestor of French Canadian history? The only historical writer that can -at all surpass him in New England was the loyalist Governor Hutchinson, -and he published his books at a later time when the French dominion had -disappeared with the fall of Quebec.[6] To the works just mentioned we -may add the books of Gabriel Sagard,[7] and of Boucher, the governor of -Three Rivers and founder of a still eminent French Canadian family;[8] -that remarkable collection of authentic historic narrative, known as -the Jesuit Relations;[9] even that tedious Latin compilation by Père -du Creux,[10] the useful narrative by La Potherie,[11] the admirable -account of Indian life and customs by the Jesuit Lafitau,[11_a_] -and that now very rare historical account of the French colony, the -"Etablissement de la Foy dans la Nouvelle France," written by the -Recollet le Clercq,[12] probably aided by Frontenac. In these and other -works, despite their diffuseness in some cases, we have a library of -historical literature, which, when supplemented by the great stores -of official documents still preserved in the French archives, is of -priceless value as a true and minute record of the times in which the -authors lived, or which they described from the materials to which -they alone had access. It may be said with truth that none of these -writers were Canadians in the sense that they were born or educated -in Canada, but still they were the product of the life, the hardships -and the realities of New France--it was from this country they drew -the inspiration that gave vigour and colour to their writings. New -England, as I have already said, never originated a class of writers -who produced work of equal value, or indeed of equal literary merit. -Religious and polemic controversy had the chief attraction for the -gloomy, disputatious puritan native of Massachusetts and the adjoining -colonies. Cotton Mather was essentially a New England creation, and -if quantity were the criterion of literary merit then he was the most -distinguished author of his century; for it is said that indefatigable -antiquarians have counted up the titles of nearly four hundred books -and pamphlets by this industrious writer. His principal work, however, -was the "Magnalia Christi Americana, or Ecclesiastical History of New -England from 1620 to 1698,"[13] a large folio, remarkable as a curious -collection of strange conceits, forced witticisms, and prolixity -of narrative, in which the venturesome reader soon finds himself -so irretrievably mystified and lost that he rises from the perusal -with wonderment that so much learning, as was evidently possessed -by the author, could be so used to bewilder the world of letters. -The historical knowledge is literally choked up with verbiage and -mannerisms. Even prosy du Creux becomes tolerable at times compared -with the garrulous Puritan author. - -Though books were rarely seen, and secular education was extremely -defective as a rule throughout the French colony, yet at a very early -period in its history remarkable opportunities were afforded for the -education of a priesthood and the cult of the principles of the Roman -Catholic religion among those classes who were able to avail themselves -of the facilities offered by the Jesuit College, which was founded -at Quebec before even Harvard at Cambridge, or by the famous Great -and Lesser Seminaries in the same place, in connection with which, in -later times, rose the University with which is directly associated the -name of the most famous Bishop of the French regime. The influence -of such institutions was not simply in making Canada a most devoted -daughter of that great Church, which has ever exercised a paternal and -even absolute care of its people, but also in discouraging a purely -materialistic spirit and probably keeping alive a taste for letters -among a very small class, especially the priests, who, in politics -as in society, have been always a controlling element in the French -province. Evidences of some culture and intellectual aspirations in -the social circles of the ancient capital attracted the surprise of -travellers who visited the country before the close of the French -dominion. "Science and the fine arts," wrote Charlevoix, "have their -turn, and conversation does not fail. The Canadians breathe from -their birth an air of liberty, which makes them very pleasant in the -intercourse of life, and our language is nowhere more purely spoken." -La Galissonière, who was an associate member of the French Academy of -Science, and the most highly cultured governor ever sent out by France, -spared no effort to encourage a systematic study of scientific pursuits -in Canada. Dr. Michel Sarrazin,[13_a_] who was a practising physician -in Quebec for nearly half a century, devoted himself most assiduously -to the natural history of the colony, and made some valuable -contributions to the French Academy, of which he was a correspondent. -The Swedish botanist, Peter Kalm, who visited America in the middle of -the last century, was impressed with the liking for scientific study -which he observed in the French colony. "I have found," he wrote, "that -eminent persons, generally speaking, in this country, have much more -taste for natural history and literature than in the English colonies, -where the majority of people are entirely engrossed in making their -fortune, whilst science is as a rule held in very light esteem." -Strange to say, he ignores in this passage the scientific labours -of Franklin, Bartram and others he had met in Pennsylvania.[13_b_] -As a fact such evidences of intellectual enlightenment as Kalm and -Charlevoix mentioned were entirely exceptional in the colony, and -never showed themselves beyond the walls of Quebec or Montreal. The -province, as a whole, was in a state of mental sluggishness. The germs -of intellectual life were necessarily dormant among the mass of the -people, for they never could produce any rich fruition until they -were freed from the spirit of absolutism which distinguished French -supremacy, and were able to give full expression to the natural genius -of their race under the inspiration of the liberal government of -England in these later times. - - - - -III. - - -Passing from the heroic days of Canada, which, if it could hardly in -the nature of things originate a native literature, at least inspired a -brilliant succession of historians, essayists and poets in much later -times, we come now to that period of constitutional and political -development which commenced with the rule of England. It does not fall -within the scope of this address to dwell on the political struggles -which showed their intensity in the rebellion of 1837-8, and reached -their fruition in the concession of parliamentary government, in the -large sense of the term, some years later. These struggles were carried -on during times when there was only a sparse population chiefly centred -in the few towns of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Upper and Lower Canada, -on the shores of the Atlantic, on the banks of the St. Lawrence and -Lake Ontario, and not extending beyond the peninsula of the present -province of Ontario. The cities, or towns rather, of Halifax, St. -John, Quebec, Montreal, Kingston and York, were then necessarily the -only centres of intellectual life. Education was chiefly under the -control of religious bodies or in the hands of private teachers. In -the rural districts it was at the lowest point possible,[14] and the -great system of free schools which has of late years extended through -the Dominion--and is the chief honour of Ontario--was never dreamed of -in those times of sluggish growth and local apathy, when communication -between the distant parts of the country was slow and wretched, when -the conditions of life were generally very hard and rude, when the -forest still covered the greater portion of the most fertile districts -of Ontario,[15] though here and there the pioneer's axe could be -heard from morn to eve hewing out little patches of sunlight, so many -glimpses of civilization and better times amid the wildness of a new -land even then full of promise. - -The newspapers of those days were very few and came only at uncertain -times to the home of the farmer by the side of some stream or amid -the dense forest, or to the little hamlets that were springing up -in favoured spots, and represented so many radiating influences of -intelligence on the borders of the great lakes and their tributary -streams, on the Atlantic seaboard, or on the numerous rivers that form -so many natural highways to the people of the maritime provinces. -These newspapers were for years mostly small quarto or folio sheets, -in which the scissors played necessarily the all-important part; -but there was, nevertheless, before 1840 in the more pretentious -journals of the large towns, some good writing done by thoughtful -men who studied their questions, and helped to atone for the very -bitter vindictive partisan attacks on opponents that too frequently -sullied the press in those times of fierce conflict.[16] Books were -only found in the homes of the clergy or of the official classes, and -these were generally old editions and rarely the latest publications -of the time. Montreal and Quebec, for many years, were the only places -where bookstores and libraries of more than a thousand volumes could -be seen. It was not until 1813 that a successful effort was made to -establish a "social library" at Kingston, Bath, and some other places -in the Midland district. Toronto had no library worth mentioning until -1836. What culture existed in those rude days was to be hunted up among -the clergy, especially of the Church of England, the Roman Catholic -priests of Lower Canada, and the official classes of the large towns. -Some sermons that have come down to us, in pamphlets of very common -paper--and very few were printed in those days when postage was dear -and bookselling was not profitable--have no pretensions to originality -of thought or literary style: sermons in remarkable contrast with the -brilliant and suggestive utterances of such modern pulpit orators as -Professor Clarke, of Trinity. The exhaustive and, generally, closely -reasoned sermons of the Presbyterian divine had a special flavour of -the Westminster confession and little of the versatility of preachers -like Principal Grant in these later times when men are attempting to -make even dogma more genial, and to understand the meaning of the -sermon in the Mount. Then, as always in Canada, there were found among -the clergy of all denominations hardworking, self-denying priests and -missionaries who brought from time to time to some remote settlement -of the provinces spiritual consolation and to many a household, long -deprived of the intellectual nourishment of other days, an opportunity -of conversing on subjects which in the stern daily routine of their -lives in a new country were seldom or ever talked of. It was in the -legislative halls of the provinces that the brightest intellect -naturally found scope for its display, and at no subsequent period -of the political history of Canada were there more fervid, earnest -orators than appeared in the days when the battle for responsible -government was at its height. The names of Nelson, Papineau, Howe, -Baldwin, Wilmot, Johnstone, Young, Robinson, Rolph and Mackenzie recall -the era when questions of political controversy and political freedom -stimulated mental development among that class which sought and found -the best popular opportunities for the display of their intellectual -gifts in the legislative halls in the absence of a great printing -press and a native literature. Joseph Howe's speeches[17] displayed a -wide culture, an original eloquence, and a patriotic aspiration beyond -those of any other man of his time and generation, and would have done -credit to the Senate of the United States, then in the zenith of its -reputation as a body of orators and statesmen. It is an interesting -fact that Howe, then printer and publisher, should have printed the -first work of the only great humorist that Canada has yet produced. I -mean of course "The Clockmaker,"[18] in which Judge Haliburton created -"Sam Slick," a type of a Down-east Yankee pedlar who sold his wares by -a judicious use of that quality which is sure to be appreciated the -world over, "Soft sawder and human natur'." In this work, which has -run through ever so many editions, and is still found on the shelves -of every well-equipped library and bookstore, Sam Slick told some home -truths to his somewhat self-satisfied countrymen who could not help -laughing even if the humour touched them very keenly at times. Nova -Scotia has changed much for the better since those dull times when the -house of assembly was expected to be a sort of political providence, -to make all the roads and bridges, and give good times and harvests; -but even now there are some people cruel enough, after a visit to -Halifax, to hint that there still is a grain of truth in the following -reflection on the enterprise of that beautiful port: "How the folks to -Halifax take it all out in talkin'--they talk of steam-boats, whalers -and railroads--but they all end where they begin--in talk. I don't -think I'd be out in my latitude if I was to say they beat the womankind -at that. One feller says, I talk of goin' to England--another says, -I talk of goin' to the country--while another says, I talk of goin' -to sleep. If we Yankees happen to speak of such things we say, 'I'm -right off down East;' or 'I'm away off South,' and away we go jist -like a streak of lightnin'." This clever humourist also wrote the best -history[19]--one of his own province--that had been written in British -North America up to that time--indeed it is still most readable, and -worthy of a place in every library. In later days the Judge wrote many -other books and became a member of the English House of Commons: but -"Sam Slick" still remains the most signal illustration of his original -genius. - -During this period, however, apart from the two works to which I have -referred, we look in vain for any original literature worthy of special -mention. A history of Canada written by William Smith,[20] a son of -an eminent chief justice of New York, and subsequently of Canada, was -published in excellent style for those days as early as 1815 at Quebec, -but it has no special value except to the collector of old and rare -books. Bouchette's topographical and geographical account of Canada[21] -illustrated the ability and zeal of an eminent French Canadian, who -deserved the thanks of his country, but these well printed books -were, after all, mere compilations and came from the English press. -Pamphlets were numerous enough, and some of them had literary skill, -but they had, in the majority of cases, no permanent value except to -the historian or antiquarian of the present day who must sift out all -sorts of material and study every phase and incident of the times he -has chosen for his theme. Michel Bibaud wrote a history of French -Canada,[22] which no one reads in these days, and the most of the other -works that emanated from the Canadian press, like Thompson's "War of -1812,"[23] are chiefly valued by the historical collector. It was not -to be expected that in a relatively poor country, still in the infancy -of its development, severely tried by political controversies, with -a small population scattered over a long stretch of territory, from -Sydney to Niagara, there could be any intellectual stimulus or literary -effort except what was represented in newspapers like the _Gazette_ -of Montreal--which has always maintained a certain dignity of style -in its long journalistic career--the _Gazette_ and the _Canadien_, of -Quebec, the _Nova Scotian_ of Halifax, or displayed itself in keen -contests in the legislatures or court-houses of a people delighting -always in such displays as there were made of mental power and natural -eloquence. From a literary point of view our American neighbours had, -during this period, left us away behind, in fact no comparison can be -made between the two countries; laying aside the original creation -of Sam Slick. Towards the close of the eighteenth century Belknap -published his admirable history of New Hampshire,[24] while the third -volume of Hutchinson's history of Massachusetts appeared in 1828, to -close a work of rare merit alike for careful research, philosophic -acuteness and literary charm. That admirable collection of political -and constitutional essays known as the "Federalist" had attained a -wide circulation and largely influenced the destinies of the union -under the constitution of 1783. Chief Justice Marshall illumined the -bench by his great judicial decisions which have won a remarkable -place in legal literature, on account of their close, acute reasoning, -breadth of knowledge, insight into great constitutional principles, and -their immediate influence on the political development of the federal -republic. Washington Irving published, as far back as 1819, his "Sketch -Book," in which appeared the original creation of Rip Van Winkle, and -followed it up with other works which recall Addison's delightful -style, and gave him a fame abroad that no later American writer has -ever surpassed. Cooper's romances began to appear in 1821, and Bancroft -published in 1834 the first volume of what is a great history despite -its somewhat rhetorical and ambitious style. Hawthorne's "Twice Told -Tales" appeared in 1835, but his fame was to be won in later years -when he wrote the "Scarlet Letter" and the "House of Seven Gables," -the most original and quaint productions that New England genius has -yet produced. If I linger for a moment among these men it is because -they were not merely American by the influence of their writings; but -wherever the English tongue is spoken and English literature is read -these writers of a past generation, as it may be said of others of -later times, claim the gratitude of the untold thousands whom they -have instructed and helped in many a weary and sad, as well as idle -hour. They were not Canadians, but they illustrated the genius of this -continent of ours. - - - - -IV. - - -It was in the years that followed the concession of responsible -government that a new era dawned on Canada--an era of intellectual -as well as material activity. Then common schools followed the -establishment of municipal institutions in Ontario. Even the province -of Quebec awoke from its sullen lethargy and assumed greater confidence -in the future, as its statesmen gradually recognized the fact that the -union of 1841 could be turned to the advantage of French Canada despite -it having been largely based on the hope of limiting the development -of French Canadian institutions, and gradually leading the way to the -assimilation of the two races. Political life still claimed the best -talent and energy, as it has always done in this country; and, while -Papineau soon disappeared from the arena where he had been, under a -different condition of things, a powerful disturbing influence among -his compatriots, men of greater discretion and wider statesmanship like -Lafontaine, Morin and Cartier, took his place to the decided benefit -of French Canada. Robert Baldwin, a tried and conservative reformer, -yielded to the antagonistic influences that eventually arrayed -themselves in his own party against him and retired to a privacy -from which he never ventured until his death. William Lyon Mackenzie -came back from exile and took a place once more in legislative halls -only to find there was no longer scope for mere querulous agitators -and restless politicians. Joseph Howe still devoted himself with -untiring zeal to his countrymen in his native province, while Judge -Wilmot, afterwards governor like the former in confederation days, -delighted the people of New Brunswick with his rapid, fervid, scholarly -eloquence. James W. Johnstone, long the leader of the Conservative -party in Nova Scotia, remarkable for his great flow of language and -argument; William Young, an astute politician; James Boyle Uniacke, -with all the genius of an Irish orator; Laurence O'Connor Doyle, wit -and Irishman; Samuel J. W. Archibald with his silver tongue, afterwards -master of the rolls; Adams G. Archibald, polished gentleman; Leonard -Tilley with his suavity of demeanour and skill as a politician; -Charles Tupper with his great command of language, earnestness of -expression and courage of conviction, were the leading exponents of the -political opinions and of the culture and oratory of Nova Scotia and -New Brunswick. In the upper provinces we had in addition to the names -of the distinguished French Canadians I have already mentioned, those -of John A. Macdonald, at all times a ready and incisive debater, a -great party tactician, and a statesman of generous aspirations, who was -destined to die very many years later with the knowledge that he had -realized his conception of a federation uniting all the territory of -British North America, from Sydney to Victoria, under one government. -The names of Allan McNab, Francis Hincks, George Brown, George Etienne -Cartier, Alexander Galt, D'Arcy McGee, Louis Sicotte, John Hillyard -Cameron, Alexander Mackenzie, Seth Huntington, William McDougall, -Antoine Dorion, Alexander Campbell, and of other men, eminent for their -knowledge of finance, their powers as debaters, their graceful oratory, -their legal acumen, their political skill and their intellectual -achievements in their respective spheres, will be recalled by many of -those who hear me, since the most eminent among them have but recently -disappeared from the stage of active life. - -As long as party government lasts in this country men will be divided -into political divisions, and objection will be of course time and -again taken to the methods by which these and other political leaders -have achieved their party ends, and none of us will be always satisfied -with the conclusions to which their at times overweening ambition -has led them; but, taking them all in all, I believe for one who has -lived all my life among politicians and statesmen that, despite their -failings and weaknesses, the public men of our country in those days -laboured on the whole conscientiously from their own points of view -to make Canada happier and greater. Indeed, when I look around me and -see what has been done in the face of great obstacles during a half -century and less, I am bound to pay this tribute to those who laboured -earnestly in the difficult and trying intellectual field of public life. - -But this period which brought so many bright intellects into the -activities of political life was distinguished also, not merely for -the material advance in industry, but notably for some performance -in the less hazardous walk of literature. The newspaper press with -the progress of population, the increase of wealth, the diffusion of -education, the construction of railways and telegraph lines, and the -development of political liberty, found itself stimulated to new energy -and enterprise. A daily press now commenced to meet the necessities -of the larger and wealthier cities and towns. It must be admitted, -however, that from a strictly intellectual point of view there was -not in some respects a marked advance in the tone and style of the -leading public journals. Political partisanship ran extremely high in -those days--higher than it has ever since--and grosser personalities -than have ever characterized newspapers in this country sullied the -editorial columns of leading exponents of public opinion. No doubt -there was much brilliant and forcible writing, despite the acrimony -and abuse that were too often considered more necessary than incisive -argument and logical reasoning when a political opponent had to be met. -It was rarely that one could get at the whole truth of a question by -reading only one newspaper; it was necessary to take two or three or -more on different sides of politics in order to obtain even an accurate -idea of the debates in the legislative halls. A Liberal or Conservative -journal would consider it beneath its legitimate functions even as a -newspaper to report with any fulness the speeches of its political -adversaries. Of course this is not newspaper editing in the proper -sense of the phrase. It is not the English method assuredly, since the -London _Times_, the best example of a well-equipped and well-conducted -newspaper, has always considered it necessary to give equal prominence -to the speeches of Peel, Russell, Palmerston, Derby, Disraeli, -Gladstone--of all the leaders irrespective of party. Even in these days -of heated controversy on the Irish question one can always find in the -columns of the London press fair and accurate reports of the speeches -of Gladstone, Balfour, McCarthy, Chamberlain, Morley and Blake. This is -the sound basis on which true and honest journalism must always rest -if it is to find its legitimate reward, not in the fickle smiles of -the mere party follower, but in the support of that great public which -can best repay the enterprise and honesty of a true newspaper. Still, -despite this violent partisanship to which bright intellects lowered -themselves, and the absence of that responsibility to public opinion -expected from its active teachers, the press of Canada, during the days -of which I am speaking, kept pace in some essential respects with the -material progress of the country, and represented too well the tone -and spirit of the mass in the country where the rudiments of culture -were still rough and raw. Public intelligence, however, was being -gradually diffused, and according as the population increased, and the -material conditions of the country improved, a literature of some merit -commenced to show itself. The poems of Crémazie,[25] of Chauveau,[26] -of Howe,[27] of Sangster[28] and others, were imbued with a truly -Canadian spirit--with a love for Canada, its scenery, its history and -its traditions, which entitled them to a larger audience than they -probably ever had in this or other countries. None of those were great -poets, but all of them were more or less gifted with a measure of true -poetic genius, the more noteworthy because it showed itself in the -rawness and newness of a colonial life. Amid the activities of a very -busy period the poetic instinct of Canadians constantly found some -expression. One almost now forgotten poet who was engaged in journalism -in Montreal wrote an ambitious drama, "Saul," which was described at -the time by a British critic as "a drama treated with great poetic -power and depth of psychological knowledge which are often quite -startling;" and the author followed it up with other poems, displaying -also much imagination and feeling, but at no time reaching the ears of -a large and appreciative audience. We cannot, however, claim Charles -Heavysege[29] as a product of Canadian soil and education, for he -was a man of mature age when he made his home in this country, and -his works were in no wise inspired by Canadian sentiment, scenery or -aspiration. In history Canadians have always shown some strength, and -perhaps this was to be expected in view of the fact that political -and historical literature--such works as Hamilton's "Federalist" or -Todd's "Parliamentary Government"[30]--naturally engages the attention -of active intellects in a new country at a time when its institutions -have to be moulded, and it is necessary to collect precedents and -principles from the storehouse of the past for the assistance of the -present. A most useful narrative of the political occurrences in Lower -Canada, from the establishment of legislative institutions until the -rebellion of 1837-38 and the union of 1841, was written by Mr. Robert -Christie, long a publicist of note and a member of the assembly of the -province. While it has no claim to literary style it has the great -merit of stating the events of the day with fairness and of citing at -length numerous original documents bearing on the text.[31] In French -Canada the names of Garneau[32] and Ferland[33] have undoubtedly -received their full meed of praise for their clearness of style, -industry of research, and scholarly management of their subject. Now -that the political passion that so long convulsed the public mind -in this country has disappeared with the causes that gave it birth, -one is hardly prepared to make as much a hero of Papineau as Garneau -attempted in his assuredly great book, while the foundation of a new -Dominion and the dawn of an era of larger political life, has probably -given a somewhat sectional character to such historical work. Still, -despite its intense French Canadian spirit, Garneau's volumes notably -illustrate the literary instinct and intellectual strength which have -always been distinguishing features of the best productions of the able -and even brilliant men who have devoted themselves to literature with -marked success among their French Canadian countrymen, who are wont to -pay a far deeper homage to such literary efforts than the colder, less -impulsive English Canadian character has ever shown itself disposed -to give to those who have been equally worthy of recognition in the -English-speaking provinces. - - - - -V. - - -As I glance over my library shelves I find indeed that historical -literature has continued since the days of Garneau and Ferland, to -enlist the earnest and industrious study of Canadians with more or -less success. In English Canada, John Charles Dent produced a work on -the political development of Canada from the union of 1841 until the -confederation of 1867, which was written with fairness and ability, -but he was an Englishman by birth and education, though resident for -many years in the city of Toronto.[34] And here let me observe that -though such men as Dent, Heavysege, Faillon, Daniel Wilson, Hunt, -D'Arcy McGee and Goldwin Smith were not born or educated in Canada -like Haliburton, Logan, J. W. Dawson, Joseph Howe, Wilmot, Cartier, -Garneau, or Fréchette, but only came to this country in the maturity -of their mental powers, yet to men of their class the Dominion owes a -heavy debt of gratitude for the ability and earnestness with which they -have elevated the intellectual standard of the community where they -have laboured. Although all of us may not be prepared to accept the -conclusions of the historian, or approve the judgment of the political -critic; although we may regret that a man of such deep scholarship and -wide culture as Goldwin Smith has never yet been able to appreciate -the Canadian or growing national sentiment of this dependency, yet who -can doubt, laying aside all political or personal prejudice, that he, -like the others I have named, has stimulated intellectual development -in his adopted home, and so far has given us compensation for some -utterances which, so many Canadians honestly believe, mar an otherwise -useful and brilliant career. Such literary men have undoubtedly their -uses, since they seem specially intended by a wise dispensation of -affairs to cure us of too much self-complacency, and to prevent us from -falling into a condition of mental stagnation by giving us from time to -time abundant material for reflection. So much, by way of parenthesis, -is due to the able men who have adopted Canada as their home and have -been labouring in various vocations to stimulate the intellectual -growth of this Dominion. A most accurate historical record of the same -period of our history as that reviewed by Dent was made in French about -the same time by Louis Turcotte of Quebec.[35] Mr. Benjamin Sulte, a -member of this society, has also given us the results of many years of -conscientious research in his "Histoire des Canadiens," which is not -so well known as it ought to be, probably on account of its cumbrous -size and mode of publication.[36] The Abbé Casgrain, also a member -of the society and a most industrious author, has recently devoted -himself with true French Canadian fervour to the days of Montcalm -and Lévis, and by the aid of a large mass of original documents has -thrown much light on a very interesting and important epoch of the -history of America.[37] Dr. Kingsford with patience and industry has -continued his history of Canada, which is distinguished by accuracy -and research.[38] It is not my intention to enumerate all those names -which merit remark in this connection, for this is not a collection -of bibliographical notes,[39] but simply a review of the more salient -features of our intellectual development in the well-marked periods -of our history. Indeed it is gratifying to us to know that the Royal -Society comprises within its ranks nearly all the historical writers in -Canada, and it would seem too much like pure egotism were I to dilate -on their respective performances. Of poets since the days of Crémazie -we have had our full proportion, and it is encouraging to know that the -poems of Fréchette,--whose best work has been crowned by the French -Academy,--LeMay, Reade, Mair, Roberts, Bliss Carman, Wilfred Campbell -and Lampman have gained recognition from time to time in the world of -letters outside of Canada.[40][B] We have yet to produce in English -Canada a book of poems which can touch the sympathies and live on the -lips of the world like those of Whittier and Longfellow, but we need -not despair since even in the country which gave these birth they have -not their compeers. Some even declare that the only bard of promise who -appears in these days to touch that chord of nature which makes the -whole world kin is James Whitcomb Riley, the Hoosier poet, despite his -tendency to exaggerate provincial dialect and make his true poetic -genius too subordinate to what becomes at last an affectation and a -mere mannerism which wearies by its very repetition. Even in England -there is hesitation in choosing a poet laureate; there are Swinburne, -Morris and other poets, but not another Tennyson, and it has been even -suggested that the honour might pass to a master of poetic prose, -John Ruskin, whose brilliant genius has been ever devoted to a lofty -idealism which would make the world much happier and better. At the -present time Canadian poets obtain a place with regularity in the best -class of American magazines, and not infrequently their verse reaches -a higher level than the majority of poetic aspirants who appear in -the same field of poetry; but for one I am not an ardent admirer of -American magazine poems which appear too often mere machine work and -not the results of that true poetic inspiration which alone can achieve -permanent fame. - -The poems of the well known American authors, Aldrich, Gilder and -Stedman, have certainly an easy rhythmical flow and an artistic finish -which the majority of Canadian poetic aspirants should study with -far more closeness. At the same time it may be said that even these -artists do not often surpass in poetic thought the best productions of -the Canadians to whom I have referred as probably illustrating most -perfectly the highest development so far among us of this department -of _belles-lettres_. It is not often that one comes across more -exquisitely conceived poems than some of those written by Mr. John -Reade, whom the laborious occupation of journalism and probably the -past indifference of a Canadian public to Canadian poetry have for a -long while diverted from a literary field where it would seem he should -have won a wider fame. Among the verses which one can read time and -again are those of which the first lines are - - "In my heart are many chambers through which I wander free, - Some are furnished, some are empty, some are sombre, some are - light; - Some are open to all comers, and of some I keep the key, - And I enter in the stillness of the night."[41][C] - -It would be interesting as well as instructive if some competent -critic, with the analytical faculty and the poetic instinct of Matthew -Arnold or Sainte-Beuve, were to study the English and French Canadian -poets and show whether they are mere imitators of the best models of -French and English literature, or whether their work contains within -itself those germs which give promise of original fruition in the -future. It will be remembered that the French critic, though a poet -of merit himself, has spoken of what he calls "the radical inadequacy -of French poetry." In his opinion, whatever talent the French poets -have for strophe and line, their work, as a rule is "too slight, too -soon read, too poor in ideas, to influence a serious mind for any -length of time." No doubt many others think that, in comparison with -the best conceptions of Wordsworth, Shelley, Keats, Emerson, Browning -and Tennyson, French poetry is, generally speaking, inadequate for the -expression of the most sublime thoughts, of the strongest passion, or -of the most powerful imagination, and though it must always please -us by its easy rhythm and lucidity of style, it fails to make that -vivid impression on the mind and senses which is the best test of that -true poetic genius which influences generations and ever lives in the -hearts of the people. It represents in some respects the lightness -and vivacity of the French intellectual temperament under ordinary -conditions, and not the strength of the national character, whose -depths are only revealed at some crisis which evokes a deep sentiment -of patriotism. "Partant pour la Syrie," so often heard in the days of -the last Bonaparte regime, probably illustrated this lighter tendency -of the French mind just as the "Marseillaise," the noblest and most -impressive of popular poetic outbursts, illustrated national passion -evoked by abnormal conditions. French Canadian poetry has been often -purely imitative of French models, like Musset and Gauthier, both in -style and sentiment, and consequently lacked strength and originality. -It might be thought that in this new country poets would be inspired -by original conceptions--that the intellectual fruition would be fresh -and vigorous like some natural products that grow so luxuriantly -on the virginal soil of the new Dominion, and not like those which -grow on land which is renewed and enriched by artificial means after -centuries of growth. Perhaps the literature of a colonial dependency, -or a relatively new country, must necessarily in its first stages be -imitative, and it is only now and then an original mind bursts the -fetters of intellectual subordination. In the United States Emerson -and Hawthorne probably best represent the original thought and -imagination of that comparatively new country, just as Aldrich and -Howells represent in the first case English culture in poetry, and in -the other the sublimated essence of reportorial realism. The two former -are original thinkers, the two others pure imitators. Walt Whitman's -poems certainly show at times much power and originality of conception, -but after all they are simply the creations of an eccentric genius -and illustrate a phase of that Realism towards which fiction even in -America has been tending of late, and which has been already degraded -in France to a Naturalism which is positively offensive. He has not -influenced to any perceptible extent the intellect of his generation or -elevated the thoughts of his countrymen like the two great minds I have -just named. Yet even Whitman's success, relatively small as it was in -his own country, arose chiefly from the fact that he attempted to be an -_American_ poet, representing the pristine vigour and natural freedom -of a new land. It is when French Canadian poets become thoroughly -Canadian by the very force of the inspiration of some Canadian subject -they have chosen, that we can see them at their best. Fréchette has all -the finish of the French poets, and while it cannot be said that he -has yet originated great thoughts which are likely to live among even -the people whom he has so often instructed and delighted, yet he has -given us poems like that on the discovery of the Mississippi,[D] which -proves that he is capable of even better things if he would always -seek inspiration from the sources of the deeply interesting history -of his own country, or enter into the inner mysteries and social -relations of his own people, rather than dwell on the lighter shades -and incidents of their lives. Perhaps in some respects Crémazie had -greater capabilities for the poems of deep passion or vivid imagination -than any of his successors in literature; the few national poems -he left behind are a promise of what he could have produced had the -circumstances of his later life been happier.[E] After all, the poetry -that lives is the poetry of human life and human sympathy, of joy and -sorrow, rather than verses on mountains, rivers and lakes, or sweetly -worded sonnets to Madame B. or Mademoiselle C. When we compare the -English with the French Canadian poets we can see what an influence the -more picturesque and interesting history of French Canada exercises on -the imagination of its writers. The poets that claim Ontario for their -home give us rhythmical and pleasing descriptions of the lake and river -scenery of which the varied aspects and moods might well captivate the -eye of the poet as well as of the painter. It is very much painting -in both cases; the poet should be an artist by temperament equally -with the painter who puts his thoughts on canvas and not in words. -Descriptions of our meadows, prairies and forests, with their wealth -of herbage and foliage, or artistic sketches of pretty bits of lake -scenery have their limitations as respects their influence on a people. -Great thoughts or deeds are not bred by scenery. The American poem -that has captured the world is not any one of Bryant's delightful -sketches of the varied landscape of his native land, but Longfellow's -Evangeline, which is a story of the "affection that hopes, and endures -and is patient." Dollard, and the Lady of Fort La Tour are themes which -we do not find in prosaic Ontario, whose history is only a century -old--a history of stern materialism as a rule, rarely picturesque or -romantic, and hardly ever heroic except in some episodes of the war -of 1812-15, in which Canadians, women as well as men, did their duty -faithfully to king and country, though their deeds have never yet been -adequately told in poem or prose. The story of Laura Secord's toilsome -journey on a June day eighty years ago[41_a_] seems as susceptible of -strong poetic treatment as Paul Revere's Ride, told in matchless verse -by Longfellow. - -I think if we compare the best Canadian poems with the same class -of literature in Australia the former do not at all lose by the -comparison. Thanks to the thoughtfulness of a friend in South Australia -I have had many opportunities of late of studying the best work of -Australian writers, chiefly poets and novelists,[42] and have come -to the conclusion that at least the poets of both hemispheres--for -to fiction we cannot make even a pretense--reflect credit on each -country. In one respect indeed Canadians can claim a superiority over -their fellow-citizens of the British Empire in that far off Australian -land, and that is, in the fact that we have poets, and historians, and -essayists, who write the languages of France and England with purity -and even elegance; that the grace and precision of the French tongue -have their place in this country alongside the vigorous and copious -expression of the English language. More than that, the Canadians have -behind them a history which is well calculated to stimulate writers to -give utterance to national sentiment. I mean national in the sense of -being thoroughly imbued with a love for the country, its scenery, its -history and its aspirations. The people of that great island continent -possess great natural beauties and riches--flowers and fruits of every -kind flourish there in rare profusion, and gold and gems are among -the treasures of the soil, but its scenery is far less varied and -picturesque than ours and its history is but of yesterday compared with -that of Canada. Australians cannot point to such historic ground as is -found from Louisbourg to Quebec, or from Montreal to Champlain, the -battle ground of nations whose descendants now live under one flag, -animated by feelings of a common interest and a common aspiration for -the future! - -Perhaps if I were at any time inclined to be depressed as to the future -of Canada, I should find some relief in those poems by Canadian authors -which take frequently an elevated and patriotic range of thought and -vision, and give expression to aspirations worthy of men born and -living in this country. When some men doubt the future and would see -us march into the ranks of other states, with heads bowed down in -confession of our failure to hold our own on this continent and build -up a new nation always in the closest connection with England, I ask -them to turn to the poems of Joseph Howe and read that inspiring -poetic tribute to the mother country, "All hail to the day when the -Britons came over"-- - - "Every flash of her genius our pathway enlightens, - Every field she explores we are beckoned to tread, - Each laurel she gathers, our future day brightens-- - We joy with her living and mourn with her dead."[43] - -Or read that tribute which the French Canadian laureate, Fréchette, has -been fain to pay to the English flag under whose folds his country has -enjoyed so much freedom and protection for its institutions: - - "Regarde me disait mon père - Ce drapeau vaillamment porté; - Il a fait ton pays prospère - Et respecte ta liberté. - - "C'est le drapeau de l'Angleterre; - Sans tache, sur le firmament, - Presque à tous les points de la terre - Il flotte glorieusement." - -Or take up a volume by Roberts and read that frequently quoted poem of -which these are the closing lines: - - "Shall not our love this rough sweet land make sure? - Her bounds preserve inviolate, though we die. - O strong hearts of the North, - Let flame your loyalty forth, - And put the craven and base to an open shame, - Till earth shall know the Child of Nations by her name." - -Even Mr. Edgar has forgotten the astute lawyer and the politician in -his national song, "This Canada of Ours," and has given expression to -the deep sentiment that lies as I have said in the heart of every true -Canadian and forces him at times to words like these: - - "Strong arms shall guard our cherished homes - When darkest danger lowers, - And with our life-blood we'll defend - This Canada of ours, - Fair Canada, - Dear Canada, - This Canada of ours." - -Such poems are worth a good many political speeches even in parliament -so far as their effect upon the hearts and sympathies is concerned. We -all remember a famous man once said, "Let me make all the ballads, and -I care not who makes the laws of a people." - -[Footnote B: A list of Canadian poems which have been printed in books -(from 1867-1893) appears in the Bibliographical Notes (40).] - -[Footnote C: Given in full in Appendix.] - -[Footnote D: See Appendix to this work, note 40, for an extract from -this fine poem.] - -[Footnote E: See Appendix to this work, note 40, for an extract from -one of his national poems.] - - - - -VI. - - -But if Canada can point to some creditable achievement of recent -years in history, poetry and essay-writing--for I think if one looks -from time to time at the leading magazines and reviews of the two -continents he will find that Canada is fairly well represented in their -pages[44]--there is one respect in which Canadians have never won any -marked success, and that is in the novel or romance. "Wacousta, or -the Prophecy: a Tale of the Canadas," was written sixty years ago by -Major John Richardson,[45_a_] a native Canadian, but it was at the -best a spirited imitation of Cooper, and has not retained the interest -it attracted at a time when the American novelist had created a taste -for exaggerated pictures of Indian life and forest scenery. Of course -attempts have been made time and again by other English Canadians to -describe episodes of our history, and portray some of our national and -social characteristics, but with the single exception of "The Golden -Dog,"[45] written a few years ago by Mr. William Kirby, of Niagara, I -cannot point to one which shows much imaginative or literary skill. -If we except the historical romance by Mr. Marmette, "François de -Bienville,"[46] which has had several editions, French Canada is even -weak in this particular, and this is the more surprising because there -is abundance of material for the novelist or writer of romance in her -peculiar society and institutions, and in her historic annals and -traditions. But as yet neither a Cooper, nor an Irving, nor a Hawthorne -has appeared to delight Canadians in the fruitful field of fiction that -their country offers to the pen of imaginative genius. It is true we -have a work by De Gaspé, "Les Anciens Canadiens,"[47] which has been -translated by Roberts and one or two others, but it has rather the -value of historical annals than the spirit and form of true romance. -It is the very poverty of our production in what ought to be a rich -source of literary inspiration, French Canadian life and history, that -has given currency to a work whose signal merit is its simplicity of -style and adherence to historical fact. As Parkman many years ago first -commenced to illumine the too often dull pages of Canadian history, -so other American writers have also ventured in the still fresh field -of literary effort that romance offers to the industrious, inventive -brain. In the "Romance of Dollard," "Tonty," and the "Lady of Fort St. -John," Mrs. Mary Hartwell Catherwood has recalled most interesting -episodes of our past annals with admirable literary taste and a deep -enthusiasm for Canadian history in its romantic and picturesque -aspects.[48] When we read Conan Doyle's "Refugees"--the best historical -novel that has appeared from the English Press for years--we may well -regret that it is not Canadian genius which has created so fascinating -a romance out of the materials that exist in the history of the -_ancien régime_. Dr. Doyle's knowledge of Canadian life and history is -obviously very superficial; but slight as it is he has used it with a -masterly skill to give Canada a part in his story--to show how closely -associated were the fortunes of the colony with the French Court,--with -the plans and intrigues of the king and his mistresses, and of the -wily ecclesiastics who made all subservient to their deep purpose. It -would seem from our failure to cultivate successfully the same popular -branch of letters that Canadians are wanting in the inventive and -imaginative faculty, and that the spirit of materialism and practical -habits, which has so long necessarily cramped literary effort in this -country, still prevents happy ventures in this direction. It is a pity -that no success has been won in this country,--as in Australia by Mrs. -Campbell Praed, "Tasma," and many others,--in the way of depicting -those characteristics of Canadian life, in the past and present, which, -when touched by the imaginative and cultured intellect, will reach the -sympathies and earn the plaudits of all classes of readers at home and -abroad. Perhaps, Mr. Gilbert Parker,[49] now a resident of London, -but a Canadian by birth, education and sympathies, will yet succeed -in his laudable ambition of giving form and vitality to the abundant -materials that exist in the Dominion, among the habitants on the old -seigneuries of the French province, in that historic past of which the -ruins still remain in Montreal and Quebec, in the Northwest with its -quarrels of adventurers in the fur trade, and in the many other sources -of inspiration that exist in this country for the true story-teller who -can invent a plot and give his creations a touch of reality, and not -that doll-like, saw-dust appearance that the vapid characters of some -Canadian stories assume from the very poverty of the imagination that -has originated them. - -That imagination and humour have some existence in the Canadian -mind--though one sees little of those qualities in the press or in -public speeches, or in parliamentary debates--we can well believe -when we read "The Dodge Club Abroad," by Professor De Mille,[50] who -was cut off in the prime of his intellectual strength, or "A Social -Departure," by Sara Jeannette Duncan,[51] who, as a sequence of a trip -around the world, has given us not a dry book of travels but a story -with touches of genial humour and bright descriptions of life and -nature, and who is now following up that excellent literary effort by -promising sketches of East Indian life. A story which attracted some -attention not long since for originality of conception and ran through -several editions, "Beggars All," is written by a Miss L. Dougall, who -is said to be a member of a Montreal family, and though this book does -not deal with incidents of Canadian life it illustrates that fertility -of invention which is latent among our people and only requires a -favourable opportunity to develop itself. The best literature of this -kind is like that of France, which has the most intimate correspondence -with the social life and development of the people of the country. -"The excellence of a romance," writes Chevalier Bunsen in his critical -preface to Gustav Freytag's "Debit and Credit," "like that of an epic -or a drama, lies in the apprehension and truthful exhibition of the -course of human things.... The most vehement longing of our times -is manifestly after a faithful mirror of the present." With us, all -efforts in this direction have been most common place--hardly above the -average of "Social Notes" in the columns of Ottawa newspapers. - -I do not for one depreciate the influence of good fiction on the minds -of a reading community like ours; it is inevitable that a busy people, -and especially women distracted with household cares, should always -find that relief in this branch of literature which no other reading -can give them; and if the novel has then become a necessity of the -times in which we live, at all events I hope Canadians, who may soon -venture into the field, will study the better models, endeavour to -infuse some originality into their creations and plots, and not bring -the Canadian fiction of the future to that low level to which the -school of realism in France, and in a minor degree in England and the -United States, would degrade the novel and story of every-day life. -To my mind it goes without saying that a history written with that -fidelity to original authorities, that picturesqueness of narration, -that philosophic insight into the motives and plans of statesmen, that -study and comprehension of the character and life of a people, which -should constitute the features of a great work of this class,--that -such a history has assuredly a much deeper and more useful purpose -in the culture and education of the world than any work of fiction -can possibly have even when animated by a lofty genius. Still as the -novel and romance will be written as long as a large proportion of the -world amid the cares and activities of life seeks amusement rather -than knowledge, it is for the Canadian Scott, or Hawthorne, or "George -Eliot," or Dickens of the future, to have a higher and purer aim than -the majority of novel writers of the present day, who, with a few -notable exceptions like Black, Besant, Barrie, Stephenson or Oliphant, -weary us by their dulness and lack of the imaginative and inventive -faculty, and represent rather the demands of the publishers to meet the -requirements of a public which must have its new novel as regularly as -the Scotchman must have his porridge, the Englishman his egg and toast, -and the American his ice-water. - -If it were possible within the compass of this address to give a list -of the many histories, poems, essays and pamphlets that have appeared -from the Canadian press during the first quarter of a century since the -Dominion of Canada has been in existence, the number would astonish -many persons who have not followed our literary activity. Of course -the greater part of this work is ephemeral in its character and has -no special value; much of the historical work is a dreary collection -of facts and dates which shows the enterprise of school publishers -and school teachers and is generally wanting in that picturesqueness -and breadth of view which give interest to history and leave a vivid -impression on the mind of the student. Most of these pamphlets have -been written on religious, political or legal questions of the day. -Many of the poems illustrate rather the aspirations of the school boy -or maiden whose effusions generally appeared in the poet's corner -of the village newspaper. Still there are even among these mere -literary "transients" evidences of power of incisive argument and -of some literary style. In fact, all the scientific, historical and -poetical contributions of the period in question, make up quite a -library of Canadian literature. And here let me observe in passing, -some persons still suppose that _belles-lettres_, works of fiction, -poetry and criticism, alone constitute literature. The word can take -in its complete sense a very wide range, for it embraces the pamphlet -or monograph on the most abstruse scientific, or mathematical or -geographical or physical subject, as well as the political essay, the -brilliant history, or the purely imaginative poem or novel. It is not -so much the subject as the form and style which make them worthy of a -place in literature. One of the most remarkable books ever written, -the "Esprit des Lois" by Montesquieu, has won the highest place in -literature by its admirable style, and in the science of politics -by the importance of its matter. The works of Lyell, Huxley, Hunt, -Dawson, Tyndall, and Darwin owe their great value not entirely to the -scientific ideas and principles and problems there discussed, but also -to the lucidity of style in which the whole subject is presented to -the reader, whether versed or not in science. "Literature is a large -word," says Matthew Arnold,[52] discussing with Tyndall this very -subject; "it may mean everything written with letters or printed in a -book. Euclid's Elements and Newton's Principia are thus literature. -All knowledge that reaches us through books is literature. But as I -do not mean, by knowing ancient Rome, knowing merely more or less -of Latin _belles-lettres_, and taking no account of Rome's military, -and political, and legal, and administrative work in the world; and -as, by knowing ancient Greece, I understand knowing her as the giver -of Greek art, and the guide to a free and right use of reason and to -scientific methods, and the founder of our mathematics, and physics, -and astronomy, and biology, I understand knowing her as all this, and -not merely knowing certain Greek poems, and histories, and treatises -and speeches, so as to the knowledge of modern nations also. By knowing -modern nations, I mean not merely knowing their _belles-lettres_, but -knowing also what has been done by such men as Copernicus, Galileo, -Newton, Darwin." I submit this definition of literature by a great -English critic and poet who certainly knew what he was writing about, -to the studious consideration of Principal Grant who, in an address -to the Royal Society two years ago,[53] appeared to have some doubt -that much of its work could be called literature; a doubt that he -forgot for the moment actually consigned to a questionable level also -his many devious utterances and addresses on political, religious and -other questions of the day, and left him entirely out of the ranks -of _littérateurs_ and in a sort of limbo which is a world of neither -divinity, nor politics, nor letters. Taking this definition of the -bright apostle of English culture, I think Canadians can fairly claim -to have some position as a literary people even if it be a relatively -humble one, on account of the work done in history, _belles-lettres_, -political science and the sciences generally Science alone has had -in Canada for nearly half a century many votaries who have won for -themselves high distinction, as the eminent names on the list of -membership of the Royal Society since its foundation can conclusively -show. The literature of science, as studied and written by Canadians, -is remarkably comprehensive, and finds a place in every well furnished -library of the world. - -The _doyen_ of science in Canada, Sir William Dawson,[54] we are -all glad to know, is still at work after a long and severe illness, -which was, no doubt, largely due to the arduous devotion of years to -education and science. It is not my intention to refer here to other -well-known names in scientific literature, but I may pause for an -instant to mention the fact that one of the earliest scientific writers -of eminence, who was a Canadian by birth and education, was Mr. Elkanah -Billings,[55] palæontologist and geologist, who contributed his first -papers to the _Citizen_ of Ottawa, then Bytown, afterwards to have -greatness thrown upon it and made the political capital of Canada. - - - - -VII. - - -Here I come naturally to answer the questions that may be put by some -that have not followed the history and the work of the Royal Society -of Canada,--What measure of success has it won? has it been of value -to the Canadian people in whose interests it was established, and -with whose money it is mainly supported? Twelve years have nearly -passed away since a few gentlemen, engaged in literary, scientific and -educational pursuits, assembled at McGill College on the invitation of -the Marquess of Lorne, then governor-general of Canada, to consider the -practicability of establishing a society which would bring together -both the French and English Canadian elements of our population for -purposes of common study and the discussion of such subjects as might -be profitable to the Dominion, and at the same time develop the -literature of learning and science as far as practicable.[56] This -society was to have a Dominion character--to form a union of leading -representatives of all those engaged in literature and science in -the several provinces, with the principle of federation observed -in so far as it asked every society of note in every section to -send delegates to make reports on the work of the year within its -particular sphere. Of the gentlemen who assembled at this interesting -meeting beneath the roof of the learned principal of Montreal's -well-known university, the majority still continue active friends of -the society they aided Lord Lome to found; but I must also add with -deep regret that, within a little more than a year, two of the most -distinguished promoters of the society, Dr. Thomas Sterry Hunt and -Sir Daniel Wilson, have been called from their active and successful -labours in education, science and letters. As I know perhaps better -than any one else, on account of an official connection with the -society from the very hour it was suggested by Lord Lorne, no two -members ever comprehended more thoroughly the useful purpose which -it could serve amid the all-surrounding materialism of this country, -or laboured more conscientiously until the very hour of their death -by their writings and their influence to make the society a Canadian -institution, broad in its scope, liberal in its culture, and elevated -in its aspirations. Without dwelling on the qualifications of two -men[57] whose names are imperishably connected with the work of their -lifetime--archæology, education and chemistry--I may go on to say that -the result of the Montreal meeting was the establishment of a society -which met for the first time at Ottawa in the May of 1882, with a -membership of eighty Fellows under the presidency of Dr. (afterwards -Sir) William Dawson, and the vice-presidency of the Honourable P. -J. O. Chauveau, a distinguished French Canadian who had won a high -name, not only in literature, but also in the political world where -he was for years a conspicuous figure; noted for his eloquence, his -culture and his courtesy of manner. The society was established in no -spirit of isolation from other literary and scientific men because -its membership was confined at the outset to eighty Fellows who had -written "memoirs of merit or rendered eminent services to literature -or science"--a number subsequently increased to a hundred under -certain limitations. On the contrary it asks for, and has constantly -published, contributions from all workers in the same fields of effort -with the simple proviso that such contributions are presented with the -endorsation of an actual member, though they may be read before any one -of the four sections by the author himself. Every association, whether -purely literature or historical, or scientific, as I have already -intimated, has been asked to assist in the work of the society,[58] and -its delegates given every advantage at the meetings possessed by the -Fellows themselves, except voting and discussing the purely internal -affairs of the Royal Society. Some misapprehension appears to have -existed at first in the public mind that, because the society was named -"The Royal Society of Canada," an exclusive and even aristocratic -institution was in contemplation. It seems a little perplexing to -understand why an objection could be taken to such a designation when -the Queen is at the head of our system of government, and her name -appears in the very first clauses of the act of union, and in every -act requiring the exercise of the royal prerogative in this loyal -dependency of the crown. As a fact, in using the title, the desire was -to follow the example of similar societies in Australia, and recall -that famous Royal Society in England, whose fellowship is a title of -nobility in the world of science. Certain features were copied from -the Institute of France, inasmuch as there is a division into sections -with the idea of bringing together into each for the purposes of common -study and discussion those men who have devoted themselves to special -branches of the literature of learning and science. In this country -and, indeed, in America generally, a notable tendency is what may be -called the levelling principle--to deprecate the idea that any man -should be in any way better than another; and in order to prevent that -result it is necessary to assail him as soon as he shows any political -or intellectual merit, and to stop him, if possible, from attaining -that mental superiority above his fellows that his industry and his -ability may enable him to reach. The Royal Society suffered a little -at first from this spirit of depreciation which is often carried to an -extent that one at times could almost believe that this is a country -without political virtues or intellectual development of any kind. -The claims of some of its members were disputed by literary aspirants -who did not happen for a moment to be enrolled in its ranks, and the -society was charged with exclusiveness when, as a fact, it simply -limited its membership, and demanded certain qualifications, with the -desire to make that membership a test of some intellectual effort, and -consequently more prized by those who were allowed sooner or later -to enter. It would have been quite possible for the society to make -itself a sort of literary or scientific picnic by allowing every man -or woman who had, or believed they had, some elementary scientific or -other knowledge to enter its ranks, and have the consequent advantages -of cheap railway fares and other subsidiary advantages on certain -occasions, but its promoters did not think that would best subserve -the special objects they had in view. At all events, none of them -could have been prompted by any desire to create a sort of literary -aristocracy. Indeed, one would like to know how any one in his senses -could believe for a moment that any institution of learning could -be founded with exclusive tendencies in these times, in this or any -other country! If there is an intelligent democracy anywhere it is the -Republic of Letters. It may be aristocratic in the sense that there -are certain men and women who have won fame and stand on a pedestal -above their fellows, but it is the world, not of a class, but of all -ranks and conditions, that has agreed to place them on that pedestal -as a tribute to their genius which has made people happier, wiser and -better, has delighted and instructed the artisan as well as the noble. - -For twelve years then the Royal Society has continued to persevere in -its work; and thanks to the encouragement given it by the government of -Canada it has been able, year by year, to publish a large and handsome -volume of the proceedings and transactions of its meetings. No other -country in the world can exhibit volumes more creditable on the whole -in point of workmanship than those of this society. The papers and -monographs that have appeared embrace a wide field of literature--the -whole range of archæological, ethnological, historical, geographical, -biological, mathematical and physical studies. The volumes now are -largely distributed throughout Canada--among the educated and thinking -classes--and are sent to every library, society, university and learned -institution of note in the world, with the hope of making the Dominion -better known. The countries where they are placed for purposes of -reference are these: - - The United States: every State of the Union and District of Columbia, - Newfoundland, - Mexico, - Brazil, - Costa Rica, - Uruguay, - Guatemala, - Venezuela, - Chile, - Peru, - India, - Japan, - Australia, - New Zealand, - Great Britain and Ireland, - Ecuador, - Italy, - Greece, - Norway and Sweden, - Spain, - South Africa, - Germany, - Roumania, - Argentine Republic, - France, - Russia, - Austria-Hungary, - Mauritius, - Denmark. - -So well known are these 'Transactions' now in every country that, when -it happens some library or institution has not received it from the -beginning or has been forgotten in the distribution, the officers of -the society have very soon received an intimation of the fact. This -is gratifying, since it shows that the world of higher literature and -of special research--the world of scholars and scientists engaged in -important observation and investigation--is interested in the work that -is being done in the same branches in this relatively new country. -It would be impossible for me within the limits of this address to -give you anything like an accurate and comprehensive idea of the -numerous papers the subject and treatment of which, even from a largely -practical and utilitarian point of view, have been of decided value to -Canada, and I can only say here that the members of the society have -endeavoured to bring to the consideration of the subjects they have -discussed a spirit of conscientious study and research, and that, too, -without any fee or reward except that stimulating pleasure which work -of an intellectual character always brings to the mind. - -In these days of critical comparative science, when the study of the -aboriginal or native languages of this continent has absorbed the -attention of close students, the Royal Society has endeavoured to give -encouragement and currency to those studies by publishing grammars, -vocabularies and other monographs relating to Indian tongues and -antiquities. The Abbé Cuoq, one of the most erudite scholars of this -continent in this special branch of knowledge, has nearly completed -in the 'Transactions' what will be a monumental work of learning on -the Algonquin language. A Haida grammar and dictionary are also now -awaiting the completion of the Abbé Cuoq's work to be published in -the same way. A great deal of light has been thrown on Cartier's and -Champlain's voyages in the gulf, and consequently on its cartography, -by the labours of the Abbé Verreau, Prof. Ganong and others. The -excellent work of the Geological Survey has been supplemented by -important contributions from its staff, and consequently there is to -be found in the 'Transactions' a large amount of information, both -abstract and practical, on the economic and other minerals of the -Dominion. Chiefly owing to the efforts of the society, the government -of Canada some time ago commenced to take tidal observations on the -Atlantic coasts of Canada--an enterprise of great value to the shipping -and commercial interests of the country--and has also co-operated in -the determination of the true longitude of Montreal which is now being -prosecuted under the able superintendence of Professor McLeod. It is -in the same practical spirit of investigation and action that the -society has published a treatise by that veteran scholar, Dr. Moses -Harvey, of St. John's, Newfoundland, on "The Artificial Propagation -of Marine Food-fishes and Edible Crustaceans"; and it is satisfactory -to understand from a statement made in the House of Commons last -session that a question of such deep interest to our great fishing -industry in the maritime provinces is likely to result in some -practical measure in the direction suggested. The contributions of -Sir Daniel Wilson on the "Artistic Faculty in the Aboriginal Races," -"The Pre-Aryan American Man," "The Trade and Commerce of the Stone -Age," and "The Huron-Iroquois Race in Canada," that typical race of -American Indians, were all intended to supplement in a measure that -scholarly work, "Prehistoric Man," which had brought him fame many -years before. Dr. Patterson of Nova Scotia, a most careful student of -the past, has made valuable contributions to the history of Portuguese -exploration in North American waters, and of that remarkable lost -tribe known as Beothiks or Red Indians of Newfoundland. Sir William -Dawson has contributed to almost every volume of the 'Transactions' -from his stores of geological learning, while his distinguished son -has followed closely in his footsteps, and has made valuable additions -to our knowledge, not only of the geology of the Northwest, but also -of the antiquities, languages and customs of the Indian tribes of -British Columbia and the adjacent islands. The opinions and theories -of Dr. Thomas Sterry Hunt on the "Taconic Question in Geology" and -the "Relations of the Taconic Series to the later Crystalline and the -Cambrian Rocks," were given at length in the earlier volumes. Mr. G. -F. Matthew, of St. John, New Brunswick, who is a very industrious -student, has elaborated a work on the "Fauna of the St. John Group." -Not only have our geological conditions been more fully explained, but -our flora, ferns, and botany generally have been clearly set forth -by Professors Lawson, Macoun and Penhallow. All these and many other -papers of value have been illustrated by expensive plates, generally -executed by Canadian artists. The majority of the names I have just -given happen to be English Canadian, but the French language has -been represented in science by such eminent men as Hamel, Laflamme -and Deville--the two first illustrating the learning and culture of -Laval, so long associated with the best scholarship of the province -of Quebec. Without pursuing the subject further, let me say, as one -who has always endeavoured to keep the interests of the society in -view, that such monographs as I have mentioned represent the practical -value of its work, and show what an important sphere of usefulness -is invariably open to it. The object is not to publish ephemeral -newspaper or magazine articles--that is to say, articles intended for -merely popular information or purely literary practice--but always -those essays and works of moderate compass which illustrate original -research, experiment and investigation in all branches of historical, -archæological, ethnological and scientific studies, and which will -form a permanent and instructive reference library for scholars and -students in the same branches of thought and study all over the -world. In fact, the essays must necessarily be such as cannot be well -published except through the assistance granted by a government, as in -our case, or by the liberality of private individuals. The society, -in fact, is in its way attempting just such work as is done by the -Smithsonian Institute, on a large scale, at Washington, so far as -the publication of important transactions is concerned. I admit that -sometimes essays have appeared, but many more are offered from time -to time, better suited to the periodicals of the day than to the -pages of a work of which the object is to perpetuate the labours of -students and scholars, and not the efforts of the mere literary amateur -or trifler in _belles-lettres_. But while there must be necessarily -such limitations to the scope of the 'Transactions,' which are largely -scientific in their treatment, room will be always made for papers -on any economic, social or ethical subject which, by their acute -reasoning, sound philosophy and originality of thought, demand the -attention of students everywhere. Such literary criticism as finds -place now and then in the dignified old 'Quarterly Review' or in the -'Contemporary' will be printed whenever it is written by any Canadian -author with the same power of keen analysis and judicious appreciation -of the thoughts and motives of an author that we find notably in that -charming study of Tennyson's "Princess," by S. E. Dawson,[59] who is -a Canadian by birth, education and feeling. No doubt there is room in -the Dominion for a magazine combining the features of 'Blackwood,' the -'Contemporary' and the 'Quarterly Review'; that is to say, poetry, -fiction, criticism, reviews of topics of the day, and, in fact, -original literary effort of the higher order, which, though mostly -ephemeral in its character, must have much influence for the time being -on the culture and the education of the public mind. Since the days -of the old 'Canadian Monthly,'[60] which, with all its imperfections, -contained much excellent work, all efforts in the same direction have -been deserving of little encouragement; and, in fact, if such a venture -is to succeed hereafter it must have behind it sufficient capital to -engage the assistance of the best Canadian writers, who now send their -work to American and English periodicals. Such a magazine must be -carefully edited, and not made the dumping-ground for the crude efforts -of literary dabblers or for romantic gush and twaddle, but must be -such a judicious selection of the best Canadian talent as will evoke -comparison with the higher class of periodicals I have mentioned. We -have only one literary paper of merit in this country, and that is -'The Week,' which, despite all the indifference that is too apt to -meet a journal not influenced by party motives, has kept its literary -aim always before it, and endeavoured to do such a work as 'The New -York Nation' has been doing for years under far greater advantages -in the neighbouring country with marked success and ability. In the -meantime, until a magazine of the character I advocate is established, -the 'Transactions of the Royal Society' cannot be expected to occupy -the same ground unless it is prepared to give up that important field -which it and the societies with which it is associated alone can fill -in this country. In one respect, indeed, the Royal Society, in my -opinion--and I have endeavoured to impress it on my fellow-members--can -reach a much larger class of readers than it is now possible by -means of its somewhat formidable though handsomely printed and well -illustrated volumes, which necessarily are confined, for the most part, -to libraries and institutions, where they can be best consulted by -students who find it necessary to inform themselves on such Canadian -subjects as the society necessarily treats. It is quite possible that -by selecting a more convenient form, say royal octavo, and publishing -the purely scientific sections in one volume and the purely literary -department in another, a larger inducement will be given to the public -to purchase its 'Transactions' at a moderate cost and in a more -convenient shape for reading, whenever they contain monographs or large -works in which Canadians generally are interested or on which they -wish special information. Of course, in making this change care must -be taken to maintain the typographical appearance and the character of -the scientific illustrations and the usefulness of the cartography. Not -only may the Royal Society in this way reach a larger reading public, -but it may stimulate the efforts of historic and other writers by -giving them greater facilities for obtaining special editions of their -works for general sale. As it is now, each author obtains a hundred -copies of his paper in pamphlets, sometimes more; and if the form is -now made smaller and more handy, to use a common word, he will be -induced to order a larger edition at his own cost. Even as it is now, -some four or five thousand copies of essays and monographs--in special -cases many more--are annually distributed by authors in addition to -those circulated in the bound volumes of the 'Transactions'; and in -this way any value these works may have is considerably enhanced. If it -should be decided to continue the large form, at all events it will -be in the interest of the society, and of the author of any monograph -or history of more than ordinary value, to print it not only in the -'Transactions' but also in a smaller volume for general circulation. -Practically this would meet the object in view--the larger distribution -of the best work of the section devoted to historical and general -literature. But whether this change is adopted or not,[61] I think the -Royal Society, by showing even still greater zeal and earnestness in -the work for which it was founded, by co-operating with scholars and -students throughout the Dominion, by showing every possible sympathy -with all those engaged in the work of art, culture and education, can -look forward hopefully to the future; and all it asks from the Canadian -public at large is confidence in its work and objects, which are in no -sense selfish or exclusive, but are influenced by a sincere desire to -do what it can to promote historic truth and scientific research, and -give a stimulus in this way to the intellectual development of this -young Dominion, yet in the infancy of its literary life.[F] - -[Footnote F: In the course of a speech by the Earl of Derby, in answer -to a farewell address from the Royal Society, he took occasion to make -some remarks with reference to its work and usefulness, which have been -given in full in the Appendix (Note 58_a_) as the impartial opinion -of a governor-general who always took a deep interest in all matters -affecting the intellectual as well as material development of the -Dominion.] - - - - -VIII. - - -This necessarily brief review of the work of the Royal Society could -not well be left out of an address like this; and I can now pass on to -some reflections that occur to me on the general subject. - -In the literature of biography, so susceptible of a treatment full of -human interests and sympathies--as chatty Boswell's "Life of Johnson," -and Lockhart's "Life of Scott," notably illustrate--we have little to -show, except it be the enterprise of publishers and the zeal of too -enthusiastic friends. Nor is it necessary to dwell on the literature -of the law, which is becoming in a measure more of a technical and -less of a learned profession in the larger sense, unless, indeed, -our university schools of political science eventually elevate it -to a wider range of thought. Several excellent books of a purely -technical character have been compiled from year to year, but no Kent, -or Story, or Cooley has yet appeared to instruct us by a luminous -exposition of principle, or breadth of knowledge. Those who know -anything of Dr. Edward Blake's great intellectual power, of his wealth -of legal learning, of his insight into the operations of political -constitutions, cannot deny that he at least could produce a work which -might equal in many respects those of the great Americans here named; -but it looks very much at present as if he, and others I could mention, -will give up their best years to the absorbing and uncertain struggles -of politics, rather than to the literature of that profession to which -they might, under different conditions, raise imperishable memorials. -From the pulpit many of us hear from time to time eloquent and well -reasoned efforts which tell us how much even the class, necessarily -most conservative in its traditions, and confined in its teachings, -has been forced by modern tendencies to enlarge its human sympathies -and widen its intellectual horizon; but the published sermons are -relatively few in number; and while, now and then, at intervals, after -a public celebration, an important anniversary or ceremonial, or as a -sequence of a controversy on the merits or demerits of creed or dogma, -we see a pile of pamphlets on the counter of a bookstore, we do not -hear of any printed book of sermons that appears to have entered of -recent years into the domain of human thought and discussion in the -great world beyond our territorial limits. - -I shall not attempt to dwell at any length on the intellectual standard -of our legislative bodies, but shall confine myself to a few general -observations that naturally suggest themselves to an observer of our -political conditions. Now, as in all times of our history, political -life claims many strong, keen and cultured intellects, although it is -doubtful whether the tendency of our democratic institutions is to -encourage the most highly educated organizations to venture, or remain, -should once they venture, in the agitated and unsafe sea of political -passion and controversy. The first parliament of the Dominion, and the -first legislatures of the provinces, which met after the federal union -of 1867, when the system of dual representation was permissible--a -system whose advantages are more obvious now--brought into public -life the most brilliant and astute intellects of Canada, and it will -probably be a long time before we shall again see assemblages so -distinguished for oratory, humour and intellectual power. A federal -system was, doubtless, the only one feasible under the racial and -natural conditions that met the Quebec Conference of 1864; but, while -admitting its political necessity, we cannot conceal from ourselves -the fact that the great drain its numerous legislative bodies and -governments make upon the mental resources of a limited population--a -drain increased by the abolition of dual representation--is calculated -to weaken our intellectual strength in our legislative halls, when -a legislative union would in the nature of things concentrate that -strength in one powerful current of activity and thought. A population -of five millions of people has to provide not only between six and -seven hundred representatives, who must devote a large amount of -time to the public service for inadequate compensation, but also -lieutenant-governors, judges and high officials, holding positions -requiring intellectual qualifications as well as business capacity if -they are properly filled. Apart from these considerations, it must -be remembered that the opportunities of acquiring wealth and success -in business or professional vocations have naturally increased with -the material development of the Dominion, and that men of brains -have consequently even less inducement than formerly to enter on the -uncertain and too often ungrateful pursuit of politics. We have also -the danger before us that it will be with us, as it is in the United -States and even in England under the new conditions that are rapidly -developing there; the professional politician, who is too often the -creation of factions and cliques, and the lower influences of political -intrigue and party management, will be found, as time passes, more -common in our legislative halls, to the detriment of those higher -ideals that should be the animating principles of public life in -this young country, whose future happiness and greatness depend so -much on the present methods of party government. Be all this as it -may be, one may still fairly claim for our legislative bodies that -their intellectual standard can compare favourably with that of the -Congress at Washington or the state legislatures of Massachusetts and -New England generally. After all, it is not for brilliant intellectual -pyrotechnics we should now so much look to the legislative bodies of -Canada, but rather for honesty of purpose, keen comprehension of the -public interests, and a business capacity which can grasp the actual -material wants and necessities of a country which has to face the -competition, and even opposition, of a great people full of industrial -as well as intellectual energy. - -Nowhere in this review have I claimed for this country any very -striking results in the course of the half century since which we have -shown so much political and material activity. I cannot boast that we -have produced a great poem or a great history which has attracted the -attention of the world beyond us, and assuredly we find no noteworthy -attempt in the direction of a novel of our modern life; but what I do -claim is, looking at the results generally, the work we have done has -been sometimes above the average in those fields of literature--and -here I include, necessarily, science--in which Canadians have worked. -They have shown in many productions a conscientious spirit of research, -patient industry, and not a little literary skill in the management -of their material. I think, on the whole, there have been enough -good poems, histories and essays written and published in Canada for -the last four or five decades to prove that there has been a steady -intellectual growth on the part of our people, and that it has kept -pace at all events with the mental growth in the pulpit, or in the -legislative halls, where, of late years, a keen practical debating -style has taken the place of the more rhetorical and studied oratory -of old times. I believe the intellectual faculties of Canadians only -require larger opportunities for their exercise to bring forth a -rich fruition. I believe the progress in the years to come will be -far greater than that we have yet shown, and that necessarily so, -with the wider distribution of wealth, the dissemination of a higher -culture, and a greater confidence in our own mental strength, and in -the resources that this country offers to pen and pencil. The time -will come when that great river, associated with memories of Cartier, -Champlain, La Salle, Frontenac, Wolfe and Montcalm,--that river already -immortalized in history by the pen of Parkman--will be as noted in song -and story as the Rhine, and will have its Irving to make it as famous -as the lovely Hudson. - -Of course there are many obstacles in the way of successful literary -pursuits in Canada. Our population is still small, and separated into -two distinct nationalities, who for the most part necessarily read -books printed in their own tongue. A book published in Canada then has -a relatively limited _clientèle_ in the country itself, and cannot -meet much encouragement from publishers in England or in the United -States who have advantages for placing their own publications which no -Canadian can have under existing conditions. Consequently an author -of ambition and merit should perforce look for publishers outside his -own country if he is to expect anything like just appreciation, or to -have a fair chance of reaching that literary world which alone gives -fame in the true sense. It must be admitted too that so much inferior -work has at times found its way from Canada to other countries that -publishers are apt to look askance at a book when it is offered to -them from the colonies. Still, while this may at times operate against -making what is a fairly good bargain with the publisher--and many -authors, of course, believe with reason that a publisher, as a rule, -never makes a good bargain with an author, and certainly not with a new -one--a good book will sooner or later assert itself whenever Canadians -write such a book. Let Canadians then persevere conscientiously and -confidently in their efforts to break through the indifference which at -present tends to cramp their efforts and dampen their energy. It is a -fashion with some colonial writers to believe that there is a settled -determination on the part of English critics to ignore their best -work, when, perhaps, in the majority of cases it is the lack of good -work that is at fault. Such a conclusion sometimes finds an argument -in the fact that, when so able a Canadian as Edward Blake enters the -legislative halls of England, some ill-natured critic, who represents -a spirit of insular English snobbery, has only a sneer for "this -Canadian lawyer" who had better "stay at home," and not presume to -think that he, a mere colonist, could have anything to say in matters -affecting the good government of the British Empire. But the time has -long since passed for sneers at colonial self-government or colonial -intellect, and we are more likely hereafter to have a Canadian House of -Commons held up as a model of decorum for so-called English gentlemen. -Such able and impartial critical journals as _The Athenæum_ are more -ready to welcome than ignore a good book in these days of second-rate -literature in England itself. If we produce such a good book as Mrs. -Campbell Praed's "Australian Life," or Tasma's "Uncle Piper of Piper's -Hill," we may be sure the English papers will do us justice. Let me -frankly insist that we have far too much hasty and slovenly literary -work done in Canada. The literary canon which every ambitious writer -should have ever in his mind has been stated by no less an authority -than Sainte-Beuve: "Devoted to my profession as a critic, I have tried -to be more and more a good and if possible an able workman." A good -style means artistic workmanship. It is too soon for us in this country -to look for a Matthew Arnold or a Sainte-Beuve--such great critics are -generally the results, and not the forerunners, of a great literature; -but at least if we could have in the present state of our intellectual -development, a criticism in the press which would be truthful and -just, the essential characteristics of the two authors I have named, -the effect would be probably in the direction of encouraging promising -writers, and weeding out some literary dabblers. "What I have wished," -said the French critic, "is to say not a word more than I thought, to -stop even a little short of what I believed in certain cases, in order -that my words might acquire more weight as historical testimony." Truth -tempered by consideration for literary genius is the essence of sound -criticism. - -We all know that the literary temperament is naturally sensitive to -anything like indifference and is too apt, perhaps, to exaggerate -the importance of its calling in the prosaic world in which it is -exercised. The pecuniary rewards are so few, relatively, in this -country, that the man of imaginative mind--the purely literary -worker--naturally thinks that he can, at least, ask for generous -appreciation. No doubt he thinks, to quote a passage from a clever -Australian novel--"The Australian Girl"--"Genius has never been truly -acclimatized by the world. The Philistines always long to put out -the eyes of poets and make them grind corn in Gaza." But it is well -always to remember that a great deal of rough work has to be done in a -country like Canada before its Augustan age can come. No doubt literary -stimulus must be more or less wanting in a colony where there is latent -at times in some quarters a want of self-confidence in ourselves and in -our institutions, arising from that sense of dependency and habit of -imitation and borrowing from others that is a necessity of a colonial -condition. The tendency of the absence of sufficient self-assertion is -to cramp intellectual exertion, and make us believe that success in -literature can only be achieved in the old countries of Europe. That -spirit of all-surrounding materialism to which Lowell has referred -must also always exercise a certain sinister influence in this way--an -influence largely exerted in Ontario--but despite all this we see -that even among our neighbours it has not prevented the growth of a -literary class famous for its intellectual successes in varied fields -of literature. It is for Canadian writers to have always before them a -high ideal, and remember that literature does best its duty--to quote -the eloquent words of Ruskin--"in raising our fancy to the height of -what may be noble, honest and felicitous in actual life; in giving -us, though we may be ourselves poor and unknown, the companionship -of the wisest spirits of every age and country, and in aiding the -communication of clear thoughts and faithful purposes among distant -nations, which will at last breathe calm upon the sea of lawless -passion and change into such halcyon days the winter of the world, that -the birds of the air may have their nests in peace and the Son of Man -where to lay his head." - - - - -IX. - - -Largely, if not entirely, owing to the expansion of our common -school system--admirable in Ontario and Nova Scotia, but defective -in Quebec--and the influence of our universities and colleges, the -average intelligence of the people of this country is much higher -than it was a very few years ago; but no doubt it is with us as with -our neighbours--to quote the words of an eminent public speaker whose -brilliancy sometimes leads one to forget his higher criticism--I -refer to Dr. Chauncey Depew--"Speed is the virtue and vice of our -generation. We demand that morning-glories and century plants shall -submit to the same conditions and flower with equal frequency." Even -some of our universities from which we naturally expect so much seem -disposed from time to time to lower their standard and yield too -readily to the demand for purely practical education when, after all, -the great reason of all education is to draw forth the best qualities -of the young man, elevate his intelligence, and stimulate his highest -intellectual forces. The animating principle with the majority of -people is to make a young man a doctor, a lawyer, an engineer, or teach -him some other vocation as soon as possible, and the tendency is to -consider any education that does not immediately effect that result -as superfluous. Whilst every institution of learning must necessarily -yield something to this pervading spirit of immediate utility, it would -be a mistake to sacrifice all the methods and traditions of the past -when sound scholars at least were made, and the world had so many men -famous in learning, in poetry, in romance, and in history. For one I -range myself among those who, like James Russell Lowell and Matthew -Arnold, still consider the conscientious and intelligent study of the -ancient classics--the humanities as they are called--as best adapted -to create cultured men and women, and as the noblest basis on which -to build up even a practical education with which to earn bread and -capture the world. Goldwin Smith very truly says, "A romantic age -stands in need of science, a scientific and utilitarian age stands in -need of the humanities."[62] The study of Greek, above all others of -the humanities, is calculated to stimulate the higher qualities of -our nature. As Matthew Arnold adds in the same discourse from which -I have quoted, "The instinct for beauty is set in human nature, as -surely as the instinct for knowledge is set there, or the instinct for -conduct. If the instinct for beauty is served by Greek literature and -art as it is served by no other literature or art, we may trust to the -instinct of self-preservation in humanity for keeping Greek as part -of our culture." With the same great critic and thinker, I hope that -in Canada "Greek will be increasingly studied as men feel the need in -them for beauty, and how powerfully Greek art and Greek literature -can serve this need." We are as respects the higher education of this -country in that very period which Arnold saw ahead for America--"a -period of unsettlement and confusion and false tendency"--a tendency -to crowd into education too many matters; and it is for this reason -I venture to hope that letters will not be allowed to yield entirely -to the necessity for practical science, the importance of which I -fully admit, while deprecating it being made the dominant principle in -our universities. If we are to come down to the lower grades of our -educational system I might also doubt whether despite all its decided -advantages for the masses--its admirable machinery and apparatus, its -comfortable school-houses, its varied systematic studies from form to -form and year to year, its well managed normal and model schools, its -excellent teachers--there are not also signs of superficiality. The -tendency of the age is to become rich fast, to get as much knowledge -as possible within a short time, and the consequence of this is to -spread far too much knowledge over a limited ground--to give a child -too many subjects, and to teach him a little of everything. These are -days of many cyclopædias, historical summaries, scientific digests, -reviews of reviews, French in a few lessons, and interest tables. -All is digested and made easy to the student. Consequently not a -little of the production of our schools and of some of our colleges -may be compared to a veneer of knowledge, which easily wears off in -the activities of life, and leaves the roughness of the original and -cheaper material very perceptible. One may well believe that the -largely mechanical system and materialistic tendency of our education -has some effect in checking the development of a really original and -imaginative literature among us. Much of our daily literature--indeed -the chief literary aliment of large classes of our busy population -is the newspaper press, which illustrates in many ways the haste and -pressure of this life of ours in a country of practical needs like -Canada. When we consider the despatch with which a large newspaper has -to be made up, how reports are caught on the wing and published without -sufficient verification, how editorials have to be written _currente -calamo_, and often after midnight when important despatches come in, we -may well wonder that the daily issue of a newspaper is so well done. -With the development of confederation the leading Canadian papers -have taken, through the influence of the new condition of things, a -larger range of thought and expression, and the gross personalities -which so frequently discredited the press before 1867 have now become -the exception. If I might refer to an old and enterprising paper as -an example of the new order of things, I should point to the Toronto -_Globe_ under its present editorial management and compare it with -two or three decades ago. It will be seen there is a deeper deference -to an intelligent public opinion by an acknowledgment of the right -of a community to hear argument and reason even on matters of party -politics, and to have fair reports of speeches on both sides of -a question. In point of appearance, make-up, and varied literary -matter--especially in its literary department, its criticisms of -new books in all branches of literature--the Australasian press is -decidedly superior to that of Canada as a rule. The Melbourne _Argus_ -and the Sydney _Herald_ compare with the best London journals, and -the reason is mainly because there is no country press in Australia -to limit the enterprise and energy of a newspaper publisher. Perhaps -it is as well for the general instruction of a community like ours -that there should be a large and active country press, and the people -not too much under the guidance of a few great journals in important -centres of political thought and action. For one I have more faith -in the good sense and reason of the community as a whole than in the -motives and disinterestedness of a few leaders in one or more cities -or towns. But I must also add that when we consider the influence a -widely disseminated press like that of Canada must exercise on the -opinions and sentiments of the large body of persons of whom it is -the principal or only literature, one must wish that there was more -independence of thought and honesty of criticism as well as a greater -willingness, or capacity rather, to study a high ideal on the part of -the press generally. However improved the tone of the Canadian press -may have become of late years, however useful it may be as a daily -record of passing events--of course, outside of party politics--however -ably it may discuss in its editorial columns the topics of the day, -it is not yet an influence always calculated to strengthen the mind -and bring out the best intellectual faculties of a reader like a book -which is the result of calm reflection, sound philosophic thought, -originality of idea, or the elevated sentiment of the great poet or -the historian. As a matter of fact a newspaper is too often in Canada -a reflex of the average rather than of the higher intelligence of the -country, and on no other ground can we explain the space devoted to -a football match, or a prize fight, or a murder trial, or degrading -incidents in the criminal life of men and women. For one, I am an -admirer of athletic and other sports calculated to develop health and -muscle, as long as they are not pursued to extremes, do not become the -end and aim of youth, or allowed to degenerate into brutality. All of -us do not forget the great influence of the Olympian, the Pythian and -other public games on the Greek character when the land was "living -Greece" indeed; but we must also remember that art and song had a part -in those contests of athletes, that they even inspired the lyric odes -of Pindar, that the poet there recited his drama or epic, the painter -exhibited his picture, and the intellectual was made a part of the -physical struggle in those palmy days of Greek culture. I have not yet -heard that any Canadian poet or painter or historian has ever been so -honoured, or asked to take part in those athletic games and sports to -which our public journals devote a number of pages which have not yet -been set apart for Canadian or any literature. The newspaper reporter -is nowadays the only representative of literature in our Pythia or -Olympia, and he assuredly cannot be said to be a Pindaric singer when -he exalts the triumphs of lacrosse or the achievements of the baseball -champion. - - - - -X. - - -In drawing to a conclusion I come now to refer to a subject which is -naturally embraced in an address intended to review the progress of -culture in this country, and that is what should have, perhaps, been -spoken of before, the condition of Art in the Dominion. As our public -libraries[63] are small compared with those in the neighbouring union, -and confined to three or four cities--Montreal being in some respects -behind Toronto--so our public and private art galleries are very few -in number and insignificant as respects the value and the greatness -of the paintings. Even in the House of Commons, not long since, -regret was expressed at the smallness of the Dominion contribution, -one thousand dollars only, for the support of a so-called National -Art Gallery at Ottawa, and the greater part of this paltry sum, it -appeared, went to pay, not the addition of good paintings, but actually -the current expenses of keeping it up. Hopes were thrown out by more -than one member of the government, in the course of the discussion -on the subject, that ere long a much larger amount would be annually -voted to make the gallery more representative of the best Canadian -art, and it was very properly suggested that it should be the rule -to purchase a number of Canadian pictures regularly every year, and -in this way stimulate the talent of our artists. Montreal at present -has one fairly good museum of art, thanks to the liberality of two -or three of her rich men, but so public spirited a city as Toronto, -which numbers among its citizens a number of artists of undoubted -merit, is conspicuous for its dearth of good pictures even in private -collections, and for the entire absence of any public gallery. In -Montreal there are also some very valuable and representative paintings -of foreign artists in the residences of her wealthy men of business; -but whilst it is necessary that we should have brought to this country -from time to time such examples of artistic genius to educate our -own people for better things, it is still desirable that Canadian -millionaires and men of means and taste should encourage the best -efforts of our own artists. It is said sometimes--and there is some -truth in the remark--that Canadian art hitherto has been imitative -rather than creative; but while we have pictures like those of L. R. -O'Brien, W. Brymner, F. A. Verner, O. R. Jacobi, George Reid, F. M. -Bell-Smith, Homer Watson, W. Raphael, Robert Harris, C. M. Manly, J. W. -L. Forster, A. D. Patterson, Miss Bell, Miss Muntz, J. Pinhey, J. C. -Forbes, Paul Peel--a young man of great promise too soon cut off--and -of other excellent painters,[64][G] native born or adopted Canadians, -illustrating in many cases, as do those of Mr. O'Brien notably, the -charm and picturesqueness of Canadian scenery, it would seem that -only sufficient encouragement is needed to develop a higher order of -artistic performance among us. The Marquess of Lorne and the Princess -Louise, during their too short residence in the Dominion, did something -to stimulate a larger and better taste for art by the establishment of -a Canadian Academy and the holding of several exhibitions; but such -things can be of little practical utility if Canadians do not encourage -the artists who are to contribute. It is to be hoped that the same -spirit of generosity which is yearly building commodious science halls, -and otherwise giving our universities additional opportunities for -usefulness, will also ere long establish at least one fine art gallery -in each of the older provinces, to illustrate not simply English -and Foreign art, but the most original and highly executed work of -Canadians themselves. Such galleries are so many object lessons--like -that wondrous "White City" which has arisen by a western lake as -suddenly as the palaces of eastern story--to educate the eye, form the -taste and develop the higher faculties of our nature amid the material -surroundings of our daily life. No doubt the creative and imaginative -faculties of our people have not yet been developed to any noteworthy -extent; the poems and paintings of native Canadians too frequently -lack, and the little fiction so far written is entirely destitute of -the essential elements of successful and permanent work in art and -literature. But the deficiency in this respect has arisen not from -the poverty of Canadian intellect, but rather from the absence of -that general distribution of wealth on which art can alone thrive, the -consequent want of galleries to cultivate a taste among the people for -the best artistic productions, and above all from the existence of that -spirit of intellectual self-depreciation which is essentially colonial, -and leads not a few to believe that no good work of this kind can be -done in mere dependencies. - -The exhibition of American art at the world's fair is remarkable on -the whole for individual expression, excellent colour and effective -composition. It proves to a demonstration that the tendency is -progressive, and that it is not too much to expect that a few decades -hence this continent will produce a Corot, a Daubigny, a Bonnat, a -Bouguereau or a Millais. Not the least gratifying feature of the -exhibition has been the revelation to the foreign world--and probably -to many Canadians as well--that there is already some artistic -performance of a much higher order than was believed to exist in -Canada, and that it has been adjudged worthy of special mention among -the masterpieces that surround the paintings of our artists. This -success, very moderate as it is, must stimulate Canadian painters to -still greater efforts in the future, and should help to create a wider -interest in their work among our own people, heretofore too indifferent -to the labours of men and women, whose rewards have been small in -comparison with the conscientiousness and earnestness they have given -to the prosecution of their art. - -The opportunities which Canadian artists have had of comparing their -own work with that of the most artistic examples at the exhibition -should be beneficial if they have made of them the best possible -use. American and French art was particularly well represented at -the exhibition, and was probably most interesting from a Canadian -point of view, since our artists would naturally make comparisons -with their fellow-workers on this continent, and at the same time -closely study the illustrations of those French schools which now -attract the greater number of students from this country, and have -largely influenced--perhaps too much so at times--the later efforts of -some well-known painters among us. A writer in the New York _Nation_ -has made some comparisons between the best works of the artists of -France and the United States, which are supported by the testimony -of critics who are able to speak with authority on the subject. The -French notably excel "in seriousness of purpose and general excellence -of work from a technical point of view, especially in the thorough -knowledge of construction in both the figure and landscape pictures." -On the other hand, the artists of the United States "show more -diversity of aim and individuality of expression, as well as colour -feeling." Some two or three Canadian artists give examples of those -very qualities--especially in their landscapes--which, according to -the New York critic, distinguish the illustrations of the art of the -United States. As a rule, however, there is a want of individuality -of expression, and of perfection of finish, in the work of Canadian -artists, as even their relatively imperfect representation at Chicago -has shown. The tendency to be imitative rather than creative is too -obvious. Canadian painters show even a readiness to leave their own -beautiful and varied scenery that they may portray that of other -countries, and in doing so they have ceased in many cases to be -original. But despite these defects, there is much hope in the general -performance of Canadians even without that encouragement and sympathy -which the artists of the United States have in a larger measure -been able to receive in a country of greater wealth, population and -intellectual culture. - -Not only does the exhibition of paintings in the world's fair make one -very hopeful of the future artistic development of this continent, -but the beauty of the architectural design of the noble buildings -which contain the treasures of art and industry, and of the decorative -figures and groups of statuary that embellish these buildings and the -surrounding grounds, is a remarkable illustration of the artistic -genius that has produced so exquisite an effect in general, whatever -defects there may be in minor details. A critic in the July number -of the 'Quarterly Review,' while writing "in the presence of these -lovely temples, domes, and colonnades under the burning American sky -which adds a light and a transparency to all it rests upon," cannot -help echoing the regret that this vision of beauty is but for a -season, and expressing the hope that some one of the American money -kings "may perpetuate his name on marble, by restoring, on the edge -of this immense capital, amid parks and waters, that great central -square which, were it only built of enduring materials, would stand -without a rival in modern architecture." Perhaps the fine arts in the -Dominion--where sculpture would be hardly heard of were it not for the -French Canadian Hébert--may themselves even gain some stimulus from the -examples of a higher conception of artistic achievement that is shown -by this exhibition to exist in a country where a spirit of materialism -has obtained the mastery so long. Canadian architecture hitherto has -not been distinguished for originality of design--much more than art -it has been imitative. In Montreal and Quebec the old buildings which -represent the past have no architectural beauty, however interesting -they may be to the antiquarian or the historian, and however well many -of them harmonize with the heights of picturesque Quebec. Montreal -is assuredly the most interesting city from an architectural point -of view in Canada, simply for the reason that its architects have, -as a rule, studied that effect of solidity and simplicity of design -most in keeping with the grand mountain and the natural scenery that -give such picturesqueness to an exceptionally noble site. While we -see all over Canada--from Victoria on the Pacific to Halifax on the -Atlantic[64_a_][H]--the evidences of greater comfort, taste and wealth -in our private and public buildings, while we see many elaborate -specimens of ecclesiastical art, stately piles of legislative halls, -excellent specimens of Gothic and Tudor art in our colleges, expensive -commercial and financial structures, and even civic palaces, yet -they are often illustrative of certain well defined and prevalent -types of architecture in the eastern and western cities of the United -States. It cannot be said that Canada has produced an architect of -original genius like Henry Hobson Richardson, who was cut off in the -commencement of his career, but not before he had given the continent -some admirable specimens of architectural art, in which his study of -the Romanesque was specially conspicuous, and probably led the way to a -higher ideal which has reached some realization in the city which must -too soon disappear like the fabric of a vision, though one can well -believe that, unlike a dream, it will leave a permanent impress on the -intellectual development of the people who have conceived an exhibition -so creditable from a purely artistic point of view. - -[Footnote G: Some extended notes on the artists of Canada and their -work appear in the Appendix, note 64.] - -[Footnote H: See in Appendix 64_a_ references to our notable public -edifices.] - - - - -XI. - - -The Dominion of Canada possesses a noble heritage which has descended -to us as the result of the achievement of Frenchmen, Englishmen, -Scotchmen, and Irishmen, who through centuries of trial and privation, -showed an indomitable courage, patience and industry which it is our -duty to imitate with the far greater opportunities we now enjoy of -developing the latent material and intellectual resources of this fair -land. Possessing a country rich in natural treasures and a population -inheriting the institutions, the traditions and qualities of their -ancestors, having a remarkable capacity for self-government, enjoying -exceptional facilities for the acquisition of knowledge, having before -us always the record of difficulties overcome against great odds in -endeavouring to establish ourselves on this continent, we may well in -the present be animated by the spirit of hope, rather than by that -feeling of despair which some despondent thinkers and writers have -too frequently on their lips when it is a question of the destiny -in store for Canada. In the course of the coming decades--perhaps -in four or five, or less--Canada will probably have determined her -destiny--her position among the communities of the world; and, for -one, I have no doubt the results will be far more gratifying to our -national pride than the results of even the past thirty years, when we -have been laying broad and deep the foundations of our present system -of government. We have reason to believe that the material success of -this confederation will be fully equalled by the intellectual efforts -of a people who have sprung from nations whose not least enduring -fame has been the fact that they have given to the world of letters a -Shakespeare, a Molière, a Montesquieu, a Balzac, a Dickens, a Dudevant, -a Tennyson, a Victor Hugo, a Longfellow, a Hawthorne, a Théophile -Gauthier, and many other names that represent the best literary genius -of the English and French races. All the evidence before us now goes -to prove that the French language will continue into an indefinite -future to be the language of a large and influential section of the -population of Canada, and that it must consequently exercise a decided -influence on the culture and intellect of the Dominion. It has been -within the last four decades that the best intellectual work--both in -literature and statesmanship--has been produced in French and English -Canada, and the signs of intellectual activity in the same direction do -not lessen with the expansion of the Dominion. The history of England -from the day the Norman came into the island until he was absorbed -in the original Saxon element, is not likely to be soon repeated in -Canada, but in all probability the two nationalities will remain side -by side for an unknown period to illustrate on the northern half of -the continent of America the culture and genius of the two strongest -and brightest powers of civilization. As both of these nationalities -have vied with each other in the past to build up this confederation -on a large and generous basis of national strength and greatness, and -have risen time and again superior to those racial antagonisms created -by differences of opinion at great crises of our history--antagonisms -happily dispelled by the common sense, reason and patriotism of men of -both races--so we should in the future hope for that friendly rivalry -on the part of the best minds among French and English Canadians which -will best stimulate the genius of their people in art, history, poetry -and romance. In the meantime, while this confederation is fighting -its way out of its political difficulties, and resolving wealth and -refinement from the original and rugged elements of a new country, -it is for the respective nationalities not to stand aloof from one -another, but to unite in every way possible for common intellectual -improvement, and give sympathetic encouragement to the study of the -two languages and to the mental efforts of each other. It was on this -enlightened principle of sympathetic interest that the Royal Society -was founded and on which alone it can expect to obtain any permanent -measure of success. If the English and French always endeavour to -meet each other on this friendly basis in all the communities where -they live side by side as well as on all occasions that demand -common thought and action and cultivate that social and intellectual -intercourse which may at all events weld them both as one in spirit -and aspiration, however different they may continue in language and -temperament, many prejudices must be removed, social life must gain -in charm, and intellect must be developed by finding strength where -it is weak, and grace where it is needed in the mental efforts of the -two races. If in addition to this widening of the sympathies of our -two national elements, we can see in the Dominion generally less of -that provincialism which means a narrowness of mental vision on the -part of our literary aspirants, and prevents Canadian authors reaching -a larger audience in other countries, then we shall rise superior to -those weaknesses of our intellectual character which now impede our -mental development, and shall be able to give larger scope to what -original and imaginative genius may exist among our people. So with -the expansion of our mental horizon, with the growth of experience -and knowledge, with the creation of a wider sympathy for native -talent, with the disappearance of that tendency to self-depreciation -which is so essentially colonial, and with the encouragement of more -self-reliance and confidence in our own intellectual resources, we may -look forward with some degree of hopefulness to conditions of higher -development, and to the influence on our national character of what can -best elevate Canadians and make them even happier and wiser, - - "The love of country, soaring far above all party strife; - The love of learning, art and song,--the crowning grace of - life."[65] - - - - -BIBLIOGRAPHICAL, ART AND GENERAL NOTES. - - -LOWELL'S ADDRESSES. - -[Footnote 1: Page 1.--See "Democracy, and Other Addresses," by James -Russell Lowell (Boston and New York, 1887) pp. 235-237. The address -at the Harvard Anniversary, from which I quote in the commencement of -the text, should be carefully read and studied by all those who are -interested in education and culture in the Dominion, and do not wish -to see the classics superseded by purely scientific and utilitarian -theories. "Leave," he said, for instance, "in their traditional -pre-eminence those arts that were rightly called liberal; those studies -that kindle the imagination, and through it irradiate the reason: -those studies that manumitted the modern mind; those in which the -brains of the finest temper have found alike their stimulus and their -repose, taught by them that the power of intellect is heightened in -proportion as it is made gracious by measure and symmetry. Give us -science, too, but give, first of all and last of all, the science that -ennobles life and makes it generous.... Many-sidedness of culture makes -your vision clearer and keener in particulars. For, after all, the -noblest definition of Science is that breadth and impartiality of view -which liberates the mind from specialties, and enables it to organize -whatever we learn, so that it becomes real Knowledge by being brought -into true and helpful relation with the rest."] - - -JAMESTOWN, VA. - -[Footnote 2: Page 3.--"Nothing remains of this famous settlement but -the ruins of a church tower covered with ivy, and some old tombstones. -The tower is crumbling year by year, and the roots of trees have -cracked the slabs, making great rifts across the names of the old -Armigers and Honourables. The place is desolate with its washing waves -and flitting sea-fowl, but possesses a singular attraction. It is one -of the few localities which recall the first years of American history; -but it will not recall them much longer. Every distinctive feature of -the spot is slowly disappearing. The river encroaches year by year, and -the ground occupied by the original huts is already submerged." Cooke's -"Virginia" ('American Commonwealths,' 1884), p. 19.] - - -CHAMPLAIN. - -[Footnote 3: Page 6.--Editions of Champlain's works appeared at Paris -in 1603, 1613, 1619, 1620, 1627, 1632 and 1640; at Quebec in 1830 and -1870. An English translation was published by the Prince Society of -Boston in 1878-80. The Abbé Laverdière's edition, in six volumes, 4to., -(Quebec, 1870), is the most perfect modern publication of the works. -It printed for the first time the text of the voyage of 1599-1601. -For bibliographical notes of Champlain's works see Bourinot's "Cape -Breton," 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. ix., Sec. II., App. VIII. (also -in separate form, Montreal, 1892); Winsor's 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' -iv., 130-134; Harrisse's "Notes sur la bibliographie de la Nouvelle -France." - -French Canadian writers like Garneau and Ferland have exhausted the -language of eulogy in describing the character and life of Samuel -Champlain, but no one who follows his career can doubt the truth of -this latest tribute to the French colonizer of Canada by Dr. N. -E. Dionne in "Samuel Champlain, fondateur de Québec et père de la -Nouvelle France: Histoire de sa vie et de ses voyages," Québec, 1891: -"Il possédait à un haut degré le génie colonisateur, et c'est dans ce -rôle, si difficile de tout temps, qu'il fit preuve de sagesse et de -clairvoyance, et dans le choix des colons, et dans la direction qu'il -sut imprimer à leurs premiers efforts. L'intelligence de Champlain -se révèle dans de nombreux écrits, où l'observateur judicieux et -pénétrant coudoie le savant et le marin aussi hardi qu'expérimenté. -Comme cosmographe il a eu l'immense mérite d'avoir surpassé tous ses -devanciers, par l'abondance des descriptions et l'agencement heureux -des données géographiques. C'est un nouveau titre de gloire que l'on -doit ajouter à sa couronne resplendissante de tant de rayons lumineux. -Plusieurs historiens, même de ceux qui ne comptent pas parmi les -admirateurs des œuvres françaises, lui out rendu le témoignage d'avoir -fait entrer la science cartographique dans une nouvelle ère de progrès. -Naturaliste, géographe, marin, cosmographe; Champlain était tout cela -à la fois, et dans une mesure hautement remarquable pour l'epoque où -il vivait.... Pas un gouverneur sous l'ancien régime n'a donné d'aussi -grands exemples de foi, de piété, et de droiture d'intention." - -It is Captain John Smith of Virginia who, among the colonizers of -America, can best compare with the founder of Quebec. The following -estimate of his character, given by the historian George Bancroft (i., -138-139, ed. of 1866), could be applied in almost every particular to -the Frenchman; all we need do is to read "New France" for "Virginia," -"French" for "Saxon," "France" for "England," etc.: "He was the -father of Virginia, the true leader who first planted the Saxon race -within the borders of the United States. His judgment had ever been -clear in the midst of general despondency. He united the highest -spirit of adventure with consummate powers of action. His courage and -self-possession accomplished what others esteemed desperate. Fruitful -in expedients, he was prompt in execution. Though he had been harassed -by the persecutions of malignant envy, he never revived the memory of -the faults of his enemies. He was accustomed to lead, not to send his -men to danger; would suffer want rather than borrow, and starve sooner -than not pay. He had nothing counterfeit in his nature, but was open, -honest and sincere. He clearly discerned that it was the true interest -of England not to seek in Virginia for gold and hidden wealth, but to -enforce regular industry. 'Nothing,' said he, 'is to be expected thence -but by labour.'"] - - -LESCARBOT. - -[Footnote 4: Page 6.--Editions of Lescarbot's "Histoire de la Nouvelle -France" appeared at Paris in 1609, 1611, 1617 and 1618; but the most -complete and available modern copy is that printed by Tross in three -volumes (Paris, 1866). For bibliographical notes of Lescarbot's works -see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 149-151; Harrisse's "Notes."] - - -CHARLEVOIX. - -[Footnote 5: Page 6.--Editions of Charlevoix's "Histoire et description -générale de la Nouvelle France," etc., appeared at Paris in 1744, -three volumes, 4to., and six volumes in 12mo., with maps. Dr. Shea's -admirable English version and annotations were printed at New York in -six handsome volumes, 1866-1872. For bibliographical notes see 'Nar. -and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 154, 358.] - - -HUTCHINSON'S HISTORY. - -[Footnote 6: Page 6.--For bibliography of Thomas Hutchinson's excellent -"History of Massachusetts Bay" (Boston, 1749, 1767, 1795; London, 1750, -1768, 1828, three volumes), see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iii., 344. -He was royal governor of the province, 1770-72, and died near London in -1789.] - - -SAGARD. - -[Footnote 7: Page 6.--Editions of Sagard's works, "Le Grand Voyage," -etc., appeared at Paris in 1632 and 1636, but Tross printed admirable -copies at Paris in 1864-66. Charlevoix has not a favourable judgment -of Sagard; but no doubt, while he is diffuse, he gives an excellent -insight into Indian life and customs. For bibliographical notes see -'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 290-291; Harrisse's "Notes."] - - -P. BOUCHER. - -[Footnote 8: Page 6.--Pierre Boucher's "Mœurs et productions de -la Nouvelle France" appeared at Paris in 1664 (sm. 12mo.), and is -described by Charlevoix as a faithful, if superficial, account of -Canada. For bibliographical notes, see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., -298; Harrisse's "Notes."] - - -JESUIT RELATIONS. - -[Footnote 9: Page 6.--The Canadian Government published at Quebec -in 1858, in three large 8vo. volumes, a series of the "Relations," -from 1611-1672, and supplemental or complemental issues of allied and -later "Relations" were printed through the efforts of Mr. Lenox, Dr. -O'Callaghan and Dr. Shea, of New York. For bibliographical notes on -these invaluable collections, see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' 290 _et -seq._; Harrisse's "Notes."] - - -PÈRE DU CREUX. - -[Footnote 10: Page 6.--Père du Creux or Creuxius published his prolix -work, "Historia Canadensis," with map and illustrations, in Latin, at -Paris in 1664. For bibliographical notes, see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. -Am.,' iv., 296; Harrisse's "Notes." Despite its diffusiveness, it has -value for the historical students of his times.] - - -LA POTHERIE. - -[Footnote 11: Page 6.--Bacqueville de la Potherie's "Histoire de -l'Amérique Septentrionale depuis 1534 jusqu'à 1701" was published first -at Paris in 1722, four volumes, 12mo.; but a later edition appeared in -1753. Charlevoix's opinion, that it is an undigested and ill-written -narrative, is prejudiced, as the work is on the whole a useful and -exact account of the French establishments at Quebec, Montreal and -Three Rivers, and especially of the condition of the Indians of the -time. For bibliographical notes see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., -299, 357-358.] - - -LAFITAU. - -[Footnote 11_a_: Page 6.--The following note with respect to this able -priest's writing is taken from 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 298, -299: "The Jesuit Lafitau published at Paris in 1724 his 'Mœurs des -Sauvages Amériquains' in two volumes, with various plates, which in -the main is confined to the natives of Canada, where he had lived long -with the Iroquois. Charlevoix said of his book, twenty years later, 'We -have nothing so exact on the subject;' and Lafitau continues to hold -high rank as an original authority, though his book is overlaid with a -theory of Tartaric origin of the red race. Mr. Parkman calls him 'the -most satisfactory of the elder writers.'" Garneau, ii., 154, mentions -that he discovered in 1716 a plant in the Canadian forests which is -of the nature of ginseng, which for awhile was a valuable article of -export to Canton. Eventually it became valueless in China on account of -its being prepared improperly.] - - -C. LE CLERCQ. - -[Footnote 12: Page 6.--Père Chrestien Le Clercq's "Etablissement de la -Foy" appeared in two volumes, 12mo., at Paris in 1691, and an excellent -translation by Shea at New York in 1881. He also wrote a work, -"Nouvelle Relation de la Gaspésie," which was also printed at Paris in -1691. For bibliographical notes see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., -291; Harrisse's "Notes."] - - -COTTON MATHER'S "MAGNALIA." - -[Footnote 13: Page 7.--For bibliographical notes on this curious _olla -podrida_ of religion and history see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.' iii., -345; Stevens's "Historical Nuggets," ii., 505.] - - -Dr. MICHEL SARRAZIN. - -[Footnote 13_a_: Page 8.--An interesting account of the life and -labours of the eminent pioneer of science in Canada, who came to Quebec -in 1685 and died there in 1734, will be found in the fifth volume of -the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.' (section IV.), by the Abbé Laflamme. See -also Parkman's "Old Regime in Canada," p. 366, _n._ Also, pp. 390-393 -for citations from Kalm and Charlevoix as to social condition of -the French colony. Also, pp. 160-163 and notes, for an account and -references to authorities on subject of the Seminary.] - - -PETER KALM. - -[Footnote 13_b_: Page 8.--He was professor of Economy in the University -of Aobo, in Swedish Finland, and a member of the Swedish Royal -Academy of Sciences. His Travels in North America ("In Risa tel Nord -America"), 1748-51, first appeared in Swedish (Stockholm, 1753-61), and -subsequently in a translation, with the original somewhat abridged, by -John Reinhold Forster (Warrington and London, 1770; 2nd ed., 1772). A -translation in French by L. W. Marchand has also been published, and -it is from that I quote in the text. (For German and Dutch versions -see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' v., 244.) I have since found that -Forster, in a note (ii., 185, 2nd ed.) on the remarks of the Swedish -savant with respect to the study of science in the English colonies, -calls attention to the fact that "Mr. Kalm has forgotten his own -assertions in the former part of this work." Dr. Colden, Dr. Franklin -and Mr. Bartram, he continues, "have been the great promoters and -investigators of nature in this country, and how would the inhabitants -have gotten the fine collections of North American trees, shrubs and -plants, which grow at present almost in every garden, and are as if -they were naturalized in old England, had they not been assisted by -their friends and by the curious in North America." Forster also refers -to the schools, colleges and libraries already existing in the English -colonies as evidence that Kalm hardly did justice to the men of culture -in those countries. No doubt La Galissonière, Sarrazin, Gauthier, and -others created, for a time certainly, much interest in the practical -pursuit of science in Canada. The interest, however, must have been -necessarily confined to a very small class in the two or three towns -and garrisons to which La Galissonière's influence extended. Some -of the Jesuit priests like Lafitau (see note 11_a_) had a taste for -natural history, and have left us much information on the subject. But -Lafitau, La Galissonière, Gauthier, Sarrazin and others were not native -Canadians, though, like Charlevoix and his predecessors who wrote of -the country, they have left imperishable memorials connecting their -names with the literary and scientific history of New France. On the -other hand, Franklin, Bartram, Stith, the Mathers and Beverley, whose -names will be always associated with the early culture of science and -literature in the old English colonies, were American by birth and -education. Still these men represented a very insignificant influence -in the practical, money-making population of New England and the -middle colonies of which Kalm chiefly spoke. Their influence would be -relatively trifling compared with that which was necessarily exercised -by a governor like La Galissonière in New France, with its sympathetic -officials and priests, and which was necessarily contrasted by Kalm -with the indifference of the English colonists. Kalm failed, however, -to recognize the public liberty, commercial enterprise and secular -education which in New England and other colonial communities gave the -people the advantage over the habitans and French Canadians generally. -Instead, the spirit of materialism that was a distinguishing feature -of the active, enterprising English colonists, must have grated on the -susceptibilities of a student like Kalm, and prevented him from doing -impartial justice to the strong qualities of a rising nation.] - - -SCHOOLS, 1792-1840. - -[Footnote 14: Page 9.--For accounts of the deplorable condition of the -public schools in the rural districts of Upper Canada from 1791 to -the union of 1841 see Canniff's "History of the Province of Ontario" -(Toronto, 1872). Canniff Haight's "Country Life in Canada Fifty Years -Ago" (Toronto, 1885), and Bourinot's "Intellectual Development of the -Canadian People" (12mo., Toronto, and 'Canadian Monthly,' 1881). At -the present time there are 14 universities and 29 colleges in which a -classical education is given; 6 ladies' colleges, and 5 agricultural -colleges and schools of science. The value of their buildings, -endowments, etc., is upwards of $12,000,000, and the attendance is -about 9,000 students. The classical colleges of Quebec--which make up -the greater number of the colleges in Canada--are a combination of -school and college attended by both boys and young men. They confer -certain degrees and are generally affiliated with Laval University. -The effect of the classical studies encouraged in these colleges is -very perceptible in the culture of the well educated French Canadian. -At present there are in Canada upwards of 17,000 public, high, normal, -and model schools, attended by about 1,000,000 pupils, and costing a -total annual expenditure of between six and seven millions of dollars. -In Ontario (once Upper Canada) there are 16 universities and colleges, -including ladies' and agricultural colleges; about 6,000 schools of -all kinds, attended by over 500,000 pupils, and costing annually over -$4,000,000. See "The Statistical Year-Book of Canada," Ottawa, 1893.] - - -UPPER CANADA, 1793-1840. - -[Footnote 15: Page 9.--Some interesting details of the early settlement -of Ontario will be found in Dr. Canniff's "History of Ontario" -(Toronto, 1872). As a local record or annals it is the most valuable -yet given to the public by a descendant of the pioneers and U. E. -Loyalists. Canniff Haight's "Country Life in Canada Fifty Years Ago" is -a readable and sketchy account of old times.] - - -CANADIAN JOURNALISM. - -[Footnote 16: Page 10.--A brief historical sketch of Canadian -journalism will be found in Bourinot's "Intellectual Development of -the Canadian People" (Toronto, 1881); also in Dr. Canniff's "History -of the Province of Ontario" (Toronto, 1872), and in "Sketch of -Canadian Journalism," by E. B. Biggar, "Canadian Newspaper Directory" -(Montreal, 1892). Some of the statements in this article appear to -require verification. I have now in my possession a copy of the 'York -Gazette' printed in July, 1815, though Mr. Biggar states that no paper -was published in York after the capture of the town by the American -troops and the destruction of the press and type, in 1813, until -1817. The 'York Gazette' was originally the 'Upper Canada Gazette, or -American Oracle,' first printed in 1793 at Niagara (Newark), when it -was the political capital of Upper Canada after the passage of the -Constitutional Act of 1791. It was removed to York (Toronto) in 1800, -and became the 'York Gazette' a few years later. At the present time -there are in Ontario alone, of daily papers, 47; weekly, 386. In the -Dominion there are 98 daily papers, 1,035 weekly, bi-weekly, monthly, -etc. In 1838 there were in all British North America not more than 70 -papers, of which 38 were in Upper Canada. In 1864 the total was about a -quarter of the present number.] - - -HOWE'S SPEECHES. - -[Footnote 17: Page 11.--Joseph Howe's speeches were printed at Boston -in 1858, two volumes, 8vo. For bibliographical notes see 'Am. Hist. -Ass. Papers, 1892,' p. 396, at end of Bourinot's "Parliamentary -Government in Canada."] - - -"SAM SLICK." - -[Footnote 18: Page 11.--Judge Haliburton's famous work has the title, -"The Clockmaker; or, Sayings and Doings of Sam Slick of Slickville." -London and Halifax, 1st ser. 1837, 2nd ser. 1838, 3rd ser. 1840. -Reprinted 1838-1843, three volumes. New edition 1845. Several later -cheap English and American editions have appeared from time to time. -A bibliography and sketch of the judge's life, written probably by -his son, Robert G., appears in the "Bibliotheca Canadensis" (Ottawa, -1872). The humorous sketches, to which he chiefly owes his fame, were -contributed anonymously to the 'Nova Scotian,' then edited by Joseph -Howe. The paper is still in existence as a weekly edition of the -'Morning Chronicle' of Halifax. The judge was educated in old King's -College, Windsor. See _infra_, note 31.] - - -JUDGE HALIBURTON'S HISTORY. - -[Footnote 19: Page 12.--"An Historical and Statistical Account of Nova -Scotia," with maps and engravings. Halifax, two volumes, large 8vo. For -bibliographical note see Bourinot's "Cape Breton," App. X. A complete -copy, with maps and illustrations, is now becoming rare.] - - -W. SMITH'S HISTORY. - -[Footnote 20: Page 12.--"The History of Canada, from its First -Discovery to the Peace of 1763; and from the Establishment of the -Civil Government in 1764 to the Establishment of the Constitution in -1796." By William Smith, Esquire, Clerk of the Parliament and Master in -Chancery of the Province of Lower Canada. "Ne quid falsi dicere audeat, -ne quid veri non audeat." In two volumes, large 8vo. (Quebec, 1815.) He -was a son of the historian of the province of New York, who after the -war of the revolution became chief justice of Canada.] - - -JOSEPH BOUCHETTE. - -[Footnote 21: Page 12.--The works of this eminent Canadian surveyor and -hydrographer appeared under the following titles: - -1. "A Topographical Description of the Province of Lower Canada, with -remarks upon Upper Canada and on the relative connection of both -Provinces with the United States of America." London, 1815, royal 8vo., -with plates. Also an edition in French. - -2. "The British Dominions in North America, or a Topographical and -Statistical Description of the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, New -Brunswick, Nova Scotia, the Islands of Newfoundland, Prince Edward and -Cape Breton, including considerations on land-granting and emigration, -and a topographical dictionary of Lower Canada; to which is annexed the -statistical tables and tables of distances, published with the author's -maps of Lower Canada, in consequence of a vote of the Provincial -Legislature. Embellished with vignettes, views, landscapes, plans of -towns, harbours, etc.; containing also a copious appendix." London, -1831, three volumes, 4to., generally bound in two.] - - -MICHEL BIBAUD'S HISTORICAL WORKS. - -[Footnote 22: Page 12.--"Histoire du Canada sous la Domination -Française." Montreal, 1837, 8vo. Do., 1843, 12mo. - -"Histoire du Canada sous la Domination Anglaise." Do., 1844. The -third volume of the series appeared after the author's death, and was -published by his son, J. G. Bibaud, at Montreal, 1878, 12mo.] - - -THOMPSON'S BOOK ON THE WAR OF 1812. - -[Footnote 23: Page 12.--"History of the Late War between Great Britain -and the United States of America, with a retrospective view of the -causes from which it originated, collected from the most authentic -sources; to which is added an appendix containing public documents, -etc., relating to the subject." By David Thompson, late of the Royal -Scots. Niagara, U. C. Printed by T. Sewell, printer, bookbinder and -stationer, Market Square, 1832, 12mo., pp. 300. This was for some -time believed to be the first book printed in Upper Canada, but Dr. -Kingsford, F.R.S.C., in "The Early Bibliography of the Province of -Ontario" (Toronto and Montreal, 1892), enumerates a list of some -thirty-three publications that antedated it, and Mr. Charles Lindsey, -a bibliophilist and _littérateur_ of Toronto, adds a number of others. -See Toronto 'Week,' Dec. 9, 1892, Dr. Kingsford's rejoinder, _ib._, -Dec. 30, and another article on same subject by Mr. Lindsey, _ib._, -Jan. 13, 1893. All these bibliographical notes are interesting, and -show how insignificant in point of intellectual and original ability -was the literature of Ontario for fifty years previous to 1841.] - - -BELKNAP'S HISTORY. - -[Footnote 24: Page 13.--Mr. Jeremy Belknap's "History of New Hampshire" -was published in Philadelphia and Boston in 1784-92, three volumes. See -Bourinot's "Cape Breton," in 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. ix., p. 315, -and p. 147 in the separate volume (Montreal, 1892).] - - -THE POET CRÉMAZIE. - -[Footnote 25: Page 17.--Octave Crémazie was one of the _vrai sang_ -of French Canada, and a bookseller without the least aptitude for -business. He left Quebec after his failure, and lived under an -assumed name in France, where he died in poverty. His life was most -unfortunate, and in the gloomy days of his later French career he -never realized the expectations which his literary efforts in Canada -raised among his ardent friends. His poems appeared at first in the -'Soirées Canadiennes' and French Canadian journals, but his works were -published in full at Montreal, in 1882, under the patronage of the -Institut Canadien of Quebec, of which he was one of the founders. The -Abbé Casgrain has given the introduction for this edition, and added -some of the letters written to him by Crémazie from Paris. Crémazie, -and indeed many of his friends, considered the "Trois Morts" as the -best effort of his poetic genius; but the Abbé truly says: "Crémazie -has never really been original except in his patriotic poems; in them -must be sought the secret of his popularity and his strongest claim -to fame." And he goes on to say: "The old mother-country has so far -given a warm welcome to only one of our poets. She has acknowledged -Fréchette as the most emphatically French of our poetic aspirants; but -the time is not far distant when she will recognize in Crémazie the -most thoroughly Canadian of them all. His verses have not the exquisite -workmanship that is so much admired in Fréchette, but it is full of -a patriotic inspiration that is not so often found in the author of -'Fleurs Boréales.' Despite his inequalities and imperfections, Crémazie -must live among us as the father of our national poetry." The patriotic -poem which has touched most deeply the hearts of his countrymen is "Le -Drapeau de Carillon," in which he recalls the military achievements of -the days of Lévis and Montcalm-- - - "Les jours de Carillon, - Où, sur le drapeau blanc attachant la victoire, - Nos pères se couvraient d'un immortel renom - Et traçaient de leur glaive une héroïque histoire. - - "O radieux débris d'une grande épopée! - Héroïque bannière au naufrage échappée! - Tu restes sur nos bords comme un témoin vivant - Des glorieux exploits d'une race guerrière; - Et, sur les jours passés, répandant ta lumière, - Tu viens rendre à son nom un hommage éclatant. - - "Ah! bientôt puissions-nous, ô drapeau de nos pères! - Voir tous les Canadiens, unis comme des frères, - Comme au jour du combat se serrer près de toi! - Puisse des souvenirs la tradition sainte, - En régnant dans leur cœur, garder de toute atteinte, - Et leur langue et leur foi." - -When we hear aspirations whispered nowadays that there may be only -one language in Canada, it is well to consider the influence of such -nervous poetic French on the national feelings of the large population -in the province of Quebec. The French language is likely to be deeply -seated for some generations yet while there are French Canadian poets.] - - -CHAUVEAU AS A POET. - -[Footnote 26: Page 17.--Hon. Mr. Chauveau's poems appeared at different -times in the 'Canadien' of Quebec, 'Le Répertoire National,' 'Les -Soirées Canadiennes,' 'La Revue Canadienne,' and in other papers and -publications from 1838 until the year of his death, 1890. One of his -latest poems, "Le Sacré Cœur," was printed in the second volume of -the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' Sec. I. A valuable paper by the same -_littérateur_, "Etude sur les commencements de la poésie française au -Canada," appeared in the first volume of the 'Trans.,' Sec. I, p. 65. -In "Songs of the Dominion" (London, 1889, App., pp. 455-448) the editor -gives an illustration of his spirited style by citing "Donnacona" at -length.] - - -HOWE'S POEMS. - -[Footnote 27: Page 17.--These were collected by his son after his -death, and printed in a little volume with the title "Poems and -Essays." Montreal, 1874, 12mo.] - - -THE POETS SANGSTER AND McLACHLAN. - -[Footnote 28: Page 17.--Charles Sangster was a native of Kingston, and -consequently a native Canadian like the others mentioned in the text. -His principal poems appeared in the following books: "The St. Lawrence -and the Saguenay, and Other Poems." Kingston and New York, 1856, 8vo. -"Hesperus and Other Poems and Lyrics." Montreal, 1860, 8vo. Oliver -Wendell Holmes, Bayard Taylor and Jean Inglelow wrote of his verse in -terms of eulogy. See "Bibliotheca Canadensis," p. 337. - -Alexander McLachlan was a poet contemporary with Sangster, and imbued -with much poetic fervour and Canadian sentiment, but he was born -and educated in Scotland, and came to Canada when a young man. His -"Emigrant and Other Poems" (Toronto, 1861) merited the praise it -received, though this, like his other poetic efforts, are now rarely -cited, and no new edition of his works has appeared of recent years.] - - -CHARLES HEAVYSEGE'S WORKS. - -[Footnote 29: Page 18.--"Saul: a Drama in Three Parts." Montreal, 1857, -8vo. 2nd ed., 1859. - -"Count Filippo; or, The Unequal Marriage: a Drama in Five Acts." -Montreal, 1860. - -"Jephthah's Daughter." London and Montreal, 1865, 12mo. - -"The Advocate: a Novel." Montreal, 1865, 8vo. This was a decided -failure.] - - -TODD'S WORKS. - -[Footnote 30: Page 18.--The first edition of Todd's "Parliamentary -Government in England" appeared at London in 1867-68, two volumes, -8vo., and the second after his death in 1887. An abridged edition, -by Spencer Walpole, an English writer, was printed in 1893, two -volumes, 12mo. For bibliographical notes of this and other Canadian -constitutional works see the Appendix to Bourinot's "Parliamentary -Government in Canada: an Historical and Constitutional Study," 'Am. -Hist. Ass. Papers,' Washington, 1892.] - - -CHRISTIE'S HISTORY. - -[Footnote 31: Page 18.--Mr. Christie's "History of Lower Canada" -embraced the period from the commencement of its political history as -a British dependency until it was reunited with Upper Canada in 1840 -by act of the imperial parliament. It appeared in Quebec and Montreal -from 1849 to 1855, when the sixth volume, a collection of valuable -documents, completed the work. Previously the author had published -several memoirs and reviews of political events and administrations, -which were all finally embraced in the history. For bibliographical -notes see 'Am. Hist. Ass. Papers,' 1891, p. 393; "Bibliotheca -Canadensis," art. "Christie." It is noteworthy that Mr. Christie was, -like Judge Haliburton, born and educated in Windsor, Nova Scotia, where -old King's College still pursues its calm academic studies amid its -sheltering and ancestral elms. In 1890 this venerable and interesting -institution celebrated the centenary of its foundation. See Hind's -"University of King's College, Windsor, N.S., 1790-1890," New York, -"The Church Review Co.," 1890. But Robert Christie could not in those -times be educated in King's, as he was not a member of the Church of -England like the Judge.] - - -GARNEAU. - -[Footnote 32: Page 18.--The first volume of François Xavier Garneau's -"Histoire du Canada depuis sa découverte jusqu'à nos jours" appeared -at Quebec in 1845; the second in 1846; and the third, bringing the -history down to the establishment of constitutional government in 1791, -was printed in 1848. A second edition completed the work to the union -of the Canadas in 1841, and was published in 1852 at Montreal by Mr. -Lovell, the well-known publisher. A third edition appeared at Quebec -in 1859, and a somewhat slovenly translation was made by Mr. Andrew -Bell and printed at Montreal in 1860. The fourth edition appeared in -four volumes after the historian's death. It is the third edition, as -originally written by Mr. Garneau. The fourth volume of this edition -contains an eulogistic review of the author's life by Mr. Chauveau, -a poem by Mr. Louis Fréchette on "Notre Histoire"--also printed in -'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. i., Sec. I.,--and an analytical table -by Mr. B. Sulte. A portrait of Mr. Garneau is the frontispiece to the -same volume. The 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. i., Sec. I., has a paper -by Abbé Casgrain on Garneau and Ferland, "Notre Passé Littéraire, et -nos deux historiens." In the same volume appears a paper by Mr. J. M. -LeMoine on "Nos quatre historiens modernes, Bibaud, Garneau, Ferland, -Faillon," which, like the preceding essay, certainly does not fail in -the way of eulogy. French Canada assuredly is proud and not often too -critical of her eminent writers.] - - -FERLAND AND FAILLON. - -[Footnote 33: Page 18.--"Cours d'Histoire du Canada. Première partie, -1534-1663." Par J. B. A. Ferland, prêtre, professeur d'histoire à -l'Université Laval. Québec, 1861, 8vo. Seconde partie, 1663-1759; do., -1865, 8vo. The second volume was going through the press at the time -of the author's death, and subsequently appeared under the careful -supervision of his friend the Abbé Laverdière, to whose historical -labours Canada is deeply indebted. Indeed French Canada owes much to -Laval, with its able teachers, historians and scientists. - -The Abbé Faillon, a Sulpician, who wrote a "Histoire de la Colonie -Française en Canada" (Paris, 1865) in four 4to. volumes, was not a -Canadian by birth and education like Ferland and Garneau, but came to -Canada in 1854, and, after residing there for over ten years, returned -to his native country, where he published his well known and valuable -work.] - - -DENT'S WORKS. - -[Footnote 34: Page 19,--John Charles Dent was an English journalist, -who subsequently became connected with the Toronto press. He wrote the -two following works: "The Last Forty Years: Canada since the Union of -1841," Toronto, 1881, two volumes, sm. 4to.; "The Story of the Upper -Canada Rebellion," Toronto, 1885-86, two volumes, sm. 4to. He also -edited the "Canadian Portrait Gallery," Toronto, 1880-81. Although not -a Canadian by birth or education, he identified himself thoroughly with -Canadian thought and sentiment, and was made a Fellow of the Royal -Society of Canada before his too sudden death. A criticism of his -work on "Canada since the Union" by the Abbé Casgrain ('Trans. Roy. -Soc. Can.,' vol. iii., Sec. I.) indicated that his opinions did not -always meet with the warm approval of the French Canadians of a very -pronounced type.] - - -LOUIS TURCOTTE'S HISTORY. - -[Footnote 35: Page 20.--This work appeared at Quebec in two 12mo. -volumes in 1871. Mr. Turcotte was a French Canadian by birth and -education, and connected with the legislative library at Quebec when he -died. See a favourable review of his literary work by Mr. Faucher de -Saint-Maurice, F.R.S.C., in 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. i., Sec. I.] - - -B. SULTE. - -[Footnote 36: Page 20.--"Histoire des Canadiens-Français, 1608-1880. -Origine, Histoire, Religion, Guerres, Découvertes, Colonisation, -Coutumes, Vie domestique et politique, Développement, Avenir. Par -Benjamin Sulte. Ouvrage orné de portraits et de plans." Eight volumes, -4to., Montreal, 1882-1884. Mr. Sulte is also the author of several -poems, (See Note 40) and numerous essays and monographs of much -literary merit and historic value. He is one of the most industrious -members of the Royal Society of Canada.] - - -ABBÉ CASGRAIN. - -[Footnote 37: Page 20.--The Abbé H. R. Casgrain's best known works are -the following: - -"Légendes Canadiennes." Quebec, 1861, 12mo. New ed., Montreal, 1884. - -"Histoire de la Mère Marie de l'Incarnation, première supérieure des -Ursulines de la Nouvelle France. Précédée d'une esquisse sur l'histoire -religieuse des premiers temps de cette colonie." Quebec, 1864, 8vo. New -ed., Montreal, 1886. - -"Guerre du Canada, 1756-1760. Montcalm et Lévis." Quebec, 1891, two -volumes, 8vo. - -The Abbé has been a most industrious historical student, and to -enumerate all his literary efforts would be to occupy much space. -He has been a principal contributor to the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.' -His monographs, "Un pèlerinage au pays d'Evangeline" (vol. iv.) and -"Les Acadiens après leur dispersion" (vol. v.), are particularly -interesting, and the former has been crowned by the French Academy, -and appeared in book form at Quebec. He is very much imbued with the -national spirit and fervour of his countrymen.] - - -KINGSFORD'S AND OTHER HISTORICAL WORKS. - -[Footnote 38: Page 20.--Six volumes of Dr. Kingsford's "History of -Canada" have appeared since 1887. Volume i. embraces the period from -1608 to 1682; vol. ii., 1679-1725; vol. iii., 1726-1756; vol. iv., -1756-1763; vol. v., 1763-1775; vol. vi., 1776-1779. Toronto and London, -8vo. For bibliographical notes on various works relating to the -political and general history of Canada see Bourinot's "Parliamentary -Government in Canada," 'Am. Hist. Ass. Papers,' 1891, App. References -are there made to McMullen, Withrow, Murdoch, Campbell, Hincks, etc. -Also 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' viii., 171-189. As usual, the learned -editor, Dr. Winsor, supplies by his notes many deficiencies in the -text. Also, Edmond Lareau's "Histoire de la Littérature Canadienne" -(Montreal), c. 4, and Mr. J. C. Dent's "Last Forty Years; or, Canada -since the Union of 1841," c. 42, on "Literature and Journalism." Among -the later French Canadian writers who are doing excellent historical -work is Dr. N. E. Dionne, F.R.S.C., author of several books on Cartier -and his successors and Champlain. Mr. Hannay of St. John has written -a "History of Acadia," which has been well received (St. John, N.B., -1879, 8vo.) The Abbé Auguste Gosselin is another industrious French -Canadian writer. Mr. Joseph Tassé, whose "Canadiens de l'Ouest" -(Montreal, 1878, two volumes) was distinguished by much research and -literary skill, has of late years devoted himself mainly to politics -and journalism, though he has found time to write several essays for -the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' and a small volume, "38^{me} Fauteuil, -ou Souvenirs Parlementaires" (Montreal, 1891), a series of political -sketches, written in excellent French. A monumental work is the -"Dictionnaire Généalogique des familles canadiennes" by Mgr. Tanguay, -F.R.S.C., invaluable to students of French Canadian history and -ethnography.] - - -CANADIAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. - -[Footnote 39: Page 20.--A bibliography of the members of the Royal -Society, on the plan of one given in the sixth volume (1892) of the -'Papers of the American Historical Association,' is now being prepared -for the eleventh volume of the 'Transactions.' It will be much fuller -necessarily than the bibliographical notes that appear in this -monograph.] - - -LATER CANADIAN POETS, 1867-1893. - -[Footnote 40: Page 20.--Dr. Louis Fréchette's poems are admitted to -be the most finished illustrations of French poetic art yet produced -in the Dominion; and one who reads them can easily understand that -"Les Fleurs Boréales" and "Les Oiseaux de Neige" (now in the third -edition, Montreal) should have been crowned by the French Academy in -1880, and that he should have been accorded the Monthyon prize as a -matter of course. His other volumes of poems are these: "Mes Loisirs," -Quebec, 1863; "La Voix d'un Exilé," Quebec, 1869; "Pêle-Mêle," -Montreal, 1877; "Les Oubliés" and "Voix d'Outre-Mer," Montreal, 1886; -and "Feuilles Volantes," Montreal, 1891. His poem on the discovery of -the Mississippi is probably his best sustained effort on the whole. A -number of his poems have appeared in the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vols. -i., ii., iii., iv. He has published some dramas and comedies (see 'Am. -Cyclopædia of Biography,' vol. ii., p. 539), which have not been as -successful as his purely poetic essays. He has also written several -essays of merit in 'Harper's Monthly' and other periodicals of the day, -as well as in the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.' - -The following is an extract from his poem on "La Découverte du -Mississippi": - - "Tantôt je croyais voir, sous les vertes arcades, - Du fatal De Soto passer les cavalcades - En jetant au désert un défi solennel; - Tantôt c'était Marquette errant dans la prairie, - Impatient d'offrir un monde à sa patrie, - Et des âmes à l'Eternel. - - "Parfois, sous les taillis, ma prunelle trompée, - Croyait voir de La Salle étinceler l'épée, - Et parfois, groupe informe allant je ne sais où, - Devant une humble croix--ô puissance magique!-- - De farouches guerriers á l'œil sombre et tragique - Passer en pliant le genou! - - "Et puis, berçant mon âme aux rêves des poètes, - J'entrevoyais aussi de blanches silhouettes, - Doux fantômes flottant dans le vague des nuits: - Atala, Gabriel, Chactas, Evangeline, - Et l'ombre de René, debout sur la colline, - Pleurant ses immortels ennuis. - - "Et j'endormais ainsi mes souvenirs moroses.... - Mais de ces visions poétiques et roses - Celle qui plus souvent venait frapper mon œil, - C'était, passant au loin dans un reflet de gloire, - Ce hardi pionnier dont notre jeune histoire - Redit le nom avec orgueil. - - "Jolliet! Jolliet! deux siècles de conquêtes, - Deux siècles sans rivaux ont passé sur nos têtes, - Depuis l'heure sublime où, de ta propre main, - Tu jetas d'un seul trait sur la carte du monde - Ces vastes régions, zone immense et féconde, - Futur grenier du genre humain! - - "Oui, deux siècles ont fui! La solitude vierge - N'est plus là! Du progrès le flot montant submerge - Les vestiges derniers d'un passé qui finit. - Où le désert dormait, grandit la métropole; - Et le fleuve asservi courbe sa large épaule - Sous l'arche aux piles de granit. - - "Plus de forêts sans fin: la vapeur les silonne! - L'astre des jours nouveaux sur tous les points rayonne; - L'enfant de la nature est évangélisé; - Le soc du laboureur fertilise la plaine; - Et le surplus doré de sa gerbe trop pleine - Nourrit le vieux monde épuisé." - -Mr. Pamphile LeMay, one of the best known French Canadian poets, -has published the following: "Essais Poétiques," Quebec, 1865; "La -Découverte du Canada," Quebec, 1867; "Poèmes Couronnés," Quebec, 1870; -"Les Vengeances," Quebec, 1875, 1876 and 1888 (also dramatized); "Une -Gerbe," Quebec, 1879. He has also written "Fables Canadiennes," Quebec, -1882. A number of his poems have appeared in the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. -Can.,' vols i., iii., v., vi., ix. He has also written several stories -of Canadian life: "L'Affaire Sougraine," Quebec, 1884; "Le Pèlerin de -Sainte-Anne," new ed., Montreal, 1893; and "Rouge et Bleu," comedy. One -of his best works was a translation of Longfellow's "Evangeline." - -The following is a list of other Canadian books of poems, of varying -merit, which have appeared within a quarter of a century: - -"The Songs of a Wanderer." By Carroll Ryan. Ottawa, 1867. Indicated -much poetic taste, but the poet has been submerged in the busy -journalist. - -"Songs of Life." By Rev. E. H. Dewart. Toronto, 1867. He was author -of the first collection of Canadian poems made in this country. See -_infra_. - -"The Prophecy of Merlin and other Poems." By John Reade. Montreal, -1870. In many respects the best sustained poems written by a Canadian -can be read in this book. - -"Les Laurentiennes." By Benjamin Sulte. Montreal, 1870. - -"Les Chants Nouveaux." By the same. Ottawa, 1880. - -"The Legend of the Rose." By Samuel J. Watson. Toronto, 1876. Mr. -Watson was a writer of promise who died in the maturity of his power. - -"The Feast of St. Anne, and other Poems." By P. S. Hamilton. Montreal, -1878; 2nd ed. 1890. Has some interest from its description of the -ceremonies at the feast of Sainte-Anne du Canada--the tutelary saint of -the Canadian aborigines--which is held by the Micmacs on the 26th day -of July in each year on Chapel Island, in the beautiful Bras d'Or Lake -of Cape Breton. See Bourinot's "Cape Breton." - -"Waifs in Verse." (Ottawa, ed. in 1878, 1887 and 1891.) By G. W. -Wicksteed, Q.C., for fifty years the able law clerk of the Canadian -Commons. - -"A Collection of Poems." By Miss Williams of Grenville, P.Q., 1879. - -"The Coming of the Princess, and Other Poems." By Kate Seymour Maclean -of Kingston. 1880. - -"Lyrics, Songs and Sonnets." By A. H. Chandler and C. Pelham Mulvany. -Toronto, 1880. - -"The Times, and Other Poems." By J. R. Newell of Woodstock. 1880. - -"The Consolation." By George Gerrard. Montreal, 1880. - -"Poems of the Heart and Home." By Mrs. J. C. Yule. Toronto, 1880. - -"Poems, Songs and Odes." By Archibald McAlpine Taylor. Toronto, 1881. - -"The New Song, and Other Poems." By Mrs. W. H. Clarke. Toronto, 1883. - -"Zenobia. A Poem in Rhymed Heroics." By Rev. Æ. McD. Dawson, F.R.S.C. -1883. - -"The Mission of Love, and Other Poems." By Caris Sima. 1883. - -"Lorenzo, and Other Poems." By J. R. Pollock of Keswick, Ont. 1883. - -"Caprices Poétiques et Chansons Satiriques." Par Rémi Tremblay. -Montréal, 1883. - -"Les Echos." Par J. B. Routhier. Québec, 1883, 12mo. Judge Routhier is -a member of the Royal Society of Canada, in whose 'Trans.' (vol. iv., -Sec. I.) appeared "Lettre d'un Volontaire du 9^{ieme} Voltigeurs campé -à Calgary." His literary reputation stands high among his countrymen. - -"Old Spookse's Pass, and Other Poems." By Isabella Valancy Crawford. -Toronto, 1884. - -"Marguerite, and Other Poems." By George Martin. 1886. - -"Laura Secord: a Ballad of 1812." By Mrs. Curzon. Toronto, 1886. - -"Songs, Sonnets and Miscellaneous Poems." By J. Imrie. Toronto, 1886. - -"Dreamland, and Other Poems" (Ottawa, 1868), and "Tecumseh: a Drama" -(Toronto and London, 1886). By Charles Mair, a poet of original -talent, and descriptive power, who is now a resident of the North-west -Territories. - -"Orion, and Other Poems" (Philadelphia, 1880), and "In Divers Tones" -(Montreal, 1887). By Prof. C. G. D. Roberts, who is the best known -abroad of all Canadian poets, and represents that Canadian or national -spirit which has been slowly rising from the birth of Confederation. -Since the days of Crémazie--over thirty years ago--there are other -poets who recognize the existence of a Canadian people in a large -sense--a Canadian people of two races, born and educated in the -country, and having common aspirations for a united, not an isolated, -future. Prof. Roberts is now bringing out a new volume of poems in -London. - -The poetic taste of the Archbishop of Halifax, the Most Rev. C. -O'Brien, F.R.S.C., is well illustrated in the following volume: -"Aminta: a Modern Life Drama," New York, 1890. The Archbishop is -also the author of a novel, "After Weary Years," (Baltimore and New -York, 1885), the scenes of which are laid in Rome and Canada, and are -described with much power of invention and fervour. As the author -himself says, "historic places and events are accurately described." He -has, it will be seen from his preface, great confidence in the future -national greatness of the Dominion. - -"A Gate of Flowers." By T. O'Hagan. Toronto, 1887. He has another -volume in press. - -"The Masque of Minstrels, and Other Pieces, chiefly in verse." By B. -W. and A. J. Lockhart. Bangor, Me., 1887. These two brothers are Nova -Scotians by birth and education, who lived their youth in the land of -Evangeline. The Gaspéreaux and Grand Pré are naturally the constant -theme of their pleasing verse. "Among the Millet, and Other Poems." By -Archibald Lampman. Ottawa, 1888. Some of Mr. Lampman's most finished -sonnets have appeared in the best American periodicals, to which he is -still a frequent contributor; his work shows the true poetic instinct. -He holds a position in the Civil Service at Ottawa. - -"The Water Lily. An Oriental Fairy Tale." By Frank Waters. Ottawa, 1888. - -"De Roberval: a Drama. Also the Emigration of the Fairies, and the -Triumph of Constancy: a Romaunt." By John Hunter Duvar. St. John, N.B., -1888. Mr. Duvar, who has fine literary tastes, has been a resident of -Prince Edward Island for some years. - -"The Epic of the Dawn, and Other Poems." By Nicholas Flood Davin. -Regina, N.W.T., 1889. Mr. Davin is the clever "Irishman in Canada," -and while the most pretentious of his poems in this little book were -written across the ocean, others are the product of Canadian thought -and sentiment. - -"Lake Lyrics, and Other Poems." By W. Wilfred Campbell. St. John, -N.B., 1889. Mr. Campbell, who was originally a clergyman of the Church -of England, is now in the public service at Ottawa, and has written -some of his best poems for American magazines. One on "The Mother," -in 'Harper's Monthly' is full of poetic thought and deep pathos, and -should be better known by Canadians than it appears to be. At this -time of writing his new volume of poems entitled "The Dread Voyage" -(Toronto, 1893), has appeared; it sustains his reputation, though one -can hardly encourage his effort to imitate Tennyson in such poems as -"Sir Lancelot." Canadian poets too frequently are imitative rather than -original. Mr. Campbell's verses on the varied scenery of the lakes of -the West show the artistic temperament. - -For instance: - - "Domed with the azure of heaven, - Floored with a pavement of pearl, - Clothed all about with a brightness - Soft as the eyes of a girl. - - "Girt with a magical girdle, - Rimmed with a vapour of rest-- - These are the inland waters, - These are the Lakes of the West." - - -ON THE LEDGE. - - "I lie out here on a ledge, with the surf on the rocks below me, - The hazy sunlight above and the whispering forest behind; - I lie and listen, O lake, to the legends and songs you throw me, - Out of the murmurous moods of your multitudinous mind. - - "I lie and listen, a sound like voices of distant thunder, - The roar and throb of your life in your rock-wall's mighty cells; - Then after a softer voice that comes from the beaches under, - A chiming of waves on rocks, a laughter of silver bells. - - "A glimmer of bird-like boats, that loom from the far horizon; - That scud and tack and dip under the gray and the blue; - A single gull that floats and skims the waters, and flies on, - Till she is lost like a dream in the haze of the distance, too. - - "A steamer that rises a smoke, then after a tall, dark funnel, - That moves like a shadow across your water and sky's gray edge; - A dull, hard beat of a wave that diggeth himself a tunnel, - Down in the crevices dark under my limestone ledge. - - "And here I lie on my ledge, and listen the songs you sing me, - Songs of vapour and blue, songs of island and shore; - And strange and glad are the hopes and sweet are the thoughts you - bring me - Out of the throbbing depths and wells of your heart's great - store." - -"Pine, Rose and Fleur-de-Lis." By S. Frances Harrison ("Seranus"). -Toronto, 1891. - -"Songs, Lyrical and Dramatic." By John Henry Brown. Ottawa, 1892, 12mo. -The New York 'Nation' truly says of this new poetic aspirant that -he has Walt Whitman's tendencies, but nevertheless he "writes in a -generous spirit, and may yet have thoughts and expression all his own." -The fact is, I repeat, most Canadian poets are too imitative and too -rarely original. - -"Tendres Choses. Poésies Canadiennes." By Dr. R. Chevrier. Montreal, -1892, 12mo. That an author unknown to fame should give us his portrait, -as in this case, is perplexing. Still the verse is frequently -melodious, though it represents what is a feature of French poetry, -melodious rhythm, rather than strength and thought. - -"This Canada of Ours, and Other Poems." By J. D. Edgar, M.P., Toronto, -1893. This little volume contains "The White Stone Canoe: a Legend of -the Ottawas," which had been published in separate form some years -previously. His French and Latin translations are full of taste. - -"Les Perce-Neige, premières poésies." By Napoléon Legendre. Montreal, -12mo. He is a member of the Royal Society of Canada, and constant -contributor (generally in prose) to its 'Transactions.' - -"Mes Rimes." By Elzéar Labelle. Montreal, 1886, 8vo. - -Selections of Canadian poems have appeared of recent years in the -following publications: - -1. "Selections from Canadian Poets: with occasional critical and -biographical notes and an introductory essay on Canadian poetry." By -the Rev. E. H. Dewart. Montreal, 1864, 8vo. - -2. "Songs of the Great Dominion: Voices from the Forests and Waters, -the Settlements and Cities of Canada." Selected and edited by W. D. -Lighthall, M.A., of Montreal. London, 1889, 12mo. - -3. "Younger American Poets, 1830-1890." Edited by Douglas Sladen, B.A., -Oxon. With an Appendix of Younger Canadian Poets. Edited by G. B. -Roberts of St. John, N.B. New York, 1891, 12mo. - -4. "Later Canadian Poems." Edited by J. E. Wetherell, B.A. Toronto, -1893. - -In the first mentioned work, which is judiciously edited, the poets -until 1864 obtain a place. In the three other books we have selections -from John Reade, Geo. Frederick Cameron, Prof. Roberts, Bliss Carman -(now a resident of the United States), A. H. Chandler, Isabella Valancy -Crawford, Mrs. Leprohon, Hereward K. Cockin, John Hunter Duvar, Rev. -A. W. H. Eaton, Louis Fréchette, James Hannay, Sophie M. Hensley, -Charles Sangster, M. Richey Knight, Archibald Lampman, W. D. Lighthall, -A. J. Lockhart, B. W. Lockhart, Agnes Maude Machar ("Fidelis"), W. -McLennan, Charles Mair, Mary Morgan ("Gowan Lea"), Charles P. Mulvany, -Rev. F. G. Scott, Philip Stewart, H. R. A. Pocock, Barry Stratton, A. -Weir, Mary Barry Smith, John T. Lespérance ("Laclède"), W. Wye Smith, -Ethelwyn Wetherald, John E. Logan ("Barry Dane"), George Martin, Mrs. -Harrison ("Seranus"), D. Campbell Scott, James D. Edgar, E. Pauline -Johnson, George Murray, William Kirby, Annie Rothwell, W. A. Sherwood, -Isidore G. Ascher, P. J. O. Chauveau, B. Sulte, P. LeMay, and others. -I enumerate these names to show how many Canadians have ventured upon -the field of poesy despite the practical realities of life in this -relatively new country. The selections in the second of these works -would have been more valuable had they contained "Our Fathers" by -Joseph Howe--the most spirited poem in some respects ever written by a -native Canadian. To the names of poetic aspirants, too, must be added -those of M. J. Katzmann and of M. J. Griffin, whose fugitive pieces -have attracted notice. Mr. Griffin has fine literary tastes and his few -poems, only the relaxation of leisure hours, show he might win fame -in this delightful department of letters. The reader will obtain some -idea of the standard of Canadian poetry by reading the selections, and -should not be carried away by the too obvious enthusiasm that has at -times stifled the critical faculty in the editors. The poetic genius -of Canadians is to be stimulated, not by sentimental gush, but by a -judicious criticism that is not sufficiently cultivated by our writers -who review the efforts of our poets, historians and essayists. These -remarks also apply to such articles as that by the late Mr. Lespérance -on "The Poets of Canada" in 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. ii., Sec. II. - -Mr. Evan McColl, F.R.S.C., is the Gaelic poet of Canada. Three editions -have appeared of the "Clàrsach nam Beann," which was printed as far -back as 1838 in Glasgow. The same was also published in English in the -same year, under the title of "The Mountain Minstrel," of which six -editions have been printed. In 1883 he published in Toronto "Poems and -Songs chiefly written in Canada." Mr. McColl is a great favourite among -his Scotch countrymen everywhere; but his decidedly original poetic -genius, rude and wild as it is at times, is not a Canadian product, for -he was born at Kenmore, Lochfyne-Side, Scotland, in 1808, and it was -not until he was forty years of age that he made Canada his home. He is -now a resident of Toronto, and still comes to the annual meetings of -the Royal Society, of which he was one of the original members.] - - -[Footnote 41: Page 21.--"IN MY HEART." BY JOHN READE. - - "In my heart are many chambers through which I wander free; - Some are furnished, some are empty, some are sombre, some are - light; - Some are open to all comers, and of some I keep the key, - And I enter in the stillness of the night. - - "But there's one I never enter--it is closed to even me! - Only once its door was opened, and it shut for evermore; - And though sounds of many voices gather round it like a sea, - It is silent, ever silent, as the shore. - - "In that chamber, long ago, my love's casket was concealed, - And the jewel that it sheltered I knew only one could win: - And my soul foreboded sorrow, should that jewel be revealed, - And I almost hoped that none might enter in. - - "Yet day and night I lingered by that fatal chamber door, - Till--she came at last my darling one, of all the earth my own; - And she entered--then she vanished with my jewel which she wore; - And the door was closed--and I was left alone. - - "She gave me back no jewel, but the spirit of her eyes - Shone with tenderness a moment, as she closed that chamber door, - And the memory of that moment is all I have to prize-- - But _that_, _at least_, is mine for evermore. - - "Was she conscious, when she took it, that the jewel was my love? - Did she think it but a bauble she might wear or toss aside? - I know not, I accuse not, but I hope that it may prove - A blessing, though she spurn it in her pride."] - -LAURA SECORD'S WARNING. - -[Footnote 41_a_: Page 24.--In Mrs. Edgar's excellent annotations to -the Ridout Letters in "Ten Years of Upper Canada in Peace and War, -1805-1815," (Toronto, 1890), appears the following account of a -courageous woman's exploit which brought disaster to the Americans soon -after their defeat at Stoney Creek: - -"At a place called Beaver Dams, or Beechwoods, (about twelve miles in a -direct road from Queenstown), where is now the town of Thorold, was a -depot for provisions for the Canadian troops, guarded by a detachment -of thirty of the 49th regiment under Lieutenant Fitzgibbon with some -Indians and militia, in all about 200 men. In order to surprise and -dislodge this outpost, an American force of 500 men, with fifty cavalry -and two field-pieces, under Colonel Boerstler, set out from Fort George -(Niagara) on the 23rd of June [1813]. A surprise was meditated, in -retaliation, no doubt, for the affair of Stoney Creek. Laura Secord, -wife of a Canadian farmer, who had been wounded in the battle of -Queenstown Heights, accidentally heard of the designs of the Americans, -and determined to give the outpost timely warning. She set out alone -before day-break, on the 23rd June, from her house at Queenstown, and -arrived at Fitzgibbon's headquarters, a stone house known as DeCew's, -near the Beaver Dams, at sunset of the same day. On account of the -American sentries and outposts, she had to avoid the high roads and -beaten paths, thus making her toilsome journey nearly twice as long. -In spite of weakness and fatigue, this heroic woman went on her way -through pathless woods, over hill and dale and unbridged streams, till -she reached her destination. Her warning came just in time. Lieutenant -Fitzgibbon disposed of his little force to the best advantage possible, -placing them in ambush on both sides of the road, and taking every -precaution to make it appear that he had a large force in reserve. -Between eight and nine in the morning of the 24th June, the advance -guard of the American riflemen appeared. A volley from the woods -received them and emptied their saddles. Soon firing came from all -directions, and bugle calls, and Indian yells. The bewildered Americans -imagined themselves in the presence of a much superior force. Finding -that his men were losing heavily from the fire of the unseen foe, -and that they were suffering from fatigue and heat, he consented to -surrender. By the capitulation 542 men, 2 field-pieces, some ammunition -waggons, and the colours of the 14th U.S. regiment were delivered over -to the Canadians. For this brilliant achievement Lieutenant Fitzgibbon -[afterwards a military knight of Windsor] received his Company and a -Captain's commission. As to Laura Secord, her reward has come to her -in fame. The heroine lived until the year 1868, and sleeps now in that -old cemetery at Drummondville, where lie so many of our brave soldiers. -There is no 'Decoration Day' in Canada, but if there were, surely this -woman is entitled to the laurel wreath." Pp. 198-201.] - - -AUSTRALIAN POETS AND NOVELISTS. - -[Footnote 42: Page 25.--The Canadian reader can profitably and easily -compare his own poets with those of Australia by reading Slade's -"Australian Poets, 1788-1883, being a selection of poems upon all -subjects written in Australia and New Zealand during the first century -of the British colonization, with brief notes on their authors, etc." -(London and Sydney, 1889.) It will be seen, however, that nearly all -the so-called "Australian" poets are English born, while with one or -two exceptions, those of Canada best known to fame are the product -of Canadian life and thought. Henry Clarence Kendall, "the poet of -New South Wales," was born at Ulladulla, on the coast of that colony, -in 1842. He is the one Australian poet of reputation, except his -forerunner, Charles Harpur, who was actually born under the Southern -Cross. Kendall's verses on "Coogee," a striking natural feature of -Australian scenery, show true poetic instinct and rhythmical ease: - - "Sing the song of wave-worn Coogee-Coogee in the distance white, - With its jags and points disrupted, gaps and fractures fringed - with light; - Haunt of gledes and restless plovers of the melancholy wail, - Ever lending deeper pathos to the melancholy gale. - There, my brothers, down the fissures, chasms deep and wan and - wild, - Grows the sea-bloom, one that blushes like a shrinking, fair, - blind child, - And amongst the oozing forelands many a glad green rockvine runs, - Getting ease on earthy ledges sheltered from December suns." - -But among the many spirited poems written in Australia since its -settlement not one can equal the "Sick Stock-rider," by Adam Lindsay -Gordon, who came to South Australia in his early manhood, and attempted -sheep-farming, with the result of "owning nothing but a love for -horsemanship and a head full of Browning and Shelley." This is a -quotation from an introduction to his book by Marcus Clarke, himself a -novelist and poet. One can see in the mind's eye the scenes described -in the following verses, so full of real life and genuine poetry: - - "'Twas merry in the glowing morn, among the gleaming grass, - To wander as we've wandered many a mile, - And blow the cool tobacco cloud and watch the white wreaths pass, - Sitting loosely in the saddle all the while; - 'Twas merry 'mid the backwoods, when we spied the station roofs, - To wheel the wild scrub cattle at the yard, - With a running fire of stockwhips and a fiery run of hoofs. - Oh! the hardest day was never then too hard! - - "Aye! we had a glorious gallop after 'Starlight' and his gang, - When they bolted from Sylvester's on the flat; - How the sun-dried reed-beds crackled, how the flint-strewn ranges - rang - To the strokes of 'Mountaineer' and 'Acrobat'; - Hard behind them in the timber, harder still across the heath, - Close behind them through the tea-tree scrub we dashed; - And the golden-tinted fern-leaves, how they rustled underneath! - And the honeysuckle osiers, how they crash'd!" - -The best known novels of Australian life are these: "For the Term of -His Natural Life," by Marcus Clarke, who was an Englishman born and -educated; "The Miner's Right," "The Squatter's Dream," "A Colonial -Reformer," and "Robbery Under Arms," by Thomas A. Browne ("Rolf -Boldrewood"), who was also English born: "Uncle Piper of Piper's -Hill," by Madame Couvreur ("Tasma"), who is of Belgian descent, and is -now a resident of Belgium, though she was born in Australia and there -studied its social conditions; "The Australian Girl" and "A Silent -Sea," by Mrs. Alick McLeod. Mrs. Campbell Praed, who is colonial born, -has, in addition to several novels, written "Australian Life," which is -described by Sir Charles Dilke ("Problems of Greater Britain," i., 374) -as "a vivid autobiographical picture of the early days of Queensland." -Copies of these and other Australian books the writer owes to the -thoughtfulness of Chief Justice Way, D.C.L., Oxon., of Adelaide, South -Australia. For many years he has been the recipient of these graceful -attentions from friends in that fair land of the Southern Cross, and -though it looks very much as if he will never meet some of them face -to face--for the time is passing rapidly with us all--he takes this -opportunity of now sending them his thanks across the seas.] - - -HOWE'S "FLAG OF OLD ENGLAND." - -[Footnote 43: Page 26.--This spirited song was written for the one -hundredth anniversary of the landing of Lord Cornwallis at Halifax. As -many persons in old Canada do not know it--for it is not reproduced -in recent collections of Canadian poems--I give it in full for the -benefit of the youth of this Dominion, on whom the future destiny of -the country depends: - - "All hail to the day when the Britons came over, - And planted their standard with sea-foam still wet, - Around and above us their spirits will hover, - Rejoicing to mark how we honour it yet. - Beneath it the emblems they cherished are waving, - The Rose of Old England the roadside perfumes; - The Shamrock and Thistle the north winds are braving, - Securely the Mayflower blushes and blooms. - - CHORUS. - - "Hail to the day when the Britons came over, - And planted their standard with sea-foam still wet, - Around and above us their spirits will hover, - Rejoicing to mark how we honour it yet. - We'll honour it yet, we'll honour it yet, - The flag of Old England! we'll honour it yet. - - "In the temples they founded their faith is maintained, - Every foot of the soil they bequeathed is still ours, - The graves where they moulder no foe has profaned, - But we wreathe them with verdure, and strew them with flowers! - The blood of no brother, in civil strife pour'd, - In this hour of rejoicing, encumbers our souls! - The frontier's the field for the Patriot's sword, - And cursed be the weapon that Faction controls! - - CHORUS--"Hail to the day, etc. - - "Then hail to the day! 'tis with memories crowded, - Delightful to trace 'midst the mists of the past, - Like the features of Beauty, bewitchingly shrouded, - They shine through the shadows Time o'er them has cast. - As travellers track to its source in the mountains - The stream which, far swelling, expands o'er the plains, - Our hearts, on this day, fondly turn to the fountains - Whence flow the warm currents that bound in our veins. - - CHORUS--"Hail to the day, etc. - - "And proudly we trace them: no warrior flying - From city assaulted, and fanes overthrown, - With the last of his race on the battlements dying, - And weary with wandering, founded our own. - From the Queen of the Islands, then famous in story, - A century since, our brave forefathers came, - And our kindred yet fill the wide world with her glory, - Enlarging her Empire and spreading her name. - - CHORUS--"Hail to the day, etc. - - "Ev'ry flash of her genius our pathway enlightens-- - Ev'ry field she explores we are beckoned to tread-- - Each laurel she gathers our future day brightens-- - We joy with her living, and mourn for her dead. - Then hail to the day when the Britons came over, - And planted their standard, with sea-foam still wet, - Above and around us their spirits shall hover, - Rejoicing to mark how we honour it yet. - - CHORUS--"Hail to the day," etc.] - - -ESSAYISTS. - -[Footnote 44: Page 27.--The principal contributors to the English -and American periodical press of late years have been George Stewart -of Quebec, Principal Grant, J. G. Bourinot, Martin J. Griffin, W. D. -LeSueur, G. M. Dawson, S. E. Dawson, Arnold Haultain, John Reade, J. M. -Oxley and Sir W. Dawson. Dr. Stewart of Quebec, despite the demands of -journalism, has been always a most earnest literary worker, foremost by -his own contributions and by his efforts to encourage the labours of -others in the too indifferent little Canadian world. Goldwin Smith has -always been a contributor of note, but he is rather an English than a -Canadian writer. Among the names of the French Canadian general writers -are those of Fréchette, Sulte, Marmette, Faucher de Saint-Maurice, J. -Tassé, DeCelles, Dionne, Casgrain and LeMoine; but their efforts have -been confined as a rule to the numerous French Canadian periodicals -which have appeared for the last thirty years, and after a short -career died for want of adequate support. In the numerous periodicals -of England and the United States English Canadian writers have great -advantages over French Canadians, who are practically limited to their -own country, since France offers few opportunities for such literary -work.] - - -WILLIAM KIRBY'S WORKS AND OTHER ROMANCES BY CANADIANS. - -[Footnote 45: Page 27.--"The Golden Dog: a Legend of Quebec." New York -and Montreal, 1877, 8vo. Also translated by Pamphile LeMay, the French -Canadian poet, Montreal, 1884. Mr. Kirby is also the author of several -poems of merit: "The U. E.: a Tale of Upper Canada. A Poem in XII. -Cantos." Niagara, 1859, 12mo. "Canadian Idylls," Toronto, 1878, etc. -He was born in England in 1817, but came to Canada at the early age of -fifteen. He was one of the original members of the Royal Society of -Canada. - -Mr. Lespérance, F.R.S.C., was the author of the "Bastonnais" and -other historical romances of some ability, but not of that high -order of merit which gives a permanent reputation. The Hon. L. Seth -Huntington, long known in Canadian political life, was the author of -a semi-political novel, "Professor Conant" (Toronto, 1884), which had -its merits, but it fell practically still-born from the press. Many -other efforts have been made in the same branch of literature, but the -performance, as stated in the text, has not been equal to the ambition -that prompted the experiment.] - - -MAJOR RICHARDSON. - -[Footnote 45_a_: Page 27.--Major Richardson was born at Niagara Falls -in 1797, and educated at Amherstburg, U.C., where some of the scenes -of "Wacousta" are laid. He served in the war of 1812, in the West -Indies and in Spain, where he belonged to the British legion. He came -back to Canada in 1838, and was for years connected with the press. He -wrote a number of novels and short histories of Canadian events, but -they are now all forgotten. His historical narrative is not generally -trustworthy, while his later romances never even came up to the merit -of "Wacousta." He died in obscurity some time after 1854--I cannot find -the exact year--in the United States, where he attempted to continue a -career of literature.] - - -MARMETTE. - -[Footnote 46: Page 27.--Mr. Joseph Marmette, F.R.S.C., is the author of -several works of fiction, viz.: - -"François de Bienville. Roman historique." 1^{ere} ed., Québec, 1870; -2^e ed., Montréal, 1882. - -"L'Intendant Bigot. Roman historique." Montréal, 1872. - -"Le Chevalier de Mornac. Roman historique." Montréal, 1873. - -"La Fiancée du Rebelle. Roman historique." Published in 'La Revue -Canadienne,' Montreal, 1875.] - - -DE GASPÉ'S WORKS. - -[Footnote 47: Page 27.--"Les Anciens Canadiens." By Philippe Aubert de -Gaspé. Quebec, 1863, 8vo. - -Several translations have appeared since 1863. That by Prof. Roberts -(New York, Appleton & Co., 1890) omits the notes and addenda, which, -if not interesting to the general reader, have much value for the -historical student. Sulte's "Histoire des Canadiens," vol. vi., -contains a portrait of the old French Canadian novelist. He also wrote -"Mémoires" (Ottawa, 1886, 8vo.), which have also much historic value on -account of their fidelity and simplicity of narrative.] - - -MRS. CATHERWOOD. - -[Footnote 48: Page 28.--Mrs. Mary Hartwell Catherwood, whose home is -in Hoopeston, Ill., has so far written and published the following -admirable romances of the old days of New France and Acadie: - -"The Romance of Dollard." Illustrated. New York, 1889, 12mo. - -"The Story of Tonty." Illustrated. Chicago, 1890, 16mo. - -"The Lady of Fort St. John." Boston and New York, 1891, 16mo. - -"Old Kaskaskia: An Historical Novel of Early Illinois." Boston and New -York, 1893, 16mo. - -She has now commenced in 'The Century' Magazine a new romance with the -title, "The White Islander," a story of old Fort Michillimackinac, and -in 'The Atlantic Monthly' another story, "The Chase of Saint Castin." -Her romances are never long, but bear the impress of close study of the -subject and of much careful writing.] - - -GILBERT PARKER. - -[Footnote 49: Page 28.--He is a most industrious worker in various -branches of literature in London. After a residence of a few years in -Australia, where he was connected with the Sydney press, he went to -England, where he wrote many sketches of Australian life which were -well received. Recently he has been studying the interesting phases -of French Canadian and Northwest life, and has produced, among other -stories, "The Chief Factor," the principal scenes of which are laid in -the great territories of the Dominion before they were opened up to the -farmer, the rancher and the railway.] - - -DE MILLE'S WORKS. - -[Footnote 50: Page 29.--James De Mille was a native of New Brunswick, -and a professor in Dalhousie College, N. S., at the time of his death. -His first work of fiction was "Helena's Household: a Tale of Rome in -the First Century" (New York, 1858). His most popular works, "The Dodge -Club Abroad" (1866), "Cord and Creese" (1867), "The Cryptogram" (1871), -and "A Castle in Spain" (1883), first appeared in 'Harper's Monthly.' A -strange, imaginative work, "A Curious MS. Found in a Copper Cylinder," -was published in New York in 1888, and is understood to have been -written by him. It was not until Rider Haggard's fiction became popular -that the New York publishers ventured to print a book which so severely -taxes the credulity of the reader. As a work of pure invention it is -in some respects superior to those of the English author. Mr. De Mille -died in 1880, at the age of 43, when much was expected of him. See -Appleton's "Cyclo. Am. Biogr.," ii., 138, for a list of his published -works except the one just mentioned.] - - -SARA JEANNETTE DUNCAN. - -[Footnote 51: Page 29.--She is the author of three books. "A Social -Departure" and "An American Girl in London" have had many readers and -are full of promise. Miss Duncan, in company with another young lady, -in 1889-90, went around the world, and made numerous contributions to -the press of Canada during that tour, but its noteworthy result is the -first mentioned volume. She is now married and a resident of India, -whose striking aspects of social life she is studying and portraying -in print. Her latest story, or rather sketch, of Indian customs, "The -Simple Adventures of a Memsahib" (New York, 1893), has many touches of -quiet humour. One must regret that her talent has not been directed to -the incidents of Canadian life.] - - -MATTHEW ARNOLD ON LITERATURE AND SCIENCE. - -[Footnote 52: Page 31.--The extract given in the text is taken from -"Literature and Science," one of Mr. Matthew Arnold's "Discourses in -America," published in book form in London, 1885. See pp. 90-92.] - - -PRINCIPAL GRANT'S ADDRESS. - -[Footnote 53: Page 32.--This address to the Royal Society of Canada, -to which reference is made in the text, is given in the ninth volume -of the 'Transactions,' pp. xxxix-xl. Dr. Grant could never be -uninteresting, but the address shows his ideas can now and then be a -little chaotic or enigmatic. It is quite evident he has never studied -with much care the volumes of the 'Transactions,' or comprehended the -useful work the Society is doing in its own way. Never an active member -himself, he has not done adequate justice to those who have been at all -events conscientious labourers in the vineyard where he has planted no -seed.] - - -SIR J. W. DAWSON. - -[Footnote 54: Page 32.--This distinguished scientific man is a Nova -Scotian by birth, who, before he became so closely identified with -the prosperity of McGill College at Montreal as its principal, was -superintendent of education in his native province. His scientific -works are numerous, but the one which first brought him fame was his -"Acadian Geology: an Account of the Geological Structure and Mineral -Resources of Nova Scotia and Portions of the Neighbouring Provinces -of British America" (Edinburgh and London, 1855, 8vo.), which has run -through many editions, and is now a very large volume compared with the -little modest book that first ventured into the world of literature -nearly forty years ago.] - - -MR. BILLINGS. - -[Footnote 55: Page 33.--He was born on his father's farm, in the -township of Gloucester, near Ottawa. A bibliography, evidently prepared -by his own hand, is to be found in "Bibliotheca Canadensis," pp. -31-34. His most important memoirs are on the third and fourth Decades -and the Palæozoic fossils of the Canadian Geological Survey, in which -nearly all the genera and species of the fossils there described were -discovered by himself.] - - -ORIGIN OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA. - -[Footnote 56: Page 33.--The first volume of the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.' -(1882-83), pp. i-lxxiv., contains an account of the proceedings before -and after the foundation of the Society, with the addresses in full of -the Marquess of Lorne and of the first President and Vice-President of -the body. On the occasion of the Montreal meeting, 1891, a handbook was -largely circulated by the Citizens' Committee with the view of giving -information of the object and work of the Society. It was written -by Mr. John Reade, F.R.S.C., and contains a succinct history of the -origin and operations of the body until May, 1891. It contains plans -of McGill College grounds and of Montreal in 1759, and sketches of the -old Seminary towers, St. Gabriel-street church, St. Ann's, besides some -interesting facts relating to Montreal's historic places.] - - -SIR D. WILSON, T. S. HUNT AND MR. CHAUVEAU. - -[Footnote 57: Page 34.--Dr. Kingsford has given a paper, "In Memoriam, -on Sir Daniel Wilson" ('Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. xi.) in which -he briefly reviews the excellent literary work and the wide culture -of that eminent man. In volume ix. of the 'Trans.,' Sec. I., pp. -53-58, there is a well-written paper on the late Mr. Chauveau, by his -successor, Mr. L. O. David of Montreal. The presidential address of -Abbé Laflamme in 1892 (see 'Trans.,' vol. x.) was devoted to a review -of the scientific attainments of Dr. T. Sterry Hunt.] - - -CANADIAN SOCIETIES. - -[Footnote 58: Page 34.--At the present time there are over twenty -Canadian scientific and literary societies associated with the Royal -Society in its work. Mr. John Reade, in the "Montreal Handbook of 1891" -(see Note 56), gives the following list of societies established -before 1867: Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, 1824; Natural -History Society of Montreal, 1827--act of incorporation five years -later; Institut Canadien, Quebec, 1846; Canadian Institute, Toronto, -1851; Institut Canadien, Ottawa, 1852; Hamilton Association, 1856; -Société Historique, Montréal, 1858: Nova Scotia Institute of Natural -Science, 1862; Natural History Society, St. John, N.B., 1862; -Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, Montreal, 1862; Entomological -Society of Ontario, 1863.] - - -THE EARL OF DERBY AND THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA. - -[Footnote 58_a_: Page 42.--Four years ago you were good enough, in -offering me the position of your honorary president, to ask the -sympathy and encouragement which the governor-general, as Her Majesty's -representative, might rightly be asked to manifest towards the -representatives of science and of the liberal arts. I am afraid that my -contributions to literature and science have been few. I do not know -they are such as would have merited the notice of the Royal Society, -but I can assure you that none of the members of your body take a -deeper interest in all that concerns the welfare of your Society than -he who is now laying down the office of honorary president. (Cheers.) -There were some persons who considered that in a comparatively new -country like Canada it was ambitious on her part when the foundations -of the Royal Society were laid, but there must be a beginning of all -things, and I think I may appeal to the work which has been and is -being done by the different branches of the Society as evidence that -its establishment was in no sense premature, but that it was fittingly -determined that the progress of science and literature should take -place coincidently with that of the country. In a new country like -this--I think you have touched upon it in your address--there is a -great tendency to further one's material wants, to promote trade and -commerce, and to put aside, as it were, literature and the sciences; -but here the Royal Society has stepped in and done good work by uniting -those who were scattered by distance and who find in the meetings -of our Society a convenient opportunity of coming together for the -exchanging of ideas and renewing of those friendships which, though -perhaps only yearly meetings permit, are nevertheless enduring. If we -look back we shall best see what good work is being done. If we could -imagine the existence of such a society as this in the older countries -in olden times, what a mine of wealth of information would have been -afforded us! We see that from the very first, whether in literature, -which forms so important a part in our Society; whether it be in the -constitutional studies, in which our President is such an adept--and I -was glad to see his authority has been quoted on the other side of the -Atlantic as well as on this--whether it be in the literature of the -chivalrous pioneers of France, who first led the way into the unbroken -wilderness, or whether it be in the latter days of constitutional -progress of this country and its relations both to the old world and -the country growing up alongside of us. - -In literature, history and poetry, also, the Society will from the -first have its stamp, as we trust, upon the future of the Canadian -race. (Cheers.) That science and the arts to an equal extent may find a -place here is our earnest wish, in order that by sentiment and feeling -we may bind together in the closest ties that by which she must achieve -a great and enduring success. I must not detain you from your other -duties, but I could not refrain from saying in a few words how heartily -and truly I appreciate and believe in the work of the Royal Society. At -your next meeting, as you truly say, I fear I shall not be amongst you; -but though the Atlantic may roll between us, you may be certain that -in spirit, at least, I hope to be present at your meeting, and shall -follow with the liveliest and deepest interest any record you may be -good enough to send me of what takes place on that occasion. * * * * * -I appeal not the less to my French colleagues than to my English ones -in all matters which relate to the welfare of the Society. Science, -art and literature, it is true, are cosmopolitan, but they are well -knit together in this Society. We who have experienced in Canada the -hospitality of its people are grateful for it. We have admired the -greatness of the resources of this country, and we look forward to a -society like this as having ample work to do in the future. As in every -respect Canada seems to be disposed always to take a forward part, so I -hope the Royal Society will ever press on to a higher and higher goal; -and, gentlemen, I can wish to the Royal Society, to all my friends and -brothers of the Society, to whom I once more tender my hearty thanks, -no greater blessing than, like Canada itself, that they may be happy, -united and prosperous. (Loud and prolonged cheers.)] - - -S. E. DAWSON ON TENNYSON. - -[Footnote 59: Page 40.--"A Study, with Critical and Explanatory -Notes, of Lord Tennyson's Poem, The Princess." By S. E. Dawson. -Montreal, 1882, 12mo. 2nd ed. 1884. The preface contains a long and -interesting letter from the poet, which "throws some light upon some -important literary questions regarding the manner and method of the -poet's working." Tennyson describes the "Study" truly as an "able and -thoughtful essay."] - - -THE OLD 'CANADIAN MONTHLY.' - -[Footnote 60: Page 40.--It first appeared in Toronto in 1872 (Adam -Stevenson & Co.), soon after Prof. Goldwin Smith took up his permanent -residence in that western city. Much of its reputation for years -necessarily depended on the contributions of a writer who, if he has -failed to identify himself of late with the national or Canadian -sentiment of the people, has at all events done something in the past -to improve the style of Canadian _littérateurs_ and to elevate the tone -of journalism. The 'Monthly' was the ablest successor of a long list -of literary aspirants in the same field, the majority of which had a -still shorter existence. See Bourinot's "Intellectual Development of -the Canadian People" (Toronto, 1881), chap. iv. and 'Canadian Monthly,' -March, 1881.] - - -FORM OF ROYAL SOCIETY 'TRANSACTIONS.' - -[Footnote 61: Page 42.--Since the delivery of the presidential address -the Royal Society decided by a considerable majority--chiefly made up -of the two scientific sections--to continue the quarto form for the -present. Under these circumstances the compromise suggested may be -adopted--that of printing separate editions of important monographs and -works from time to time by some understanding with the author.] - - -THE STUDY OF THE CLASSICS. - -[Footnote 62: Page 49.--The following is a fuller quotation from Prof. -Goldwin Smith's very apposite remarks delivered before the Classical -Association of Ontario (see 'The Week,' April 28th, 1893): "No age has -stood more in need of humanizing culture than this, in which physical -culture reigns. One of the newspapers the other day invited us to take -part in a symposium the subject of which was 'How to Produce a Perfect -Man.' The problem was large, but one help to its solution might have -been a reminder to keep the balance. A romantic age stands in need -of science, a scientific and utilitarian age stands in need of the -humanities. Darwin avows that poetry gave him no pleasure whatever. -This surely was a loss, unless the whole side of things which poetry -denotes is dead and gone, nothing but dry science being left us; in -which case the generations that are coming may have some reason, with -all their increase of knowledge and power, to wish that they had lived -nearer the youth of the world." See _supra_, Note 1, for Mr. Lowell's -remarks on the same subject.] - - -CANADIAN LIBRARIES. - -[Footnote 63: Page 53.--Some interesting facts as to the evolution of -libraries in the Dominion can be gathered by reference to Bourinot's -"Intellectual Development in Canada" (Toronto, 1831); Canniff Haight's -"Country Life in Canada Fifty Years Ago"; Dr. Canniff's "History of -Ontario"; and Dr. Kingsford's "Early Bibliography of Ontario." The -principal results of the Ontario law providing for the establishment -of free libraries by votes of ratepayers in a community have been the -opening of two excellent libraries in Hamilton and Toronto--the latter -under the judicious superintendence of Mr. James Bain.] - - -CANADIAN ARTISTS. - -[Footnote 64: Page 54.--An Art Society was founded in Upper Canada as -far back as 1841, but its exhibitions were necessarily representative -of British works of art. The present Art Association was founded in -Montreal in 1860, and the Ontario School of Arts, which is doing -excellent work, twelve years later, with its headquarters in Toronto. -The Royal Canadian Academy, mentioned in the text, was established in -1880. The influence of these and two or three minor institutions in -Canada has been on the whole in the direction of stimulating art, but -their efforts are not adequately encouraged by government or people in -the provinces. - -The following is a list of the painters in oils and water colours whose -pictures now make the principal features of the annual exhibitions -in Ontario and Quebec, and the majority of whom were inadequately -represented at Chicago: F. A. Verner, whose Indian and Canadian scenes -are excellent; H. M. Matthews, who has made a high reputation for his -Rocky Mountain paintings; L. R. O'Brien, essentially the most finished -painter of picturesque Canada; T. Mower Martin, an industrious painter -of wild sports and Canadian scenery; E. Wyley Grier, who has done some -good work in portraits and natural scenery; W. Brymner, one of the -most promising younger painters of Canadian scenes: George Reid, whose -"Foreclosure of the Mortgage" is one of the best pictures produced in -the Dominion; John Hammond of St. John, N.B., a painter of water life; -Percy Woodcock, whose efforts at sketches of Canadian rural life are -praiseworthy: F. M. Bell-Smith, who has a decided artistic faculty -for the portraiture of our noblest scenery; Homer Watson, a favourite -for his rustic landscapes and romantic pastorals; J. W. L. Forster, -in some respects the best figure painter, but also capable of good -landscapes; G. Bruenech, a careful artist of scenery; Ernest Thompson, -who has made some good efforts at prairie subjects; J. C. Forbes, who -painted Mr. Gladstone's portrait, and is one of the best artists of -the class that Canada has so far known; W. Raphael and O. R. Jacobi, -two of the oldest and best known painters of Canadian landscape. To -these we must add Miss Minnie A. Bell, A. Watson, Miss Sidney S. Tully, -Mrs. M. H. Reid, J. T. Rolph, R. F. Gagen, T. C. McGillivray Knowles, -Forshaw Day, L. Huot, Mlle. Colombier, E. Dyonnet, C. Macdonald Manly, -D. P. MacKillsan, J. W. Morrice, A. D. Patterson, Miss G. F. Spurr, -F. S. Challener, Paul J. Wickson, Mrs. M. B. Screiber, W. Revell, D. -Fowler, Miss E. May Martin, Miss Laura Muntz, Miss F. M. Bell-Smith, -Miss Florence Carlyle, Miss I. M. F. Adams, Owen P. Staples, Mrs. M. E. -Dignam, Charles Alexander, W. E. Atkinson, J. C. Mills, J. A. Fraser -(in New York), Carl Ahrens, W. A. Sherwood, Miss Fannie Sutherland, -T. C. V. Ede, H. Sandham (in New York), Mr. Harvey, Mr. Cruickshank, -Mr. Seavey, A. Cox, Miss Edwards, J. Griffith, Colin Scott, J. Wilson, -James Smith, C. J. Way, F. Brownell, A. P. Coleman, R. Harris, Miss -Holden and Miss Houghton. Many of these artists, whose merits, of -course, vary much, are not native Canadians. One of the strongest -landscape painters, Mr. Matthews, is an Englishman, who has now, after -some years, thoroughly understood the light and colour of Canadian -scenery. O'Brien, Brymner, L. Huot, Forbes, Forster, Pinhey, Sidney -Tully, G. Harris, Gagen, Knowles, Watson, Alexander, A. D. Patterson, -C. M. Manly, E. May Martin and George Reid are Canadians. G. T. -Berthon, who died recently in Toronto at an advanced age, and was known -as a painter of numerous portraits, the best of which are to be seen in -Osgoode Hall, was of French origin and education. Raphael is German by -birth and education. Jacobi is a painter of the Dusseldorf school, and -was at one time employed in the court of the King of Bavaria. Bruenech -is a native, I understand, of Denmark, though educated in Canada. E. -W. Grier is an Englishman by birth and education, with a knowledge of -French art derived from study in Paris. So is Ernest Thompson, who -also studied in Paris. Mower Martin is an Englishman, educated in that -country and in Canada, with whose scenery he has been always enamoured. -Carl Ahrens was born and educated in the United States. Miss Minnie -Bell and Miss Laura Muntz are among the most promising younger artists -of Canada. Both were born and received their elementary education in -Canada. Miss Bell, after studying in Paris, is now in Montreal. Miss -Muntz is still studying in Paris. Robert Harris is a native of Prince -Edward Island. Mr. N. Bourassa, who is a French Canadian artist, has -of late years devoted himself to ecclesiastical decoration. His best -work is to be seen in the architecture and decoration of the churches -of Notre Dame de Nazareth and Notre Dame de Lourdes, in Montreal, and -he has the credit of having first applied probably in America "the art -of painting to the adornment of Christian churches in the broad and -thorough manner so common at one period in central Italy." (See Dr. S. -E. Dawson's "Handbook of Canada," Montreal, 1888, pp. 183, 184.) The -influence of the French schools of painting can be seen in the best -works of Paul Peel (now dead), Forster, Harris, Geo. Reid and John -Pinhey (born at Ottawa), all of whom have had success at the salons. At -the present time there are some twenty-five Canadians, more or less, -studying in Paris, and the majority are French Canadians. In fact, the -French schools draw students from Canada as well as from the United -States, and England is relatively ignored. The artistic temperament is -more stimulated by the _ateliers_ and the student life of Paris than -among the more business-like and cold surroundings of a student in -London. In sculpture the names are very few, Hamilton McCarthy, Hébert -and Dunbar having alone done meritorious work, but of these three -Hébert is the only native Canadian. One of the very first painters -to draw attention, years ago, to Canadian scenery, especially to the -wonderfully vivid tints of autumn, was Krieghoff, whose pictures have -been so much copied that it is difficult now to tell the originals from -the reproductions. He was, however, not a native Canadian but a Swiss -painter from the German-speaking cantons, I believe. The name of Paul -Kane (born in Toronto) will be always identified with Indian life and -customs, and as the pioneer of art in Canada. A fine collection of his -paintings is in the possession of Hon. G. W. Allan, who has always -taken an active interest in the development of art in the city of -which he has been so long an honoured citizen. - -Among other Canadian artists who laboured in the commencement of art -studies in this country may be mentioned the following: Dulongpré, -Samuel Berczy, Audy, William Berczy, Vincent Zacharie Thelariolin -(Indian of Lorette, 1812-1886), Hamel, Carey, T. H. Burnett, J. -J. Girouard, P. Leber--many of whose artistic efforts are already -forgotten though their work was meritorious. With respect to Berthon, -the following note by Col. G. T. Denison, F.R.S.C., of Toronto, which I -have received since writing of the artist above, will be of interest: -"His father was a court painter under the great Napoleon, and several -of his pictures are now in Versailles. He was a Frenchman, and I think -was in Vienna when his son, my old friend, was born; for I am under -the impression Berthon told me he was born in Vienna. I think he was -brought up in France, and went to London when comparatively young, -and there set up as a portrait painter. He was induced to come out -to Canada about the year 1843 or 1844, and settled in Toronto soon -after, where he died about a year ago, over eighty years of age. He was -certainly, when in his prime, the best portrait painter we ever had -in Canada, and in my opinion was better than most of the men of great -celebrity in London to-day." - -The successful artists at the World's Fair, where 113 works in all were -presented from Canada, were the following: Mr. G. Reid, whose great -picture mentioned above could not fail to attract much notice, Mr. -Harris, Mr. Ede, Miss Holden and Mr. J. A. Fraser. This is satisfactory -in view of the fact that the best work of the majority of leading -Canadian artists was not represented in the exhibition. Apart from -Mr. Reid's painting, the pictures that were signalled out for special -notice were not equal in some respects to other efforts of the same -artists that have been seen in our annual exhibitions. - -In closing this note I cannot do better than give the following -judicious remarks on art in Canada, delivered before the Canadian -Institute, by an able Canadian artist, J. W. L. Forster: "The art of -Canada to-day is a mingling of elements.... The influence of the old -world may be seen in the work of many who cherish still the precepts -of their masters. Yet it is due to those who have adopted Canada as -their home to say they are as Canadian in the faithful reproduction -of the pure glories of our climate as those who first saw the sun -in our own sky. Our native artists who have studied abroad are much -inclined to paint a Canadian sky with the haze of Western Europe, and -our verdure, too, as though it grew upon foreign soil. Our art is not -Canadian.... Material is certainly not wanting, nor _motif_ of the -grander order. The first requisite is for a stronger national spirit. -Events are slowly developing this; and the signs are full of promise -in this direction. The second great need is for a museum equipped with -well-chosen specimens of the world's art. Our government and citizens -are establishing schools of industrial and fine art, yet when we would -point our pupils to examples of pure art, lo! there are none; and -when we would know what art has been, in order to discover what art -may be, we must go as exiles and pilgrims to foreign cities. A museum -that gives the best of their art history and achievement will greatly -strengthen our hope and give rein to our ambition. A third need is for -capable and generous criticism. There are many men whose discernment -and sympathies fit them eminently for the role of art critic; but as -yet journalism has not opened wide the door to advancement in such a -specialty."] - - -ARCHITECTURAL ART. - -[Footnote 64_a_: Page 57.--While Canadian architecture is generally -wanting in originality of conception, yet it affords many good -illustrations of the effective adaptation of the best art of Europe -to the principal edifices of the large cities. These are the most -noteworthy public buildings: - -In _Ottawa_.--The parliament and departmental buildings, admirable -examples of Italian Gothic of the 13th century, with a fine central -tower, the effect of which has been marred by a later tower in the -western block out of harmony with the general design of an otherwise -perfect group. - -In _Quebec_.--The legislative building in the French style of the 17th -century, noteworthy for its niches containing statues of men famous in -French Canadian history. - -In _Montreal_.--The parish church of Notre Dame, on the Place -d'Armes, of a simple Gothic style, attractive for its stateliness and -massiveness. - -Christ Church Cathedral, on St. Catherine street, worthy of study as -an admirable specimen of the early English style of ecclesiastical -architecture, exhibiting unity of design and correctness of proportions. - -Notre Dame de Lourdes, whose interior has been already spoken of (see -preceding note); a good example of the Byzantine order, combined with -effects of the Italian Renaissance recalling Venetian architecture. - -The Montreal Bank, on St. James street, an artistic illustration of the -Corinthian order, with an interior interesting for the artistic effort -to illustrate on the walls remarkable scenes in Canadian history. - -The Canadian Pacific Station, on Windsor street, a fine example of an -adaptation of old Norman architecture to modern necessities. - -In _Toronto_.--The University, perhaps the best example in America of a -modern conception of Norman architecture, with a tower of much beauty. - -Trinity University, whose graceful Tudor-Gothic design, in which the -tower is a conspicuous feature, is marred by the clumsy projection of a -later chapel building, entirely out of harmony with the admirable front. - -Osgoode Hall, of the Ionic order, modified by additions of the Italian -Renaissance. - -St. Andrew's Church, a combination of the Norman and Byzantine orders, -more suitable for a great library or a hall than an ecclesiastical -edifice. As a specimen of architecture, apart from its purpose, it is -harmonious and artistic. - -The new legislative buildings, which are the most pretentious in -Canada after the Ottawa parliament house, are a praiseworthy effort to -illustrate the Romanesque, with details of the Celtic and Indo-Germanic -schools. - -The Methodist Metropolitan Church, a judicious example of a modern form -of the Gothic style which distinguished the 13th century in France. -It is at once simple and harmonious in its general design, and has a -massive tower which adds to the general effect of the whole structure. - -St. James's Church, often cited as a good example of ecclesiastical -Gothic, with a graceful and well-proportioned tower and steeple, -conspicuous from all points of view. - -In _Hamilton_.--The court-house is in some respects the best designed -of its kind in Canada. The head office of the Canada Life Assurance -Company is noteworthy for its graceful simplicity, in its way not -equalled in Canada. - -In _Fredericton_.--The Church of England Cathedral, a perfect specimen, -on a small scale, of pure early English Gothic on the Continent. - -The new library building which McGill University owes to the public -spirit of Mr. Redpath, of Montreal, is distinguished by the graceful -simplicity of its external form, and the conveniences of its beautiful -interior. Apart from this fine edifice, however, and the parliamentary -library at Ottawa, whose external design is harmonious and whose -internal fittings illustrate the effectiveness of our natural woods, -Canada has no such libraries--in special buildings I mean--noteworthy -for beauty of architecture and convenience of arrangements as we find -among our neighbours, illustrating their public and private spirit. -Neither have we an art gallery of special architectural features, for -the building at Montreal is simple in the extreme. Such as it is, -however, it is an object of imitation to other cities in Canada.] - - -"FIDELIS." - -[Footnote 65: Page 60.--The poetic citation which closes the -presidential address is taken from Miss Machar's ("Fidelis") verses -on "Dominion Day," which appear in "Songs of the Great Dominion," pp. -15-17, and merit a wide audience for their patriotic spirit and poetic -taste.] - - - - -INDEX. - - - "Acadia, History of," by J. Hannay, 71. - - "Acadian Geology," by Sir J. W. Dawson, 84. - - "After Weary Years," romance by Archbp. O'Brien, of Halifax, N.S., 74. - - Ahrens, Carl, artist, 88. - - Algonquin Grammar, by Abbé Cuoq, 37. - - Allan, Hon. G. W., his love of art, 88. - - "An American Girl in London," by Sara J. Duncan, 83. - - "Aminta," poem by Archbishop O'Brien, 74. - - "Anciens Canadiens," by P. de Gaspé, 27, 82. - - Archibald, Sir Adams J., statesman, 15. - - Archibald, S. J. W., statesman, 15. - - Architecture in Canada, imitative rather than original, 57; - special buildings of architectural beauty mentioned, 89, 91. - - Art in Canada, 53; - names of eminent painters, 54, 87; - want of art galleries, 53, 54; - establishment of art associations in Montreal and Toronto, 89; - the Canadian Academy of Art, 54; - some general remarks on its use, ib.; - J. W. L. Forster cited on the subject, 89; - success of Canadian artists at the Chicago World's Fair, 55, 89. - - Art gallery in Montreal, 53, 91. - - Arnold, Matthew, on the large meaning of "Literature," 31, 32, 83. - - Australian novelists, superior to those of Canada, 25; - names, 79. - - Australian poets compared with those of Canada, 25; - names, 79; - extracts from, 79. - - - Baldwin, Hon. Robert, statesman, 14. - - Bank of Montreal Building at Montreal, its architecture, 90. - - "Bastonnais, The," romance by J. Lespérance, 82. - - "Beggars All," by L. Dougall, 29. - - Belknap, Jeremy, his "History of New Hampshire," 13, 67. - - Bell, Miss Minnie, artist, 87. - - Bell-Smith, F. M., artist, 88. - - Beothiks, or Red Indians of Newfoundland, essay on, by Dr. Patterson, - 38. - - Berthon, G. T., artist, 89. - - Bibaud, Michel, his History of Canada, 12, 67. - - Bibliography of the writings of members of the Royal Society, 72. - - "Bienville, François de," romance by M. Marmette, 27, 82. - - Billings, Elkanah, geologist, 33, 84. - - Biography, literature of, weak in Canada, 42. - - Blake, Edward, mentioned, 17, 43. - - Boucher, Pierre, his account of the customs and natural productions of - Nouvelle France, 6, 63. - - Bouchette, Joseph, his works on the topography of Canada, 12, 67. - - Bourassa, N., artist, 88. - - Brown, J. H., poet, 76. - - Bruenech, G., artist, 87. - - Bunsen, Chevalier, his opinion on what constitutes the excellence of a - romance, 29. - - Brymner, W., artist, 54, 88. - - - Campbell, Wilfred, his poems, 20; - quotations therefrom, 75. - - Canada Life Assurance Building at Hamilton, its architecture, 90. - - Canada, three eras of development, 4. - - "Canadian Idylls," poems by W. Kirby, 82. - - Canadian Literary and Scientific Societies, the oldest in Canada, - 34, 84. - - "Canadian Monthly," its usefulness, 40, 86. - - Canadian Pacific RR., Station at Montreal, its architecture, 90. - - "Canadiens de l'Ouest," by J. Tassé, 72. - - "Carillon, le Drapeau de," poem by O. Crémazie, quoted, 68. - - Carman, Bliss, his poems, 20. - - Cartier, Sir George Etienne, statesman, 14. - - Casgrain, Abbé, his historical works, 71; - his opinion of Crémazie, 20. - - Catherwood, Mary Hartwell, writer of fiction, 28, 82. - - Champlain, compared with Columbus, 5; - with Captain John Smith, 62; - his works, 6, 61. - - "Chants Nouveaux," poems by B. Sulte, 73. - - Charlevoix, his history of Nouvelle France, 6, 62; - his opinion of society in Quebec, 8. - - Chauveau, P. J. O., his poems, etc., 17; - one of the founders of the Royal Society, 34, 67. - - Chevrier, R., poet, 76. - - Christie, Robert, his history of Lower Canada, 18, 69. - - "Chief Factor, The," novel by Gilbert Parker, 28, 82. - - Christ Church Cathedral at Fredericton, its architecture, 90. - - Christ Church Cathedral at Montreal, its architecture, 90. - - Classics, Study of; - Goldwin Smith on, 49, 86; - Matthew Arnold on, 50; - J. Russell Lowell on, 61; - should be encouraged in Canadian colleges, 49; - its results in French Canada, 65. - - Clarke, Professor, mentioned, 10. - - "Clàrsach nam Beann," Gaelic poems by E. McColl, 77. - - Clercq, Père Chrestien le, his "Etablissement de la Foy," 6, 64. - - "Coogee," poem by H. C. Kendall, the Australian poet, cited, 79. - - "Cours d'Histoire du Canada," by Abbé Ferland, 18, 70. - - Crawford, Isabella Valancy, poet, 76. - - Crémazie, Octave, his poems, 17, 68. - - Creux, Père du, his _Historia Canadensis_, 6, 63. - - Criticism, necessity for a spirit of genuine, in Canada, 47; - reference to S. E. Dawson's essay on "The Princess," 40; - Sainte-Beuve quoted, 47. - - Cuoq, Abbé, his works on the Algonquin language, contributed to Royal - Society, 37. - - - Davin, Nicholas Flood, poet, 75. - - Dawson, Æneas, poet, 74. - - Dawson, G. M., his contributions to Royal Society, 38. - - Dawson, S. E., his criticism on "The Princess," 40, 86. - - Dawson, Sir W., _doyen_ of Science in Canada, 19, 32, 34, 38, 84. - - "Découverte du Mississippi, La," poem by L. Fréchette quoted, 72. - - Dent, John C., his histories, 19, 70. - - Derby, the Earl of, his farewell address to the Royal Society of - Canada, 85. - - Deville, E., his contributions to Royal Society, 39. - - Dewart, E. H., poet, his collection of Canadian poems, 73. - - Dionne, N. E., his writings, 62, 72. - - "Dodge Club Abroad," by Professor De Mille, 29, 83. - - Doyle, Conan, his "Refugees" held up to imitation of Canadian writers - of romance, 28. - - "Dread Voyage," poem by W. Campbell, 75. - - "Dreamland" and other poems by C. Mair, 74. - - Dunbar, sculptor, 88. - - Duncan, Sara Jeannette, author, 29. - - Duvar, John Hunter, poet, 75. - - - Ede, T. C. V., artist, wins success at Chicago World's Fair, 89. - - Edgar, James D., poet, 26. - - Edgar, Mrs., her "Ridout Letters" quoted, 78. - - Education, in French Canada under old regime, 7, 8; - in Canada from 1760-1840, 9; - from 1840-1893, 65; - its present condition and defects, 49-51. - - Emerson, representative of original American genius, 23. - - "Epic of the Dawn," poem by N. F. Davin, 75. - - Essayists, names of principal French and English, 81. - - - Faillon, Abbé, his history of the "Colonie française," 19, 70. - - Fauna of St. John Group, geological work by G. F. Matthew, 39. - - Ferland, J. B. A., his "History of Canada," 18, 70. - - "Flag of Old England," poem by Joseph Howe, quoted, 80. - - Flora and Botany of Canada, essays on, by Professors Lawson, Macoun - and Penhallow, 39. - - Forbes, J. C., artist, 87. - - "Foreclosure of the Mortgage," painting by G. A. Reid, 87. - - Forster, J. W. L., artist, his remarks on the tendency of Canadian - art, 89. - - Fraser, J. A., artist, wins success at Chicago "World's Fair," 89. - - Fréchette, L., his poems, 29; - quotation from his "Découverte du Mississippi," 72; - essayist, 81. - - French Canada: early writers of her history, Champlain, Boucher, Le - Clercq, Charlevoix, etc., 6, 7, 61-64; - culture and science during French regime, 8; - historians and poets from 1760-1840, 17, 18; - from 1840 to 1867, 20, 74; - from 1867-1893, 72-74; - writers of romance few in number, 27; - influence of the French language, 58-60; - its probable duration, 59. - - French language in Canada, remarks on, 58-60. - - French Canadian poetry, an estimate of its merits, 22-24. - - - Gagen, R. F., artist, 87. - - "Gazette" of Montreal, 13. - - Galissonière, La, his culture and scientific spirit, 8, 64, 65. - - Ganong, Prof., contributor to Royal Society of Canada, 38. - - Garneau, F. X., his "Histoire du Canada," 18, 70. - - Gladstone, Right Hon. Mr., portrait of, painted by J. C. Forbes, 87. - - "Globe" of Toronto, 51. - - "Golden Dog, The," romance by W. Kirby, 27; - translated by P. LeMay, 81. - - Gordon, A. Lindsay, his spirited poem, "The Sick Stock-rider," quoted, - 79. - - Grant, Principal, author and lecturer, 10, 32, 83. - - Greek, study of, desirable, 50, 61. - - Grier, E. W., artist, 88. - - Griffin, M. J., essayist and poet, 77, 81. - - - Haida Grammar, to be printed by Royal Society, 37. - - Haliburton, Judge, his "Sam Slick," 11, 66; - his "History of Nova Scotia," 12, 66. - - Hamel, Mgr., contributor to Royal Society, 39. - - Hamilton Court-house, its architecture, 90. - - Hamilton, P. S., poet, 73. - - Hammond, John, artist, 87. - - Hannay, J., his "History of Acadia," 71. - - Harris, George, artist, 88. - - Harrison, S. Frances ("Seranus"), poet, 76. - - Harvey, Moses, his contributions to Royal Society, 38. - - Haultain, Arnold, mentioned, 81. - - Hawthorne, N., representative of original American genius, 23. - - Heavysege, Chas., his poems, 17, 18, 69. - - Hébert, French Canadian sculptor, 57, 88. - - Historians of Canada: W. Smith, 66; - M. Bibaud, 67; - Haliburton's Nova Scotia, 12, 66; - Garneau, 70; - Ferland, 70; - Faillon, 70; - B. Sulte, 71; - J. C. Dent, 70; - L. Turcotte, 71; - Withrow, 71; - Kingsford, 71; - McMillan, 71; - Hannay, 71; - Murdoch, 71; - Tanguay, 71; - Dionne, 71; - Casgrain, 37, 71; - Gosselin, 72. - - "Histoire des Canadiens Français," by B. Sulte, 71. - - "Histoire de la Colonie Française en Canada," by Abbé Faillon, 19, 70. - - Holden, Miss, artist, wins success at Chicago World's Fair, 89. - - Houghton, Miss, artist, wins success at Chicago World's Fair, 89. - - Howe, Joseph, as poet and orator, 11, 17, 26, 66, 69; - one of his poems quoted in full, 80. - - Hunt, Thomas Sterry, his contributions to the Royal Society of Canada, - 39; - one of its founders, 33. - - Huntington, Hon. L. S., statesman and novelist, 82. - - Huot, L., artist, 88. - - Hutchinson, Governor, his "History of Massachusetts," 6, 13, 63. - - - "In Divers Tones," poem by C. G. D. Roberts, 74. - - "In the Millet," poems by A. Lampman, 75. - - Intellectual Development in Canada: under the French regime, 5-8; - books, newspapers, education and culture from 1760-1840, 9-18; - from 1840-1893, 19-27; - statesmen of intellectual power, mentioned, 14, 15; - historical literature, 18, 20; - poets, 20; - essayists, 81; - humorists, 11; - novelists, 27; - biographers, 42; - pulpit literature, 43; - legal literature, 43; - newspaper development, 52; - the Royal Society and its work, 33-42; - success of scientific writers, 32; - want of good magazines, 40; - no very striking results yet achieved, 45; - obstacles in the way of successful literary results in Canada, 46; - artistic achievement, 54, 55; - architectural work lacking originality, 57; - general remarks, on the intellectual conditions of Canada, 58; - what is wanted to stimulate mental effort in the Dominion, 60; - intellectual standard of our legislative bodies, 43; - the great drain on our intellectual strength by the legislative - bodies of the Dominion, 44; - business capacity now chiefly conspicuous in legislative halls, 45. - - - Jacobi, O. R., artist, 88. - - Jamestown, Va., in ruins, 3, 61. - - Jesuit College, founded at Quebec, 7. - - Jesuit Relations, 6, 63. - - Johnstone, James W., statesman, 15. - - - Kalm, Peter, his reference to culture and science in French Canada, - 8, 64. - - Kane, Paul, painter of Indian scenes, 88. - - Katzmann, M. J., poet, 77. - - Kingsford, W., his "History of Canada," 71; - his address, _In Memoriam_, Sir D. Wilson, 34, 84. - - Kirby, W., his "Golden Dog," and other works, 27, 81. - - Knowles, G., artist, 88. - - Krieghoff, painter of Canadian scenery, 88. - - - Laflamme, Prof., contributor to Royal Society, 39. - - Lafitau, his account of Indian life and customs, 6, 63. - - Lafontaine, Sir Louis Hypolite, statesman, 14. - - "Lake Lyrics," poems by W. Campbell, 75. - - Lampman, Archibald, poet, 20, 75. - - "Later Canadian Poems," collected by J. E. Wetherell, 76. - - Laval University, mentioned, 7, 39, 70. - - Law, literature of, in Canada, 43. - - Legendre, N., author, 76. - - "Légendes Canadiennes," by Abbé Casgrain, 71. - - "Legend of the Rose," poem by S. J. Watson, 73. - - Legislative Buildings at Quebec, their architecture, 90. - - Legislative Buildings at Toronto, their architecture, 90. - - LeMay, P., his poems, 20, 73. - - Lescarbot, Marc, his "Nouvelle France," 6, 62. - - Lespérance, John, novelist, 77. - - "Les Echos," poems by Judge Routhier, 74. - - "Les Fleurs Boréales," prize poems by L. Fréchette, 72. - - "Les Laurentiennes," poems by B. Sulte, 73. - - LeSueur, W. D., essayist, 81. - - Libraries in Canada, before 1840, 10; - at present time, 53, 87, 90. - - Lighthall, W. D., his collection of Canadian poems, 76. - - Lockhart, B. W. and A. J., poets, 74. - - Logan, Sir William, geologist, born in Canada, 19. - - "London Times," an example of a perfect newspaper, 16. - - Lorne, Marquess of, establishes the Royal Society of Canada, 33; - and the Canadian Academy of Art, with the Princess Louise, 54. - - Louise, H. R. H. the Princess, her labours in connection with Art in - Canada, 54. - - Lowell, James Russell, his remarks on the measure of a nation's true - success, 1, 2; - on the study of the classics, 61. - - - Macdonald, Sir John A., statesman, 15. - - Machar, Miss ("Fidelis"), one of her poems quoted, 60, 90. - - Mackenzie, Hon. Alexander, statesman, 15. - - Mackenzie, William Lyon, politician and agitator, 14. - - Magazine, need of, in Canada, 40, 41; - the old "Canadian Monthly," 40. - - Mair, Charles, poet, 20, 74. - - Manly, C. M., artist, 54. - - Marmette, J., works cited, 82. - - Martin, E. May, artist, 88. - - Martin, Mower, artist, 87. - - "Masque of Minstrels," poems by the Lockhart Brothers, 74. - - Mather, Cotton, his _Magnalia_, 7, 64. - - Matthew, G. F., his contributions to the Royal Society, 39. - - Matthews, H. M., artist, 87. - - McCarthy, Hamilton, sculptor, 88. - - McColl, Evan, his Gaelic poems, 77. - - McGee, T. D'Arcy, statesman and author, 15. - - McLachlan, Alexander, his poems, 17, 69. - - Metropolitan Methodist Church at Toronto, its architecture, 90. - - "Montcalm et Lévis," history by Abbé Casgrain, 20. - - Montesquieu, his "Esprit des Lois," its high place in literature, 31. - - Montreal, its Art Gallery, 53; - its architectural features, 57, 91. - - Morin, Augustin Norbert, statesman, 14. - - Muntz, Miss, artist, 54, 88. - - - Newspapers in Canada, previous to 1867, 9, 16, 66; - at present time, 51; - their character, 52. - - Novel-writing in Canada, not generally successful, 27; - exceptions, "Golden Dog" by Kirby, 27; - "François de Bienville" by Marmette, 27; - "Les Anciens Canadiens" by De Gaspé, 27; - De Mille's works, 29; - Sara Jeannette Duncan, 29; - Gilbert Parker, 28; - L. Dougall, 29. - - Notre Dame de Lourdes, in Montreal, decorated by N. Bourassa, 88. - - - O'Brien, L. R., artist, 54. - - O'Brien, Most Rev. Dr., author, 74. - - O'Doyle, L. O'Connor, orator, 15. - - O'Hagan, T., poet, 74. - - "Oiseaux de Neige, Les," poems by L. Fréchette, 72. - - "Orion" and other poems, by Professor Roberts, 74. - - Osgoode Hall in Toronto, its architecture, 90. - - "Our Fathers," by Joseph Howe, mentioned, 77. - - - Papineau, Louis Joseph, statesman, 14. - - Parkman, Francis, his vivid historical pictures of Canada, 4. - - Parish Church of Notre Dame at Montreal, its architecture, 90. - - Parliament and Departmental Buildings at Ottawa, their architecture, - 90. - - Parliamentary Library at Ottawa, its architecture, 90. - - Patterson, A. D., artist, 54, 88. - - Patterson, Dr., his contributions to Royal Society of Canada, 38. - - Peel, Paul, artist, 88. - - "Pine, Rose and Fleur-de-Lis," poems by S. Frances Harrison, - ("Seranus"), 76. - - Pinhey, John, artist, 54, 88. - - Poets of Canada; - previous to 1867, 17; - from 1867-1893, 20, 72; - estimate of their productions, 20-25; - patriotic strain of many of their efforts, 25-27. - - Political Life in Canada, attracts best intellects in old times, - 11, 43; - also at present, 43, 44. - - Potherie, La, his "Amérique Septentrionale," 6, 63. - - "Professor Conant," novel by L. S. Huntington, 82. - - "Prehistoric Man," by Sir D. Wilson, 81. - - Pulpit, literature of, in Canada, 43. - - - Raphael, W., artist, 54. - - Reade, John, his poems, 20, 21, 73; - his "In My Heart" quoted at length, 77; - essayist, 81. - - Redpath Library at Montreal, 90. - - Reid, G. A., Canadian artist, his "Foreclosure of the Mortgage," his - success at the World's Fair, 87. - - Religious literature, 10. - - Richardson, A. H., the architect, a lover of the Romanesque, - mentioned, 57. - - Richardson, Major, his romances, 82. - - Riley, James Whitcomb, the poet, 20. - - Roberts, C. G. D., his poems, 20, 26, 74. - - "Roberval," poem by J. H. Duvar, 75. - - Routhier, J. B., poet, 74. - - Royal Society of Canada, its foundation, 33; - its objects, 33-36; - its success, 36; - its Transactions and their circulation, 36, 37; - some of its most prominent contributions to the literature of - learning and science, 37-39; - its connection with "Tidal Observations," and the determination of - the true longitude of Montreal, etc., 38; - asks for sympathetic encouragement, 42; - see note 58, p. 84. - - Ruskin, John, 21; - quoted, 48. - - Ryan, Carroll, poet, 73. - - - Sagard, Gabriel, his "Grand Voyage," etc., 6, 63. - - Sainte-Beuve on French poetry, 22; - on good workmanship in literature, and criticism, 47. - - Saint-Maurice, Faucher de, mentioned, "Sam Slick," by Judge - Haliburton, 11, 12, 66. - - Sangster, Charles, his poems, 17, 69. - - Sarrazin, Dr. Michel, his scientific labours in Canada, 8, 64. - - Schools in Canada, number of, 65; - pupils at same, 65. - - Science, Canadians achieve notable success therein, 32. - - Sculptors in Canada, 57, 88. - - Secord, Laura, her toilsome journey in 1813, described by Mrs. Edgar, - 78; - worthy of a poet's pen, 24. - - Selections from Canadian Poets, by E. H. Dewart, 73. - - Seminary, The Great and Lesser, founded at Quebec, 6. - - "Simple Adventures of a Memsahib," by Sara J. Duncan, 83. - - Sladen, Douglas, his collection of American poems, 76. - - Smith, Captain John, compared with Samuel Champlain, 62. - - Smith, Goldwin, on the study of the classics, 49. - - Smith, William, his History of Canada, 12, 66. - - "Social Departure, A," by Sara J. Duncan, 29, 83. - - "Songs of the Great Dominion," collection of poems by W. D. Lighthall, - 76. - - "Songs of Life," by E. H. Dewart, 73. - - "Songs of a Wanderer," by Carroll Ryan, 73. - - St. Andrew's Church at Toronto, its architecture, 90. - - St. James's Cathedral at Toronto, its architecture, 90. - - Statesmanship in Canada, 15, 42. - - Stewart, Dr. George, his literary efforts, 81. - - Suite, historian and poet, 20, 71, 73. - - - Tanguay, Abbé, his "Dictionnaire Généalogique des Canadiens Français," - 72. - - Tassé, Joseph, his writings, 72. - - "Tecumseh," poem by C. Mair, 74. - - "Tendres Choses," poem by R. Chevrier, 76. - - "This Canada of Ours," poem by J. D. Edgar, 76. - - Thompson, David, his book on the War of 1812, 12, 67. - - Thompson, Ernest, artist, 87. - - Tilley, Sir Leonard S., statesman, 15. - - Todd, A., his "Parliamentary Government," 18, 69. - - Trinity College at Toronto, its architecture, 90. - - "Trois Morts," poem by O. Crémazie, 68. - - Tully, Sidney, artist, 87. - - Tupper, Sir Charles, statesman, 15. - - Turcotte, L., his "History of Canada," 20, 71. - - - Uniacke, J. Boyle, statesman, 15. - - Universities and Colleges in Canada, 65. - - University of Toronto, its architecture, 90. - - - Verner, F. A., artist, 54. - - Verreau, Abbé, contributor to Royal Society, 38. - - - "Wacousta, or the Prophecy," romance by Major J. Richardson, 82. - - Waters, Frank, poet, 75. - - Watson, Homer, artist, 54. - - Watson, S. J., poet, 73. - - Way, Chief Justice, of Adelaide, S. A., mentioned, 80. - - "Week, The," its literary work in Canada, 40. - - "White Stone Canoe," poem by J. D. Edgar, 76. - - Whitman, Walt, as poet, 23. - - Wicksteed, G. W., poet, 74. - - Wilmot, Judge, statesman, 14. - - Wilson, Sir D., one of the founders and constant workers of the Royal - Society, 33, 38. - - Woodcock, Percy, artist, 87. - - World's Fair at Chicago, 54; - beauty of architecture, and excellence of exhibition of paintings - and statuary, 55-57; - must help to develop higher artistic achievement in America, 57; - Canadian painters at, 55, 56. - - - "Younger American Poets," collection by D. Sladen, 76. - - Young, Sir William, statesman, 15. - - - - - * * * * * * - - - - -Transcriber's note: - - Footnotes placed at end of their respective chapter - - Obvious punctuation and spelling errors corrected - - Pg. 6: Note 11 for "... the admirable account of Indian life and - customs by the Jesuit Lafitau," changed to 11_a_ - - Pg. 27: Note 44_a_ for "... written sixty years ago by Major John - Richardson," changed to 45_a_ - - Pg. 42: Note/Footnote 58 * for "... yet in the infantry of its literary - life." changed to Footnote F - - Pg. 63: In "(8) Page 6.--The Canadian Government...." changed to "(9) - Page 6.--The Canadian Government...." - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OUR INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AND -WEAKNESS*** - - -******* This file should be named 55499-0.txt or 55499-0.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/5/4/9/55499 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - |