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+The Project Gutenberg Etext of The Moravians in Georgia 1735-1740
+by Adelaide L. Fries
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+The Moravians in Georgia, 1735-1740, by Adelaide L. Fries
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+June, 1996  [Etext #570]
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+
+The Moravians in Georgia, 1735-1740.
+by Adelaide L. Fries
+
+
+
+
+
+[Note on text:  Italicized words or phrases are capitalized.
+A few obvious errors have been corrected.  Many German names with umlauts
+have had the umlaut replaced with an `e' following the vowel
+(according to standard form) due to the limitations of ASCII.
+These names are noted in the Index.]
+
+
+
+
+
+The Moravians in Georgia, 1735-1740.
+
+
+Adelaide L. Fries
+Winston-Salem, N. C.
+
+
+
+
+
+Preface.
+
+
+
+In the life of any individual, association, or nation, there will probably be
+one or more occurrences which may be considered as success or failure
+according to the dramatic features of the event and the ultimate results.
+Of this the Battle of Bunker Hill is a striking example.
+On the morning of June 17th, 1775, a force of British soldiers
+attacked a small body of raw, ill-equipped American volunteers,
+who had fortified a hill near Boston, and quickly drove them
+from their position.  By whom then was the Bunker Hill Monument erected?
+By the victors in that first engagement of the Revolution?  No,
+but by proud descendants of the vanquished, whose broader view showed them
+the incalculable benefits arising from that seeming defeat,
+which precipitated the great struggle, forcing every man in the Colonies
+to take a position squarely for or against the American Cause,
+convinced the timid that only proper equipment would be needed
+to enable the American army to hold its own against the foe,
+and taught the British that they were dealing, not with hot-headed rebels
+who would run at first sight of the dreaded "red coats", but with patriots
+who would stand their ground so long as a charge of powder remained,
+or gunstocks could be handled as clubs.
+
+Very much the same line of argument may be applied to the first attempt
+of the Moravian Church to establish a settlement on the American Continent.
+The story is usually passed over by historians in a few short paragraphs,
+and yet without the colony in Georgia, the whole history of the Renewed Church
+of the Unitas Fratrum would have been very different.  Without that movement
+the Moravian Church might never have been established in England,
+without it the great Methodist denomination might never have come into being,
+without it the American Moravian provinces, North or South,
+might not have been planned.  Of course Providence might have provided
+other means for the accomplishment of these ends, but certain it is
+that in the actual development of all these things the "unsuccessful attempt"
+in Georgia, 1735 to 1740, played a most important part.
+
+In preparing this history a number of private libraries, the collections of
+the Georgia Historical Society, the Congressional Library, the British Museum,
+were searched for data, but so little was found that the story,
+in so far as it relates to the Moravian settlement,
+has been drawn entirely from the original manuscripts in the Archives
+of the Unitas Fratrum at Herrnhut, Germany, with some additions from
+the Archives at Bethlehem, Pa., and Salem, N. C.  For the general history
+of Georgia, of the Moravian Church, and of the Wesleys,
+Steven's History of Georgia, Hamilton's History of the Moravian Church,
+Levering's History of Bethlehem, Pa., Some Fathers of the American
+Moravian Church, by de Schweinitz, Strobel's History of the Salzburgers,
+Tyreman's Oxford Methodists, and Wesley's Journal have been most largely used.
+
+The history of the Moravian settlement in Georgia falls into that period
+when dates are much confused through the contemporaneous use of the old style,
+or Julian calendar, and the new style, or Gregorian calendar.
+As the latter is now current everywhere, except in Russia and the Orient,
+it is here employed throughout, old style dates being translated
+where they occur in the records.
+
+Special thanks are due to Rev. A. Glitsch, Archivist at Herrnhut,
+for courtesies extended while the author was examining
+the invaluable collection of papers entrusted to his care,
+and also for his supervision of the copying of such documents
+as were selected; to Mr. Isaac Beckett, of Savannah, for information
+respecting the Moravian lands; to Mr. John Jordan, of Philadelphia,
+for copies of deeds and other papers relating to the settlement;
+to Mr. W. S. Pfohl, of Salem, for assistance with the illustrations;
+and to Mr. John W. Fries for suggestion and inspiration for the work,
+and the constant encouragement and sympathetic interest without which
+the author's courage would have failed during the tedious years
+of gathering material for the book, which is now presented to those
+who may find in it something of explanation, something of interest,
+concerning the Moravian settlement in Georgia, and the broader history
+which the story touches on every side.
+
+                                                  Adelaide L. Fries.
+August, 1904.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Table of Contents.
+
+
+
+Chapter I.  Antecedent Events.
+  The Province of Georgia.
+  The Salzburgers.
+  Unitas Fratrum.
+  Halle Opposition.
+
+Chapter II.  Negotiations with the Trustees of Georgia.
+  The Schwenkfelders.
+  Preliminary Steps.
+  The "First Company".
+
+Chapter III.  The First Year in Georgia.
+  The Voyage.
+  Making a Start.
+  Aim and Attainment.
+
+Chapter IV.  Reinforcements.
+  The "Second Company".
+  Four Journals.
+  Organization.
+
+Chapter V.  The Second Year in Georgia.
+  The English Clergymen.
+  Work Among the Indians.
+  The "Society".
+  Rumors of War.
+
+Chapter VI.  Disintegration.
+  Spangenberg's Visit.
+  A Closing Door.
+  Wesley, Ingham and Toeltschig.
+  The Negro Mission.
+
+Chapter VII.  Conclusion.
+  Later Attempts in Georgia.
+  The Savannah Lands.
+  Arrivals, Departures, Deaths.
+  Summary.
+
+
+
+
+The Moravians in Georgia, 1735-1740.
+
+
+
+
+Chapter I.  Antecedent Events.
+
+
+
+  The Province of Georgia.
+
+It was in the year 1728 that the English Parliament was persuaded
+by James Oglethorpe, Esq. -- soldier, statesman and philanthropist, --
+to appoint a committee to investigate the condition of the debtors
+confined in the Fleet and Marchalsea prisons.  The lot of these debtors
+was a most pitiable one, for a creditor had power to imprison a man
+for an indefinite term of years, and the unfortunate debtor,
+held within the four walls of his prison, could earn no money
+to pay the debt that was owing, and unless friends came to his rescue,
+was utterly at the mercy of the oft-times barbarous jailor.  The Committee,
+consisting of ninety-six prominent men, with Oglethorpe as Chairman,
+recommended and secured the redress of many grievances, and the passing
+of better laws for the future, but Oglethorpe and a few associates
+conceived a plan which they thought would eradicate the evil
+by striking at its very root, the difficulty which many found
+in earning a living in the overcrowded cities.
+
+In 1663 King Charles II. had granted to eight "Lords Proprietors"
+the portion of North America lying between the 31st and 36th degrees
+of latitude, enlarging the boundaries in 1665 to 29 deg. and 36 deg. 30 min.
+By 1728 most of these Lords Proprietors had tired of their attempt
+to govern the colonies they had established in "Carolina", and in 1729
+seven of the eight sold their interest to the English crown,
+the district being divided into "North Carolina", "South Carolina",
+and a more southerly portion, nominally included in the latter,
+which was held in reserve.
+
+To this unused land the thoughts of Oglethorpe turned,
+and he and his friends addressed a memorial to the Privy Council,
+stating "that the cities of London, Westminster, and parts adjacent,
+do abound with great numbers of indigent persons, who are reduced
+to such necessity as to become burthensome to the public, and who would be
+willing to seek a livelihood in any of his majesty's plantations in America,
+if they were provided with a passage, and means of settling there."
+They therefore asked for a grant of land lying south of the Savannah River,
+where they wished to establish a colony in which these unfortunate men
+might begin life anew, and where Protestants, persecuted in some parts
+of Europe, might find a refuge.  They also offered to take entire charge
+of the affair, and their petition, after passing through the usual channels,
+was approved by the King, George II, a charter was prepared,
+and the great seal was affixed June 9th, 1732.
+
+This instrument constituted twenty-one noblemen and gentlemen
+a body corporate, by the name and style of "The Trustees for establishing
+the Colony of Georgia in America", and in them was vested full authority
+for the collecting of subscriptions and the expending of moneys gathered,
+the selection of colonists, and the making and administering of laws
+in Georgia; but no member of the corporation was allowed to receive a salary,
+or any fees, or to hold land in the new province.  The undertaking was to be
+strictly for the good of others, not for their own pecuniary benefit.
+The charter granted to them "all those lands, countries,
+and territories situate, lying and being in that part of South Carolina,
+in America" between the Savannah and Altamaha, gave them permission
+to take over any British subjects, or foreigners willing to become such,
+and guaranteed to each settler the rights of an English subject,
+and full liberty of conscience, -- Papists alone excepted.
+This apparently pointed exception was natural enough,
+since from a political standpoint the new colony was regarded
+as a valuable guard for the Protestant English Colonies on the north,
+against the Indians and Roman Catholic colonists to the south,
+who had been keeping the border settlers in a continual state of uneasiness,
+even in times of nominal peace.  Moreover England had not forgotten
+the terrible experience of the latter half of the preceding century,
+when it was war to the death between Catholic and Protestant,
+and the latter party being the stronger the former was subjected
+to great and unpardonable persecution, many were executed,
+and all holding that faith were laid under political disabilities
+which lasted for a hundred and fifty years.
+
+The plans of the Trustees were very broad.  They intended "to relieve
+such unfortunate persons as cannot subsist here, and establish them
+in an orderly manner, so as to form a well regulated town.  As far as
+their fund goes they will defray the charge of their passage to Georgia --
+give them necessaries, cattle, land, and subsistence, till such time
+as they can build their houses and clear some of their land."
+In this manner "many families who would otherwise starve will be provided for,
+and made masters of houses and lands; * * * and by giving refuge
+to the distressed Salzburgers and other Protestants, the power of Britain,
+as a reward for its hospitality, will be increased by the addition
+of so many religious and industrious subjects."
+
+Each of the emigrants was to receive about fifty acres of land,
+including a town lot, a garden of five acres, and a forty-five acre farm,
+and the Trustees offered to give a tract of five hundred acres
+to any well-to-do man who would go over at his own expense,
+taking with him at least ten servants, and promising his military service
+in case of need.
+
+But there was a commercial as well as a benevolent side to the designs
+of the Trustees, for they thought Georgia could be made to furnish silk,
+wine, oil and drugs in large quantities, the importing of which
+would keep thousands of pounds sterling in English hands which had hitherto
+gone to China, Persia and the Madeiras.  Special provision was therefore made
+to secure the planting of mulberry trees as the first step
+towards silk culture, the other branches to be introduced as speedily
+as might be.
+
+Filled with enthusiasm for their plan, the Trustees proceeded
+to spread abroad the most glowing descriptions of the country
+where the new colony was to be settled.
+
+"The kind spring, which but salutes us here,
+ Inhabits there, and courts them all the year.
+Ripe fruits and blossoms on the same trees live --
+ At once they promise, when at once they give.
+So sweet the air, so moderate the clime,
+ None sickly lives, or dies before his time.
+Heaven, sure, has kept this spot of earth uncurst,
+ To shew how all things were created first."
+
+So wrote Oglethorpe, quoting the lines as the best pen picture he could give
+of the new land, and truly, if the colonists found the reality less roseate
+than they anticipated, it was not the fault of their generous,
+energetic leader, who spared neither pains nor means in his effort
+to make all things work out as his imagination had painted them.
+
+The Trustees having, with great care, selected thirty-five families
+from the number who wished to go, the first emigrant ship sailed for Georgia
+in November, 1732, bearing about one hundred and twenty-five
+"sober, industrious and moral persons", and all needful stores
+for the establishment of the colony.  Early in the following year
+they reached America, and Oglethorpe, having chosen a high bluff
+on the southern bank of the Savannah River, concluded a satisfactory treaty
+with Tomochichi, the chief of the nearest Indian tribe, which was later
+ratified in a full Council of the chiefs of all the Lower Creeks.
+His fairness and courteous treatment won the hearts of all,
+especially of Tomochichi and his people, who for many years
+remained on the best of terms with the town which was now laid out
+upon the bluff.
+
+
+  The Salzburgers.
+
+The Salzburgers, referred to by name in the proposals of the Georgia Trustees,
+were, at this time, very much upon the mind and heart of Protestant Europe.
+They were Germans, belonging to the Archbishopric of Salzburg,
+then the most eastern district of Bavaria, but now a province of Austria.
+"Their ancestors, the Vallenges of Piedmont, had been compelled
+by the barbarities of the Dukes of Savoy to find a shelter from the storms
+of persecution in the Alpine passes and vales of Salzburg and the Tyrol,
+before the Reformation; and frequently since, they had been hunted out
+by the hirelings and soldiery of the Church of Rome, and condemned
+for their faith to tortures of the most cruel and revolting kind.
+In 1684-6, they were again threatened with an exterminating persecution;
+but were saved in part by the intervention of the Protestant States
+of Saxony and Brandenburg, though more than a thousand emigrated
+on account of the dangers to which they were exposed.
+
+"But the quietness which they then enjoyed for nearly half a century
+was rudely broken in upon by Leopold, Count of Firmian and Archbishop
+of Salzburg, who determined to reduce them to the Papal faith and power.
+He began in the year 1729, and ere he ended in 1732
+not far from thirty thousand had been driven from their homes,
+to seek among the Protestant States of Europe that charity and peace
+which were denied them in the glens and fastnesses of their native Alps.
+
+"The march of these Salzburgers constitutes an epoch
+in the history of Germany.  * * *  Arriving at Augsburg,
+the magistrates closed the gates against them, refusing them entrance
+to that city which, two hundred years before, through Luther and Melancthon
+and in the presence of Charles V and the assembled Princes of Germany,
+had given birth to the celebrated Augsburg Confession, for clinging to which
+the Salzburgers were now driven from their homes; but overawed
+by the Protestants, the officers reluctantly admitted the emigrants,
+who were kindly entertained by the Lutherans.
+
+"The sympathies of Reformed Christendom were awakened on their behalf, and the
+most hospitable entertainment and assistance were everywhere given them."
+Only a few months after the signing of the Georgia Colony Charter,
+the "Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge"
+requested the Trustees to include the Salzburgers in their plans.
+The Trustees expressed their willingness to grant lands,
+and to manage any money given toward their expenses, but stated
+that they then held no funds which were available for that purpose.
+
+In May, 1733, the House of Commons appropriated 10,000 Pounds
+to the Trustees of Georgia, "to be applied towards defraying the charges
+of carrying over and settling foreign and other Protestants in said colony,"
+and over 3,000 Pounds additional having been given privately, the Trustees,
+at the suggestion of Herr von Pfeil, consul of Wittenberg at Regensberg,
+wrote to Senior Samuel Urlsperger, pastor of the Lutheran Church of St. Ann
+in the city of Augsburg, who had been very kind to the Salzburgers
+on their arrival there, "and ever afterward watched over their welfare
+with the solicitude of an affectionate father."  On receipt of the invitation
+from the Trustees, seventy-eight persons decided to go to Georgia,
+and left Augsburg on the 21st of October, reaching Rotterdam
+the 27th of November, where they were joined by two ministers,
+Rev. Mr. Bolzius, deputy superintendent of the Latin Orphan School at Halle,
+and Rev. Mr. Gronau, a tutor in the same, who were to accompany them
+to their new home.  In England they were treated with marked kindness,
+and when they sailed, January 19, 1734, it was with the promise
+of free transportation to Georgia, and support there until they could reap
+their first harvest from the fifty acres which were to be given
+to each man among them.
+
+They reached Charlestown, South Carolina, the following March,
+and met General Oglethorpe, the Governor of Georgia, who was intending
+an immediate return to Europe, but went back to help them select
+a suitable place for their settlement, they preferring not to live
+in Savannah itself.  The site chosen was about twenty-five miles
+from Savannah, on a large stream flowing into the Savannah River,
+and there they laid out their town, calling it "Ebenezer",
+in grateful remembrance of the Divine help that had brought them thither.
+Baron von Reck, who had accompanied them as Commissary of the Trustees,
+stayed with them until they had made a good beginning, and then returned
+to Europe, leaving Ebenezer about the middle of May.
+
+
+  Unitas Fratrum.
+
+But while the Salzburgers received so much sympathy and kindness in Germany
+on account of their distress, other exiled Protestants, whose story was
+no less touching, were being treated with scant courtesy and consideration.
+
+On the 6th of July, 1415, the Bohemian Reformer, John Hus, was burned
+at the stake.  But those who had silenced him could not unsay his message,
+and at last there drew together a little body of earnest men,
+who agreed to accept the Bible as their only standard of faith and practice,
+and established a strict discipline which should keep their lives
+in the simplicity, purity, and brotherly love of the early Apostolic Church.
+This was in 1457, and the movement quickly interested the thoughtful people
+in all classes of society, many of whom joined their ranks.  The formal
+organization of the Unitas Fratrum (the Unity of Brethren) followed,
+and its preaching, theological publications, and educational work
+soon raised it to great influence in Bohemia, Moravia, and Poland,
+friendly intercourse being established with Luther, Calvin,
+and other Reformers as they became prominent.
+
+Then came destruction, when the religious liberty of Bohemia and Moravia
+was extinguished in blood, by the Church of Rome.  The great Comenius
+went forth, a wanderer on the face of the earth, welcomed and honored
+in courts and universities, introducing new educational principles
+that revolutionized methods of teaching, but ever longing and praying
+for the restoration of his Church; and by his publication of its Doctrine
+and Rules of Discipline, and by his careful transmission of the Episcopate
+which had been bestowed upon him and his associate Bishops,
+he did contribute largely to that renewal which he was not destined to see.
+
+In the home lands there were many who held secretly, tenaciously, desperately,
+to the doctrines they loved, "in hope against hope" that the great oppression
+would be lifted.  But the passing of a hundred years brought no relief,
+concessions granted to others were still denied to the children of those
+who had been the first "protestants" against religious slavery and corruption,
+and in 1722 a small company of descendants of the ancient Unitas Fratrum
+slipped over the borders of Moravia, and went to Saxony,
+Nicholas Lewis, Count Zinzendorf, having given them permission
+to sojourn on his estates until they could find suitable homes elsewhere.
+
+Hearing that they had reached a place of safety, other Moravians
+took their lives in their hands and followed, risking the imprisonment
+and torture which were sure to follow an unsuccessful attempt
+to leave a province, the Government of which would neither allow them
+to be happy at home nor to sacrifice everything and go away.
+Among these emigrants were five young men, who went in May, 1724,
+with the avowed intention of trying to resuscitate the Unitas Fratrum.
+They intended to go into Poland, where the organization of the Unitas Fratrum
+had lasted for a considerable time after its ruin in Bohemia,
+but, almost by accident, they decided to first visit Christian David,
+who had led the first company to Herrnhut, Saxony, and while there
+they became convinced that God meant them to throw in their lot
+with these refugees, and so remained, coming to be strong leaders
+in the renewed Unity.
+
+Several years, however, elapsed before the church was re-established.
+One hundred years of persecution had left the Moravians only traditions
+of the usages of the fathers, members of other sects who were in trouble
+came and settled among them, bringing diverse views, and things
+were threatening to become very much involved, when Count Zinzendorf,
+who had hitherto paid little attention to them, awoke to the realization
+of their danger, and at once set to work to help them.
+
+It was no easy task which he undertook, for the Moravians insisted
+on retaining their ancient discipline, and he must needs try to please them
+and at the same time preserve the bond of union with the State Church, --
+the Lutheran, -- of which, as his tenants, they were officially
+considered members.  His tact and great personal magnetism
+at last healed the differences which had sprung up between the settlers,
+the opportune finding of Comenius' `Ratio Disciplinae' enabled them
+with certainty to formulate rules that agreed with those
+of the ancient Unitas Fratrum, and a marked outpouring of the Holy Spirit
+at a Communion, August 13th, 1727, sealed the renewal of the Church.
+
+"They walked with God in peace and love,
+ But failed with one another;
+While sternly for the faith they strove,
+ Brother fell out with brother;
+But He in Whom they put their trust,
+ Who knew their frames, that they were dust,
+Pitied and healed their weakness.
+
+"He found them in His House of prayer,
+ With one accord assembled,
+And so revealed His presence there,
+ They wept for joy and trembled;
+One cup they drank, one bread they brake,
+ One baptism shared, one language spake,
+Forgiving and forgiven.
+
+"Then forth they went with tongues of flame
+ In one blest theme delighting,
+The love of Jesus and His Name
+ God's children all uniting!
+That love our theme and watchword still;
+ That law of love may we fulfill,
+And love as we are loved."
+                              (Montgomery.)
+
+At this time there was no thought of separating from the State Church
+and establishing a distinct denomination, and Zinzendorf believed
+that the Unitas Fratrum could exist as a `society' working in,
+and in harmony with, the State Church of whatever nation it might enter.
+This idea, borrowed probably from Spener's "ecclesiolae in ecclesia",
+clung to him, even after circumstances had forced the Unity to declare
+its independence and the validity of the ordination of its ministry,
+and many otherwise inexplicable things in the later policy of the Church
+may be traced to its influence.
+
+
+  Halle Opposition.
+
+In 1734 Zinzendorf took orders in the Lutheran Church, but this,
+and all that preceded it, seemed to augment rather than quiet the antagonism
+which the development of Herrnhut aroused in certain quarters.
+This opposition was not universal.  The Moravians had many warm friends
+and advocates at the Saxon Court, at the Universities of Jena and Tuebingen,
+and elsewhere, but they also had active enemies who drew their inspiration
+principally from the University of Halle.
+
+The opposition of Halle seems to have been largely prompted by jealousy.
+In 1666 a revolt against the prevailing cold formalism of the Lutheran Church
+was begun by Philip Jacob Spener, a minister of that Church,
+who strongly urged the need for real personal piety on the part
+of each individual.  His ideas were warmly received by some,
+and disliked by others, who stigmatized Spener and his disciples
+as "Pietists", but the doctrine spread, and in the course of time
+the University of Halle became its centre.  Among those who were greatly
+attracted by the movement were Count Zinzendorf's parents and grandparents,
+and when he was born, May 26th, 1700, Spener was selected as his sponsor.
+
+Being of a warm-hearted, devout nature, young Zinzendorf yielded readily
+to the influence of his pious grandmother, to whose care he was left
+after his father's death and his mother's second marriage,
+and by her wish he entered the Paedagogium at Halle in 1710,
+remaining there six years.  Then his uncle, fearing that he would become
+a religious enthusiast, sent him to the University of Wittenberg,
+with strict orders to apply himself to the study of law.  Here he learned
+to recognize the good side of the Wittenberg divines, who were decried
+by Halle, and tried to bring the two Universities to a better understanding,
+but without result.
+
+In 1719 he was sent on an extensive foreign tour, according to custom,
+and in the picture gallery of Duesseldorf saw an Ecce Homo
+with its inscription "This have I done for thee, what hast thou done for me?"
+which settled him forever in his determination to devote his whole life
+to the service of Christ.
+
+Rather against his wishes, Count Zinzendorf then took office under
+the Saxon Government, but about the same time he bought from his grandmother
+the estate of Berthelsdorf, desiring to establish a centre of piety,
+resembling Halle.  The coming of the Moravian and other refugees
+and their settlement at Herrnhut, near Berthelsdorf, was to him at first
+only an incident; but as their industry and the preaching of Pastor Rothe,
+whom he had put in charge of the Berthelsdorf Lutheran Church,
+began to attract attention, he went to Halle, expecting sympathy
+from his friends there.  Instead he met with rebuke and disapproval,
+the leaders resenting the fact that he had not placed the work
+directly under their control, and apparently realizing, as he did not,
+that the movement would probably lead to the establishment
+of a separate church.
+
+In spite of their disapprobation, the work at Herrnhut prospered,
+and the more it increased the fiercer their resentment grew.  That they,
+who had gained their name from their advocacy of the need for personal piety,
+should have been foremost in opposing a man whose piety
+was his strongest characteristic, and a people who for three hundred years,
+in prosperity and adversity, in danger, torture and exile,
+had held "Christ and Him Crucified" as their Confession of Faith,
+and pure and simple living for His sake as their object in life,
+is one of the ironies of history.
+
+Nor did the Halle party confine itself to criticism.  Some years later
+Zinzendorf was for a time driven into exile, and narrowly escaped
+the confiscation of all his property, while its methods of obstructing
+the missionary and colonizing efforts of the Moravians will appear
+in the further history of the Georgia colony.
+
+
+
+
+Chapter II.  Negotiations with the Trustees of Georgia.
+
+
+
+  The Schwenkfelders.
+
+Among those who came to share the hospitalities of Count Zinzendorf
+during the years immediately preceding the renewal of the Unitas Fratrum,
+were a company of Schwenkfelders.  Their sojourn on his estate
+was comparatively brief, and their association with the Moravian Church
+only temporary, but they are of interest because their necessities
+led directly to the Moravian settlements in Georgia and Pennsylvania.
+
+The Schwenkfelders took their name from Casper Schwenkfeld,
+a Silesian nobleman contemporary with Luther, who had in the main
+embraced the Reformer's doctrines, but formed some opinions of his own
+in regard to the Lord's Supper, and one or two other points.  His followers
+were persecuted in turn by Lutherans and Jesuits, and in 1725 a number of them
+threw themselves on the mercy of Count Zinzendorf.  He permitted them
+to stay for a while at Herrnhut, where their views served
+to increase the confusion which prevailed prior to the revival of 1727,
+about which time he moved them to Ober-Berthelsdorf.
+
+In 1732, Zinzendorf's personal enemies accused him, before the Saxon Court,
+of being a dangerous man, and the Austrian Government complained
+that he was enticing its subjects to remove to his estates.
+The Count asked for a judicial investigation, which was granted,
+the Prefect of Goerlitz spending three days in a rigid examination
+of the affairs of Herrnhut.  The result was a most favorable report,
+showing the orthodoxy of the settlers, and that instead of urging emigration
+from Bohemia and Moravia, Zinzendorf had protested against it,
+receiving only those who were true exiles for conscience' sake.
+In spite of this the Saxon Government, a few months later,
+forbade him to receive any more refugees.
+
+In April, 1733, a decree went forth that all Schwenkfelders were to leave
+the Kingdom of Saxony.  This, of course, affected those who were living
+at Ober-Berthelsdorf, and a committee of four waited on Count Zinzendorf,
+and requested him to secure a new home for them in the land of Georgia
+in North America.  Probably Zinzendorf, whose attention had been caught
+by the attractive advertisements of the Trustees, had unofficially
+suggested the idea to them.
+
+Lest his opening negotiations with the English Company should foment
+the trouble at home, he sent his first communication to them anonymously,
+about the end of 1733.
+
+"A nobleman, of the Protestant religion, connected with the most influential
+families of Germany, has decided to live for a time in America,
+without, however, renouncing his estates in Germany.  But as circumstances
+render it inadvisable for him to take such a step hastily,
+he wishes to send in advance a number of families of his dependents,
+composed of honest, sturdy, industrious, skillful, economical people,
+well ordered in their domestic affairs, who, having no debts,
+will try to sell such possessions as they cannot take with them
+in order to raise the funds for establishing themselves in their new home.
+
+"This nobleman, on his part, promises:
+
+(1)  To be governed by the King, and the English Nation, in all things,
+matters of conscience alone excepted; that is, he will be true to the Prince,
+the Protestant Succession, and Parliament in everything relating to
+the estates he may receive in this country, and thereto will pledge his life,
+and the property he may in future hold under the protection of His Majesty
+of Great Britain.
+
+(2)  To be surety for the dependents that he sends over, and to assume
+only such jurisdiction over them as is customary among English Lords
+on their estates.
+
+(3)  To carefully repay the English Nation such sums as may be advanced
+for his establishment in Georgia, and moreover, as soon as the property
+is in good condition, to consider it only as rented until the obligation
+is discharged.
+
+(4)  To assist the King and Nation, with all zeal and by all means
+in his power, to carry out His Majesty's designs for Georgia.
+He will bring to that all the insight and knowledge of a man of affairs,
+who from youth up has studied the most wholesome principles and laws
+for a State, and has had personal experience in putting them into execution;
+but, on the other hand, he has learned such self-control
+that he will meddle with nothing in which his services are not desired.
+
+"In consideration of these things the nobleman asks that --
+
+(1)  If more knowledge of his standing is desired he shall be expected
+to give it to no one except a Committee of Parliament, composed of members
+of both houses, appointed by his Britannic Majesty, or to a Committee
+of the `Collegii directoriatis' of America, who shall be empowered
+to grant his requests; this in view of the fact that the petitioner
+is a German Nobleman, whose family is well known, his father having been
+Ambassador to England, and his kindred among the foremost statesmen of Europe.
+
+(2)  After the Committee has received sufficient and satisfactory information
+it shall be silent in regard to the circumstances and his personality,
+as he has weighty reasons for not wishing to subject himself to criticism.
+
+(3)  He shall be given a written agreement, guaranteeing the following things:
+
+ a.  That he shall receive enough land for a household
+ of fifty to sixty persons, and for about a hundred other dependents,
+ most of whom have a trade or profession, and all able
+ to help build up the country.
+
+ b.  That his dependents shall be given free transportation,
+ and supplies for the voyage.
+
+ c.  That they shall be taken directly to the place mentioned
+ in the agreement.
+
+ d.  That he and his agent shall have certain sums advanced to him
+ for the expenses of the removal to Georgia, the money to be given them
+ only when they are ready to embark in England, -- payment to be made
+ several years later, a rate of interest having been mutually agreed on,
+ and the estate in Georgia being given for security if necessary.
+
+ e.  All that is needed for the building of a village for himself and
+ his dependents shall be furnished them, -- but as an interest bearing loan.
+
+ f.  That he, and the colonists who will go with him, shall have
+ full religious liberty, they being neither papists nor visionaries.
+
+ g.  That if any of his dependents should fall into error
+ no one should attempt to correct them, but leave him to handle the matter
+ according to his own judgment; on the other hand he will stand surety
+ for the conduct of his dependents as citizens.
+
+ h.  That he and his descendents shall be taken under the protection
+ of the English Nation if they request it.
+
+ i.  That he may be permitted to choose whether he will go himself to Georgia,
+ or send a representative to set his affairs in order, and if the latter,
+ then the representative shall receive the courteous treatment
+ that would have been accorded him.
+
+ j.  That those among his colonists who wish to preach the gospel
+ to the heathen shall be allowed to do so; and their converts shall have
+ the same religious freedom as his colonists.
+
+ k.  That he and his dependents in Georgia shall be given the privileges
+ in spiritual affairs which the independent Lords of Germany enjoy
+ in temporal affairs.
+
+ l.  That all his property shall be at the service of the State
+ in time of need, but neither he nor his dependents shall be called on
+ for military duty, in lieu whereof he will, if necessary,
+ pay a double war tax."
+
+From this document it appears that even at this early stage
+of the negotiations Zinzendorf's plans for the settlement in Georgia
+were well matured.  A town was to be built by his colonists,
+where they should have all privileges for the free exercise of their religion;
+they, as thrifty citizens, were to assist in the upbuilding of Georgia;
+they were to preach the gospel to the heathen; they were NOT to bear arms,
+but in case of war to pay a double tax.  His careful avoidance of the plea
+of religious persecution was caused by the fact that his own King
+had ordered the exile of the Schwenkfelders, for Zinzendorf all his life
+sought to pay due respect to those in authority, and even when his conscience
+forced him to differ with them it was done with perfect courtesy,
+giving equal weight to all parts of the commandment "Honor all men;
+love the brotherhood; fear God; honor the King."
+
+The proposals of the Count were forwarded through Herr von Pfeil,
+and were presented to the Trustees of the Colony of Georgia by a Mr. Lorenz.
+Who this gentleman was does not appear, but a man bearing that name
+was one of the Germans, living in London, who in 1737 formed a society
+for religious improvement under the influence of Count Zinzendorf.
+
+Through the same channel the answer of the Trustees was returned:
+
+"Mr. Lorenz,
+
+The proposals sent by Baron Pfeil from Ratisbon (Regensberg)
+to the Trustees of Georgia have been read at their meeting, but as they see
+that the gentleman asks pecuniary assistance for the establishment
+he contemplates, they answer that they have absolutely no fund
+from which to defray such expenses, but that in case the gentleman
+who suggests it wishes to undertake the enterprise at his own cost
+they will be able to grant him land in Georgia on conditions to which
+no one could object, and which he may learn as soon as the Trustees
+have been informed that he has decided to go at his own expense.
+You will have the kindness to forward this to Baron Pfeil, and oblige,
+     your most humble
+                         servant J. Vernon."
+
+Whether this plea of "no fund" was prompted by indifference,
+or whether they really considered the money appropriated by Parliament
+as intended for the Salzburgers alone, is immaterial.
+Perhaps Zinzendorf's very proposals to consider any assistance as a loan
+made them think him able to finance the scheme himself.
+
+The Schwenkfelders, being under orders to expatriate themselves,
+left Berthelsdorf on the 26th of May, 1734, under the leadership
+of Christopher Wiegner (sometimes called George in Moravian MSS.)
+and at their request George Boehnisch, one of the Herrnhut Moravians,
+went with them.  Their plan was to go through Holland to England,
+and thence to Georgia, but in the former country they changed their minds
+and sailed for Pennsylvania.  In December of the same year
+Spangenberg was in Rotterdam, where he lodged with a Dr. Koker,
+from whom he learned the reason for their, until then, unexplained behavior.
+Dr. Koker belonged to a Society calling themselves the "Collegiants",
+the membership of which was drawn from the Reformed, Lutheran,
+and various other churches.  Their cardinal principles were freedom of speech,
+freedom of belief, and liberty to retain membership in their own denominations
+if they desired.  The Society was really an offshoot of the Baptist Church,
+differing, however, in its non-insistance upon a particular form of baptism.
+Twice a year the members met in the Lord's Supper, to which all were welcomed
+whose life was beyond reproach.  In Holland they enjoyed the same privileges
+as other sects, and had a following in Amsterdam, Haarlem, Rotterdam,
+Leyden, etc.
+
+It appeared that the Schwenkfelders had first addressed themselves
+to these Collegiants, especially to Cornelius van Putten in Haarlem,
+and Pieter Koker in Rotterdam, but when their need grew more pressing
+they appealed to Count Zinzendorf.  When he was not able to obtain for them
+all they wanted, they turned again to the Collegiants, and were
+in conference with them in Rotterdam.  The Collegiants were very much opposed
+to the Georgia Colony, -- "the Dutch intensely disliked anything that would
+connect them with England," -- and although Thomas Coram, one of the Trustees,
+who happened to be in Rotterdam, promised the Schwenkfelders
+free transportation (which had been refused Zinzendorf),
+the Collegiants persuaded them not to go to Georgia.  Their chief argument
+was that the English Government sent its convicts to Georgia,
+a proof that it was not a good land, and the Schwenkfelders were also told
+that the English intended to use them as slaves.
+
+Disturbed by this view of the case, the Schwenkfelders accepted
+an offer of free transportation to Pennsylvania, where they arrived in safety
+on the 22nd of September.
+
+Spangenberg had wished to serve as their pastor in Georgia,
+thinking it would give him opportunity to carry out his cherished wish
+to bear the gospel message to the heathen, and he felt himself
+still in a measure bound to them, despite their change of purpose,
+and at a somewhat later time did visit them in their new home.  There was
+some idea of then taking them to Georgia, but it did not materialize,
+and they remained permanently in Pennsylvania, settling in the counties
+of Montgomery, Berks and Lehigh.  Their descendents there preserve the customs
+of their fathers, and are the only representatives of the Schwenkfelder form
+of doctrine, the sect having become extinct in Europe.
+
+
+  Preliminary Steps.
+
+While the exile of the Schwenkfelders was the immediate cause
+which led Zinzendorf to open negotiations with the Trustees
+of the Colony of Georgia, the impulse which prompted him involved far more
+than mere assistance to them.  Foreign Missions, in the modern sense
+of the word, were almost unknown in Zinzendorf's boyhood,
+yet from his earliest days his thoughts turned often to those who lay
+beyond the reach of gospel light.  In 1730, while on a visit to Copenhagen,
+he heard that the Lutheran Missionary Hans Egede, who for years
+had been laboring single handed to convert the Eskimos of Greenland,
+was sorely in need of help; and Anthony, the negro body-servant
+of a Count Laurwig, gave him a most pathetic description
+of the condition of the negro slaves in the Danish West Indies.
+
+Filled with enthusiasm, Zinzendorf returned to Herrnhut,
+and poured the two stories into willing ears, for ever since
+the great revival of 1727 the Moravian emigrants had been scanning the field,
+anxious to carry the "good news" abroad, and held back only by
+the apparent impossibility of going forward.  Who were they,
+without influence, without means, without a country even,
+that they should take such an office upon themselves?
+But the desire remained, and at this summons they prepared to do
+the impossible.  In August, 1732, two men started for St. Thomas, --
+in April, 1733, three more sailed for Greenland, and in the face of hardships
+that would have daunted men of less than heroic mold, successful missions
+were established at both places.
+
+But this was not enough.  "My passionate desire," wrote Zinzendorf
+from Herrnhut in January, 1735, "my passionate desire to make Jesus known
+among the heathen has found a satisfaction in the blessed Greenland,
+St. Thomas and Lapp work, but without appeasing my hunger.
+I therefore look into every opportunity which presents itself,
+seeking that the kingdom of my Redeemer may be strengthened among men."
+
+Nor did he lack ready assistants, for the Moravians were as eager as he.
+"When we in Herrnhut heard of Georgia, of which much was being published
+in the newspapers, and when we realized the opportunity it would give
+to carry the Truth to the heathen, several Brethren, who had the Lord's honor
+much at heart, were led, doubtless by His hand, to think that it would be
+a good plan to send some Brethren thither, if it might please the Lord
+to bless our work among the heathen, and so to bring those poor souls,
+now far from Christ, nigh unto Him.  We tried to learn about the land,
+but could secure no accurate information, for some spoke from hearsay,
+others with prejudice, and many more with too great partiality.  But we
+at last decided to venture, in the faith that the Lord would help us through."
+
+The needs of the Schwenkfelders gave a new turn to their thoughts,
+and suggested the advantages that might accrue from a settlement in America
+to which they might all retreat if the persecution in Saxony waxed violent;
+but early in the year 1734, the question "Shall we go to Georgia
+only as Colonists, or also as Missionaries?" was submitted to the lot,
+and the answer was "As Missionaries also."
+
+The defection of the Schwenkfelders, therefore, while a serious interference
+with the Herrnhut plan, was not allowed to ruin the project.
+Zinzendorf wrote again to the Trustees, and they repeated their promise
+of land, provided his colonists would go at their own expense.
+
+After much consultation the decision was reached that Zinzendorf should ask
+for a tract of five hundred acres, and that ten men should be sent over
+to begin a town, their families and additional settlers to follow them
+in a few months.
+
+The next step was to find a way to send these men across the Atlantic.
+Baron George Philipp Frederick von Reck, a nephew of Herr von Pfeil,
+who had led the first company of Salzburgers to Georgia,
+was planning to take a second company in the course of the next months.
+He was young and enthusiastic, met Zinzendorf's overtures most kindly,
+and even visited Herrnhut in the early part of October, 1734, when,
+as it happened, nine of the prospective colonists were formally presented
+to the Congregation.  Baron Reck was very much impressed,
+promised to take with him to Georgia any of the Moravians who wished to go,
+and even sent to David Nitschmann, who was to conduct the party
+as far as London, full authorization to bring as many as desired to come,
+promising each man who went at his own expense a fifty-acre freehold
+in Georgia, and offering others necessary assistance when they reached London.
+This paper was signed at Bautzen, October 22nd, 1734.
+
+But Reck had failed to realize the force of the Halle opposition to Herrnhut,
+and soon weakened under the weight of persuasion and command laid upon him
+by those whose opinion he felt obliged to respect.  On the 4th of November
+he wrote from Windhausen to Graf Stolberg Wernigerode, "I have hesitated
+and vexed myself in much uncertainty whether or not I should go
+with the Herrnhuters to America.  And now I know that God has heard our prayer
+at Halle and Wernigerode, and your letters have decided me to stay in Germany
+this winter, in the first place because my going would be a grief
+to my dear Urlsperger, whom I love as a father, secondly because the English
+will send over a third transport of Salzburgers in the coming spring
+and wish me to take them, and thirdly because I wish to obey
+worthy and chosen men of God."
+
+He wrote to the same effect to Zinzendorf, and the Count,
+though doubtless annoyed, replied simply:  "Your Highness' resolution
+to accomodate yourself to your superiors would be known by us all for right.
+You will then not blame us if we go our way as it is pointed out to us
+by the Lord."
+
+A few days later Reck received a sharp note from the Trustees of Georgia,
+reproving him for his temerity in agreeing to take the Moravians with him
+to Georgia without consulting them, and reiterating the statement
+that the funds in their hands had been given for the use of the Salzburgers,
+and could be used for them alone.
+
+The young man must have winced not a little under all this censure,
+but while he yielded his plan to the wishes of the Halle party,
+he held firmly to the opinion he had formed of the Moravians.
+He wrote to Urlsperger and others in their behalf, declaring that
+they were a godly people, much misunderstood, that it was a shame
+to persecute them and try to hinder their going to Georgia,
+and he felt sure that if their opponents would once meet the Moravians
+and converse with them freely, confidentially, and without prejudice,
+they would come to respect them as he did.  He also suggested
+that there were many protestants remaining in Bohemia, who would gladly leave,
+and who might be secured for Georgia on the terms offered to the Salzburgers.
+The next year in fact, an effort was made to obtain permission
+from the Austrian Government for the emigration of these people,
+and Reck was authorized by the Trustees to take them to Georgia,
+but nothing came of it.
+
+Nor did his championship of the Bohemians and Moravians already in Saxony
+have any result.  Urlsperger was offended that the negotiations from Herrnhut
+with the Trustees were not being carried on through him,
+"the only one in Germany to whom the Trustees had sent formal authority
+to receive people persecuted on account of religion, or forced to emigrate,"
+and the Halle party were unable or unwilling to meet
+the leaders of the Moravians "without prejudice".  The company of Salzburgers
+therefore sailed for Georgia in November without Baron von Reck,
+and without the Moravians, Mr. Vat acting as Commissary.
+
+The Moravians, meanwhile, were not waiting idly for matters to turn their way,
+but even before Reck reached his decision Spangenberg had started for England
+to arrange personally with the Georgia Trustees for their emigration.
+
+August Gottlieb Spangenberg was born July 15th, 1704, at Klettenberg, Prussia.
+In the year 1727, while a student at Jena, he became acquainted
+with the Moravians through a visit of two of their number,
+which won them many friends at that institution.  Later,
+when he was Assistant Professor of Theology at Halle, he was required
+to sever his connection with the Moravians, or leave the University,
+and choosing the latter he came to Herrnhut in the spring of 1733.
+He was one of the strongest, ablest, and wisest leaders that
+the Unitas Fratrum has ever had, and eventually became a Bishop of the Unity,
+and a member of its governing board.  He was a writer of marked ability,
+and in his diaries was accustomed to speak of himself as "Brother Joseph",
+by which name he was also widely known among the Moravians.
+
+Spangenberg left Herrnhut in the late summer or early fall of 1734,
+bearing with him Zinzendorf's Power of Attorney to receive for him
+a grant from the Georgia Trustees of five hundred acres of land,
+and to transact all other necessary business.  He stopped for some time
+in Holland, where he made a number of acquaintances, some of whom gave him
+letters of introduction to friends in England and in America,
+and others contributed toward the necessary expenses of the emigrants.
+From Rotterdam he wrote to Zinzendorf, saying that he heard
+no ship would sail for America before February or March, and that he thought
+it would be best for the colonists to wait until he wrote from London,
+and then to come by way of Altona, as the Holland route was very expensive.
+These suggestions, however, came too late, as the party had left Herrnhut
+before the arrival of his letter.
+
+Spangenberg had a stormy voyage to England, and on reaching London,
+rented a room in "Mr. Barlow's Coffee House, in Wattling's street,
+near St. Anthelius Church."  He found the outlook rather discouraging,
+and a long letter written on the 10th of January, gives a vivid picture
+of the English mind regarding the "Herrnhuters".  Spangenberg had called
+on several merchants to see if he could arrange a loan for the Moravians,
+for Zinzendorf's means were already strained to the utmost
+by what he was doing for the Church, and he did not see how it was possible
+to provide the money in any other way.  But the merchants declined
+to make the loan, saying:  "We can not take the land (in Georgia) as surety,
+for it is not yet settled, and no man would give us a doit for it;
+the personal security (of the emigrants) is also not sufficient,
+for they might all die on the sea or in Georgia, -- there is danger of it,
+for the land is warmer than Europeans can bear, and many who
+have moved thither have died; if they settle on the land and then die
+the land reverts to the Trustees, so we would lose all;
+and the six per cent interest offered is not enough,
+for the money applied to business would yield twenty per cent.
+
+Others objected to having the Moravians go at all,
+especially Court Preacher Ziegenhagen, who belonged to the Halle party,
+and who, Spangenberg found, had much influence on account of his good judgment
+and spotless character.  They claimed:  (1) That the Moravians
+were not oppressed in Saxony, and had no good reason for wishing to leave;
+(2) that to say they wished to be near the heathen was only an excuse,
+for Georgia had nothing to do with the West Indies where they had a mission;
+(3) the Moravians could not bear the expense, and neither the Trustees
+nor the Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge would help them;
+(4) they could neither speak nor understand English, and would therefore be
+unable to support themselves in an English colony; (5) their going
+would create confusion, for Herr Bolzius, the pastor of the Salzburgers
+at Ebenezer, had written to beg that they should not be allowed to come;
+(6) if they went it would involve England in trouble with Saxony,
+and the Georgia Colony was not meant to take other rulers' subjects
+away from them, only to furnish an asylum for exiles, and poor Englishmen;
+(7) the Moravians could not remain subject to Zinzendorf,
+for they must all become naturalized Englishmen; (8) the suggestion
+that Zinzendorf's land could be cultivated by the heathen was absurd,
+for slavery was not permitted in Georgia and the Moravians could not afford
+to hire them; (9) ten or fifteen men, as were said to be on the way,
+would never be able to make headway in settling the forest,
+a task which had been almost too much for the large company of Salzburgers.
+
+Some of these statements dealt with facts, about which the critics
+might have acquired better information, had they so desired,
+others were prophecies of which only the years to come
+could prove or disprove the truth, others again touched difficulties
+which were even then confronting Count Zinzendorf's agent;
+but in the light of contemporary writings and later developments,
+it is possible to glance at each point and see in how far the Halle party
+were justified in their argument.  (1) The treatment in Saxony,
+while not as yet a persecution which threatened them with torture and death,
+had many unpleasant features, and the constant agitation against them
+might at any time crystalize into harsh measures, for those members
+of the Herrnhut community who had left friends and relatives in the homelands
+of Bohemia and Moravia were already forbidden to invite them to follow,
+or even to receive them if they came unasked seeking religious freedom.
+(2) There was no idea of associating the missions in Georgia
+and the West Indies, for the heathen whom they wished to reach
+by this new settlement were the Creek and Cherokee Indians with whom
+Governor Oglethorpe had already established pleasant relations,
+bringing several of their chiefs to England, and sending them home
+filled with admiration for all they had seen, much impressed by the kindness
+shown them, and willing to meet any efforts that might be made to teach them.
+(3) The money question was a vital one, and it was principally to solve that
+that Spangenberg had come to England, where with Oglethorpe's help
+he later succeeded in securing the desired loan.  (4) That they
+could speak little English was also a real difficulty; Spangenberg used Latin
+in his conferences with the educated men he met in London, but that medium
+was useless in Georgia, and while the Moravians learned English
+as rapidly as they could, and proved their capability for self-support,
+the failure to fully understand or be understood by their neighbors
+was responsible for many of the trials that were awaiting them
+in the New World.  (5) The protest of Bolzius was only a part
+of the general Salzburger opposition, and to avoid friction in Georgia,
+Zinzendorf had particularly recommended that the Moravians settle in a village
+apart by themselves, where they could "lead godly lives, patterned after
+the writings and customs of the apostles," without giving offense to any;
+and he promised, for the same reason, that as soon as they were established
+he would send them a regularly ordained minister, although laymen were doing
+missionary work in other fields.  (6) In order to avoid any danger
+of creating trouble between the Governments, the Moravian colonists
+carefully said nothing in London regarding their difficulties in Saxony,
+or the persecutions in Bohemia and Moravia, and instead of
+proclaiming themselves exiles for the Faith as they might have done
+with perfect truth, they appeared simply as Count Zinzendorf's servants,
+sent by him to cultivate the five hundred acres about to be given to him,
+and by his orders to preach to the Indians.  (7) A change of nationality
+would not affect the relation between Zinzendorf and his colonists,
+for their position as his dependents in Germany was purely voluntary,
+such service as they rendered was freely given in exchange
+for his legal protection, and his supremacy in Church affairs then and later
+was a recognition of the personal character of the man,
+not a yielding of submission to the Count.  (8) That the Indians
+could not be employed on Zinzendorf's estate was quite true,
+not so much on account of the law against slavery, for the Count intended
+nothing of that kind, but their character and wild habits rendered them
+incapable of becoming good farmers, as the American Nation has learned
+through many years of effort and failure.  (9) Whether the ten or fifteen men,
+reinforced by those who followed them, would have been able to make a home
+in the heart of the forest, will never be known, for from various reasons
+the town on the five hundred acre tract was never begun.  In short,
+while the Moravians were risking much personal discomfort,
+there was nothing in their plan which could possibly injure others,
+and the cavil and abuse of their opposers was as uncalled for
+as is many a "private opinion publicly expressed" to-day.
+
+Hearing of the many obstacles which were being thrown in their way,
+Mr. Coram, who was a man of wide charities, and interested in other colonies
+besides Georgia, suggested to Spangenberg that his company should go
+to Nova Scotia, where the climate was milder, and offered them
+free transportation and aid in settling there, but this proposal
+Spangenberg at once rejected, and pinned his faith on the kindness
+of Gen. Oglethorpe, whose return from Georgia the preceding July,
+explained the more favorable tone of the Trustees' letters after that date.
+Oglethorpe asked him numberless questions about the doctrine and practice
+of the Moravians, and their reasons for wishing to go to Georgia,
+and promised to lay the matter before the Trustees, using all his influence
+to further their designs.
+
+
+  The "First Company".
+
+On the 14th of January, 1735, the first company of Moravian colonists
+arrived in London.  At their head was David Nitschmann, -- variously called
+"the III", "the weaver", "the Syndic", and Count Zinzendorf's "Hausmeister",
+who was to stay with them until they left England, and then return to Germany,
+resigning the leadership of the party to Spangenberg, who was instructed
+to take them to Georgia and establish them there, and then go to Pennsylvania
+to the Schwenkfelders.  The other nine were
+  
+  John Toeltschig, Zinzendorf's flower-gardener.
+  Peter Rose, a gamekeeper.
+  Gotthard Demuth, a joiner.
+  Gottfried Haberecht, weaver of woolen goods.
+  Anton Seifert, a linen weaver.
+  George Waschke, carpenter.
+  Michael Haberland, carpenter.
+  George Haberland, mason.
+  Friedrich Riedel, mason.
+
+They were "good and true sons of God, and at the same time skillful workmen,"
+with such a variety of handicrafts as to render them largely independent
+of outside assistance in the settlement which they proposed to make;
+and all but Haberecht were religious refugees from Moravia and adjacent parts
+of Bohemia.
+
+Nitschmann and Toeltschig were two of the five young men
+in Zauchenthal, Moravia, who had set their hearts on the revival
+of the ancient Unitas Fratrum.  Toeltschig's father, the village burgess,
+had summoned the five comrades before him, and strictly forbidden
+their holding religious services, warning them that any attempt at emigration
+would be severely punished, and advising them to act as became their youth,
+frequent the taverns and take part in dances and other amusements.
+They were sons of well-to-do parents, and little more than boys in years,
+(Nitschmann was only twenty), but their faith and purpose were dearer to them
+than anything else on earth, so they had left all and come away,
+commending their homes and kindred to the mercy of God,
+and singing the exile hymn of the ancient Unitas Fratrum,
+sacred through its association with those brave hearts who had known
+the bitterness and the joy of exile a hundred years before.
+
+  "Blessed the day when I must go
+  My fatherland no more to know,
+   My lot the exile's loneliness;
+
+  "For God will my protector be,
+  And angels ministrant for me
+   The path with joys divine will bless.
+
+  "And God to some small place will guide
+  Where I may well content abide
+   And where this soul of mine may rest.
+
+  "As thirsty harts for water burn,
+  For Thee, my Lord and God, I yearn,
+   If Thou are mine my life is blest."
+
+Though holding positions as Count Zinzendorf's hausmeister and gardener,
+both Nitschmann and Toeltschig were actively employed in the affairs
+of the renewed Unitas Fratrum, and had been to England in 1728
+to try to establish relations with the Society for the Propagation
+of Christian Knowledge, though without success.  They were the better fitted,
+therefore, to conduct the party to England, and to share in the negotiations
+already begun by Spangenberg.
+
+This "first company" left Herrnhut on the 21st of November, 1734,
+traveling by Ebersdorf (where Henry XXIX, Count Reuss,
+Countess Zinzendorf's brother, gave them a letter of recommendation
+to any whom they might meet on their way), to Holland,
+whence they had a stormy and dangerous voyage to England.
+
+The day after they reached London they called on Gen. Oglethorpe
+and having gained admittance with some difficulty they were very well received
+by him, carrying on a conversation in a mixture of English and German,
+but understanding each other fairly well.  Spangenberg coming in
+most opportunely, the Moravian affairs were fully discussed,
+and the new-comers learned that their arrival had been fortunately timed,
+for the Georgia Trustees were to hold one of their semi-annual meetings
+two days later, when Oglethorpe could press their matter,
+and a ship was to sail for Georgia the latter part of the month.
+Oglethorpe was disturbed to find that the colonists had failed
+to raise any money toward their expenses, but promised to try and assist them
+in that also.
+
+On the 18th the colonists were formally presented to the Trustees,
+heard the lively argument for and against their cause,
+and had the satisfaction of seeing the vote cast in their favor.
+It was contrary to the custom of the Trustees to grant lands
+to any who did not come in person to apply for them
+and declare their intention of going to Georgia to settle,
+but Oglethorpe's argument that the high rank of Count Zinzendorf
+was entitled to consideration was accepted and five hundred acres of land
+were granted to the Count and his male heirs.
+
+The Indenture bore date of Jan. 10, 1734, Old Style, (Jan. 21, 1735,)*
+and the five hundred acres were "to be set out limited and bounded
+in Such Manner and in Such Part or Parts of the said Province
+as shall be thought most convenient by such Person or Persons
+as shall by the said Common Council be for that Purpose
+authorized and appointed," there being a verbal agreement
+that the tract should be in the hilly country some distance from the coast,
+which, though less accessible and less easily cultivated,
+lay near the territory occupied by the Indians.  Five pounds per annum
+was named as the quit rent, payment to begin eight years later;
+and such part of the tract as was not cleared and improved
+during the next eighteen years was to revert to the Trustees.
+The Trustees also agreed that they would reserve two hundred acres
+near the larger tract, and whenever formally requested by Count Zinzendorf,
+would grant twenty acres each "to such able bodied Young Men Servants
+as should arrive and settle with him in the said Province of Georgia."
+
+--
+* This IS written correctly.  See the author's explanation of the calendar
+in Chapter IV.  -- A. L., 1996.
+--
+
+In addition to the five hundred acres granted to Zinzendorf,
+fifty acres were given to Spangenberg, and fifty acres to Nitschmann,
+although as the latter was not going to Georgia, and the former
+did not intend to stay, this alone was a departure from the custom
+of the Trustees.  Each of the fifty acre grants was in three parts,
+a lot in the town of Savannah, a five acre garden, and a forty-five acre farm,
+and while their acquisition had not been a part of the Herrnhut plan
+the colonists readily yielded to the advice of their English friends,
+who pointed out the necessity of having a place to stay
+when they reached Savannah, and land that they could at once
+begin to cultivate, without waiting for the selection and survey
+of the larger tract.  In fact, though they knew it not, these two grants,
+which lay side by side, were destined to be the scene of all their experiences
+in the Province of Georgia.
+
+The Trustees seem to have been pleased with the appearance
+of their new settlers, and approved of their taking passage in the ship
+that was to sail the latter part of the month.  Since the vessel
+had been chartered by the Trustees, they promised to make no charge
+for such baggage as the Moravians wished to take with them,
+arranged that they should have a portion of the ship for themselves
+instead of being quartered with the other passengers,
+and offered Spangenberg a berth in the Captain's cabin.  This he declined,
+preferring to share equally with his Brethren in the hardships of the voyage.
+Medicine was put into his hands to be dispensed to those who might need it,
+and he was requested to take charge of about forty Swiss emigrants
+who wished to go in the same vessel on their way to Purisburg
+in South Carolina, where they sought better material conditions
+than they had left at home.
+
+Land having been secured, Gen. Oglethorpe arranged that the Trustees
+should lend the "First Company" 60 Pounds, payable in five years,
+with the understanding that if repaid within that time
+the interest should be remitted, otherwise to be charged at ten per cent.,
+the usual rate in South Carolina.  Of this 10 Pounds was spent in London
+for supplies, and 50 Pounds paid their passage across the Atlantic.
+The ten men (Spangenberg taking Nitschmann's place) pledged themselves
+jointly and severally to the payment of the debt, the bond being signed
+on Jan. 22nd, (Jan. 11th, O. S.) the day after the grant of the land.
+
+In addition to this Oglethorpe collected 26 Pounds 5 Shillings,
+as a gift for the Moravians, 10 Pounds being presented to them in cash
+in London, and the rest forwarded to Savannah with instructions
+that they should be supplied with cattle, hogs and poultry to that amount.
+Oglethorpe further instructed Messrs. Toojesiys and Baker, of Charlestown,
+to honor Spangenberg's drafts on him to the amount of 20 Pounds,
+so securing the settlers against possible need in their new home.
+
+The next day Gen. Oglethorpe presented Spangenberg to the Bishop of London,
+who received him very kindly.  Oglethorpe's idea was that the Moravians
+might ally themselves closely with the Church of England,
+and that the Bishop might, if they wished, ordain one of their members
+from Herrnhut.  Spangenberg and Nitschmann were not authorized
+to enter into any such agreement, but both welcomed the opportunity
+to establish pleasant relations with the English clergy,
+and several interviews were had which served as a good opening
+for intercourse in later years.
+
+Until their vessel sailed, the Moravians found plenty to interest them
+in the "terribly great city", where they were regarded with much interest,
+and where they were greatly touched by the unexpected kindness they received.
+
+They had interviews with the Trustees, with Mr. Vernon,
+and with Gen. Oglethorpe, who gave them much information as to what to expect
+in their new home, and many suggestions as to the best way
+of beginning their settlement.  Spangenberg was presented
+to the "Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge",
+was courteously received, offered more books than he was willing to accept,
+invited to correspond with the Society, and urged to keep on friendly terms
+with the Salzburgers, which he assured them he sincerely desired to do.
+Conversations with Court Preacher Ziegenhagen were not so pleasant,
+for a letter had come from Senior Urlsperger inveighing against the Moravians
+and Ziegenhagen put forth every effort to reclaim Spangenberg
+from the supposed error of his ways, and to persuade him to stop the company
+about to start for Georgia, or at least to separate himself from them,
+and return to the old friends at Halle.  Oglethorpe smiled at the prejudice
+against the Moravians, and told them frankly that efforts had been made
+to influence him, but he had preferred to wait and judge for himself.
+"It has ever been so," he said, "from the time of the early Christians;
+it seems to be the custom of theologians to call others heretics.
+They say, in short, `you do not believe what I believe, a Mohammedan also
+does not believe what I believe, therefore you are a Mohammedan;'
+and again `you explain this Bible passage so and so, the Socinian also
+explains it so and so, therefore you are a Socinian.'"  As for opposition,
+he, too, was beginning to find it since the Georgia Colony
+was proving a success.
+
+Meanwhile new friends were springing up on every side of the Moravians.
+A doctor helped them lay in a store of medicine, another gave them some balsam
+which was good for numberless external and internal uses.  A German merchant,
+who had become an English citizen, helped them purchase such things
+as they would require in Georgia, and a cobbler assisted Riedel
+in buying a shoemaker's outfit.  Weapons were offered to all the members
+of the party, but declined, as they wished to give no excuse to any one
+who might try to press them into military service.  They yielded, however,
+to the argument that they would need to protect themselves
+against wolves and bears, and sent Peter Rose, the gamekeeper,
+with Mr. Verelst, one of the secretaries of the Trustees,
+to purchase a fowling piece and hunting knives.
+
+Letters of introduction to various prominent men in America
+were given to them; and, perhaps most important of all in its future bearing,
+people discovered the peculiar charm of the Moravian services.
+Reference is made in the diaries to one and another, -- from English clergyman
+to Germans resident in London, -- who joined with them in their devotions,
+and seemed much moved thereby.  Neither was it a passing emotion,
+for the seed a little later blossomed into the English Moravian Church.
+
+And so the month passed swiftly by, and the ship was ready
+to commence her long voyage.
+
+
+
+
+Chapter III.  The First Year in Georgia.
+
+
+
+  The Voyage.
+
+In the year 1735 a voyage across the Atlantic was a very different thing
+from what it is in this year of grace 1904.  To-day a mighty steamship
+equipped with powerful engines, plows its way across the billows
+with little regard for wind and weather, bearing thousands of passengers,
+many of whom are given all the luxury that space permits,
+a table that equals any provided by the best hotels ashore, and attendance
+that is unsurpassed.  Then weeks were consumed in the mere effort
+to get away from the British Isles, the breeze sometimes permitting
+the small sailing vessels to slip from one port to another,
+and then holding them prisoner for days before another mile could be gained.
+Even the most aristocratic voyager was forced to be content
+with accommodations and fare little better than that supplied
+to a modern steerage passenger, and those who could afford it
+took with them a private stock of provisions to supplement the ship's table.
+
+And yet the spell of adventure or philanthropy, gain or religion,
+was strong upon the souls of men, and thousands sought the New World,
+where their imagination saw the realization of all their dreams.
+Bravely they crossed the fathomless deep which heaved beneath them,
+cutting them off so absolutely from the loved ones left at home,
+from the wise counsels of those on whom they were accustomed to depend,
+and from the strong arm of the Government under whose promised protection
+they sailed, to work out their own salvation in a country
+where each man claimed to be a law unto himself, and where years were to pass
+before Experience had once more taught the lesson that real freedom
+was to be gained only through a general recognition of the rights of others.
+
+On the 3rd of February, 1735, the Moravians arose early
+in their London lodging house, prayed heartily together, and then prepared
+to go aboard their vessel, "The Two Brothers", Capt. Thomson,
+where the Trustees wished to see all who intended to sail on her.
+A parting visit was paid to Gen. Oglethorpe, who presented them with
+a hamper of wine, and gave them his best wishes.  After the review on the boat
+Spangenberg and Nitschmann returned with Mr. Vernon to London
+to attend to some last matters, while the ship proceeded to Gravesend
+for her supply of water, where Spangenberg rejoined her a few days later.
+On the 25th of February they passed the Azores, and disembarked at Savannah,
+April 8th, having been nine and a half weeks on shipboard.
+
+The story of those nine weeks is simply, but graphically, told in the diary
+sent back to Herrnhut.  Scarcely had they lifted anchor when the Moravians
+began to arrange their days, that they might not be idly wasted.
+In Herrnhut it was customary to divide the twenty-four hours
+among several members of the Church, so that night and day
+a continuous stream of prayer and praise arose to the throne of God,
+and the same plan was now adopted, with the understanding
+that when sea-sickness overtook the company, and they were weak and ill,
+no time limit should be fixed for the devotions of any,
+but one man should pass the duty to another as circumstances required!
+
+Other arrangements are recorded later, when, having grown accustomed
+to ship life, they sought additional means of grace.  In the early morning,
+before the other passengers were up, the Moravians gathered on deck
+to hold a service of prayer; in the afternoon much time was given
+to Bible reading; and in the evening hymns were sung that bore on the text
+that had been given in the morning.  Spangenberg, Toeltschig, and Seifert,
+in the order named, were the recognized leaders of the party,
+but realizing that men might journey together, and live together,
+and still know each other only superficially, it was agreed
+that each of the ten in turn should on successive days
+speak to every one of his brethren face to face and heart to heart.
+That there might be no confusion, two were appointed to bring the food
+to the company at regular times, and see that it was properly served,
+the following being "the daily Allowance of Provisions
+to the Passengers on board the "Two Brothers", Captain William Thomson,
+for the Town of Savannah in Georgia.
+
+"On the four beef-days in each week for every mess of five heads
+(computing a head 12 years old, and under 12 two for one,
+and under 7 three for one, and under 2 not computed), 4 lbs. of beef
+and 2-1/2 lbs. of flour, and 1/2 lb. of plums.
+
+"On the two pork days in each week for said mess, 5 lbs. of pork
+and 2-1/2 pints of peas.
+
+"And on the fish day in each week for said mess, 2-1/2 lbs. of fish
+and 1/2 lb. of butter.
+
+"The whole at 16 ounces to the pound.
+
+"And allow each head 7 lbs. of bread, of 14 ounces to the pound, by the week.
+
+"And 3 pints of beer, and 2 quarts of water (whereof one of the quarts
+for drinking), each head by the day for the space of a month.
+
+"And a gallon of water (whereof two quarts for drinking) each head,
+by the day after, during their being on their Passage."
+
+Another Moravian was chosen as nurse of the company,
+although it happened at least once that he was incapacitated,
+for every man in the party was sick except Spangenberg,
+who was a capital sailor, and not affected by rough weather.
+His endurance was severely tested too, for while the breeze at times
+was so light that they unitedly prayed for wind, "thinking that the sea
+was not their proper element, for from the earth God had made them,
+and on the earth He had work for them to do," at other times
+storms broke upon them and waves swept the decks, filling them with awe,
+though not with fear.  "The wind was high, the waves great,
+we were happy that we have a Saviour who would never show us malice;
+especially were we full of joy that we had a witness in our hearts
+that it was for a pure purpose we sailed to Georgia," --
+so runs the quaint record of one tempestuous day.
+
+A more poetic expression of the same thought is given by Spangenberg
+in a poem written during the voyage, and sent home to David Nitschmann
+to be set to the music of some "Danish Melody" known to them both.
+There is a beauty of rhythm in the original which the English
+cannot reproduce, as though the writer had caught the cadence of the waves,
+on some bright day when the ship "went softly" after a season of heavy storm.
+
+ "Gute Liebe, deine Triebe
+  Zuenden unsre Triebe an,
+ Dir zu leben, dir zu geben,
+  Was ein Mensch dir geben kann;
+ Denn dein Leben, ist, zu geben
+  Fried' und Segen aus der Hoeh.
+ Und das Kraenken zu versenken
+  In die ungeheure See.
+
+ "Herr wir waren von den Schaaren
+  Deiner Schaeflein abgetrennt;
+ Und wir liefen zu den Tiefen,
+  Da das Schwefelfeuer brennt,
+ Und dein Herze brach vor Schmerze,
+  Ueber unsern Jammerstand;
+ O wie liefst du!  O wie riefst du!
+  Bist du uns zu dir gewandt.
+
+ "Als die Klarheit deiner Wahrheit
+  Unsern ganzen Geist durchgoss,
+ Und von deinen Liebesscheinen
+  Unser ganzes Herz zerfloss,
+ O wie regte und bewegte
+  Dieses deine Liebesbrust,
+ Uns zu hegen und zu pflegen,
+  Bis zur suessen Himmelslust.
+
+ "Dein Erbarmen wird uns Armen,
+  Alle Tage wieder neu,
+ Mit was suessen Liebeskuessen
+  Zeigst du deine Muttertreu.
+ O wie heilig und wie treulich
+  Leitest du dein Eigentum;
+ O der Gnaden dass wir Maden
+  Werden deine Kron' und Ruhm.
+
+ "Wir empfehlen unsre Seelen
+  Deinem Aug' und Herz und Hand,
+ Denn wir werden nur auf Erden
+  Wallen nach dem Vaterland.
+ O gieb Gnade auf dem Pfade,
+  Der zum Reich durch Leiden fuehrt,
+ Ohn' Verweilen fortzueilen
+  Bis uns deine Krone ziert.
+
+ "Unser Wille bleibe stille
+  Wenn es noch so widrig geht;
+ Lass nur brausen, wueten, sausen,
+  Was von Nord und Osten weht.
+ Lass nur stuermen, lass sich tuermen
+  Alle Fluthen aus dem See,
+ Du erblickest und erquickest
+  Deine Kinder aus der Hoeh'."
+
+ (Love Divine, may Thy sweet power
+  Lead us all for Thee to live,
+ And with willing hearts to give Thee
+  What to Thee a man can give;
+ For from heaven Thou dost give us
+  Peace and blessing, full and free,
+ And our miseries dost bury
+  In the vast, unfathomed sea.
+
+ Lord, our wayward steps had led us
+  Far from Thy safe-guarded fold,
+ As we hastened toward the darkness
+  Where the sulphurous vapors rolled;
+ And Thy kind heart throbbed with pity,
+  Our distress and woe to see,
+ Thou didst hasten, Thou didst call us,
+  Till we turned our steps to Thee.
+
+ As Thy Truth's convincing clearness
+  Filled our spirits from above,
+ And our stubborn hearts were melted
+  By the fervor of Thy love,
+ O Thy loving heart was moved
+  Us Thy righteous laws to teach,
+ Us to guide, protect and cherish
+  Till Thy heaven we should reach.
+
+ Without merit we, yet mercy
+  Each returning day doth bless
+ With the tokens of Thy goodness,
+  Pledges of Thy faithfulness.
+ O how surely and securely
+  Dost Thou lead and guard Thine own;
+ O what wonderous grace that mortals
+  May add lustre to Thy throne.
+
+ In our souls we feel the presence
+  Of Thine eye and heart and hand,
+ As we here on earth as pilgrims
+  Journey toward the Fatherland.
+ O give grace, that on the pathway,
+  Which through trial leads to heaven,
+ Without faltering we may hasten
+  Till to each Thy crown is given.
+
+ Though our path be set with danger
+  Nothing shall our spirits shake,
+ Winds may rage and roar and whistle,
+  Storms from North and East may break,
+ Waves may roll and leap and thunder
+  On a dark and threatening sea,
+ Thou dost ever watch Thy children,
+  And their strength and peace wilt be.)
+
+Before the vessel sailed the Trustees had followed up their request
+to Spangenberg by requiring the forty Swiss emigrants to promise submission
+to his authority, and consequently numerous efforts were made
+to be of service to them.  It was disappointing work, in a way, for attempts
+to give them religious instruction were met with utter indifference,
+but their material needs were many.  There was a great deal of sickness
+among them, and four died, being buried hastily, and without ceremony.
+The Moravians themselves were not exempt, several being dangerously ill
+at times, even Spangenberg was prostrated, from having, he supposed,
+stayed too long on deck in the night air, tempted thereto by the beauty
+of a calm night in a southern latitude.  But having work to do among the Swiss
+on the following day, he roused himself, and soon became better.
+Two of the Moravians were appointed nurses for the sick Swiss,
+and by the use of the medicine provided by the Trustees,
+supplemented by unwearying personal attention, they were made
+as comfortable as possible.
+
+Nor were the crew forgotten.  From the day when the Moravians
+helped lift the anchor as they sailed from the coast of Dover,
+they busied themselves in the work of the ship, always obliging,
+always helpful, until the sailors came to trust them absolutely,
+"even with the keys to their lockers."  When the cook was suddenly taken sick
+they nursed him carefully, and then appointed two of their number
+to carry wood and water for him until his strength returned,
+and it is no wonder that such accommodating passengers were well regarded.
+
+Captain Thomson was disposed to favor them, but when they realized
+that they were receiving a larger share of food and drink than went
+to the Swiss, they courteously declined, fearing it would breed jealousy.
+His kindly feeling, however, continued, and when Toeltschig was ill
+he brought a freshly killed fowl from which to make nourishing broth,
+and on another occasion, after a severe attack of sea-sickness,
+they all derived much benefit from some strong beer which he urged upon them.
+
+There were a few cabin passengers on the ship, and on one occasion
+Spangenberg was invited to dine with them, but their light jesting
+was distasteful to him, and the acquaintance was not pursued.
+
+
+  Making a Start.
+
+The vessel entered the Savannah River, April 6th, and the Captain,
+taking Spangenberg and Toeltschig into his small boat,
+went ahead to the town of Savannah, the capital of Georgia,
+now the home of about six hundred people.  Spangenberg had
+a letter of introduction to Mr. Causton, who received him and his companion
+in a friendly fashion, entertained them at supper, and kept them over night.
+Mr. Causton was one of the three magistrates charged
+with all civil and criminal jurisdiction in Savannah, and his position
+as keeper of the Store, from which all provisions promised by the Trustees
+were dispensed, gave him such additional power that he was really
+the dictator of Savannah, ruling so absolutely that the people
+finally rebelled, and in 1738 secured his dismissal from office.
+On his return to England in 1739, he found great difficulty
+in trying to explain his accounts to the Trustees, was sent back to Georgia
+to procure some needed papers, died on the passage over, and was buried
+in the ocean.  His treatment of the Moravians was characteristic,
+for he was courtesy itself to the new-comers who had money to spend,
+inconsiderate when hard times came, deaf to appeals for settlement
+of certain vexing questions, and harsh when their wills were opposed to his.
+
+The next morning, before sunrise, Spangenberg and Toeltschig
+went apart into the woods, fell upon their knees, and thanked the Lord
+that He had brought them hither in safety.  The day was spent
+in gaining information as to the customs of the place,
+Mr. Causton again claiming them as his guests at dinner,
+and in the evening they accepted the invitation of a merchant to supper.
+As they ate, the report of a cannon announced the arrival of their vessel,
+and Toeltschig went to spend the night aboard, Spangenberg remaining on shore
+to push the preparation for the reception of the company.
+
+Early on the following morning, April 8th, he had their town lots assigned,
+(Nos. 3 and 4 Second Tything, Anson Ward), in order that their baggage
+might be brought directly to their own property, for he had found
+that lodgings in the town were very dear, and decided that a small cabin
+should be built at once and a house as soon as possible.
+Going then to the ship he guided the company to their new home,
+and the entire day was consumed in moving their belongings to the town,
+as it was some distance, and everything had to be carried by hand
+to the little hut which was hastily erected and roofed over with sacking.
+Evening came before they had really finished the arrangement
+of their possessions, but before they prepared and shared their evening meal,
+they humbly knelt and thanked God for His mercies, discussed the Bible text
+for the day, and joined in several familiar hymns.  A New York merchant
+stopped and asked them to sing one of his favorites, which was done,
+and an Indian who had joined them near the river and followed them home,
+stayed through the service, and at parting beckoned them to come
+and visit him.  Despite their fatigue, the "Hourly Intercession" was observed
+throughout the night, their slumbers rendered more peaceful by the knowledge
+that one and another in turn was watching and praying beside them.
+
+On the following day two more Indians visited the Moravians.
+Their faces were adorned with streaks of red paint, and they seemed
+very friendly, rejoiced over the gift of two pewter mugs,
+and on leaving made signs that some one should go with them,
+an invitation that could not then be accepted.
+
+The 10th of April, the first Sunday in America, Spangenberg attended service
+in the English Church, and heard a sermon on the text,
+"Be not overcome of evil, but overcome evil with good,"
+well fitted to be the watchword of the Moravian settlers
+in the trials that were before them.
+
+No unpleasant presentiments, however, troubled them,
+as they went busily about their work during the next weeks.
+Mr. Causton was very pleasant to them, selling them provisions at cost,
+offering them credit at the store, and promising Spangenberg
+a list of such Indian words as he had been able to learn and write down.
+He also introduced him to Tomochichi, the Indian Chief, and to John Musgrove,
+who had a successful trading house near the town.  Musgrove had married Mary,
+an Indian princess of the Uchees, who had great influence with all
+the neighboring tribes.  At a later time, through the machinations
+of her third husband, she made much trouble in Georgia,
+but during the earlier years of the Colony she was the true friend
+of the white settlers, frequently acting as Interpreter in their conferences
+with the Indians, and doing much to make and keep the bond of peace
+between the two races.
+
+On the 11th of April the five acre garden belonging to Spangenberg
+was surveyed, and work was immediately begun there, as it was just the season
+for planting corn.  Nine days later Nitschmann's garden was laid out
+aside of Spangenberg's.  By the 14th the cabin on Spangenberg's town lot
+was finished.  It was twenty feet long, ten feet wide, and fourteen feet high,
+with a little loft where they slept, their goods, with a table and benches
+being in the room below.  At daybreak they rose, sang a hymn,
+and prayed together, breakfasted at eight o'clock, the daily text
+being read aloud, then worked until half past eleven, when they dined
+and read the Bible.  More work, an evening prayer service, and such conference
+as was needed that each might engage in the next day's labor
+to the best advantage, prepared them for their well-earned repose.
+
+With this simple program steadily carried out, much was accomplished.
+A fence was built around a small kitchen-garden on their town property,
+and a chicken-yard was enclosed, while the neighbors came to look on and opine
+"that the Moravians had done more in a week than their people in two years."
+As the gardens (the five acre lots) lay at some distance from Savannah,
+a hut was built there, to serve as a shelter against sun and rain,
+a heavy storm having chased them home one day soon after their arrival.
+
+Either from the noonday heat, or other conditions to which
+they were not yet acclimated, Gotthard Demuth and George Haberland
+became seriously ill, causing Spangenberg much anxiety,
+for he did not feel at liberty to send for a physician,
+as they could not afford to pay for medicine.  So resort was had to bleeding,
+then an approved practice, and to such medicine as remained from their voyage,
+and Rose was fortunate enough to shoot a grouse, which gave them
+some much needed palatable meat and broth.  Perhaps the most serious case
+was Gottfried Haberecht's, who suffered for several days with fever
+resulting from a cut on his leg.  Finally oak-leaves were heated
+and bound about the limb, which induced free perspiration
+and quickly relieved him, so that he was able to return to work!
+
+A day was appointed on which Spangenberg and several others
+were to ride out into the country to select the five hundred acre tract
+granted to Count Zinzendorf, and the additional two hundred acres
+which the Trustees had promised to hold in reserve,
+and grant to the Count's "servants" whenever he should request it,
+but there was rumor of a raid by hostile Indians, under Spanish influence,
+so the expedition had to be postponed, with the promise, however,
+that it should be made as soon as possible.
+
+By the close of the third week in Georgia the invalids were better,
+and matters were in such a shape that the Moravians resolved
+"that on each Saturday work should stop early, and every Sunday should be
+a real day of rest."  As an immediate beginning, they on Saturday evening
+united in a Lovefeast, where "we recalled much loving-kindness
+which God has shown us hitherto; Toeltschig washed the feet of the Brethren;
+we remained together until very late, and were truly blessed."
+
+
+  Aim and Attainment.
+
+When the "first company" left Herrnhut for London and the New World,
+they took with them Count Zinzendorf's formal "Instructions"
+for the conduct of their affairs:
+
+"I shall not attempt to tell you what you are to do from day to day.
+I know that in many ways Love will lead you, prepare the way,
+and point out your path.  I shall only bid you remember
+the principles and customs of our Congregation, in which, if you stand fast,
+you will do well.  Your one aim will be to establish a little place
+near the heathen where you may gather together the dispersed in Israel,
+patiently win back the wayward, and instruct the heathen tribes.
+
+"You have and will ask nothing more than the opportunity to attain this end
+through your own labors, but you will request free transportation
+for yourselves and those who will follow you, -- if they receive
+your present small number the Lord will send you more.
+
+"If you should be tempted to injure any work of the Lord for my sake,
+refrain from doing it, remembering that I am under a gracious guardianship
+which nothing can disturb.
+
+"You will take absolutely no part in the Spangenberg-Halle controversy;
+you know the mind of the Congregation regarding it.  If you find people
+prejudiced against you leave it to Him who has bidden you go to Georgia.
+Enter into no disputes, but, if questions are asked, give the history
+of the Congregation, being careful not to censure our opposers, and saying,
+which is true, that the Congregation at Herrnhut gives them little heed.
+Entire freedom of conscience must be granted you, but there may be points
+which you can yield without injuring the cause of Christ, --
+if so you will find them in due time.
+
+"You must live alone, establishing your own little corner,
+where your customs will irritate no one; and as soon as you are settled
+an ordained minister will be sent you, out of consideration
+for the scruples of the Salzburgers, although our Brethren in other Colonies
+are served by laymen, as permitted by our ancient constitution.
+
+"God willing, I shall soon follow you, and only wait until He opens the way
+for me.  Our dear Elder (Spangenberg) will quickly return from America,
+and in his absence I commit you to the mighty grace of God.
+
+                         Your brother and servant,
+                                   Lewis Count v. Zinzendorf.
+
+"At this time one of the Elders at Herrnhut.  November 27th, 1734.
+
+  "`He everywhere hath way,
+  And all things serve His might, etc.'"
+
+That these sensible and liberal instructions were not fully carried out
+is at once apparent, especially in the two points of free transportation
+and settlement in a quiet, secluded spot.  The inability of the Trustees
+to grant their request for the first, burdened the Moravian colonists
+with what was, under the circumstances, a heavy debt, while the location
+of Zinzendorf's five hundred acre tract was responsible for their failure
+in attaining the second.
+
+When Gen. Oglethorpe planned the fortifications and defense of Savannah
+in 1733, he decided to erect a small fort on the Ogeechee River,
+some miles south, in order to command one of the trails by which the Indians
+had been accustomed to invade Carolina.  This "Fort Argyle" was garrisoned
+with a detachment of rangers, and ten families were sent from Savannah
+to cultivate the adjacent land.  The tract selected in London
+for Count Zinzendorf, was to lie on the Ogeechee, near Fort Argyle,
+an excellent place from which to reach the Indians in times of peace,
+but the worst possible location for noncombatants when war was threatening.
+
+Spangenberg urged the survey of the five hundred acre tract
+as often and as strongly as he dared, but from various causes,
+chiefly rumors of Indian incursions, the expedition was deferred
+until Aug. 22nd, when Spangenberg, Toeltschig, Riedel, Seifert, Rose,
+Michael Haberland, and Mr. Johnson, the Trustees' surveyor,
+prepared to start on their toilsome journey, going by boat,
+instead of attempting to follow the circuitous, ill-marked road
+across the country, impassable to pedestrians, though used to some extent
+by horsemen.
+
+At one o'clock in the morning of Aug. 23rd the seven men embarked,
+taking advantage of the ebbing tide, and made their way
+down the Savannah River.  It was very dark, the Moravians were unaccustomed
+to rowing, and Mr. Johnson, who steered, went to sleep time after time,
+so when they accidentally came across a ship riding at anchor
+they decided to stay by her and wait for the day.  When dawn broke
+they hastened on to Thunderbolt, where a fort had been built,
+and some good land cleared, and there they found two Indians,
+who claimed to know the country, and agreed to go with them as pilots.
+Toward evening they reached Seituah*, where a stockade was being built
+as a protection against the Indians, and the night was spent
+with a Captain Wargessen (Ferguson), who, with several soldiers,
+was out in a scout boat watching the movements of the Indians and Spaniards
+in that neighborhood.
+
+--
+* On Skidaway Island, exact site unknown.
+--
+
+The next day they made their way among the islands until they reached
+the mouth of the Ogeechee, up which they turned, but night overtook them,
+and they were forced to drop their anchor.  The Indians had been
+left behind somewhere, and with the return of day it became necessary
+to retrace their course for some hours in order to learn where they were.
+That night was spent at Sterling's Bluff, with the Scotch who had settled
+upon it, and the next morning they proceeded to Fort Argyle.
+As they rowed up the river, a bear left one of the islands,
+and swam across to the main land.  "He was better to us than we to him,
+for Peter shot at him twice when he came near us, but he left us in peace
+and went his way!"
+
+The following morning Spangenberg and Johnson, accompanied by
+the Lieutenant from Fort Argyle and several of his rangers,
+rode out to inspect the land selected for the Moravians.
+The horses were accustomed to service against the Indians,
+and went at full gallop, pausing not for winding paths or fallen trees,
+and the University-bred man of Germany expected momentarily to have
+his neck broken, but nothing happened, and after looking over the tract
+they returned to Fort Argyle.
+
+Despite the exertions of the morning Spangenberg then manned his boat,
+and started up the river to visit an Indian town, where he hoped
+to find Tomochichi.  Much floating timber rendered the trip
+dangerous and tedious, and it was not until early Sunday morning
+that they reached their destination, only to find the place deserted,
+as the band had left a few days before for a hunting expedition,
+and, if fortune favored them, for a brush with the Spanish Indians,
+with whom they had a perpetual feud.  Soon Johnson appeared,
+guided by some of the rangers, who, after a hearty meal with the Moravians,
+returned to the Fort, Johnson remaining behind.
+
+Monday morning, August 29th, before the sun rose, the party repaired
+to the Moravian tract, which Johnson surveyed, the Moravians acting
+as chain-carriers.  Spangenberg was much pleased with the tract.
+It had a half mile frontage on the Ogeechee, extended two miles back
+into the forest, and gave a good variety of land, some low and damp
+for the cultivation of rice, sandy soil covered with grass for pasturage,
+and dry uplands suitable for corn and vegetables.  A rapid stream
+furnished an abundance of pure water, and site for a mill,
+while the thick growth of timber guaranteed a supply of material
+for houses and boats.  Near the river rose a high hill,
+where it had once been the intention to build a fort,
+and a house had really been erected.  This the Indians burned,
+and later another site had been chosen for Fort Argyle,
+but the place retained the name of "Old Fort", and the hill would serve
+as the location for the Moravian dwelling.
+
+Indian tribes which were friendly to the English lived at no great distance,
+and the trail to Savannah and Ebenezer led directly by Old Fort,
+while the opening of two roads would bring both those towns
+within a four hour's ride of the settlement.
+
+Well content, therefore, with their new acquisition, the Moravians returned
+to Fort Argyle, whence Johnson rode back to Savannah, leaving them to follow
+with the boat.  At the mouth of the Ogeechee they encountered a severe storm,
+against which they could make little headway, try as they would.
+Their anchor was too light to hold against the current,
+and there was a marsh on one bank and rocks on the other,
+but at last, after night-fall, in the face of a terrific thunder storm,
+they forced their way to a place where they could land,
+and where they passed the rest of the night, enduring as best they could
+the heavy rain, and the attack of insects, against neither of which
+they were able to protect themselves.  "This place takes its name,
+-- `Rotten-possum', -- from an animal frequently found here,
+which they call a Possum.  I am told that it has a double belly,
+and that if pursued it puts its young into one belly,
+runs up a tree until it reaches a limb, springs out on that
+until it is among the leaves, and then lays itself across the branch
+with one belly on each side, and so hides itself, and saves its life!"
+The rest of the journey was uneventful, and on Friday morning, September 2nd,
+they reached Savannah, having been absent ten days.
+
+It seems a great pity that the Moravians were unable to establish themselves
+on this tract, where their industry would soon have made an oasis
+in the wilderness, but one thing after the other interfered,
+and the "second company" which arrived early in the following year,
+found them still at Savannah.
+
+In Savannah matters moved toward a fair degree of prosperity
+for the Moravians.  About four acres of Spangenberg's garden
+were cleared in time for the first summer's crop of corn,
+which yielded them sixty bushels.  They also raised some beans,
+which came to maturity at a time when provisions and funds were very low,
+so helping them greatly.
+
+The two farm lots were laid out during the summer, Spangenberg assisting with
+the survey.  By the close of the year twenty-six acres had been cleared, --
+on the uplands this meant the felling of trees, and gradual removal of stumps
+as time permitted, but on the rice lands it meant far more.  The great reeds,
+ten to twelve feet high, grew so thick that a man could scarcely set foot
+between them, and in cutting them down it was necessary to go "knee-deep"
+below the surface of the ground, and then the roots were so intertwined
+that it was difficult to pull them out.
+
+Every acre of land that was cleared and planted had to be securely fenced in,
+for cattle roamed in the woods, and ruined unprotected crops.
+Indeed, the colonists in Georgia derived little benefit from their cattle,
+which ran at large, and when a few were wanted for beef
+or for domestic purposes, they were hunted and driven in.
+The Moravians had to wait until midsummer before they could get
+their allotment, and then they received a cow and calf,
+six hogs and five pigs, with the promise of more.  Before the others came
+the cows had again escaped to the woods, and the swine had been drowned!
+
+In July Spangenberg wrote to Herrnhut that he had given his fifty acres
+of land, including the town lot, to the Moravian Congregation at Savannah,
+and that he would at once apply to the Trustees to vest the title
+in that body, and if he left Georgia before this was accomplished
+he would give a full Power of Attorney to Toeltschig.
+From the first his land had been used as the common property of the party,
+and he desired that the nine men, who, with him, were bound to the repayment
+of the 60 Pounds, borrowed from the Trustees, should have the use of it
+until that obligation was met, and then it should be used
+as the Savannah Congregation thought best.
+
+Nitschmann's land seems to have been held in a different way,
+although granted at the same time, and under similar circumstances.
+July 11th, Spangenberg sent him a detailed description
+of the town and garden lots, explaining the advantages and difficulties
+of cultivation, suggesting several methods by which it could be done,
+and giving the approximate cost, urging that instructions be sent
+as to his wishes.  Later he wrote that the company had decided
+not to wait for Nitschmann's reply, but to clear the garden on the terms
+usual in Georgia, e.g., that the man who cleared a piece of ground
+held it rent free for seven years, when it reverted to the owner.
+This had been done, and the garden was ready to plant and fence,
+and if Nitschmann approved they intended to clear the farm,
+and would build a small house on the town lot.  Zinzendorf had suggested
+that negroes be employed on Nitschmann's land, but at that time
+slavery was prohibited in Georgia, and any negroes who ran away from Carolina
+were at once returned to their masters.
+
+The two farms lay side by side about four miles from Savannah,
+the gardens, also adjoining, were about two miles from town,
+so it was necessary to build cabins at both places,
+as shelters from sun and storm, which the settlers found equally trying.
+Two additional cabins had been built in Savannah on Spangenberg's lot,
+and by the end of the year a house, thirty-four by eighteen feet in size,
+was under roof, though not yet finished.  This gave an abundance of room,
+not only for themselves, but for the second company to whose arrival
+they were looking forward with such eagerness.
+
+When this reinforcement came they hoped to move to Zinzendorf's tract,
+and then, as soon as they could be spared, Demuth, Haberecht,
+Waschke and the two Haberlands wished to claim the twenty acres apiece
+which the Trustees had promised to the Count's "servants".
+Riedel was of the same mind, but he did not live to see the arrival
+of the second company.  Some months after reaching Georgia,
+he was dangerously ill with fever, but passed the crisis successfully,
+and recovered his full strength.  He was one of the party
+who went to survey Zinzendorf's tract, but was taken sick again
+three days after the boat left Savannah, and by the time they returned
+he was obliged to go to bed, and soon became delirious.
+The other Moravians were greatly distressed, but could do nothing
+except nurse him carefully and pray for him earnestly, and toward the end
+his mind cleared, though his body had lost the power to recuperate.
+He died on the 30th of September, the first Moravian to "fall asleep"
+in the United States, though others had given up their lives
+for the mission work in the West Indies.  His spiritual condition
+had at times caused much concern to Toeltschig, who was especially charged
+with the religious welfare of the first company, many of whom
+had been under his care in Germany, but in the main he had been
+an earnest man, a willing and industrious partaker in the common toil,
+and his death caused much regret.  The burial customs in Savannah
+included the ringing of bells, a funeral sermon, and a volley of musketry,
+but learning that these ceremonies were not obligatory
+the Moravians declined the offer of the citizens to so honor their Brother,
+and laid him to rest in the Savannah cemetery with a simple service
+of hymns and prayer.
+
+As they were robing Riedel for his burial, a young man came to the door,
+and asked if he could not make them some pewter spoons.  In the conversations
+that followed it developed that he was a native of Switzerland,
+the son of a physician, and after his father's death he had sailed
+for Pennsylvania, intending there to begin the practice of medicine.
+But his fellow-passengers stole his books and everything he had,
+he was unable to pay for his transportation, and forced to sell his service
+for seven years as a redemptioner.  At the end of five years
+he had become quite ill, and his master, having waited six months
+for his recovery, heartlessly turned him out, to live or die
+as the case might be.  Instead of dying, his strength returned,
+and then his former master demanded 10 Pounds Pennsylvania currency,
+for his unexpired term, although only 5 Pounds had been paid for him,
+and he had served five years.  The young man was obliged to promise
+to pay this, and Spangenberg encouraged him to push his spoon-making,
+in order to do it as speedily as possible.  Meanwhile the Moravians
+were so much pleased with his appearance and speech, that they agreed
+to receive him into their company for as long as he chose to stay,
+and John Regnier soon became an important factor in their comfort.
+Spiritually he was somewhat at sea.  At one time he had desired to be
+a hermit, and then he had drifted from one sect to another, seeking something
+which he could not find, but acquiring a medley of odd customs.
+Spangenberg advised him to turn his thoughts from men to God,
+learning from Him "what was better and higher, Faith, Love, Hope, etc.",
+and under the Moravian influence he gradually laid aside his unwise fancies,
+giving them encouragement to believe that he would eventually come
+into the clearer light, as they knew it.
+
+In material things John Regnier was of great assistance, owing to his ability
+to turn his hand to almost anything.  The shoes of the party were badly torn,
+but though they had brought leather and tools from England
+none of them knew the cobbler's trade.  John Regnier had never made a shoe,
+but he took it up, and soon provided for them all, and then he mended
+their clothing, and added new garments.  He also showed much aptitude
+for nursing, and Spangenberg put him in charge of several cases.
+A man from a neighboring village sent word that he had severed an artery
+and could not check the bleeding, and asked for help.  Regnier went to him,
+and was so successful in his treatment that in two weeks
+the man was entirely restored.  Some one discovered a poor Scotchman,
+dying with dropsy, lying utterly neglected upon the floor of a miserable hut,
+and appeal was made to the Moravians to take him and care for him.
+They did so, moving him to one of their cabins, where they made him a bed,
+and Regnier nursed him until death ended his sufferings.
+Another man had high fever, and no friends, and him also the Moravians took,
+and cared for, the Trustee's agent furnishing food and medicine for the sick,
+but offering no recompense for the care they received.
+
+Indeed, as the months passed by, the Moravians established a reputation
+for charity and for hospitality.  Not only had they kept free of dispute
+with the Salzburgers, but the friendliest relations existed,
+and the Moravian cabins were always open to them when they came to Savannah.
+Nor were they slow to avail themselves of the kindness.
+Gronau and Bolzius often lodged with them, and others came
+in groups of nine or ten to spend the night.  During the evening
+stories would be exchanged as to their circumstances in the home lands,
+and their reasons for leaving there, and then sometimes the hosts
+would spread hay upon the floor for their guests, at other times
+give up their own beds, and themselves sleep upon the floor.
+
+With their nearer neighbors in Savannah, they were also upon cordial terms,
+though they found few who cared for religious things.  The Jews were
+particularly courteous to them, inviting Spangenberg into their Synagogue,
+and bringing gifts of meat and fish on several occasions when help
+was sorely needed on account of the illness of some of their number, --
+for Riedel was not the only one who was seriously ill, though no others died.
+All the conditions in Georgia were so different from what
+they were accustomed to in Germany that it took them some time
+to adapt themselves, and longer to become really acclimated,
+and they noticed that the same was true of all new-comers.
+All of the Moravians were sick in turn, many suffering from frosted feet,
+probably injured on the voyage over, but Spangenberg, Toeltschig,
+Haberecht and Demuth were dangerously ill.  Nearly all of the medicine
+brought from Europe was gone, and what they could get in Savannah
+was expensive and they did not understand how to use it,
+so they were forced to depend on careful nursing and simple remedies.
+Turpentine could easily be secured from the pines, Spangenberg found an herb
+which he took to be camomile, which had a satisfactory effect,
+and with the coming of the cooler autumn weather most of the party
+recovered their health.
+
+Probably the food was partly responsible for their troubles,
+though they tried to be careful, and cooked everything thoroughly.
+Rice and salt-meat were their chief articles of diet, for bread cost so much
+that they soon gave it up entirely, substituting cornmeal mush,
+and butter was so dear as to be entirely out of the question.
+During the summer months which preceded the harvest, they could get
+neither corn, rice nor beans at the store, so lived on mush, salt-meat,
+and the beans they themselves had planted.  Fresh meat was a great treat,
+particularly when it enabled them to prepare nourishing broth
+for their sick, and once Rose shot a stag, giving them several good meals,
+but this happened so seldom as to do little toward varying
+the monotony of their fare.
+
+Drinking water was held to be responsible for the swollen feet and nausea
+from which many of them suffered, so they made a kind of sassafras beer,
+which proved palatable and healthful, and used it until they had become
+accustomed to the climate, when they were able to drink the water.
+
+When the Moravians came to Georgia they brought with them
+a little ready money, the gift of English friends,
+and their cash payments secured them good credit at the Trustees' store.
+Other merchants sought their patronage, but they decided to run an account
+at one place only, and thought Mr. Causton, as the Trustees' agent,
+would give them the most liberal treatment.  Their hardest time financially,
+as well as regarding health, was during the summer,
+when credit came to be accorded grudgingly, and finally Spangenberg,
+personally, borrowed 15 Pounds sterling, and applied it on their account,
+which restored their standing in Mr. Causton's eyes.  On Feb. 8th, 1736,
+they decided to buy enough corn, rice and salt-meat to last until harvest,
+having learned by sad experience how very dear these necessities were
+later in the year.  Very little work had been done which brought in
+ready money, for their time had been fully occupied in building their house
+and clearing the land, but all things were prepared for the coming
+of the second company, with whose assistance they expected to accomplish much.
+In February the two carpenters were engaged to build a house for Mr. Wagner,
+a Swiss gentleman who had recently arrived, and rented
+one of the Moravian cabins temporarily, and this was the beginning
+of a considerable degree of activity.
+
+The intercourse of the Moravians with the other residents of Savannah
+was much impeded by their ignorance of the English language,
+and it occurred to Spangenberg that it might be a good thing
+to take an English boy, have him bound to them according to custom,
+and let them learn English by having to speak to him.
+About July a case came to his knowledge that roused all his sympathies,
+and at the same time afforded a good opportunity to try his plan.
+"I have taken a four-year-old English boy into our family.
+He was born in Charlestown, but somehow found his way to Savannah.
+His father was hanged, for murder I have heard, and his mother has married
+another man, and abandoned the child.  A woman here took charge of him,
+but treated him most cruelly.  Once she became angry with him,
+took a firebrand, and beat him until half his body was burned;
+another time she bound him, and then slashed him with a knife across the back,
+and might have injured him still more if a man had not come by
+and rescued him.  The magistrates then gave him to other people,
+but they did not take care of him, and hearing that he was a bright child,
+I decided to offer to take him.  The Magistrates gladly agreed,
+and will write to his relatives in Charlestown, and if they do not claim him
+he will be bound to us.  He is already proving useful to the Brethren,
+as he speaks English to them, and they are rapidly learning
+to speak and to understand.  I am sending him to an English school,
+as I would rather he would not learn German, but being bright
+he is learning a good deal of it from the Brethren."
+
+On October 31st a widow and her seven-year-old son were received
+into their household.  The woman was in destitute circumstances,
+and anxious to work, so after four weeks' trial she was installed as maid,
+and promised $14.00 a year wages.  She proved to be quiet and industrious,
+but not very bright.  On Dec. 17th another boy, six years old,
+was taken, his mother being dead, and his father a day-laborer
+who could not care for him.
+
+Of the Indians the Moravians had seen a good deal, but no start had been made
+toward teaching them, except that some of their words had been learned.
+Spangenberg decided that the only way to master their language would be
+to go and live among them, and this Rose professed himself willing to do
+as soon as he could be spared.  With Tomochichi they were much pleased.
+"He is a grave, wise man, resembling one of the old Philosophers,
+though with him it is natural, not acquired.  Were he among a hundred Indians,
+all clothed alike, one would point him out and say, `that is the king.'"
+When the Indians came to the Moravian cabins they were courteously received,
+and supplied with food and drink, often remaining as silent listeners
+at the evening service.  In turn their good will took the form
+of a gift of grouse or dried venison, which the Moravians gratefully received.
+
+The English were very anxious to keep the friendship of these Indians,
+on whom much of their safety depended, and when one of the nations
+came five or six hundred miles to renew a treaty with them,
+they planned a spectacle which would at once please and impress them.
+All the settlers were put under arms, and led out to meet them,
+saluting them with a volley of musketry.  With great pomp
+they were conducted into the town, presented with guns, clothing, etc.,
+and then, through an interpreter, they were assured of the good will and faith
+of the English, and urged to be true to the treaty, and protect the settlement
+against those Indian tribes who were under French and Spanish influence.
+
+Spangenberg was ordered out with the others, but excused himself
+on the ground of weakness from his recent illness,
+and when the officials offered to depart from their custom,
+and allow one of Zinzendorf's "servants" to take his place,
+he explained that the Moravians did not understand English,
+and knew nothing of military manoeuvres.  During the first year
+the question of military service was not sufficiently prominent
+to cause real uneasiness, but Spangenberg foresaw trouble,
+and wrote to Herrnhut, urging that the matter be given serious consideration.
+
+When the Moravians passed through London they had fully explained
+their position to Gen. Oglethorpe, who promised them exemption, but they had
+no written order from the Trustees to show to the local officials,
+and not even a copy of the letter in which reference to the subject was made.
+As Count Zinzendorf's "servants" nine of them were ineligible,
+but Spangenberg, as a free-holder, was expected to take part
+in the weekly drill, which he quietly refused to do.
+
+All free-holders were likewise expected to take their turn in the Watch,
+composed of ten men, who patrolled the town by night and day.
+Spangenberg admitted that the Watch was necessary and proper,
+but decided that he had better not take a personal share in it,
+other than by hiring some one to take his place, which was permitted.
+As the turn came every seventeen days, and a man expected fifty cents for day
+and one dollar for night duty each time, this was expensive, doubly so
+because the officers demanded a substitute for the absent Nitschmann also.
+Twice had Spangenberg been before the Court, attempting to have
+the matter adjusted, but he found that this, like many other things,
+could not be settled until Gen. Oglethorpe came.  "All men wait
+for Gen. Oglethorpe, it is impossible to describe how they long for him."
+The Salzburgers especially wished for him, for they did not like the place
+where they had settled, and wanted permission to move
+to a more favorable location which they had chosen.
+
+On the 14th of February, 1736, Capt. Thomson arrived,
+bringing letters from England, and one to Spangenberg announced
+that the second company of Moravians was on the way
+and might soon be expected.  At three o'clock in the morning of February 17th,
+the town was roused by the sound of bells and drums.  Thinking it meant fire,
+the Moravians rushed out, but learned that Gen. Oglethorpe's ship
+had reached Tybee, and the people were awakened to welcome him.
+Full of interest to learn whether the second company was with him
+the Moravians paused for a hasty meal before going to meet the ship,
+when to their great joy Bishop Nitschmann appeared before them,
+"and his face was to us as the face of an Angel!"
+
+
+
+
+Chapter IV.  Reinforcements.
+
+
+
+  The "Second Company".
+
+Before David Nitschmann, the "Hausmeister", left London,
+after the sailing of the first Moravian company for Georgia,
+he presented to the Trustees a series of propositions, the acceptance of which
+would open the way for a large increase of Moravian emigration.
+The proposals were, in brief, that the Trustees should give credit
+to the Moravians to the extent of 500 Pounds sterling, which,
+deducting the 60 Pounds advanced to the first company,
+would provide passage money and a year's provision for fifty-five more
+of Count Zinzendorf's "servants", the loan to be repaid,
+without interest, in five years, and to bear interest at the usual rate
+if payment was longer deferred.  He also suggested that the money,
+when repaid, should be again advanced for a like purpose.
+
+In addition he requested that each man of twenty-one years, or over,
+should be granted fifty acres near Count Zinzendorf's tract.
+
+The Trustees were pleased to approve of these proposals,
+and promised the desired credit, with the further favor
+that if the debt was not paid within five years it should draw interest
+at eight per cent. only, instead of ten per cent., the customary rate
+in South Carolina.
+
+During the summer, therefore, a second company prepared to follow
+the pioneers to the New World.  On the 5th of August, 1735,
+two parties left Herrnhut, one consisting of three young men,
+and the other of thirteen men, women and children, who were joined at Leipzig
+by Jonas Korte, who went with them to London.  On August 8th,
+five more persons left Herrnhut, under the leadership of David Nitschmann,
+the Bishop, who was to take the second company to Georgia,
+organize their congregation, and ordain their pastor.
+
+This David Nitschmann, a carpenter by trade, was a companion
+of David Nitschmann, the "Hausmeister", and John Toeltschig,
+when they left Moravia in the hope of re-establishing the Unitas Fratrum,
+and with them settled at Herrnhut, and became one of the influential members
+of the community.  When missionaries were to be sent
+to the Danish West Indies, Nitschmann and Leonard Dober went on foot
+to Copenhagen (August 21st, 1732), and sailed from there,
+Nitschmann paying their way by his work as ship's carpenter.
+By the same handicraft he supported himself and his companion for four months
+on the island of St. Thomas, where they preached to the negro slaves,
+and then, according to previous arrangement, he left Dober
+to continue the work, and returned to Germany.  In 1735,
+it was decided that Bishop Jablonski, of Berlin, and Bishop Sitkovius,
+of Poland, who represented the Episcopate of the ancient Unitas Fratrum,
+should consecrate one of the members of the renewed Unitas Fratrum
+at Herrnhut, linking the Church of the Fathers with that of their descendents,
+and enabling the latter to send to the Mission field ministers
+whose ordination could not be questioned by other denominations,
+or by the civil authorities.  David Nitschmann, then one of the Elders
+at Herrnhut, was chosen to receive consecration, the service being performed,
+March 13th, by Bishop Jablonski, with the written concurrence
+of Bishop Sitkovius.
+
+The three parties from Herrnhut met at Magdeburg on August 13th,
+proceeding from there to Hamburg by boat, and at Altona,
+the sea-port of Hamburg, they found ten more colonists who had preceded them.
+Here also they were joined by Christian Adolph von Hermsdorf, who went
+with them to Georgia as "a volunteer".  Apparently Lieutenant Hermsdorf wanted
+the position of Zinzendorf's Agent in Georgia, for the Count wrote to him
+on the 19th of August, agreeing that he should go with the Moravians,
+at their expense, but saying that if he desired office he must first
+prove himself worthy of it by service with and for the others,
+even as the Count had always done.  If the reports from Georgia justified it,
+the Count promised to send him proper powers later, and to find
+a good opportunity for his wife to follow him.  Rosina Schwarz and her child,
+who had come with them to Hamburg to meet her husband, returned with him
+to their home in Holstein; and on account of Rosina Neubert's serious illness,
+she and her husband reluctantly agreed to leave the company,
+and wait for another opportunity to go to Georgia.  In 1742 they carried out
+their intention of emigrating to America, though it was to Pennsylvania,
+and not to Georgia.
+
+The "second company", therefore, consisted of twenty-five persons:
+  
+  David Nitschmann, the Bishop.
+  Christian Adolph von Hermsdorf, a volunteer.
+  John Andrew Dober, a potter.
+  David Zeisberger.
+  David Tanneberger, a shoemaker.
+  John Tanneberger, son of David, a boy of ten years.
+  George Neisser.
+  Augustin Neisser, a young lad, brother of George.
+  Henry Roscher, a linen-weaver.
+  David Jag.
+  John Michael Meyer, a tailor.
+  Jacob Frank.
+  John Martin Mack.
+  Matthias Seybold, a farmer.
+  Gottlieb Demuth.
+  John Boehner, a carpenter.
+  Matthias Boehnisch.
+  Maria Catherine Dober, wife of John Andrew Dober.
+  Rosina Zeisberger, wife of David Zeisberger.
+  Judith Toeltschig, Catherine Riedel, Rosina Haberecht, Regina Demuth,
+    going to join their husbands already in Georgia.
+  Anna Waschke, a widow, to join her son.
+  Juliana Jaeschke, a seamstress.*
+
+--
+* Fifteen of these colonists were originally from Moravia and Bohemia.
+--
+
+During an enforced stay of three weeks at Altona, the Moravians experienced
+much kindness, especially at the hands of Korte and his family,
+and Mrs. Weintraube, the daughter of a Mennonite preacher,
+who had come from her home in London on a visit to her father.
+By this time the Moravian settlement at Herrnhut was coming to be
+well and favorably known in Holland, and every visit won new friends,
+many of whom came into organic fellowship with them.  A few years later,
+when the Unitas Fratrum was confronted by a great financial crisis,
+it was largely the loyalty and liberality of the Dutch members
+that enabled it to reach a position of safety.
+
+On the 9th of September, the company went aboard an English boat,
+homeward bound, but contrary winds held them in port until the 13th,
+and it was not until Sunday, Oct. 2nd, that they reached London,
+after a long and stormy crossing, which gave many of them
+their first experience of sea-sickness.
+
+Nitschmann and Korte at once went ashore to report their arrival
+to Secretary Verelst, and on Monday a house was rented,
+and the twenty-five colonists and Jonas Korte moved into it,
+to wait for the sailing of Gen. Oglethorpe's ship,
+the General having offered them berths on his own vessel.
+The General was out of town when they reached London,
+but called on Monday evening, and showed them every kindness, --
+"Oglethorpe is indeed our good friend, and cares for us like a father."
+
+Nitschmann found a good deal of difficulty on account of the language,
+for he could not speak Latin, as Spangenberg had done, and knew no English,
+so that all of his conversations with Oglethorpe had to be carried on
+through an interpreter; nevertheless a number of important points
+were fully discussed.
+
+On the question of military service he could reach no definite
+and satisfactory conclusion, and thought it a great pity
+that there had not been a perfect mutual understanding
+between Zinzendorf and the Trustees before the first company sailed.
+That Zinzendorf's "servants" should be free from military service
+was admitted by all, but Oglethorpe thought three men must be furnished
+to represent Zinzendorf, Spangenberg and Nitschmann (the Hausmeister),
+the three free-holders, and suggested that Lieutenant Hermsdorf
+might take one place.  Nitschmann said that would not do,
+that the Moravians "could not and would not fight,"
+and there the matter rested.  Nitschmann wrote to Zinzendorf,
+begging him to come to London, and interview the Trustees,
+but advised that he wait for Oglethorpe's return from Georgia
+some nine months later.
+
+On this account the members of the second company agreed
+that it would be better for them not to accept land individually, but to go,
+as the others had done, as Zinzendorf's "servants", to work on his tract.
+Oglethorpe suggested that an additional five hundred acres should be requested
+for Count Zinzendorf's son, and Nitschmann referred the proposal
+to the authorities at Herrnhut.  In regard to the five hundred acre tract
+already granted, the General said that it had been located near the Indians,
+at the Moravians' request, but that settlers there would be in no danger,
+for the Indians were at peace with the English, there was a fort near by,
+and besides he intended to place a colony of Salzburgers
+fifty miles further south, when the Moravians would be,
+not on the border but in the center of Georgia.
+
+Gen. Oglethorpe assured Nitschmann that there would be no trouble
+regarding the transfer of title to the Georgia lands, for while,
+for weighty reasons, the grants had been made in tail male,
+there was no intention, on the part of the Trustees, to use this
+as a pretext for regaining the land, and if there was no male heir,
+a brother, or failing this, a friend, might take the title.
+(In 1739 the law entailing property in Georgia was modified to meet this view,
+and after 1750, all grants were made in fee simple.)  He also explained
+that the obligation to plant a certain number of mulberry trees per acre,
+or forfeit the land, was intended to spur lazy colonists,
+and would not be enforced in the case of the Moravians.
+
+Nitschmann told Gen. Oglethorpe of the wives and children who had been left
+in Herrnhut, and suggested the advisability of establishing an English School
+for them, that they might be better fitted for life in Georgia.
+Oglethorpe liked the idea, and, after due consideration,
+suggested that some one in Herrnhut who spoke French or Latin,
+preferably the latter, should be named as Count Zinzendorf's Agent,
+to handle funds for the English school, and to accompany
+later companies of Georgia colonists as far as London,
+his expenses to be paid by the Trustees.  Of this the Trustees approved,
+and donated 40 Pounds sterling, partly for Nitschmann's use in London,
+and the balance, -- about 4 Pounds it proved to be, --
+for the Herrnhut school.  An English gentleman also gave them 32 Pounds,
+with the proviso that within four years they in turn would give
+an equal amount to the needy, which Nitschmann readily agreed should be done.
+
+Various other gifts must have been received, for when the company sailed,
+Nitschmann reported to Count Zinzendorf that, without counting
+a considerable amount which Korte had generously expended on their behalf,
+they had received 115 Pounds in London, and had spent 113 Pounds.
+"This will seem much to you, but when you look over the accounts,
+and consider the number of people, and how dear everything is,
+you will understand."  Unfortunately the colonists had left Herrnhut
+without a sufficient quantity of warm clothing, thinking that
+it would not be needed, but letters from Georgia gave them quite new ideas
+of the climate there, and they were forced to supply themselves in London,
+though at double what it would have cost in Germany.
+
+In addition to these expenditures, the second company
+borrowed from the Trustees the funds for their passage to Georgia,
+and a year's provision there, binding themselves jointly and severally
+to repay the money, the bond, dated Oct. 26th, 1735, being for the sum
+of 453 Pounds 7 Shillings 6 Pence, double the amount of the actual debt.
+This included
+  
+Passage for 16 men, 8 women and 1 boy,
+ 25 persons, 24-1/2 "heads".           Pounds 122: 10: 0
+25 sets of bed-clothes.                         6:  5: 0
+1 year's provisions in Georgia,
+ being 12 bushels Indian Corn,
+ 100 lbs. Meat, 30 lbs. Butter,
+ 1 bushel Salt, 27 lbs. Cheese,
+ per head.                                     64:  6: 3
+Advanced in London for necessaries.            33: 12: 6
+                                       -----------------
+                                       Pounds 226: 13: 9
+
+This was to be repaid in five years, drawing eight per cent. interest
+after three years, further security to be given within twelve months
+if requested by the Trustees or their Agent; and any provisions not used
+to be credited on their account.
+
+In the matter of forming new acquaintances in London,
+the second company was far less active than the first had been,
+Spangenberg's standing and education having given him access to many people,
+attracting their attention to his companions.  The second company profited
+by the friends he had made, Mr. Wynantz especially devoting himself
+to their service, and while Nitschmann and his associates did not reach
+many new people, they inspired the respect and confidence of those
+whom Spangenberg had introduced to the Moravian Church,
+and so strengthened its cause.  A carpenter from Wittenberg, Vollmar by name,
+who was attracted to them, requested permission to go to Georgia with them,
+although not at their expense, and to this they agreed.
+A number of Salzburgers who were to go to Georgia with General Oglethorpe,
+though not on the same ship, were under the leadership
+of the young Baron von Reck with whom Zinzendorf had corresponded
+during the early stages of the Moravian negotiations,
+and the Baron called on the second company several times,
+offered to assist them in any way in his power, and expressed the wish
+that the Moravians and Salzburgers could live together in Georgia.
+Nitschmann doubted the wisdom of the plan, but courteously agreed
+to refer it to Zinzendorf, who, however, refused his sanction.
+
+On the 12th of October, the Moravians went aboard Gen. Oglethorpe's ship,
+the `Simmonds', Capt. Cornish, where they were told to select
+the cabins they preferred, being given preference over the English colonists
+who were going.  The cabins contained bare bunks, which could be closed
+when not in use, arranged in groups of five, -- three below and two above, --
+the five persons occupying them also eating together.
+The Moravians chose their places in the center of the ship,
+on either side of the main mast, where the ventilation was best,
+and there would be most fresh air when they reached warmer latitudes.
+"The number of people on the ship is rather large, for we are altogether
+one hundred and fifty who are going to Georgia, but besides ourselves
+they are all Englishmen."  "Many of them are like wild animals,
+but we have resolved in all things to act as the children of God,
+giving offence to no one, that our purpose be not misconstrued."
+
+After seeing his companions comfortably settled on the vessel,
+Nitschmann returned to his numerous tasks in London.  On the 24th,
+he came back to the ship, accompanied by Korte, who bade them
+an affectionate farewell.  By the 27th all of the passengers,
+including Gen. Oglethorpe, were on board, but it was not until
+the afternoon of October 31st, that the `Simmonds' sailed from Gravesend.
+
+
+  Four Journals.
+
+On the `Simmonds', as she sailed slowly down the Thames on her way to Georgia,
+there were four Englishmen, with whom the Moravians were to become
+well acquainted, who were to influence and be influenced by them, and through
+whom a great change was to come into the religious history of England.
+These were John and Charles Wesley, Benjamin Ingham and Charles Delamotte.
+The Wesleys were sons of Samuel Wesley, a clergyman of the Church of England,
+and while at the University of Oxford they, with two companions,
+had formed a little society for religious improvement,
+and by their strict and methodical habits gained the name of "Methodists";
+both brothers had taken orders in the English Church,
+and were on their way to Georgia, John to serve as rector at Savannah,
+and Charles as Gen. Oglethorpe's private secretary.
+Benjamin Ingham was born in Yorkshire, and met the Wesleys at Oxford,
+where he joined their Methodist society.  He, too, had been ordained
+in the English Church, and now, at the age of twenty-three, had yielded
+to John Wesley's persuasions, and agreed to go with him "to the Indians".
+Charles Delamotte, the son of a London merchant, met the Wesleys
+at the home of James Hutton, shortly before they sailed for Georgia,
+and was so much impressed by them, and by their object
+in seeking the New World, that he decided "to leave the world,
+and give himself up entirely to God," and go with them.
+
+For the greater part of his life John Wesley kept a Journal,
+extracts from which were given to the public from time to time,
+and Benjamin Ingham's account of the voyage to Georgia was also printed,
+so that the story of those weeks is quite well known.  Nevertheless,
+something of interest may be gained by comparing these two Journals
+with the Diaries kept by David Nitschmann, Bishop of the Moravians,
+and John Andrew Dober, one of the second company.
+
+To avoid confusion it should be noted that the difference of eleven days
+in the dates is only apparent, not real, for the Englishmen used
+the old style calendar, the Germans employed the modern one.
+In 46 B. C. the Roman Calendar had gained two months on the actual seasons,
+and a more accurate calculation resulted in the adoption of
+the so-called "Julian Calendar" (prepared at the request of Julius Caesar),
+the two missing months being inserted between November and December
+in that "year of confusion".  By 1582, however, the Julian Calendar
+had fallen ten days behind the seasons, so another calculation was made,
+and Pope Gregory XIII abolished the Julian Calendar in all Catholic countries,
+dropped the dates of ten days from that year, and established the "reformed",
+or "Gregorian Calendar".  This was adopted in Catholic Germany, in 1583,
+in Protestant Germany and Holland, in 1700, but in England not until 1752,
+by which time the difference had increased to eleven days.
+Following the ancient Jewish custom the Year, for many centuries,
+began with the 25th of March, but public sentiment came to favor
+the 1st of January as the more appropriate date, and it was gradually adopted.
+In England, however, the legal year continued to begin with March 25th,
+until 1752, although many people were either using the newer fashion,
+or indicating both, and a date might be correctly written in four ways,
+e.g. January 10th, 1734, old style, legal, January 10th, 1734-5,
+or January 10th, 1735, old style, popular, and January 21st, 1735, new style,
+the last agreeing with the calendar now in general use.
+
+Bishop Nitschmann gives the outline of their religious services
+on almost every day, and in the translation which follows
+these are generally omitted; in the same way some paragraphs are left out
+of the Wesley Journal.  Extracts from Dober's and Ingham's Journals
+are inserted when they give facts not otherwise noted.
+
+====== 24 Oct. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann's Diary.  Oct. 24th, 1735.
+
+I went to the ship, (the `Simmonds', Captain Cornish).
+My heart rejoiced to be once more with the Brethren.
+In the evening we held our song service.
+
+(We have all given ourselves to the Lord, and pray that the Saviour
+may comfort our hearts with joy, and that we may attain our object,
+namely, to call the heathen, to become acquainted with those
+whom we have not known and who know us not, and to worship
+the name of the Lord.  -- Letter of Oct. 28.)
+
+====== 25 Oct. 1735.
+
+John Wesley's Journal.  Oct. 14th, 1735, (O. S.) Tuesday.
+
+Mr. Benjamin Ingham, of Queen's College, Oxford, Mr. Charles Delamotte,
+son of a merchant in London, who had offered himself some days before,
+my brother Charles Wesley, and myself, took boat for Gravesend,
+in order to embark for Georgia.  Our end in leaving our native country
+was not to avoid want, (God having given us plenty of temporal blessings,)
+nor to gain the dung or dross of riches or honor; but singly this, --
+to save our souls, to live wholly to the glory of God.
+In the afternoon we found the `Simmonds' off Gravesend,
+and immediately went on board.
+
+(We had two cabins allotted us in the forecastle; I and Mr. Delamotte
+having the first, and Messrs. Wesley the other.  Theirs was made pretty large,
+so that we could all meet together to read or pray in it.
+This part of the ship was assigned to us by Mr. Oglethorpe,
+as being most convenient for privacy.  -- Ingham's Journal.)
+
+====== 27 Oct. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Oct. 27th.
+
+Bled Mrs. Toeltschig and Mrs. Zeisberger.  On deck one man was knocked down
+by another, striking his head on the deck so as to stun him.
+In the evening we held our song service at the same hour that the English
+had theirs.  I spoke with Mr. Oglethorpe and the two English clergymen,
+who asked concerning our ordination and our faith.  Mr. Oglethorpe said
+he would be as our father, if we would permit it.
+
+====== 28 Oct. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Oct. 28th.
+
+At our prayer-meeting considered Eph. 1, how our election may be made sure;
+I also wrote to the Congregation at Herrnhut.  Mrs. Zeisberger was sick,
+and Mr. Oglethorpe concerned himself about her comfort.
+
+----
+
+Wesley.  Oct. 17th.
+
+I began to learn German in order to converse with the Germans,
+six and twenty* of whom we had on board.
+
+--
+* Twenty-five Moravians and the Wittenberg carpenter.
+--
+
+====== 29 Oct. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Oct. 29th.
+
+Spoke with the Wittenberg carpenter concerning his soul.
+
+====== 30 Oct. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Oct. 30th.
+
+We decided who should attend to various duties during the voyage,
+and held our "Band" meetings.  (The "Bands" were small groups,
+closely associated for mutual religious improvement.)
+An English boy fell overboard, but was rescued by a sailor.
+
+====== 31 Oct. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Oct. 31st.
+
+In the afternoon we sailed twelve miles from Gravesend.
+
+----
+
+Wesley.  Oct. 20th, Monday.
+
+Believing the denying ourselves, even in the smallest instances,
+might, by the blessing of God, be helpful to us, we wholly left off
+the use of flesh and wine, and confined ourselves to vegetable food, --
+chiefly rice and biscuit.  In the afternoon, David Nitschmann,
+Bishop of the Germans, and two others, began to learn English.
+O may we be, not only of one tongue, but of one mind and of one heart.
+
+====== 1 Nov. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Nov. 1st.
+
+The English clergyman began to spend an hour teaching us English.
+In the early service we read concerning new life in the soul;
+the preceding night was blessed to me, and the Saviour was near.
+At the evening service we spoke of earnest prayer and its answer.
+
+(David Nitschmann, in the presence of all the members,
+formally installed certain of our members in office, --
+David Tanneberger as overseer, Dober as teacher and monitor,
+Seybold as nurse for the brethren, and Mrs. Dober as nurse for the sisters.
+-- Dober's Diary.)
+
+(We have arranged that one of us shall watch each night,
+of which Mr. Oglethorpe approves.  -- Letter of Oct. 18th.)
+
+----
+
+Wesley.  Oct. 21st.
+
+We sailed from Gravesend.  When we were past about half the Goodwin Sands
+the wind suddenly failed.  Had the calm continued till ebb,
+the ship had probably been lost.  But the gale sprung up again in an hour,
+and carried us into the Downs.
+
+We now began to be a little regular.  Our common way of living was this:
+From four in the morning till five, each of us used private prayer.
+From five to seven we read the Bible together, carefully comparing it
+(that we might not lean to our own understanding) with the writings
+of the earliest ages.  At seven we breakfasted.  At eight
+were the public prayers.  From nine to twelve I usually learned German
+and Mr. Delamotte Greek.  My brother writ sermons, and Mr. Ingham
+instructed the children.  At twelve we met to give an account to one another
+what we had done since our last meeting, and what we designed to do
+before our next.  About one we dined.  The time from dinner to four,
+we spent in reading to those whom each of us had taken in charge,
+or in speaking to them severally, as need required.  At four
+were the Evening Prayers; when either the Second Lesson was explained
+(as it always was in the morning,) or the children were catechised,
+and instructed before the congregation.  From five to six
+we again used private prayer.  From six to seven I read in our cabin
+to two or three of the passengers, (of whom there were about eighty English
+on board), and each of my brethren to a few more in theirs.
+At seven I joined with the Germans in their public service;
+while Mr. Ingham was reading between the decks to as many as desired to hear.
+At eight we met again, to exhort and instruct one another.
+Between nine and ten we went to bed, where neither the roaring of the sea,
+nor the motion of the ship, could take away the refreshing sleep
+which God gave us.
+
+====== 2 Nov. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Nov. 2nd.
+
+We sailed further.  In the early prayer service we considered Eph. 4,
+the unity of the Spirit, and the means of preserving the bond of peace.
+In the song service many points of doctrine were discussed
+with the English clergyman, also the decline and loss of power.
+
+====== 3 Nov. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Nov. 3rd.
+
+A dense fog and unpleasant weather, so we lay still at anchor.
+
+====== 4 Nov. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Nov. 4th.
+
+I visited the other ship, (the `London Merchant', Capt. Thomas) where
+the so-called Salzburgers are.  I spend most of my time studying English.
+
+----
+
+Wesley.  Oct. 24th.
+
+Having a rolling sea, most of the passengers found the effects of it.
+Mr. Delamotte was exceeding sick for several days, Mr. Ingham for about
+half an hour.  My brother's head ached much.  Hitherto it has pleased God
+the sea has not disordered me at all.
+
+During our stay in the Downs, some or other of us went, as often
+as we had opportunity, on board the ship that sailed in company with us,
+where also many were glad to join in prayer and hearing the word.
+
+====== 5 Nov. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Nov. 5th.
+
+We prayed for the Congregation at Herrnhut, and also that we might be
+one with it in spirit.  In the evening we spoke of the Lord's protection,
+how good it is.
+
+There is no room for fear,
+ The world may shake and quiver,
+The elements may rage,
+ The firmament may shiver,
+We are safe-guarded.
+
+====== 8 Nov. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Nov. 8th.
+
+An (English) child died, and was buried in the sea at five o'clock.
+
+====== 11 Nov. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Nov. 11th.
+
+The text was "The Lord is with me, therefore I do not fear."
+
+----
+
+Wesley.  Oct. 31st.
+
+We sailed out of the Downs.  At eleven at night I was waked by a great noise.
+I soon found there was no danger.  But the bare apprehension of it
+gave me a lively conviction what manner of men those ought to be,
+who are every moment on the brink of eternity.
+
+====== 12 Nov. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Nov. 12th.
+
+(This afternoon we came near Portsmouth, and anchored.
+Today Dober began to study English, and learned the Lord's Prayer.
+-- Dober's Diary.)
+
+----
+
+Wesley.  Nov. 1st, Saturday.
+
+We came to St. Helen's harbour, and the next day into Cowes road.
+The wind was fair, but we waited for the man-of-war which was to sail with us.
+This was a happy opportunity of instructing our fellow travellers.
+May He whose seed we sow, give it the increase!
+
+====== 13 Nov. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Nov. 13th.
+
+Hermsdorf visits Baron von Reck.
+
+====== 14 Nov. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Nov. 14th.
+
+We lay at anchor at Cowes on the Isle of Wight, and some of us landed.
+I went with Baron von Reck to Newport, one mile distant,
+it is a beautiful place.  I conversed with Baron von Reck
+about the Lord's Prayer.
+
+====== 18 Nov. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Nov. 18th.
+
+A great storm.  To me the time is precious, and passes too swiftly.
+It is as though we were in the midst of wild beasts,
+which are bound and cannot harm us.  We know the Saviour stands by us,
+and strengthens us through the Holy Ghost.
+
+====== 20 Nov. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Nov. 20th.
+
+One older and two young Englishmen were whipped for stealing.
+
+====== 21 Nov. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Nov. 21st.
+
+Conversed with Mr. Oglethorpe about our ordination, Baron von Reck
+acting as interpreter.  He was well pleased when I explained our view,
+and that we did not think a Bishop must be a great lord
+as among the Catholics.  He offered to give us anything we wished,
+but I told him we needed nothing.
+
+====== 23 Nov. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Nov. 23rd.
+
+The Man-of-war (`Hawk', Capt. Gascoine) joined us.  A boy was beaten,
+and sent away from the ship.
+
+====== 25 Nov. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Nov. 25th.
+
+Spoke with Mr. Oglethorpe about Boehner and George Neisser,
+who are sick and must go ashore for treatment.  Boehner has a sore arm,
+and Neisser a sore foot.  An English friend gave us a guinea
+to buy some things we need.
+
+====== 29 Nov. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Nov. 29th.
+
+In the evening I prayed for a good wind, since we do not wish
+to lie in one place and be of no use.
+
+====== 1 Dec. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Dec. 1st.
+
+The wind was good, we thanked God and sailed about eight o'clock.
+Not long after the wind fell, and we anchored, but I could not believe
+that we were not to go.  The wind rose again, and we sailed nine miles.
+
+----
+
+Wesley.  Nov. 20th.
+
+We fell down Yarmouth road, but the next day were forced back to Cowes.
+During our stay here there were several storms, in one of which
+two ships in Yarmouth roads were lost.
+
+The continuance of the contrary winds gave my brother an opportunity
+of complying with the desire of the minister of Cowes,
+and preaching there three or four times.
+
+====== 2 Dec. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Dec. 2nd.
+
+About two o'clock we returned to Cowes.
+
+====== 3 Dec. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Dec. 3rd.
+
+The women went ashore to wash our clothes.  The others went with them,
+because we do not wish to annoy any one, and desired to be alone
+that we might celebrate the Lord's Supper.  I could not leave the ship,
+but was with them in spirit.
+
+====== 4 Dec. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Dec. 4th.
+
+(Nitschmann and Dober spoke with several of the Brethren
+concerning their spiritual condition.  In the evening a storm sprang up
+which continued most of the night.  Mr. Oglethorpe is ill,
+which reminds us to pray for him, and the English preacher, John Wesley,
+has promised to do the same.  This preacher loses no opportunity to be present
+at our song service; he spares no pains to perform the duties of his office
+and he likes us.  We wish we could converse freely with him, so that
+we could more carefully explain the way of God to him.  -- Dober's Diary.)
+
+----
+
+Wesley.  Nov. 23rd, Sunday.
+
+At night I was waked by the tossing of the ship, and roaring of the wind,
+and plainly showed I was unfit, for I was unwilling to die.
+
+====== 7 Dec. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Dec. 7th.
+
+A great storm, and we thanked God that we were in a safe harbor.
+
+====== 10 Dec. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Dec. 10th.
+
+All hands summoned to lift the anchor.  Mr. Oglethorpe called me,
+took me by the hand, led me into the cabin, and gave me 1 Pound
+for the Brethren.  Later the wind was again contrary, and we had to lie still.
+
+====== 18 Dec. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Dec. 18th.
+
+We lifted the anchor at three o'clock, but as we got under sail
+the wind changed again.  We must stay still, but what the Lord intends
+we do not know.
+
+----
+
+Wesley.  Dec. 7th, Sunday.
+
+Finding nature did not require such frequent supplies
+as we had been accustomed to, we agreed to leave off suppers;
+from doing which we have hitherto found no inconvenience.
+
+====== 21 Dec. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Dec. 21st.
+
+An east wind sprang up, and with the help of God we sailed at nine o'clock
+from Cowes, where we had been for five weeks and three days.
+
+When we reached the open sea many became sea-sick.  There was so much
+to be done that we could not hold our prayer-meeting,
+for our people help in all the work, and therefore the sailors treat us well,
+no matter what they think of us in their hearts.  In the evening
+our song service was much blessed.
+
+(With us went two ships, the man-of-war, and that which carried
+Baron von Reck and his Salzburgers.  Two of the Salzburgers were on shore,
+and were left behind when the ship sailed, whereat their wives and children
+who were on board, were sorely grieved.  -- Dober's Diary.)
+
+----
+
+Wesley.  Dec. 10th, Wednesday.
+
+We sailed from Cowes, and in the afternoon passed the Needles.
+From this day to the fourteenth being in the Bay of Biscay,
+the sea was very rough.  Mr. Delamotte and others were more sick than ever;
+Mr. Ingham a little; I not at all.  But the fourteenth being a calm day,
+most of the sick were cured at once.
+
+====== 22 Dec. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Dec. 22nd.
+
+The wind was east, and we sailed nine miles an hour,
+but were all very sea-sick.
+
+====== 23 Dec. 1735.
+
+Wesley.  Dec. 12th.
+
+(In the forenoon we left the man-of-war, he not being able to sail as fast
+as our ships.  -- Ingham's Journal.)
+
+====== 25 Dec. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Dec. 25th.
+
+As this was Christmas Day we read Matt. 8 in our prayer service.
+The wind had died down, everyone felt much better, and it was a beautiful day.
+
+====== 27 Dec. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Dec. 27th.
+
+At midnight there was a great storm, and the waves broke over the ship;
+the middle hatch was open, and the water poured in, running into our cabin,
+so that we had to take everything out of them until we could dry them.
+
+====== 30 Dec. 1735.
+
+Nitschmann.  Dec. 30th.
+
+The weather was again pleasant.
+
+----
+
+Wesley.  Dec. 19th.
+
+(Messrs. Wesley and I, with Mr. Oglethorpe's approbation, undertook to visit,
+each of us, a part of the ship, and daily to provide the sick people
+with water-gruel, and such other things as were necessary for them.
+-- Ingham's Journal.)
+
+====== 1 Jan. 1736.
+
+Nitschmann.  Jan. 1, 1736.
+
+It was New Year's Day, and Mr. Oglethorpe's birthday.
+
+(Br. Nitschmann asked us to select a number of verses,
+wrote them out and presented them as a birthday greeting to Mr. Oglethorpe.
+It was a beautiful day, warm and calm.  -- Dober's Diary.)
+
+----
+
+Wesley.  Dec. 21st, Sunday.
+
+We had fifteen communicants, which was our usual number on Sundays.
+
+(This being Mr. Oglethorpe's birthday, he gave a sheep and wine to the people,
+which, with the smoothness of the sea, and the serenity of the sky,
+so enlivened them that they perfectly recovered from their sea-sickness.
+
+On Christmas Day, also, Mr. Oglethorpe gave a hog and wine to the people.
+-- Ingham's Journal.)
+
+====== 5 Jan. 1736.
+
+Nitschmann.  Jan. 5th.
+
+(To-day, according to the old style, Christmas was celebrated on our ship.
+Br. Nitschmann spoke on the words, "Unto us a Child is born,
+unto us a Son is given."  -- Dober's Diary.)
+
+====== 9 Jan. 1736.
+
+Wesley.  Dec. 29th.
+
+(We are now past the latitude of twenty-five degrees,
+and are got into what they call the Trade winds, which blow much the same way
+all the year round.  The air is balmy, soft, and sweet.
+The ship glides smoothly and quietly along.  The nights are mild and pleasant,
+being beautifully adorned with the shining hosts of stars,
+  
+  "Forever singing as they shine,
+  The Hand that made us is divine."
+  
+-- Ingham's Journal.)
+
+====== 10 Jan. 1736.
+
+Nitschmann.  Jan. 10th.
+
+(We have been running for several days with the Trade winds.
+Here the day is two hours longer than it is in Germany at this season.
+The sailors wished to adhere to their custom of initiating those
+who crossed the Tropic of Cancer for the first time, but Gen. Oglethorpe
+forbade it.  The weak, the children, and the sick, are well cared for,
+so that the nine months' old child receives an egg and some goat's milk
+every day.  -- Dober's Diary.)
+
+====== 12 Jan. 1736.
+
+Nitschmann.  Jan. 12th.
+
+To-day, according to the old style, we celebrated the New Year.
+
+====== 20 Jan. 1736.
+
+Nitschmann.  Jan. 20th.
+
+An English clergyman asked us how often we celebrated the Lord's Supper,
+saying that he thought it a sacrifice which consecrated and improved the life.
+We told him our view; he said he would like to visit Herrnhut.
+
+(We re-crossed the Tropic of Cancer.  -- Dober's Diary.)
+
+====== 21 Jan. 1736.
+
+Nitschmann.  Jan. 21st.
+
+(We are still in the Trade wind, and sail swiftly and steadily.)
+
+We cannot thank God enough that we are all well, only Mrs. Demuth
+is always sea-sick when the wind rises.
+
+====== 23 Jan. 1736.
+
+Nitschmann.  Jan. 23rd.
+
+We saw a ship.
+
+----
+
+Wesley.  Jan. 12th, 1736.
+
+(I began to write out the English Dictionary in order to learn
+the Indian tongue.  -- Ingham's Journal.)
+
+====== 26 Jan. 1736.
+
+Wesley.  Jan. 15th.
+
+Complaint being made to Mr. Oglethorpe of the unequal distribution
+of the water among the passengers, he appointed new officers
+to take charge of it.  At this the old ones and their friends
+were highly exasperated against us, to whom they imputed the change.
+But "the fierceness of man shall turn to thy praise."
+
+====== 27 Jan. 1736.
+
+Nitschmann.  Jan. 27th.
+
+(As there was little good water left the passengers were given poor water,
+but when Oglethorpe heard of it, he ordered that all, in the Cabin
+and outside, should be treated alike, as long as the good water lasted.
+Mr. Oglethorpe and the preacher, John Wesley, are very careful
+of the passengers' welfare; the latter shows himself full of love for us.
+-- Dober's Diary.)
+
+====== 28 Jan. 1736.
+
+Nitschmann.  Jan. 28th.
+
+There was a great storm, the waves went over the ship, and poured into it.
+Then many who knew not God were frightened, but we were of good cheer,
+and trusted in the Lord who does all things well.  Roscher and Mack
+are good sailors and not afraid of anything.
+
+----
+
+Wesley.  Jan. 17th, Saturday.
+
+Many people were very impatient at the contrary wind.  At seven in the evening
+they were quieted by a storm.  It rose higher and higher till nine.
+About nine the sea broke over us from stem to stern;
+burst through the windows of the state cabin, where three or four of us were,
+and covered us all over, though a bureau sheltered me from the main shock.
+About eleven I lay down in the great cabin, and in a short time fell asleep,
+though very uncertain whether I should wake alive, and much ashamed
+of my unwillingness to die.  O how pure in heart must he be,
+who would rejoice to appear before God at a moment's warning!
+Toward morning "He rebuked the wind and the sea, and there was a great calm."
+
+====== 29 Jan. 1736.
+
+Nitschmann.  Jan. 29th.
+
+We read the 13th chapter of Mark at our early prayer service.
+The weather was a little better, but the wind was contrary.
+We also saw a ship which was sailing northeast.  In the evening
+we read the ninety-eighth Psalm, the Lord was with us and we were blessed.
+
+----
+
+Wesley.  Jan. 18th, Sunday.
+
+We returned thanks to God for our deliverance, of which a few appeared
+duly sensible.  But the rest (among whom were most of the sailors)
+denied we had been in any danger.  I could not have believed
+that so little good would have been done by the terror they were in before.
+But it cannot be that they should long obey God from fear,
+who are deaf to the motives of love.
+
+====== 1 Feb. 1736.
+
+Nitschmann.  Feb. 1st.
+
+The weather was fine, and there was no wind until ten o'clock,
+when it came from the right quarter.  In addition to our usual allowance
+the Captain sent us fresh meat, which he has done thrice already,
+and we do not altogether like it, for we are content with what we have,
+and do not desire more.
+
+====== 3 Feb. 1736.
+
+Nitschmann.  Feb. 3rd.
+
+There was a great storm, which lasted all night.
+
+----
+
+Wesley.  Jan. 23rd, Friday.
+
+In the evening another storm began.  In the morning it increased,
+so that they were forced to let the ship drive.  I could not
+but say to myself, "How is it that thou hast no faith?"
+being still unwilling to die.  About one in the afternoon,
+almost as soon as I had stepped out of the great cabin door,
+the sea did not break as usual, but came with a smooth full tide
+over the side of the ship.  I was vaulted over with water in a moment,
+and so stunned, that I scarce expected to lift up my head again,
+till the sea should give up her dead.  But thanks be to God,
+I received no hurt at all.  About noon our third storm began.
+
+====== 4 Feb. 1736.
+
+Nitschmann.  Feb. 4th.
+
+The storm lasted all day, and the waves often swept over the ship.
+The storm rudder was lashed fast, and so we were driven.
+
+====== 5 Feb. 1736.
+
+Nitschmann.  Feb. 5th.
+
+In the early morning we had a fairly good breeze, but about ten o'clock,
+a storm rose, of such violence that the wind seemed to blow
+from all four quarters at once, and we were in danger of being overpowered.
+The waves were like mountains; the rudder was lashed fast,
+only one sail was spread, and we drove on, only the Lord knew whither.
+But we did not let it prevent us from holding our song service.
+The text given to us was Psalm 115:14, which assured us
+that we were blessed of God, -- may He ever bless us more and more.
+During the service the ship was covered with a great wave,
+which poured in upon us, and on the deck there was a great cry
+that the wind had split the one sail which was spread.
+There was great fright among the people who have no God;
+the English clergyman was much aroused, ran to them, and preached repentance,
+saying among other things that they could now see the difference.
+I was content, for our lives are in God's hands, and He does what He will;
+among us there was no fear, for the Lord helped us.
+
+(There was a terrible storm which lasted till midnight.
+During the song service a great wave struck the ship with a noise
+like the roar of a cannon.  The wind tore the strong new sail in two;
+the people, especially the English women, screamed and wept;
+the preacher Wesley, who is always with us in our song service,
+cried out against the English, "Now man can see who has a God,
+and who has none."  During the last eight days we have had
+so much contrary wind, and so many storms that we could not approach the land,
+though we were near it several times.  -- Dober's Diary.)
+
+----
+
+Wesley.  Jan. 25th, Sunday.
+
+At noon our third storm began.  At four it was more violent than before.
+The winds roared round about us, and whistled as distinctly as if it had been
+a human voice.  The ship not only rocked to and fro with the utmost violence,
+but shook and jarred with so unequal, grating, a motion,
+that one could not but with great difficulty keep one's hold of anything,
+nor stand a moment without it.  Every ten minutes came a shock
+against the stern or side of the ship, which one would think
+should dash the planks to pieces.
+
+We spent two or three hours after prayers, in conversing suitably
+to the occasion, confirming one another in a calm submission
+to the wise, holy, gracious will of God.  And now a storm did not appear
+so terrible as before.  Blessed be the God of all consolation!
+
+At seven I went to the Germans; I had long before observed
+the great seriousness of their behaviour.  Of their humility
+they had given a continual proof, by performing those servile offices
+for the other passengers, which none of the English would undertake;
+for which they desired, and would receive no pay, saying "It was good
+for their proud hearts," and "their loving Saviour had done more for them."
+And every day had given them occasion of showing a meekness,
+which no injury could move.  If they were pushed, struck, or thrown down,
+they rose again and went away; but no complaint was found in their mouth.
+There was now an opportunity of trying whether they were delivered
+from the spirit of fear, as well as from that of pride, anger, and revenge.
+In the midst of the psalm wherewith their service began,
+the sea broke over, split the mainsail in pieces, covered the ship,
+and poured in between the decks, as if the great deep had already
+swallowed us up.  A terrible screaming began among the English.
+The Germans calmly sung on.  I asked one of them afterward,
+"Were you not afraid?"  He answered, "I thank God, no."
+I asked, "But were not your women and children afraid?"  He replied mildly,
+"No; our women and children are not afraid to die."
+
+From them I went to their crying, trembling neighbors,
+and pointed out to them the difference in the hour of trial,
+between him that feareth God, and him that feareth Him not.
+At twelve the wind fell.  This was the most glorious day
+which I have hitherto seen.
+
+====== 6 Feb. 1736.
+
+Nitschmann.  Feb. 6th.
+
+(The oldest sailors say they have never seen so fierce a storm
+as the one we had last night.  The wind came from all sides at once,
+lifted the water from the sea, bore it through the air
+and cast it on the other ship, where Baron von Reck and the Salzburgers were,
+and so flooded it that twelve persons were kept at the pumps all night.
+-- Dober's Diary.)
+
+----
+
+Wesley.  Jan. 26th.
+
+We enjoyed the calm.  I can conceive no difference comparable to that
+between a smooth and a rough sea, except that which is between
+a mind calmed by the love of God, and one torn up by the storms
+of earthly passion.
+
+====== 8 Feb. 1736.
+
+Nitschmann.  Feb. 8th.
+
+(There was a calm, and very fine weather, so that a boat could be lowered
+to visit the other ship.  -- Dober's Diary.)
+
+----
+
+Wesley.  Jan. 28th.
+
+(Being a calm day, I went on board the other ship, read prayers,
+and visited the people.  At my return I acquainted Mr. Oglethorpe
+with their state, and he sent them such things as they needed.
+-- Ingham's Journal.)
+
+====== 9 Feb. 1736.
+
+Nitschmann.  Feb. 9th.
+
+(The wind was again favorable to us, but there was much lightning.
+-- Dober's Diary.)
+
+----
+
+Wesley.  Jan. 29th.
+
+About seven in the evening we fell in with the skirts of a hurricane.
+The rain as well as the wind was extremely violent.  The sky was so dark
+in a moment, that the sailors could not so much as see the ropes,
+or set about furling the sails.  The ship must, in all probability,
+have overset, had not the wind fell as suddenly as it rose.
+
+====== 10 Feb. 1736.
+
+Nitschmann.  Feb. 10th.
+
+The whole day was stormy, and all night the waves broke over the ship.
+
+----
+
+Wesley.  Jan. 30th.
+
+We had another storm, which did us no other harm than splitting the foresail.
+Our bed being wet, I laid me down on the floor and slept sound till morning.
+
+====== 12 Feb. 1736.
+
+Nitschmann.  Feb. 12th.
+
+(We were obliged to drift, because we did not know how far we were from land.
+About noon we sighted three ships, sailed toward them,
+and saw they were English; our sailors lowered the boat, we wrote in haste,
+and sent letters to Herrnhut.  The ships came from Charlestown,
+and told us we were thirty hours' run from Georgia.  -- Dober's Diary.)
+
+----
+
+Wesley.  Feb. 1st, Sunday.
+
+(Three sails appearing, we made up toward them, and got what letters
+we could write, in hopes some of them might be bound for England.
+One of them, that was bound for London, made towards us,
+and we put our letters on board her.  -- Ingham's Journal.)
+
+====== 13 Feb. 1736.
+
+Nitschmann.  Feb. 13th.
+
+To-day we had another storm, and twice saw the ocean not far from us,
+drawn up like smoke, so that the water reached up to the clouds,
+and the ship would have been in great danger if it had struck us.
+
+====== 14 Feb. 1736.
+
+Nitschmann.  Feb. 14th.
+
+Soundings toward evening showed twenty-eight fathoms of water,
+and we hope to see land to-morrow.
+
+====== 15 Feb. 1736.
+
+Nitschmann.  Feb. 15th.
+
+About two o'clock we saw land.  I climbed the mast, and poured out my heart
+to God, thanking Him, and praying that He would care for us in our new home.
+We anchored for the night.
+
+----
+
+Wesley.  Feb. 4th, Wednesday.
+
+About noon the trees were visible from the mast, and in the afternoon
+from the main deck.  In the Evening Lesson were these words,
+"A great door, and effectual, is opened," O let no one shut it!
+
+====== 16 Feb. 1736.
+
+Nitschmann.  Feb. 16th.
+
+It was a beautiful day, and the land looked very fair.
+At two o'clock we reached Tybee, and were all very happy.
+The song service was blessed, and we thanked God with prayer and praise.
+
+----
+
+Wesley.  Feb. 5th.
+
+Between two and three in the afternoon God brought us all safe
+into the Savannah River.  We cast anchor near Tybee Island,
+where the grove of pines, running along the shore, made an agreeable prospect,
+showing, as it were, the bloom of spring in the depths of winter.
+
+====== 17 Feb. 1736.
+
+Nitschmann.  Feb. 17th.
+
+I went on shore with Mr. Oglethorpe, and we together fell on our knees
+and thanked God, and then took a boat to Savannah.  I went at once
+to the Brethren, and we rejoiced to meet again.  I found the Brethren well,
+and looked with wonder at what they had accomplished,
+went with Toeltschig and Spangenberg to the garden, and also received
+letters from Herrnhut.  Spangenberg had to go immediately to Mr. Oglethorpe
+to discuss many things with him.
+
+----
+
+Wesley.  Feb. 6th, Friday.
+
+About eight in the morning we first set foot on American ground.
+It was a small, uninhabited island, (Peeper Island), over against Tybee.
+Mr. Oglethorpe led us to a rising ground, where we all kneeled down
+to give thanks.  He then took boat for Savannah.  When the rest of the people
+were come on shore, we called our little flock together to prayers.
+Several parts of the Second Lesson (Mark 6) were wonderfully suited
+to the occasion.
+
+====== 18 Feb. 1736.
+
+Nitschmann.  Feb. 18th.
+
+(About six o'clock in the evening, Br. Spangenberg came from Savannah to us,
+which made us very glad and thankful.  He told us of the death of Br. Riedel,
+and held the song service, praying and thanking God for having brought us
+together again.  -- Dober's Diary.)
+
+----
+
+Wesley.  Feb. 7th.
+
+Mr. Oglethorpe returned from Savannah with Mr. Spangenberg,
+one of the pastors of the Germans.  I soon found what spirit he was of;
+and asked his advice with regard to my own conduct.
+
+====== 19 & 20 Feb. 1736.
+
+Nitschmann.  Feb. 19th and 20th.
+
+(We waited for the small vessel that was to come for us.
+Br. Spangenberg held the prayer and song services.  -- Dober's Diary.)
+
+----
+
+Wesley.  Feb. 9th.
+
+I asked Mr. Spangenberg many questions, both concerning himself
+and the church at Herrnhut.
+
+====== 21 Feb. 1736.
+
+Nitschmann.  Feb. 21st.
+
+(The small vessel came; we had much rain, and the wind
+was so strong against us that we had to spend the night on the transport.
+-- Dober's Diary.)
+
+====== 22 Feb. 1736.
+
+Nitschmann.  Feb. 22nd.
+
+(In the afternoon we reached Savannah, where we were lodged in the house
+which the Brethren who came a year ago have built in the town.
+The Lord has done all things well, and has turned to our good
+all that has befallen us, even when we did not understand His way,
+and has laid His blessing upon our journey, -- thanks be unto Him.
+-- Dober's Diary.)
+
+====== 27 Feb. 1736.
+
+Wesley.  Feb. 16th.
+
+Mr. Oglethorpe set out for the new settlement on the Altamahaw River.
+He took with him fifty men, besides Mr. Ingham, Mr. Hermsdorf,
+and three Indians.
+
+====== 6 Mar. 1736.
+
+Wesley.  Feb. 24th, Tuesday.
+
+Mr. Oglethorpe returned.  The day following I took my leave
+of most of the passengers of the ship.  In the evening I went to Savannah.
+
+======
+
+
+  Organization.
+
+The arrival of the "second company" was a marked event
+in the eyes of the Moravians already settled at Savannah.
+Hitherto all had been preparation, and labor had seemed less arduous
+and privations less severe because they were smoothing the path
+for those who were to follow, and it was with well-earned satisfaction
+that wives and friends were lodged in the new house,
+taken to the garden and the farm, and introduced to acquaintances in the town.
+No doubt poor Catherine Riedel's heart ached with loneliness,
+and her tears flowed fast, when, at the close of that long and stormy voyage,
+she heard of her husband's death, and stood beside his grave
+in the Savannah cemetery; -- but there was little time for grieving
+in the press of matters that required attention, for Spangenberg's long visit
+was now to end, Nitschmann was to remain only until the organization
+of the Congregation was complete, and there was much to be done
+before these two able leaders took their departure.
+
+Scarcely had Bishop Nitschmann greeted the members of the "first company"
+in the dawn of Feb. 17th, 1736, when Spangenberg and Toeltschig
+took him to the garden two miles distant, that they might have
+a private and undisturbed conference.  All too soon, however,
+word was brought that Gen. Oglethorpe wanted to see Spangenberg at once,
+so they retraced their steps, and Spangenberg received a hearty greeting
+from the General, and many compliments on what he and his party
+had accomplished.  There is no record of the conversations among the Moravians
+on that day, but they are not difficult to imagine, for the news from home
+and from the mission fields on the one side, and the problems and prospects
+in Georgia on the other, would furnish topics which many days
+could not exhaust.
+
+That evening Spangenberg again called on Gen. Oglethorpe,
+who gave orders that a boat should take him next day to Tybee,
+where the ship lay at anchor, with all her passengers aboard.
+He also told Spangenberg about the English preacher whom he had brought over,
+and made inquiries about Nitschmann's position, asking that the explanation
+be repeated to the English preacher, who was also interested in him.
+
+The following day Spangenberg waited upon Gen. Oglethorpe
+to ask about Hermsdorf, as he heard the General had promised
+to take him to the Altamaha, where a new town was to be built.
+He also begged Oglethorpe to help him arrange his departure for Pennsylvania
+as soon as possible, which the General agreed to do.
+
+About six o'clock that evening Spangenberg reached the ship at Tybee,
+and was warmly welcomed by the Moravians, and at their song service
+he met the much-talked-of English preacher, John Wesley.
+The two men liked each other at the first glance; Wesley wrote in his Journal,
+"I soon found what spirit he was of, and asked his advice
+in regard to my own conduct," while Spangenberg paralleled this in his Diary
+with the remark, "He told me how it was with him, and I saw that true Grace
+dwelt in and governed him."
+
+During the two days which elapsed before the transport came
+to take the Moravians from the ship, Wesley and Spangenberg had several
+long conversations, each recording the points that struck him most,
+but without comment.  These discussions regarding doctrine and practice
+were renewed at intervals during the remainder of Spangenberg's stay
+in Savannah, and the young Englishman showed himself eager
+to learn the Indian language so that he might preach to the natives,
+generous in his offers to share his advantages of study with the Moravians,
+and above all determined to enforce the letter of the ecclesiastical law,
+as he understood it, in his new parish.  He thought "it would be well
+if two of the Moravian women would dedicate themselves to the Indian service,
+and at once begin to study the language," and "as the early Church
+employed deaconesses, it would be profitable if these women were ordained
+to their office."  He was also convinced "that the apostolic custom
+of baptism by immersion ought to be observed in Georgia."
+"He bound himself to no sect, but took the ground that a man ought to study
+the Bible and the writings of the Church Fathers of the first three centuries,
+accepting what agreed with these two sources, and rejecting all else."
+He requested the Moravians to use the Lord's Prayer
+at all their public services, "since this is acknowledged
+to have been the custom of the early Church," and since that early Church
+celebrated the Holy Communion every day, he thought it necessary
+that all members should partake at least on every Sunday.
+"He also had his thoughts concerning Fast days."  Spangenberg promised
+to lay these matters before the congregation, but so far
+as Fast days were concerned, he said that while he would observe them
+as a matter of conscience if he belonged to a Church which required them,
+he doubted the wisdom of forcing them upon a Church
+in which they were not obligatory.
+
+On the 21st, the periagua ("so they call a rather deep, large boat")
+came to take the Moravians to Savannah, but it was necessary to call
+at the other ship, as some of their baggage had been brought in that vessel.
+Spangenberg went ahead, and found that for some reason
+the baggage could not be taken off that day.  He was pleasantly received
+by "the younger" Reck, but the Baron was absent, having gone to see the site
+to which the Salzburgers wished to move their settlement, Gen. Oglethorpe
+having given his permission.  About the time the periagua arrived,
+a heavy rain came up, and fearing the effect on the new-comers,
+Spangenberg obtained permission to take them into the cabin.
+When ten o'clock came they decided to wait no longer,
+and started for Savannah, with the result that they spent the entire night
+in the rain, in an open boat, and then had passed but half way up the river!
+Early in the morning Spangenberg took two men and his small boat
+and went ahead, stopping at Capt. Thomson's ship to get some things
+Korte had sent them from London.  They reached Savannah in the afternoon,
+and before daybreak on Thursday, Feb. 23rd, the periagua
+at last landed its passengers at Savannah.
+
+That evening Spangenberg returned with Oglethorpe to the ship,
+that various important matters might be more fully discussed.
+They agreed, (1) that the five hundred acres already surveyed for Zinzendorf
+should be retained, and settled, but that it would be wise
+to take an additional five hundred acres of more fertile land nearer Savannah,
+where it would be more accessible, the grant to be made
+to Christian Ludwig von Zinzendorf, the Count's eldest son;
+(2) that no Moravian could accept a fifty acre tract without pledging himself
+to military service, but land could be secured for a number of them
+at the rate of twenty acres apiece, without this obligation.
+This land could be selected near Zinzendorf's estate, the town to be built
+on the Count's property.  If any wished to leave the Moravian Congregation,
+he should receive twenty acres elsewhere for himself.  (3) Non-Moravians,
+like John Regnier, might live with them on the same conditions.
+(4) If one of the Moravians died without male issue,
+the Congregation should name his successor in the title to the land.
+(5) The promised cattle should still be given.
+
+It was further arranged that Spangenberg should continue to hold the title
+to his fifty acres, but with the understanding that it was in trust
+for the Congregation; the same to apply to Nitschmann's land, if desired.
+
+On the 25th and 26th, a number of Indians visited the ship,
+being received with much ceremony.  "King" Tomochichi, and others,
+Spangenberg had often seen, and they were formally presented to Mr. Wesley,
+of whom they had heard, and to whom they gave a flask of honey
+and a flask of milk, with the wish that "the Great Word might be to them
+as milk and honey."  Tomochichi told of his efforts to keep peace
+among the tribes, in the face of rumors that the English meant
+to enslave them all, and of his success so far, but he feared the Indians
+were not in a frame of mind to give much heed to the Gospel message.
+Still he welcomed the attempt, and would give what aid he could,
+advising that the missionaries learn the Indian tongue,
+and that they should not baptize, -- as the Spanish did, --
+until the people were instructed and truly converted.
+
+On Feb. 27th, General Oglethorpe started for the Altamaha.
+His journey to Georgia on this occasion had been principally
+to protect the southern borders of the colony by establishing two new towns
+on the frontier, and erecting several forts near by.  One company,
+which sailed direct from Scotland, had landed in January,
+and begun a settlement at New Inverness, on the north bank of the Altamaha,
+and a second was now to be established on St. Simon Island,
+and was to be called Frederica.  Oglethorpe had expected
+to take the Salzburgers who came on the `London Merchant',
+to the southward with him, but nearly all of them decided that they preferred
+to join those of their number who were preparing to move to New Ebenezer,
+and the General did not insist, contenting himself with his English soldiers.
+
+A periagua had been started a little in advance of the sloop
+which bore the provisions, arms, ammunition, and tools, and in the evening
+Gen. Oglethorpe followed in a swift, ten-oared boat, called, --
+from the service in which it was often employed, -- a scout boat.
+
+With the General went Mr. Ingham, and Lieut. Hermsdorf.
+The latter assured Spangenberg that he had really meant little more
+than to compliment the General on the occasion when he remarked
+"that he would ask nothing better than to follow him through bush and valley,
+and see him carry out his wise designs," that he did not know at that time
+that Oglethorpe was going to the Altamaha, nor how far away the Altamaha was.
+But Spangenberg gravely told him that Gen. Oglethorpe had taken his word
+as that of an honest man, and that he would not attempt to hold him back,
+only he wished him to so demean himself as to bring credit and not shame
+to Zinzendorf and the Moravians, to whom he was at liberty to return when
+he desired.  Hermsdorf, therefore, went with Oglethorpe and his fifty men,
+was made a Captain and was given a position of importance
+in superintending the erection of the necessary fortifications on St. Simon.
+
+Benjamin Ingham's visit to Frederica proved to be his first
+unpleasant experience in the New World.  Like John Wesley,
+he came with the strictest ideas of Sabbath observance, etc.,
+and as one said, in answer to a reproof, "these were new laws in America."
+The effect may be summed up in his own words:  "My chief business
+was daily to visit the people, to take care of those that were sick,
+and to supply them with the best things we had.  For a few days at the first,
+I had everybody's good word; but when they found I watched narrowly over them,
+and reproved them sharply for their faults, immediately the scene changed.
+Instead of blessing, came cursing, and my love and kindness
+were repaid with hatred and ill-will."
+
+Oglethorpe remained on the Altamaha but a few days,
+and then returned to Savannah for the rest of his colonists.
+Meanwhile the Moravian Congregation was being fully organized.
+During Spangenberg's visit to Oglethorpe on his vessel, the Moravians,
+including Bishop Nitschmann, met together, and John Toeltschig
+was elected manager (Vorsteher), Gottfried Haberecht, monitor (Ermahner),
+and Gotthard Demuth to perform various minor duties (Diener).
+The name of the nurse (Krankenwaerter) is not given,
+but he was probably John Regnier, who acted as physician,
+not only for the Moravians, but for many of their poorer neighbors.
+Andrew Dober was associated with Toeltschig in the management
+of the finances, and all of these men were solemnly inducted into office,
+it being the custom to give a kind of specialized ordination
+even for positions not commonly considered ministerial.
+
+Three "Bands" were formed among the men, -- smaller companies
+associated for religious improvement, each Band electing a leader
+charged with special oversight of the members.  There was one
+among the married men, one among the unmarried men who were communicants,
+and another for the unmarried non-communicants, Toeltschig, Seifert and Rose
+being the leaders.  The women were organized in like manner,
+though being few in number there was probably but one Band among them,
+under Mrs. Toeltschig who had been appointed Elderess
+before leaving Herrnhut.  There is no reference to the celebration
+of the Holy Communion by the first company during their months of preparation
+in Savannah, nor had opportunity been given to the second company
+since they left the English coast, but now, with Bishop Nitschmann to preside,
+they were able to partake together, finding much blessing therein.
+They resolved in the future to commune every two weeks,
+but soon formed the habit, perhaps under Wesley's influence,
+of coming to the Lord's Table every Sunday.
+
+When Spangenberg returned to them, a conference was held each evening,
+and on Sunday they had a Lovefeast, especially for those who had been selected
+to superintend the material and spiritual affairs of the Congregation.
+
+On the 1st of March, John and Charles Wesley called on them,
+and on the 6th, Charles Wesley came again, and "opened his heart" to them.
+The Diary calls him "an awakened but flighty man," who had come
+as Gov. Oglethorpe's secretary, and was now about to go to Frederica
+as pastor of that turbulent flock.  From him Spangenberg learned
+of Oglethorpe's return from Altamaha, and accompanied by Nitschmann
+went with him to the ship, where the Wesleys were still living.
+Two days were spent with Oglethorpe, who promised to give them
+ground containing a good bed of clay, where they could make brick,
+which should be sold to the Trustees' agent at 15 shillings per 1,000,
+two-thirds of the price to be applied on their debt,
+and one-third to be paid them in cash.  Moreover several English boys
+should be apprenticed to them to learn the trade.  Hemp and flax seed
+should also be given them, and he urged them to weave the linen, for they
+had men who understood the art, and cloth was scarce and dear in Georgia.
+He also advised them to buy oxen to use in cultivating their land;
+and said that they should have one-third of the grape-vines
+he had brought over with him, another portion was to be given to Tomochichi,
+the remainder to be planted in his own garden.
+
+On the 8th, Spangenberg and Nitschmann returned to Savannah,
+and with Andrew Dober and John Wesley, (who had now moved from the ship,)
+proceeded up the river to Mrs. Musgrove's, about five miles distant.
+Wesley wished to select a site for a small house, which Oglethorpe
+had promised to build for him, where he and his companions might live
+while they were studying the Indian language, under Mrs. Musgrove's direction.
+Nitschmann wanted to visit and talk with the Indian "King", Tomochichi,
+and Dober was trying to find some clay suitable for pottery.
+The following day they returned to Savannah, and Mr. Wesley and Mr. Delamotte
+took up their abode with the Moravians, as Mr. Quincy,
+Wesley's predecessor in the Savannah pastorate, had not yet vacated his house.
+Wesley writes, "We had now an opportunity, day by day,
+of observing their whole behaviour.  For we were in one room with them
+from morning to night, unless for the little time I spent in walking.
+They were always employed, always cheerful themselves,
+and in good humor with one another; they had put away all anger,
+and strife, and wrath, and bitterness, and clamor, and evil speaking;
+they walked worthy of the vocation wherewith they were called,
+and adorned the Gospel of our Lord in all things."  The impression thus made
+upon John Wesley was lasting, and even during the subsequent years in England,
+when differences of every kind arose between him and the Moravians,
+and his Journal is full of bitter denunciations of doctrines and practices
+which he did not understand, and with which he was not in sympathy,
+he now and again interrupts himself to declare, "I can not speak of them
+but with tender affection, were it only for the benefits
+I have received from them."
+
+An event which occurred on March 10th, is of more than local interest,
+in that it is the first unquestioned instance of the exercise
+of episcopal functions in the United States.  Prior to this,
+and for a number of years later, clergymen of the Church of England,
+and English-speaking Catholic priests, were ordained in the Old World,
+before coming to the New, remaining under the control of the Bishop
+and of the Vicar Apostolic of London, while the Spanish Catholics
+were under the Suffragan of Santiago de Cuba, and the French Catholics
+under the Bishop of Quebec.  Tradition mentions the secret consecration
+of two Bishops of Pennsylvania before this time, but its authenticity
+is doubted, and the two men did not exercise any episcopal powers.
+Therefore when Bishop Nitschmann came to Georgia, and in the presence
+of the Moravian Congregation at Savannah ordained one of their number
+to be their pastor, he was unconsciously doing one of the "first things"
+which are so interesting to every lover of history.
+
+Whenever it was possible the Moravians spent Saturday afternoon and evening
+in rest, prayer, and conference, and on this occasion four services were held
+at short intervals.
+
+At the first service the singing of a hymn was followed
+by the reading of Psalm 84, a discourse thereon, and prayer.
+The second was devoted to reading letters from Germany,
+and some discussion as to Hermsdorf and his relation to the Congregation.
+The third service was the important one, and the following account
+was recorded in the Diary.  "When we re-assembled the question:
+`Must not our Congregation have a Chief Elder (Aeltester)?'
+was presented for discussion.  All thought it necessary,
+and were unanimous in their choice of Anton Seifert,
+and no other was even suggested.  While his name was being considered,
+he was sent from the room, and when he had been recalled, we sang a hymn,
+and Nitschmann and Toeltschig led the Congregation in most earnest prayer.
+Then Nitschmann delivered an earnest charge, setting before him
+the importance of his office, which made him the foremost member
+of the Congregation, especially in times of danger, for in the early Church,
+as well as among our forefathers in Moravia, the bishops were ever
+the first victims.  He was asked if he would freely and willingly
+give up his life for the Congregation and the Lord Jesus.  He answered, `Yes.'
+Then he was reminded of the evil which arose when bishops,
+seeing their power in a Congregation, began to exalt themselves,
+and to make outward show of their pre-eminence.  He was asked
+whether he would recognize as evil, abjure, and at once suppress
+any inclination he might feel toward pride in his position as Chief Elder,
+and his larger authority.  He answered with a grave and thoughtful `Yes.'
+Then our Nitschmann prayed over him earnestly, and ordained him to his office
+with the laying on of hands.  Nitschmann was uncommonly aroused and happy,
+but Anton Seifert was very humble and quiet."  John Wesley, who was present,
+wrote "The great simplicity, as well as solemnity, of the whole,
+almost made me forget the seventeen hundred years between,
+and imagine myself in one of those assemblies where form and state were not;
+but Paul the tent-maker, or Peter the fisherman, presided;
+yet with the demonstration of the Spirit and of power."
+
+Both Wesley and Benjamin Ingham refer to Seifert as a "bishop",
+which is a mistake, though a natural one.  Wesley was present
+at the ordination, and heard the charge, with example and warning
+drawn from the actions of earlier bishops; while Ingham,
+in the course of several long conversations with Toeltschig
+concerning the Moravian Episcopate and Seifert's ordination,
+asked "is Anton a bishop?" and was answered, "yes, FOR OUR CONGREGATION."
+This was in view of the fact that Bishop Nitschmann, in ordaining Seifert,
+had empowered him to delegate another member to hold the Communion, baptize,
+or perform the marriage ceremony in case of his sickness or necessary absence.
+At that time the Moravian Church was just beginning to form her own ministry,
+the ranks of Deacon, Presbyter and Bishop were not fully organized,
+and the definite system was only established by the Tenth General Synod
+of the Church in 1745.  The exigencies of the case required large powers
+for a man serving in an isolated field, and they were given him,
+but strictly speaking, Seifert was only ordained a Deacon,
+and never was consecrated Bishop.
+
+The fourth and last service of the day was given up to song,
+a discourse, and prayer.
+
+On Sunday, March 11th, after morning prayers, Wesley went to Tybee
+for an interview with General Oglethorpe.  At a general gathering
+of the Moravians later in the day, the second chapter of Acts was read,
+with special reference to the last four verses, and the description
+of the first congregation of Christ's followers, when "all that believed
+were together, and had all things common," was taken as the pattern
+of their "Gemeinschaft".  This plan, which had already been tested
+during the first year, proved so advantageous that it was later adopted
+by other American Moravian settlements, being largely responsible
+for their rapid growth during their early years, though in each case
+there came a time when it hindered further progress,
+and was therefore abandoned.  In religious matters, the organization
+of the Savannah Congregation had been modeled after that at Herrnhut,
+so far as possible, but in material things the circumstances
+were very different.  At Herrnhut the estates of Count Zinzendorf,
+under the able supervision of the Countess, were made to pay
+practically all the general Church expenses, and many of the members
+were in the service of the Saxon nobleman, Nicholas Lewis, Count Zinzendorf,
+in various humble positions, even while in the Church
+he divested himself of his rank and fraternized with them as social equals.
+But the men who emigrated to Georgia had undertaken to support themselves
+and carry on a mission work, and Spangenberg, with his keen insight,
+grasped the idea that a common purpose warranted a community of service,
+the labor of all for the benefit of all, with every duty,
+no matter how menial, done as unto the Lord, whom they all,
+in varying degrees, acknowledged as their Master.  Later, in Bethlehem, Pa.,
+with a larger number of colonists, and wider interests to be subserved,
+Spangenberg again introduced the plan, and elaborated it
+into a more or less intricate system, which is described
+in a clear and interesting manner in "A History of Bethlehem",
+by Rt. Rev. J. Mortimer Levering, which has recently been published.
+
+Not only on account of its successor the "Oeconomie", at Bethlehem,
+and others copied therefrom, but in view of the various modern attempts
+which have been and are still being made to demonstrate
+that the action of the early Church at Jerusalem can be duplicated
+and made financially successful, it is worth while to rescue
+the resolutions of the Moravian Congregation at Savannah from the oblivion
+of the manuscript Diary, in which they have been so long concealed,
+noting the claim that this was the first time since Apostolic days,
+that a Congregation had formed itself into such a "Society", --
+a "Gemeinschaft".
+
+"In our gathering we read Acts 2, and spoke of the `Gemeinschaft',
+for we are planning to work, to sow and reap, and to suffer with one another.
+This will be very useful, for many a man who has not understood
+or exerted himself, will by this means see himself and be led to improve.
+Others also will see from it that we love each other,
+and will glorify the Father in Heaven.  There has been no "society"
+like that at Jerusalem, but at this present time it becomes necessary,
+for material reasons.  Were we only individuals all would fear
+to give one of us credit, for they would think, `he might die',
+but nothing will be denied the `Society', for each stands for the other.
+Each member must work diligently, since he does not labor for himself alone
+but for his brethren, and this will prevent much laziness.
+No one must rely on the fact that he understands a handicraft, and so on,
+for there is a curse on him who relies on human skill
+and forgets the Divine power.  No one will be pressed to give to the `Society'
+any property which has hitherto belonged to him.  -- Each person present
+was asked if he had any remarks to make, but there were no objections raised.
+Moreover the brethren were told that if one should fall so low
+that he not only withdrew himself from the brethren,
+but was guilty of gross sin, he would be forced to work for another master
+until he had earned enough to pay his transportation here and back again,
+for we would not willingly permit such a man to remain in the land
+as an offence to the Indians."
+
+It is interesting to observe that care for the poor Indians is the argument
+given for the course to be pursued in dealing with a recreant member!
+They had come to preach the Gospel to the Indians, and did not propose
+that evil should be learned through fault of theirs.
+
+At his earnest request, John Regnier was now admitted to the "Society",
+his presence among them so far having been without distinct agreement
+as to his standing.  This did not make him a communicant member of the Church,
+simply put him on a par with the other non-communicants,
+of whom there were quite a number in the Congregation.
+
+In the evening Anton Seifert, so recently ordained Chief Elder, or pastor,
+of the Congregation, officiated for the first time at a Confirmation service,
+the candidate being Jacob Frank.  He had been in poor health
+when the second company left Germany, and Count Zinzendorf had advised him
+not to go, but his heart was set on it, and he would not be persuaded.
+He grew worse during the voyage and was now very ill with dropsy,
+but in such a beautiful Christian spirit that no one could deny his wish
+for full membership in the Church.  Having given satisfactory answers
+to the searching questions put to him, the blessing was laid upon his head,
+and he expressed so great a desire to partake of the Lord's Supper
+that his request was immediately granted, the Elders and Helpers (Helfer)
+communing with him.  Two or three days later he asked Spangenberg
+to write his will, and then his strength gradually failed,
+until on March 19th, he "passed to the Lord", leaving to his associates
+the remembrance of his willing and happy departure.
+
+The term "Helpers" was used to express in a general way all those,
+both men and women, who were charged with the spiritual and temporal affairs
+of the Congregation.  Many of the words employed as official titles
+by the Moravians were given a specialized significance
+which makes it difficult to find an exact English equivalent for them,
+though they are always apt when the meaning is understood.
+Perhaps the best example of this is "Diener", which means "servant",
+according to the dictionary, and was used to designate those
+who "served" the Congregation in various ways.  Until quite recently
+a Lovefeast, held annually in Salem, N. C., for members of Church Boards,
+Sunday-School Teachers, Church Choir, Ushers, etc. was familiarly known
+as "the Servants' Lovefeast", a direct inheritance from the earlier days.
+It is now more commonly called "the Workers' Lovefeast",
+an attempt to unite "Helper" and "Diener" in a term understood by all.
+
+At a "Helpers' Conference" held on March 13th, it was decided
+to have nothing more to do with Vollmar, the Wittenberg carpenter,
+who had crossed with the second company, had proved false and malicious,
+and had now joined Herr von Reck's party without the consent of the Moravians.
+More important, however, than the Vollmar affair, was the proposed departure
+of Spangenberg for Pennsylvania.  Most faithfully had he fulfilled
+his commission to take the first company of Moravians to Georgia,
+and settle them there, patiently had he labored for and with them
+during their days of greatest toil and privation, controlling his own desire
+to keep his promise and go to the Schwenkfelders, who were complaining
+with some bitterness of his broken faith; but now his task was ended,
+the Savannah Congregation was ready to be thrown on its own resources,
+Gen. Oglethorpe had provided him with letters of introduction,
+and the "lot" said, "Let him go, for the Lord is with him."
+
+Final questions were asked and answered, Spangenberg's Commission
+was delivered to him, and then Bishop Nitschmann "laid his blessing upon" him.
+In the Lutheran Church, to which he belonged before he joined the Moravians,
+Spangenberg had been an accredited minister of the Gospel.
+The Church of England refused to acknowledge the validity
+of Lutheran ordination, because that Church had no Episcopate,
+but the Moravians, influenced by Count Zinzendorf, himself a Lutheran
+by birth, broad-minded, liberal, and devout, did not hesitate
+to fraternize with the Lutherans, or even to accept the Sacraments
+at the hands of Pastor Rothe, in charge of the Parish Church of Berthelsdorf.
+At the same time they prized the Episcopate lately transferred to them
+from the ancient Unitas Fratrum, and while continuing in free fellowship
+with Christians of all denominational names, they now intended
+to so ordain their own ministry that no church could question it.
+When the three grades were established in 1745, a license to preach
+granted by the Lutheran Church was considered equivalent
+to the rank of Deacon, ordination in the Moravian Church
+making the minister a Presbyter.
+
+Now fully equipped for his mission to the English Colony of Pennsylvania,
+Spangenberg left Savannah on March 15th, going on Capt. Dunbar's ship
+to Port Royal, where he lodged with a man who was born in Europe,
+his wife in Africa, their child in Asia, and they were all
+now living in America!  From Port Royal he went by land almost to Charlestown,
+the last short distance being in a chance boat, and from Charlestown
+he sailed to New York.  From there he proceeded to Philadelphia,
+and to the Schwenkfelders, making his home with Christopher Wiegner
+on his farm in the Skippack woods, where George Boehnisch was also living.
+Spangenberg worked on the farm that he might not be a burden to his host,
+and might meet the neighbors in a familiar way, meanwhile making
+numerous acquaintances, and gaining much valuable information.
+
+Bishop Nitschmann remained in Savannah until March 26th,
+when he sailed to Charlestown.  There he was detained ten days
+waiting for a northbound ship, and employed the time in delivering
+several letters of introduction, and learning all he could about Carolina,
+and the conditions there.  On the 28th of April he reached New York,
+and left on the 9th of May for Philadelphia, going partly by boat,
+and partly on foot, reaching there on the 13th.  Six weeks he and Spangenberg
+spent together, visiting many neighborhoods, and informing themselves
+as to the religious and material outlook in Pennsylvania,
+and then Nitschmann sailed for Germany.
+
+His report gave a new turn to the American plans, for both he and Spangenberg
+were much pleased with Pennsylvania.  Quite a number of the settlers
+seemed open to the idea of mutual aid in the spiritual life,
+material conditions were very different from those in Georgia
+and better suited to the Moravian needs, the Quaker Governor
+was not likely to force military service upon people
+who held the same theories as himself in regard to warfare,
+and there were large tribes of Indians within easy reach,
+to whom the Gospel might be preached.  As troubles thickened in Savannah,
+therefore, the heads of the Church at Herrnhut began to look
+toward Pennsylvania, and ultimately sent thither the larger companies
+originally destined for Georgia.
+
+In August, Spangenberg went to visit the Moravian Mission
+on the island of St. Thomas, returning to Pennsylvania in November,
+where he remained until the following year.
+
+
+
+
+Chapter V.  The Second Year in Georgia.
+
+
+
+  The English Clergymen.
+
+The same day that Bishop Nitschmann left Savannah, John Wesley moved into
+the parsonage which had just been vacated by his predecessor, Mr. Quincy.
+A week earlier he had entered upon his ministry at Savannah,
+being met by so large and attentive an audience that he was much encouraged,
+and began with zeal to perform his pastoral duties.  He was the third Rector
+of the Savannah Parish, the Rev. Henry Herbert having been the first,
+and he preached in a rude chapel built on the lot reserved
+for a house of worship in the original plan of Savannah, --
+the site of the present Christ Church.
+
+The first word of discouragement was brought by Ingham,
+who returned from Frederica on April 10th, with a message from Charles Wesley
+begging his brother to come to his relief.  He told a woeful story
+of persecution by the settlers, and injustice from Oglethorpe
+to Charles Wesley, all undeserved, as Oglethorpe freely admitted
+when he threw off the weight of suspicion laid upon his mind
+by malicious slanderers, and sought an interview with his young secretary,
+in which much was explained and forgiven.  But poor Charles
+was in great straits when he sent Ingham to Savannah,
+sick, slighted, and abused, deprived even of the necessaries of life,
+and so cast down that on one occasion he exclaimed, "Thanks be to God,
+it is not yet made a capital offence to give me a morsel of bread!"
+
+Wesley obeyed the summons, taking Delamotte with him,
+Ingham caring for the Church and Delamotte's school during their absence.
+There were poor school facilities in Savannah prior to Delamotte's arrival,
+and he at once saw the need, and devoted himself to it.
+Delamotte seems to have been a quiet man, who took little share
+in the aggressive work of his companions, and consequently escaped the abuse
+which was heaped upon them.
+
+On April 22nd, Ingham sent an invitation to Toeltschig to visit him,
+and this was the beginning of a close personal friendship
+which lasted for the rest of their lives, and of such a constant intercourse
+between Ingham and the Moravian Church, that he is often supposed
+to have become a member of it, though he really never severed his connection
+with the Church of England.  Toeltschig speaks of him as "a very young man,
+about 24 or 25 years of age, who has many good impulses in his soul,
+and is much awakened."  He had come to Georgia for the sole purpose
+of bearing the Gospel message to the Indians, and it was through him
+that the Moravians were finally able to begin their missionary work.
+
+When Wesley and Delamotte returned from Frederica,
+the former resumed his association with the Moravians,
+continuing to join in their Sunday evening service,
+and translating some of their hymns into English.
+
+In May two questions were asked of Toeltschig, upon the answering of which
+there depended more than any one imagined.  The Diary says, -- "The 20th,
+was Sunday.  -- Mr. Ingham asked if we could not recognize and receive him
+as our brother; to which I replied, that he did not know us well enough,
+nor we him, we must first understand each other better.  On the 21st,
+Mr. Wesley spoke with me, and asked me the selfsame question.
+I said to him that we had seen much of him day by day,
+and that it was true that he loved us and we loved him,
+but that we did not so quickly admit any one into our Congregation."
+Then at his request Toeltschig outlined the Moravian view of conversion,
+and the requisites for church-membership.
+
+A few days later Charles Wesley unexpectedly returned from Frederica,
+and Oglethorpe sent word that either John Wesley or Ingham should come down
+in his place.  The latter was by no means anxious to go, --
+his former experience had not been agreeable, but the reason
+he gave the Moravians was that a number of Indian traders
+were soon to visit Savannah, and he was very anxious to see them.
+They advised him to be guided by John Wesley's wish, which he agreed to do,
+and then found that Wesley had decided to go himself.
+
+During the weeks that followed, Ingham and Charles Wesley
+were frequently with Toeltschig, who answered as best he could
+their many questions regarding the history of the Moravian Episcopate,
+a matter of vital importance to a strict member of the Church of England
+who was thinking of allying himself with them.  Everything they heard
+confirmed Ingham in his intention, and when John Wesley returned in July
+he and Ingham again made application "to be received as brethren
+in our Congregation, and to go with us to the Lord's Table.
+We entirely refused to admit them into the Congregation, and I (Toeltschig)
+gave them the reasons therefor:  (1) That we did not know them well enough;
+(2) and that they perhaps did not know us well enough, both things which we
+considered highly important; and (3) that their circumstances and situation
+were such that it would be difficult if not impossible for them
+to comply with the requirements of such admission."  The promises expected
+from a Confirmand, -- to which they also must have bound themselves, --
+are thus summarized.  "To give body and soul to the Lord now and forever;
+to devote and dedicate himself to the service of the Unity,
+according to the grace and gifts bestowed on him by the Saviour;
+and willingly to submit to the discipline and regulations
+which the Unity has established for the welfare and improvement of souls."
+Could these two men, in the zeal and vigor of their youth,
+honestly have made these promises, the Moravian Church
+would have gained two invaluable co-workers, but they seem to have accepted
+Toeltschig's argument as conclusive, and dropped the matter,
+with no ill-will or disturbance of the existing pleasant relations.
+
+Concerning the Communion "we assured them that we loved them,
+and would welcome them as honored guests at the Lord's Supper,
+for we believed that they loved the Lord."  This invitation, however,
+the young clergymen would not accept.
+
+On the 6th of August, Charles Wesley left for England,
+bearing dispatches to the Trustees, and with the hope of interesting others
+in the evangelizing of the Indians.  He meant himself to return to Georgia,
+but feeble health prevented, and he resigned his office
+as Secretary to Gen. Oglethorpe the following May.  His brother John
+accompanied him to Charlestown, and then went to Frederica
+to deliver certain letters to Gen. Oglethorpe.  He found
+there was "less and less prospect of doing good at Frederica,
+many there being extremely zealous, and indefatigably diligent to prevent it,"
+his opposers even attempting personal violence.  One "lady"
+tried to shoot him, and when he seized her hands and took away her pistol,
+she maliciously bit a great piece out of his arm.  Still he made
+two more visits to the place, and then in "utter despair of doing good there,"
+took his final leave of Frederica.
+
+
+  Work Among the Indians.
+
+When the Moravians adopted the conversion of the Indians
+as their main object for settling in America, they were greatly influenced by
+the attractive descriptions of the "wild people" which were being published.
+In a "Report", ascribed to Gen. Oglethorpe, it is stated
+that "nothing is lacking for their conversion to the Christian faith
+except a knowledge of their language, for they already have
+an admirable conception of `morals', and their conduct
+agrees perfectly therewith.  They have a horror of adultery,
+and disapprove of polygamy.  Thieving is unknown to them.
+Murder is considered an abominable crime, and no one may be killed except
+an enemy, when they esteem it a virtue."  This, like too many a description
+written then and now to exploit a colonizing scheme,
+was far too good to be true.  The Indians proved apt learners,
+but of the vices rather than the virtues of the English,
+and drunkenness with all its attendant evils, was quickly introduced.
+Afraid of their dusky neighbors, anxious to keep on good terms with them,
+distrusting their loyalty to the English under the bribes offered
+by French and Spanish, the Government tried to limit
+the intercourse between the Indians and the settlers as much as possible,
+treating the former as honored guests whenever they came to Savannah,
+but forbidding the latter to go to them without special permit
+in times of peace, and not at all in time of war.
+
+When the Moravians came the restlessness which presaged war
+was stirring among the tribes, becoming more and more pronounced,
+and one of the Indian Chiefs said frankly, "Now our enemies are all about us,
+and we can do nothing but fight, but if the Beloved Ones should ever give us
+to be at peace, then we would hear the Great Word."
+
+Tomochichi, indeed, bade the missionaries welcome, and promised to do
+all in his power to gain admission for them into all parts of his nation,
+but the time was not ripe, nor was his influence equal to his good-will.
+Though called a "king", he was only chief of a small tribe
+living some four or five miles from Savannah, part of the Creek Confederacy,
+which was composed of a number of remnants, gradually merged
+into one "nation".  The "Upper Creeks" lived about the head waters
+of the creeks from which they took their name, and the "Lower Creeks",
+including Tomochichi's people, were nearer the sea-coast.  Ingham,
+whose heart was set on the Indian work, was at first very anxious to go
+to the Cherokees, who lived near the mountains, at a considerable distance
+from Savannah, having been told that they had a desire
+to hear the "Great Word".  On April 22nd, he spoke of his wish to Toeltschig,
+inviting Seifert and, if they chose, another Moravian to join him in the work.
+It was the best opportunity that had yet offered, and Seifert wanted
+to go to the Indians, having already studied their language as best he could,
+but they hesitated to undertake the work conjointly with Ingham.
+After some time the Cherokee plan was abandoned.  Oglethorpe objected
+on account of the danger that they would be intercepted and killed,
+it being a fourteen day land journey to reach the Cherokee country,
+and he positively refused to let John Wesley go because
+that would leave Savannah without a minister.  Toeltschig says
+Wesley's interest in the Indian work failed, and another writer says
+he gave up the work because he could not learn the Indian language,
+but Wesley lays all the blame on Oglethorpe.
+
+In January, 1737, the question of going to the Upper Creeks
+was submitted to the "lot", and the Moravians were bidden
+to wait for another opening.  Meanwhile an actual beginning had been made
+among the Lower Creeks.  On the 7th of May, Ingham and John Wesley
+went up the river to the home of Mrs. Musgrove, the half-breed woman
+who at this time was of such great use as interpreter and mediator
+between the Indians and the English.  Arrangements were made
+by which Ingham should spend three days of each week with her,
+teaching her children to read in exchange for instruction
+in the Indian language.  The other three or four days were to be spent
+in Savannah, communicating to Wesley the knowledge he had acquired,
+Anton Seifert sharing in the lessons.
+
+On the 19th of June, the Moravians held a meeting to determine
+whether the time had come for them to take up the Indian work in earnest.
+The "lot" was appealed to, and the answer being that the language
+should be learned, Seifert, George Neisser and John Boehner were appointed
+to make diligent use of Ingham's instructions.  The frequent visits
+of Tomochichi and his people to Savannah gave them an opportunity
+to practice speaking, for the Moravian house was always open to the red men,
+and food and drink were theirs at any time of day, a fact of which
+the visitors were not slow to take advantage.
+
+The "lot" had so great an influence on the progress of affairs
+in the Moravian Congregation at Savannah from this time on
+that it is necessary to understand how the institution was regarded.
+The use of the lot was common in Old Testament days;
+and in the New Testament it is recorded that when an apostle was to be chosen
+to take the place of the traitor, Judas, the lot decided between two men
+who had been selected as in every way suited for the place.
+Following this example the members of the ancient Unitas Fratrum used the lot
+in the selection of their first ministers, and the Renewed Church did the same
+when the first elders were elected at Herrnhut in 1727.
+It was no uncommon practice in Germany, where many persons
+who desired special guidance resorted to it more or less freely,
+and Count Zinzendorf, among the rest, had used it from his youth up.
+Gradually it came into general use among the Moravians,
+and at a later period in their history had its definite place
+in their system of government, though the outside public
+never fully understood it, and still holds erroneous views,
+despite the plain statements that have been made.  By degrees
+its use became more and more restricted, and has been long since
+entirely abolished.
+
+In its perfection the lot was simply this, -- human intellect solving
+a problem so far as earnest study and careful deliberation could go, and then,
+if the issue was still in doubt, a direct appeal for Divine guidance,
+in perfect faith that the Lord would plainly answer his servants,
+who were seeking to do his will.  This standard was not always maintained,
+but the leaders of the Moravian Congregation in Savannah
+had the early, absolute, belief that God spoke to them through the lot,
+and felt themselves bound to implicit obedience to its dictates.
+Their custom was to write two words or sentences on separate slips,
+representing the two possible answers to their question,
+and after earnest prayer to draw one slip, and then act accordingly.
+Sometimes a third slip, a blank, was added, and if that was drawn
+it signified that no action should be taken until another time,
+and after further consideration.
+
+Some time in July, Peter Rose and his wife, (the widow Riedel) went to live
+among the Lower Creeks, giving all their time to learning the language,
+and teaching what they could about religion.
+
+On August 9th, Mr. Ingham went to the Moravians with a new plan.
+Gen. Oglethorpe had agreed to build a schoolhouse for Indian children,
+near Tomochichi's village, with the idea that it would give opportunity
+also to reach the older men and women with the Gospel message.
+The house was to contain three rooms, one for Ingham,
+one for the Moravian missionaries, and one to be used for the school,
+and it was suggested that the Moravians undertake the erection
+of the building, the Trustees' fund to pay them for their labor.
+The proposition was gladly accepted, and preparations were at once made
+to send the necessary workmen.
+
+On Monday, the 13th, Toeltschig and five others went to the spot
+which had been selected for the Indian Schoolhouse, usually called `Irene'.
+The site of this schoolhouse has been considered uncertain,
+but a short manuscript account of "the Mission among the Indians in America",
+preserved in the Herrnhut Archives, says distinctly that it stood
+"a mile above the town (of Savannah) on an island in the Savannah River
+which was occupied by the Creeks."
+
+When the carpenters arrived the first act was to unite in prayer
+for a blessing on their work, and then they began to fell trees
+and cut down bushes, clearing the ground for the hut
+in which they were to live while building the schoolhouse.
+The hut was placed on the grave of an Indian chief.
+"The Indians are accustomed to bury their chiefs on the spot where they died,
+to heap a mound some 24 feet high above them, to mourn them for a while,
+and then to abandon the spot," and this little elevation was a favorable site
+for their hut.  Until the hut was finished the men lodged with the Indians,
+Tomochichi himself taking charge of their belongings.
+Toeltschig returned the same day to Savannah, going back later
+with a supply of provisions.  The Indians made them heartily welcome
+to their neighborhood, and the Moravians, even in the midst
+of their building operations, began to teach them the English alphabet,
+at the same time putting forth every effort to learn the Indian tongue,
+in which Rose was rapidly becoming proficient.
+
+By the 20th of September the schoolhouse was finished,
+and Ingham and the Moravians held a conference to plan the future work,
+and decide what duties each should assume, as he proposed
+to move thither at once, and, with the approval of the lot,
+Rose and his wife were to do the same.  Morning and evening
+they were to read the English Bible, accompanied by silent prayer;
+morning, mid-day and evening an hour was to be given to the study
+of the Indian language; and Rose and his wife were to have an hour
+for their private devotions.  Mrs. Rose was to teach the Indian girls to read,
+and the boys, who had already begun to read, were to be taught to write.
+In their remaining time they were to clear and plant some land,
+that they might not be too long dependent on the Congregation at Savannah,
+and on the friendly Indians, who were giving them much.
+
+The next day Mr. and Mrs. Toeltschig escorted Rose and his wife
+to their new home, and at Ingham's request united with them
+in a little prayer service.  Four days later fourteen of the Moravians
+went to the schoolhouse, which was solemnly consecrated by Seifert,
+the Chief Elder.  That evening, in Savannah, Rose and his wife
+were formally set apart for their missionary work, and the next day
+they returned to "Irene", as the school was called,
+to enter upon their duties.
+
+At first everything was encouraging.  The children learned readily,
+not only to read but some to write; they committed to memory
+many passages of Scripture, and took special delight in the hymns
+they were taught to sing.
+
+The older Indians looked on with wonder and approval,
+which stimulated the missionaries to new zeal in mastering the language,
+and in taking every opportunity to make the "Great Word" known to them.
+Zinzendorf wrote a letter from Herrnhut to Tomochichi, commending his interest
+in their message, and urging its full acceptance upon him;
+the Indians gave some five acres of land for a garden,
+which Rose cleared and planted, and everything looked promising,
+until the influence of the Spanish war rumor was felt.
+True to their nature, the fighting spirit of the Indians rose within them,
+and they took the war-path against the Spanish, for the sake
+of their English allies, and perhaps more for the pure love of strife.
+Then Ingham decided to go to England for reinforcements, and Rose was left
+in charge of the work.  He seems to have been a well-meaning man,
+and much beloved by the Indians, but he was not a man of much mental strength
+or executive ability, and the Congregation at Savannah soon decided
+that he and his wife should be recalled until the way opened
+for one or more of the others to go back to Irene with him.
+
+
+  The "Society".
+
+In their personal affairs the Moravians were experiencing
+the usual mingling of light and shadow.
+
+Dober's effort to make pottery was a failure, for lack of proper clay,
+but through Gen. Oglethorpe's kindness a good deal of carpenter's work
+was given to them.  They built a house for Tomochichi at his village,
+and a house in Savannah, both in the style of the Moravian house,
+and another town house in English fashion, as well as the Indian school,
+a large share of their wages being applied on account,
+so that their debt was gradually reduced, and their credit sustained.
+
+Their manner of living remained very simple.  Morning and evening prayers
+began and ended their days of toil, the company being divided,
+part living at the garden, and part in town during the week,
+all gathering in the town-house for Sunday's rest and worship.
+When the weather was very warm the morning Bible reading was postponed
+until the noon hour, that advantage might be taken of the cooler air
+for active labor.  Once a month a general conference was held
+on Saturday evening, with others as needed, so that all might do the work
+for which they were best fitted, and which was most necessary at the time.
+"Who worked much gave much, who worked less gave less, who did not work
+because he was sick or weak gave nothing into the common fund;
+but when they needed food, or drink, or clothing, or other necessary thing,
+one was as another."
+
+On the 3rd of April, Matthias Seybold asked to be received
+into the communicant Congregation, which was done on the 5th of May,
+and he shared in the Lord's Supper for the first time June 3rd.
+John Boehner also was confirmed on January 12th of the following year.
+
+On the 11th of November two little girls, Anna and Comfort,
+were added to their household.  The mother had recently died,
+and the father offered to pay the Moravians for taking care of them,
+but they preferred to have them bound, so they could not be taken away
+just when they had begun to learn, and so it was arranged.  On the 28th,
+a man from Ebenezer brought his son, and apprenticed him to Tanneberger,
+the shoemaker.
+
+The dark side of the picture arose from two causes, ill health,
+and matrimonial affairs.  There was a great deal of sickness
+throughout Georgia that summer, and the second company became acclimated
+through the same distressing process that the first had found so hard to bear.
+Mrs. Dober, Mrs. Waschke, Mrs. Toeltschig, Gottlieb Demuth, John Boehner
+and others were sick at various times, and David Jag cut his foot so severely
+that he was unable to use it for four months.  Nor was this the worst,
+for three more of their number died.  Roscher was sick
+when he reached Savannah, with consumption, it was supposed,
+but Regnier suspected that this was not all, and when Roscher died,
+March 30th, he secured permission to make an autopsy,
+in which he was assisted by John Wesley.  The examination showed
+a large hematoma in the left wall of the abdomen, and other complications.
+The records say, "we have no cause to grieve over his departure,
+for he was a good soul," and died in peace.
+
+The next to pass away was Mrs. Haberecht.  Her health began to fail
+the latter part of March, but she did not become seriously ill
+until the 26th of May, when she returned from the farm, where she and others
+had been employed, and told her friends that the Saviour had called her,
+and her end was near.  With joy and peace she waited for the summons,
+which was delayed for some time, though on several occasions
+her death seemed only a matter of hours.  On the 16th of June
+she shared with the others in the celebration of the Communion,
+and on the following evening "went to the Saviour".
+
+Matthias Boehnisch's illness was of short duration,
+lasting only from the 27th of September to the 3rd of October.
+He had had a severe fall on the ship coming over, from which
+he continued to suffer, and now a hard blow on the chest injured him mortally.
+Some of his companions found it hard to understand why he should be taken,
+for he was a good man, who gave promise of much usefulness
+in the Lord's service.  It is an old question, often asked
+and never fully answered, but Boehnisch, conscious almost to the last,
+was perfectly willing to go, and his associates felt that the influence
+of his life "would be a seed, which would bear fruit" in others.
+
+It was a serious mistake that sent Juliana Jaeschke to Savannah
+with the second company.  A seamstress was badly needed,
+and had she been so minded she might have been very useful,
+but in a list giving very briefly the standing of each one in the "Society",
+it is curtly stated that she was "ill-mannered, and obstructing everything."
+Soon after her arrival it was suggested that she marry Peter Rose,
+but the lot forbade and he found a much better helpmeet in the widow
+of Friedrich Riedel.  Waschke thought he would like to marry Juliana,
+but she refused, even though Bishop Nitschmann, Mr. and Mrs. Toeltschig
+pled with her.  Her preference was for George Haberland,
+and the result was an uncomfortable state of affairs,
+which disturbed the leaders of the "Society" not a little,
+for living as they did as one large family it meant constant friction
+on all sides.  They did not know whether to force Juliana
+to submit to their authority, (as a member of the "Society"
+she had pledged herself to obedience to the duly elected officers),
+or whether they should wait and hope for a better frame of mind.  At last
+they referred it to the lot, which read "Juliana shall not marry any one yet."
+This settled the question for the time being, but did not improve the spirit
+of the parties concerned.  A few of the others were homesick,
+and lost interest in their work and the cause for which they had come over.
+Hermsdorf returned from Frederica, sick and depressed,
+and was kindly received by the Moravians in Savannah,
+though their first favorable impression of him had been lost
+on the voyage across the Atlantic, when he complained of the fare,
+and lay in bed most of the time.
+
+The leaders of the party, trying to pacify the discontented, comfort the sick,
+and strengthen those that were left as one and another was called away;
+planning the daily routine to the best advantage so that they might repay
+their debt, and still have the necessaries of life for their large company;
+seeking to teach and convert the Indians, and help the poor about them; --
+these leaders were further tried by the non-arrival of answers to the letters
+sent to Germany.  Feeling that they MUST know the will of those at home
+if they were to be able successfully to continue their work,
+they at last decided to send a messenger to Count Zinzendorf,
+and the lot designated Andrew Dober.
+
+A ship was lying at anchor, ready to take Gen. Oglethorpe to England,
+and he readily agreed to take Dober and wife with him, and on December 2nd,
+they embarked, Dober carrying a number of letters and papers.
+Mrs. Dober was quite ill when they left, but rapidly improved
+in the sea breezes.  January 20th, the ship reached London,
+and Mr. and Mrs. Dober went at once to Mr. Weintraube,
+who was to forward the letters to Herrnhut.  As they were talking
+Bishop Nitschmann walked in, to their mutual great astonishment.
+He reported that Count Zinzendorf had just arrived in London,
+and had sent to inquire for letters, so those brought from Georgia
+were at once delivered.  Zinzendorf rented a house,
+the Countess arrived a few days later, and Dober and wife
+remained in his service during the seven weeks of his stay.
+
+The Count's object in visiting London at this time was fourfold:
+to confer with the Georgia Trustees about the Moravians in Savannah;
+to extend acquaintances among the Germans in London and do religious work
+among them; to discuss the Episcopate of the Unitas Fratrum
+with Archbishop Potter of Canterbury; and if possible
+to revive the "Order of the Mustard Seed".  This order had been established
+by Zinzendorf and several companions in their early boyhood,
+and grew with their growth, numbering many famous men in its ranks,
+and it is worthy of note that even in its boyish form it contained the germs
+of that zeal for missions which was such a dominant feature
+of the Count's manhood.
+
+Archbishop Potter not only fully acknowledged the validity
+of the Unity's Episcopate, but urged Zinzendorf himself to accept consecration
+at the hands of Jablonski and David Nitschmann, and encouraged by him
+Zinzendorf was consecrated bishop at Berlin, May 20th, 1737.
+
+The Count held frequent services during his stay in London,
+and before he left a society of ten members had been formed among the Germans,
+with a few simple regulations, their object being "in simplicity
+to look to these three things: --  to be saved by the blood of Christ;
+to become holy, or be sanctified by the blood of Christ;
+to love one another heartily."
+
+With the Trustees it was agreed:  "That the Count's men"
+might remain for two years longer at Savannah, without cultivating
+the five hundred acre tract, "and be exempt from all forfeitures
+arising from such non-cultivation;" but if they chose
+they might move to the tract any time during the two years.
+They might go to Tomochichi's Indians whenever they saw fit and he consented.
+Other Indians could not be visited in time of war, but in peace
+four Moravians should be licensed to go to them, on the same footing
+as the English ministers.  Those living with Tomochichi were not included
+in this number.  "As the Moravian Church is believed to be orthodox
+and apostolic" no one should interfere with their preaching the Gospel,
+or prevent the Indians from attending their services in Savannah,
+or elsewhere.  The title to their five hundred acre tract was secured
+to the Moravians, even in case the Count's male line should become extinct.
+
+Reference to military service is conspicuous by its absence,
+and at the very time that these resolutions were being framed,
+assurance on that one point was being desperately needed in Savannah.
+
+
+  Rumors of War.
+
+In February, 1737, that which Spangenberg had feared came upon the Moravians,
+-- military service was peremptorily demanded of them,
+the occasion being a fresh alarm of Spanish incursions.
+
+The feud between the colonists of Spain and England was of long standing,
+dating back to rival claims to the New World by right of discovery.
+The English asserted that through the Cabots they had a right to the greater
+part of North America, and a grant to the Lords Proprietors of Carolina,
+in 1663, named the 31 degree of latitude as the southern boundary.
+Another patent two years later set the line at the 29 degree,
+but that availed nothing as it included the northern part of Florida,
+where the Spanish were already settled in considerable numbers.
+
+No other nation questioned the English claim to the sea-board
+as far as the 31 degree, which was well south of the Altamaha,
+but the Spanish greatly resented the settlements in Carolina,
+as encroaching on their territory, though successive treaties
+between the two Governments had virtually acknowledged the English rights.
+With the two nations nominally at peace, the Spanish incited the Indians
+to deeds of violence, encouraged insurrection among the negro slaves,
+welcomed those who ran away, and enlisted them in their army.
+Now and then the Governor of Carolina would send a force,
+which would subdue them for a time, but the constant uncertainty
+made Carolina welcome the Georgia colony as a protection to her borders.
+
+The settlement of Georgia gave further offense to Spain,
+and her subjects in Florida burned to exterminate the intruders,
+as they considered them, though nothing was done so long as operations
+were confined to the Savannah River.  But when towns and forts
+were planned and begun on the Altamaha their opposition became more outspoken.
+Oglethorpe did all he could to preserve peace without retreating
+from his position, and in Oct. 1736, he concluded a treaty
+with the Governor of St. Augustine.
+
+Only too soon it became apparent that this treaty would not be respected,
+for the Captain-General of Cuba disapproved, and Oglethorpe sailed
+for England, in November, to urge the immediate and sufficient fortification
+of the frontier.  The Trustees and the Government approved of the course
+he had pursued, but Spain recalled and executed the Governor of St. Augustine,
+for presuming to make such a treaty, and so plainly showed her intention
+to make war on Georgia that the English Government authorized Oglethorpe
+to raise a regiment for service there, and in July, 1738,
+he sailed for America, commissioned to take command of all the military forces
+of Carolina and Georgia, and protect the colonies.
+
+During the nineteen months of his absence, the Georgia colonists
+were in a continual state of uneasiness, which now and then became sheer panic
+at some especially plausible report of imminent danger.
+
+On February 17th, 1737, Mr. Causton received a letter from Charlestown,
+in which the Governor informed him that he had news of the approach
+of the Spaniards, and Savannah at once became excited,
+and prepared for defence.  On the 20th, officers went through the town,
+taking the names of all who could bear arms, freeholders and servants alike.
+Three of them came to the Moravian house and requested names from Toeltschig.
+He answered "there was no one among them who could bear arms,
+and he would get no names from them."  They said, "it was remarkable
+that in a house full of strong men none could bear arms, --
+he should hurry and give them the names, they could not wait."
+Toeltschig answered, "if they wanted to go no one would stop them,
+there would be no names given."  They threatened to tell Mr. Causton,
+Toeltschig approved, and said he would do the same,
+and they angrily left the house.
+
+Ingham accompanied Toeltschig to Mr. Causton, who at once began
+to argue the matter, and a spirited debate ensued, of which the following
+is a resume.
+
+Causton.  "Everybody must go to the war and fight for his own safety,
+and if you will not join the army the townspeople will burn down your house,
+and will kill you all."
+
+Toeltschig.  "That may happen, but we can not help it,
+it is against our conscience to fight."
+
+Causton.  "If you do not mean to fight you had better go and hide
+in the woods, out of sight of the people, or it will be the worse for you;
+and you had better go before the enemy comes, for then it will be
+too late to escape, the townspeople will certainly kill you."
+
+Toeltschig.  "You forget that Gen. Oglethorpe promised us
+exemption from military service, and we claim the liberty he pledged."
+
+Causton.  "If the Count, and the Trustees and the King himself
+had agreed on that in London it would count for nothing here,
+if war comes it will be FIGHT OR DIE.  If I were an officer on a march
+and met people who would not join me, I would shoot them with my own hand,
+and you can expect no other treatment from the officers here."
+
+Toeltschig.  "We are all servants, and can not legally be impressed."
+
+Causton.  "If the Count himself were here he would have to
+take his gun on his shoulder, and all his servants with him.
+If he were living on his estate at Old Fort it would make no difference,
+for the order of the Magistrates must be obeyed.  If the English,
+to whom the country belongs must fight, shall others go free?"
+
+Toeltschig finally yielded so far as to tell him the number of men
+in their company, "it could do no harm for we could be counted any day,"
+but their names were resolutely withheld, and service firmly refused.
+
+Then the townspeople took up the cry.  Should they fight for these strangers
+who would not do their share toward defending the land?
+They would mob and kill them first!  They only injured the colony at any rate,
+for they worked so cheaply that they lowered the scale of wages;
+and besides they received money from many people, for their services,
+but spent none because they made everything they needed for themselves!
+
+Still the Moravians stood firm in their position, indeed they could do
+nothing else without stultifying themselves.  The instructions
+from Zinzendorf and the leaders of the Church at Herrnhut,
+with the approval of the lot, were definite, -- they should take no part
+in military affairs, but might pay any fines incurred by refusal.
+To Oglethorpe and to the Trustees they had explained their scruples,
+making freedom of conscience an essential consideration
+of their settling in Georgia, and from them they had received assurances
+that only freeholders were liable to military duty.
+Therefore they had claimed no land as individuals, but had been content
+to live, and labor, and be called "servants", paying each week
+for men to serve in the night watch, in place of the absent owners
+of the two town lots.  In Savannah their views were well known,
+and to yield to orders from a Magistrate, who openly declared
+that promises made by the Trustees, who had put him in office,
+were not worth regarding, and who threatened them with mob violence,
+would have been to brand themselves as cowards, unworthy members of a Church
+which had outlived such dire persecution as that which overthrew
+the ancient Unitas Fratrum, and recreant to their own early faith,
+which had led them to abandon homes and kindred in Moravia,
+and seek liberty of conscience in another kingdom.  That Georgia needed
+armed men to protect her from the Spaniards was true, but equally so
+she needed quiet courage, steady industry, strict honesty, and pious lives
+to develop her resources, keep peace with her Indian neighbors,
+and win the respect of the world, but these traits were hardly recognized
+as coin current by the frightened, jealous men who clamored
+against the Moravians.
+
+On the 28th, it was demanded that the Moravians help haul wood to the fort
+which was being built.  They replied that their wagon and oxen were
+at the officers' service without hire, and that they would feed the animals,
+but personally they could take no share in the work.
+This angered the people again, and several of the members began to wonder
+whether they might perhaps comply so far as to assist,
+as a matter of friendship, in hewing logs for the fort,
+refusing the wages paid to others.  The lot was tried,
+and absolutely forbade it, which was well, for it developed
+that the people were watching for their answer, having agreed
+that if they helped on the fort it would be a proof
+that they COULD do what they chose, and were simply hiding behind an excuse
+in refusing to fight.
+
+But the tension was not relaxed, and on the 2nd of March,
+the Moravians met to decide on their further course.
+Should they keep quiet, and wait for times to change, or should they go away?
+It was referred to the lot, and the paper drawn read "GO OUT FROM AMONG THEM."
+This meant not merely from the city, but from the province,
+for Mr. Causton had told them that they would be subject
+to the same requirements if they were living in the adjoining country.
+
+On the strength of this they wrote a letter to Mr. Causton,
+rehearsing their motives in coming to Georgia, and the promises made them,
+reiterating their claim for liberty of conscience, and concluding,
+"But if this can not be allowed us, if our remaining here be burdensome
+to the people, as we already perceive it begins to be, we are willing,
+with the approbation of the Magistrate, to remove from this place;
+by this means any tumult that might ensue on our account will be avoided,
+and occasion of offense cut off from those who now reproach us
+that they are obliged to fight for us."
+
+When it came to this point Mr. Causton found himself by no means anxious
+to drive away some thirty of his best settlers, who stood well
+with Oglethorpe and the Trustees, and had given him all their trade
+for supplies, so he began to temporize.  "They trusted in God,
+and he really did not think their house would be burned over their heads."
+Toeltschig said that was the least part of it, they had come for freedom,
+and now attempts were made to force them to act contrary to the dictates
+of their consciences.  Then he declared that he had no power
+in the matter of their leaving, that must be settled between the Count,
+the Trustees, and themselves, but he could not permit them to go
+until he received an order from the Trustees.  Meanwhile he would do
+what he could to quiet the people's dissatisfaction with them.
+
+As their debt to the Trustees was not yet fully paid,
+Causton's refusal bound them in Savannah for the time being,
+according to their bond, so they had to turn elsewhere for help.
+Early in February, they had heard of Spangenberg's return to Pennsylvania
+from his visit to St. Thomas, and had written to ask him to come
+and help them for a while, but being busy with other things he did not go.
+On the 5th of March, Ingham suggested that he and one of their number
+should go to England to the Trustees.  They thought it over
+and decided that George Neisser should go with him as far as Pennsylvania,
+where the case should be laid before Spangenberg, with the request
+that he go to London, arrange matters with the Trustees, and get permission
+for them to leave Georgia.  Ingham was going, with the approval
+of Wesley and Delamotte, to try and bring over some of their friends
+to help in the work of evangelizing the Province.
+
+A ship was ready to sail for Pennsylvania on the 9th,
+so Ingham and Neisser took passage on her, and sailed, as the event proved,
+never to return.
+
+
+
+
+Chapter VI.  Disintegration.
+
+
+
+  Spangenberg's Visit.
+
+After Spangenberg had decided not to comply with the request
+contained in the letter from Savannah, but to stay and prosecute the work
+among the Schwenkfelders, where a door seemed to be opening,
+he became conscious of a feeling of uneasiness, an impression
+that he was needed in Georgia.  This was increased by news
+of the expected Spanish outbreak, for so general was the alarm
+that all the war-ships in the northern harbors were ordered to Carolina,
+and the selling of supplies to the Spaniards was absolutely prohibited.
+
+At this point George Neisser and Benjamin Ingham came,
+bringing word of the pressure on the Moravians, their decision
+to leave Georgia as soon as it could be arranged, and their request
+that Spangenberg should go to England with Ingham to see the Trustees,
+and secure their consent.  Of this plan Spangenberg did not approve,
+for he thought the war would ruin everything, or else the danger
+would be over, before he could make the long journey to England, and return.
+Ingham professed himself ready to carry letters to the Trustees,
+and do his best to influence them to grant the Moravian requests,
+so Spangenberg decided to entrust that errand to him, and himself go at once
+to Georgia, to see whether he could not help matters there.
+
+John Eckstein, a resident of Germantown, a middle-aged man
+who was in entire sympathy with Spangenberg's plans for religious work
+in Pennsylvania, resolved to accompany him on his trip to Georgia.
+They sailed from Philadelphia on the 22nd of May, 1737,
+and had a long and very trying voyage.  The Captain and crew were evil men,
+given to cursing and swearing, and more than once they threatened
+to murder the two passengers, whom they called sorcerers, and accused
+of bringing the continuous head winds and frequent storms upon them.
+Seventy-seven long days the voyage lasted; twice they sailed southward
+past Cape Hatteras, and twice were they driven back to north and east,
+taking weeks to recover the distance lost; and the Captain finally discovered
+that not only were the elements against him, but his helmsman was slyly
+hindering their progress all he could, for some malicious purpose of his own.
+
+To the mental strain of the long journey was added physical discomfort,
+for firewood gave out, so that no cooking could be done, and for a month
+the crew lived on hard tack, dried cherries soaked in water, and raw fish, --
+dolphins caught as need required.  Spangenberg and his companion
+had brought provisions to supplement the ship's fare, but long before
+the voyage was ended their store of butter and sugar was exhausted.
+Dried ham and tongue had a tendency to increase their thirst,
+but by soaking tea in cold water they made a beverage
+which bore at least a fancied resemblance to that brewed on shore.
+Then the supply of water ran low, each man's allowance was reduced
+to a pint a day, and even this small amount would have failed had they not
+been able occasionally to catch rainwater to replenish their casks.
+The Captain at last opened a keg of beer found in his cargo,
+and sold his passengers enough to relieve their thirst,
+for which they were very grateful.
+
+But unkind words, delay, uncooked food, thirst, were not all
+that Spangenberg and his companion had to bear, for actual danger was added
+to their experience from time to time.  High waves broke over the ship,
+winds tore away the sails, and a water-spout threatened total destruction.
+So late was the ship in reaching port that she was given up for lost,
+and word was sent to Pennsylvania which caused much grief, -- needless grief,
+for Spangenberg's days of service were not to be ended thus.
+It sounds almost trivial to say that in the midst of trials of body,
+mind and soul Spangenberg occupied himself with making buttons,
+but no doubt the homely, useful labor did its part toward rendering endurable
+the seemingly endless days.
+
+At last, on the 7th of August, the ship ran on a sandbank near Tybee,
+and the Moravians, hearing that Spangenberg was on board,
+took a boat and brought him to Savannah.  They had asked him to go to England,
+he had disregarded their request and come to Georgia,
+but he was dear to them through many months of united service and mutual help,
+and they gave him a hearty welcome, ignoring all cause for complaint,
+and taking him at once into their full confidence.  He and Toeltschig
+sat up all of the first night carefully discussing the condition of affairs
+and what could be done to remedy them.  Their views were very different,
+for Spangenberg thought they had been too hasty in deciding to leave Georgia,
+while Toeltschig felt that it was a reflection on the lot
+to try and hold them in Savannah, when the lot had said "go".
+But Toeltschig possessed the rare art of seeing a disputed question
+through the eyes of those who did not agree with him,
+as well as from his own standpoint, and now, with no petty self-assertion,
+he quietly awaited developments, and told Spangenberg all that had happened
+since Neisser's departure.
+
+As the alarm concerning an immediate invasion by the Spanish had died away,
+the inhabitants of Savannah had regained their composure,
+and the wild outcry against the Moravians gradually ceased.
+The wagon and oxen which had been taken for work on the fort
+had been returned to their owners, after seven or eight weeks of hard usage,
+and the hope that starvation would shake the resolution of the non-combatants
+had signally failed of fulfillment.  The ship which was
+to bring the town supplies had been twelve weeks late in coming,
+and the stock in the store-house was almost exhausted.
+The authorities therefore had announced that provisions would be sold
+only to those who were helping build the fort.  This entirely excluded
+the Moravians, but instead of suffering from hunger they had been able
+to share with some of their neighbors.  The prices charged at the store
+in Savannah were always high, so, as he was passing through New York
+on his return from St. Thomas, Spangenberg had asked a friend
+to send the Moravians two thousand pounds of flour and salt-meat,
+for which they were to pay.  The merchant at that time knew of no ship
+sailing for Savannah, so in Philadelphia, Spangenberg had arranged
+that two thousand pounds of meat should be sent from there at once
+on a year's credit.  Meanwhile the New York merchant found an opportunity
+to send what was ordered from him, so the Moravians had been surprised
+by a double quantity, which proved to be just what they needed
+during the general scarcity.  When the friends in Pennsylvania heard
+that provisions had been sent, but not enough to last until the next harvest,
+they gave thirty-six hundred pounds of flour to Spangenberg to be taken,
+as a present, to the Georgia Moravians, and when word was received that
+Spangenberg's ship was lost, they sent an additional eighteen hundred pounds,
+so the "Society" was well supplied with this necessary article of food
+for some time to come.
+
+In their household affairs the Moravians had had various experiences.
+Hermsdorf had been so thoroughly frightened by the demonstrations
+against the Moravians that on the 16th of May he had sailed for Germany,
+regardless of Toeltschig's efforts to persuade him to wait,
+as his wife might even then be on her way to join him.
+Not only did he fear the townspeople so greatly that day and night
+he stayed in his room "as in a prison", but he was still more afraid
+to face Gen. Oglethorpe, who, it was said, would soon return.
+Only once had he joined in the devotional exercises of the household
+after his return from Frederica, and it was rather a relief when he left
+for home, having first repaid the amount of his passage to Georgia.
+He seems to have retained his connection with the Moravian Church,
+for he was in Herrnhut when Wesley visited there, and showed him
+many courtesies; and he is mentioned in 1742, as bearing letters
+to the "Sea Congregation", then about to sail for Pennsylvania.
+
+On the 6th of June a four-year-old English boy had been taken
+into their household.  He was an orphan, and they meant to bring him up,
+but the little fellow died on the 23rd of July.
+
+On the 10th of June the matrimonial troubles of George Waschke
+and Juliana Jaeschke had been happily terminated by their marriage.
+Waschke had been one of the discontents ever since the arrival
+of the second company, but when his marriage was finally arranged
+he professed himself contrite, and promised all obedience
+to the rules of the "Society", so long as he stayed in Savannah,
+though he retained his desire to leave as soon as possible.
+Juliana also had greatly improved in her behaviour before the wedding.
+
+This marriage was the cause of a very interesting discussion
+among the Moravians, as to who should perform the ceremony.
+"In the afternoon the Brethren met to decide who should be appointed
+to marry Waschke and Juliana.  Properly Br. Peter (Rose)
+should have been ordained by Br. Anton (Seifert) to the office of a "Diener"
+in the Congregation, that he might marry and baptize, but the Brethren
+did not think it necessary to ordain him on Waschke's account,
+and voted that Toeltschig should marry them.  He objected,
+but they said Toeltschig had been made a `Diener' of the Congregation
+at Herrnhut.  He protested that he had not been sent to Georgia
+to marry and baptize, and did not wish to do it.  The others insisted,
+and asked that the lot be tried; Toeltschig agreed to submit to their wish,
+and the lot drawn read `he shall marry these two'," which he did the next day.
+
+Parallel with this is the baptism of Rose's twin daughters,
+Anna Catherina and Maria Magdalena, who were born on the 16th of September,
+1737, -- Anna Catherina dying later in the same year.
+Of this Toeltschig wrote:  "I, at the request of the Brethren,
+baptized them in the name of the Father, the Son, and of the Holy Ghost,
+after Br. Anton (Seifert) had ordained me a "Diener" in the Congregation."
+
+It frequently happens that a puzzling action becomes clear
+when it is considered from the standpoint of the man who has done it,
+but when the motive can not be fathomed many things are hard to understand.
+That Seifert had been empowered to delegate to another member
+a duty usually reserved for the clergy, was reasonable, though unusual,
+for his serious illness or death would have left the Congregation
+without ministration until word could be sent to Germany,
+and some one else could come to take his place, -- a matter of months, --
+but, when the "Aeltester" was present, in full health, in entire accord
+with his Congregation, and when he in person confirmed candidates
+for Church membership, why did he not marry and baptize directly,
+instead of ordaining a "Diener" especially for those two offices?
+There must have been some regulation in the Congregation at Herrnhut
+which led to it, for the idea that Seifert himself
+should marry Waschke and Juliana, and baptize the Rose children,
+evidently did not occur to them, but the rule can not now be found,
+and there is no clue to the strange proceeding.
+
+Soon after the Waschke affair had been settled to the satisfaction
+of all parties, serious trouble had arisen with Jag and Haberecht.
+It was reported to the Moravians that Jag had engaged himself to a Swiss woman
+living in Savannah, and when questioned he admitted that it was true.
+They argued with him, and pled with him, but to no avail,
+and finally told him plainly that they would not allow him
+to bring the woman to their house, and more than that,
+if he persisted in his determination he would have to leave them;
+and angry and defiant he did take his departure the next day, July the 10th.
+
+That "troubles never come singly" was exemplified, for the very day
+that Jag left, Haberecht went to Toeltschig, and asked if some way
+could not be found so that HE could marry that same Swiss woman!
+Toeltschig was almost stunned by this second blow, and gave a stern answer,
+whereupon Haberecht applied to Seifert, the Aeltester,
+who was equally as unyielding in his condemnation of the acquaintance
+already made, and his refusal to countenance further steps.  Poor Haberecht,
+less resolute than Jag in his rebellion, drank deeply of the waters of Marah
+during the next weeks; promising to give up the woman,
+who was really unworthy of his regard, and then trying to draw Toeltschig
+into a discussion of his possible marriage; despairingly making his way
+to the garden to hide himself among the swine, feeling he was fit for
+no better company, and then going to the woman and asking her to marry him,
+to which she consented, having already thrown Jag over;
+again bitter repentance, confession, and a plea that his associates
+would forgive him.  Either he was really in earnest this time,
+or Spangenberg's arrival had a salutary effect, for after that
+the Swiss woman disappears from the story, and two months later Jag returned,
+promised good behaviour, and humbly asked for readmittance to the household
+which was at once accorded him.
+
+The first days of his visit to Savannah, Spangenberg spent
+in acquainting himself with the condition of affairs,
+and in interviews with the members singly and collectively,
+trying to persuade them to content themselves in Georgia.
+The "bands" were reorganized, but he was unable to re-establish
+a feeling of unity among them, and even those who were willing to stay,
+and work, and try whether their plan might not still be carried out,
+felt that it would be unwise to hold the rest, for as Toeltschig wrote,
+almost with a groan, "it is a blessed thing to live
+with a little company of brethren, who are of one heart and one soul,
+where heart and mind are dedicated to Jesus, but so to live, when many
+have weak wills and principles, and there must be a community of goods,
+is rather difficult, especially when many seek their own ends,
+not the things of Christ."
+
+Spangenberg was forced to see that his arguments were futile,
+and wisely yielded to the inevitable.  At a general conference
+each man was called upon to state his wishes.  Several desired to leave
+at the earliest possible moment, others as soon as the debt was fully paid;
+two or three wanted to return to Europe, others preferred
+to go to Pennsylvania to Spangenberg; some longed to live among the Indians
+as missionaries, while quite a number were content to stay in Savannah,
+unless absolutely forced to leave, or definitely called to labor elsewhere.
+However, no immediate steps were taken toward breaking up the settlement.
+
+On the 12th of August, Spangenberg and Wesley visited the Salzburgers
+at Ebenezer, by the invitation of Bolzius, the senior pastor.
+They, too, had had their troubles without and within,
+and Gronau had mourned over the fact to the Moravians,
+who deeply sympathized with him.  At this time Gronau and Bolzius
+differed greatly in their feeling for the Moravians.
+Gronau was openly and honestly on the best of terms with them,
+but Bolzius, while occasionally accepting their hospitality in Savannah,
+sent complaints to the Trustees, in keeping with his original protest
+against their coming to Georgia.  The English friends of the Moravians
+heard of these letters, and were much puzzled, as the reports
+from the Savannah Congregation spoke only of pleasant relations
+with the Salzburgers, and requests for union of the two forces.
+Probably Bolzius was fretted by their refusal to join him,
+even as the leaders at Halle resented the independence of Herrnhut,
+and after Gronau's death, in 1745, the pastors of Ebenezer steadily opposed
+the efforts of the Moravians to recommence a mission work in Georgia.
+
+Apart from the friction with their fellow townsmen and the lack of
+united purpose among their own number, Spangenberg found the Moravian colony
+in good condition.  Their devotional hours were steadily observed,
+the Lord's Supper was celebrated regularly, and a weekly conference
+kept the many interests of the "Society" running smoothly.
+
+By the aid of the second company, various improvements had been made,
+so that their lots and garden presented a prosperous appearance.
+"They have a house in town (on Spangenberg's lot) with a supply of wood
+for the kitchen.  Behind the house is a well, with a pump,
+on which almost the whole town depends, for it not only never goes dry,
+as do all the others, but it has the best water to be found in the town.
+From early morning to late at night the people come with barrels,
+pails and pitchers, to take the water to their homes.
+Once some one suggested that strangers should be charged so much a pail
+for the benefit of the orphans, but Frank said `they have so far received
+spiritual water from us without price, let them also have this freely.'
+Between the well and the house is a cow shed.  They have a cow,
+which is pastured out during the day, but comes back in the evening,
+and they use the milk and butter for the sick.  Near the shed
+is a kitchen and bake-oven, and on the other side a hut for their provisions.
+Behind the well, on Nitschmann's lot, stands on one side Tanneberger's
+and on the other Rose's cabin, with a roof between,
+under which the leather is stored, which is to be made into shoes.
+
+"Two English miles from the town they have cleared ten acres, (the garden)
+and planted corn and rice, which is growing nicely.  They have set out
+mulberry, peach, and apple trees, which are doing well;
+in the middle of the garden, which is enclosed with a fence and ditch,
+they have built a corn-house, a cabin in which to live, and a stable."
+Another cabin, the first erected in the garden, had been burned in January,
+at which time Mrs. Waschke was living in it, though she was away
+when it caught fire, and returned too late to give an alarm and save it.
+The farm four miles from town was proving unsatisfactory,
+requiring much labor and yielding little return, and they had about decided
+to stop cultivating it, and give all their effort to the garden,
+which was paying well.
+
+From the 14th to the 17th of August, Spangenberg busied himself
+with the account between the Moravians and the Trustees.
+In addition to the bonds signed by the first and second companies
+for their passage to Georgia, and provisions to be delivered on arrival,
+it had been necessary to get a great deal at the store on credit.
+On the other hand the men had done a considerable amount
+of carpenter work and hauling for the Trustees and for others.
+The account on the books at the Trustees' store was all in confusion,
+and as everybody at the store claimed to be too busy to unravel it,
+Spangenberg obtained permission to do it himself, and found that
+in addition to the bonds, (60 Pounds and 226 Pounds 13 Shillings 9 Pence,)
+the Moravians had taken supplies to an amount which gave them a total debt
+of some 500 Pounds ($2,400.00).  Against this they had a credit
+which entirely paid their current account at the store, and reduced their debt
+to the Trustees to 121 Pounds 2 Shillings 9 Pence, ($580.80).
+
+On the 19th, a Lovefeast was held in honor of Spangenberg and Eckstein,
+and on the 21st of August the two visitors sailed for Pennsylvania,
+landing there safely in due time.
+
+
+  A Closing Door.
+
+With the month of September letters began to come from England and Germany
+in response to Dober's report, and the communications sent by Ingham,
+who presented the Moravian request to the Trustees,
+(receiving "a sour answer",) and also sent a full account
+of their circumstances to Count Zinzendorf.  The Count had already written
+to his distressed brethren, giving his advice on various points,
+and this letter, which was the first to arrive, gave them little comfort.
+They had once hoped for reinforcements, earnest men and women
+who would strengthen their hands for the work among the Indians,
+and even now it was disappointing to hear that Zinzendorf had decided
+not to send any more colonists to Georgia.  He argued that it would take
+very few men to supply teachers for Tomochichi's little village,
+and that as the Trustees would only permit four missionaries
+among the more distant tribes, that number could easily be spared
+from the company already in Savannah.
+
+Regarding military service he repeated his former definite instructions,
+"you will not bear arms either defensive or offensive."
+He said that he had tried to secure from the Trustees a formal "dispensation",
+either verbal or written, exempting the Moravians entirely from military duty,
+but they refused to give it, insisting that the Moravians
+must at least employ two men to represent the two town lots
+in defense of the country.  Zinzendorf had agreed to this,
+so far as the night watch was concerned, since such a watch was necessary
+for civic peace and well-being, and the Moravians were authorized
+to pay the necessary sums therefor, but he considered it inconsistent
+to refuse to fight as a matter of conscience and then hire others to do it,
+and so, as he said, "there is nothing to do but to say NO, and wait."
+
+Although Spangenberg had hoped it would not be necessary
+for the Moravians to leave Georgia, he had sent the Trustees their request
+for permission to go, adding, "Nor indeed is there any reason
+why they should be detained, since it is their full intention and design
+to pay every farthing of their debt before they stir a foot;
+and they have never yet sold their liberty to any man,
+neither are they bound to any man by any writing or agreement whatsoever.
+I doubt not therefore but ye will readily shew the same clemency towards
+innocent and inoffensive men, which any one may expect from your Honors,
+whose business is not to destroy but to save and benefit mankind.
+May it please you therefore to send orders to the Magistrate of Savannah
+that these people may have leave to depart that Province.
+I do assure your Honors they always thought it a great favor that ye
+were pleased to send them thither; but now they will think it a greater
+to be dismissed."
+
+In reply the Trustees wrote to Mr. Causton, forbidding the introduction
+of martial law without their express order, and reproving him for having
+required more than two men from the Moravians, but in that very reproof
+practically insisting that two must serve.  The Moravians thought
+they had defined their position clearly at the outset, and believed
+they had the Trustees' promise that all should be as they desired,
+and if the Trustees realized the construction placed upon their words
+they had taken a most unfair advantage of the Moravians
+by offering them the two town lots as a special favor,
+and then using the ownership of those lots as a lever
+to force unwelcome service.  On the other hand the Trustees claimed
+that Zinzendorf had tacitly agreed to furnish two fighting men
+when he allowed Spangenberg and Nitschmann to take the two freeholds,
+and one can hardly imagine that the gentlemen who served
+as Trustees of Georgia would stoop to a subterfuge to gain two soldiers.
+Probably it was an honest misunderstanding for which neither side
+was to blame, and of which neither could give a satisfactory explanation,
+each party having had a clear idea of his own position,
+and having failed to realize that in the confusion of tongues
+the other never did grasp the main point clearly.
+
+Regarding the Moravian request for permission to leave, the Trustees declined
+to give instructions until after an exchange of letters with Zinzendorf;
+but in a second letter to his Congregation, the Count wrote,
+"If some do not wish to remain, let them go," and "if the authorities
+will not do what you demand it is certain that you must break up
+and go further; but whether to Pennsylvania, or New York or Carolina,
+the Lord will show you."  Carolina would be no better than Georgia
+for their purpose, for the military conditions were identical,
+and Bishop Nitschmann's advice that they go to Pennsylvania,
+together with Spangenberg's residence there, decided them in favor
+of that location.
+
+Zinzendorf's permission having cleared the way for departure,
+they resolved to wait no longer on the Trustees, and a general conference
+was held on September 18th, in which definite arrangements were made
+for the assumption of the debt by those who were willing as yet
+to remain in Georgia, freeing the four who were to go first.
+A recent letter had informed Tanneberger of the death of his wife and children
+in Herrnhut, and the news shattered his already weak allegiance.
+Without them he cared little where he went, or what became of him,
+if only he could get away, and Haberecht was more than ready to join him.
+His young son went as a matter of course, and Meyer,
+another member who had been lazy and unsatisfactory, completed the party,
+which sailed for Pennsylvania on the 16th of October.
+Jag also intended to go, but for some reason waited for the next company.
+
+Haberecht settled at Ephrata, and the two Tannebergers at Germantown.
+In 1741, Haberecht joined the Moravians who were building
+in "the forks of the Delaware", and became one of the first members
+of the Bethlehem Congregation.  In 1745, David Tanneberger
+married Regina Demuth, who had lost her husband the previous year,
+and they ultimately moved to Bethlehem also.  Meyer never renewed
+his association with the Moravians.
+
+Before the four started to Pennsylvania, another member
+had taken the longer journey, and had been laid beside his brethren
+in the Savannah cemetery.  This was George Haberland, who died September 30th,
+from flux, a prevalent disease, from which almost all of the colonists
+suffered at one time or another.  He had learned much during his life
+in Georgia, had been confirmed in June with his brother Michael,
+and had afterward served acceptably as a "Diener" of the Congregation.
+
+On the 7th of October, Seifert and Boehner moved to Tomochichi's village
+to perfect themselves in the language, and begin their missionary work.
+As some of the congregation had already left Savannah,
+and others were soon to follow, Seifert thought that he could be spared
+even though he was "Aeltester", especially as at first
+he returned to Savannah every Saturday to hold the Sunday services.
+In November he and Boehner spent several weeks in town
+helping the carpenters raise the frame of a large house they were building,
+and when they returned to the Indians in January, 1738,
+Peter Rose, his wife, and surviving daughter went with them.
+
+Friday, December 13th, John Wesley left Savannah, to return to England.
+His popularity had long since waned, in the face of his rigid insistance
+on ecclesiastical rules, and it was said "the Brethren alone
+can understand him, and remain in love with him."  He was unfortunate enough
+to provoke a spiteful woman, a niece of Mr. Causton, the Magistrate,
+and so greatly did the persecution rage under her influence,
+that Wesley's chance of doing further good was ruined, and nothing was left
+but for him to withdraw.  The Magistrates forbade him to leave,
+(secretly rejoicing that they had driven him away,)
+but he boldly took his departure, without molestation,
+making his way to Beaufort, where Charles Delamotte joined him.
+Together they went to Charlestown, where he parted from Delamotte,
+and on the 2nd of January, 1738, sailed from the continent
+that had witnessed the shattering of so many fond hopes and ambitions.
+
+Forty-seven years later Brierly Allen settled in Savannah,
+the first minister there to represent the great denomination which grew
+from Wesley's later work in England, and the first Methodist Society
+in that city of his humiliation was organized in 1806.
+
+During the preceding summer Zinzendorf had written to the Trustees,
+asking once more for (1) entire exemption from military service
+for the Georgia Moravians, for (2) permission for them to leave Georgia
+if this could not be granted, and (3) that at least four
+might remain among the Indians as missionaries.
+
+In answer the Trustees (1) repeated their former decision
+regarding freehold representation, (2) gave consent for the Moravians to leave
+if they would not comply with this, and (3) refused to let them stay
+as missionaries.  "The privilege of going among the Indians
+was given to your people out of consideration for Your Excellency,
+and also on account of their good conduct, they being citizens of this colony;
+but if they cease to reside there, this privilege will not be continued
+to any of them.  To employ them as missionaries to instruct the Indians
+would be a reflection on our country, as if it could not furnish
+a sufficient number of pious men to preach the Gospel of Jesus Christ.
+Therefore your people may continue among the Indians,
+only so long as they are citizens of the colony."
+
+This was the death-blow to the Moravian settlement in Georgia.
+Had the Trustees exemplified their much-vaunted religious toleration
+by respecting the conscientious scruples of the Moravians,
+there were enough members of the Savannah Congregation
+who wanted to stay in Georgia to form the nucleus of the larger colony
+which would surely have followed them, for while they were willing
+to give up everything except religious liberty, they were human enough
+to regret having to abandon the improvements which they had made
+at the cost of so much labor and self-denial.  The Church at large
+shared this feeling, and for many years watched and waited
+for an opportunity to re-open the work in Savannah, but without result.
+If the Trustees had even permitted the Moravians to stay as missionaries
+it might have saved the settlement to Georgia, for within a decade
+the English Parliament passed an Act granting the Moravians
+the very exemption for which they now asked in vain,
+and had there been a promising work begun among the Indians
+during the intervening years it would inevitably have drawn more laborers,
+as it did in Pennsylvania.  But the Trustees shut the door in their faces,
+other promising and more hospitable fields opened, and the Moravian efforts
+were thereafter given to the upbuilding of other commonwealths.
+
+In the latter part of January, 1738, eight more of the Moravian colonists
+left Savannah, -- Gotthard Demuth and his wife, George Waschke,
+his wife and mother, Augustin Neisser, Gottlieb Demuth, and David Jag,
+those who remained giving them money and provisions for their journey
+to Pennsylvania.  Gotthard Demuth and wife settled in Germantown,
+later moving to Bethlehem and joining in the organization
+of that Congregation.  In 1743 they were again living at Germantown,
+where Gotthard died the following year.  Regina subsequently
+married David Tanneberger and moved once more to Bethlehem.
+Gottlieb Demuth lived at several places, but finally married,
+and settled in the Moravian Congregation at Schoeneck.
+Jag, who located at Goshenhopper, and the Waschkes and Augustin Neisser
+who went to Germantown, never rejoined the Church.
+
+On the 28th of January, the Moravians in Savannah received
+an unlooked-for addition to their number.  Toeltschig wrote to Spangenberg,
+"Yesterday two boys, who belong to Herrnhut, came unexpectedly to our house.
+They ran away from the Brethren in Ysselstein and went to Mr. Oglethorpe
+in London, begging him to send them to the Brethren in Georgia.  He did so,
+but we will have to pay their transportation.  One is Zeisberger's son David,
+about 17 years old, and the other John Michael Schober, about 15 years old.
+Both are bad boys."  It appears that when Zeisberger's parents went to Georgia
+he was left in Herrnhut to finish his education.  From there
+Count Zinzendorf took him to a Moravian settlement near Utrecht, Holland,
+where he was employed as errand boy in a shop.  He was treated
+with well-meant but ill-judged severity, and finally after
+a particularly trying and undeserved piece of harshness in October, 1737,
+he and his friend Schober decided to try and make their way
+to his parents in Georgia.  In this they succeeded, and though their story
+was received with disapprobation, they soon made a place for themselves.
+Schober did not live very long, but Zeisberger, from the "bad boy"
+of Toeltschig's letter, became the assistant of Peter Boehler
+in South Carolina, and later the great "apostle to the Indians".
+
+During this Spring the Moravians strained every nerve
+to do an amount of work sufficient to balance their account with the Trustees.
+It took a little longer than they expected, but at last Toeltschig was ready
+for his journey to England, the lot having previously decided
+that he should go as soon as financial affairs made it proper.
+His wife remained in Savannah, it being uncertain whether he would
+stay in Germany or return to America.  John Regnier took his place
+as financial agent of the Moravians.
+
+On March 12th, Toeltschig went aboard a ship, bound for Charlestown,
+sailing from Tybee two days later.  On the 18th, he reached Charlestown,
+whence he sailed April 1st, bearing with him the record of their account
+with the Trustees, and commissioned to tell the authorities at Herrnhut
+all about the Georgia colony.  On the 30th of May, the vessel touched
+at Cowes, where Toeltschig landed, making his way overland to London
+which he reached on the 2nd of June.
+
+On the 11th of June, Toeltschig, accompanied by Richter,
+went to present the account to the Trustees.  They asked him
+many questions concerning Georgia, all of which he answered frankly,
+receiving most courteous attention.  Three days later
+a settlement was reached.  The written accounts showed that the Moravians
+were short 3 Pounds 5 Shillings 5 Pence, which Toeltschig offered
+to pay in cash, but the Trustees said they realized
+that the supplies provided for in the second bond had been rated
+at a higher price in Georgia than in England, and they were content
+to consider the obligations as fully discharged, interest included.
+Toeltschig answered "I am VERY glad," a short sentence which spoke volumes!
+
+
+  Wesley, Ingham and Toeltschig.
+
+During the days which elapsed between his arrival in London
+and the meeting of the Trustees, Toeltschig had many interviews
+with those who had been "awakened" by the two companies of Moravian colonists,
+by Count Zinzendorf, and by Peter Boehler and George Schulius.
+The last two were even then at Portsmouth, on their way to America,
+and the interest caused by their visit was very manifest.
+
+John and Charles Wesley had been particularly attracted to Boehler,
+the former especially finding great relief in laying
+his many spiritual perplexities before him.  Wesley complained
+that when he conversed with Spangenberg in Georgia,
+and they could not agree on any point, Spangenberg would drop the subject
+and refuse to discuss it further, but in Boehler he found
+a clearness of argument, and power of persuasion which convinced
+without irritating him.
+
+Having passed through many stages with the guidance, sympathy,
+and encouragement of Boehler, Wesley at last found the assurance of salvation
+he had sought for so many years, and three weeks after Boehler left London,
+he records that at a meeting of their society "I felt I did trust in Christ,
+Christ alone for salvation, and an assurance was given me
+that he had taken away my sins, even mine, and saved me
+from the law of sin and death."  A few days previously his brother Charles
+had made the same happy experience, and this gave to their religious life
+the warmth and fervor which, added to the zeal, industry and enthusiasm that
+had always characterized them, made their labors of so much value to England,
+and founded the denomination which has grown so rapidly in America,
+still bearing the name once given in derision to the little group
+of Oxford "Methodists".
+
+But Wesley's mind was not one of those which can rest contentedly
+upon one vital truth, he must needs run the whole gamut of emotion,
+and resolve every point raised by himself or others
+into a definite negative or affirmative in his own life.
+Once settled in a position to his entire satisfaction,
+he was as immovable as a mountain, and this was at once
+the source of his power and his weakness, for thousands gladly followed
+the resolute man, and found their own salvation therein,
+while on the other hand the will which would never bend clashed hopelessly
+with those who wished sometimes to take their turn in leading.
+So he became an outcast from the Church of England, alienated from Ingham,
+Whitefield, and other friends of his youth, estranged from the Moravians,
+even while he was one of the greatest religious leaders
+England has ever produced.
+
+At the time of Toeltschig's sojourn in London, however,
+he was in the early, troubled stage of his experience,
+rejoicing in what he had attained through Boehler's influence,
+but beset with doubts and fears.  And so, as he records in his Journal,
+he determined "to retire for a short time into Germany,
+where he hoped the conversing with those holy men who were themselves
+living witnesses of the full power of faith, and yet able to bear
+with those that are weak, would be a means, under God,
+of so establishing his soul, that he might go on from faith to faith,
+and from strength to strength."
+
+Ingham, meanwhile, informed of Toeltschig's arrival in London,
+had hastened "over one hundred and forty miles" to see his friend,
+a fact that seems to have touched Toeltschig deeply,
+and arranged to go with him to Herrnhut, as they had often planned
+while still in Georgia.  John Wesley joined them, and the three young men
+sailed on June 24th, landing at Rotterdam two days later.
+Wesley's Journal does not mention Toeltschig by name,
+but on leaving Rotterdam he says, "we were eight in all,
+five English and three Germans," and there is no doubt
+that Toeltschig went with them to Marienborn to report to Count Zinzendorf,
+who was living there during his temporary exile from Herrnhut.
+
+In Rotterdam, Dr. Koker showed the party much kindness,
+while at Baron von Watteville's in Ysselstein, they were received
+"as at home".  At Amsterdam, they joined in the meeting of the "societies"
+established under Moravian influences, and from there proceeded to Cologne,
+and up the Rhine to Frankfort.  Having neglected to supply themselves
+with passports, they experienced much difficulty whenever they reached
+a walled city, sometimes being refused admittance altogether,
+and at other times being allowed to enter only after much delay,
+which caused Wesley to "greatly wonder that common sense and common humanity
+do not put an end to this senseless, inhuman usage of strangers."
+When any of their number had an acquaintance in the city
+to which they had come they sent in a note to him, and he would arrange
+for their entrance, and at Frankfort they applied to Peter Boehler's father,
+who entertained them "in the most friendly manner."
+
+On Tuesday, July 15th, they reached Marienborn, where Wesley remained
+for fifteen days, and Ingham for about seven weeks.
+
+From Marienborn, Wesley went to Herrnhut, stopping at Erfurt, Weimar, Jena,
+Halle, Leipsig and Dresden on the way.  He remained at Herrnhut twelve days,
+and then returned by the same route to Marienborn, and to England.
+
+This trip to Germany has been given as the beginning of the breach
+between Wesley and the Moravians, but it is doubtful
+whether such was really the case.  In the "Memoirs of James Hutton"
+it is stated that Wesley was offended because Ingham was admitted
+to the Communion at Marienborn, while permission was refused him,
+and that he secretly brooded over the injury, but Wesley himself
+does not mention the occurrence, and refers to Marienborn as a place
+where he met what he "sought for, viz.:  living proofs of the power of faith,"
+and where he stayed twelve days longer than he at first intended.
+The tone of his account of Herrnhut is also distinctly friendly,
+though he did not unreservedly accept two or three theological statements
+made to him, but the long conversations he records prove his joy
+at finding sympathy, and confirmation of what he wanted to believe
+concerning justification by faith, and the fact that a weak faith
+was still a real faith, and as such should be cherished and strengthened,
+not despised.  He could not have been greatly influenced against the Moravians
+by his visit to Halle, for each time he stayed but one night,
+and on the first occasion Professor Francke was not at home, nor were
+their arguments new to him, that they should have impressed him deeply.
+
+It frequently happens that when a controversy has arisen between friends,
+both parties look backward and read into former words and deeds
+a meaning they did not have at the time they transpired,
+and most probably this is what has happened in regard to the trip to Germany
+and its effect on Wesley.
+
+Immediately on his return to England, Wesley began
+an active religious campaign, drawing such crowds of all kinds of people
+that the various churches in turn closed their doors upon him,
+and eight months later he followed Whitefield into open air preaching,
+after consultation with the Fetter Lane Society.  This Society
+had been organized at the time of Boehler's visit to London,
+and was composed of members of the earlier Methodist societies,
+Germans residing in London, and English who had been interested in salvation
+by Zinzendorf and the Moravian companies bound for Georgia.
+It had met in the home of James Hutton until it outgrew the rooms,
+and was then transferred to the Chapel at 32 Fetter Lane.
+It was an independent Society, with no organic connection
+with the Moravian Church, and the religious work was carried on
+under the leadership of John Wesley, and, in his frequent absences,
+by James Hutton and others who leaned strongly toward the Moravians,
+some of whose customs had been adopted by the Society.
+The Hutton "Memoirs" state that Wesley made an effort to break off intercourse
+between the Society and the Moravians soon after his return from Germany,
+but failed, and matters continued to move smoothly until about the time
+that Wesley began his field preaching.  During the subsequent months
+disputes arose among the members, largely on account of views introduced
+by Philip Henry Molther, who at that time had a tendency toward "Quietism".
+Molther was detained for some time in England, waiting for a ship
+to take him to Pennsylvania, he having received a call to labor
+in the Moravian Churches there, and being a fluent speaker
+he learned English rapidly and made a deep impression on many hearers.
+
+Wesley was much hurt by the dissensions in his Society,
+and entirely opposed to Molther's views, and after several efforts
+to bring all the members back to his own position, he, on Sunday,
+July 31st, 1740, solemnly and definitely condemned the "errors" and withdrew
+from the Fetter Lane Society, adding "You that are of the same judgment,
+follow me."  About twenty-five of the men and "seven or eight and forty
+likewise of the fifty women that were in the band" accepted his invitation,
+and with them he organized the "Foundry Society".  Into the Foundry Society
+and the many others organized among his converts, Wesley introduced lovefeasts
+and "bands" (or "classes",) both familiar to him from the Fetter Lane Society,
+which had copied them from the Moravians.  When his societies grew so numerous
+that he could not personally serve them all he selected lay assistants,
+and then "became convinced that presbyter and bishop are of the same order,
+and that he had as good a right to ordain as to administer the Sacraments."
+He, therefore, ordained bishops for America, and Scotland,
+and registered his chapels in order to protect them, according to
+the Act of Toleration.  This gave the Methodist body a separate legal status,
+but Wesley always claimed that he was still a member of the Church of England,
+and would not allow the preachers of his English societies
+to administer the Sacraments, a right which was finally granted them
+by the Methodist Conference after his death.
+
+When Benjamin Ingham returned from Georgia he commenced to preach the Gospel
+in Yorkshire, his native place, and at the time of his journey to Germany
+a promising work was begun there.  From Herrnhut he wrote to Count Zinzendorf
+asking that Toeltschig be permitted to visit him in England,
+and the request was granted a few months later.  Meanwhile Ingham's work
+prospered mightily, so that in June, 1739, he was forbidden the use
+of the churches, and forced to imitate Wesley and preach in the open air.
+Some forty societies were formed, and in November, Toeltschig went to him,
+making many friends among the people, repeating his visit at intervals
+during the following months.
+
+The intimacy between Ingham and the Moravians became closer and closer,
+and in July, 1742, he formally handed over the care of his societies
+in Yorkshire and Lascashire to the Moravian Church, himself going
+into new fields, and then giving new societies into their keeping.
+It has often been stated that Ingham was a Moravian, but this is a mistake.
+During these years he worked with them shoulder to shoulder,
+but there is no record of his having been received into their Church
+as a member, nor did they reordain him into their ministry.
+The situation would be more strange to-day than it was then,
+for there was apparent chaos in England, the Spirit of God
+moving upon the face of the waters before "light shone,
+and order from disorder sprung," and the Moravians did not care to emphasize
+their independence of the Anglican Church lest it injure their usefulness.
+In 1744, when England was threatened with a French invasion,
+a number of loyal addresses were presented to the King,
+and among them one from the "United Brethren in England,
+in union with the ancient Protestant Episcopal Bohemian and Moravian church,"
+a designation selected after long and careful discussion
+as to a true term which would avoid placing them among the Dissenters
+from the Church of England.
+
+When the Moravians took over the Yorkshire Societies in 1742
+they established headquarters at Smith House, near Halifax,
+but this not proving permanently available, Ingham, in 1744,
+bought an estate near Pudsey, where the Moravians planted
+a settlement which they called "Lamb's Hill", later "Fulneck".
+In 1746 and 1749 Ingham presented to the Moravians the ground on which
+the Chapel and two other houses stood, but for the rest they paid him
+an annual rent.  The property is now held of Ingham's descendents
+on a lease for five hundred years.
+
+In 1753 Ingham withdrew from his close association with the Moravians,
+and established a new circle of societies, himself ordaining
+the ministers who served them.  These societies flourished for a while,
+but about 1759 Ingham became imbued with the doctrines of a certain Sandeman,
+and the result was the almost total wrecking of his societies.
+This broke Ingham's heart, and affected his mind, so that his last days
+were very sad.  He passed away in 1772, and his societies
+gradually merged themselves into other churches.
+
+John Toeltschig, Ingham's friend in Georgia and his co-laborer in Yorkshire,
+came to England in November, 1739, in company with Hutton,
+who had been to Germany to form a closer acquaintance with the Moravians.
+After the debt to the Trustees was paid, Toeltschig had eagerly planned
+new things for Georgia, -- extension of work among the Indians,
+a settlement further up the Savannah River, the strengthening
+of the Savannah Congregation, from which missionaries could be drawn
+and by which they should be supported while laboring among the heathen tribes.
+He offered to return to America at once, ready for any duty,
+but requesting that he might not be sole financial manager again,
+as he had found it most difficult to attend to those duties,
+and at the same time share in the spiritual work.
+
+The elders of the Church, after carefully weighing all the circumstances,
+decided not to send him back to Georgia, but that he should go to England,
+to labor in the Fetter Lane Society, and among its friends.
+
+The first step was a visit to Ingham in Yorkshire, and the reception given him
+was so cordial and the field so promising that he went again, and yet again.
+Boehler and Spangenberg returned to England and traveled hither and thither
+in response to the calls that came from every side, other members aided
+as they could, and the societies under their direction grew apace.
+Fetter Lane Society was organized into a congregation in November, 1742,
+and the others followed in due time.  The Moravian Church
+was introduced into Ireland, and took a firm hold there.
+In England its successes were paralleled with much opposition, and in 1749,
+after several years of preparation, an appeal was made to Parliament
+for recognition as a Protestant Episcopal Church, with full liberty
+of conscience and worship throughout Great Britain and her colonies.
+General Oglethorpe warmly championed their cause, and after
+a thorough investigation of Moravian history and doctrine,
+the bill was passed, May 12th, 1749, and the Moravian right
+to liberty of worship, freedom from military service,
+and exemption from oath-taking was unreservedly granted.
+
+While not involved in these Parliamentary proceedings,
+Toeltschig played an important part in the development of the Moravian Church
+in England and Ireland.  Although he had great success as a preacher,
+his especial talents were as an organizer, and as leader of the "bands",
+as might be expected of a man with a judicial mind, executive ability,
+and great tact.  He was Elder of the "Pilgrim Congregation"
+formed at Fetter Lane in May, 1742, a congregation composed exclusively
+of "laborers" in the Lord's vineyard, and he was also one of the committee
+charged with the oversight of the general work.
+
+In February, 1748, he went to Ireland, as superintendent
+of the societies there, some of which had been organized by Wesley,
+but now wished to unite with the Moravians.  In 1752 he conducted
+a company of colonists to Pennsylvania, but the next year
+went back to Ireland, where certain troubles had arisen
+which he could quiet better than any one else.
+
+After Zinzendorf's death in 1760, Toeltschig was one of that company
+of leading men who met in Herrnhut to provide for the immediate needs
+of the Moravian Church, whose enemies prophesied disintegration
+upon the death of the man who had been at its head for more than thirty years.
+These predictions failed of fulfillment, and "it was demonstrated
+that the Lord had further employment for the Unitas Fratrum."
+
+Less renowned than many of his confreres, Toeltschig was a type
+of that class of Moravians who carried their Church
+through slight and blight into the respect and good-will of the world.
+Industrious and scrupulously exact in business affairs,
+courteous and considerate in his dealings with others,
+firm and fearless in matters of conscience, bold to declare his faith,
+and witness for his Master, energetic and "conservatively progressive"
+in promoting the growth of his church, he took little part
+in the controversies of his day, but devoted himself unreservedly
+to preaching the Gospel as it was read by John Hus, by the founders
+of the ancient Unitas Fratrum, by the renewers of that Church in Herrnhut,
+"Salvation by faith in Christ and real Christian living
+according to the precepts of the Bible."
+
+
+  The Negro Mission.
+
+John Toeltschig had been the diarist of the Moravian Congregation
+in Savannah, as well as their treasurer and most able member,
+and after he left very little record was kept of the daily occurrences.
+A few stray letters have been preserved, but little of interest
+appears therein, beyond the facts that the summer of 1738 was hot and dry,
+and that the Moravians were not molested, although always conscious
+of the under-current of antagonism.
+
+Some time during these months Matthias Seybold left for Pennsylvania,
+where he married, and was one of the company that established the settlement
+at Bethlehem.  He returned to Europe in 1742, and died at Herrnhut in 1787.
+
+In May, the Rev. George Whitefield reached Georgia, "authorized to perform
+all religious offices as Deacon of the Church of England,
+in Savannah and Frederica," in the place of John Wesley.
+The poverty of the people touched him deeply, he distributed to the most needy
+such sums as he had brought for their relief, and with James Habersham,
+who had come over at the same time, he agreed upon the erection
+of an Orphan House.  Whitefield visited Ebenezer, and acquainted himself
+with conditions there and elsewhere, and then returned to England, in August,
+to raise funds for his Orphan House, Habersham meanwhile beginning
+to collect and instruct the most neglected children.
+
+During his stay in Georgia, Whitefield lodged with Charles Delamotte,
+who was still carrying on the little school.  During the winter
+Delamotte had boarded for a while with the Moravians,
+and when he returned to England in the autumn, he at once associated himself
+with the English members.  Tyerman in his "Life and Times of John Wesley",
+says, "On his return to England, Charles Delamotte became a Moravian,
+settled at Barrow-upon-Humber, where he spent a long life of piety and peace,
+and died in 1790."
+
+On the 16th of October, Peter Boehler and George Schulius
+arrived in Savannah, accompanied by the lad, Simon Peter Harper.
+They came as missionaries to the negroes of Carolina,
+the hearts of various philanthropic Englishmen having been touched
+by reports of the condition of these half wild savages recently imported
+from the shores of Africa to till the fields of the New World.
+
+The plan originated during Count Zinzendorf's visit to London,
+in February, 1737, when it was suggested to him that such a mission
+should be begun by two Moravian men, under the auspices of
+"the associates of the late Dr. Bray".
+
+Thomas Bray, an English divine, was born in 1656, made several
+missionary trips to America, and in 1697 organized a society
+for the propagation of the Gospel in the English Colonies.
+He died in 1730, but the work was continued by his "associates",
+many of whom were also interested in the Georgia Colony.
+
+As this mission was to be under their direction, "the associates
+of the late Dr. Bray" wished to be very sure that the doctrine and rules
+of the Unitas Fratrum did not conflict with the Church of England,
+but being assured by the Archbishop of Canterbury that he considered them
+as agreeing in all essential points, they closed an agreement with Zinzendorf
+whereby the Count received 30 Pounds with which to prepare "two Brethren
+to reside for the instruction of the Negroes at such place in Carolina
+as the said associates shall direct."  The missionaries,
+when they had entered upon their work, were to receive a salary,
+"not exceeding thirty pounds a year," from the "associates".
+
+For this missionary enterprise, so much to his liking, Zinzendorf appointed
+"one of my chaplains, master Boehler," and "Schulius, a Moravian brother,"
+who with Richter and Wenzel Neisser arrived in London, February 18th, 1738.
+At the house of their friend Wynantz, the Dutch merchant,
+they met John Wesley, who offered to secure them a pleasant,
+inexpensive lodging near James Hutton's, where he was staying.
+
+Peter Boehler had been a student at Jena when Spangenberg
+was lecturing there, and was himself a professor at that seat of learning
+when he decided to accept Zinzendorf's call to mission work,
+and join the Moravians, with whom he had been for a long time in sympathy.
+Like Spangenberg he was a highly educated man, and an able leader,
+fitted to play an important part in the Church of his adoption.
+In December, 1737, he was ordained at Herrnhut by the bishops,
+David Nitschmann and Count Zinzendorf, and in later years he, too,
+became a bishop of the Unity.
+
+On the 22nd of February, Boehler and his companions
+called on Gen. Oglethorpe, who at first supposed they were simply going over
+to join the Savannah congregation.  Boehler explained that Richter,
+who spoke French as well as German, had come as the Agent of the Moravians,
+in accordance with the suggestion made by the Trustees to Bishop Nitschmann
+in 1736; that Wenzel Neisser was going on an official visitation to America,
+especially to the West Indies; and that he and Schulius were the missionaries
+promised by Count Zinzendorf for work among the negroes in Carolina.
+The General courteously invited them to confer with him further,
+either by letter or in person, and offered to take them with him,
+as he expected shortly to sail for Georgia with his regiment.
+
+Later, when they wished to come to a definite agreement with Oglethorpe,
+who represented the "associates of Dr. Bray", they experienced
+some difficulty, owing to the fact that a letter of introduction
+Oglethorpe expected to receive from Count Zinzendorf had failed to arrive,
+but the exhibition of their passports, and Richter's explanation
+that Zinzendorf thought (from newspaper notices) that Oglethorpe
+had already left England, enabled Boehler and Schulius to establish
+their identity.  So soon as Zinzendorf heard that his word was needed,
+he sent them a formal letter of introduction to Oglethorpe,
+which was gladly received as corroboration of their statements.
+The Moravians were at their own expense while waiting in London,
+but Oglethorpe promised that they should be provided with Bibles, grammars,
+and other things they might need for the negro school.
+
+Being detained in London for three months, instead of three weeks
+as they expected, Boehler and his friend had ample opportunity
+to make acquaintances in the metropolis.  They sent word of their arrival
+to those Germans who had learned to know Zinzendorf
+and the earlier Moravian emigrants to Georgia, and on the first Sunday
+"the brethren", (as they affectionately called all who, like themselves,
+were interested in living a Christian life,) came to them,
+and a series of meetings for prayer, conference, and instruction was begun.
+Boehler was a man of attractive personality, and convincing earnestness,
+and in spite of his slight knowledge of their language
+many English also became interested and formed a society similar to that
+begun by Zinzendorf, the two soon uniting in the Fetter Lane Society.
+
+Ten days after Boehler reached London he accepted an invitation
+from the two Wesleys, and went with them to Oxford.
+There he was most kindly received, preached in Latin once or twice each day,
+and had many private conversations with inquirers.
+Among those with whom he became acquainted was the Rev. John Gambold,
+who later became a bishop in the Moravian Church, and many others
+were mightily stirred to seek the salvation of their souls.
+
+Noting how little English Boehler and Schulius knew,
+Gen. Oglethorpe offered them a boy who was bright and intelligent,
+could speak both English and German, and understood some French,
+and they found him so serviceable that they asked and obtained permission
+to take him with them to Carolina.
+
+Through Wesley, Boehler heard that Gen. Oglethorpe was much surprised
+at the speed with which he acquired English, and that he had asked
+whether Boehler would consent to serve as Minister of the Church of England
+in Savannah, if that Congregation remained without a pastor.
+Boehler expressed his willingness to preach at any time,
+but declined to administer the Sacraments for any denomination except his own,
+so the appointment was not made.
+
+On the 28th of April, the baggage of the Missionaries
+was put aboard the `Union Galley', Capt. Moberley, with instructions
+that Boehler and his companions should join her at Portsmouth.
+Neisser was to go with them to Georgia, and from there,
+as opportunity offered, to St. Thomas, but while the ship lay at Portsmouth
+other instructions reached him, and Oglethorpe kindly made no objection
+to his withdrawing his box and staying behind, though he did not
+quite understand it.
+
+On the 15th of May, Peter Boehler, George Schulius,
+and the lad Simon Peter Harper, left London, but finding the ship
+not yet ready to sail, they, by Oglethorpe's instructions,
+went to Southampton where some of the vessels were lying.
+
+Returning to Portsmouth they embarked on May 22nd, and soon found
+they were "to dwell in Sodom and Gomorrah" during their voyage.
+On the 30th the fleet sailed to Southampton for the soldiers,
+and when they came aboard four days later "Sodom and Gomorrah
+were fully reproduced."  As the ships lay off Spithead
+a conspiracy was discovered, -- the soldiers on one vessel
+had planned to kill their officers, take what money they could find,
+and escape to France.  During the voyage there were several fights
+among the soldiers, or between them and the sailors, and in one drunken riot
+a soldier cut off a young girl's hand.  "The Lord was our defense and shield,
+and we were among them like Daniel in the midst of the lions," wrote Boehler,
+for the quiet, Bible-reading Moravians found little to like
+in their rough associates, who cared for them just as little,
+and wished they could be thrown overboard.
+
+The ships put to sea July 16th and reached the Madeiras on the 29th,
+where they were detained until the 8th of August.  Boehler and Schulius
+went on shore a number of times, were courteously treated
+by the most prominent Catholic priest there, climbed a mountain
+for the exercise, and particularly enjoyed their escape
+from turmoil and confusion.  The captain, who had taken a dislike to them,
+tried to prevent their leaving the ship, but Oglethorpe stood their friend,
+and ordered that they should have entire liberty.  For Boehler,
+as for many who had preceded him, Georgia and Carolina were to be a school
+where great life lessons would be learned.  Fresh from the University halls
+of Jena, he had met the students of Oxford on equal footing,
+quickly winning their respect and admiration, but these soldiers and sailors,
+restless, eager for excitement, rude and unlettered, were a new thing to him,
+a book written in a language to which he had no key.  Later he would learn
+to find some point of contact with the unlearned as well as the learned,
+with the negro slave and the Yorkshire collier as well as
+the student of theology, but just now his impulse was to hold himself aloof
+and let their wild spirits dash against him like waves about the base
+of a lighthouse which sends a clear, strong beam across the deep,
+but has few rays for the tossing billows just beneath.
+
+On the 18th of September land was sighted, and on the 29th
+the fleet anchored in the harbor of St. Simon's Island,
+and with grateful hearts the Moravians watched the landing of the soldiers.
+On the 4th of October they transferred their baggage
+to a sloop bound for Savannah, which sailed the 6th,
+but on account of head winds did not reach Savannah until the 16th.
+The Moravians still at Savannah came in a boat to welcome them,
+and take them to their house, but Boehler was anxious
+to see the scene of his future labors, and stayed in town only a few days,
+leaving on the 21st for a tour through Carolina.  Schulius accompanied him
+all the way, and several others as far as the Indian town
+where Rose was living with his wife and child.  Here they talked
+of many things regarding the Savannah Congregation,
+but on the following afternoon the missionaries went on their way,
+Zeisberger, Haberland, Boehner and Regnier accompanying them to Purisburg.
+
+There Boehler and Schulius lodged with one of the Swiss
+who had come to Georgia with Spangenberg and the first company.
+His wife expressed the wish that the Moravians in Savannah
+would take her thirteen-year-old daughter the following winter,
+and give her instruction, for which she would gladly pay.
+Boehler took occasion to speak to the couple about salvation and the Saviour,
+and they appeared to be moved.  Indeed this was the main theme
+of all his conversations.  To the owners of the plantations visited,
+he spoke of their personal needs, and their responsibility
+for the souls of their slaves; while to the slaves he told the love of God,
+filling them with wonder, for most of them were newly imported
+from the wilds of Africa, and suspicious even of kindness.
+Many knew little of the English tongue, and the few
+who could understand his words had not yet learned that there was a God
+who cared how they lived or what became of them.  Their masters, as a rule,
+thought the missionaries were attempting an almost hopeless task
+in trying to lift these negroes above the brute creation,
+but were quite willing to give permission and an opportunity to reach them,
+and on this tour Boehler found only one land-owner who refused his consent.
+
+Purisburg had been named as the location of the negro school,
+but Boehler found there were very few negroes in the town,
+which had been largely settled by Swiss, who had not prospered greatly
+and had bought few slaves.  The nearest plantation employing negroes
+was five miles distant, and only seven lived there,
+so the outlook was far from encouraging at that point.
+
+Boehler and Schulius then made their way from one plantation to another,
+until they reached Charlestown.  The Rev. Mr. Garden,
+to whom they had a letter of introduction, advised that the school
+should be begun in Charlestown, where there was a large negro population,
+perhaps a thousand souls.  This was more than could be found
+on any single plantation in Carolina, and as the slaves
+were strictly forbidden to go from one plantation to another
+it would hardly be possible to find another place where so many
+could be reached at the same time.  Boehler and Schulius
+were much impressed with the advantages offered, especially as Mr. Garden
+promised all the assistance he could give, and they debated
+whether Schulius should not stay and begin at once,
+while Boehler returned to report to Oglethorpe.  The lot was finally tried,
+and the direction received that they should carefully study the situation
+but wait until later to commence work.  Therefore on the 1st of November
+the two companions set out for Savannah, which they reached in eight days.
+
+The following weeks were a sore trial for the missionaries.
+With a promising field in sight, and eager to commence work in it,
+they were obliged to wait for Oglethorpe's permission,
+and Oglethorpe was very busy on the frontier establishing the outposts
+for which his regiment had been brought over.  When he did return to Savannah,
+it was only for a few hours, and he was in no frame of mind
+for a long argument of pros and cons.  He told Boehler rather testily
+that they should not go to Charlestown with his consent;
+that if they were not willing to follow the plan for Purisburg
+he would have nothing more to do with them; and that if they wanted
+to talk further they must wait till he came again.
+
+Boehler and Schulius wished themselves free to proceed without his consent,
+wished they had not entered into an agreement with "the associates
+of the late Dr. Bray", but under the circumstances felt themselves bound
+to give the work at Purisburg a fair trial.  In December, Schulius went
+to Purisburg to look over the field, and make acquaintance with the people,
+while Boehler waited at Savannah for Oglethorpe, and finally,
+when his patience was quite exhausted, followed the General to St. Simons.
+Oglethorpe persisted in his intention to have the school at Purisburg,
+and when he learned that his wishes would be obeyed
+he gave instructions for the renting of a large house and two acres of ground,
+and for supplies to be furnished from the store at Savannah.
+
+In February, 1739, therefore, Boehler and Schulius settled in Purisburg.
+Young Harper seems to have been with them in Purisburg
+on some of their earlier visits, but was sent temporarily to Savannah,
+and as he does not reappear in the records, he probably went back
+to his English home.  David Zeisberger, Jr., joined Boehler
+and was his willing helper in many ways.
+
+At first the outlook was rather more promising than they expected.
+There were very few colored children for the school,
+but "daily more were bought and born," there was some interest aroused
+among the older negroes, and the owners were disposed to be friendly,
+and allow the missionaries free access to their slaves.
+The German and Swiss settlers were unaffectedly glad to have the Moravians
+in their midst, and begged for religious services, and instruction
+for their children, so Boehler and Schulius agreed on a division of labor,
+the latter to devote himself to the white residents and their little ones,
+while Boehler spent most of his time visiting adjoining plantations.
+
+But when the warm weather came Boehler was taken with fever,
+and from June to October he suffered severely.  From time to time
+he was able to be up, and even to visit Savannah, but he was so weak
+and his feet were so badly swollen that walking was very difficult,
+and of course missionary tours were impossible.
+
+On the 4th of August, George Schulius died, after an illness
+of eighteen days' duration.  Boehler was in Savannah when he was taken sick,
+but returned in time to nurse him, to soothe him in delirium,
+and to lay him to rest amid the lamentations of the Purisburg residents.
+At his death the school for white children was given up,
+for Boehler was too weak to shoulder the additional load,
+and felt that his first duty was to the negroes.  In September,
+Oglethorpe was in Savannah, and after much difficulty
+Boehler obtained speech with him, and succeeded in convincing him
+that a negro school at Purisburg was hopeless.  He approved of Boehler's plan
+to itinerate among the plantations and promised that both
+his own and Schulius' salaries should be paid him, that he might be supplied
+for traveling expenses.  In November, when his health was restored,
+Boehler wished to make his first journey, but the storekeeper
+declined to pay him any money until the expiration of the quarter year.
+When he went again at the appointed time the storekeeper refused
+to pay anything without a new order from Oglethorpe, except the remainder
+of the first year's salary, now long overdue.  Boehler concluded
+that the man had received private instructions from Oglethorpe,
+and that his services were no longer desired by the representative
+of "the associates", so in January, 1740, he gave up further thought
+of obligation to them, and prepared to go on his own account.
+He planned to go by boat to Purisburg and from there on foot
+through Carolina to Charlestown, but on the way up the Savannah River
+the canoe was overtaken by a severe thunderstorm, and forced to land.
+Knowing that a sloop would sail in two days he returned to Savannah,
+meaning to go to Charlestown on her, but on trying the lot
+he received direction to wait for the present in Savannah.
+
+While Boehler was making his attempt among the negroes,
+some changes were taking place in the Savannah Congregation.
+He had been very much distressed by the condition he found when he arrived,
+for owing partly to their many difficulties and partly to Seifert's absence
+among the Indians, no Communion had been celebrated for a year,
+and the "bands" had been dropped.  The Bible and prayer gatherings
+were steadily observed, but it seemed to him there was a lack of harmony
+among the members, and they were by no means ready to take him at once
+into their confidence.  Seifert, too, was not well, and had been obliged
+to leave the Indians, and return to Savannah.
+
+The Indian work was most discouraging, for the men were careless and drunken,
+and in January, 1739, even Rose gave up, and moved back to Savannah
+with his family.  In October, Tomochichi died, and was buried with great pomp
+in Percival Square in Savannah.  The Moravians were asked to furnish music
+at the funeral, but declined, and it was hardly missed
+amid the firing of minute guns, and three volleys over his grave.
+After his death his little village was abandoned, and the question
+of further missionary efforts there settled itself.
+
+During the winter John Regnier became deeply incensed at some plain speaking
+from Schulius, and decided to leave at once for Europe,
+the Congregation paying his way.  He probably went to Herrnhut,
+as that had been his intention some months previously, and later he served
+as a missionary in Surinam.  In after years he returned to Pennsylvania,
+where he joined those who were inimical to the Moravians.
+
+Peter Rose, his wife and daughter left for Pennsylvania
+soon after their withdrawal from Irene.  They settled in Germantown,
+and there Peter died March 12th, 1740.  Catherine married John Michael Huber
+in 1742, who died five years later on a voyage to the West Indies.
+Being for the third time a widow, she became one of the first occupants
+of the Widows' House in Bethlehem, and served as a Deaconess for many years,
+dying in 1798.  Mary Magdalena became the wife of Rev. Paul Peter Bader
+in 1763.
+
+On August 10th, 1739, John Michael Schober died after a brief illness,
+the ninth of the Moravian colonists to find their final resting place
+beside the Savannah River.
+
+In September, General Oglethorpe received instructions
+to make reprisals on the Spanish for their depredations
+on the southern borders of the Georgia Province.  He rightly judged this
+to be the precursor of open hostilities, and hastened his preparations
+to put Carolina and Georgia in a state of defense.  In October
+the British Government declared war on Spain, and November witnessed
+the beginning of fighting in the Colonies.  Of course this meant
+a re-opening of the old discussion as to the Moravians' liability for service,
+a repetition of the old arguments, and a renewal of the popular indignation.
+Oglethorpe was fairly considerate of them, thought Zinzendorf ought
+to have provided for two men, but added that he did not want
+the Moravians driven away.  Still the situation was uncomfortable,
+and the Moravians began to make arrangements for their final departure.
+
+By this time Boehler had won his way into the confidence
+of the Savannah congregation, and had learned that he was not the only one
+who had the Lord's interests at heart.  With Seifert again
+in charge of affairs, the religious services had taken on new life,
+and on October 18th, John Martin Mack was confirmed.  Judith Toeltschig,
+however, gave them great concern, and her brother Michael Haberland
+sided with her, so that the company gladly saw them sail for Germany
+in the latter part of January, 1740.  There Michael married,
+and returned to America in May, 1749, as one of the large company
+which came to settle in Bethlehem, where he died in 1783.
+Judith joined her husband in England, and in 1742 was serving
+as "sick-waiter" of the Pilgrim Congregation in London.
+
+This left only six Moravians in Savannah, for John Boehner
+had already started for Pennsylvania on January 20th.
+He had a very sore arm which they hoped would be benefited by the change,
+and he was commissioned to try and gather together the members
+who had preceded him, and to make arrangements for the reception
+of the remnant which was soon to follow.  He aided faithfully
+during the early days of the settlement at Nazareth and Bethlehem,
+and in 1742 went as a missionary to the island of St. Thomas,
+where he labored earnestly and successfully for the rest of his life,
+and died in 1787.
+
+Nothing now remained for the members still in Savannah,
+but to so arrange matters that they might leave on the first opportunity.
+Oglethorpe had already bought their trumpets and French horns at a good price,
+but they needed to sell their rice and household furniture
+to provide sufficient funds for their journey.  This was happily arranged
+on the 2nd of February, when George Whitefield, who had reached Savannah
+for the second time a few days before, came to see them, promised to buy
+all they cared to sell, and offered them free passage to Pennsylvania.
+This offer they gratefully accepted, receiving 37 Pounds
+for their household goods, and on April 13th, 1740, they sailed
+with Whitefield on his sloop the `Savannah', Captain Thomas Gladman.
+Their land and improvements were left in the hands of an Agent,
+and the town house was rented to some of Whitefield's followers
+for a hospital.
+
+With the Moravians went the two boys, Benjamin Somers and James ----,
+who had been given into their hands by the Savannah magistrates in 1735,
+and a young woman, Johanna Hummel, of Purisburg.  The two lads gave them
+much trouble in Pennsylvania, and Benjamin was finally bound out in 1748,
+while James ran away.  Johanna married John Boehner, and sailed with him
+to the West Indies in 1742, but died at sea before reaching there.
+
+Boehler and his company expected to find Spangenberg and Bishop Nitschmann
+in Pennsylvania, and were much disappointed to learn that both were absent.
+They scarcely knew what to do, but Boehler held them together,
+and when Whitefield decided to buy a large tract of land
+and build thereon a Negro school, and a town for his English friends
+of philanthropic mind, and when the Moravians were offered the task
+of erecting the first house there, Boehler and his companions
+gladly accepted the work.  Bethlehem followed in due time,
+and all were among those who organized that congregation.
+David Zeisberger, Sr., died there in 1744, his wife in 1746.
+Anton Seifert was appointed Elder, or Pastor of the Bethlehem Congregation,
+married, and took an active part in the Church and School work there
+and at Nazareth, the latter tract having been purchased from Whitefield
+in 1741.  April 8th, 1745, he sailed for Europe, laboring in England,
+Ireland and Holland, and dying at Zeist in 1785.
+
+John Martin Mack became one of the leaders of the Moravian Church
+in its Mission work among the Indians in New York, Connecticut and Ohio
+until 1760, when he was sent to the negro slaves on St. Thomas,
+preaching also on St. Croix and St. Jan, and the English West Indies.
+He was ordained to the ministry November 13th, 1742,
+and was consecrated bishop October 18th, 1770, during a visit to Pennsylvania,
+this being the first Episcopal consecration in the American Province
+of the Moravian Church.  He was married four times, his last wife passing away
+two years before his departure.  He died June 9th, 1784,
+and was buried in the presence of a great concourse of people, --
+negro converts, planters, government officers and the Governor-General.
+
+David Zeisberger, Jr., lived a life so abundant in labors,
+so picturesque in experiences that a brief outline utterly fails
+to give any conception of it.  "The apostle of the Western Indians
+traversed Massachusetts and Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio,
+entered Michigan and Canada, preaching to many nations in many tongues.
+He brought the Gospel to the Mohicans and Wampanoags,
+to the Nanticokes and Shawanese, to the Chippewas, Ottowas and Wyandots,
+to the Unamis, Unalachtgos and Monseys of the Delaware race,
+to the Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas of the Six Nations.
+Speaking the Delaware language fluently, as well as
+the Mohawk and Onondaga dialects of the Iroquois; familiar with
+the Cayuga and other tongues; an adopted sachem of the Six Nations;
+naturalized among the Monseys by a formal act of the tribe;
+swaying for a number of years the Grand Council of the Delawares;
+at one time Keeper of the Archives of the Iroquois Confederacy;
+versed in the customs of the aborigines; adapting himself
+to their mode of thought, and, by long habit, a native in many of his ways; --
+no Protestant missionary and few men of any other calling,
+ever exercised more real influence and was more sincerely honored
+among the Indians; and no one, except the Catholic evangelists,
+with whom the form of baptism was the end of their work,
+exceeded him in the frequency and hardships of his journeys through
+the wilderness, the numbers whom he received into the Church of Christ,
+and brought to a consistent practice of Christianity,
+and conversion of characters most depraved, ferocious and desperate."
+"Nor must we look upon Zeisberger as a missionary only;
+he was one of the most notable pioneers of civilization
+our country has ever known.  * * *  Thirteen villages sprang up
+at his bidding, where native agents prepared the way
+for the husbandman and the mechanic of the coming race."
+"He was not only bold in God, fearless and full of courage,
+but also lowly of heart, meek of spirit, never thinking highly of himself.
+Selfishness was unknown to him.  His heart poured out a stream of love
+to his fellowmen.  In a word, his character was upright, honest,
+loving and noble, as free from faults as can be expected of any man
+this side of the grave."*
+
+--
+* "Life and Times of David Zeisberger", by Rt. Rev. Edmund de Schweinitz.
+--
+
+He died at Goshen, Ohio, Nov. 17th, 1808, having labored among the Indians
+for sixty years.
+
+Like Spangenberg, Peter Boehler's story belongs to the whole Moravian Church,
+rather than to the Georgia colony.  His time was divided
+between England and America, in both of which spheres
+he labored most successfully.  Jan. 10th, 1748, he was consecrated bishop
+at Marienborn, Germany.  After Zinzendorf's death he helped frame
+the new Church constitution, and in 1769 was elected to the governing board
+of the entire Unitas Fratrum.  He died in London, April 20th, 1774,
+having been there for a year on a visitation to the English congregations
+of the Moravian Church.
+
+
+
+
+Chapter VII.  Conclusion.
+
+
+
+  Later Attempts in Georgia.
+
+            1740.
+
+May 18th, 1740, John Hagen arrived in Savannah.  He had come over
+intending to go as missionary to the Cherokees, and his disappointment
+in finding that the Moravians had abandoned Georgia is another example
+of the enormous difficulty under which mission work was conducted
+in those days, when the most momentous events might transpire
+months before the authorities at home could be apprised of them.
+
+Hagen had become very ill on the way from Charleston to Savannah,
+and with none of his own people to turn to he bethought himself
+of Whitefield's offers of friendship, and went to his house.
+He was kindly received by those who were living there,
+and though he went down to the gates of death the portals did not open,
+and he rapidly regained his health.
+
+Visiting Irene he found only a few Indian women, for Tomochichi was dead,
+and the men were all on the warpath.  The opportunity of going
+to the Cherokees seemed very doubtful, for there were none living nearer
+than three hundred miles, and distances looked much greater
+in the Georgia forests than in his own populous Germany.
+So he concluded to accept the kind offers of Whitefield's household,
+and stay with them, making himself useful in the garden,
+and doing such religious work as he was able.  Several Germans
+living in the town, who had learned to like the Moravians,
+asked him to hold services for them, to which he gladly agreed.
+
+He was much pleased with the prospect for work in Savannah,
+where the people had been greatly stirred by Whitefield's preaching,
+and he wrote to Herrnhut urging that two married couples be sent
+to help reap the harvest, a request warmly seconded by Whitefield,
+who had returned to Savannah on June 16th.  Whitefield reported the Moravians
+busily engaged in erecting a Negro school-house for him in Pennsylvania,
+and told Hagen he would like to have the two couples come to assist him
+in carrying out his large plans for Georgia.
+
+But by the 14th of August this invitation had been withdrawn, Hagen had left
+Whitefield's house, and had been refused work on Whitefield's plantation,
+for fear that he might contaminate the Whitefield converts.
+The trouble arose over a discussion on Predestination, --
+not the first or last time this has happened, -- and the two men
+found themselves utterly at variance, for Whitefield held
+the extreme Calvinistic view, while Hagen argued that all men who would
+might be saved.  Hagen therefore went to the home of John Brownfield,
+who shared his views, and made him very welcome, and from there
+carried on his work among the residents of Savannah and Purisburg.
+
+Whitefield returned to Pennsylvania in November, 1740, nursing his wrath
+against Hagen, and finding Boehler to be of the same mind, he peremptorily
+ordered the Moravians to leave his land.  Neighbors interfered,
+and cried shame on him for turning the little company adrift
+in the depth of winter, and he finally agreed to let them stay for a while
+in the log cabin which was sheltering them while they were building
+the large stone house.  The opportune arrival of Bishop Nitschmann
+and his company, and the purchase of the Bethlehem tract,
+soon relieved them from their uncomfortable position,
+and later the Nazareth tract was bought from Whitefield,
+and the work they had begun for him was completed for their own use.
+
+Whitefield, in after years, rather excused himself for his first harshness
+toward the Moravians, but a letter written by him to a friend in 1742,
+is a good statement of the armed truce which existed among
+the great religious leaders of that day.  "Where the spirit of God is
+in any great degree, there will be union of avail, tho' there may be
+difference in sentiments.  This I have learnt, my dear Brother,
+by happy experience, and find great freedom and peace in my soul thereby.
+This makes me love the Moravian Brethren tho' I cannot agree with them
+in many of their principles.  I cannot look upon them as willful deceivers,
+but as persons who hazard their lives for the sake of the Gospel.
+Mr. Wesley is as certainly wrong in some things as they,
+and Mr. Law as wrong also.  Yet I believe both Mr. Law and Mr. Wesley
+and Count Zinzendorf will shine bright in Glory.  I have not given way
+to the Moravian Brethren, nor any other who I thought were in the wrong,
+no, not for one hour.  But I think it best not to dispute
+when there is no probability of convincing."
+
+Hagen remained in Savannah until February, 1742, when he went to Bethlehem,
+accompanied by Abraham Bueninger, of Purisburg, who entered
+the Moravian ministry in 1742, and labored among the Indians,
+the white settlers, and in the West Indies.
+
+Nine more residents of Georgia followed the Moravians to Bethlehem in 1745,
+John Brownfield, James Burnside and his daughter Rebecca,
+Henry Ferdinand Beck, his wife Barbara, their daughter Maria Christina,
+and their sons Jonathan and David, all of Savannah,
+and Anna Catharine Kremper, of Purisburg.  All of these served faithfully
+in various important offices, and were valuable fruit
+of the efforts in Georgia.
+
+John Hagen was appointed Warden of the Nazareth congregation,
+when it was organized; and died at Shamokin in 1747.
+
+            1746.
+
+General Oglethorpe was much impressed by the industry of the Moravians
+in Savannah, and was sorry to see them leave the Province.  In October, 1746,
+therefore, he proposed to Count Zinzendorf that a new attempt should be made
+further up the Savannah River.  He offered to give them
+five hundred and twenty-six acres near Purisburg, and to arrange for two men
+to be stationed in Augusta, either as licensed Traders,
+for many Indians came there, or as Schoolmasters.
+
+Zinzendorf thought well of the plan, and accepted the tract,
+which Oglethorpe deeded to him Nov. 1st, 1746, the land lying on
+the Carolina side of the Savannah River, adjoining the township of Purisburg,
+where Boehler and Schulius had made many friends.
+
+No colonists, however, were sent over, and the title to the land lapsed
+for lack of occupancy, as that to Old Fort, on the Ogeechee, had already done.
+
+            1774.
+
+Early in 1774, Mr. Knox, Under-Secretary of State in London, asked for
+missionaries to preach the Gospel to the slaves on his plantation in Georgia.
+He offered a small piece of land, whereon they might live independently,
+and promised ample store of provisions.
+
+This time the plan was carried into execution, and Ludwig Mueller,
+formerly teacher in the Pedagogium at Niesky, with John George Wagner
+as his companion, went to England, and sailed from there to Georgia.
+They settled on Mr. Knox's plantation, and at once began
+to visit and instruct the slaves, and preach to the whites
+living in the neighborhood.  "Knoxborough" lay on a creek
+about sixteen miles from Savannah, midway between that town and Ebenezer.
+The land had been settled by Germans, Salzburgers and Wittenbergers,
+and Mr. Knox had bought up their fifty acre tracts, combining them
+into a large rice plantation.  The homes of the Germans had been allowed
+to fall into ruin, the overseer occupying a three-roomed house,
+with an outside kitchen.  Mueller was given a room in the overseer's house,
+preaching there to the white neighbors who chose to hear him,
+and to the negroes in the large shed that sheltered the stamping mill.
+Wagner occupied a room cut off from the kitchen.
+
+In February, 1775, Frederick William Marshall, Agent of the Unitas Fratrum
+on the Wachovia Tract in North Carolina, (with headquarters at Salem)
+visited Georgia to inspect the Moravian property there,
+accompanied by Andrew Broesing, who joined Mueller and Wagner
+in their missionary work.  It had been suggested that the Moravians preach
+in a church at a little place called Goshen, near "Knoxborough",
+a church which had been built by subscriptions of Germans and English
+living in the neighborhood, and had been used occasionally
+by a preacher from Ebenezer.
+
+At this time the Salzburgers were in a very bad condition.
+Bolzius had died in 1765, and Rabenhorst and Triebner,
+who shared the pastorate, were greatly at variance,
+so that the entire settlement was split into factions.
+Dr. Muehlenberg, "the father of Lutheranism in Pennsylvania",
+had come to settle the difficulties, and heard with much displeasure
+of the plan to have the Moravians preach at Goshen.  He declared, --
+"I doubt not, according to their known method of insinuation,
+they will gain the most, if not all the remaining families in Goshen,
+and will also make an attempt on Ebenezer, for their ways
+are well adapted to awakened souls.  I have learned by experience that
+where strife and disunion have occurred in neighborhoods and congregations
+among the Germans in America, there black and white apostles
+have immediately appeared, and tried to fish in the troubled waters,
+like eagles which have a keen sight and smell."
+
+Dr. Muehlenberg was too much prejudiced against the Moravians
+to judge them fairly, for he belonged to the Halle party in Germany,
+and in Pennsylvania had clashed with Zinzendorf during the latter's
+residence there.  The Lutheran Church was in no way endangered
+by the preaching of the missionaries, for their instructions
+were explicit:  "If you have an opportunity to preach the Gospel
+to German or English residents use it gladly, but receive none
+into your congregation, for you are sent expressly to the negroes."
+"You will probably find some of the so-called Salzburgers there,
+with their ministers.  With them you will in all fairness do only that
+to which you are invited by their pastor.  You will do nothing
+in their congregation that you would not like to have another do in yours."
+Dr. Muehlenberg, therefore, might safely have left them free
+to preach the Gospel where they would, even to his own distracted flock,
+which was weakened by dissensions, suffered severely in the Revolutionary War,
+and gradually scattered into the adjoining country.
+
+In accordance with his instructions, Mueller at once gave up all idea
+of using the Goshen church, and occupied himself with those
+who heard him gladly at Knoxborough.  After a careful examination of the land,
+the Moravians decided not to build a house for themselves,
+but to continue with the overseer, who was kind to them,
+and gave Mueller the use of a horse for his visits to adjoining plantations.
+
+James Habersham, who had come over with George Whitefield in 1738,
+was one of the most prominent men in Savannah at this time.
+In 1744 he had established a commercial house in Georgia,
+the first of its kind, to ship lumber, hogs, skins, etc., to England,
+and this business had been a success.  He had taken a great interest
+in Whitefield's Orphan House, and had been active in governmental affairs,
+having served as Secretary of the Province, President of the Council,
+and Acting Governor of Georgia.  For many years he had been
+the Agent in charge of the Moravian lots in and near Savannah,
+and now, in failing health, and a sufferer from gout, he asked that one
+of the missionaries might be sent to his three estates on the Ogeechee River,
+partly as his representative and partly to instruct the slaves.
+It was decided that Wagner should accept this invitation and go to "Silkhope",
+while Mueller and Broesing remained at Knoxborough,
+Mueller preaching at "Silkhope" every two weeks.
+
+Marshall was much pleased with the reception accorded
+him and the missionaries, and hoped the time was coming
+for again using the lots in Savannah, but the hope again proved
+to be fallacious.  The missionaries all suffered greatly from fever,
+always prevalent on the rice plantations in the summer,
+and on Oct. 11th, 1775, Mueller died.  The outbreak of the Revolutionary War
+made Wagner's and Broesing's position precarious, for the English Act
+exempting the Moravians from military service was not likely to be respected
+by the Americans, and in 1776 Broesing returned to Wachovia,
+where the Moravians had settled in sufficient numbers to hold their own,
+though amid trials manifold.  Wagner stayed in Georgia until 1779,
+and then he too left the field, and returned to England.
+
+
+  The Savannah Lands.
+
+In January, 1735, fifty acres of Savannah land was granted
+by the Trustees of Georgia to August Gottlieb Spangenberg,
+who was going to Georgia as the leader of the first company
+of Moravian colonists.  Spangenberg had the habit of speaking of himself
+as "Brother Joseph" in his diaries, and in the records he sometimes appears
+as Joseph Spangenberg, sometimes as Joseph Augustus Gottlieb Spangenberg,
+and sometimes by his true name only.  According to custom,
+the fifty acre grant embraced three lots, -- Town Lot No. 4, Second Tything,
+Anson Ward, in the town of Savannah, Farm Lot No. 2, Second Tything,
+Anson Ward, in the township of Savannah, and Garden Lot No. 120, East.
+(Office of the Secretary of State of Georgia, Book D of Grants, Folio 208.)
+
+A few days later a similar grant was made to David Nitschmann,
+"Count Zinzendorf's Hausmeister", generally known as the Syndic
+from his office in later years, who had conducted the first company
+from Herrnhut to London.  This grant consisted of Town Lot No. 3,
+Second Tything, Anson Ward, in the town of Savannah, Farm Lot No. 3,
+Second Tything, Anson Ward, in the township of Savannah,
+and Garden Lot No. 121 East.  (Office of the Secretary of State of Georgia,
+Book D of Grants, Folio 207.)
+
+When the Moravians left Georgia in 1740, these lots were placed
+in the hands of an Agent, probably James Habersham, who was acting
+as Whitefield's assistant in his hospital and charity school,
+the Moravian house being rented for the former purpose.
+
+When the Trustees of Georgia surrendered their Charter to the English Crown
+in 1754, it was found that no formal deeds had ever been made
+for many of the tracts granted by the Trustees, and it was decreed
+that any who could legally claim land under grant from the Trustees
+should have their rights confirmed by royal grant upon application
+to the Governor and Council of Georgia, within a specified time,
+the land otherwise to be considered forfeited.  In June, 1761,
+Habersham wrote to Bethlehem that the time for entering claim had expired,
+but that he had asked for and obtained six months grace for the Moravians,
+who had previously sent him a full power of attorney,
+which had failed to reach him.
+
+A new power of attorney was at once sent, and on September 7th, 1762,
+royal patents were issued to Nitschmann and Spangenberg,
+for the Town Lots and Farm Lots above mentioned.  (Register's Office,
+Book D, Folios 207 and 208.)
+
+Meanwhile the two Garden Lots had been sold to Sir James Wright for 10 Pounds,
+and deeds, bearing date of March 15th, 1762, were made to him
+by Spangenberg and Nitschmann.  The deeds to the Town and Farm lots
+were deposited in Bethlehem, and the Agent took his instructions
+from the Manager there.
+
+In 1765 Bishop Ettwein went from Bethlehem to Savannah to look after
+the property.  He found that the large house on Spangenberg's lot
+had been condemned as ruinous and pulled down.  Some one had built
+a small house on the other end of the same lot, and it was supposed to pay
+4 Pounds a year ground rent, but the family living there was very poor,
+and Habersham had been unable to collect anything.
+By permission a poor woman had fenced in the Nitschmann lot,
+and was using it as a kitchen-garden, rent free.  The title to the farm lots
+was in jeopardy, for a certain Alderman Becker in London
+claimed that the Trustees had given him a tract, including these
+and many other farms, but the settlers thereon were making a strong fight
+to hold their property, in which they were finally successful.
+
+At the time of Frederick William Marshall's visit to Savannah in 1775,
+the two farm lots were reported to have some good timber,
+even if they were not of much use otherwise, and the town lots
+had increased in value with the growth of the town.
+Marshall thought the latter could again be used for residence,
+and as a centre for such missionary work as was already begun
+by Mueller, Wagner and Broesing, but the Revolutionary War
+put an end to their efforts.
+
+At this point in the records appears a peculiar uncertainty
+as to the identity of the owner of the David Nitschmann lots.
+The fact that there were three David Nitschmanns in the active service
+of the Moravian Church during a number of years after its renewal in Herrnhut
+affords ample opportunity for confusion, but one would not expect
+to find it in the minds of their contemporaries.  But even such a man
+as Frederick William Marshall wrote, "The Deeds to these two lots,
+Nos. 3 and 4, are kept in Bethlehem (one stands in the name of Brother Joseph,
+the other of Bishop D'd Nitschmann, who passed away in Bethlehem)
+and it would be well if something were done about them.
+I do not know what can be arranged with the son of the latter;
+but Brother David Nitschmann, who is now in Zeist, said when he was in America
+that he himself was the David Nitschmann in whose name the grant was made,
+because he was the one who had shared in the negotiations
+with the Trustees of Georgia."  Bishop David Nitschmann had died in Bethlehem,
+Oct. 9th, 1772, where his son Immanuel lived until 1790.
+The David Nitschmann residing in Zeist was the Syndic,
+formerly Count Zinzendorf's Hausmeister, the leader of the first company
+to London, where he and Spangenberg had arranged matters with the Trustees,
+and had each received fifty acres of land in his own name.
+The Bishop had had nothing whatever to do with the matter,
+and this was the conclusion reached, for the title to the Town Lot No. 3
+passed at the Syndic's death, March 28th, 1779, to his son
+Christian David Nitschmann.
+
+June 14th, 1784, August Gottlieb Spangenberg and Christian David Nitschmann
+by deed transferred their title to the Savannah property
+to Hans Christian Alexander von Schweinitz, Administrator of the estate
+of the Unitas Fratrum in Pennsylvania.
+
+The Revolutionary War had come and gone, and Von Schweinitz began again
+to investigate the condition of affairs in Savannah.  Their Agent,
+James Habersham, had died in 1775, but his son James had kept up the taxes,
+so the title was intact.  "But there is a matter," he wrote,
+"which it is necessary you should be made acquainted with.
+When the British Troops took possession of Savannah,
+they had occasion for a lot belonging to a Mr. George Kellar,
+for the purpose of erecting a fort on, it being situated
+in the outskirts of the town, and in order to satisfy this man
+they VERY GENEROUSLY gave him your two lots in lieu of
+the one they had taken from him, but very fortunately for you,
+our Legislature passed a Law rendering null and void
+all their acts during the time they held this country,
+and notwithstanding Mr. Kellar is perfectly well acquainted with this matter,
+he has moved a house on one of the lots, and on the other he has lately built
+another house, which he rents out, and holds possession -- in defiance of me,
+as I am possessed of no power of attorney to warrant any proceeding
+against him."  A power of attorney was at once sent Habersham,
+with instructions to evict the intruder, and rent, lease or sell the property.
+
+A suit against the trespasser was won in 1794, but in 1801
+his tenant was still in possession, poor, and refusing to pay rent.
+Habersham had meanwhile died, and John Gebhard Cunow,
+acting as attorney for Von Schweinitz, who had returned to Germany in 1798,
+requested Matthew McAllister to take charge of the matter; but McAllister,
+having made some inquiries, reported that the man named John Robinson,
+who lived on the premises, was likely to make trouble,
+and that as he himself was the only Judge in the district
+it would be better to put the case into the hands of some one else,
+and leave him free to hear it.  Cunow therefore asked George Woodruff
+to act as attorney, to which he agreed, requesting that John Lawson
+be associated with him, which was done the following year.
+
+Hans Christian Alexander von Schweinitz died Feb. 26th, 1802,
+the title to the Savannah Lots passing by will to Christian Lewis Benzien,
+of Salem, North Carolina, who however requested Cunow
+to continue to look after them.
+
+The Agents had no light task in ejecting John Robinson and his wife
+from their abode, for he was "a foolish, drunken man,"
+and she "a perfect `virago', and the Sheriff is really afraid of her,"
+but on July 5th, 1805, Lawson wrote to Cunow, -- "I am happy to inform you
+that after great trouble and difficulty we have this day obtained possession
+of Mr. Benzien's lots."
+
+Feb. 17th, 1807, Christian Lewis Benzien, by his attorneys
+Woodruff and Lawson, conveyed Town Lot No. 4, Second Tything, Anson Ward,
+to Charles Odingsell, the consideration being $1,500,
+one hundred dollars in cash, the rest secured by bond and mortgage,
+payable in one, two, and three years, with 8 per cent interest from date.
+
+In the same manner Town Lot No. 3 was sold to Worthington Gale,
+March 14th, 1807, for $1,450.
+
+Owing to "the distress of the times," payment of these bonds
+was slightly delayed, but by June, 1811, both were cancelled.
+
+Although the two Town Lots thus brought $2,950, they had cost a good deal
+in taxes and attorney's fees, and it is doubtful whether the general treasury
+profited greatly by the investment, and certainly the men who had lived
+and labored and suffered in Georgia were in no financial way enriched thereby.
+
+Christian Lewis Benzien died Nov. 13th, 1811, and the two Farm Lots
+were transferred by will to John Gebhard Cunow of Bethlehem, Pa.,
+who in March, 1822, deeded them to Lewis David de Schweinitz of Bethlehem, Pa.
+
+And here the two Farm Lots disappear from the records.
+They had never been available for farming purposes, and by degrees
+the timber was stolen from them, so that it became wiser to let them go
+than to keep up the taxes with no prospect of return.  In course of time
+the title lapsed, and the land passed uncontested into other hands.
+
+
+  Arrivals, Departures, Deaths.
+
+      Arrivals in Georgia.
+
+April  6th, 1735.  August Gottlieb Spangenberg         From Germany.
+  "     "     "    John Toeltschig                       "     "
+  "    7th,   "    Peter Rose                            "     "
+  "     "     "    Gotthard Demuth                       "     "
+  "     "     "    Gottfried Haberecht                   "     "
+  "     "     "    Anton Seifert                         "     "
+  "     "     "    Michael Haberland                     "     "
+  "     "     "    George Haberland                      "     "
+  "     "     "    George Waschke                        "     "
+  "     "     "    Friedrich Riedel                      "     "
+Oct.  11th,   "    John Regnier                        From Pennsylvania.
+Feb.  17th, 1736.  David Nitschmann, (the Bishop)      From Germany.
+  "   23rd,   "    Christian Adolph von Hermsdorf        "     "
+  "     "     "    Henry Roscher                         "     "
+  "     "     "    John Andrew Dober                     "     "
+  "     "     "    Maria Catharine Dober,                "     "
+                     (wife of Andrew D.)
+  "     "     "    George Neisser                        "     "
+  "     "     "    Augustin Neisser                      "     "
+  "     "     "    David Zeisberger                      "     "
+  "     "     "    Rosina Zeisberger, (wife of David Z.) "     "
+  "     "     "    David Tanneberger                     "     "
+  "     "     "    John Tanneberger, (son of David T.)   "     "
+  "     "     "    David Jag                             "     "
+  "     "     "    John Michael Meyer                    "     "
+  "     "     "    Jacob Frank                           "     "
+  "     "     "    John Martin Mack                      "     "
+  "     "     "    Matthias Seybold                      "     "
+  "     "     "    Gottlieb Demuth                       "     "
+  "     "     "    John Boehner                          "     "
+  "     "     "    Matthias Boehnisch                    "     "
+  "     "     "    Regina Demuth, (wife of Gotthard D.)  "     "
+  "     "     "    Judith Toeltschig, (wife of John T.)  "     "
+  "     "     "    Catharine Riedel,                     "     "
+                     (wife of Friedrich R.)
+  "     "     "    Anna Waschke, (mother of George W.)   "     "
+  "     "     "    Juliana Jaeschke                      "     "
+  "     "     "    Rosina Haberecht,                     "     "
+                     (wife of Gottfried H.)
+Sept. 16th, 1737.  Anna Catherina Rose,
+                   Maria Magdalena Rose, (daughters of Peter R.)
+Jan.  28th, 1738.  David Zeisberger, Jr.               From Holland.
+  "     "     "    John Michael Schober                  "     "
+Oct.  16th,   "    Peter Boehler,                      From Germany.
+                     (missionary to negroes)
+  "     "     "    George Schulius,                      "     "
+                     (assistant missionary)
+  "     "     "    Simon Peter Harper                  From England.
+May   18th, 1740.  John Hagen                          From Germany.
+Autumn,     1774.  Ludwig Mueller                        "     "
+   "          "    John George Wagner                    "     "
+March  5th, 1775.  Andrew Broesing                     From North Carolina.
+
+      Departures from Georgia.
+
+March 15th, 1736.  August Gottlieb Spangenberg         To Pennsylvania.
+  "   26th,   "    Bishop David Nitschmann              "       "
+Dec.   2nd,   "    John Andrew Dober                   To Germany.
+  "     "     "    Maria Catherine Dober                "    "
+March  9th, 1737.  George Neisser                      To Pennsylvania.
+May   16th,   "    Christian Adolph von Hermsdorf      To Germany.
+Oct.  16th,   "    David Tanneberger                   To Pennsylvania.
+  "     "     "    John Tanneberger                     "       "
+  "     "     "    John Michael Meyer                   "       "
+  "     "     "    Gottfried Haberecht                  "       "
+End of Jan. 1738.  Gotthard Demuth                      "       "
+     "        "    Regina Demuth                        "       "
+     "        "    George Waschke                       "       "
+     "        "    Juliana Waschke                      "       "
+     "        "    Anna Waschke                         "       "
+     "        "    Augustin Neisser                     "       "
+     "        "    Gottlieb Demuth                      "       "
+     "        "    David Jag                            "       "
+March 12th,   "    John Toeltschig                     To Europe.
+Summer,       "    Matthias Seybold                    To Pennsylvania.
+Winter,  1738-39.  John Francis Regnier                To Germany.
+            1739.  Peter Rose                          To Pennsylvania.
+              "    Catherine Rose                       "       "
+              "    Maria Magdalena Rose                 "       "
+              "    Simon Peter Harper                  Unknown.
+Jan.  20th, 1740.  John Boehner                        To Pennsylvania.
+Jan.,         "    Judith Toeltschig                   To Germany.
+  "           "    Michael Haberland                    "    "
+April 13th,   "    Peter Boehler                       To Pennsylvania.
+  "     "     "    Anton Seifert                        "       "
+  "     "     "    John Martin Mack                     "       "
+  "     "     "    David Zeisberger                     "       "
+  "     "     "    Rosina Zeisberger                    "       "
+  "     "     "    David Zeisberger, Jr.                "       "
+  "     "     "    Benjamin Somers                      "       "
+  "     "     "    James ----                           "       "
+  "     "     "    Johanna Hummel                       "       "
+Feb.,       1742.  John Hagen                           "       "
+  "           "    Abraham Bueninger                    "       "
+            1744.  James Burnside                       "       "
+              "    Rebecca Burnside                     "       "
+            1745.  John Brownfield                      "       "
+              "    Henry Ferdinand Beck                 "       "
+              "    Barbara Beck                         "       "
+              "    Maria Christina Beck                 "       "
+              "    Jonathan Beck                        "       "
+              "    David Beck                           "       "
+              "    Anna Catherina Kremper               "       "
+            1776.  Andrew Broesing                     To North Carolina.
+May,        1779.  John George Wagner                  To England.
+
+      Deaths.
+
+Oct.  11th, 1735.  Friedrich Riedel                    In Savannah.
+March 19th, 1736.  Jacob Frank                          "     "
+March 30th,   "    Henry Roscher                        "     "
+June  17th,   "    Rosina Haberecht                     "     "
+Oct.   3rd,   "    Matthias Boehnisch                   "     "
+Sept. 30th, 1737.  George Haberland                     "     "
+(Nov.?)       "    Anna Catherina Rose                  "     "
+Aug.   4th, 1739.  George Schulius                     In Purisburg.
+Aug.  10th,   "    John Michael Schober                In Savannah.
+Oct.  11th, 1775.  Ludwig Mueller                      At Knoxborough.
+
+
+  Summary.
+
+    Arrivals.
+
+From Europe           43
+From Pennsylvania      1
+Born in Georgia        2
+From North Carolina    1
+                      --
+                      47
+
+    Deaths.
+
+At Savannah            8
+At Purisburg           1
+At Knoxborough         1
+                      --
+                      10
+
+    Departures.
+
+To Bethlehem, Pa.                             18
+To other Moravian Congregations in America     3
+To Moravian Congregations in Europe            8
+Scattered                                      8
+                                              --
+                                              37
+
+                                                    ------
+                                                      47
+
+Following the Moravians from Georgia to Bethlehem     13
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Index.
+
+[The index is retained to allow readers to browse the subjects mentioned
+in this book.  The bracketed numbers indicate how many mentions are made.
+A brief mention or 10 pages worth can both count as a single mention,
+so the numbers are sometimes deceptive.]
+
+
+
+Act of Parliament [3]
+Aeltester [5]
+Allen, Brierly [1]
+Altamaha River [7]
+Anna [1]
+Anthony [1]
+Altona [3]
+Arrivals in Georgia [2]
+Associates of the late Dr. Bray [5]
+Augsburg [2]
+Augusta [1]
+
+Bader, Paul Peter [1]
+Bands [6]
+Beck, Barbara [1]
+Beck, David [1]
+Beck, Henry Ferdinand [1]
+Beck, Jonathan [1]
+Beck, Maria Christina [1]
+Benzien, Christian Lewis [1]
+Berthelsdorf [2]
+Bethlehem (Penn.) [10]
+Bohemia [8]
+Boehler, Peter [10]  <Bo"hler>
+Boehner, John [8]  <Bo"hner>
+Boehnisch, George [2]  <Bo"hnisch>
+Boehnisch, Matthias [2]  <Bo"hnisch>
+Bolzius, Martin [6]
+Bray, Thomas [1]
+Broesing, Andrew [3]  <Bro"sing>
+Brother Joseph [3]  (see also Spangenberg)
+Brownfield, John [2]
+Bueninger, Abraham [1]  <Bu"ninger>
+Burnside, James [1]
+Burnside, Rebecca [1]
+
+Calendar [1]
+Calvin, John [1]
+Carolina [11]
+Causton, Thomas [9]
+Charles II [1]
+Charles V [1]
+Charlestown [9]  (modern Charleston, S. C.)
+Cherokees [2]
+Chief Elder  (see Aeltester)
+Christ Church [1]
+Church of England [9]
+Collegiants [2]
+Comenius, John Amos [1]
+Comfort [1]
+Committee for relief of Debtors [2]
+Confession of Faith, Moravian [1]
+Coram, Thomas [2]
+Cornish, Capt. [3]
+Creek Confederacy [1]
+Cunow, John Gebhard [2]
+
+Deaths [2]
+Delamotte, Charles [10]
+Demuth, Gotthard [6]
+Demuth, Gottlieb [3]
+Demuth, Regina [4]
+Departures from Georgia [2]
+Diener [5]
+Dober, John Andrew [11]
+Dober, Leonard [1]
+Dober, Maria Catherine [4]
+Dunbar, Capt. [1]
+Duesseldorf [1]  <Du"sseldorf>
+
+Ebenezer, New [5]
+Ebenezer, Old [5]
+Ebersdorf [1]
+Ecce Homo [1]
+Ecclesiolae in ecclesia [1]
+Eckstein, John [2]
+Egede, Hans [1]
+Elders [1]
+England  (see Moravian Activity in England)
+English School at Herrnhut [1]
+Ephrata [1]
+Episcopate of Unitas Fratrum [10]
+Ermahner [1]
+Ettwein, John [1]
+Exile Hymn [1]
+
+Farm Lots [9]
+Fetter Lane Congregation [2]
+Fetter Lane Society [6]
+Fifty Acre Tracts [5]
+Financial affairs [34]
+First Company [5]
+Five Acre Lots  (see Garden Lots)
+Five Hundred Acre Tract  (see Old Fort)
+Five Hundred Acre Tract (2nd) [2]
+Five Hundred and Twenty-six Acre Tract [1]
+Florida [1]
+Foreign Missions [5]
+Fort Argyle [1]
+Forty-five Acre Lots  (see Farm Lots)
+Foundry Society [1]
+Frank, Jacob [3]
+Frederica [9]
+Fulneck [1]
+
+Gale, Worthington [1]
+Gambold, John [1]
+Garden Lots [11]
+Gascoine, Capt. [1]
+Gemeinschaft [8]
+George II [1]
+Georgia [25]
+Germantown [3]
+Gladman, Capt. Thomas [1]
+Goshen [2]
+Goshenhopper [1]
+Greenland [1]
+Gronav, Israel Christian [3]
+
+Haberecht, Gottfried [7]
+Haberecht, Rosina [2]
+Haberland, George [5]
+Haberland, Michael [6]
+Habersham, James, Jr. [2]
+Habersham, James, Sr. [6]
+Hagen, John [1]
+Halle [7]
+Harper, Simon Peter [3]
+Hawk, The [4]
+Helfer  (see Helpers)
+Helpers [2]
+Herbert, Henry [1]
+Hermsdorf, Christian Adolph von [9]
+Herrnhut [24]
+Holland  (see Moravian Activity in Holland)
+Hourly Intercession [2]
+Household Affairs [15]
+Huber, John Michael [1]
+Hummel, Johanna [1]
+Hus, John [2]
+Hutton, James [5]
+
+Indian School House  (see Irene)
+Indians in Georgia [27]
+Indians in Pennsylvania [2]
+Ingham, Benjamin [22]
+Instructions [1]
+Ireland  (see Moravian Activity in Ireland)
+Irene [4]
+
+Jablonski [3]
+Jag, David [6]
+James [1]
+Jaeschke, Juliana [4]  <Ja"schke>
+Jena [5]
+Jews [1]
+Johnson [1]
+Journal, John Wesley's [3]
+
+Kellar, George [2]
+Knox, Mr. [1]
+Knoxborough [1]
+Koker, Pieter [2]
+Korte, Jonas [6]
+Krankenwaerter [1]  <Krankenwa"rter>
+Kremper, Anna Catherine [1]
+
+Laborers [1]
+Lamb's Hill [1]
+Lancashire [1]
+Land titles [5]
+Lawson, John [2]
+Leopold, Archbishop of Salzburg [1]
+London [7]
+London Merchant, The [5]
+Lords Proprietors [2]
+Lorenz [2]
+Lot, The [12]
+Lovefeasts [4]
+Lower Creeks [3]
+Lutheran Church [7]
+Luther, Martin [3]
+
+Mack, John Martin [4]
+Marienborn [3]
+Marshall, Frederick William [3]
+Matrimonial affairs [4]
+McAllister, Matthew [1]
+Melancthon [1]
+Methodists [5]
+Meyer, John Michael [2]
+Military affairs [17]
+Moberley, Capt. [2]
+Molther, Philip Henry [1]
+Moravia [9]
+Moravian Activity in England [11]
+Moravian Activity in Holland [5]
+Moravian Activity in Ireland [3]
+Moravian Congregation in Fetter Lane  (see Fetter Lane Society)
+Muehlenberg, Henry Melchior [2]  <Mu"hlenberg>
+Mueller, Ludwig [2]  <Mu"ller>
+Musgrove, John [1]
+Musgrove, Mary [3]
+Music [2]
+
+Nazareth [4]
+Negro Mission [7]
+Neisser, Augustin [2]
+Neisser, George [5]
+Neisser, Wenzel [3]
+Neubert, Rosina [1]
+New Ebenezer  (see Ebenezer, New)
+New Inverness [1]
+Nitschmann, Christian David [1]
+Nitschmann, David (Bishop) [23]
+Nitschmann, David (Hausmeister, Syndic) [16]
+Nitschmann, Immanuel [1]
+North Carolina [1]
+Nova Scotia [1]
+
+Ober-Berthelsdorf [3]
+Odingsell, Charles [1]
+Oeconomie [1]
+Ogeechee River [6]
+Oglethorpe, James [49]
+Old Fort [16]
+Order of the Mustard Seed [1]
+Orphan House [2]
+Oxford [3]
+
+Peeper Island (Cockspur) [1]
+Pennsylvania [20]
+Periagua [2]
+Pfeil, von [4]
+Pietists [1]
+Pilgrim Congregation [2]
+Poland [3]
+Port Royal [1]
+Potter, John (Archbishop of Canterbury) [2]
+Province of Georgia  (see Georgia)
+Pudsey [1]
+Purisburg [6]
+Putten, Cornelius van [1]
+
+Quincy, Samuel [2]
+
+Ratio Disciplinae [2]
+Reck, George Philipp Frederick von [9]
+Reck, the younger [1]
+Regensberg [2]
+Regnier, John [10]
+Religious affairs [30]
+Reuss, Henry XXIX [1]
+Revolutionary War [5]
+Richter, Abraham Ehrenfried [3]
+Riedel, Catherine [3]  (see also Rose, Catherine)
+Riedel, Friedrich [8]
+Robinson, John [2]
+Roman Catholics [6]
+Roscher, Henry [4]
+Rose, Anna Catherina [1]
+Rose, Catherine (Riedel) [5]
+Rose, Maria Magdalena [4]
+Rose, Peter [15]
+Rothe, John Andrew [2]
+Rotterdam [3]
+Rotten-possum [1]
+
+Salem [2]
+Salzburgers [23]
+Savannah [20]
+Savannah Congregation (Moravian) [25]
+Savannah Cemetery [4]
+Savannah River [5]
+Savannah, The [1]
+Saxony [5]
+Schober, John Michael [3]
+Schoeneck [1]
+Schulius, George [4]
+Schwarz, Rosina [1]
+Schweinitz, Hans Christian Alexander von [2]
+Schweinitz, Lewis David de [1]
+Schwenkfeld, Casper [1]
+Schwenkfelders [10]
+Second Company [7]
+Seifert, Anton [17]
+Seituah [1]
+"Servants" of Zinzendorf [12]
+Seybold, Matthias [4]
+Shamokin [1]
+Sickness [13]
+Silkhope [1]
+Simmonds, The [3]
+Sitkovius [2]
+Skidaway Island [1]
+Smith House [1]
+"Society"  (see Gemeinschaft)
+Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge [4]
+Somers, Benjamin [1]
+South Carolina [5]
+Spangenberg, August Gottlieb [33]
+Spangenberg's Hymn [1]
+Spaniards [7]
+Spanish War [4]
+Spener, Philip Jacob [2]
+Sterling's Bluff [1]
+St. Simon's Island [4]
+St. Thomas [6]
+Swiss Emigrants [5]
+
+Tanneberger, David [6]
+Tanneberger, John [2]
+Thomas, Capt. [1]
+Thomson, Capt. [5]
+Thunderbolt [1]
+Toeltschig, John [39]  <To"ltschig>
+Toeltschig, Judith [8]  <To"ltschig>
+Tomochichi [15]
+Town Lots [10]
+Trades [11]
+Triebner [1]
+Trustees for Establishing the Colony of Georgia in America [27]
+Tuebingen [1]  <Tu"bingen>
+Two Brothers, The [2]
+Two Hundred Acre Tract [3]
+Tybee [5]
+
+Union Galley, The [1]
+Unitas Fratrum [18]
+Upper Creeks [1]
+Urlsperger, Samuel [4]
+
+Vat, Mr. [1]
+Verelst, Secy [2]
+Vernon, James [3]
+Vollmar [3]
+Vorsteher [1]
+Voyages [9]
+
+Wachovia Tract [2]
+Wagner, John George [4]
+Waschke, Anna [4]
+Waschke, George [6]
+Waschke, Juliana Jaeschke [3]  <Ja"schke>  (see also Jaeschke, Juliana)
+Weintraube, Mrs. [2]
+Wesley, Charles [13]
+Wesley, John [30]
+Wesley, Samuel [1]
+West Indies [7]
+Whitefield, George [9]
+Wiegner, Christopher (George) [2]
+Wittenberg [2]
+Woodruff, George [1]
+Wright, Sir James [1]
+Wynantz [2]
+
+Yorkshire [3]
+Ysselstein [2]
+
+Zeisberger, David, Jr. [5]
+Zeisberger, David, Sr. [3]
+Zeisberger, Rosina [3]
+Ziegenhagen [2]
+Zinzendorf, Christian Ludwig von [1]
+Zinzendorf, Erdmuth Dorothea von [3]
+Zinzendorf, Nicholas Lewis von (Count) [29]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of this Project Gutenberg Etext of The Moravians in Georgia
+
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