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diff --git a/59423-8.txt b/59423-0.txt index 05bfe1e..4858924 100644 --- a/59423-8.txt +++ b/59423-0.txt @@ -1,38 +1,4 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, Famous Fighters of the Fleet, by Edward Fraser - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: Famous Fighters of the Fleet - Glimpses through the Cannon Smoke in the Days of the Old Navy - - -Author: Edward Fraser - - - -Release Date: May 3, 2019 [eBook #59423] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FAMOUS FIGHTERS OF THE FLEET*** - - -E-text prepared by deaurider, Graeme Mackreth, and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images digitized by the -Google Books Library Project (https://books.google.com) and generously -made available by HathiTrust Digital Library (https://www.hathitrust.org/) +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 59423 *** @@ -230,7 +196,7 @@ CONTENTS 4. 'Billy Blue': A Ballad of the Fleet 199 One of the _Royal Sovereign's_ days. - 5. The 'Fighting' _Téméraire_. 213 + 5. The 'Fighting' _Téméraire_. 213 Where, how, and when she made her name. 6. 'Well Done, _Condor_!' 287 @@ -307,10 +273,10 @@ ILLUSTRATIONS 'Cornwallis's Retreat' 208 - The 'Fighting' _Téméraire_ tugged to her last Berth to + The 'Fighting' _Téméraire_ tugged to her last Berth to be broken up 213 - Where Turner met the _Téméraire_ 215 + Where Turner met the _Téméraire_ 215 Camp of the Grand Army at Boulogne, 1804 227 @@ -322,10 +288,10 @@ ILLUSTRATIONS Admiral Villeneuve's Signature 279 - The _Téméraire_ entering Portsmouth Harbour on her + The _Téméraire_ entering Portsmouth Harbour on her return from Trafalgar. Dec. 20, 1805 281 - Relics of the 'Fighting' _Téméraire_ 284 + Relics of the 'Fighting' _Téméraire_ 284 Alexandria--July 11, 1882. The _Condor_ attacking Fort Marabout 287 @@ -358,7 +324,7 @@ HOW ARTHUR GARDINER FOUGHT THE _FOUDROYANT_ The _Monmouth_ of to-day is one of our 'County Cruisers'--and among -them one of the smartest and best. Her special rôle in war-time will +them one of the smartest and best. Her special rôle in war-time will be to help in safeguarding the commerce of the British Empire on the high seas, to see that the corn-ships and the cattle-ships from across the Atlantic, on which the people of these islands depend for their @@ -406,16 +372,16 @@ against Beachy Head, the _Monmouth_ would overtop the turf at the edge of the cliff summit fully 90 feet. Laid lengthways inside St. Paul's, the _Monmouth_ would fill the whole length of the nave and chancel from the western door to the reredos. Placed along the front of Buckingham -Palace, the _Monmouth's_ hull would overlap the façade for 50 feet on +Palace, the _Monmouth's_ hull would overlap the façade for 50 feet on either side. In width the ship is 66 feet broad amidships,--22 yards, just the length of a cricket-pitch, or one foot wider than London Bridge after its recent enlargement. It takes 5 tons weight of paint to coat the hull above water, and 6 tons to coat it below; and costs, the -single item of paint by itself, every time it is laid on--£800. +single item of paint by itself, every time it is laid on--£800. Her three funnels each stand up 75 feet into the air--very nearly the height of the Round Tower of Windsor Castle above the mound at -its foot. Each funnel weighs 20 tons, and costs £400 to make--a +its foot. Each funnel weighs 20 tons, and costs £400 to make--a year's pay of a colonel of hussars. In diameter each is the exact size, to an inch, of the 'Two-penny Tube.' If they were laid flat, a life-guardsman in King's Birthday regimentals could trot through them. @@ -425,7 +391,7 @@ tons. The propellers each weigh 12 tons, and are each 16 feet across from tip to tip. The stern-post weighs 20 tons. The armour on the conning-tower is 10 inches thick, and weighs 65 tons, -the weight of a Great Western express engine. It cost £7500--a sum +the weight of a Great Western express engine. It cost £7500--a sum equal to the lumped salaries for one year of all the Sea Lords of the Admiralty. The 10 inches of nickel steel of which it is made can stand a harder blow than the 17 inches of iron armour on the turrets of the @@ -477,7 +443,7 @@ Eiffel Tower, or a cart-horse out of sight to three times the height of Snowdon. Every round from one of the _Monmouth's_ 6-inch guns costs the country -£12. The gun itself costs £1700. As a fact, each gun takes five months +£12. The gun itself costs £1700. As a fact, each gun takes five months of work, night and day, to make; and weighs 7-1/2 tons, like all modern naval guns of any size, it is a 'wire gun,' constructed of steel tape wound round an inner tube or 'barrel,' in the same way that the string @@ -485,11 +451,11 @@ is laid round the handle of a cricket-bat, and jacketed over by an outer steel tube. Upwards of 18,200 yards of steel 'wire' are used for each 6-inch gun, 10-1/2 miles of it--a length that, pulled out straight, would stretch for half the distance between Dover and Calais. -The set of sights for each gun, as an item by itself, costs £80. +The set of sights for each gun, as an item by itself, costs £80. The _Monmouth's_ 6-inch guns are each capable of firing from five to eight shots a minute, and there are on board, besides, ten 12-pounders, -three 3-pounders, and some Maxims. The 12-pounders cost £300 each, and +three 3-pounders, and some Maxims. The 12-pounders cost £300 each, and take four months to make. In action, the _Monmouth_, fighting both broadsides at once, would @@ -517,7 +483,7 @@ bringing up the ammunition to the guns directly from the magazines. The 4-inch Krupp steel armour on the _Monmouth's_ sides at the water-line, from the ram for three-quarters of the ship's length -aft, cost to manufacture, in round figures, £60,000--equal to the +aft, cost to manufacture, in round figures, £60,000--equal to the total yearly income of four Archbishops of Canterbury or six Lord Chancellors. Two 'turtle-back' decks of thin steel armour further help to keep out shot. Altogether, in dead-weight, the armour all over @@ -559,14 +525,14 @@ machinery alone on board the _Monmouth_, amounts to 1750 tons--a fourth of the total weight of the ship. Six hundred and eighty officers and men form the complement of the -_Monmouth_, and their pay costs the nation £32,000 a year. To feed +_Monmouth_, and their pay costs the nation £32,000 a year. To feed them, 'bare navy,' costs two-thirds of that sum a year. The ship herself, as she floats, represents to the country a value not very far short of three-quarters of a million sterling, or, put in concrete form, 8 tons of sovereigns--a railway truck packed tight. Our first ironclad, the _Warrior_, cost less than half the amount expended on the _Monmouth_. The _Collingwood_, a first-class battleship of eighteen -years ago, cost to complete £20,000 less than the price paid for the +years ago, cost to complete £20,000 less than the price paid for the _Monmouth_ cruiser of to-day. Ten _Victorys_ or _Royal Georges_ could have been built and fitted for sea at the cost of this one cruiser of ours. @@ -800,7 +766,7 @@ overtaking her fast. At a quarter-past one in the afternoon the _Foudroyant_ ran a red flag up to the foretopgallant mast-head.[4] Apparently it was meant as a signal to her nearest consort, the ship that the _Revenge_ and -_Berwick_ were in pursuit of, _L'Orphée_, to hoist her colours and +_Berwick_ were in pursuit of, _L'Orphée_, to hoist her colours and commence firing. As the _Monmouth_ as yet was out of gunshot, three or four miles distant, the _Foudroyant_ had no need for the moment to hoist her own colours--nor did she show any until towards four @@ -1030,7 +996,7 @@ It had been shot away about the same time that the mizen-mast went. The reply came instantly--two shotted guns in rapid succession, and a sharp crackle of musketry. M. le Marquis's honour was not satisfied yet. What followed was inevitable. The _Swiftsure_ had now to administer the -_coup de grâce_ according to the rules of naval war. As the sound of +_coup de grâce_ according to the rules of naval war. As the sound of the _Foudroyant's_ defiance died away, the _Swiftsure's_ double tier burst into flame, and the British seventy-four's broadside crashed into the French ship, sweeping her decks from stem to stern. It was enough. @@ -1081,7 +1047,7 @@ rents in the _Foudroyant_ on the unengaged side of the ship where they had smashed their way out. To give an idea of the terrible hammering that the _Foudroyant_ underwent, it may be stated that the repairs to the hull at Portsmouth took eight months to execute, at an expense -of £7000, just half the total sum at which the Admiralty Prize Court +of £7000, just half the total sum at which the Admiralty Prize Court valued the whole ship for purchase from her captors. As far as could be made out, the _Foudroyant's_ casualties amounted to 190 officers and men killed and wounded; but the French practice of throwing the dead @@ -1095,7 +1061,7 @@ the _Foudroyant_, and the _Monmouth_ under her own canvas, under jury-rig, with the _Hampton Court_ close by in case of need. They found the admiral with the rest of the fleet off Carthagena. With -them was the French _Orphée_, which the _Revenge_ and _Berwick_ had run +them was the French _Orphée_, which the _Revenge_ and _Berwick_ had run down and taken within two miles of Carthagena mole. M. de la Clue had missed his chance entirely. He had not stirred, although with the two men-of-war that had got in the night before he had had nine ships of @@ -1296,35 +1262,35 @@ the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for July 1758 in this form:-- P. Cochet. -ÉLÉGIE SUR LA MORT DU CAPT. GARDINER +ÉLÉGIE SUR LA MORT DU CAPT. GARDINER - Ce héros respectable a fini ses beaux jours, - Il a trop peu vécu, ce sage capitaine, + Ce héros respectable a fini ses beaux jours, + Il a trop peu vécu, ce sage capitaine, Le _Monmouth_ pleure encore l'objet de son amour - Et moi la cause de ma gêne. + Et moi la cause de ma gêne. - Aux combats il étoit un terrible ennemi, + Aux combats il étoit un terrible ennemi, Son exemple animoit le coeur le plus timide, Au milieu des hazards le foible est affermi, Ayant un tel chef pour son guide. O _Monmouth_! quelle nuit, lorsque le _Foudroyant_, - Par ses bouches d'arain menaçoit votre ruine, - Vous tenez contre lui, vous êtes triomphant, + Par ses bouches d'arain menaçoit votre ruine, + Vous tenez contre lui, vous êtes triomphant, La victoire pour vous s'incline, - Conduit par ce héros, vos canons vomissoient - La foudre à gros bouillons, et la mort tout ensemble, - Il inspiroit sa force à ceux qui combattoient, + Conduit par ce héros, vos canons vomissoient + La foudre à gros bouillons, et la mort tout ensemble, + Il inspiroit sa force à ceux qui combattoient, Ha! l'ennemi le sent et tremble. - O! quel funeste coup, ce héros n'est donc plus? + O! quel funeste coup, ce héros n'est donc plus? Le brave Gardiner tombe et finit sa vie, Mais il vit dans nos coeurs, il vit par ses vertus, Est-ce le ciel qui nous l'envie? Quelle aimable douceur envers ses prisonniers, - Sa tendresse pour eux égaloit son courage, + Sa tendresse pour eux égaloit son courage, Il ne ressembloit point aux inhumains guerriers, Qui ne respirent que carnage. @@ -1352,7 +1318,7 @@ Nelson's flagships; and when she was worn out was sold to a German shipbreaker, by whom she was re-sold at an immense profit to Mr. G. Wheatly Cobb, of Caldicot Castle, Chepstow, in Monmouthshire curiously, who interested himself in the fate of the _Foudroyant_, and 'for -Nelson's sake,' as he himself put it, spent £25,000 out of his own +Nelson's sake,' as he himself put it, spent £25,000 out of his own pocket in re-purchasing her and re-building and fitting her out to make the old veteran of the sea look, as far as possible, as she appeared in Nelson's time. A cruel fate, however, cut short the nobly conceived @@ -1473,7 +1439,7 @@ particular ship at least, there is something in a name. This is the sort of vessel that our twentieth-century battleship the _Formidable_ is, glancing at some of her points--the details on which she relies to make good the intention of her name. Hard hitting is the -_Formidable's_ business in life, so to speak, her _raison d'être_; +_Formidable's_ business in life, so to speak, her _raison d'être_; her forte, the dealing of knock-down blows. To that end she carries the most powerful guns in existence: 50-ton breech-loaders, a foot in diameter in the bore; capable of hurling gigantic shells each between @@ -1573,13 +1539,13 @@ Spithead to Buenos Ayres or through the Suez Canal as far as the Bay of Bengal. A million sterling of the nation's money, with a trifle of forty odd -thousand pounds added, is what the _Formidable_ represents--£1,040,000 +thousand pounds added, is what the _Formidable_ represents--£1,040,000 literally cast on the waters. Of that sum the guns by themselves -cost £74,500--more, in fact, than it cost to build and rig and fit +cost £74,500--more, in fact, than it cost to build and rig and fit the _Victory_ for sea. And her upkeep in commission--interest on first cost, wear and tear, crew, victualling, coal, stores, and -ordnance stores--costs £163,000 a year. In action every shot from the -_Formidable's_ big guns would cost £80--a sum equivalent to the annual +ordnance stores--costs £163,000 a year. In action every shot from the +_Formidable's_ big guns would cost £80--a sum equivalent to the annual pay of two midshipmen _plus_ a naval cadet. These features of the _Formidable_ are enough to show that in the @@ -1600,7 +1566,7 @@ concerned, There is, though, another justification, and of the amplest kind, for the presence on the roll of the British fleet of the name _Formidable_. This 'merely blustering adjective' has a meaning there that is all its -own--a _raison d'être_ not only for the Royal Navy but for all the +own--a _raison d'être_ not only for the Royal Navy but for all the world in that connection that is _sui generis_. The British fleet does not owe the name to any whim or fancy of a modern Admiralty First Lord. _Vixere fortes ante Agamemnon_--there have been famous _Formidables_ @@ -1807,7 +1773,7 @@ in the pleasantest way with the business in hand:-- The bearing of the two admirals to one another in their personal dealings affords a pleasing instance of the high-bred, chivalrous courtesy that was so characteristic of the old-time fighting days. -It was the way with the men of the _ancien régime_ on both sides the +It was the way with the men of the _ancien régime_ on both sides the Channel when they met in war never to forget that, first and foremost, they were gentlemen. In this spirit, almost at that very moment, indeed, De Crillon at Gibraltar was exchanging similar compliments with @@ -1825,7 +1791,7 @@ captains, brave old Commodore King, the senior officer, at their head, proceeded in a body to call on the gallant leader of their quondam foes, and pay the homage of brave men to the brilliant tactician they had more than once been hard put to it to keep at bay. Their -generous tribute delighted the warm-hearted Provençal immensely, as he +generous tribute delighted the warm-hearted Provençal immensely, as he described, by the spontaneity and peculiar graciousness of the act. The intercourse between Rodney and De Grasse was in essentials of the same kind: the outcome of two warriors' sense of _noblesse oblige_ the one @@ -1870,7 +1836,7 @@ up to a height of some 2720 feet, or nearly seven times the height of St. Paul's Cathedral; the smaller has an elevation some 300 feet less. A number of sailors, the story goes, either stragglers from a watering-party or, possibly, men from the _Russell_, a seventy-four, -then undergoing repairs in the _carénage_, managed to get on to the +then undergoing repairs in the _carénage_, managed to get on to the Grand Piton, clambering up on to its lower slopes 'by means of lianes and scrub.' Their intention was to try and scale the huge mass and plant a Jack flag they had brought with them on the boulders at the @@ -1937,7 +1903,7 @@ wars and been taken prisoner once. In the present war, indeed, he had already taken part in six fleet actions, and in three of them as _chef d'escadre_ and third in command had had opportunity of learning something of Rodney's methods on the day of battle. Such was Joseph -Paul de Grasse-Briançon, Knight of Malta, Grand Cross of the Order of +Paul de Grasse-Briançon, Knight of Malta, Grand Cross of the Order of St. Louis, Chevalier of the Order of Cincinnatus, Count de Grasse and Marquis de Grasse-Tilly, thirty-fifth of his line, of the _noblesse_ of Provence, overlord of forty fiefs, the man in whose hands rested @@ -1950,7 +1916,7 @@ The Marquis de Vaudreuil was De Grasse's second in command. There was no better gentleman, from all accounts--never a nobler specimen of a French naval officer of the old school than Louis Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil. He looks it in his portrait at Versailles--a -_beau sabreur_ of the sea, _rusé_, ready-witted in emergency, a +_beau sabreur_ of the sea, _rusé_, ready-witted in emergency, a 'first-class fighting man' in all respects. The son of a sailor, the grandson of a sailor, the great-grandson of a sailor, he belonged to a family that had sent its sons to serve 'on the ships of the King' ever @@ -1999,21 +1965,21 @@ her duel with the 'Saucy' _Arethusa_ at the outset of the war, the French navy still remembers--commanded the _Hercule_. Comte d'Albert de Rions, by reputation the ablest tactician in the French navy, after De Suffren, was the senior captain. A De la Charette commanded the black -_Bourgogne_;[20] a De Castellan, the _Auguste_; De la Vicomté, the +_Bourgogne_;[20] a De Castellan, the _Auguste_; De la Vicomté, the _Hector_; and so on. There is, indeed, as one runs down the list of -the French captains at Fort Royal, quite a ring of mediæval chivalry, +the French captains at Fort Royal, quite a ring of mediæval chivalry, of old-time romance, about their names. De Mortemart, De Monteclerc, -De Saint Césaire, De Champmartin, De Castellane-Majastre, Le Gardeur +De Saint Césaire, De Champmartin, De Castellane-Majastre, Le Gardeur de Tilly, to take half-a-dozen other names at random--one might almost -be checking off one of Bayard's _compagnies d'élite_, or calling over +be checking off one of Bayard's _compagnies d'élite_, or calling over a muster-roll of the Lances of Du Guesclin. In the junior ranks were a De Tourville, the Vicomte de Betisy, two scions of the historic house -of St. Simon, a Grimaldi, a Lascaris, a De Lauzun, a De Sevigné, a -MacMahon, a Talleyrand, a De Ségur, a De Rochefoucauld, a Montesquieu. +of St. Simon, a Grimaldi, a Lascaris, a De Lauzun, a De Sevigné, a +MacMahon, a Talleyrand, a De Ségur, a De Rochefoucauld, a Montesquieu. Brueys d'Aigalliers, of a noble family of Languedoc, who later on took service under the Revolution, and perished fighting Nelson at the Nile, -was one of the lieutenants. La Pérouse, the explorer, was a _capitaine -de frégate_. Bruix and Denis Decrès, Napoleon's Ministers of Marine in +was one of the lieutenants. La Pérouse, the explorer, was a _capitaine +de frégate_. Bruix and Denis Decrès, Napoleon's Ministers of Marine in later days, were two of the midshipmen. Magon, who fell a rear-admiral at Trafalgar, was an _enseigne de vaisseau_. L'Hermitte, Troude, Willaumez, Emeriau, Bourayne, others of Napoleon's admirals, were among @@ -2027,17 +1993,17 @@ with all the gay _abandon_ of their race those balmy, fragrant West Indian evenings of April 1782, while the band played 'Vive Henri Quatre!' and 'Charmante Gabrielle,' high spirited, and heedless of the coming days. What were they not going to do, '_pour en finir avec ces -Anglais--bêtes_!' Jamaica first, _cela s'entend_! Then the sack of +Anglais--bêtes_!' Jamaica first, _cela s'entend_! Then the sack of Barbados,--the spoil of the goldsmiths and silversmiths of Bridgetown and the mansions of the planters, whose sideboards, groaning under the weight of gold and silver plate, 'astonished and stirred the envy of every passing visitor,' as travellers had told ever since the time of -old Père Labat, 'gold and silver plate so abundant that the plunder +old Père Labat, 'gold and silver plate so abundant that the plunder of it would pay the cost of an expedition for the reduction of the island!' _Vive la France! Vive la Gloire!_ Light-hearted and gay, how many of them gave a thought to something else? What of those who would not live to see the coming battle through? How many of them all would -kneel next Sunday three weeks to receive the _aumônier's_ blessing at +kneel next Sunday three weeks to receive the _aumônier's_ blessing at early mass? Ah well!--what mattered it!--_Fortune de guerre!_ Perhaps so. Perhaps, indeed, better so--at any rate, for some of them. Those who were to fall in the coming fight were to be envied, rather, in @@ -2054,7 +2020,7 @@ messmates who outlasted the fight. Better be smashed in two by an English cannon-ball on the quarter-deck, than perish hideously in the dungeons of Draguignan, or go in the tumbrils to a death of ignominy and cold-blooded horror, clattering over the cobble-stones to the -Place de Grève, while all round the mob of Paris howled and danced and +Place de Grève, while all round the mob of Paris howled and danced and cursed--the hapless lot of so many a gallant naval officer among the rest of the gentlemen of old-time France, @@ -2063,7 +2029,7 @@ rest of the gentlemen of old-time France, It was better too, surely, than what befell so many others of those who escaped the Terror; better than to have to drag out year after year -a pitiful existence as an _émigré_ in London, in squalid lodgings in +a pitiful existence as an _émigré_ in London, in squalid lodgings in Somers Town, driven, poor fellows, to earn a wretched and precarious livelihood by teaching French for a few pence a lesson, or as dancing-masters, and then after it all be put away in a cheap grave in @@ -2106,16 +2072,16 @@ Now in the Museum of the Royal United Service Institution, Whitehall.] A small army of soldiers was at Fort Royal, as well as De Grasse's fleet. There were between five and six thousand troops there, waiting -under canvas for the order to embark on board the men-of-war. Bouillé -commanded them,--the Marquis de Bouillé, the conqueror of St. Kitts +under canvas for the order to embark on board the men-of-war. Bouillé +commanded them,--the Marquis de Bouillé, the conqueror of St. Kitts and Nevis and Montserrat and Dominica and St. Eustatius, 'tiger-spring -Bouillé,'[21] though better known to fame, perhaps, for his share in +Bouillé,'[21] though better known to fame, perhaps, for his share in the events of a later day, as Commandant-General of Metz and the 'last -refuge of royalty.' Varennes, however, was a name that De Bouillé, +refuge of royalty.' Varennes, however, was a name that De Bouillé, possibly, had as yet not heard of. Postmaster Drouet still rode in the -ranks of the Condé dragoons. Some of the smartest corps in the French +ranks of the Condé dragoons. Some of the smartest corps in the French service were there: Regiment de Foix, dashing d'Armagnac, Artillerie -de Metz, Regiments de Béarn, de Touraine, and de Monsieur, red-coated +de Metz, Regiments de Béarn, de Touraine, and de Monsieur, red-coated Irishmen of the Walsh and Dillon corps, half a battalion of Royal Contois, two battalions of Auxerrois, brought from York Town with De Grasse, after having witnessed the march out of the surrendered British @@ -2123,7 +2089,7 @@ army. One of the most striking of the great paintings on the walls of the _Galerie des Batailles_ at Versailles shows an aide-de-camp, a cocked-hatted, high-gaitered young dandy, garbed in Bourbon white with the mauve facings and silver lace of Auxerrois receiving orders -from Washington just before the last attack. De Bouillé's division +from Washington just before the last attack. De Bouillé's division had already its place on paper as one of the wings of the 'Army of Jamaica.' @@ -2134,7 +2100,7 @@ off shore, a stretch of deep water extending a mile and a half. The Gros Islet, from which the bay takes its name, was the old French name for Pigeon Island. There was also a village of the name on the shore opposite the island. Seven miles along the coast to the south was the -_carénage_, where ships could be hove down and repaired; now called +_carénage_, where ships could be hove down and repaired; now called Castries, and an important port and naval station, destined, with the opening of the Panama Canal, to become the Valetta of the West Indies. The watering place for the fleet was at Trou Gascon in the bay. @@ -2198,7 +2164,7 @@ Cranstoun, a volunteer on board the _Formidable_, was a baron of the Scottish peerage. These four, with Sir Charles Douglas, the Captain of the Fleet, another self-made baronet (for war service), and Sir James Wallace, a knight, constituted, with the admiral and Hood, the social -_élite_ of Rodney's fleet--a list that hardly comes into comparison +_élite_ of Rodney's fleet--a list that hardly comes into comparison with De Grasse's little Versailles. The bulk of the British captains were the sons of ordinary folk, sons of squires and country parsons, and old naval officers to some extent, drawn from all over the three @@ -2496,7 +2462,7 @@ He had his reward, and before he had waited very long. Early in the afternoon two of De Grasse's ships were made out to be in difficulties. They had dropped astern of the French line and to leeward, and were drifting in the direction of the course of the advancing British. -During Wednesday night the _Zélé_, a seventy-four, had collided with +During Wednesday night the _Zélé_, a seventy-four, had collided with another French ship, losing her main-topmast in the collision. Unable to make good her damage, after trying in vain to keep up with her consorts, the unfortunate vessel had dropped gradually to leeward, @@ -2593,19 +2559,19 @@ two were going off before the wind, apparently bound for Basse Terre, Guadeloupe. There had been another collision in the French fleet. The hapless -_Zélé_, whose earlier misfortunes had been the cause of De Grasse +_Zélé_, whose earlier misfortunes had been the cause of De Grasse turning back on Thursday afternoon, had during the previous night had a second collision. While tacking shortly after midnight, she had blundered clumsily into the _Ville de Paris_ with disastrous -consequences. In her present state the _Zélé_ was a danger to his -fleet, and De Grasse told off La Pérouse of the _Astrée_ to tow the +consequences. In her present state the _Zélé_ was a danger to his +fleet, and De Grasse told off La Pérouse of the _Astrée_ to tow the crippled ship off at once into Basse Terre. It proved, though, for one reason and another, not so easy a thing to do in the dark, and the first streaks of dawn were showing before the towing-cable had been got across. After that, when at length the two moved away they crawled off dead slow, making barely five knots. All the time, ever since midnight, -the wind and set of the tide had been carrying not only the _Zélé_ and -the _Astrée_, but also the _Ville de Paris_ and the half-dozen ships +the wind and set of the tide had been carrying not only the _Zélé_ and +the _Astrée_, but also the _Ville de Paris_ and the half-dozen ships with her that were standing by, steadily to leeward, away from the main body of the French fleet, and ever nearer to the course on which Rodney, in the dark, all unknown to De Grasse, was fast approaching. @@ -2613,21 +2579,21 @@ The French had entirely lost touch with Rodney since sunset, owing to his having put out his lights. From the _Formidable's_ quarter-deck Rodney marked the situation of -the _Zélé_. He saw what it meant. A flutter of signal-flags broke +the _Zélé_. He saw what it meant. A flutter of signal-flags broke overhead, and within two minutes four of Hood's smartest ships--the _Monarch_, _Valiant_, _Centaur_, and the _Belliqueux_--were sweeping -out of the line with all sail set, heading straight for the _Zélé_ and -the frigate. De Grasse saw it. To lose the _Zélé_ like that would be +out of the line with all sail set, heading straight for the _Zélé_ and +the frigate. De Grasse saw it. To lose the _Zélé_ like that would be a personal disgrace; but that was not all the mischief. The great De -Bouillé himself, Commander-in-Chief of the French army, was on board -the _Astrée_. It was terribly awkward. De Grasse at once signalled to +Bouillé himself, Commander-in-Chief of the French army, was on board +the _Astrée_. It was terribly awkward. De Grasse at once signalled to his fleet in the distance to make all sail and close on the _Ville de Paris_, forming line on the port tack.[30] He himself meanwhile with the ships nearest him bore down towards the British four to frighten them off. That was just the false step that Rodney wanted him to take--the outcome of "an impulse of hasty unbalanced judgment."[31] By another move he might have forced Rodney to recall his chasers -before they could reach the _Zélé_, at the same time also keeping the +before they could reach the _Zélé_, at the same time also keeping the weather-gage for himself. By hurrying down under sail ahead of his fleet De Grasse not only delayed the formation of his line, as his ships had the farther to go to reach their stations, but he also @@ -2677,7 +2643,7 @@ The spectacle at every point was inspiring, and was girt round by a magnificent setting. On one hand, right ahead, the Saints' group stretched away to the north-east, islet beyond islet, all showing up clear in the golden sunshine of the cloudless morning against the -towering darker background of the Souffrière of Guadeloupe. On the +towering darker background of the Souffrière of Guadeloupe. On the horizon, due east, a faint greyish-blue blur marked the low-lying island of Marie Galante. Away on the starboard beam and not far distant the mountain masses of Dominica, crowned by the jagged volcanic summit @@ -2875,7 +2841,7 @@ the enemy, at right angles to their line, and by way of a parting kick sent a raking last broadside crash into the rearmost French ship's cabin windows as she disappeared in the smoke. -Captain Buckner's _Prothée_, a 64, taken from the French two years +Captain Buckner's _Prothée_, a 64, taken from the French two years before, followed the _Hercules_ in the line, and after her came the smart _Resolution_, 74. The captain of the _Resolution_, Lord Robert Manners, was the first on board her to fall. A round-shot struck him @@ -2883,7 +2849,7 @@ down, smashing his left leg and injuring the right badly, and at the same moment a heavy splinter fractured his right arm. Lord Robert was carried down to the cockpit, where it was found necessary to amputate his left leg, the heroic young officer--he was only twenty-four and -chloroform or anæsthetics of any kind were as yet unknown--'making +chloroform or anæsthetics of any kind were as yet unknown--'making jocular remarks on the operation with a smiling countenance during its most painful steps.'[34] Captain Manners' injuries unfortunately proved mortal. He seemed to be getting better, and was on his way home @@ -3087,7 +3053,7 @@ for the reminder of its days. Following in the wake of the _Ville de Paris_ came the big _Couronne_, a powerful eighty-four, whose efficiency in war Rodney had personally -tested on a former day; the _Eveillé_, Le Gardeur de Tilly's little +tested on a former day; the _Eveillé_, Le Gardeur de Tilly's little sixty-four, showing signs of what she had gone through; and then the _Sceptre_, the Comte de Vaudreuil's ship, a seventy-four. @@ -3137,12 +3103,12 @@ suddenly shifted. It veered to the southward and headed the French fleet off, taking them all aback and throwing them out of order all along their line. It checked their way, and cast every ship round with her head to starboard, half-right as it were, setting the whole -line _en échelon_. For the British, on the other hand, the shift of +line _en échelon_. For the British, on the other hand, the shift of wind made things more favourable than before. It sent Rodney's ships briskly forward. Its effect was instantly apparent in the immediate neighbourhood of the _Formidable_. The mastless hull of the _Glorieux_ drove down steadily on the _Formidable_. The ship next astern of her -in the French line, the _Diadème_, a seventy-four, hung back and then +in the French line, the _Diadème_, a seventy-four, hung back and then swung round sharply at right angles, paying off on the wrong tack. A wide gap was made at once in the enemy's line, and just opposite the _Formidable_. What was to be done? @@ -3244,7 +3210,7 @@ Blane returned on deck at the moment that Midshipman Dashwood was flying down the ladder to the batteries below with the order to open fire on the port side. It was just as the _Formidable_ was swinging her bows slowly round to pass through between the wreck of the _Glorieux_ -and the _Diadème_. He apparently saw no trace of excitement about the +and the _Diadème_. He apparently saw no trace of excitement about the admiral, no sign of loss of temper, nothing to suggest that anything unusual had just been happening. On the contrary, Rodney was in quite a jocular mood. 'Now comes the struggle,' was Rodney's greeting to the @@ -3257,11 +3223,11 @@ deck and right into her port-holes. 'The _Formidable_,' he tells us, sponges and handspikes in order to save themselves by running below!' The British flagship swept through the gap, pouring a broadside -into the _Glorieux_ to the right and the _Diadème_ to the left. The +into the _Glorieux_ to the right and the _Diadème_ to the left. The _Glorieux_ was at that moment 'close to our starboard side and almost in contact therewith, about a ship's breadth from us.' On the larboard side, eye-witnesses related, the _Formidable's_ three tiers of guns -went off with 'one platoon report.' After it the _Diadème_ had +went off with 'one platoon report.' After it the _Diadème_ had vanished. She was seen no more from the _Formidable_, nor apparently by any other ship of the British fleet. Rodney himself believed--and reported to the Admiralty in his official despatch--that she had been @@ -3279,9 +3245,9 @@ battle), and is at Belvoir Castle.]] Immediately after that, as the smoke cleared off, a group of three or four French ships were made out near at hand, all huddled together in -a mass. They were the ships that had been following the _Diadème_. +a mass. They were the ships that had been following the _Diadème_. Thrown aback by the shift of wind, and further disordered by the sudden -turning round of the _Diadème_ herself right across their bows, they +turning round of the _Diadème_ herself right across their bows, they had got jammed together in confusion, 'almost, if not quite, in contact with each other.' They were full in the path of the _Formidable_ as she went through the line. She had to pass quite close to them. At @@ -3358,10 +3324,10 @@ the _Prince William_ and the _Magnificent_, followed the _Bedford_, and in the wake of them, through the widening gap, poured the rest of Hood's ships, ten in number. They pressed in, sweeping across the stern of the _Hector_, the rear ship of the French van, and between her and -the _César_, the leader of De Grasse's squadron. Thus at one stroke +the _César_, the leader of De Grasse's squadron. Thus at one stroke were the ships of the French van cut off _en bloc_ from the centre and the rear. One after the other, as they passed, Hood's twelve ships (or -thirteen counting in the _Bedford_ as one) cannonaded the _César_ and +thirteen counting in the _Bedford_ as one) cannonaded the _César_ and the _Hector_, crippling both hopelessly, and reducing them to a state little better than that in which Rodney's five followers had left the _Glorieux_. @@ -3372,7 +3338,7 @@ the line, was 2-1/4 miles from the _Formidable_. The _Marlborough_, away in the van, was 3-1/2 miles off, and had already come out of action, having ceased firing after passing the French rearmost ships. Hood's rear ship, the _Royal Oak_, fired her parting broadside into the -stern of the ill-starred _César_ a few minutes after eleven, with which +stern of the ill-starred _César_ a few minutes after eleven, with which the first stage of the battle came to an end. The _Formidable_ had ceased firing more than an hour before. @@ -3426,8 +3392,8 @@ the not quite dead as well. Many a poor fellow had gone overboard with the spars and rigging as they crashed over the side, shot away in action. _Requin_ is, of course, the French for shark. As a fact, it is a popular corruption of the word 'requiem,' which was the old French -name for the monster down to the seventeenth century. Littré explains -why:--'à cause,' he says, 'qu'il n'y a plus à dire qu'un requiem pour +name for the monster down to the seventeenth century. Littré explains +why:--'à cause,' he says, 'qu'il n'y a plus à dire qu'un requiem pour celui qu'un requin saisit.' The British were the first to feel the breeze as it came again after @@ -3450,7 +3416,7 @@ would inevitably mean for certain of De Grasse's worst-damaged ships was soon seen. The more manageable of the French ships were able to make their way to leeward; but it was another matter for the cripples--in especial for the shattered trio--for the dismasted -_Glorieux_ and the partially wrecked _César_ and _Hector_. For them +_Glorieux_ and the partially wrecked _César_ and _Hector_. For them it meant that they were to be left to their fate, left lying, between the two fleets, hardly able to move at all, full in the way of the advancing British. And so it proved in the result. On the hapless @@ -3462,18 +3428,18 @@ an extremely gallant effort to save her. About one o'clock, as the breeze began to freshen, the French frigate _Richmond_ was ordered to close the _Glorieux_ and pass a towing cable on board. The effort was made under fire, for Rodney's nearest ships were already within -range of the _Glorieux_. Midshipman Denis Decrès, _aspirant de marine_ +range of the _Glorieux_. Midshipman Denis Decrès, _aspirant de marine_ of the _Richmond_, had charge of the boat, round which the English cannon-balls splashed on all sides. He did his work, despite its difficulties, and won widespread fame and promotion for his gallantry. He lived to become an admiral, Napoleon's favourite Minister of Marine -and a Peer of France, Duc Decrès. On his grand monument in Père la +and a Peer of France, Duc Decrès. On his grand monument in Père la Chaise is a sculptured panel in relief, to commemorate this particular -incident in Admiral Decrès' career. It is elaborately carved, and +incident in Admiral Decrès' career. It is elaborately carved, and represents a naval battle in grey marble, smoke-clouds, cannon firing, and so forth, with, in the centre, a small boat with a rope, a boy standing up at the stern, and near by a big dismasted man-of-war. -Over the panel is the legend--'Remorque portèe au _Glorieux_: 1782.' +Over the panel is the legend--'Remorque portèe au _Glorieux_: 1782.' The attempt, however, was palpably a hopeless one. The stricken seventy-four was water-logged and could hardly stir. The officers of the _Glorieux_ recognised the state of things at once. They hailed @@ -3486,7 +3452,7 @@ done, the hopeless ship's company of the _Glorieux_ cut the rope. So the two ships parted. The _Richmond_ had to move away, and in the end she only saved herself with difficulty. Another French ship that tried at the last moment to create a forlorn-hope diversion in favour of the -_Glorieux_, was De Glandevé's _Souverain_, but she in turn had to give +_Glorieux_, was De Glandevé's _Souverain_, but she in turn had to give up the attempt, and, hunted like a hare among hounds, was hard put to it in the end to get clear. Now, without further respite, the British dogs of war ran in and closed on the doomed _Glorieux_. Trogoff de @@ -3517,11 +3483,11 @@ Hood's squadron, the _Monarch_, was at that very moment alongside the _Andromache_, lifting forty barrels out of the frigate to enable herself to continue in action. -The _César_ was the second French ship to meet her fate. She was the +The _César_ was the second French ship to meet her fate. She was the next to drop astern, and the _Centaur_ and the _Bedford_ went at her together as they came up. Though little better than a wreck, the -_César_ made a heroic defence for nearly half-an-hour. Hailed by the -_Centaur_ to surrender, the Comte de Marigny, the _César's_ captain, +_César_ made a heroic defence for nearly half-an-hour. Hailed by the +_Centaur_ to surrender, the Comte de Marigny, the _César's_ captain, replied by nailing his colours to the mast with his own hand and opening fire. De Marigny fell dangerously wounded within the first five minutes, but Captain Paul, his commander, took charge and made a @@ -3529,7 +3495,7 @@ desperate defence. He held out until, one after the other, his masts had gone overboard, the mizen carrying the ensign staff with it. After that, no rescue being possible, with six feet of water in the hold, and with only thirty-six rounds for her guns left in the magazine, the -_César_ surrendered to the _Centaur_. +_César_ surrendered to the _Centaur_. Elsewhere at this time, towards four o'clock, there was a good deal of 'partial and desultory' firing, to use Dr. Blane's term, going @@ -3568,7 +3534,7 @@ two pushed up abreast and came to close quarters. Their attack was met by the _Hector_ in a spirit worthy of her heroic name. She struck out right and left like a wounded tigress at bay. She looked, in the words of an eye-witness, 'like a blazing furnace vomiting fire and iron.' -The display was brilliant, but it could not last. De la Vicomté, the +The display was brilliant, but it could not last. De la Vicomté, the gallant captain of the _Hector_, was struck down, mortally wounded, and with his fall the spirit of the defence flickered out. 'Some men on the main deck having run from their quarters,' says the letter @@ -3600,15 +3566,15 @@ Channel in triumph at the time they compelled the Channel Fleet to retreat before them to Spithead. It was a satisfactory stroke of retaliation, although if it had taken place six weeks earlier it would have been still more satisfactory. Then the Vicomte de Marigny--Charles -Réné Louis, of an old Norman family, elder brother to Comte Bernard, -the captain of the _César_--the officer who had been the original +Réné Louis, of an old Norman family, elder brother to Comte Bernard, +the captain of the _César_--the officer who had been the original captor of the _Ardent_, would have been on board. In honour of his capture of a British man-of-war, 'si vaillamment,' Charles de Marigny had been posted to the prize by the King of France's special command, his commission being accompanied by a picture in oils representing his feat, painted at the instance of His Most Christian Majesty, and sent by the King's order to be hung in the cabin of the _Ardent_, with the -legend over it: 'Donné par le Roi au brave Vicomte de Marigny.'[41] The +legend over it: 'Donné par le Roi au brave Vicomte de Marigny.'[41] The Vicomte, unfortunately for the dramatic completeness of the situation, had been sent home with De Grasse's despatch after the capture of St. Kitts, and he had taken the oil-painting with him. Still, though, even @@ -3660,7 +3626,7 @@ de Paris_. The French flagship by now had fallen quite to the rear. The _Couronne_ had failed her admiral at the last moment. De Grasse, as he himself reported to Versailles, had personally hailed her just before, and ordered her to keep station close in the flagship's wake. -They had answered back, 'Oui, Général!' but as the _Canada_ came up +They had answered back, 'Oui, Général!' but as the _Canada_ came up the _Couronne_ shifted out of the way and edged off past the flagship, letting Cornwallis in.[42] Cornwallis knew what he had to do, and pointed his guns high. Stationing the _Canada_ on the quarter of the @@ -3702,7 +3668,7 @@ exhausted, and they had to supply the guns by ladling loose powder into them from open barrels brought up on deck. The 'fighting lanterns' between decks were mostly extinguished, the candles burned out; all was dark below, and they waded ankle-deep and stumbled amid the horrible -_débris_ of what that morning had been living human beings. Even then +_débris_ of what that morning had been living human beings. Even then De Grasse would not give in; not at least to any British captain. He stoutly resisted until, a little after six o'clock, he caught sight of Hood's flag at the _Barfleur's_ mast-head, showing above the smoke a @@ -3868,8 +3834,8 @@ all of a sudden, a burst of roaring flame shot up from one of the French prizes, illuminating the sky and sea for many miles all round. De Vaudreuil and his fugitive fifteen, far away to northward by now, below the horizon, could see the reflection and guessed what it was. -Bougainville, in the other direction, flying towards Curaçao, saw it -too. The victim was the captured _César_. One of her own disorderly +Bougainville, in the other direction, flying towards Curaçao, saw it +too. The victim was the captured _César_. One of her own disorderly crew, it came out later, did the mischief. They had been as usual clapped under hatchways after the surrender, but had the hold to themselves. There the rabble--as on board the _Ville de Paris_, all @@ -3896,14 +3862,14 @@ leave me. Try and save yourselves!'[48] The British prize-crew--they were all from the _Centaur_--fought the fire heroically, and spared no efforts to beat the flames back, but in vain. The British lieutenant in command was seen at the last in the stern gallery giving his orders. -All the _César's_ boats had been knocked to pieces in the battle. +All the _César's_ boats had been knocked to pieces in the battle. Outside, all round, were the boats of the fleet lying on their oars, ready to save all they could, but, for various reasons, unable to get near the ship. One of the reasons has been specially recorded--the sharks. Again the sharks were on the spot, 'not yet glutted,' said Dr. Blane, 'with the carnage of the preceding day.' What the men on the boats saw and told the doctor, was, in Blane's words, 'too horrid to -describe.' A solid belt of sharks surrounded the burning _César_, a +describe.' A solid belt of sharks surrounded the burning _César_, a closely packed mass of struggling, huge-girthed brutes, rolling and tumbling about all round, jostling one another and scraping their rough backs together as they plunged and wallowed about all over the surface. @@ -3917,7 +3883,7 @@ way through. They could only look helplessly on and wait for the end:-- Watch the wild wreck; but not to save. -The end came between ten and eleven. The _César_, half burned to the +The end came between ten and eleven. The _César_, half burned to the water's edge, blew up with a dull heavy roar--'not a loud explosion,' notes an onlooker. Indeed there was not much powder left to blow up in the bravely defended ship's magazines. It was merely a belching up of @@ -3934,7 +3900,7 @@ by splashes in the sea all round, and here and there, out of sight, as some shark claimed its last victim, and then all was over. Silence and darkness fell once more on the heaving waters, and the boats pulled sadly and wearily back to their ships. Such was the tragedy of the -_César_. A handful of survivors were picked up, though how they escaped +_César_. A handful of survivors were picked up, though how they escaped is not stated. All were Frenchmen. Not one of the British prize-crew escaped. @@ -3959,11 +3925,11 @@ Hood a week later--amounted, in round numbers, to 'at least 15,000 men.' Seven thousand of the number were either killed, wounded, or drowned. Six French captains were among the dead,[49] who, reckoned by themselves, were 3000. Over a thousand of the casualties were in the -_Ville de Paris_ and the _César_ alone. Among the 8000 prisoners were -2000 soldiers. The monetary loss to France, in the value of _matériel_ +_Ville de Paris_ and the _César_ alone. Among the 8000 prisoners were +2000 soldiers. The monetary loss to France, in the value of _matériel_ taken, was put at just half a million sterling; and that sum does not -include the treasure-chest of De Bouillé's army, thirty-six boxes of -money containing coin to the value of £25,000.[50] Also on board the +include the treasure-chest of De Bouillé's army, thirty-six boxes of +money containing coin to the value of £25,000.[50] Also on board the captured ships, by a curious chance, was found the whole of the French army's siege-train for Jamaica, heavy guns and carriages, and equipment complete. @@ -4251,13 +4217,13 @@ previously.] [Footnote 16: From Mr. Newbolt's verses on a memorial brass in Clifton College chapel.] -[Footnote 17: He was captain of the French frigate _L'Aréthuse_ on May +[Footnote 17: He was captain of the French frigate _L'Aréthuse_ on May 18, 1759, when she was cut off and captured, off the Brittany coast, by a British squadron; to become a British frigate, and later on the 'Saucy' _Arethusa_ of the celebrated ballad.] [Footnote 18: Hennequin's _Biographie Maritime_, art. 'Vaudreuil'; -also L. Dussieux's _Généraux et Marins du XVIII. Siècle_, p. 260. The +also L. Dussieux's _Généraux et Marins du XVIII. Siècle_, p. 260. The governorship of the island of Dominica was offered to De Vaudreuil after its capture from Great Britain through treachery. Some of the creole inhabitants of Dominica invited the French over from Martinique, @@ -4368,8 +4334,8 @@ p. 73.] [Footnote 39: Professor J. Knox Laughton, R.N., _Dictionary of National Biography_, art. 'Rodney.'] -[Footnote 40: The _Diadème's_ name appears in De Vaudreuil's official -return of the ships rallied by him which reached Cap François, San +[Footnote 40: The _Diadème's_ name appears in De Vaudreuil's official +return of the ships rallied by him which reached Cap François, San Domingo, on the 25th of April.] [Footnote 41: Hennequin, _Biographie Maritime_, vol. i. p. 356.] @@ -4404,8 +4370,8 @@ illustration depicts a third version of the incident.] [Footnote 48: Hennequin, _Biographie Maritime_, vol. i. art. 'Marigny.'] [Footnote 49: They were:--the Chevalier du Pavillon, De Vaudreuil's -flag-captain; De la Clochetterie; De la Vicomté; Comte Bernard de -Marigny; De Saint Césaire; and D'Escars of the _Glorieux_.] +flag-captain; De la Clochetterie; De la Vicomté; Comte Bernard de +Marigny; De Saint Césaire; and D'Escars of the _Glorieux_.] [Footnote 50: Half a million sterling was the French monetary loss in one of the biggest sea battles ever fought. Japan lost upwards of @@ -4446,7 +4412,7 @@ the captains who rallied with De Vaudreuil to the support of De Grasse.] [Footnote 56: 'The most virulent expressions of disgust were hurled on his misfortune and his fame; epigrams circulated from mouth to mouth, -and even the women carried ornaments called "à la De Grasse," having +and even the women carried ornaments called "à la De Grasse," having on one side a heart and on the other none.' (Sir E. Cust's _Annals of the Wars of the Eighteenth Century_, vol. iii. p. 329). Also General Mundy in his _Life of Lord Rodney_ (vol. ii. p. 290, note), says of De @@ -4558,7 +4524,7 @@ Against the former, Fort Bourbon, an entrenched work set on high ground at the back of the town of Fort Royal, the main force of our soldiers was to operate, attacking with a siege train of heavy guns and mortars and opening zigzags and parallels in the orthodox way. Fort Louis on -the sea front, blocking the entrance to the _carénage_, or man-of-war +the sea front, blocking the entrance to the _carénage_, or man-of-war harbour, and the dockyard, was to be attacked by the Naval Brigade, assisted by a number of grenadier and light infantry companies, with siege batteries made up of ships' 24-pounders. At the entrance to Fort @@ -4575,7 +4541,7 @@ to Fort Louis. As yet though no date had been fixed for the assault. On the 17th of March an accidental circumstance suddenly brought on the crisis. Lieutenant Bowen of the flagship _Boyne_, who commanded the guard boats of the fleet, heard that there were some British -seamen prisoners on board a French frigate that lay in the _carénage_ +seamen prisoners on board a French frigate that lay in the _carénage_ moored close under the walls of Fort Louis. He was a young fellow of exceptional daring, and a fine piece of work suggested itself to his mind. It was to dash in on his own account and try and cut out the @@ -4695,7 +4661,7 @@ scored with embrasures for big guns all along that side. In rear of the parapet three lofty tiers of platforms, rising one above another, with the muzzles of guns showing at all points, frowned fiercely down on all who should venture to approach in hostile guise. Fort Louis -guarded the fairway into the _carénage_, or man-of-war harbour, round a +guarded the fairway into the _carénage_, or man-of-war harbour, round a bend immediately in rear of the fort, and it also covered the town and warehouses of Fort Royal proper, the civil settlement, which fringed the harbour on the farther side. @@ -4849,13 +4815,13 @@ and sprang over into the fort. Right in front of them, drawn up in rear of the ramparts, stood with muskets at the present, a whole French regiment, the 33rd of the Line, a veteran battalion of the old Royal Army of France, and one not yet disorganised by Republican methods, -the Régiment de Touraine. It met the first appearance of the sailors, +the Régiment de Touraine. It met the first appearance of the sailors, as they set foot on the ramparts, with a crashing volley. Only three of the _Zebra's_ men were hit, and they had only flesh wounds. With a cheer up went the cutlasses and the sailors made a rush in on the French bayonets, to settle the matter hand to hand. But no! A sudden panic seized the Frenchmen. Down, clattering to the ground, went their -muskets all along the line, and up went their hands, as the Régiment +muskets all along the line, and up went their hands, as the Régiment de Touraine, panic-stricken, screamed and yelled for quarter. It was given. Faulknor turned round short, flung himself before his leading men, and by main force stopped them as they were in the act of closing. @@ -4909,7 +4875,7 @@ walls and landing their men, and the soldiers were at the gates. There was no object in remaining ashore longer. Captain Faulknor handed over his capture to the senior officer present, and quietly drawing the _Zebra's_ company off, marched them down and returned on board. Then he -sent his boats and had the French frigate lying in the _carénage_ taken +sent his boats and had the French frigate lying in the _carénage_ taken possession of--the _Bien Venu_ was her name--which was done without resistance, after which, in the most ordinary and matter-of-fact way, just as it were going out of a morning from Portsmouth Harbour to @@ -4955,7 +4921,7 @@ be taken into our service, and here is your commission to command her, in which I have named her, Sir, after yourself,--the _Undaunted_.' The ship in question was of course the frigate _Bien Venu_, which had -been moored in the _carénage_ under the walls of Fort Louis, and had +been moored in the _carénage_ under the walls of Fort Louis, and had been taken possession of by Faulknor's men after the fort had fallen. In such exceptionally heroic circumstances was the name 'Undaunted' @@ -5000,17 +4966,17 @@ into our possession with the fall of Fort Bourbon, besides immense supplies of ammunition and stores, shot and shell, and a large number of prisoners. These last included four regiments of infantry, among them one of the most famous corps of the French army of the old -_régime_, the 37th of the line, the Régiment de Maréchal Turenne. +_régime_, the 37th of the line, the Régiment de Maréchal Turenne. On their behalf, indeed, a special effort was made by the French commissioners in drawing up the terms of surrender, to save the credit of so famous a regiment. They demanded that it should keep its colours and arms on being shipped back to France with the rest of the army, on condition of taking no further part in the war, but the attempt failed, -and the Régiment de Maréchal Turenne had to share the lot of the +and the Régiment de Maréchal Turenne had to share the lot of the other regiments, except that its officers were allowed to keep their swords.[65] It went back to France to meet its end as a regiment under Napoleon in Russia, drowned almost to a man in the terrible catastrophe -which sealed the doom of the _Grande Armée_ at the passage of the +which sealed the doom of the _Grande Armée_ at the passage of the Bridge of the Beresina. On the afternoon of the 23rd the gates of the fort were delivered @@ -5214,7 +5180,7 @@ lads who formed nine-tenths of his flagship's crew. Our fifth _Royal Sovereign_ was an ironclad of the 'sixties, and the sixth is the present battleship of the name, now in the Home Fleet, -which was named and launched with much _éclat_ by Queen Victoria at +which was named and launched with much _éclat_ by Queen Victoria at Portsmouth on the 26th of February 1891, and served for many years as flagship of the Channel Fleet. @@ -5473,10 +5439,10 @@ A BALLAD OF THE FLEET E'en our foes, the _Parley Voos_, At this feat of Billy Blue's - Professed to be astounded--'_Etonnés_':-- + Professed to be astounded--'_Etonnés_':-- '_Hors de ligne_' 'twas, so to speak, - '_Une affaire trop héroïque_,' - '_Le Déterminé_,' they call him to this day. + '_Une affaire trop héroïque_,' + '_Le Déterminé_,' they call him to this day. Billy Blue-- Here's to you, Billy Blue, here's to you! @@ -5503,16 +5469,16 @@ Whitehall, was in 1813 named the _Cornwallis_ in honour of Admiral Cornwallis, and that ship's immediate successor is our fine modern battleship the _Cornwallis_ of to-day. -[Illustration: THE 'FIGHTING' _TÉMÉRAIRE_ TUGGED TO HER LAST BERTH TO +[Illustration: THE 'FIGHTING' _TÉMÉRAIRE_ TUGGED TO HER LAST BERTH TO BE BROKEN UP From the engraving by J.T. Willmore, A.R.A., after the picture by J.M.W. Turner, R.A., in the National Gallery. - [This print of Turner's _Téméraire_ differs from the painting. The sky + [This print of Turner's _Téméraire_ differs from the painting. The sky was engraved by R. Dickens principally in dry-point, and was toned down by J.T. Willmore; the ship and tug were engraved in line by - Saddler. The rigging of the _Téméraire_ and the mast and funnel of the + Saddler. The rigging of the _Téméraire_ and the mast and funnel of the tug do not correspond with the picture at the National Gallery, but Turner permitted it as making a better engraving.]] @@ -5584,7 +5550,7 @@ surrender of De Grasse, as has been described.] V -THE 'FIGHTING' _TÉMÉRAIRE_ +THE 'FIGHTING' _TÉMÉRAIRE_ WHERE, HOW, AND WHEN SHE MADE HER NAME @@ -5600,12 +5566,12 @@ WHERE, HOW, AND WHEN SHE MADE HER NAME Francis Turner Palgrave. In England's song for ever - She's the _Fighting Téméraire_. + She's the _Fighting Téméraire_. Henry Newbolt. -Trafalgar was her day. It was at Trafalgar that the _Téméraire_ made +Trafalgar was her day. It was at Trafalgar that the _Téméraire_ made her mark and won undying fame. First of all-- @@ -5613,20 +5579,20 @@ First of all-- She came to Nelson's aid, The battle's brunt to bear, And nobly sought to lead the van, - The Brave Old _Téméraire_. + The Brave Old _Téméraire_. Then she was 'the _Victory's_ companion in her closing strife,' as Mr. -Ruskin has called the _Téméraire_, 'prevailing over the fatal vessel +Ruskin has called the _Téméraire_, 'prevailing over the fatal vessel that had given Nelson death.'[79] That is one of the reasons why people -remember the _Téméraire_. There is another--that all the world knows. +remember the _Téméraire_. There is another--that all the world knows. To learn it one has only to visit the National Gallery. Turner's -masterpiece has made the _Téméraire's_ name a household word all the +masterpiece has made the _Téméraire's_ name a household word all the world over. But, all the same, had Turner never painted his picture at -all, even without the aid of Turner's magic brush, the _Téméraire_ must +all, even without the aid of Turner's magic brush, the _Téméraire_ must surely, for the part she took in the greatest sea-fight of history, have achieved for her name an immortal renown. -How Turner came to paint his 'Fighting _Téméraire_' is a story in +How Turner came to paint his 'Fighting _Téméraire_' is a story in itself. The famous picture came into being by the merest accident; as the outcome of a happy chance, as the result of a casual meeting with the old ship at a water-picnic on the Thames one autumn evening of the @@ -5635,7 +5601,7 @@ boating off Greenwich marshes in Blackwall Reach when the old ship passed them, coming up the river from Sheerness to meet her destined end off Rotherhithe, where the shipbreaker Beatson's men were waiting for her. She had been sold out of the service some days before for -£5530, barely the market value of the copper bolts that held her +£5530, barely the market value of the copper bolts that held her timbers together--just a twelfth of the prime cost of the ship's hull in labour and materials, or one-twentieth of the total value of the ship, gunned and equipped for sea. Forlorn enough, and a thing for @@ -5653,11 +5619,11 @@ broken warrior being borne to a pauper's grave. and when before rounding the Isle of Dogs she would be steering about South-South-East up Blackwall Reach, with the summer setting sun astern of her in the North-North-West.'--Mr. R.C. Leslie in the - _Athenæum_.] + _Athenæum_.] Two tugs had the ship in tow, as contemporary accounts of the -_Téméraire's_ arrival in the river relate, not one, as Turner has -painted the memorable scene.[81] In Turner's picture the _Téméraire_ is +_Téméraire's_ arrival in the river relate, not one, as Turner has +painted the memorable scene.[81] In Turner's picture the _Téméraire_ is shown passing the water-party before she rounded the Isle of Dogs, when heading south-south-east up Blackwall Reach, with the September sun setting astern of the ship to the north-west. 'There's a fine picture, @@ -5668,15 +5634,15 @@ world a picture 'of all pictures of subjects not involving human pain,' says Mr. Ruskin, 'the most pathetic that ever was painted.'[82] Now the sunset breezes shiver, - _Téméraire! Téméraire!_ + _Téméraire! Téméraire!_ And she's fading down the river, - _Téméraire! Téméraire!_ + _Téméraire! Téméraire!_ Now the sunset breezes shiver, And she's fading down the river, But in England's song for ever - She's the _Fighting Téméraire_.[83] + She's the _Fighting Téméraire_.[83] -The Fighting _Téméraire_ tugged to her last berth to be broken up,' +The Fighting _Téméraire_ tugged to her last berth to be broken up,' was the title Turner gave his picture when he sent it in to the Royal Academy Exhibition of 1839. He added these lines, composed apparently by himself-- @@ -5684,9 +5650,9 @@ by himself-- 'The flag that braved the battle and the breeze No longer owns her.' -The 'Fighting' _Téméraire_ was an Essex ship, built--nine-tenths of +The 'Fighting' _Téméraire_ was an Essex ship, built--nine-tenths of her--of oak cut in Hainault forest and sent across to Chatham dockyard, -where the _Téméraire's_ keel was laid in July 1793.[84] Tuesday, +where the _Téméraire's_ keel was laid in July 1793.[84] Tuesday, the 11th of September 1798, was the day of her launch, 'a squally day with drenching rain.' She was a three-decker, a second-rate, 'a ninety-eight,' in the Navy parlance of the time, a ship carrying @@ -5694,17 +5660,17 @@ ninety-eight guns (32-pounders, 18's, and long 12's, with twelve carronades as well), throwing a broadside weight of metal at each discharge of 1336 lbs., very nearly twelve cwts.--three-fifths of a ton of solid cast iron. 'She is one of the finest ships that we have seen,' -wrote an officer who inspected the _Téméraire_ on the stocks a little +wrote an officer who inspected the _Téméraire_ on the stocks a little while before she was launched. -An Essex man captained the _Téméraire_ at Trafalgar, Eliab Harvey, of +An Essex man captained the _Téméraire_ at Trafalgar, Eliab Harvey, of Rolls Park, Chigwell, Essex. He was a great-grandson of Eliab Harvey, brother of Dr. William Harvey the discoverer of the circulation of the blood, by whose side he now lies buried in the family vault under the Harvey Chapel in Hempstead Church, near Saffron Walden. All Essex, we are told, was represented at the funeral, or followed the coffin to its last resting-place. Captain Harvey, during the time that he commanded -the _Téméraire_, had also a seat in Parliament for the county of Essex, +the _Téméraire_, had also a seat in Parliament for the county of Essex, in accordance with a political usage of those days which enabled officers on active service to represent constituencies at Westminster, although Ministers apparently did not always find it satisfactory. @@ -5714,21 +5680,21 @@ are sent for they say they don't like being "whistled up merely to give a vote."' Those who know their Marryat will remember the case of the Hon. Captain Delmar, M.P., of H.M.S. _Paragon_, a frigate in the Channel Squadron, 'which was never sea-going except in the Recess.' It -was better though than this with the _Téméraire_, which Captain Harvey +was better though than this with the _Téméraire_, which Captain Harvey commissioned for the 'Western Squadron,' as in those days the Channel Fleet was generally called, at Plymouth, in November 1803, six months after the outbreak of the Great War with Napoleon. -Strange as it may seem to us, the _Téméraire's_ name at that moment had +Strange as it may seem to us, the _Téméraire's_ name at that moment had for most people an unpleasant ring about it. The shadow of a terrible -tragedy rested just then over the name _Téméraire_. The public had not +tragedy rested just then over the name _Téméraire_. The public had not yet got over the shock with which, barely two years before, the whole country had learnt that the crew of one of the flagships of the Channel Fleet, while lying in Bantry Bay, had mutinied, and offered violence to their Admiral and officers, using ugly threats and proposing to point guns loaded with grape-shot to sweep the quarter-deck. Nor had people forgotten the grim sequel, the relentless severity of the retribution -that fell on the ringleaders; how eleven of the _Téméraire's_ men +that fell on the ringleaders; how eleven of the _Téméraire's_ men had been hanged at the yard-arm, two flogged through the fleet at Spithead, receiving two hundred lashes each, seven sent to the hulks for life. The newspapers had been full of the terrible story, as @@ -5737,13 +5703,13 @@ sat at Portsmouth to try the mutineers. The trial lasted five days, and the report of it in the _Times_ of the 13th of January 1802 took up the whole paper, all but two columns. Nor had the following paragraph which appeared in the _Naval Chronicle_, done any good to the -_Téméraire's_ reputation:--'Plymouth, October 7th, 1802; The seamen of -the _Téméraire_ of 98-guns, Rear-Admiral Campbell, paid off, put on +_Téméraire's_ reputation:--'Plymouth, October 7th, 1802; The seamen of +the _Téméraire_ of 98-guns, Rear-Admiral Campbell, paid off, put on crape hat-bands round their straw hats in memory of the mutineers in that ship who were executed for the mutiny in Bantry Bay last year.' That unhappy episode in the ship's story was, however, as far as the -_Téméraire_ herself was concerned, now past and done with. Now the -_Téméraire_ had a new ship's company throughout; captain, officers, and +_Téméraire_ herself was concerned, now past and done with. Now the +_Téméraire_ had a new ship's company throughout; captain, officers, and men, with a future of their own before them. Captain Harvey manned his ship to a large extent with Liverpool men, @@ -5791,10 +5757,10 @@ vital root-fact of Great Britain's existence-- Invincible. Six months of pitching and rolling in the dreary Bay of Biscay was -the _Téméraire's_ lot at the outset, as one of Vice-Admiral Calder's +the _Téméraire's_ lot at the outset, as one of Vice-Admiral Calder's squadron watching Rochefort. The most disliked of all billets perhaps was blockade duty off the Basque Roads, ever facing the dreary sand -dunes of Aix and Oléron, stretching wearily along the featureless +dunes of Aix and Oléron, stretching wearily along the featureless coast, there and back, between Sables d'Olonne and the mouth of the Gironde, buffeted week in week out by persistent gales and rough weather. All there was to do, practically, was now and again to stop @@ -5814,11 +5780,11 @@ with the fleet off Brest to take letters for England--to fill up her water-casks and take in fresh stores and provisions, overhaul spars and rigging, and then return bringing bullocks and bread and vegetables for the squadron. That was their only relaxation. In her turn, towards the -end of May, the _Téméraire_ went in to Cawsand Bay, as the 'Plymouth +end of May, the _Téméraire_ went in to Cawsand Bay, as the 'Plymouth Report' of the Naval Chronicle records. _May 26._--Came in from the Channel Fleet, which she left all well, - last Wednesday, the _Téméraire_ of 98 guns. The enemy as usual. Our + last Wednesday, the _Téméraire_ of 98 guns. The enemy as usual. Our frigates frequently go in to reconnoitre within a mile and a half of the outer-most ships, and within range of their shots and shells of which the enemy give them plenty but without damage. @@ -5835,7 +5801,7 @@ two of their ships would come out now and then and exercise at sail drill in Basque Roads, and they had a small sham fight once, but no attempt was made to run or force the blockade. -September saw the _Téméraire_ transferred from the Rochefort squadron +September saw the _Téméraire_ transferred from the Rochefort squadron to 'the Team' off Brest, as the big ship division of Cornwallis's main fleet was familiarly called in the Navy. There was more to do and see off Brest, perhaps, but the life there was no less hard and @@ -5870,7 +5836,7 @@ correspondent in January--that crippled half the fleet and forced Cornwallis to spend all February and half March repairing damages in Torbay. Seven of the big ships, leaking seriously, with hulls strained, gear swept overboard, masts sprung, spars carried away, had to go into -dock at Plymouth, among them the _Téméraire_, whose repairs took two +dock at Plymouth, among them the _Téméraire_, whose repairs took two months to make good. [Illustration: CAMP OF THE GRAND ARMY AT BOULOGNE, 1804 @@ -5890,7 +5856,7 @@ She rejoined the flag off Brest in April, just as the startling news came to hand that the French Toulon Fleet had appeared off Cadiz, joined hands with the Spanish Fleet there and gone off westward. Their destination was unknown and there was no news of Lord Nelson. All that -month of May the _Téméraire_ and her consorts off Brest held themselves +month of May the _Téméraire_ and her consorts off Brest held themselves ready to clear for action at the shortest notice, daily expecting the sails of Admiral Villeneuve's fleet to appear on the horizon to the south-west. As if awaiting Villeneuve's arrival, also, the whole of the @@ -5899,7 +5865,7 @@ twenty-one sail of the line completely equipped for sea, under the cliff batteries of Bertheaume Bay. The British fleet off Brest for the moment could only muster seventeen sail. In England, meanwhile, the newspapers were full of accounts of how the Grand Army at Boulogne, -now vauntingly styled _l'Armée d'Angleterre_, was duly holding +now vauntingly styled _l'Armée d'Angleterre_, was duly holding embarkation and landing parades and drills on the sea-shore under the eyes of Soult and Ney. At the end of the month intelligence arrived that Villeneuve was in the West Indies, and that Nelson had gone in @@ -5917,7 +5883,7 @@ Nelson came in with his fleet. Cornwallis, from the ships now at his disposal, immediately made up a new fleet of eighteen sail of the line to blockade Villeneuve in Ferrol. It was placed under Calder's orders and sent off on the 16th -of August. The _Téméraire_ sailed with Calder, and so the story of her +of August. The _Téméraire_ sailed with Calder, and so the story of her service with the 'Western Squadron' ends. Before they arrived off Ferrol they heard from a frigate that @@ -5990,7 +5956,7 @@ By seven o'clock every ship in the fleet had been cleared for action and all were ready for the enemy. A quarter of an hour was sufficient to clear for action on board a smart ship in 'Eighteen hundred and War time,' as our grandfathers called the days when the 'Fighting' -_Téméraire_ was at sea. +_Téméraire_ was at sea. So admirably had Nelson organised his fleet and arranged things beforehand that three signals were all that he needed to make to set @@ -6007,7 +5973,7 @@ other signals were made from the _Victory_ during the day, until after the fight had been won, dealt with subsidiary points and were merely incidental. -Here is the opening entry for the day in the _Téméraire's_ log. 'At +Here is the opening entry for the day in the _Téméraire's_ log. 'At daylight saw the enemy's fleet in the S.E. Cleared ship for action and made all sail. Light airs. Standing for the enemy.' @@ -6089,7 +6055,7 @@ new form of attack, specially devised for the occasion by the greatest master of the art of naval war that ever lived, with an order of battle that was not new in the days of the Grand Monarque, with tactics such as Tourville had employed at La Hogue. It was like the Prussian -General Rüchel at Jena opposing Napoleon with the tactics of Frederick +General Rüchel at Jena opposing Napoleon with the tactics of Frederick at Kolin; attempting to foil Ney and Murat by giving the order 'Right shoulders up.' @@ -6142,13 +6108,13 @@ their guns.[96] How keen was the rivalry among the ships at the head of Nelson's line, as the morning advanced, is shown by two incidents in which the -_Neptune_--a 98-gun three-decker like the _Téméraire_, the ship next in -the line to her--and the _Téméraire_ herself, both figured. +_Neptune_--a 98-gun three-decker like the _Téméraire_, the ship next in +the line to her--and the _Téméraire_ herself, both figured. -The _Téméraire_ had the post of honour in Nelson's line, that of +The _Téméraire_ had the post of honour in Nelson's line, that of 'second,' or chief supporter to the _Victory_, but the _Neptune_ had gradually drawn up level with her. Not content with that, the _Neptune_ -began to edge past the _Téméraire_, until, forging ahead, she had come +began to edge past the _Téméraire_, until, forging ahead, she had come up alongside the flagship herself. Indeed, it appeared as though she was ambitious of passing ahead of the _Victory_, and leading Nelson into the battle. The Admiral himself stopped her. Nelson at the moment @@ -6158,17 +6124,17 @@ rear ships of the fleet were coming on. He saw what was taking place, and at once hailed the _Neptune_. '_Neptune_ there,' he called out in a sharp, rasping tone, 'take in your stu'ns'ls and drop astarn. I shall break the line myself!'[97] The _Neptune_ had to comply forthwith, and -on her falling back the _Téméraire_ pushed up and resumed her allotted +on her falling back the _Téméraire_ pushed up and resumed her allotted berth as the ship next to the _Victory_. -Then came the incident that specially concerned the _Téméraire_. A -little time after the _Neptune_ had resumed her station the _Téméraire_ +Then came the incident that specially concerned the _Téméraire_. A +little time after the _Neptune_ had resumed her station the _Téméraire_ was herself hailed from the _Victory_ and ordered to pass the flagship and lead the line. Captain Blackwood of the _Euryalus_, who with the other frigate captains was on board the flagship, in his anxiety for Nelson's personal safety that day, on having his first suggestion that Nelson should direct the battle from on board the _Euryalus_ set aside -by the admiral, next suggested that the _Téméraire_ should be allowed +by the admiral, next suggested that the _Téméraire_ should be allowed to lead the _Victory_ into battle, to help in drawing off some of the enemy's fire. The enemy's fire, urged Blackwood, would be certain to fall with exceptional severity on the leader of the line, particularly @@ -6176,34 +6142,34 @@ when the leading ship was so easily recognisable a vessel as the British flagship. Nelson assented--or seemed to assent. 'Oh yes,' the admiral answered, with a significant smile and giving a look towards Captain Hardy, 'let her go ahead--if she _can_!' Blackwood went aft and -himself hailed the _Téméraire_ to move up, and she was also signalled +himself hailed the _Téméraire_ to move up, and she was also signalled to do so. The hail was heard. Blackwood had a voice about which a number of good stories used to be told in the Navy. 'It could,' one of his officers once said, 'carry half a mile.' -At once the _Téméraire_ made every effort to press forward. She was, +At once the _Téméraire_ made every effort to press forward. She was, as the sailors said, 'flying light' that day; having been away from port for some time she was carrying less dead-weight than usual, most of her sea-stores and heavy casks of beef and water having been used up. Fast sailer as the _Victory_ was--she was admittedly the fastest -three-decker in all the Royal Navy--the _Téméraire_ before long began +three-decker in all the Royal Navy--the _Téméraire_ before long began to close on the flagship and overlap her, by degrees working up closer to the _Victory_, and finally racing her side by side, almost abreast. -It was a grand moment for Captain Harvey and his gallant _Téméraires_. +It was a grand moment for Captain Harvey and his gallant _Téméraires_. But the goal was not yet won. Nelson's mood had yet to be taken into account, and Nelson was in no humour to see his flagship passed. No ship in the world should give -the _Victory_ a lead on the day of battle. As the _Téméraire_ sheered +the _Victory_ a lead on the day of battle. As the _Téméraire_ sheered alongside, the admiral stepped up briskly to the _Victory's_ poop and from there hailed across in a curt tone to the quarter-deck of the -_Téméraire_. Speaking with a strong nasal twang, in his Norfolk accent, +_Téméraire_. Speaking with a strong nasal twang, in his Norfolk accent, as we are told, he called over: 'I'll thank you, Captain Harvey, to keep your proper station, which is _astarn_ of the _Victory_!' -The _Téméraire_ had to drop back, exactly as the _Neptune_ had +The _Téméraire_ had to drop back, exactly as the _Neptune_ had previously had to do, and content herself with following in the _Victory's_ wake. She closed up astern and kept so near that her jib-boom, in Captain Harvey's own words, 'almost touched the stern of @@ -6222,14 +6188,14 @@ to the _Belleisle_, began to play 'Britons Strike Home.'[99] Such was the spirit in which Nelson's Captains went into battle at Trafalgar as the hour for the opening of the fight drew on. -There is, as it happens, no note in the _Téméraire's_ log of Nelson's +There is, as it happens, no note in the _Téméraire's_ log of Nelson's famous signal, 'England expects that every man will do his duty'; but it is on record that it was received by Signal Midshipman Eaton, who acknowledged it to the _Victory_. We know from Captain Blackwood, who was with the Admiral at the time, how it was received by all the ships -near by with 'a shout of answering acclamation,' and the _Téméraire_ +near by with 'a shout of answering acclamation,' and the _Téméraire_ was the nearest ship of all to the _Victory_ at that moment. After the -battle the _Téméraire's_ officers had the words engraved on a brass +battle the _Téméraire's_ officers had the words engraved on a brass plate which was let into the quarter-deck in front of the steering wheel, where it remained till the ship came to her end. @@ -6281,14 +6247,14 @@ Sovereign!_' the Spaniard exclaimed, 'Madre de Dios! she should be named de _Royal Devil_!' The ships immediately facing Nelson as he advanced began their firing -a few minutes after the others, the _Victory_ and _Téméraire_ and the +a few minutes after the others, the _Victory_ and _Téméraire_ and the leading ships of that column being farther off from the enemy. The _Bucentaure_, an 80-gun ship, on board which Admiral Villeneuve was, led off here. Of the opening scene on the enemy's side at that point, we have a vivid narrative from a French officer--Captain Lucas of the _Redoutable_, a -ship destined to fill a large part in the _Téméraire's_ story.[101] +ship destined to fill a large part in the _Téméraire's_ story.[101] 'At half-past eleven,' says Captain Lucas,--giving the time, as it would appear, according to his own watch, which was slow,--'the fleet hoisted its colours, and those of the _Redoutable_ were done in an @@ -6321,20 +6287,20 @@ _Victory_, for instance, flew five British flags; the _Orion_ flew (including her ensign) four. A young officer of the _Neptune_, the ship next astern to the -_Téméraire_, Midshipman Badcock, thus describes what things were +_Téméraire_, Midshipman Badcock, thus describes what things were like near him about this time. 'Lord Nelson's van was strong: -three three-deckers--_Victory_, _Téméraire_, _Neptune_--and four +three three-deckers--_Victory_, _Téméraire_, _Neptune_--and four seventy-fours, their jib-booms nearly over the others' taffrails, the bands playing "God Save the King," "Rule, Britannia," and "Britons Strike Home"; the crews stationed on the forecastle of the different ships, cheering the ship ahead of them when the enemy began to fire, sent those feelings to our hearts that ensured victory.'[103] -'The _Téméraire_ at this moment,' Captain Harvey himself says, in a +'The _Téméraire_ at this moment,' Captain Harvey himself says, in a letter to his wife after the battle, 'almost touched the stern of the _Victory_, which station she had taken about a quarter of an hour previous to the enemy having commenced their fire upon the _Victory_.' -The _Téméraire's_ log thus describes the opening of the battle:-- +The _Téméraire's_ log thus describes the opening of the battle:-- P.M. Variable light winds. Running down with lower topmast and topgallant studding sails set, on the larboard side, within a ship's @@ -6357,11 +6323,11 @@ ships immediately astern of the big Spanish four-decker, probably in the ship next astern. He was right. Villeneuve was on board that ship; the next astern to the _Santisima Trinidad_, the _Bucentaure_. -As the _Victory_ steered through the enemy's line the _Téméraire_ put +As the _Victory_ steered through the enemy's line the _Téméraire_ put her helm over to port and drew out from her leader's wake. She had to find a passage through the enemy for herself. It was not easy. Immediately ahead of her the French _Redoutable_, a seventy-four, the -ship following the _Bucentaure_, barred the way. The _Téméraire_ for +ship following the _Bucentaure_, barred the way. The _Téméraire_ for some little time drifted along slowly. She had received serious damage aloft to sails and rigging during the previous half-hour as she and the _Victory_ were nearing the enemy under fire, and the breeze was @@ -6369,18 +6335,18 @@ dropping lighter every minute. She opened a brisk cannonade on the _Redoutable_ and on the French _Neptune_, a large 80-gun ship that came next astern of her. -The _Redoutable's_ fire shot away the head of the _Téméraire's_ +The _Redoutable's_ fire shot away the head of the _Téméraire's_ mizen-topmast. She held on, however, standing to the south-east and outside the enemy's line, until at length she bore up to avoid being raked by the _Neptune_ and to go through the line. There was scarcely any wind at all now, and the smoke hung heavily all round. Slowly the -_Téméraire_ forged her way ahead, groping her course forward in some +_Téméraire_ forged her way ahead, groping her course forward in some little uncertainty as to her own whereabouts. As she passed through the line, she unavoidably gave a chance to the French _Neptune_, which -ship, getting her port broadside to bear on the _Téméraire's_ starboard -bow, attacked her fiercely. The _Neptune_ shot away the _Téméraire's_ +ship, getting her port broadside to bear on the _Téméraire's_ starboard +bow, attacked her fiercely. The _Neptune_ shot away the _Téméraire's_ main-topmast and foreyard, and crippled the foremast and bowsprit, -besides causing other damage which rendered the _Téméraire_ almost +besides causing other damage which rendered the _Téméraire_ almost unmanageable. In the dense smoke all round her officers hardly knew for the moment where they had got to. 'We were engaged with the _Santisima Trinidad_ and the other ships,' wrote Captain Harvey in his letter @@ -6390,10 +6356,10 @@ the thickness of the smoke, be firing into the _Victory_.' Then for a brief space there was a rift in the smoke. It showed the _Victory_ alongside a French two-decker (the _Redoutable_), and foul of her. The two ships were seen not far off and were drifting down -directly on to the _Téméraire_. Every effort was made to move out of +directly on to the _Téméraire_. Every effort was made to move out of the way and keep clear, but in her disabled state it was impossible -to get the _Téméraire_ under control. Within the past few minutes, -under the _Neptune's_ punishing fire, all three of the _Téméraire's_ +to get the _Téméraire_ under control. Within the past few minutes, +under the _Neptune's_ punishing fire, all three of the _Téméraire's_ topmasts had been shot away, her mizen yard had come down, the rudder head had been smashed off. All that could be done was to cannonade the _Redoutable_ as she gradually drifted nearer until the actual collision @@ -6414,18 +6380,18 @@ the order,' he says, 'to cut the supports of the main yard and to cause it to serve as a bridge. Midshipman Yon and four seamen sprang on board by means of the anchor of the _Victory_, and we observed that there was no one left in the batteries. At that moment, when our men were -hastening to follow, the ship _Téméraire_, which had noticed that the +hastening to follow, the ship _Téméraire_, which had noticed that the _Victory_ fought no longer, and that she would be captured without fail, came full sail on our starboard side, and we were subjected to the full fire of her artillery.' It proved for the _Redoutable_, in the language of the prize-ring, -a 'knock-out' blow. As the _Téméraire_ came into collision with the +a 'knock-out' blow. As the _Téméraire_ came into collision with the _Redoutable_ she fired her entire broadside, double-shotted, full into the French boarding-parties as they stood massed thickly and packed along the _Redoutable's_ upper decks from end to end. It meant instant annihilation. It was a massacre. The awful tornado of the -_Téméraire's_ fire swept the _Redoutable's_ crowded decks clear of men, +_Téméraire's_ fire swept the _Redoutable's_ crowded decks clear of men, as a garden broom sweeps a path clear of autumn leaves. It struck down everything. At one blow it hurled into eternity nearly a third of the _Redoutable's_ whole crew. Midshipman Yon, we are told, disappeared, @@ -6434,7 +6400,7 @@ boarders, was struck down, mangled and dying. Captain Lucas himself received an ugly flesh wound--his first after seeing service in nine battles. -Speaking of the _Téméraire's_ onslaught Captain Lucas in his official +Speaking of the _Téméraire's_ onslaught Captain Lucas in his official report says: 'It is impossible to describe the carnage produced by the murderous broadside of this ship; more than 200 of our brave men were killed or wounded; I was wounded also at the same time, but not @@ -6446,58 +6412,58 @@ sufficiently to prevent me staying at my post.' The gallant captain of the _Redoutable_ stayed at his post. He set his teeth and refused to admit that his ship had received her _coup de -grâce_. In spite of his awful losses the gallant fellow still tried +grâce_. In spite of his awful losses the gallant fellow still tried to make a show of fight. 'I ordered the rest of the crew to place -themselves promptly in the batteries and fire at the _Téméraire_ the +themselves promptly in the batteries and fire at the _Téméraire_ the guns that her fire had not dismounted. This order was carried out.' -At the same time the _Redoutable_ met the _Téméraire_, as she swung +At the same time the _Redoutable_ met the _Téméraire_, as she swung alongside, with a hail of bullets from the tops that almost cleared the upper deck of Captain Harvey's ship, while the topmen also flung down hand grenades and fire-balls. The _Redoutable's_ topmen, indeed, flung the fire-balls about with criminal recklessness.[104] They endangered their own ship. Some of the fire-balls falling short rebounded back on board the _Redoutable_ and set the French ship herself on fire. One -fell blazing on board the _Téméraire_ and caused a fire below that -nearly led to a catastrophe which threatened to involve _Téméraire_, +fell blazing on board the _Téméraire_ and caused a fire below that +nearly led to a catastrophe which threatened to involve _Téméraire_, _Redoutable_, and _Victory_ alike in one common destruction. The pluck -and presence of mind of the _Téméraire's_ master-at-arms, Mr. John +and presence of mind of the _Téméraire's_ master-at-arms, Mr. John Toohig, saved the after-magazine, and with it the ship. The fire-ball, as it was, caused a serious explosion and loss of life on the main -deck. At the same time the _Téméraire_ was set ablaze elsewhere, on the +deck. At the same time the _Téméraire_ was set ablaze elsewhere, on the upper deck, by a fire that had been caused on board the _Redoutable_ by one of her own fire-balls falling short, and had spread across to -the _Téméraire_, and also to the _Victory_ on the other side, but the +the _Téméraire_, and also to the _Victory_ on the other side, but the flames in all three ships were fortunately got under before they had time to take serious hold. -The _Téméraire's_ captain very soon had something else to think of +The _Téméraire's_ captain very soon had something else to think of besides the _Redoutable_. Hardly had the _Redoutable_ been lashed fast alongside than another enemy came on the scene, and one that was apparently approaching with the fixed intention of attacking the -_Téméraire_ at close quarters. The French _Neptune_ was at the same +_Téméraire_ at close quarters. The French _Neptune_ was at the same time remaining near by, barely a ship's length off, firing her hardest -into the _Téméraire_. +into the _Téméraire_. The newcomer was the French _Fougueux_, the ship that had fired the first shot in the battle. She had already had a rough time of it elsewhere, but she was still full of fight, and with nearly 700 men on board, was likely to prove a dangerous foe to a ship situated as -was the _Téméraire_ at that moment. The _Fougueux_ had been _matelot -d'arrière_, or 'second astern' to the Spanish flagship _Santa Ana_, +was the _Téméraire_ at that moment. The _Fougueux_ had been _matelot +d'arrière_, or 'second astern' to the Spanish flagship _Santa Ana_, just as the _Redoutable_ had been the _Bucentaure's_ second. In that capacity she had experienced some hard knocks at Collingwood's hands, and then, after a brisk exchange of fire with the British _Belleisle_, as that ship followed Collingwood into the fight, she had had a sharp set-to with the _Mars_. Through all this the _Fougueux_ had not come unscathed, but she was still a very formidable opponent for the -_Téméraire_ to tackle. +_Téméraire_ to tackle. The _Fougueux_ came on as though bent on rescuing the _Redoutable_. It -did not look an impossible task. Both the _Victory_ and the _Téméraire_ +did not look an impossible task. Both the _Victory_ and the _Téméraire_ showed signs of having undergone a very severe mauling, and there was the French _Neptune_ near by, apparently quite fresh and ready to lend a hand, only waiting for an opportunity to join in the fray. The -_Téméraire_ particularly, looked in a bad way. Under the _Neptune's_ +_Téméraire_ particularly, looked in a bad way. Under the _Neptune's_ punishing fire, she had been reduced aloft to the appearance of a wreck. Her topmasts had gone, her foreyard was gone, her foremast was tottering, all her rigging was torn and tangled, her sails hung down in @@ -6508,55 +6474,55 @@ _Fougueux_. Captain Baudoin, the captain of the _Fougueux_, seemed at first uncertain whether he would lie off to leeward, and with the _Neptune's_ -help rake and cannonade the _Téméraire_ into submission, or come to +help rake and cannonade the _Téméraire_ into submission, or come to close quarters at once and board. The second alternative seemed to promise quicker results, and he adopted it. He made up his mind to bring the matter to an issue on the spot before other British ships -could interfere, and carry the _Téméraire_ by a _coup de main_. The few -people he saw about on the _Téméraire's_ upper deck was one inducement +could interfere, and carry the _Téméraire_ by a _coup de main_. The few +people he saw about on the _Téméraire's_ upper deck was one inducement to try boarding her. He could not know, of course, that Captain Harvey had ordered everybody who could possibly be spared to go below so as to avoid unnecessary loss of life from the _Redoutable's_ musketry. -Another was that the _Téméraire's_ attention seemed to be wholly +Another was that the _Téméraire's_ attention seemed to be wholly devoted to the _Redoutable_. Captain Baudoin put the _Fougueux's_ -head directly for the _Téméraire_, and as they closed, the French +head directly for the _Téméraire_, and as they closed, the French ship's shrouds quickly became black with men, cutlass in hand, while -more swarmed on the forecastle and gangways cheering and shouting 'À -l'abordage! à l'abordage!' So the _Fougueux_ neared the _Téméraire_. -For her part, as it befell, the _Téméraire_ had for some time foreseen +more swarmed on the forecastle and gangways cheering and shouting 'À +l'abordage! à l'abordage!' So the _Fougueux_ neared the _Téméraire_. +For her part, as it befell, the _Téméraire_ had for some time foreseen what was coming. She was by no means so incapable of meeting a new antagonist as she looked. -The _Téméraire_, as it happened, had not yet fired a single shot +The _Téméraire_, as it happened, had not yet fired a single shot from her guns on the starboard broadside. She had her triple tier of 32-pounders and long 18's ranged there all ready, all double-shotted and clear for action. To man these guns was quick work. Without -checking the fire that the _Téméraire_ was keeping up into the +checking the fire that the _Téméraire_ was keeping up into the _Redoutable_ and the _Neptune_, Lieutenant Kennedy, the first lieutenant, rapidly called away sufficient hands from the guns on the port side to man all the starboard batteries. Then the gallant officer and his men waited--the captain of each gun standing ready with arm raised and his firing lanyard out-stretched stiff as wire--all eagerly watching the coming on of the _Fougueux_. Not a sign that the guns were -manned came from the _Téméraire's_ ports, as nearer and nearer the +manned came from the _Téméraire's_ ports, as nearer and nearer the French seventy-four swept down on her. Now she was 200 yards off--now 150--now 100--now 80 yards! Confidently came the _Fougueux_ on as to certain conquest, amid wild tempestuous shoutings of 'A l'abordage!' 'Vive l'Empereur! Vive l'Empereur!' The supreme moment came. -'_Téméraires_--stand by--fire!' +'_Téméraires_--stand by--fire!' Holding back until the yard-arms of the two ships all but touched, with a deafening thunder-burst that for the instant overpowered all -other sounds of battle, the _Téméraire's_ whole starboard broadside +other sounds of battle, the _Téméraire's_ whole starboard broadside went off at once, in one salvo, like one gigantic gun. A terrific crash re-echoed back, with yells and shrieks. There was no more shouting -from the _Fougueux_. As the smoke drifted off, the _Téméraire's_ men +from the _Fougueux_. As the smoke drifted off, the _Téméraire's_ men looked and saw the enemy's rigging and forecastle and decks swept clean and bare. The next minute, with her whole side practically beaten in, crushed in like an eggshell trampled under foot, the hapless seventy-four ran, blundering blindly, in hopeless confusion, right into -the _Téméraire_.[105] +the _Téméraire_.[105] Like the _Redoutable_ she was promptly lashed fast, and then--'Boarders away!' was the call. A master's mate, a little middy, twenty seamen, @@ -6566,10 +6532,10 @@ _Fougueux's_ quarter-deck. One of the seamen with the boarding-party had a Union Jack rolled round his neck. 'It'll come handy perhaps,' said the brave fellow as he followed his messmates over the side. There was a sharp tussle on the quarter-deck of the _Fougueux_, where Captain -Baudoin, struck down by the _Téméraire's_ broadside, lay mortally +Baudoin, struck down by the _Téméraire's_ broadside, lay mortally wounded. Second-Captain Bazin hastily rallied seventy or eighty men, called up from below to meet the boarders, but the impetuous onset of -the nine-and-twenty _Téméraires_ carried everything before it despite +the nine-and-twenty _Téméraires_ carried everything before it despite the odds. The _Fougueux's_ second captain was cut down. A lieutenant who took his place was shot dead with a pistol bullet through the heart. The Frenchmen then gave way and broke and were driven off the @@ -6582,9 +6548,9 @@ the _Fougueux_' ensign staff. So the _Redoutable's_ would-be rescuer was added to the row of four ships, all fast to one another side by side, the _Victory_, -_Redoutable_, _Téméraire_, and _Fougueux_. +_Redoutable_, _Téméraire_, and _Fougueux_. -Relieved from the hostile presence of the _Fougueux_, the _Téméraire_ +Relieved from the hostile presence of the _Fougueux_, the _Téméraire_ turned her attention to finishing off the _Redoutable_, now plainly at her last gasp, though still unsubdued. Her guns were silenced, but musket shots still came from the tops. A few minutes later the @@ -6592,20 +6558,20 @@ _Victory_ broke herself clear and steered away from the group. She boomed herself off, leaving Captain Harvey to receive in due course the submission of the _Redoutable_. -But even now Captain Lucas would not give up. 'The _Téméraire_, to +But even now Captain Lucas would not give up. 'The _Téméraire_, to quote Captain Lucas's own words once more, 'hailed us to give ourselves up and not prolong a useless resistance. I ordered some soldiers near me to answer this summons by firing, which was done with alacrity.' The end, though, was at last really at hand. Scarcely had the British flagship broken away than the _Redoutable's_ main and mizen masts came -down. The main-mast crashed over the _Téméraire's_ poop, and in its +down. The main-mast crashed over the _Téméraire's_ poop, and in its fall formed a bridge from ship to ship, across which a party of the -_Téméraire's_ officers and men, headed by the second lieutenant, John +_Téméraire's_ officers and men, headed by the second lieutenant, John Wallace, promptly clambered. With more than 500 of his original crew of 600 odd _hors de combat_, dead or wounded, there was no opposition possible, and Captain Lucas had to yield up his sword. -[Illustration: _Victory._ _Redoutable._ _Téméraire._ _Fougueux._ +[Illustration: _Victory._ _Redoutable._ _Téméraire._ _Fougueux._ BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR. October 21, 1805--2.15 P.M. @@ -6614,51 +6580,51 @@ After J.C. Schetky.] No captain, perhaps, ever fought his ship better against overwhelming odds than Captain Lucas fought the _Redoutable_ at Trafalgar. Napoleon had him specially exchanged as soon as possible, and sent for him to -St. Cloud where, in the presence of the assembled _État Major_, he +St. Cloud where, in the presence of the assembled _État Major_, he decorated him with his own hand with the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour.[106] 'Had my other captains,' said the Emperor, 'behaved as you did, the event of the battle would have been very different.' There is an ironclad _Redoutable_ in the French navy to-day which bears the name in remembrance of the gallant two-decker lost with honour at Trafalgar. -The _Téméraire_, however, had still one of her first foes left. The +The _Téméraire_, however, had still one of her first foes left. The French _Neptune_ was still dangerously near. She was lying where she -had been from the first, pounding away steadily into the _Téméraire_ +had been from the first, pounding away steadily into the _Téméraire_ from a short distance off, 'willing to wound but still afraid to strike.' It says little for the courage of the French captain that he had not ventured to force home an attack at close quarters, and less still for the gunnery of his men that it had not before this reduced -the _Téméraire_ to a sinking state. Not far off, also, there was, as -the _Téméraire's_ log notes, 'a Spanish two-decked ship ... on the +the _Téméraire_ to a sinking state. Not far off, also, there was, as +the _Téméraire's_ log notes, 'a Spanish two-decked ship ... on the larboard bow or nearly ahead, who had raked us during great part of the action.' On seeing the _Victory_ move off, the French _Neptune_ apparently took heart of grace. She now made as if she really meant -at last to close with the _Téméraire_. It was not very brave of the -_Neptune_, seeing how the _Téméraire_ was situated, with five-sixths +at last to close with the _Téméraire_. It was not very brave of the +_Neptune_, seeing how the _Téméraire_ was situated, with five-sixths of her guns blocked in by the two prizes alongside. But all the same -the _Téméraire_ did her best to give the _Neptune_ a warm reception. +the _Téméraire_ did her best to give the _Neptune_ a warm reception. By clearing away the wreckage from aloft that overlay most of the -_Téméraire's_ upper-deck guns, Captain Harvey was able to get some +_Téméraire's_ upper-deck guns, Captain Harvey was able to get some of these into action and keep the _Neptune_ off. Then a few minutes later assistance arrived. The approach of the _Leviathan_, a British seventy-four, once more daunted the _Neptune_, and she sheered off and withdrew altogether from the scene. -After that came a well-earned breathing space for the _Téméraire_ and +After that came a well-earned breathing space for the _Téméraire_ and her gallant crew, a brief half-hour's pause that Captain Harvey and his men made use of in putting prize-crews in charge of the _Redoutable_ and _Fougueux_, and doing what they could towards repairing their own damages and clearing away their wrecked top-hamper. The _Sirius_ frigate during this spell, in response to a signal from Captain -Harvey, took the _Téméraire_ and her prizes in tow. +Harvey, took the _Téméraire_ and her prizes in tow. -A note in the _Téméraire's_ log shows how intermixed some of the +A note in the _Téméraire's_ log shows how intermixed some of the British ships had now got. 'The _Royal Sovereign_,' it says, 'was a short distance to leeward, and the _Colossus_, dismasted, with one of the enemy's two-deckers on board of her, who had struck, and appeared to be Spanish.' -In the half-hour that the _Téméraire_ stood by, the battle passed +In the half-hour that the _Téméraire_ stood by, the battle passed through its crisis, although fighting went on fiercely at many points for another two hours yet. Before half-past two, six or seven of the enemy had given in and could be seen 'lying with British ensigns @@ -6672,13 +6638,13 @@ Sovereign_. The French flagship _Bucentaure_ had hauled down her ensign and Admiral Villeneuve was a prisoner on board the British _Mars_. The surrender of the _Bucentaure_--although perhaps it only comes -incidentally into the _Téméraire's_ story--was one of the most +incidentally into the _Téméraire's_ story--was one of the most dramatic events of Trafalgar. When the French flagship, beaten to a standstill, with her three masts shot down, one after the other within five minutes, was on the point of surrendering, Admiral Villeneuve ordered a boat to be lowered to take him on board another French ship. -'Le _Bucentaure_,' said Villeneuve as he gave the order, 'à rempli sa -tâche, la mienne n'est pas encore achevée.'[107] But every one of the +'Le _Bucentaure_,' said Villeneuve as he gave the order, 'à rempli sa +tâche, la mienne n'est pas encore achevée.'[107] But every one of the _Bucentaure's_ boats was found to have been smashed to pieces. Then Villeneuve's flag-captain, Majendie, hurried aft and clambering into the wreckage of the ship's stern gallery with his speaking-trumpet @@ -6730,7 +6696,7 @@ of surrendering?' 'It is his brother, Sir,' said Captain Atcherley. -'His brother! What; are there two of them? Hélas!' +'His brother! What; are there two of them? Hélas!' 'Fortune de guerre!' said Captain Majendie with a shrug of his wide shoulders as he became a prisoner of war to the British Navy for the @@ -6766,7 +6732,7 @@ not yet over. There were still a number of ships of the enemy that were yet apparently unbeaten, besides one group that had hardly fired a shot as yet. -At three o'clock, or a few minutes after that, the _Téméraire's_ men +At three o'clock, or a few minutes after that, the _Téméraire's_ men had again to stand to their guns. Fresh foes were seen approaching. These were five of the ships of Villeneuve's van squadron under @@ -6783,28 +6749,28 @@ us. Dumanoir's remnant of five (four French ships and one Spaniard) stood along a little to windward of the ships engaged as far as where the -_Téméraire_ lay, making it appear as though they were coming down to -attack. 'At 3,' says the _Téméraire's_ log, 'observed five of the enemy +_Téméraire_ lay, making it appear as though they were coming down to +attack. 'At 3,' says the _Téméraire's_ log, 'observed five of the enemy in good order, starboard side. Sent the men from the quarter-deck guns to assist on the other decks. The _Sirius_ made sail from us, when four of the enemy's ships opened their fire on our starboard side; having but few guns clear of the prizes, cut them loose.' 'While they were about three-quarters of a mile to windward,' says Captain Harvey describing what happened in his letter home, 'they opened their guns -upon the _Téméraire_ and her prizes, and for some time I could return +upon the _Téméraire_ and her prizes, and for some time I could return no guns; but when those we could fight with were brought to bear upon the enemy, the gentlemen thought proper to haul to a more respectable distance, and thus towards evening with me ended this most glorious -action.'[112] Dumanoir's fire did little harm to the _Téméraire_ +action.'[112] Dumanoir's fire did little harm to the _Téméraire_ herself. It mortally wounded one of her midshipmen who was on board the _Redoutable_, and cut away the _Fougueux_' main and mizen masts,--the -_Fougueux_ had been cleared away from alongside the _Téméraire_ a few -moments previously, and allowed to swing athwart the _Téméraire's_ +_Fougueux_ had been cleared away from alongside the _Téméraire_ a few +moments previously, and allowed to swing athwart the _Téméraire's_ stern, end-on to Dumanoir's ships as they passed by,--but that was practically all they did. -'Half-past 4,' says the _Téméraire's_ log, 'ceased firing.' The -_Téméraire_ had now played her part. It only remained to house and +'Half-past 4,' says the _Téméraire's_ log, 'ceased firing.' The +_Téméraire_ had now played her part. It only remained to house and secure the guns. The battle was over--although near by there were still some three @@ -6812,7 +6778,7 @@ or four of the enemy who had not yet gone through the formality of lowering their ensigns. They were feebly firing, though they could neither fight nor fly. All could see that the inevitable end could hardly be long deferred. The knife was already at the throats of the -last of the destined victims of the day. The _Téméraire's_ last gun, +last of the destined victims of the day. The _Téméraire's_ last gun, as a fact, went at the same instant that Nelson, in the cockpit of the _Victory_, breathed his last. @@ -6825,7 +6791,7 @@ The remainder of the enemy had run out of the battle and were in full flight, some in one direction, some in another. The scene all round at that moment, as it appeared from the -_Téméraire_, was one that the last survivor of Trafalgar could hardly +_Téméraire_, was one that the last survivor of Trafalgar could hardly have forgotten to his dying day-- Nobly, nobly, Cape Saint Vincent to the north-west died away, @@ -6866,7 +6832,7 @@ Collingwood's _Royal Sovereign_. Nearer, the battered ships of Nelson's column formed another group, collecting round the _Victory_. Far to the north-west, towards Cadiz, could be seen the sails of eleven ships that were escaping with Gravina. Among these fugitives was -the _Téméraire's_ first antagonist, the French _Neptune_, which, by +the _Téméraire's_ first antagonist, the French _Neptune_, which, by carefully avoiding every attempt to bring her to close action, had got through the battle with a loss of only 13 men killed and 37 wounded. Black dots against the western sky, now ablaze in all the wild glory of @@ -6895,28 +6861,28 @@ relic!' Nelson's flag flew till sunset, and, in consequence, except the _Victory_ and the _Royal Sovereign_, to which Captain Hardy, of course, had sent the news specially, and Captain Blackwood's _Euryalus_, barely half a dozen ships of the fleet were aware of Nelson's death that -night; or even that he had been wounded. In the _Téméraire_ herself +night; or even that he had been wounded. In the _Téméraire_ herself the news was not known, owing to the dispersal of the fleet caused by the stormy weather of the three following days, until the 24th, when Captain Harvey first learnt what had happened by a casual signal from the _Defiance_. -This is what was said on the spot of the way the _Téméraire_ had done +This is what was said on the spot of the way the _Téméraire_ had done her work. 'I congratulate you most sincerely,' wrote Collingwood to Captain Harvey, on the 28th of October, 'on the noble and distinguished -part the _Téméraire_ took in the battle; nothing could be finer; I +part the _Téméraire_ took in the battle; nothing could be finer; I have not words in which I can sufficiently express my admiration of it.'[113] This from a man so temperate in his language as Collingwood was at all times was indeed high praise. -Her day's work at Trafalgar cost the _Téméraire_ in casualties exactly +Her day's work at Trafalgar cost the _Téméraire_ in casualties exactly 123 killed and wounded; or as Captain Harvey put it: 'Killed, 47; badly wounded, 31; slightly wounded, 45--in all, 123.' Captain Busigny and Lieutenant Kingston of the Marines, one midshipman (John Pitts) and Mr Oades, the carpenter, were the officers killed; one lieutenant of the Royal Navy, the surviving lieutenant of Marines, a master's-mate -and a midshipman, with the _Téméraire's_ boatswain, were the officers -wounded. Forty-three more of the _Téméraire's_ men were drowned on +and a midshipman, with the _Téméraire's_ boatswain, were the officers +wounded. Forty-three more of the _Téméraire's_ men were drowned on board the _Fougueux_ and the _Redoutable_, in the storm after the battle. @@ -6925,18 +6891,18 @@ perished in the storm after the battle, or were set on fire or scuttled. Whose fault it was, or how it came about that Nelson's dying order to anchor immediately the battle was over, which would probably have preserved all the prizes, was set aside, we need not -discuss. Both the _Téméraire's_ prizes were among the ships that +discuss. Both the _Téméraire's_ prizes were among the ships that were lost--the _Fougueux_ being wrecked a few miles south of Cadiz and the _Redoutable_ foundering in deep water. The _Redoutable_ foundered during the night of the 22nd, carrying down with her 13 -of the _Téméraire's_ men. She was in tow of the _Swiftsure_, which -had relieved the _Téméraire_ of her, when, about five on the previous +of the _Téméraire's_ men. She was in tow of the _Swiftsure_, which +had relieved the _Téméraire_ of her, when, about five on the previous afternoon, she made signals of distress. The straining of the dismasted hull as it pitched and rolled in the heavy seas had reopened the shot-holes below the water-line and the ship was filling. The _Swiftsure_ hove-to and lowered her boats, which in two trips brought off safely many of the prisoners and the wounded, and part of the -_Téméraire's_ prize crew. Then, however, the attempt had to be given +_Téméraire's_ prize crew. Then, however, the attempt had to be given up. 'The weather was so bad and the sea so high,' that, in the words of the _Swiftsure's_ log, 'it was impossible for the boats to pass.' They were still, though, keeping the _Redoutable_ in tow, hoping she might @@ -6947,23 +6913,23 @@ chop it in two with axes. During the night a few of the _Redoutable's_ men were picked up floating on rafts that they had made, but upwards of 190 hapless fellows went down in the ship. -The _Téméraire_ herself had a bad time of it in the storm. All Tuesday, +The _Téméraire_ herself had a bad time of it in the storm. All Tuesday, the 22nd, the _Sirius_ kept her in tow, but it was so rough that little could be done on board towards refitting the ship or attempting to rig jury-masts or repair damages. On the 23rd the _Sirius_ was called off by signal to recover prizes adrift which the sortie that the refugee ships in Cadiz attempted that day was threatening. The _Africa_ was -told off to take the _Téméraire_ in tow, but the storm came on worse +told off to take the _Téméraire_ in tow, but the storm came on worse than ever during the afternoon, and the _Africa_, whose badly damaged masts were threatening to roll over the side every minute, could do -nothing but stand by. 'The state of the _Téméraire_ is so bad,' wrote +nothing but stand by. 'The state of the _Téméraire_ is so bad,' wrote Captain Harvey, that night, 'that we have been in constant apprehension of our lives, every sail and yard having been destroyed, and nothing but the lower masts left standing, the rudder-head almost shot off and is since gone, and lower masts all shot through and through in many places.' -The _Téméraire_, however, managed to come through all safely, and she +The _Téméraire_, however, managed to come through all safely, and she again held her own by herself throughout the 24th and all the next day. Unaided, she brought up in the end in safety off San Lucar, at the mouth of the Guadalquivir some 25 miles north of Cadiz, at seven on @@ -6971,11 +6937,11 @@ the morning of the 25th. Here the men stopped shot-holes above water, cleared away wreckage and completed the knotting and splicing of the damaged rigging and cleaning up of the ship, and got up jury-masts and lower yards:--five days' hard work. On the 30th of October, the -_Defiance_ took the _Téméraire_ in tow for Gibraltar, where the ship +_Defiance_ took the _Téméraire_ in tow for Gibraltar, where the ship let go anchor on the afternoon of the 2nd of November, twelve days after Trafalgar. -At Gibraltar the _Téméraire_ was patched up and refitted sufficiently +At Gibraltar the _Téméraire_ was patched up and refitted sufficiently to enable her to proceed to England under sail. The _Victory_ had arrived four days before, and was lying at anchor with Nelson's flag and her ensign at half-mast, as were the other ships of the fleet, @@ -7000,7 +6966,7 @@ buried that night without any honours. Poor Villeneuve! It was a pitiful and hapless closing to a career that had opened with such bright promise for a certain young _garde -de la Marine_ on the quarter-deck of De Suffren's _Héros_[115]; +de la Marine_ on the quarter-deck of De Suffren's _Héros_[115]; a sad, unworthy ending for one in whose veins ran the blood of eight-and-twenty knights of St. Louis, St. Esprit, and St. Michel; for one who in his own right was of the highest of the old _noblesse_ of @@ -7012,7 +6978,7 @@ ticket, may see where the poor remains of the vanquished of Trafalgar rest to-day--if, that is, he can find the place. Beneath no storied monument is it, among his country's greater dead; not in the vault of the Villeneuves where his high-born kinsmen sleep:--not there. In a -forgotten spot in the old burial-ground at distant Rennes, a Provençal +forgotten spot in the old burial-ground at distant Rennes, a Provençal he among stranger Bretons, the most luckless of his line lies there in a suicide's desolate grave. And it is all the more pitiful too, when one thinks of our own Trafalgar chiefs laid to their rest together in @@ -7022,21 +6988,21 @@ Brothers-in-arms in life, like brothers in death they lie; till, pealing out on land and sea, the dread Archangel's trump shall sound their final call to quarters. Poor Villeneuve! What a contrast! -[Illustration: THE _TÉMÉRAIRE_ ENTERING PORTSMOUTH HARBOUR ON HER +[Illustration: THE _TÉMÉRAIRE_ ENTERING PORTSMOUTH HARBOUR ON HER RETURN FROM TRAFALGAR. Dec. 20, 1805 After J.C. Schetky.] -The _Téméraire_ followed the _Euryalus_ to England some days later. +The _Téméraire_ followed the _Euryalus_ to England some days later. She brought on board, like the other returning ships, three hundred French prisoners, together with, as her special passenger. Captain -Infernet of the French _Intrépide_. She arrived at Spithead on the 5th +Infernet of the French _Intrépide_. She arrived at Spithead on the 5th of December, the day after the _Victory_, with Nelson's remains on board, had anchored at St. Helens, and on the 20th of December went up Portsmouth Harbour to go into dock. It so chanced that an artist, John Christian Schetky, afterwards marine painter to King George the Fourth, William the Fourth, and Queen Victoria, was at Portsmouth on -the day the _Téméraire_ came in, cheered to the echo on all sides by +the day the _Téméraire_ came in, cheered to the echo on all sides by crowds on the Platform and Point batteries and by every boat and ship that she passed. Sketchbook in hand Mr. Schetky made good use of his opportunity. @@ -7044,29 +7010,29 @@ opportunity. Captain Harvey arrived in England to find himself a Rear-Admiral, one of the officers specially promoted in honour of Trafalgar, included in the promotion caused by the creation of the rank of Admiral of the Red. -He handed over the _Téméraire_ to Acting-Captain Larmour who, six weeks +He handed over the _Téméraire_ to Acting-Captain Larmour who, six weeks later, paid the ship off for a refit and repair in Portsmouth dockyard which lasted several months. Admiral Harvey was one of the pall-bearers at Nelson's funeral. When in January 1815 he became a K.C.B. he was -granted as a special motto above his crest, the name _Téméraire_, +granted as a special motto above his crest, the name _Téméraire_, together with as supporters to the Harvey family arms,--a triton with a laurel-wreathed trident, and a sea-horse with a naval crown inscribed 'Trafalgar,' bearing underneath all as an additional motto the legend _Redoutable et Fougueux_. -How for six years after Trafalgar the _Téméraire_ did her duty before +How for six years after Trafalgar the _Téméraire_ did her duty before the enemy, at one time helping to keep Marshal Soult out of Cadiz, at another taking her part in holding in check the powerful new fleet that Napoleon created in Toulon to avenge Trafalgar on some future day that never came--all that is another story. Her last shotted guns were -fired to silence a French battery in Hyères Bay, near the entrance to -Toulon harbour, which rashly opened fire on the _Téméraire_ one day. -The _Téméraire_ closed with the battery and gave the French gunners +fired to silence a French battery in Hyères Bay, near the entrance to +Toulon harbour, which rashly opened fire on the _Téméraire_ one day. +The _Téméraire_ closed with the battery and gave the French gunners one tremendous broadside that practically cleared the battery out. Not -a shot came from it again. The war story of the _Téméraire_ ends six +a shot came from it again. The war story of the _Téméraire_ ends six months later with her final paying off at Plymouth. -There only remained for the _Téméraire_, after that, to complete her +There only remained for the _Téméraire_, after that, to complete her allotted span and await the striking of the inevitable hour. For age will rust the brightest blade, @@ -7079,22 +7045,22 @@ years after Sir Eliab Harvey had been gathered to his fathers, his old ship entered on her last turn of duty, harbour service at Sheerness as Guardship of Ordinary, Captain-Superintendent's ship for the Fleet Reserve in the Medway. By an interesting coincidence, the officer who -last of all hoisted his pennant on board the 'Fighting' _Téméraire_ +last of all hoisted his pennant on board the 'Fighting' _Téméraire_ was the man who had been her first lieutenant at Trafalgar, now a grey-headed old post-captain, holding his last appointment before retiring from the Service as Captain-Superintendent of Sheerness dockyard, Captain Thomas Fortescue Kennedy. Actually the last guns -that were ever fired on board the 'Fighting' _Téméraire_ were for the +that were ever fired on board the 'Fighting' _Téméraire_ were for the Royal Salute in honour of Queen Victoria's Coronation Day. Six weeks -after that, on the 16th of August 1838, the _Téméraire_ was put up for -auction and sold for £5530 to Mr. Beatson, the Rotherhithe shipbreaker. +after that, on the 16th of August 1838, the _Téméraire_ was put up for +auction and sold for £5530 to Mr. Beatson, the Rotherhithe shipbreaker. She was sold out of the Navy 'all standing,' with her masts and yards still in her, just as her guard-ship crew left the vessel, as Turner saw her and has faithfully painted her: a fact, also, that explains what has puzzled many critics of the famous picture, the removal to be broken up of a man-of-war rigged and masted and with yards across. -So we come, at length, to the _Téméraire's_ final hour and her +So we come, at length, to the _Téméraire's_ final hour and her appointed end. Her deck, once red with heroes' blood, @@ -7106,15 +7072,15 @@ appointed end. The harpies of the shore shall pluck The eagle of the sea. -All the way up the river on her last day, we are told, the _Téméraire_ +All the way up the river on her last day, we are told, the _Téméraire_ was cheered as she passed along by the crews of the merchant ships and the people on board the river steamboats 'surprised as well as delighted by the novel spectacle of a 98-gun ship in the Pool,'[117] -while after they had begun to break the _Téméraire_ up at Rotherhithe +while after they had begun to break the _Téméraire_ up at Rotherhithe numbers of people came to visit 'the ship that helped to avenge Nelson at Trafalgar,' attracted by reports of the finding of Trafalgar relics on board. One of these was a round-shot, found deeply embedded in -the centre of one of the _Téméraire's_ main-deck beams with a French +the centre of one of the _Téméraire's_ main-deck beams with a French sailor's red cap, which had evidently been used as an improvised wad in the hurry of the fighting, stuck fast to it. Another was the brass memorial tablet (already spoken of), let into the quarter-deck near the @@ -7122,23 +7088,23 @@ wheel, and bearing the inscription, 'England expects that every man will do his duty.'[118] Two gigantic figures, quarter-gallery decorations, taken from the -_Téméraire_ during her breaking up, are still in existence, preserved +_Téméraire_ during her breaking up, are still in existence, preserved by the successors to the firm at whose hands the old ship met her fate.[119] Any one, also, who cares to make a pilgrimage among the byways of riverside London on the south side, may come across a church -within a stone's-throw of where the final scene in the _Téméraire's_ +within a stone's-throw of where the final scene in the _Téméraire's_ career was enacted--St. Paul's, Globe Street, Rotherhithe--in which the altar, altar rails, and sanctuary chairs are all made of heart-of-oak -carved from the frame timbers of the 'Fighting' _Téméraire_. +carved from the frame timbers of the 'Fighting' _Téméraire_. -[Illustration: RELICS OF THE 'FIGHTING' _TÉMÉRAIRE_ +[Illustration: RELICS OF THE 'FIGHTING' _TÉMÉRAIRE_ Two quarter-gallery figures now in the possession of Messrs. H. Castle & Sons, Millbank.] So the story reaches its close. It can hardly end better than with the eloquent passage in which Mr. Ruskin has delivered what is, in intent, -the funeral oration at the passing of the 'Fighting' _Téméraire_.[120] +the funeral oration at the passing of the 'Fighting' _Téméraire_.[120] 'This particular ship, crowned in the Trafalgar hour of trial with chief victory, prevailing over the fatal vessel that had given Nelson @@ -7164,7 +7130,7 @@ her gliding. Perhaps, where the low gate opens to some cottage garden, the tired traveller may ask idly why the moss grows so green on its rugged wood, and even the sailor's child may not answer, nor know, that the night dew lies deep in the war-rents of the wood of the old -_Téméraire_.' +_Téméraire_.' There's a far bell ringing At the setting of the sun @@ -7192,10 +7158,10 @@ vessel that she passed appeared like a pigmy.'--_Gentleman's Magazine_, [Footnote 82: Ruskin, _Notes on the Turner Collection_, p. 81.] -[Footnote 83: The _Téméraire_, of course, was fading _up_ the river, +[Footnote 83: The _Téméraire_, of course, was fading _up_ the river, but the exigences of euphony no doubt required the inversion.] -[Footnote 84: The _Téméraire_, from which the Trafalgar _Téméraire_ +[Footnote 84: The _Téméraire_, from which the Trafalgar _Téméraire_ took her name, was a French 74, captured by Admiral Boscawen in his battle with De la Clue off Lagos in August 1759. She served in the British navy for some years, and after being utilised as a floating @@ -7298,7 +7264,7 @@ p. 157. Octava edicion. Madrid, 1893.] [Footnote 101: _Combat de Trafalgar. Rapport fait au Ministre de la Marine et des Colonies_, par E. Lucas, commandant le _Redoutable_, etc. -Published by H. Letuaire. Hyères, 1891.] +Published by H. Letuaire. Hyères, 1891.] [Footnote 102: There were nearly 4000 French soldiers distributed among Admiral Villeneuve's fleet, mostly embarked for the West Indies when it @@ -7308,24 +7274,24 @@ originally sailed from Toulon.] Stanhope Lovell (formerly Badcock), pp. 46, 47.] [Footnote 104: 'Les grenades pleuvent des hunes du -_Redoutable_.'--_Monumens des Victoires et Conquêtes des Français_, +_Redoutable_.'--_Monumens des Victoires et Conquêtes des Français_, vol. xvi. p. 174.] [Footnote 105: A terrible account of the awful carnage and destruction -caused on board the _Fougueux_ by the _Téméraire's_ broadside is given +caused on board the _Fougueux_ by the _Téméraire's_ broadside is given in a letter by Captain Pierre Servaux of the Marine Artillery on board the French ship, which was published in Paris in the _Figaro_ on the 21st of October 1898.] [Footnote 106: 6th May 1806. _Biographie Maritime, etc._, par M. -Hennequin, Chef de Bureau au Ministère de la Marine. Paris, 1837; vol. +Hennequin, Chef de Bureau au Ministère de la Marine. Paris, 1837; vol. iii. p. 85. Captain Lucas was born in 1764, and died in 1819. Two pictures of 'The _Redoutable_ at Trafalgar' have been exhibited at the Salon.] -[Footnote 107: _Histoire de la Marine Française sous le Consulat et +[Footnote 107: _Histoire de la Marine Française sous le Consulat et L'Empire_, par E. Chevalier, p. 214. See also _Monumens des Victoires -et Conquêtes des Français_, vol. xvi.] +et Conquêtes des Français_, vol. xvi.] [Footnote 108: See Rear-Admiral Hercules Robinson's _Sea-Drift_, p. 208.] @@ -7365,7 +7331,7 @@ known simply as Villeneuve. Napoleon took a fancy to him after Villeneuve's escape from the battle of the Nile, as a 'lucky man,' and to that fancy Villeneuve owed his command at Trafalgar.] -[Footnote 116: Grand Master Hélion de Villeneuve, Grand Master of +[Footnote 116: Grand Master Hélion de Villeneuve, Grand Master of Rhodes; buried at Malta: Sainte Roseleyne de Villeneuve, Abbess of La Celle Roubaud.] @@ -7445,7 +7411,7 @@ on the morning of the 10th two of the battle-ships, the _Invincible_, on board which Admiral Seymour had his flag, and the _Monarch_, with the gun-vessel _Condor_ commanded by Lord Charles Beresford, and the other gun-vessels, were inside the harbour. The rest of the fleet, -the battle-ships _Alexandra_, _Sultan_, _Inflexible_, _Téméraire_, +the battle-ships _Alexandra_, _Sultan_, _Inflexible_, _Téméraire_, _Superb_, and _Penelope_, were lying outside. At this point we take up the story of the _Condor_, and of the part @@ -7563,8 +7529,8 @@ sit down and wait until the smoke cleared a little.' Meanwhile the _Condor_ and the other gun-vessels lay in the offing, behind the battle-ships that were engaging Fort Mex, looking on and awaiting their opportunity. The first thing that came the _Condor's_ -way was to assist the _Téméraire_, which had got aground. The -_Téméraire_ was got off about eight o'clock, and immediately after that +way was to assist the _Téméraire_, which had got aground. The +_Téméraire_ was got off about eight o'clock, and immediately after that the _Condor's_ chance offered. [Illustration: @@ -7573,7 +7539,7 @@ Emery Walker sc. BOMBARDMENT OF ALEXANDRIA: JULY 11, 1882--9 A.M. -(In the course of the morning the _Inflexible_ and _Téméraire_, and the +(In the course of the morning the _Inflexible_ and _Téméraire_, and the _Alexandra_, _Sultan_, and _Superb_, shifted their positions.)] Lord Charles Beresford, as he watched the battle, had observed @@ -7709,7 +7675,7 @@ for the reefs on either flank of the narrow channel glistened from out the blue-black of the waters.' Here is Lord Charles Beresford's own account of the _Condor's_ day at -Alexandria, as briefly given once to an interviewer. 'The _Téméraire_ +Alexandria, as briefly given once to an interviewer. 'The _Téméraire_ got aground on the northern part of the Boghaz Pass, so we went down and towed her off. Whilst doing so the Marabout Fort opened fire on the English ships inside the bar. The idea struck me that the _Condor_ @@ -7794,7 +7760,7 @@ or to pitch upon the very parapet of the Mex Fort upon the hill.' It was just after this that Admiral Seymour signalled, 'Well done, _Inflexible_!' The _Inflexible_ bore the brunt of the firing from the Ras-el-Tin batteries for three and a half hours, until she had silenced -the Egyptian guns. After that, with the aid of the _Téméraire_, she +the Egyptian guns. After that, with the aid of the _Téméraire_, she silenced the Lighthouse Fort and Fort Adda, the front of which strongly fortified work her fire is said to have literally blown in. @@ -7856,11 +7822,11 @@ THE LAUNCH OF THE ALEXANDRA Jam neque tormentis opus est, nec triplice lamna, Forma tumescentes sola serenat aquas. Te capiente capi qui non velit ipse phaselus, - 'Ferreus, et verè ferreus iste fuit.' + 'Ferreus, et verè ferreus iste fuit.' H.K. -To add to the _éclat_ of the _Alexandra's_ launch, the Archbishop of +To add to the _éclat_ of the _Alexandra's_ launch, the Archbishop of Canterbury (Dr. Tait), with the Bishop of Rochester, conducted the religious service on the occasion--the first time that a religious service of any kind had been used at the launch of a British man-of-war @@ -7910,7 +7876,7 @@ foremast shot through. The _Sultan_ (Captain W.J. Hunt-Grubbe, C.B., A.D.C.) had an armour-plate on the water-line dented and 'started,' four boats damaged, and one funnel shot through. The _Penelope_ (Captain St. G.C. d'Arcy-Irvine) was hulled eight times, and one of her -guns had its muzzle chipped. The _Téméraire_ and _Monarch_ (Captains +guns had its muzzle chipped. The _Téméraire_ and _Monarch_ (Captains H.F. Nicholson and H. Fairfax, C.B., A.D.C.)--though the value of the work they did and the way they were handled were second to none--came out of action with little or no damage to report. @@ -7957,7 +7923,7 @@ of the close association between the _Alexandra_ and the royal lady who so auspiciously sent the splendid battleship afloat, Sir Geoffrey Hornby's biographer, his daughter, Mrs. Fred. Egerton, says: 'H.R.H. was recognised, so to speak, as the patron saint of the ship. Her -birthday, December 1, became the fête day of the ship; a Danish cross, +birthday, December 1, became the fête day of the ship; a Danish cross, with a garland of oak leaves between the arms of the cross, was adopted as the crest, and a photograph of the Princess, presented by her to the officers, received the place of honour in the wardroom.'] @@ -8031,7 +7997,7 @@ INDEX 'Asia, The,' 177-181 - 'Astrée,' The, 97, 98 + 'Astrée,' The, 97, 98 Atcherley, Capt., 265-267 @@ -8135,7 +8101,7 @@ INDEX Bougainville, Louis Antoine de, 66, 102, 132, 139, 141, 144, 154 - Bouillé, Marquis de, 73, 98, 158 + Bouillé, Marquis de, 73, 98, 158 Boulogne, 212, 220, 227 @@ -8240,7 +8206,7 @@ INDEX 'Centaur, The' (see under Ships) - 'César,' The (see under Ships--French) + 'César,' The (see under Ships--French) Ceuta, 15 @@ -8339,9 +8305,9 @@ INDEX 'Decoy, The,' 302 - Decrès, Bruix, 68 + Decrès, Bruix, 68 - Decrès, Admiral Denis, 68, 135-136 + Decrès, Admiral Denis, 68, 135-136 'Defiance, The,' 274, 277 @@ -8351,7 +8317,7 @@ INDEX Diablotin, the, 101 - 'Diadème,' The, 122, 126, 127 + 'Diadème,' The, 122, 126, 127 Diamond Rock, 82 @@ -8403,7 +8369,7 @@ INDEX 'Euryalus, The' (see under Ships) - 'Eveillé,' The, 119 + 'Eveillé,' The, 119 'Evelyn's Diary,' quoted, 200 @@ -8420,7 +8386,7 @@ INDEX Ferrol, 228, 229 (note 1) - 'Fighting Téméraire' (see 'Téméraire' under Ships) + 'Fighting Téméraire' (see 'Téméraire' under Ships) Fisher, Admiral Sir John Arbuthnot, 304 @@ -8453,8 +8419,8 @@ INDEX France, part taken _re_ Egypt, 288, 289; French Army, 73; Napoleon's Grand Army, 195, 220, 222, 227; - Régiment de Touraine, 188; - Régiment de Maréchal Turenne, 195; + Régiment de Touraine, 188; + Régiment de Maréchal Turenne, 195; French Fleet, 71-72; French officers of the Fleet, 65-70 @@ -8473,7 +8439,7 @@ INDEX Gibraltar, 12, 14, 16, 33, 35, 36, 58, 159, 228, 229, 231, 277 - Glandevés, de, 136 + Glandevés, de, 136 'Glorieux,' The (see under Ships--French) @@ -8536,7 +8502,7 @@ INDEX 'Hercules, The,' 108-110 - 'Héros,' The, 279 + 'Héros,' The, 279 Hill, Lieut., 90 @@ -8553,7 +8519,7 @@ INDEX Howe, Admiral Lord, 159, 202, 207 - Hyéres Bay, 282 + Hyéres Bay, 282 'Implacable, The' ('Duguay Trouin'), 269 (note 1) @@ -8566,7 +8532,7 @@ INDEX Inglis, Capt., 128, 129 - 'Intrépide,' The, 280 + 'Intrépide,' The, 280 'Invincible, The' (see under Ships) @@ -8611,7 +8577,7 @@ INDEX Knight, Capt., 149-150 - Labat, Père, 69 + Labat, Père, 69 Ladysmith, 303 @@ -8639,7 +8605,7 @@ INDEX Lighthouse Fort, Alexandria, 304, 305 - 'L'Orphée,' 21, 33 + 'L'Orphée,' 21, 33 Lostwithiel, Cornwall, 36 @@ -8678,7 +8644,7 @@ INDEX Marigny, Bernard, Comte de, 138, 155 - Marigny, Charles Réné Louis, Vicomte de, 142 + Marigny, Charles Réné Louis, Vicomte de, 142 'Marlborough, The' (see under Ships) @@ -8770,7 +8736,7 @@ INDEX Odessa, bombardment of, 302 (note) - Oléron, 223 + Oléron, 223 Order of Malta, 64 @@ -8799,7 +8765,7 @@ INDEX 'Pepys's Diary,' quoted, 11 (and note) - Pérouse, La, 68, 97 + Pérouse, La, 68, 97 'Phaeton, The' (see under Ships) @@ -8845,7 +8811,7 @@ INDEX 'Prince William, The,' 130, 141 - 'Prothée, The,' 110 + 'Prothée, The,' 110 'Quarterly Review,' quoted, 167 @@ -8911,7 +8877,7 @@ INDEX Royal United Service Institution, 212 - Rüchel, Gen., 237 + Rüchel, Gen., 237 Rupert, Prince, 12, 200 @@ -8928,7 +8894,7 @@ INDEX 'St. Albans, The' (see under Ships) - Saint Césaire, de, 68 + Saint Césaire, de, 68 St. Cloud, 261 @@ -8977,7 +8943,7 @@ INDEX Schetky, John Christian, 281 - Ségur, de, ----, 68 + Ségur, de, ----, 68 Serpents, 62 @@ -8985,7 +8951,7 @@ INDEX Seven Years' War, 202 - Sévigné, de, ----, 68 + Sévigné, de, ----, 68 Seymour, Admiral Sir Beauchamp, 288-289, 291 @@ -9078,7 +9044,7 @@ INDEX Prince George, 74, 107 Prince William, 130, 141 Princessa, 106 - Prothée, 110 + Prothée, 110 Queen, 278 Ramillies, 19 (note), 149 Repulse, 128 @@ -9099,12 +9065,12 @@ INDEX Sultan, 289, 310 Superb, 289, 310 Swiftsure, 17, 18, 22, 24, 26, 29, 33, 276 - Téméraire, 217 (note 2); - 'Fighting Téméraire,' 213, 217-220, 222, 223-224, 227, 232; + Téméraire, 217 (note 2); + 'Fighting Téméraire,' 213, 217-220, 222, 223-224, 227, 232; Trafalgar Day, 233, 239-242, 243, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249-278, 280-286; Turner's picture of, 214-217; - modern Téméraire, 289, 294, 301, 305, 310-311 + modern Téméraire, 289, 294, 301, 305, 310-311 Tonnant, 242-243 Torbay, 107 Trident, 20 (note) @@ -9123,20 +9089,20 @@ INDEX French-- Achille, 272 Ardent, 141-142, 144 - Astrée, 97, 98 + Astrée, 97, 98 Auguste, 67 Belle Poule, 67 Bien Venu, afterwards Undaunted, 191-193 Bourgogne, 67, 143, 149 Bucentaure, 246, 248, 249, 255, 263-268, 272 - César, 131, 135, 138, 142, 154-157, 158 + César, 131, 135, 138, 142, 154-157, 158 Courageux, 183 Couronne, 119, 144-145 Dauphin Royal, 104 - Diadème, 122, 126-127 + Diadème, 122, 126-127 Didon, 229 (note 1) Duguay Trouin (Implacable), 269 (note 1) - Eveillé, 119 + Eveillé, 119 Fleet, 71-72, 161; De Grasse's Fleet, 62-63 Foudroyant, 12, 14-42 @@ -9144,10 +9110,10 @@ INDEX Glorieux, 67, 120-129, 135-138, 165 Hector, 67, 131, 135, 139, 140, 144 Hercule, 67 - Héros, 279 - Intrépide, 280 + Héros, 279 + Intrépide, 280 Languedoc, 41, 144, 146 - L'Orphée, 21, 33 + L'Orphée, 21, 33 Magnanime, 92 Magnifique, 143 Marseillais, 143 @@ -9162,7 +9128,7 @@ INDEX Triomphante, 143, 161 Ville de Paris, 72, 97, 98, 99, 102, 108, 109, 116-119, 132, 133, 134, 139, 142-152, 154, 158, 160, 162, 164-165, 169 - Zélé, 92, 97, 98 + Zélé, 92, 97, 98 Spanish-- Neptuno, 273 @@ -9230,7 +9196,7 @@ INDEX 'Tars of the Tyne,' 202 - 'Téméraire, The' (see under Ships) + 'Téméraire, The' (see under Ships) Thompson, Capt., 108 @@ -9276,7 +9242,7 @@ INDEX Tulloch, Major, 309 - Turner, J.M.W., picture of the 'Téméraire,' 214-217, 283 + Turner, J.M.W., picture of the 'Téméraire,' 214-217, 283 Tyler, Capt., 242 @@ -9303,7 +9269,7 @@ INDEX Versailles, 73 - Vicomté, de la, 67, 140 + Vicomté, de la, 67, 140 Victoria, Queen, 202 @@ -9407,7 +9373,7 @@ INDEX 'Zebra, The,' 177-198 - 'Zélé,' The, 92, 97, 98 + 'Zélé,' The, 92, 97, 98 THE END @@ -9523,7 +9489,7 @@ Volumes. Thirty Guineas net. The Edition is strictly limited to 350 copies. Wayside Etchings. By Philip Pimlott, A.R.E. A Series of Twenty Mounted -Etchings bound in a volume. Folio. £5: 5s. net. +Etchings bound in a volume. Folio. £5: 5s. net. The Artist Engraver. A Portfolio containing Twenty Examples of Original Work by Eminent Artists. Price 35s. net. @@ -9560,7 +9526,7 @@ with embossed gilt back and monogram on side. 10s. 6d. net. Diary and Letters of Madame D'Arblay (1778-1840), as edited by her Niece, Charlotte Barrett. A New Edition, with Preface and Notes by Austin Dobson. With Photogravure Portraits and other Sketches. Six -Vols. 8vo. Printed on hand-made paper, and limited to 100 sets. £6: 6s. +Vols. 8vo. Printed on hand-made paper, and limited to 100 sets. £6: 6s. net. [An Ordinary Edition is also published. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it -under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this -eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you are not -located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this ebook.</p> -<p>Title: Famous Fighters of the Fleet</p> -<p> Glimpses through the Cannon Smoke in the Days of the Old Navy</p> -<p>Author: Edward Fraser</p> -<p>Release Date: May 3, 2019 [eBook #59423]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FAMOUS FIGHTERS OF THE FLEET***</p> <p> </p> -<h4>E-text prepared by deaurider, Graeme Mackreth,<br /> - and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> - (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> - from page images digitized by<br /> - the Google Books Library Project<br /> - (<a href="https://books.google.com">https://books.google.com</a>)<br /> - and generously made available by<br /> - HathiTrust Digital Library<br /> - (<a href="https://www.hathitrust.org/">https://www.hathitrust.org/</a>)</h4> <p> </p> <table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> <tr> @@ -10421,368 +10398,9 @@ each.]</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <hr class="pg" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FAMOUS FIGHTERS OF THE FLEET***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 59423-h.htm or 59423-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/9/4/2/59423">http://www.gutenberg.org/5/9/4/2/59423</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed.</p> - -<p>Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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