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@@ -1,32 +1,7 @@
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8), by John Ruskin
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 59456 ***
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-Title: Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8)
- Letters to the workmen and labourers of Great Britain
-Author: John Ruskin
-
-Release Date: May 8, 2019 [EBook #59456]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FORS CLAVIGERA (VOLUME 1 OF 8) ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project
-Gutenberg (This file was produced from images generously
-made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
@@ -290,7 +265,7 @@ in favour even of his doing that--though, as I gave exactly the sum
in question for a picture myself, only the other day, it is not for me
to say so. Assume, however, to put the case most favourably, that what
with the practical results of the energies of Mr. Cole, at Kensington,
-and the æsthetic impressions produced by various lectures at Cambridge
+and the æsthetic impressions produced by various lectures at Cambridge
and Oxford, the profits of art employment might be counted on as a
rateable income. Suppose even that the ladies of the richer classes
should come to delight no less in new pictures than in new dresses;
@@ -681,18 +656,18 @@ Cambridge catechism before quoted:
"An example.--The truth of these assertions can best be shown by
examples. Let us suppose that a manufacturer of woollen cloth
- is in the habit of spending £50 annually in lace. What does it
- matter, say some, whether he spends this £50 in lace or whether
+ is in the habit of spending £50 annually in lace. What does it
+ matter, say some, whether he spends this £50 in lace or whether
he uses it to employ more labourers in his own business? Does
- not the £50 spent in lace maintain the labourers who make the
+ not the £50 spent in lace maintain the labourers who make the
lace, just the same as it would maintain the labourers who make
cloth, if the manufacturer used the money in extending his own
business? If he ceased buying the lace, for the sake of employing
more cloth-makers, would there not be simply a transfer of the
- £50 from the lace-makers to the cloth-makers? In order to find
+ £50 from the lace-makers to the cloth-makers? In order to find
the right answer to these questions, let us imagine what would
actually take place if the manufacturer ceased buying the lace,
- and employed the £50 in paying the wages of an additional number
+ and employed the £50 in paying the wages of an additional number
of cloth-makers. The lace manufacturer, in consequence of the
diminished demand for lace, would diminish the production, and
would withdraw from his business an amount of capital corresponding
@@ -704,8 +679,8 @@ Cambridge catechism before quoted:
capital in some other industry. This capital is not the same as
that which his former customer, the woollen cloth manufacturer,
is now paying his own labourers with; it is a second capital;
- and in the place of £50 employed in maintaining labour, there is
- now £100 so employed. There is no transfer from lace-makers to
+ and in the place of £50 employed in maintaining labour, there is
+ now £100 so employed. There is no transfer from lace-makers to
cloth-makers. There is fresh employment for the cloth-makers, and a
transfer from the lace-makers to some other labourers."--Principles
of Political Economy, vol. i., p. 102.
@@ -1758,7 +1733,7 @@ get great praise for doing that--only I haven't money enough. White
girls come dear, even when one buys them only like coals, for fuel. The
Duke of Bedford, indeed, bought Joan of Arc from the French, to burn,
for only ten thousand pounds, and a pension of three hundred a year to
-the Bastard of Vendôme--and I could and would have given that for her,
+the Bastard of Vendôme--and I could and would have given that for her,
and not burnt her; but one hasn't such a chance every day. Will you,
any of you, have the goodness--beggars, clergymen, workmen, seraphic
doctors, Mr. Mill, Mr. Fawcett, or the Politico-Economic Professor
@@ -2766,12 +2741,12 @@ dead hero is represented by Lucian as finding something to complain of
even in Elysium, because he got nothing but onions there to eat. But
it is simply, I assure you, because the French did not understand that
hyacinths and onions were the principal things to fill their existing
-Elysian Fields, or Champs Elysées, with, but chose to have carriages,
+Elysian Fields, or Champs Elysées, with, but chose to have carriages,
and roundabouts, instead, that a tax on matches in those fields would
be, nowadays, so much more productive than one on Asphodel; and I
see that only a day or two since even a poor Punch's show could not
play out its play in Elysian peace, but had its corner knocked off
-by a shell from Mont Valérien, and the dog Toby "seriously alarmed."
+by a shell from Mont Valérien, and the dog Toby "seriously alarmed."
One more instance of the things you don't care for, that are vital
to you, may be better told now than hereafter.
@@ -2807,7 +2782,7 @@ last of potters in France, or England either, who could have done
so, if anybody had wanted Gods. But nobody in his time did;--they
only wanted Goddesses, of a demi-divine-monde pattern; Palissy, not
well able to produce such, took to moulding innocent frogs and vipers
-instead, in his dishes; but at Sèvres and other places for shaping of
+instead, in his dishes; but at Sèvres and other places for shaping of
courtly clay, the charmingest things were done, as you probably saw at
the great peace-promoting Exhibition of 1851; and not only the first
rough potter's fields, tileries, as they called them, or Tuileries,
@@ -2979,7 +2954,7 @@ if he could, he thinks.
My friends, I tell you solemnly, the sin of it all, down to this last
night's doing, or undoing, (for it is Monday now, I waited before
finishing my letter, to see if the Sainte Chapelle would follow the
-Vendôme Column;) the sin of it, I tell you, is not that poor rabble's,
+Vendôme Column;) the sin of it, I tell you, is not that poor rabble's,
spade and pickaxe in hand among the dead; nor yet the blasphemer's,
making noise like a dog by the defiled altars of our Lady of Victories;
and round the barricades, and the ruins, of the Street of Peace.
@@ -3251,11 +3226,11 @@ or singular wealth; that is to say (to come to my own special business
for a moment) that there shall be only cheap and few pictures, if any,
in the insides of houses, where nobody but the owner can see them; but
costly pictures, and many, on the outsides of houses, where the people
-can see them: also that the Hôtel-de-Ville, or Hotel of the whole Town,
+can see them: also that the Hôtel-de-Ville, or Hotel of the whole Town,
for the transaction of its common business, shall be a magnificent
building, much rejoiced in by the people, and with its tower seen far
away through the clear air; but that the hotels for private business
-or pleasure, cafés, taverns, and the like, shall be low, few, plain,
+or pleasure, cafés, taverns, and the like, shall be low, few, plain,
and in back streets; more especially such as furnish singular and
uncommon drinks and refreshments; but that the fountains which furnish
the people's common drink shall be very lovely and stately, and
@@ -3284,7 +3259,7 @@ of, there should be a common wealth, or national reverse of debt,
consisting of pleasant things, which every poor person in the nation
should be summoned to receive his dole of, annually; and of pretty
things, which every person capable of admiration, foreigners as well as
-natives, should unfeignedly admire, in an æsthetic, and not a covetous
+natives, should unfeignedly admire, in an æsthetic, and not a covetous
manner (though for my own part I can't understand what it is that I am
taxed now to defend, or what foreign nations are supposed to covet,
here). But truly, a nation that has got anything to defend of real
@@ -3299,7 +3274,7 @@ for sign of the strength of his commonalty, in its strongest time,--
which you may get any of your boys or girls to translate for you,
and remember; remembering, also, that the commonalty or publicity
depends for its goodness on the nature of the thing that is common,
-and that is public. When the French cried, "Vive la République!" after
+and that is public. When the French cried, "Vive la République!" after
the battle of Sedan, they were thinking only of the Publique, in the
word, and not of the Re in it. But that is the essential part of it,
for that "Re" is not like the mischievous Re in Reform, and Refaire,
@@ -3758,8 +3733,8 @@ yet to be our ideal of virtuous life, thought the Graphic! Surely,
we are safe back with our virtues in satin slippers and lace
veils;--and our Kingdom of Heaven is come again, with observation,
and crown diamonds of the dazzlingest. Cherubim and Seraphim in
-toilettes de Paris,--(blue-de-ciel--vert d'olivier-de-Noé--mauve de
-colombe-fusillée,) dancing to Coote and Tinney's band; and vulgar
+toilettes de Paris,--(blue-de-ciel--vert d'olivier-de-Noé--mauve de
+colombe-fusillée,) dancing to Coote and Tinney's band; and vulgar
Hell reserved for the canaille, as heretofore! Vulgar Hell shall be
didactically pourtrayed, accordingly; (see page 17,)--Wickedness
going its way to its poor Home--bitter-sweet. Ouvrier and
@@ -3775,7 +3750,7 @@ for these, the Virgin of France shall yet unfold the oriflamme above
their graves, and lay her blanches lilies on their smirched dust. Yes,
and for these, great Charles shall rouse his Roland, and bid him
put ghostly trump to lip, and breathe a point of war; and the helmed
-Pucelle shall answer with a wood-note of Domrémy;--yes, and for these
+Pucelle shall answer with a wood-note of Domrémy;--yes, and for these
the Louis they mocked, like his master, shall raise his holy hands,
and pray God's peace.
@@ -3787,7 +3762,7 @@ world's gifts. These Swine of the five per cent. shall share them duly.
Ad ogni conoscenza or li fa bruni. [24]
Che tutto l'oro, ch'e sotto la luna,
- E che già fù, di queste anime stanche
+ E che già fù, di queste anime stanche
Non poterebbe farne posar una. [25]
@@ -4254,7 +4229,7 @@ to the Athenian, Norman, Pisan, and Venetian,--masters of the arts
of the world: but the gentleness of chivalry, properly so called,
depends on the recognition of the order and awe of lower and loftier
animal-life, first clearly taught in the myth of Chiron, and in his
-bringing up of Jason, Æsculapius, and Achilles, but most perfectly by
+bringing up of Jason, Æsculapius, and Achilles, but most perfectly by
Homer in the fable of the horses of Achilles, and the part assigned
to them, in relation to the death of his friend, and in prophecy of
his own. There is, perhaps, in all the 'Iliad' nothing more deep
@@ -4331,7 +4306,7 @@ reverence, awe, and humility, which are needful for all lovely work,
and which constitute the habitual temper of all noble and clear-sighted
persons, as opposed to the "impudence" of base and blind ones. The
Latins called this great virtue "pudor," of which our "impudence"
-is the negative; the Greeks had a better word, "aidôs;" too wide
+is the negative; the Greeks had a better word, "aidôs;" too wide
in the bearings of it for me to explain to you to-day, even if it
could be explained before you recovered the feeling;--which, after
being taught for fifty years that impudence is the chief duty of man,
@@ -4573,7 +4548,7 @@ II.--MARGATE.
I have printed these letters for several reasons. In the first place,
read after them this account of the town of Margate, given in the
-'Encyclopædia Britannica,' in 1797: "Margate, a seaport town of Kent,
+'Encyclopædia Britannica,' in 1797: "Margate, a seaport town of Kent,
on the north side of the Isle of Thanet, near the North Foreland. It
is noted for shipping vast quantities of corn (most, if not all,
the product of that island) for London, and has a salt-water bath
@@ -4829,8 +4804,8 @@ some kind was made chiefly evident to me by the way the Republicans
confessed themselves paralyzed by him. Nothing could be done in
France, it seemed, because of the Emperor: they could not drive an
honest trade; they could not keep their houses in order; they could
-not study the sun and moon; they could not eat a comfortable déjeûner
-à la fourchette; they could not sail in the Gulf of Lyons, nor climb
+not study the sun and moon; they could not eat a comfortable déjeûner
+à la fourchette; they could not sail in the Gulf of Lyons, nor climb
on the Mont d'Or; they could not, in fine, (so they said,) so much as
walk straight, nor speak plain, because of the Emperor. On this side of
the water, moreover, the Republicans were all in the same tale. Their
@@ -5217,7 +5192,7 @@ so patiently. For observe what, in brief terms, the arrangement
is. Virtually, the entire business of the world turns on the clear
necessity of getting on table, hot or cold, if possible, meat--but,
at least, vegetables,--at some hour of the day, for all of us: for you
-labourers, we will say at noon; for us æsthetical persons, we will say
+labourers, we will say at noon; for us æsthetical persons, we will say
at eight in the evening; for we like to have done our eight hours'
work of admiring abbeys before we dine. But, at some time of day,
the mutton and turnips, or, since mutton itself is only a transformed
@@ -5225,7 +5200,7 @@ state of turnips, we may say, as sufficiently typical of everything,
turnips only, must absolutely be got for us both. And nearly every
problem of State policy and economy, as at present understood, and
practised, consists in some device for persuading you labourers to
-go and dig up dinner for us reflective and æsthetical persons, who
+go and dig up dinner for us reflective and æsthetical persons, who
like to sit still, and think, or admire. So that when we get to the
bottom of the matter, we find the inhabitants of this earth broadly
divided into two great masses;--the peasant paymasters--spade in hand,
@@ -5549,7 +5524,7 @@ power, in other places: and so far as it can be carried, it must be
productive of some kind of good.
For example; I have round me here at Denmark Hill seven acres of
-leasehold ground. I pay £50 a year ground-rent, and £250 a year
+leasehold ground. I pay £50 a year ground-rent, and £250 a year
in wages to my gardeners; besides expenses in fuel for hothouses,
and the like. And for this sum of three hundred odd pounds a year
I have some pease and strawberries in summer; some camellias and
@@ -5584,7 +5559,7 @@ Now observe, there would be no experiment whatever in any one feature
of this proceeding. My gardeners might be stimulated to some extra
exertion by it; but in any event I should retain exactly the same
command over them that I had before. I might save something out of my
-£250 of wages, but I should pay no more than I do now, and in return
+£250 of wages, but I should pay no more than I do now, and in return
for the gift of the produce I should certainly be able to exact
compliance from my people with any such capricious fancies of mine
as that they should wear velveteen jackets, or send their children to
@@ -5646,7 +5621,7 @@ You will scarcely care to read anything I have to say to you this
evening--having much to think of, wholly pleasant, as I hope; and
prospect of delightful days to come, next week. At least, however, you
will be glad to know that I have really made you the Christmas gift I
-promised--£7,000 Consols, in all, clear; a fair tithe of what I had:
+promised--£7,000 Consols, in all, clear; a fair tithe of what I had:
and to as much perpetuity as the law will allow me. It will not allow
the dead to have their own way, long, whatever licence it grants the
living in their humours: and this seems to me unkind to those helpless
@@ -5780,7 +5755,7 @@ glory of the Lord lightened round them.
You would have liked to have seen it, you think! Brighter than the
sun; perhaps twenty-one coloured, instead of seven-coloured, and as
bright as the lime-light: doubtless you would have liked to see it,
-at midnight, in Judæa.
+at midnight, in Judæa.
You tell me not to be wise above that which is written; why, therefore,
should you be desirous, above that which is given? You cannot see the
@@ -5936,7 +5911,7 @@ probably would have thought of the Madonna, with Mr. John Stuart Mill,
321,) that there was scarcely "any means open to her of gaining a
livelihood, except as a wife and mother;" and that "women who prefer
that occupation might justifiably adopt it--but, that there should
-be no option, no other carrière possible, for the great majority of
+be no option, no other carrière possible, for the great majority of
women, except in the humbler departments of life, is one of those
social injustices which call loudest for remedy."
@@ -6113,13 +6088,13 @@ teaches the boy magic; and this magic is the service of the gods.
My skilled working friends, I have heard much of your magic
lately. Sleight of hand, and better than that, (you say,) sleight of
-machine. Léger-de-main, improved into léger-de-mécanique. From the
+machine. Léger-de-main, improved into léger-de-mécanique. From the
West, as from the East, now, your American and Arabian magicians attend
you; vociferously crying their new lamps for the old stable lantern
of scapegoat's horn. And for the oil of the trees of Gethsemane,
your American friends have struck oil more finely inflammable. Let
Aaron look to it, how he lets any run down his beard; and the wise
-virgins trim their wicks cautiously, and Madelaine la Pétroleuse, with
+virgins trim their wicks cautiously, and Madelaine la Pétroleuse, with
her improved spikenard, take good heed how she breaks her alabaster,
and completes the worship of her Christ.
@@ -6309,7 +6284,7 @@ text, are the two opposite extremes; and, in actual life, hitherto,
the largest means have been usually spent in mischief, and the most
useful work done for the worst pay.
-[5] £992,740,328, in seventeen years, say the working men of Burnley,
+[5] £992,740,328, in seventeen years, say the working men of Burnley,
in their address just issued--an excellent address in its way, and
full of very fair arithmetic--if its facts are all right; only I don't
see, myself, how, "from fifteen to twenty-five millions per annum,"
@@ -6358,8 +6333,8 @@ with its necessary comments:--
and the presence of the very handsome planes on the Boulevards,
and large trees in the various squares and gardens, after the
winter of 1870-71, is most creditable to the population. But
- when one goes beyond the Champs Elysées and towards the Bois,
- down the once beautiful Avenue de l'Impératrice, a sad scene of
+ when one goes beyond the Champs Elysées and towards the Bois,
+ down the once beautiful Avenue de l'Impératrice, a sad scene of
desolation presents itself. A year ago it was the finest avenue
garden in existence; now a considerable part of the surface where
troops were camped is about as filthy and as cheerless as Leicester
@@ -6389,7 +6364,7 @@ with its necessary comments:--
fields and hill-sides around were everywhere covered with trees;
now the view across them is only interrupted by stumps about a
foot high. When at Vitry on the 28th of March, I found the once
- fine nursery of M. Honoré Dufresne deserted, and many acres once
+ fine nursery of M. Honoré Dufresne deserted, and many acres once
covered with large stock and specimens cleared to the ground. And
so it was in numerous other cases. It may give some notion of
the effect of the war on the gardens and nurseries around Paris,
@@ -6493,7 +6468,7 @@ grain and flour, we presume, included, will pay 1 per cent. ad
valorem. Navigation dues are also to be levied on shipping, French and
foreign; and the internal postage of letters is to be increased 25 per
cent. From the changes in the Customs duties alone an increased revenue
-of £10,500,000 is anticipated. We will not venture to assert that
+of £10,500,000 is anticipated. We will not venture to assert that
these changes may not yield the amount of money so urgently needed;
but if they do, the result will open up a new chapter in political
economy. Judging from the experience of every civilised State, it is
@@ -6576,7 +6551,7 @@ have received a pretty little gift of seven acres of woodland,
in Worcestershire, for you, already--so you see there is at least
a beginning.
-[35] See § 159, (written seven years ago,) in 'Munera Pulveris.'
+[35] See § 159, (written seven years ago,) in 'Munera Pulveris.'
[36] Great;--father's father's mother.
@@ -6592,7 +6567,7 @@ summed with exultation: "We doubt if there is a household in the
kingdom which would now be contented with the conditions of living
cheerfully accepted in 1825."
-[39] Max Müller: 'Genesis and the Zend-Avesta.'
+[39] Max Müller: 'Genesis and the Zend-Avesta.'
@@ -6601,367 +6576,4 @@ cheerfully accepted in 1825."
End of Project Gutenberg's Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8), by John Ruskin
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-Title: Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8)
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-</pre>
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