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diff --git a/old/60512-0.txt b/old/60512-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 7e30546..0000000 --- a/old/60512-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3631 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's A Hand-book of Precious Stones, by Meyer D. Rothschild - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: A Hand-book of Precious Stones - -Author: Meyer D. Rothschild - -Release Date: October 17, 2019 [EBook #60512] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HAND-BOOK OF PRECIOUS STONES *** - - - - -Produced by Paul Marshall and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes: - - Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ - in the original text. - Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals. - Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs. - Old or antiquated spellings have been preserved. - Typographical errors have been silently corrected but other variations - in spelling and punctuation remain unaltered. - Added “Spodumene 96” to TOC, as it was missing. - - - - - A HAND-BOOK OF - PRECIOUS STONES - - BY - M. D. ROTHSCHILD - - NEW YORK & LONDON - G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS - _The Knickerbocker Press_ - 1890 - - COPYRIGHT BY - M. D. ROTHSCHILD - 1889 - - - _The Knickerbocker Press, New York_ - Electrotyped and Printed by - G. P. Putnam’s Sons - - - - - CONTENTS. - - - PAGE - What are Precious Stones? 7 - - Physical Characters— - Crystallization 10 - Cleavage 10 - Fracture 11 - - Optical Properties— - Refraction 12 - Polarization of Light 13 - Pleiochroism 14 - - Colors 15 - Lustre 17 - Streak 18 - Hardness 19 - Specific Gravity 21 - Weight 27 - Fusibility 28 - Magnetism 30 - Transparency 30 - Phosphorescence 31 - Electricity 31 - Cutting and Polishing 32 - - Diamond 35 - Corundum 39 - The Ruby 40 - Sapphire 43 - Fancy Sapphires 44 - Star Sapphires 45 - Spinel 46 - Beryl 50 - Emerald 51 - Beryl 53 - Chrysoberyl 54 - Cymophane 56 - Alexandrite 56 - Zircon 58 - Turquois 60 - Tourmaline 64 - Opal 69 - Pearl 71 - Chrysolite 78 - Garnet 80 - Topaz 84 - Apatite 87 - Felspar 88 - Moonstone 89 - Sunstone (Avanturine Felspar) 90 - Amazon Stone (Green Felspar) 91 - Labradorite 91 - Cyanite 93 - Lapis Lazuli 94 - Hiddenite 95 - Spodumene 96 - Dichroite 97 - Idocrase 98 - Euclase 99 - Sphene 100 - Phenacite 101 - Epidote 101 - Axinite 102 - Diopside 103 - Fluor Spar 104 - Hypersthene 105 - Quartz 106 - Crystallized Quartz 109 - Amethyst 110 - Yellow Quartz 111 - Cairngorm, etc 111 - Rose Quartz 113 - Avanturine 114 - Cat’s-Eye 114 - Crocidolite 115 - Heliotrope 116 - Chrysoprase 117 - Prase 117 - Plasma 118 - Chalcedony 118 - Agates 119 - Onyx or Agate Onyx 120 - Carnelian 122 - Jasper 123 - False Lapis 124 - Hematite 124 - Obsidian 125 - Malachite 126 - Jet 128 - Amber 128 - Coral 130 - - Table of Hardness and Specific Gravity 132 - - Index 135 - - - - -PREFACE. - - -The object of this little book is to convey to the merchant, the -workman, and the amateur, in a condensed and accurate form, information -concerning the various properties of precious stones. Besides drawing -freely on a number of authorities, the author has used his practical -experience to indicate such tests as an amateur can readily make. -Specific gravity, hardness, and dichroism are tests which are easily -mastered, and a thorough understanding of these three properties will -assist in classifying doubtful gems. - -Such stones have been dealt with principally as are used in commerce -for jewelry and ornamental purposes. - -The attention of the writer has often been called to the general lack -of knowledge among the jewelers regarding precious stones other than -diamonds, rubies, sapphires, and emeralds. - -As there are so many other beautiful and rare gems which nature yields -to man, and which are worthy of the jewelers’ art, the author trusts -that his book will awaken a new interest in the fascinating study of -mineralogy as applied to precious stones, and that at some future day -he may feel encouraged to enlarge upon this treatise. - - M. D. ROTHSCHILD. - 41 and 43 MAIDEN LANE, - NEW YORK. - - - - -HAND-BOOK OF PRECIOUS STONES. - - - - -WHAT ARE PRECIOUS STONES? - -The mineral to which the term “precious stone” is applied, must be -adaptable for jewelry or ornamental purposes and must possess beauty, -hardness, and rarity. - -The beauty of a precious stone or gem consists of its color or -colorlessness, brilliancy or softness of lustre, and transparency. -To take a high and lasting polish, a mineral must be hard,—and many -stones that would otherwise be highly valued are low in the estimate of -worth because they do not possess of sufficient hardness to make them -endure the wear and friction to which a precious stone is subjected -when used in the form of jewelry. The rareness of precious stones -has a decided effect in determining their values. For instance, the -crocidolite, commercially known as tiger-eye, was sold by the carat -some years ago, and was largely used in the making of fine jewelry. -To-day, this material is so plentiful that it is no longer classed -among the higher gems, but serves for cameos and intaglios like -chalcedony and onyx. - -The changes of fashion have much to do with determining the market -value of precious stones. Amethysts, topazes, cat’s-eyes, aquamarines, -alexandrites, and even emeralds and opals have been eagerly sought for -at times and then again neglected for other gems, causing a sensible -difference in the value of these stones. - -There are all degrees of precious stones, from the valuable diamond and -corundums to the humbler quartz, amethyst, and topaz. - -It has been a mooted question as to the proper dividing line between -stones that deserve the title “precious,” and those which should be -placed in a so-called semi-precious or lower category. To draw such a -line is hardly possible, as neither hardness, rareness, nor value would -be a positive test—some of the hard stones, like zircon and almandines -being less valuable than the softer opal, while the diamond, one of the -most plentiful of precious stones, is at the same time, one of the most -valuable. - -Neither can price be taken as a complete test, because fashion makes a -turquois, an opal, or an emerald much more valuable at one time than -at another. All precious minerals used for ornamental purposes, from -the diamond to quartz, or chalcedony, may properly be termed precious -stones. - - - - -PHYSICAL CHARACTERS. - - - - -CRYSTALLIZATION. - -Precious stones are found either in crystallized or amorphous -conditions. The forms of crystallization are: - - 1 Isometric or Cubic; having the axes equal. - 2 Tetragonal or Pyramidal } having only the - 3 Hexagonal or Rhombohedral } lateral axes equal. - 4 Orthorhombic or Trimetric } - 5 Monoclinic or Oblique } having the axes - 6 Triclinic or Anorthic } unequal. - -Most precious stones crystallize, but the specimens that have the -crystallization clearly defined are seldom found. The amorphous -condition includes the turquois, opal, and obsidian, which minerals are -found in masses or veins surrounded by a matrix. - - -CLEAVAGE. - -Many minerals can be separated readily in one direction by simply -making a small indentation with a harder mineral, then introducing the -blade of a knife into the scratch and striking it a sharp blow,—this -separates the crystal. There are certain planes at right angles where -the crystal can be separated; this property is called cleavage and the -planes, cleavage planes. - -In some minerals cleavage is difficult to produce, while in others such -as mica and rock-salt, cleavage is highly perfect and the number of -separations produced is only limited by the thickness of the blade used -in separating the planes. - -The property of cleavage is very useful and of great assistance to the -lapidary, as it enables him to shape a diamond or other hard stone -nearly to the size he desires, and at the same time to save the extra -material cleaved off, which can be used for smaller gems, and which -under other conditions would have to be ground away. - - -FRACTURE. - -Fracture surfaces are the result of the breaking of a crystal otherwise -than by cleaving, and in a different direction from the cleavage planes. - -When the form of fracture is composed of concave and convex surfaces it -is called conchoidal; when free from inequalities it is known as even -or smooth, and when covered by small splinters, splintery or uneven. - - - - -OPTICAL PROPERTIES. - - -REFRACTION. - -When a ray of light passes from one medium to another, or from the air -to a crystal it is bent or refracted; this is called single refraction -and takes place in the diamond, spinel, and garnet. - -Most of the other transparent precious stones possess double -refraction—that is, the ray of light enters the crystal and divides -into two parts, one following the ordinary laws of refraction, while -the other part or extraordinary ray does not obey the usual law. - -There are precise methods for measuring the indices of refraction, but -they are not applicable to polished gem stones. - - -POLARIZATION OF LIGHT. - -Polarization is a peculiar modification which, under certain -conditions, a ray of light undergoes. This property is easier to -observe than double refraction. - -If from a transparent prism of tourmaline two thin plates are cut, -parallel to its axis, they will transmit light when they are placed -above each other with the chief axis of each in the same direction. - -When one of the plates is turned at right angles to the other, no -light, or but very little, is transmitted, so that the plates appear -black. - -In passing through the first slip, the rays of light have acquired a -peculiar property, which renders them incapable of being transmitted -through the second, except when the two are held in a parallel -position, and the rays are then said to be polarized. - -In some doubly refracting crystals the two oppositely polarized beams -are of different colors, so upon double refraction and polarization -depends the property of many gems which is called pleiochroism. - - -PLEIOCHROISM. - -The dichroiscope is a handy little optical instrument, that will -readily serve to distinguish the diamond, spinel, or garnet (all -singly refracting minerals) from the ruby, beryl, or any of the doubly -refracting stones. This instrument consists of a cleavage rhombohedron -of Iceland spar, fastened in a brass tube about 2½ inches long, and ¾ -of an inch in diameter. A sliding cap at one end has a perforation ⅛ -of an inch square, and at the other end is a lens which will show a -distinct image of the square opening when the cap is pulled out about ¼ -of an inch. - -[Illustration: FIG. 1.] - -The pleiochroism of many stones can be determined at a glance with the -dichroiscope. - -When a stone is examined by means of the dichroiscope, it will show two -images of the same hue, or of different hues, these square images (fig. -1, A) forming a right angle and being more distinct when viewed from -one part of the stone than from another. - -When the images are identical in color, the specimen may be a diamond, -garnet, spinel, or glass. Should a red or ruby spinel approach the -ruby in color, a quick and satisfactory test can be made with the -dichroiscope, as the spinel will show two images of one color, while -the ruby will show one image of aurora red and one of carmine red. - -The dichroiscope is inexpensive, costing but a few dollars, and is very -useful for rapidly deciding the species of many stones. The following -is a partial list of doubly refracting stones and their twin colors. - - ───────────────────────┬────────────────────────────────── - NAME OF STONE. │ TWIN COLORS. - ───────────────────────┼─────────────────┬──────────────── - Sapphire (blue) │ Greenish straw │ Blue - Ruby (red) │ Aurora red │ Carmine red - Tourmaline (red) │ Salmon │ Rose pink - " (brownish red) │ Umber brown │ Columbine pink - " (brown) │ Orange brown │ Greenish yellow - " (green) │ Pistachio green │ Bluish green - " (blue) │ Greenish gray │ Indigo blue - Emerald (green) │ Yellowish green │ Bluish green - Topaz (sherry) │ Straw yellow │ Rose pink - Peridot (pistachio) │ Brown yellow │ Sea green - Aquamarine (sea green) │ Straw white │ Gray blue - Beryl (pale blue) │ Sea green │ Azure blue - Chrysoberyl (yellow) │ Golden brown │ Greenish yellow - Iolite (lavender) │ Pale buff │ Indigo blue - Amethyst (purple) │ Reddish purple │ Bluish purple - ───────────────────────┴─────────────────┴──────────────── - - - - -COLORS. - -The following is a partial list of the colors of precious stones: - -_Shades of White._—Quartz, opal, chalcedony. - -_Shades of Gray._—Labrador, smoky topaz, chalcedony, zircon. - -_Black._—Obsidian, tourmaline, jet. - -_Shades of Blue._—Lapis-lazuli, amethyst, chalcedony, spinel, zircon, -sapphire, cyanite, tourmaline, turquois, odontolite, fluor spar. - -_Shades of Green._—Amazon stone, turquois, prase, beryl, blood-stone, -epidote, emerald, malachite, chrysoprase, chrysolite, idocrase, -olivine, garnet, chrysoberyl. - -_Shades of Yellow._—Opal, amber, topaz, beryl, jasper. - -_Shades of Red._—Garnet, carnelian, chalcedony, rose quartz, corundum, -tourmaline, spinel, ruby. - -_Shades of Brown._—Zircon, garnet, smoky topaz, axinite, jasper. - -_Colorless._—Diamond, sapphire, spinel, zircon, topaz, rock crystal, -moonstone. - - -LUSTRE. - -Well polished precious stones display a decided lustre, which assists -in determining their species. - -The following is a list of some precious stones and their lustre: - -_Adamantine._—Diamond, zircon. - -_Resinous._—Garnet. - -_Vitreous._—Emerald, ruby, spinel. - -_Waxy._—Turquois. - -_Pearly._—Moonstone, opal. - -_Silky._—Crocidolite, quartz cat’s-eye. - -_Metallic._—Hematite. - -_Greasy._—Olivine. - -Some stones vary in lustre, from vitreous to pearly, etc. - - -STREAK. - -The streak of a mineral is the color of its powder. - -This powder varies in color, and may be white, gray, red, etc. It is -obtained by scratching the mineral with a sharp file, or by rubbing the -mineral on the back of an unglazed porcelain plate, when the color of -the powder will appear on the plate. - -It is remarkable that the streak of the diamond is gray to -grayish-black, while that of the ruby is colorless or white. - - -HARDNESS. - -One of the most important and distinguishing qualities of a gem stone -is the property of enduring, resisting wear,—in short, hardness. -To test the hardness of precious stones that have not been cut or -polished, the following scale of ten minerals has been devised by Moh, -a German mineralogist: - - No. 1. Talc. Very soft; is easily broken or scratched - with the finger-nail. - - No. 2. Rock-salt. Soft; scratched with difficulty with - finger-nail; readily cut with a knife. - - No. 3. Calcite. Low degree of hardness; not to be - scratched with finger-nail; easily scratched with a - knife. - - No. 4. Fluor spar. Fairly hard; is slightly scratched - by a knife, but easily attacked with a file. - - No. 5. Apatite. Medium hardness; does not scratch - glass, or only faintly; does not give out sparks - against steel; easily attacked with a file. - - No. 6. Felspar. Easily scratches glass; is attacked by - a file, and gives some sparks against steel. - - No. 7. Quartz. Quite hard; is only slightly attacked by - file; gives sparks readily against steel. - - No. 8. Topaz. Very hard; is not attacked by a file. - - No. 9. Sapphire. Hardest of all minerals but the - diamond; attacks all other minerals. - - No. 10. Diamond. Attacks all minerals; is not attacked - by any. - -To find the hardness of a stone, begin to test with the softest -mineral, so that when the number is reached which will scratch the -stone, there has been no injury to the specimen under examination. Half -numbers are determined by the ease or difficulty with which a stone is -scratched. For example, a stone which will resist No. 7 (quartz) and -which is only faintly attacked by No. 8 (topaz) may be safely put down -as 7.5, while a stone which resisted No. 7 and yielded easily to No. 8 -is to be classed as 7 in hardness. - -These tests are readily applied to crystals or unpolished gems. With -the polished stone greater care must be observed, and while a file -test is often satisfactory, there is always the danger of striking the -cleavage and breaking off a small piece of the stone. - - -SPECIFIC GRAVITY. - -One of the most important tests which can be applied to a polished -stone is that of specific gravity. Many stones, like the ruby and the -spinel, the blue tourmaline and the sapphire, etc., look alike, but -there is a sensible difference in their respective weights that a -specific-gravity test will readily establish. - -The weight of an object which is free to seek the centre of gravitation -is called absolute weight, while the weight of an object compared with -that of another containing the same volume of matter is called the -specific weight. - -If a stone weighing 16 carats is placed in a vessel filled to the brim -with distilled water and the stone displaces 6 carats of water, the -specific gravity of the stone would be 16 ÷ 6, or 2.66, the specific -gravity of quartz. - -In other words, the stone would weigh 16 carats in the air and only 10 -carats in the distilled water, showing a loss of 6 carats, which is the -weight of the volume of water equal in bulk to the stone;—or absolute -weight, 16 carats; specific weight, 10 carats; loss, 6 carats; 16 ÷ 6 = -2.66, specific gravity. - -There are several methods of ascertaining the specific gravity of a -stone. - -First, by placing it in liquids of known specific gravity. - -Second, by weighing the stone in air and then in distilled water or -alcohol, and thus learning the weight of an equal bulk of water. - -Third, by measuring or weighing the water which the stone displaces -when immersed in a small vessel of known capacity. - -Fourth, by means of the Nicholson hydrometer, a simple instrument -consisting of a hollow glass cylinder, two dishes, and a glass vessel. - -As the jewelers’ balances are well adapted for the ordinary work of -taking specific gravity, or can be easily adapted for such work, the -second method will usually be the more practical to follow. - -The author has had very satisfactory service from a $30 balance, and -any well adjusted balance will give fair results. - -The following accessories are necessary to take the specific gravity of -a stone: - -Distilled water about 60° Fahr. - -A very fine thread of platinum wire with which to suspend the stone -(fig. 4). - -A glass-beaker for the water (fig. 3, C). - -A bench to hold the beaker over the pan (fig. 2). - -[Illustration: _FIG. 4_.] - -[Illustration: _FIG. 2_.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 3.] - -The distilled water is easily obtainable from any druggist. The -platinum wire should be bent to hook into the top of the balance frame, -(fig. 3, B) and for ordinary small stones it will be convenient to -twist the other end into a cork-screw shape or receptacle (fig. 4, A). - -The beaker can be a small, thin glass cup of any kind, and the bench -is easily produced from wood (fig. 2) or of metal with three supports -(fig. 3, A). - -To ascertain the specific gravity, attach the platinum wire to the -balance frame, (fig. 3, B) and allow the lower end to rest in the -water; then balance this carefully by adding weights to the other side -(fig. 3, D) until the balance is exact. - -The stone to be weighed in water is a ruby, and weighs two carats in -the air. - -Clean the stone carefully with water to free it from air bubbles; then -place it in the screw of the wire (fig. 4, A) and weigh carefully. If -the stone weighs 1½ carats it will have displaced ½ ct. of water: or, -weight in air, 2 carats; weight in water, 1½ carats; loss, ½ carat; 2 ÷ -½ = 4, which will be the specific gravity of the ruby. - -The Jolly spiral balance can also be used for taking specific gravity, -but it is not so practical or accurate for small stones as for the -larger ones. - - -WEIGHT. - -The valuable precious stones are bought and sold by the carat. This -weight is equal to about 3.17 grains or about .205 milligrams. - -The carat is divided into fractions of ½, ¼, ⅛, 1/16, 1/32, 1/64, and -also arbitrarily into four grains; that is, each quarter of a carat is -counted one grain, thus forming the basis for the calculation of pearls. - -In commerce, a carat diamond is sometimes called a four-grain stone, -and a carat-and-a-half stone is six grains, etc., etc. - -The weight of the carat being arbitrary, it varies in different -countries, some being heavier and others lighter than .205 milligrams. - -The writer wrote to three prominent balance-makers in the United -States some months ago for their carat standards and was surprised to -find that they all differed. This will account for discrepancies in -weight resulting between the balances of different makers. Of late -there has been a decided movement in Europe, headed by the French -Chambre Syndicale of jewelers, in favor of the unification of the -carat, so that the weight of a French or Dutch carat will equal that -of an English, American, or any other carat. This reform will probably -be accompanied by the adoption of the decimal system of dividing the -carat, and the discarding of the complicated fractional system. - -After having tried the decimal weights for many months, the author can -testify to a decided gain in time and accuracy from their use. - - -FUSIBILITY. - -The blow-pipe or dry test for minerals is convenient to apply to small -bits or splinters of a stone. - -The mineral is either held by a pair of platina-pointed forceps, or -powdered and placed on a metal plate or in a glass tube. - -Before the blow-pipe, some minerals change color, but do not melt, -while others retain their color, or swell up, or break into small -particles, or melt into colorless or colored glasses. - -The following is the scale of minerals used to test the different -degrees of fusibility: - - 1. Gray Antimony. Fusible in coarse splinters in - summit of candle flame without the blow-pipe. - - 2. Natrolite. Fusible in fine splinters in the summit - of a candle flame without the blow-pipe. - - 3. Almandite. Does not fuse in candle flame; fuses - easily before the blow-pipe in obtuse pieces. - - 4. Green Actinolite. Fusible before the blow-pipe in - coarse splinters. - - 5. Orthoclase. Fusible before the blow-pipe in fine - splinters. - - 6. Bronzite. Before the blow-pipe becomes rounded only - on the sharp edges. - - -MAGNETISM. - -There are but few precious stones that possess the power to act on -the magnetic needle; among them are the chrysolite, cinnamon stone, -almandine, pyrope, and garnet. - - -TRANSPARENCY. - -Precious stones are, on the basis of their relative transparency, -divided into four classes, as follows: _Transparent_, or admitting -light freely and clearly; defining objects when used as a lens. -_Semi-transparent_, admitting light, but only partially defining -objects. _Translucent_, admitting light faintly. _Opaque_, not -admitting light. - -The more valuable precious stones, excepting opals and turquoises, are -generally transparent. - - -PHOSPHORESCENCE. - -Some precious stones display a distinct phosphorescence after exposure -to the sunlight, and also upon the application of artificial heat, and -through mechanical and electrical means. - -Many diamonds, when taken to a dark room, appear quite luminous; this -is also true of topaz, fluor spar, and other minerals. - - -ELECTRICITY. - -Minerals acquire electricity through friction or heating, and in this -state readily attract or repel small bits of paper and other light -substances. - -All minerals are electric, some displaying positive and others negative -electricity. - -The electric test of a precious stone refers to the length of time that -a stone will retain electricity after friction or heating. - -Some stones lose this quality in a few minutes, while others retain it -a long time. The tourmaline is noted for its electrical properties, -while the Brazilian topaz rendered electric by heating or rubbing has -been known to affect the electric needle after 32 hours. - - -CUTTING AND POLISHING. - -Although a finely developed diamond, ruby, or other crystal is -sometimes found and used for jewelry, the beauty of a precious stone -generally remains hidden within a rough and unsightly exterior until -the lapidary’s art reveals the gem. - -According to well known rules, there is one kind of cutting or faceting -for the diamond or colorless gems and another for colored gems. - -The brilliant cut, figs. 5 and 6, consists of an arrangement of -fifty-six facets, exclusive of the table and culet. This cut is -sometimes improved by the addition of eight star facets around the -culet, which brings the number of facets up to sixty-four. - -The following are the proportions of a well cut diamond or colorless -gem: - - ⅓ above the girdle, fig. 6, A. - ⅔ below " " " 6, B. - The table 2/5 of the breadth of the stone, fig. 6, C. - The culet ⅙ of the size of the table, fig. 6, D. - -[Illustration: FIG. 5. FIG. 6.] - -These proportions do not refer to colored gems, which are cut thick or -shallow to deepen or diminish the color of the stone. The step cut, -fig. 7, now principally used for emeralds, can be advantageously used -for other colored stones. - -The crowned rose cut, fig. 8, is applied to small diamonds, and -occasionally to colored gems. This cut consists of twenty-four facets, -and a well proportioned rose is one half of its diameter in thickness. - -[Illustration: FIG. 7. FIG. 8.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 9. FIG. 10.] - -To the smaller and more common roses only twelve facets are given. - -Besides the above-mentioned forms, there are the: - - Huitpan, or single cut. - 16 facet " double " - 24 " " single brilliant. - Cabochon " carbuncle. - Star cut, fig. 9. - Degree or rose cut, fig. 10. - -The last two beautiful forms of cutting are frequently given to fine -paste or imitation diamonds. - -Of late years nearly all gems have been cut quite round, and in many -instances with a sacrifice of size and brilliancy. - - -DIAMOND. - -The diamond is one of the most precious minerals, and yet it consists -of pure carbon, the most common substance that is known, a substance -that is present in all animal and vegetable bodies and in the larger -number of minerals. When carbon is crystallized the result is the -diamond, which is always found in detached crystals, either octahedrons -or rhombic dodecahedrons, the planes of the angles being often convex -or rounded,—this curving crystal being peculiar to the diamond. - -The cleavage is perfect, and, parallel to the faces of the octahedron, -the fracture is conchoidal or curved. The diamond is not acted upon by -acids or alkalies, is infusible but combustible, and burns under heat -of a very high temperature. Diamond powder burns readily, but larger -pieces are not affected by the blow-pipe. - -The diamond is a non-conductor of electricity, but acquires positive -electricity when rubbed, and retains it for half an hour. After -being exposed to the solar rays, the diamond presents a distinct -phosphorescence in the dark. It possesses single refraction, but -belongs to those bodies which reflect light most strongly, and its -magnifying power is much greater than that of glass; it does not -polarize light; its lustre is adamantine, and specific gravity 3.5 to -3.6. The diamond is the hardest of all known minerals, ranking No. 10 -in Moh’s scale of hardness. - -White, and the different shades from very light yellow to dark yellow -or canary, comprise, according to the popular idea, the colors of the -diamond. Yet the diamond is found in green, red, blue, brown, olive, -orange, and black, and also in the various shadings of these colors and -in opalescent tints. - -As the limpid or white diamond surpasses all other white stones in the -power of its lustre and the magnificence of its fire, so do the colored -diamonds outrank the emerald, ruby, sapphire, and other gems of like -colors. - -Colored diamonds, excepting light yellow and brown, are rare, and hence -are the most valuable of precious stones. The limpid or perfectly white -and the white with a bluish tint are the most sought after, while fine -deep golden yellow or canaries and pronounced fancy colors always find -a ready market. - -Diamonds come principally from the mines in South Africa; some are -found in Brazil and India, and fewer in Sumatra, Borneo, the Ural -Mountains, and Australia. Crystals have also been found in the United -States. - -The amorphous or carbon diamond is found only in Brazil. The pebbles or -masses are opaque, steel-gray to black in color, and sometimes weigh -1,000 carats. - -This carbonate is principally used to point rock-drills and for other -engineering purposes. The coarse variety of crystallized diamonds -is called bort, and as this is unfitted for gem purposes because of -imperfections, it is ground into powder and used for cutting and -drilling precious stones. - -White sapphires, white zircons, white topaz, and rock-crystal sometimes -pass for diamonds. The first two are heavier, the topaz lacks -brilliancy, and the crystal is lighter than the diamond. - -It is also the case that these four stones, especially the crystal, are -easily scratched by a diamond. - -The best style of cutting for a diamond is the brilliant, of 66 facets, -including the table and culet. The proper proportions of a well cut -brilliant is ⅓ for the crown and ⅔ for the culet. The table and culet -must also be in proportion to the size of the stone. - - -CORUNDUM. - -This many-colored mineral, composed of nearly pure alumina, produces -gems which in some cases are more valuable even than diamonds. The -ruby, sapphire, Oriental emerald, Oriental topaz, Oriental amethyst, -Oriental aquamarine, Oriental chrysolite, Oriental hyacinth, star ruby, -star sapphire, star topaz, and ruby and sapphire cat’s-eyes are all -corundums of different colors. The ruby is a red sapphire, and the -Oriental topaz a yellow sapphire, while the Oriental emerald is a green -sapphire, etc., etc. - -In hardness corundum ranks next to the diamond, ranking No. 9 in Moh’s -scale. - -The specific gravity is 3.9 to 4.1, the crystallization rhombohedral, -and cleavage basal, the crystals breaking across the prism with nearly -a flat surface. - -In lustre, the corundum is vitreous, its refraction double but not to -a high degree, and it is susceptible of electricity by friction, which -the polished specimens especially retain for a considerable time. - -Corundum is unaffected by chemicals, and is infusible alone, but in -combination with a flux it melts with difficulty into a clear glass. - -The chemical composition of precious corundum is: - - Alumina 98.5 - Oxide of iron 1.0 - Lime 0.5 - ───── - 100. - -Thus it will be seen that corundum is composed almost wholly of -alumina,—one of the constituents of common clay, which, when colored -by traces of metallic oxides, chrome, etc., produces a greater variety -of precious stones of a high rank than any other mineral. - - -THE RUBY. - -The red sapphire or ruby is the most valuable of the corundum family, -and when found of a good color, pure and brilliant, and in sizes of one -carat and larger, it is much more valuable than a fine diamond of the -same size. - -Fine rubies larger than 1½ to 2 carats are very rare, and when a fine -stone from 3 to 5 carats is offered for sale, the price mounts into the -thousands. - -The color varies from the lightest rose tint to the deepest carmine; -that color, however, which has the greatest value is known in commerce -as pigeon’s blood, and is the color of arterial blood, or of the very -centre of the red ray in the solar spectrum. - -The imperfections in rubies, as in all corundums, consist largely of -clouds, milky spots, and cracks. A perfect ruby is rarely met with, -and a stone possessing brilliancy and the true color, even if slightly -defective, is considered more valuable than an absolutely perfect ruby -of an inferior color. - -Rubies are found in Siam, Ceylon, Burmah, Brazil, Hindustan, Borneo, -Sumatra, Australia, France, and Germany. - -Where rubies and sapphires are met with it is said that gold is almost -sure to be present. - -Chemists have succeeded in producing minute crystals of rubies -and sapphires which, under the microscope, presented the true -crystallization of corundums, and upon being tested proved to be of the -same hardness as rubies and sapphires; but these specimens were small, -and cost very much more to produce than their commercial value. - -Ruby spinels, garnets, hyacinths, red quartz, burnt Brazilian or rose -topaz, and red tourmaline are sometimes passed off for the ruby. - -The true ruby will scratch all of these stones readily, the spinel -is lighter in specific gravity, and has generally a slight tinge of -yellow, even in the most pronounced red specimens. - -The ruby will turn green under the flames of a blow-pipe, but when -cooled off, resumes its original color. - -The garnet and topaz are easily scratched by the ruby, the hyacinth is -heavier, and quartz and tourmaline lighter than the ruby. Some -so-called reconstructed rubies, recently offered for sale, are of a -very fine color, and closely resemble the Oriental gems. - -The hardness and specific gravity are the same, but they differ in one -very important point, namely: they lack the brilliancy of the true -ruby. In addition to this lack of fire, a microscopical test discloses -formations which will distinguish the manufactured from the natural -stone. - - - - -SAPPHIRE. - -The blue corundum, ranging in color from the lightest blue to deep blue -and black, is the same stone as the ruby, the only difference being in -the color. - -The choicest color is the soft velvety blue, approaching the -corn-flower in shade and exhibiting that color vividly by artificial as -well as by natural light. - -The deeper-colored stones are known as male, and the light-colored ones -as female sapphires. - -Although choice sapphires are rare, a much greater quantity of good and -large stones are to be had than of rubies, and therefore the price of a -large sapphire does not advance in the same proportion as the price of -a large ruby. - - -FANCY SAPPHIRES. - -The Oriental emerald or green sapphire does not approach the beryl or -true emerald in depth of color, but because of its superior hardness -and brilliancy, added to its extreme rarity, it is the most valuable of -green gems. The Oriental amethyst or purple sapphire sometimes reflects -a red color by artificial light, and is valued highly as a gem stone; -the common amethyst is softer, less brilliant, and loses by artificial -light. - -The various other colored sapphires, such as yellow or Oriental topaz, -light green or Oriental aquamarine, greenish-yellow or Oriental -chrysolite, and aurora-red or Oriental hyacinth, are all valuable as gem -stones when they are pure, well cut, and have pronounced colors—in -fact, the name Oriental is given to distinguish the corundums from -the less valuable minerals of the same colors which they resemble, -but which they greatly surpass in beauty and value because of their -brilliancy and superior hardness. - - -STAR SAPPHIRES. - -Asterias or star stones are corundums of three different colors; the -star sapphire proper is a grayish blue, the star ruby red, and the star -topaz yellow. - -These stones are usually cut cabochon or convex, and display under the -rays of the sun, or when exposed to one candle or other artificial -light, a beautiful star with six points. - -This star is produced by foreign substances in the corundum, and the -lapidary brings about the regular effect by cutting a pointed carbuncle -so that the centre of the star begins at the apex, and the six bright -stripes radiate to the base of the stone. - -The bright lines of the star following the light move over the surface -of the stone and produce a remarkable effect. These stones are amongst -the most wonderful of mineral productions, and good specimens are very -valuable. - -The corundum cat’s-eye, called Oriental girasol or sunstone, has a -bluish, reddish, or yellowish reflection of light of a lighter shade -than the stone itself, and which moves on the convex surface of the -stone like the lines of a star stone. - - -SPINEL. - -It is only during the past century that mineralogists make a -distinction between the minerals spinel and corundum. - -The composition of the spinel was discovered towards the end of the -last century, and was found to be about seventy per cent. alumina, -twenty-five per cent. magnesia, and small parts of oxide of chrome, -silica, and protoxide of iron. - -Up to that time, red spinels had always been confounded with rubies, -and many celebrated so-called rubies have been shown to be spinels by -modern mineralogists. - -This beautiful mineral is found in many colors, from pink to rose-red, -carmine, cochineal, blood-red, hyacinth, pale to dark blue, violet and -indigo blue, grass-green to blackish green, and sometimes colorless. -There is also a black variety called pleonaste or ceylonite. Spinels -crystallize in octahedrons and their modifications, the fracture is -conchoidal, specific gravity 3.5 to 3.6, and hardness No. 8 in Moh’s -scale; only the diamond, corundum and chrysoberyl will scratch the -spinel. - -Its refraction is single, the lustre highly vitreous, and it does not -easily acquire electricity. - -Acids do not attack the spinel, nor has the blow-pipe any effect on -this mineral, except to change the red to a brownish or colorless -state, but the original color returns when the stone cools. - -Flawed or imperfect stones are liable to crack or split if heated -too much. With borax or salt of phosphorus the spinel melts into a -colorless or green-tinted glass. - -Spinels are found in clay and in the sands of rivers, in East India, -Hindustan, the province of Mysore, Farther India, Pegu, Ceylon, North -America, Sweden, Bohemia, and Australia. - -The red spinel, and especially those tints which approach the red -corundum or true ruby in color, are the most valuable, and are known as -ruby spinels. - -Very fine specimens of ruby spinels of one carat and larger are quite -rare and command good prices. - -Rose-colored spinels are known as balas-rubies, pale-blue spinels as -sapphirines, and the hyacinth-red, yellowish-red, and orange-yellow -spinels are called rubicelles. - -All these different-colored spinels, if pure and of great brilliancy, -are valuable as gem stones, being only surpassed in hardness and -brilliancy by the diamond and corundums. - -The white spinel, which is seldom found, is sometimes confounded with -the diamond, having the same specific gravity and single refraction, -but as it lacks the fire and is easily scratched by the diamond, the -danger of mistaking one for the other is slight. Burnt amethyst, which -often resembles the spinel, is lighter and softer, while burnt topaz, -although it is identical with the spinel in hardness, is somewhat -lighter and possesses remarkable electric powers, becoming electric by -either rubbing, heating, or pressure, and retaining electricity for -upwards of twenty-four hours. - -The zircon is easily distinguished from the spinel because of its much -greater specific gravity. It is also doubly refractive and softer. - -Garnets are softer, lack the play of color and brilliancy, and fuse -easily into a light-brown or black glass. - - -BERYL. - -The beryl is a mineral belonging to the primitive formation, and is -found in quartz veins and granite. - -It crystallizes in six-sided prisms and is composed largely of silica, -the third most common of earth’s productions. The beryl is 7.5 to 8 in -hardness, scratching quartz, but is scratched by topaz. - -The specific gravity is 2.67 to 2.73, making it one of the light -minerals. Its lustre is vitreous and refraction double to a slight -degree; its cleavage is imperfectly basal, and it becomes electric by -rubbing. - -Acids do not attack the beryl, but it melts with borax and is soluble -in salts of phosphorus. - -This stone is found in various colors, grass-green, pale-green, -light-blue, greenish-blue, greenish-yellow, yellow, and sometimes pink. - -The most important of these colors is the grass-green, which forms a -separate division of the beryl family, and is known as the emerald. - - -EMERALD. - -The emerald or green beryl is one of the most highly prized of the gem -stones. Its magnificent color has rightly been compared to the color of -the fresh grass in spring, and in brilliancy this stone far exceeds all -other green gems, excepting only the very rare green corundum or green -sapphire. - -The emerald is said to be very soft when first withdrawn from the mine, -but it hardens by exposure to the air. - -A perfect emerald of fair size is a rarity, so that the saying “an -emerald without a flaw” has passed into a proverb. - -This stone is so light, compared to a diamond or sapphire, that a carat -emerald will be very much larger than either of the above stones. - -The emerald is composed of: - - Silica 68.50 - Alumina 15.75 - Glucina 12.50 - Peroxide of iron 1. - Lime 0.25 - Oxide of chrome 0.30 - And traces of magnesia, of lime, and of soda. - -The vivid green color of the emerald is supposed to come from the oxide -of chrome, as the other beryls do not contain chrome. - -Emeralds are found in New Granada, near Bogota, Egypt, East India, -Burmah, Ural in Europe; Salzburg, Austria; Mt. Remarkable, South -Australia; and North America. Some of the finest come from the mines of -Muza, near Bogota, and the best stones are called Peruvian emeralds. -During the conquest of Peru by the Spaniards, many very fine emeralds -were destroyed by the invaders, who tested them by grinding and -pounding, and concluded that the emeralds were worthless, because they -were not as hard as the diamonds or sapphires. - -In 1587, Joseph D’Acosta returned to Spain with two cases of emeralds, -each case weighing one hundred pounds. - -Green tourmaline sometimes passes for the emerald, but it is somewhat -softer and considerably heavier. - -Olivines or chrysolites, if of a fine green color, sometimes resemble -the emerald, but they are much heavier than the emerald and have a -fatty lustre. Green spinels are heavier and harder than emeralds. - - -BERYL. - -The second and less valuable division of the beryl family comprises the -following colors: - -Clear light sky-blue, called by lapidaries aquamarine; very light -greenish-blue, known as Siberian aquamarine; and a greenish-yellow -variety, called aquamarine chrysolite. - -These three kinds are usually very brilliant, and especially so by -artificial light, in which respect the beryl is superior to many of the -more valuable gem stones. Beryls of very large size have been found -in New Hampshire, one of which has been estimated to weigh over two -tons. While the large specimens are worthless for gem stones, some very -handsome aquamarines and golden-yellow beryls have been found during -the past few years in New Hampshire and Connecticut. These stones, when -cut, compare favorably with the best of their kind. - - -CHRYSOBERYL. - -The name chrysoberyl is derived from two Greek words signifying -golden-beryl. This name is well suited to the golden-yellow variety, -but the chrysoberyl also includes many other colors: such as green, -greenish-yellow, brownish-yellow, white, and dark-brown to black. - -Three varieties of chrysoberyls are known as cat’s-eyes, cymophanes, -and alexandrites. - -The chrysoberyl crystallizes in the trimetric or rhombic system; the -cleavage is imperfect; fracture conchoidal; hardness, 8.5, being the -third hardest stone; specific gravity, 3.65 to 3.8; and lustre vitreous -to greasy. - -The composition of the chrysoberyl is: alumina, 80.2; glucina, 19.8; -with traces of protoxide of iron and oxides of lead and copper. The -chrysoberyl is doubly refractive to a high degree, acquires positive -electricity lasting several hours, is infusible alone, but melts with -borax or salts of phosphorus to a clear glass, though with difficulty. - -The chrysoberyl is unaffected by acids, but with a solution of cobalt -nitrate the powdered mineral becomes blue. - -Transparent greenish-yellow chrysoberyls are sometimes called Oriental -chrysolites. These, and the brownish-yellow stones are the gems most -used in jewelry. - -The chrysoberyl cat’s-eye, or Ceylon cat’s-eye, is found in various -shadings of yellow, brown, and green, and sometimes nearly black. These -stones are translucent to opaque, and have a bright band of light -running through the centre. This band is nearly always white, and in -fine specimens is sharply defined, not too wide, and is in the centre -of the stone. - -The cat’s-eye chrysoberyls are always cut convex or cabochon shape, and -as the stone is moved from side to side the band of light moves over -its surface. - - -CYMOPHANE. - -The cymophane, or floating light, as the name denotes, is a chrysoberyl -with a bright spot of light which seems to float over the surface as -the stone is moved. The cymophane is also cut cabochon. - - -ALEXANDRITE. - -On the day that the Emperor Alexander of Russia attained his majority -the Ural chrysoberyl, of a dark-green color, was found in the emerald -mines of Takowaja in the Catherine Mountains. - -This wonderful stone is emerald-green to dark-green in color, with -often a slight red tint, but by artificial light the green of good -specimens changes to a beautiful columbine-red. - -As the colors green and red are the national colors of Russia, and the -date of discovery of this stone in Russia occurred on the Emperor’s -birthday, the name alexandrite was given to this species of chrysoberyl. - -The alexandrite is found in large pieces, but is nearly always flawed -and cracked. This is a much-sought-after gem stone, and specimens of -from one to five carats command good prices. Up to the present time, -however, good alexandrites have been rare, and the demand has always -exceeded the supply. - -Cat’s-eyes and cymophanes are found in Brazil in alluvial deposits of -rivers, and consequently in rolled and rubbed masses. - -Chrysoberyls are also found in Russia, Germany, America, Borneo, Pegu, -and Moravia. - -Chrysolites and topazes are sometimes passed off for chrysoberyls. The -chrysolite is, however, lighter and softer, while the topaz becomes -electric from heating, and is softer. - -Quartz cat’s-eyes, which are mistaken for chrysoberyl or Oriental -cat’s-eyes, have a specific gravity of about 2.65, hardness of 6 to -6.5, and are soluble in fluoric acid, besides melting with soda into a -clear glass. - -They lack the bright, hard polish of the chrysoberyl cat’s-eye, and -there should be no difficulty in discovering the difference between the -gem and the inferior stone. - - -ZIRCON. - -The zircon, hyacinth, jacinth, or jargoon belong to the tetragonal -system of crystallization. The cleavage is imperfect, fracture -conchoidal, and specific gravity 4.4 to 4.7, the stone being much -heavier than any other gems. Its hardness is 7.5 and lustre vitreous to -adamantine, and refraction double to a high degree. - -The zircon is phosphorescent when heated; before the blow-pipe it -is infusible, but loses its color; and with borax it melts into -a transparent glass. Sulphuric acid affects this gem after long -maceration. - -The composition of the zircon is: zirconia, 66.3; silica, 33.7; with a -trace of peroxide of iron. - -Under the microscope, the texture of these gems presents a watery -appearance, called by the French _ratiné_, and which looks like a -liqueur poured into water. This is a strong distinguishing point in the -zircon. - -The zircon, hyacinth, jargoon, and jacinth are the same gems but of -different colors. - -The brown, violet, and green colors are known as zircons, the red as -hyacinth, the yellow as jacinth, and the grayish-white and white as -jargoons. - -The jargoon has often been palmed off as a diamond because of its -transparent color and adamantine lustre. - -The zircon is found in Ceylon, Germany, France, Bohemia, America, and -in fact in nearly all parts of the earth, as many as 120 localities -having been noted where specimens of the mineral have been discovered. - -The zircon can be distinguished from the garnet by its peculiar -diamond-like brilliancy and its specific gravity. - - -TURQUOIS. - -The turquois is never found in crystals, but in reniform or stalactitic -masses. The color varies from pea- and apple-green to greenish-blue, -sky-blue and dark-blue. - -The hardness of the turquois is 6., specific gravity 2.6 to 2.8, lustre -waxy, and condition opaque to slightly translucent. - -Before the reducing flame of the blow-pipe, the turquois does not melt, -but becomes brown and colors the flame green. With borax and salts -of phosphorus the turquois melts to a clear glass, while it is also -soluble in hydrochloric acid. Oriental or mineral turquois is composed -of: - - Alumina 47.45 - Phosphoric acid 27.34 - Water 18.18 - Oxide of copper 2.02 - Iron 1.10 - Oxide of manganese 0.50 - Phosphate of lime 3.41 - ────── - 100.00 - -The best color is a clear deep sky-blue, and in the true turquois this -color improves by artificial light; imitation turquoises, however, lose -their fine color under the same conditions. - -The finest gem turquoises come from the northeastern part of Persia, -between Nishapoor and Meshed. Here they are mined and partly cut, and -then the Persian merchants carry them to Russia, where they are sold -at the great annual fair of Nijni-Novgorod and in Moscow. Mineral -turquoises are also found in New Mexico, Arizona, and Nevada, but not -of sufficient size or sufficiently good color to make gem stones, -although they are prized for collections. Specimens are also found in -Burmah, Khorassan, Thibet, China, Silesia, Saxony, and on the Isthmus -of Suez. The stones from these places have, as a rule, but little -value, as the color fades or turns green from exposure to the light. -Of late however, some very good turquoises have come from Egypt. The -color of a faded Persian turquois can sometimes be restored by simply -repolishing the stone. - -Occidental or bone turquoises called new rock or odontolites, to -distinguish them from the Persian or old rock stones, are of organic -origin. - -They are cut from the teeth of mammoths, mastodons, dinotheriums, etc., -and are found near the town of Simor, in Lower Languedoc, France. - -These teeth, the enamel of which is nearly as hard as the mineral -turquois, are colored by contact with phosphate of iron and copper, -which gives them a dark-blue, light-blue, and bluish-green color. They -are easily attacked by a file, and totally destroyed by aqua-fortis. - -When heated, the fossil turquois or odontolite gives an offensive odor, -owing to the decomposition of animal matter. - -The odontolite is lighter than the mineral turquois, changes color by -artificial light, loses color in distilled water and alcohol, and is -translucent on the edges. - -This fossil turquois does not fade like the mineral turquois, but by -artificial light appears of a dirty grayish-blue. - -Turquoises are sometimes artificially stained, but this can be detected -by applying a drop of ammonia to the back of the stone, and if the -color is artificial the ammonia will eat it off, leaving a green spot. -Ammonia does not affect the color of the Persian turquois. The so-called -“reconstructed” turquoises are very close imitations of the real, but -are easily distinguished, as they change rapidly to a deeper blue when -immersed in water, and while wet the surface of the stone shows cracks -in every direction. These stones become softer through soaking in water -or alcohol. The original color, however, returns when the stone is dry, -but the cracks remain in faint outline. - - -TOURMALINE. - -The tourmaline or precious schorl is known under many different names, -and no other mineral has such a suite of colors. - -The colorless variety is known as achroite; the red, as rubellite -or siberite; the blue, indicolite or Brazilian sapphire; the green, -Brazilian emerald; and the yellowish-green, Ceylon chrysolite or Ceylon -peridot. Besides the above colors and their shadings, the tourmaline -occurs in black and brown. - -The crystallization is obtuse rhomboid, and generally forms six-, -nine-, and twelve-sided prisms. - -Some of the crystals are very large, specimens over eight inches long -having been mined. - -The tourmaline crystals are remarkable for their varied and beautiful -groupings of colors. Some are internally blue or brown, surrounded by -a bright carmine red or dull yellow; others are red internally and -are enveloped by a green exterior; crystals are sometimes pink at the -summit and light green at the base, or crimson tipped with black, or -white at one end shading into green and finally into red at the other -end. The hardness of the tourmaline is 7 to 7.5, specific gravity 3 to -3.1, and lustre vitreous. - -The tourmaline becomes decidedly electric by heating or rubbing, and -will readily attract small pieces of paper and other small objects. The -rubellite or red tourmaline is composed of: - - Silica 42.13 - Alumina 36.43 - Boracic acid 5.74 - Oxide of manganese 6.32 - Lime 1.20 - Potash 2.41 - Lithia 2.04 - -The green tourmaline is composed of - - Silica 40. - Alumina 39.16 - Lithia and potash 3.59 - Protoxide of iron 5.96 - Protoxide of manganese 2.14 - Boracic acid 4.59 - Volatile matter 1.58 - -The tourmaline possesses double refraction to a high degree, and its -power of polarizing light is so great that, cut into slices, it is used -in the polariscope for analyzing other minerals. - -If two slices of tourmaline, cut parallel to their axis, be laid one on -the other in one direction, both are transparent; if laid in another -direction they become opaque, and if a doubly refracting crystal be -placed between the two plates of tourmaline, the part covered by the -crystal is transparent while the other is opaque. - -Tourmaline melts with borax into a transparent glass; the rubellite -turns white, and the indicolite and green tourmalines turn black, under -the blow-pipe. - -Tourmalines can be distinguished from other gems by their specific -gravity, but principally by their property of assuming polaric -electricity after being heated, one end becoming positive and the other -negative. - -The history of the discovery of the tourmaline and its electric -property is a curious one. - -On a warm summer day, early in the eighteenth century, some children -were playing in a courtyard in Amsterdam. Amongst their playthings -were some precious stones which the Dutch navigators had brought from -Ceylon. Some of the stones seemed to be possessed of the strange power -of attracting and repelling small bits of straw, ashes, and other light -substances. The little ones called their parents to witness this -strange phenomenon, and the stolid Dutch lapidaries, themselves puzzled -at the sight, called the stones _aschentreckers_ or ash-drawers. - -A number of years afterwards, careful experiments disclosed the -wonderful electric powers of the aschentreckers or tourmalines. Purple, -green, and blue tourmalines are found in Brazil. In Ceylon the stones -are found in gravel beds. Rubellites or siberites are found in Siberia. - -Tourmalines are also found in Moravia, the island of Elba, Sweden, -Burmah, Tyrol, Canada, and the United States. - -The first tourmaline deposits known in the United States were -discovered at Paris, Maine, in 1820. Another wonderful deposit was -found at Mt. Apatite in Maine in 1882, and up to the present time the -finest tourmaline crystals have been discovered in the United States. - -Really fine specimens of red, blue, or green tourmalines are uncommon -and command very good prices. - - -OPAL. - -The precious or noble opal, fire opal, common opal, hydrophane, and -cachelong are different varieties of a mineral that is composed of -about nine parts silica and one part water. - -The colors vary from chalky-white to bluish-white, from yellow to red, -and from a slight play of colors to the beautiful mingling of green, -blue, and red with the most remarkable kaleidoscopic effects. - -The opal is 5.5 to 6 in hardness, specific gravity 2 to 2.1, lustre -glassy, and translucent from a slight to a very high degree. - -The opal is found in an amorphous state and never crystallizes; in fact -from the condition of the pockets in which this mineral is found, the -indications are that the substance was once a fluid. - -Under the blow-pipe the opal loses its translucency and cracks but does -not melt. Sulphuric acid will cause it to turn black, and in a cold -solution of caustic potash the opal is almost entirely soluble. - -The precious or noble opal is found chiefly in the mines of -Czernowitza, between Kaschau and Eperies, in Hungary, and in Gracias á -Dios, a province in Honduras. - -In olden times, the Greek and Turkish merchants carried opals from -Hungary to the Orient, and then they were shipped to Holland and sold -in Europe as Oriental opals. - -The fire opal is of a yellowish-red color, and is found chiefly -in Mexico, although it also occurs in Hungary, the Faroe Islands, -Honduras, and Guatemala. - -The common opal is found in Ireland, Denmark, Frankfurt, Guatemala, -and South Australia, and also in Hungary and Mexico. These opals are -translucent without fire or reflection. - -The hydrophane is an opal that has lost color and brilliancy by reason -of the evaporation of its water. If placed in water or alcohol, this -stone becomes transparent, only to lose this quality when the water or -alcohol has evaporated. - -The hydrophane becomes transparent more quickly in warm than in cold -water, but most rapidly in alcohol. If boiled in oil, the hydrophane is -said to retain its brilliancy for years. - -The cachelong is milky-white, and nearly opaque, and is found in small -masses in the river Cach, in Bucharia, and also in Iceland. - -Although one of the most magnificent of the gem stones, the opal for -many years was under the ban of superstition. Now, this splendid stone -once more commands a foremost place in the jewelers’ art, and the opal -mines of Hungary and Queensland are being worked to their fullest -extent to supply the demand. - - -PEARL. - -Although an organic product, the pearl is always ranked amongst the -most precious of gems, and is distinguished by being the only gem that -does not require the lapidary’s touch to bring out its beauties. - -Ancient writers have accounted for the origin of pearls by saying -that they were formed of angels’ tears, or drops of dew from heaven, -which, during the midsummer nights, fell into the gaping mouths of the -pearl-oysters. - -According to modern scientific investigation, the formation of the -pearl does not seem to be the result of healthy natural causes, but -comes from the efforts of the oyster to rid itself of some foreign -substance, like a grain of sand, a bit of shell or vegetation, or some -unwelcome visitor in the shape of a small water insect. - -When annoyed by an intruding substance, the oyster begins to deposit -its nacre, or mother-of-pearl, in regular concentric layers around -the intruder, these layers gradually increasing in circumference -and forming the pearl. Thus, like an onion, the pearl is merely a -succession of layers or skins, starting from a small core, or nucleus, -which is always present, though often only of microscopical size. - -Pearls have sometimes been found where the outer layer, or skin, as it -is technically called, has been discolored or otherwise injured, and -when this top skin has been carefully removed the result was a somewhat -smaller but perfect pearl. - -This, however, is a very delicate operation, and at the pearling -grounds is only resorted to by men of experience. The composition of -the pearl is carbonate of lime, with a small proportion of organic -matter, and the specific gravity 2.5 to 2.7. - -The pearl is affected by acids, and is easily calcined on exposure to -heat. - -In color, the pure white, slightly transparent, is the most highly -prized; while in India and China the bright yellow colors are sought -after. - -Decided colors, however, such as black, pink, and golden-yellow bring a -high price, and, in fact, black pearls, if perfect in color and shape, -are at present more valuable than any other kind. - -The beauty and value of a pearl depend on form, quality of texture or -skin, color, transparency or water, and lustre or orient. - -In form, the perfectly round shape comes first in value, then a finely -formed drop or pear shape, and lastly the oval or egg shape. - -Pearls that are flat on one side and rounded on the other are called -boutons or button pearls. These are frequently found attached to the -shell, and are cut out and the bottom part smoothed and polished. - -It is easy, however, to detect this class of pearls by the lack of -pearly lustre on the side that was attached to the shell. - -When a pearl is rough and odd-shaped it is called a baroque, and some -extremely fantastic shapes are found, especially in fresh-water oysters. - -The texture or skin of a fine pearl should be perfectly smooth and free -from all spots, indentations, wrinkles, or scratches. - -Pure white is the desirable color for a gem pearl, but many others that -are slightly tinted with blue, pink, or yellow will pass for gems if -they are otherwise perfect. - -The transparency or “water” of a pearl, while not existing in fact, -is still one of the requisites of a fine pearl; there must be an -appearance of transparency, which adds to the beauty of the gem. - -To describe the lustre or orient of the pearl, the author can -only use the term pearly, as there is no other substance that -approaches the brilliancy and color of a pearl, excepting, of course, -mother-of-pearl—the nacre in the pearl-oyster. - -Without orient or lustre, the pearl of finest form and color has but -little value. - -Lustre is to the pearl what brilliancy is to the diamond; when the -orient is absent there is no life, no beauty. - -Pearls are principally supplied by two groups of pearl-oysters or -mussels: the marine or meleagrina margaritifera, a round-cornered -square shell with very thick sides, measuring six to eight inches in -length. - -The color of this shell is mostly blackish-green, but it is also -sometimes yellowish; the edges of the inner part of the shell are -black, but the rest of the interior is the beautiful mother-of-pearl. - -The oyster itself is small for the size of the shell. - -This specimen is found on the coast of Ceylon, Persian Gulf, Japanese, -Mexican and California coasts, the western shores of South America, -Brazil, West Indian Islands, Panama, Sooloo Archipelago, and the -northeast and northwestern coast of Australia. - -The fresh-water or unio margaritifera is an even, egg-shaped mussel -found in brooks, rivers, and lakes in temperate zones in nearly all -parts of the world. - -Some fine river pearls have been found in the United States, but most -of the American pearls are of a button or elongated shape, or are -baroques or fancy-shaped. - -In China many people engage in the business of making small pellets of -clay or metal images, which in the month of May are introduced into the -river mussels (mytilus cygneus). - -The mussels are replanted, and in November they are taken up again. -Some of the oysters die, but most of them are found to have been -actively at work covering the little pellets or metal figures with -nacre, and while no strictly first-class pearls are formed in this way, -many curious little pearl figures or gods are made and sold to the -curious or devout. - -Pink or conch pearls are found in the Gulf of California and coasts -of Mexico, Bahama Islands, West Indian Islands, and in some rivers in -South America. - -They seldom occur in regular shapes, and although they are termed pink -pearls, they range in color from red to pale yellow, and are often -found of a china-white color. - -The pink pearl displays a wavy appearance and a peculiar sheen, -something like watered silk. As the pink pearl is seldom found -perfectly round and of a good color, such a specimen is very valuable. - - -CHRYSOLITE. - -The chrysolite, peridot, and olivine differ in color, but are -practically of the same composition. - -The chrysolite proper is of a pale greenish-yellow color, the peridot a -deep olive-green, and the olivine of a yellowish or light olive-green -color; these stones also shade into brown. They crystallize on the -rhombic system, are transparent to translucent, 6.5 to 7. in the scale -of hardness, and 3.3 to 3.5 in specific gravity. - -The cleavage is distinct, fracture conchoidal, refraction double, and -lustre vitreous, and in the olivines somewhat greasy. - -These stones are easily affected by sulphuric acid, but are infusible -before the blow-pipe, excepting some kinds containing much iron. - -With borax, they melt to a pale-green transparent glass. - -Chrysolites are composed of silica, magnesia, and oxide of iron. - -Perfectly crystallized chrysolites are brought from Constantinople, but -the exact locality where they are found is unknown. - -Less distinct specimens occur at Vesuvius, Mexico, the isle of Bourbon, -Auvergne, Egypt, Natolia, Brazil, Germany, Pegu, Ceylon, Switzerland, -and North America. - -Peridots are distinguished by being the only precious stones that have -literally dropped from heaven, as they have been found in meteorites. - -The Oriental chrysolite of commerce is true chrysoberyl, and is harder -and heavier than chrysolite, and the stone called Ceylon chrysolite is -a greenish-yellow tourmaline, which is easily distinguished, as it is -also harder while considerably lighter than the chrysolite. - -The green garnet is of a pronounced green color, and is harder and -heavier than the olivine or chrysolite. Although suitable for mounting -in brooches and other ornaments, these stones are not sufficiently hard -for the rough usage as ring-stones. - - -GARNET. - -Almandine, almandite, Syrian garnet, essonite, cinnamon-stone, pyrope, -Bohemian garnet, vermeille, Cape garnet, Cape ruby, Arizona ruby, -American ruby, carbuncle, uwarowite, demantoide, grossularite, and -Bobrowska garnet are some of the scientific and commercial names for -different species and colors of the garnet group. - -The crystallization of the garnet is isometric, refraction single, -specific gravity 3.15 to 4.3, hardness 5 to 8, lustre vitreous, -fracture uneven, colors red, violet, brown, yellow, green, and white, -and the various shadings of these colors. - -Most varieties fuse easily to a brown or black glass; the uwarowite -fuses with borax to a clear chrome-green glass. - -Syrian, almandine, almandite, and carbuncle are different names for the -iron-alumina garnet. - -In colors, these stones shade from deep-red to violet and brownish-red, -and are composed of: - - Silica 36.01 - Alumina 20.06 - Protoxide of iron 43.03 - -The specific gravity is 4. to 4.2, and hardness 7.5. - -This garnet, sometimes called the precious garnet, is found in Ceylon, -Pegu, Brazil, Greenland, Hindustan, Bohemia, Tyrol, Œtzthal, Carinthia, -Styria, Switzerland, Ariolo, Canaria, Maggia, Hungary, Sweden, Norway, -Scotland, Spain, and the United States. - -Grossularite, or lime-alumina garnet, is known in commerce as essonite, -or cinnamon-stone. The color is yellow, of various shades; specific -gravity 3.5 to 3.65, and hardness 6.5. - -These stones are sometimes sold for jacinths, but they are softer than -the jacinth, and melt easily before the blow-pipe. Essonites come -principally from Ceylon, but are also found in other places. - -Pyrope or Bohemian garnet is the magnesia-alumina variety, and is of -a uniform dark blood-red color. This stone is found in Bohemia, and -although quantities of small pieces are found, large specimens are -rare, and a piece that will cut into a four- or five-carat stone is -seldom met with and commands a high price. - -These garnets are found at Stiefelburg by Meronitz, Triblitz, -Podsedlitz, and Neupaka. - -The pyrope turns black under the blow-pipe, then red again, and melts -with difficulty into a black glass. With borax it melts to an -emerald-green glass. The specific gravity of this garnet is 3.69 to -3.78, and hardness 7.5. - -Vermeille is a name given to the orange-red almandine, Cape garnet to -the bright red-yellow variety, Cape ruby to the pyrope, and American -ruby to the blood-red kind found in New Mexico, Montana, and Arizona. -Carbuncle is a term applied _to all_ garnets cut with a smooth rounding -top, sometimes called, after the French, cabochon. - -Uwarowite or lime-chrome garnet is one of the rarest and most beautiful -of the garnet group. - -The color of this stone is emerald-green, hardness 7.5, and specific -gravity 3.41 to 3.52. Uwarowites are found near Bissersk in the Urals -of Russia, but rarely in specimens of sufficient size to cut into gems. - -This garnet is heavier and harder than the true emerald. - -Demantoide or Bobrowska garnet is a soft garnet, olive-green to brown -and blackish-green in color, sometimes light green. It is found in -the Bobrowska River in the Urals. The specific gravity is 3.85, -and hardness about 6, its softness making it undesirable for many -ornaments. Before the blow-pipe it fuses into a black bead. - -These garnets are often sold as olivines; they are heavier than -olivines and softer. - -Demantoide is composed of: - - Silica 35.44 - Lime 32.85 - Sesquioxide of iron 32.85 - Magnesia .20 - - -TOPAZ. - -Topaz belongs to the rhombic system of crystallization. Its cleavage -is basal and perfect, fracture uneven, hardness 8, scratching quartz -distinctly, specific gravity 3.4 to 3.6, lustre vitreous, refraction -double, and colors ranging from colorless or white to bluish-white, -light blue, wine-yellow, straw-yellow, golden-yellow, greenish- and -pale-red to pink. - -Topaz becomes electric from rubbing or pressure, and retains -electricity for twenty-four hours. Before the blow-pipe topaz partly -loses color, but does not melt, and with borax it fuses slowly to a -white bead. - -Topaz is partially attacked by sulphuric acid, and dissolves in salts -of phosphorus. - -The composition of topaz is: - - Silicon 15.05 - Aluminium 30.02 - Oxygen 36.08 - Fluorine 17.05 - -Goutte d’eau or colorless topaz, sometimes called “slaves diamond,” -Siberian or bluish-white, Brazilian or golden to reddish-yellow, Saxony -or pale-wine yellow, Brazilian ruby or pink, Brazilian sapphire or -light blue, and aquamarine or greenish, are the various commercial -names for topaz. - -Most of the Brazilian rubies or pink topazes are produced by heating -the reddish or dark-yellow variety, either in a crucible or by -enveloping the stone in German tinder and setting fire to the tinder. -If heated too much, the stone is apt to become colorless, and if -suddenly cooled it may crack. - -Colorless or white topaz takes a very high polish, and is wonderfully -clear and transparent. - -The great Portuguese diamond, “The Braganza,” of about 1,680 carats, is -supposed to be a white topaz. - -Topaz is found in the Urals, Kamschatka, Alabaschka, Miask, -Nestschinsk, Adun Tschilon, Villa Rica, Boa Vista, Capao, Lana, Minas -Novas, Cairngorm Mts., Schlackenwald, Zinnwald, Schneckenstein, -Ehrenfriedensdorf, Altenburg, Orenburg, Mourne Mts.—Ireland, -Australia, New South Wales, Ceylon, Mexico, and the United States. -False topaz, or the ordinary topaz of commerce, is yellow quartz -resembling yellow topaz, but lacking its brilliancy and hardness; it is -also very much lighter, being only 2.5 to 2.7 in specific gravity. - -Beryl and chrysolite are often mistaken for topaz, but as they are -softer and beryl is much lighter, they are easily distinguished -from the topaz. The strong electric property of the topaz is also a -conclusive test. - -Oriental topaz, or yellow corundum, is harder and heavier than the -occidental or true topaz. - - -APATITE. - -Apatite, which is seldom used as a gem stone, sometimes resembles the -beryl and emerald, but is much softer and rarely has the color and -brightness combined of the former gems. - -This mineral, composed principally of subsesquiphosphate of lime, -is 4.5 to 5. in hardness, has the specific gravity of 2.95 to 3.25, -is transparent to opaque, vitreous in lustre, infusible before the -blow-pipe, and dissolves slowly in nitric acid. In colors, apatite -varies from colorless to sea-green, bluish-green, violet-blue, gray, -yellow, red, and brown. - -Apatite is found in Saxony, the Hartz Mts., Bohemia, Norway, Bavaria, -England, St. Gothard in Switzerland, and in the United States. - - -FELSPAR. - -Four varieties of felspar are used as gem stones—moonstone or -orthoclase, sunstone or avanturine felspar, Amazon stone or green -felspar, and Labrador or Labrador spar. - - -MOONSTONE. - -This variety of felspar is called orthoclase, adularia, and orthose, -besides the commercial names of fish-eye, Ceylon or water opal, and in -the yellow and red tints sunstone. Moonstone occurs in crystals and -crystalline fragments, also massive and granular; its hardness is 6. to -6.5, specific gravity 2.4 to 2.6, refraction double, is not attacked by -acids, and is composed of: - - Silica 64.5 - Alumina 18.5 - Potash 17. - With traces of soda. - -This beautiful stone is the clearest of all varieties of felspar. It -is colorless, or only slightly tinted with blue, green, yellow, and -flesh-red, and is transparent to translucent. - -The lustre is vitreous, and a brilliant pearly streak of white light -plays from side to side. - -The yellowish- and reddish-tinted specimens are called sunstones, -and are quite rare. These sunstones must not be confounded with the -avanturine or felspar sunstone. - -Moonstones are found principally in Ceylon and on the St. Gothard in -Switzerland, but also occur in Bavaria, Greenland, Tyrol, Dauphine, -Norway, and the United States. - -During the past few years, large quantities of moonstone balls, cut -like whole pearls, have been used for jewelry—the stones being much -sought as well because of their beauty as on the ground of the popular -superstition that they will bring good luck to the wearer. - -Small pieces or balls are not very valuable, but large perfect -specimens command a good price. - - -SUNSTONE. - -(AVANTURINE FELSPAR.) - -Sunstone or avanturine felspar is a variety of oligoclase; -grayish-white to reddish-gray in color, usually the latter; containing -minute crystals of hematite, göthite or mica, which are imbedded and -scattered through the stone, and give forth golden-yellow, reddish, or -prismatic reflections. The hardness is 6 to 7, specific gravity 2.56 to -2.72, and lustre pearly or waxy to vitreous. - -Sunstones are found near Stockholm, in Finland, the Urals, Ceylon, the -Alps, Iceland, the United States, and other places. - - -AMAZON STONE. - -(GREEN FELSPAR.) - -The Amazon stone is a green variety of felspar, which was first found -on the banks of the Amazon River, but now comes from Siberia and the -United States. This stone consists of potash, alumina, and silex—is -green in color but rarely clean, being discolored in places and usually -covered with small white spots. - -The Amazon stone is harder than glass, but is scratched by rock -crystal. Its specific gravity is 2.5 to 2.6; acids do not affect it, -and it melts with difficulty before the blow-pipe. - - -LABRADORITE. - -Labrador stone or labradorite is sometimes known as opaline felspar, -and was first discovered on the island of St. Paul on the coast of -Labrador. - -Labradorite is translucent to opaque, gray-green or brown in color, and -has beautiful chatoyant reflections of brilliant blue, sea-green, -and sometimes red and yellow, changing from one color to another. -Labradorite is 6 in hardness, has a specific gravity of 2.62 to 2.76; a -vitreous to pearly lustre, is brittle, fuses with difficulty before the -blow-pipe, and is decomposed by muriatic acid. It is composed of: - - Silica 52.9 - Alumina 30.3 - Lime 12.3 - Soda 4.5 - -Large masses of this stone are found on the coast of Labrador. It -is also found in Finland, Russia, and the United States. Because of -the dark chatoyant appearance the name of œil de bœuf or ox-eye is -sometimes applied to labradorite. Handsome specimens, cut cabochon, -form pretty ring stones, and many effective engraved cameos have been -produced by using the bright portion for the relief work and the gray -dead part for the base. - - -CYANITE. - -This stone is the transparent variety of disthene, and is sometimes -commercially known as sappare. Cyanite is colorless to bluish-white, -sky-blue, berlin blue, yellowish- and reddish-white, gray, and green. - -The hardness is 5 to 7, specific gravity 3.45 to 3.70, lustre vitreous -and pearly; it is infusible before the blow-pipe, but fuses with borax; -is not attacked by acids, and is composed of: - - Silica 36.8 - Alumina 63.2 - -Cyanite is found in Switzerland, the Tyrol, Styria, Carinthia, Bohemia, -Norway, Finland, France, South America, Scotland, Ireland, Siberia, the -East Indies, and the United States. Clean specimens are not plentiful, -and fine blue pieces have frequently been sold for sapphires. The -cyanite can be distinguished from the sapphire by its inferior hardness -and lighter weight. - - -LAPIS LAZULI. - -Lapis lazuli, the sapphire of the ancients, is a mineral, translucent -to opaque, ranging in color from colorless to an azure-blue, -violet-blue, green, and red. - -The principal color, however, is a rich, azure blue, sometimes shading -into green, and having a vitreous to greasy lustre. - -Its hardness is 5 to 5.5, specific gravity 2.38 to 2.42; it is -decomposed by muriatic acid, and fuses before the blow-pipe to a white -glass. It is rarely found clean, but has usually a number of veins and -spots of a metallic nature. It is composed of: - - Silica 45. - Alumina 31.76 - Soda 9.09 - Lime 3.52 - Sulphuric acid 5.89 - and traces of iron, soda, and potash. - -This mineral is found in Siberia, Transylvania, Persia, China, Thibet, -Tartary, South America, India, and Brazil. - -Lapis lazuli is sometimes employed for jewelry, and was for some -centuries ground up and used to make the mineral paint known as genuine -ultramarine. This paint is now produced chemically, and the more costly -mineral compound is rarely used. - -The imitation of lapis lazuli for jewelry purposes is also very easy, -as metal filings can be readily introduced into the azure blue glass, -and thus an imitation of the genuine stone produced, which is perfect -excepting in hardness. - - -HIDDENITE. - -The hiddenite is a variety of spodumene that has only been found in one -locality, namely, Alexander County, North Carolina. This mineral was -discovered by W. E. Hidden, and has been named after him. - -The hiddenite is perfectly transparent, and varies from a pale -yellowish- to a deep emerald-green, being very brilliant, and -approaching the emerald in color. As this stone is rarely found large -enough for cutting into gems, it is highly prized, and good specimens -command a large price. - -The hardness of the hiddenite is 6.5 to 7, and specific gravity 3.13 -to 3.19; before the blow-pipe it melts to a clear glass, and it is -attacked by salts of phosphorus. It is composed of: - - Silica 64.35 - Alumina 26.58 - Lithia 7.05 - with traces of iron and soda. - - -SPODUMENE. - -Spodumene is sometimes cut and polished as a gem, but its peculiar -cleavage makes it a bad stone for the lapidary to cut and the jeweler -to mount. - -Its hardness is 6.5 to 7, specific gravity 3.13 to 3.19, and lustre, -vitreous to pearly. - -Grayish-green, greenish-white, and sometimes yellow or faint red are -the colors. Its composition is: - - Silica 64.2 - Alumina 29.4 - Lithia 6.4 - -Acids do not attack spodumene, and under the blow-pipe it fuses to a -white glass. - -This mineral is found in Sweden, the Tyrol, Ireland, Scotland, and the -United States. - - -DICHROITE. - -Dichroite is sometimes known under the mineralogical names of -cordierite and iolite, and commercially as _saphir d’eau_, or water -sapphire. This stone is remarkable for pleichroism, sometimes showing -three different colors in as many directions, and when properly cut has -often the star formation of the corundum star-stones. - -Water sapphire, as the blue specimens are called, is 7 to 7.5 in -hardness, specific gravity 2.56 to 2.67, transparent to translucent, -and frequently full of flaws. It is partially decomposed by acids, -melts with difficulty before the blow-pipe, is vitreous to greasy in -lustre, and is composed of: - - Silica 49. - Alumina 32. - Ferrous oxide 7. - Magnesia 9. - -Besides the _saphir d’eau_, which is blue, dichroite occurs colorless, -bluish-white, yellowish-white, yellowish-gray to yellowish-brown, -indigo to blackish-blue, and violet. This mineral is found in Ceylon, -Spain, Norway, Sweden, Tuscany, Greenland, and Bavaria. Sapphire is -harder and much heavier than dichroite. - - -IDOCRASE. - -Idocrase or vesuvianite was first found amongst the ancient ejections -of Vesuvius, and it is still found at Vesuvius in hair-brown to -olive-green colors. - -Vesuvianite is 6.5 in hardness, 3.35 to 3.45 in specific gravity, -transparent to opaque, lustre vitreous to greasy. It possesses strong -double refraction, is attacked by acids, and melts readily under the -blow-pipe. Vesuvianite consists of: - - Silica 37.75 - Alumina 17.23 - Sesquioxide of iron 4.43 - Magnesia 3.79 - Lime 37.35 - -In colors, this mineral shades from brown to black, yellow, pale-blue, -and green, and it is found at Vesuvius, Alps, Piedmont, Mt. Somma, -Etna, Norway, Sweden, Spain, Hungary, Urals, and the United States. - -Transparent or strongly translucent specimens, in handsome green or -brown varieties, are used for jewelry, principally, however, in Turin -and Naples. - -Chrysolite and green garnet are sometimes substituted for vesuvianite. -The first has a greater specific gravity and is more vivid in color, -and the latter is also heavier and harder. - - -EUCLASE. - -Euclase is very brittle, and therefore is rarely used as an ornamental -stone. - -This mineral has the hardness of 7.5; specific gravity, 3.1; lustre, -vitreous to pearly; it is transparent to semi-transparent, doubly -refractive, is not acted upon by acids, fuses under the blow-pipe to a -white enamel, and is composed of: - - Silica 41.2 - Alumina 35.2 - Glucina 17.4 - Water 6.2 - -Euclase occurs in Brazil, in the neighborhood of Villa Rica, and also -in the Urals, in colorless, pale green, blue, pale yellow, and white -colors. - - -SPHENE. - -Sphene or titanite is also a brittle mineral, 5 to 5.5 in hardness; -specific gravity, 3.4 to 3.56; transparent, doubly refractive; lustre, -adamantine to resinous; colors, brown, gray, yellow, green, black, and -colorless; and composition: - - Silica 31 - Titanium oxide 41 - Lime 27 - Ferrous oxide 1 - -When transparent in colorless, greenish, or yellow colors, this mineral -presents an appearance like the fire opal. - -Sphene is found in Switzerland, the Urals, Tyrol, Finland, Wales, -Ireland, Germany, Canada, and the United States. - - -PHENACITE. - -This mineral, rarely used as a gem stone, is 7.5 to 8 in hardness; -specific gravity, 2.96 to 3; lustre, vitreous; transparent to -semi-translucent, doubly refractive, it does not melt before the -blow-pipe, and contains: - - Silica 54.2 - Glucina 45.8 - -Phenacite occurs colorless, and also bright wine-yellow inclining to -red, and brown. This stone is found in Russia, Mexico, and Alsace. - -The colorless or transparent variety approaches the diamond in -brilliancy, especially under artificial light. - - -EPIDOTE. - -Epidote usually occurs in a peculiar yellowish-green, called pistachio -green, a color that is seldom found in other minerals. Besides -this color, olive, brownish-green, greenish-black and black, red, -yellow-gray, and grayish-white occur. The hardness of epidote is 6 -to 7; specific gravity, 3.32 to 3.50; lustre, vitreous to pearly; -refraction, double. The stone is transparent to opaque, is attacked by -acids, and is slightly affected by the blow-pipe. It is composed of: - - Silica 38 - Alumina 22 - Ferric oxide 15 - Lime 23 - Water 2 - -Epidote is found in Norway, Saxony, Siberia, Brazil, on the St. -Gothard, in Switzerland, in the Tyrol, and in the Hartz. - - -AXINITE. - -Axinite is a brittle mineral which has occasionally furnished some -pretty gem stones. - -The hardness of this stone is 6.5 to 7; specific gravity, 3. to 3.3; -lustre, vitreous. It is transparent to translucent, is not attacked by -acids, and melts readily before blow-pipe. It is composed of: - - Silica 43 - Lime 20 - Alumina 16 - Ferric oxide 10 - Boron trioxide 5 - Manganese dioxide 3 - Magnesia 2 - Potash 1 - -Axinite occurs in clove-brown, plum-blue, and pearl-gray, and exhibits -trichroism. The best specimens come from St. Christophe in Dauphiny, -but it is also found at Santa Maria, and in Switzerland, Sweden, -England, Chili, Saxony, the Hartz Mountains, and the United States. - -Axinite is usually cut, like the opal, cabochon, but is rarely used as -a gem stone. - - -DIOPSIDE. - -Diopside is cut and sometimes sold in Turin and in Chamouny as a gem -stone, but no great quantity of this mineral is used for ornamental -purposes. - -The hardness of diopside is 5 to 6; specific gravity, 2.9 to 3.5; -lustre, vitreous to greasy. It is transparent to translucent, brittle, -cannot be dissolved by acids, and melts before the blow-pipe. It is -composed of: - - Silica 54 - Lime 24 - Magnesia 18 - Ferrous oxide 4 - -This mineral is grayish-white to pearl-gray, and greenish-white to -greenish-gray. The best green transparent specimens are from the Mussa -Alp and Zillerthal, but it is also found in the Urals and the United -States. - - -FLUOR SPAR. - -This mineral occurs in many colors, often approaching the finer gems -in appearance, and bearing the commercial names of false ruby, false -emerald, false topaz, etc., etc., according to its color. - -Fluor spar is brittle, 4 in hardness, has the specific gravity of 3.1 -to 3.2, single refraction, is transparent to translucent, has a -vitreous lustre, phosphoresces when heated, is attacked by acids, and -melts before the blow-pipe. It is composed of: - - Fluorine 48.7 - Calcium 51.3 - -White, yellow, green, rose- and crimson-red, violet-blue, sky-blue, -and brown, wine-yellow, greenish-blue, and gray are the colors of this -many-tinted mineral. - -Fluor spar is found in England, Norway, Baden, Nova Scotia, Thuringia, -the Alps, Saxony, and the United States. - -Large pieces of this mineral are made into beautiful vases and -ornaments. - - -HYPERSTHENE. - -Handsome specimens of hypersthene or Labrador hornblende are used for -ornamental purposes. - -This mineral is found in crystalline masses, has the hardness of -6, specific gravity 3.3 to 3.4, lustre pearly to metallic. It is -translucent to opaque, brittle, and fuses before the blow-pipe. It -consists of: - - Silica 54.2 - Magnesia 24.1 - Protoxide of iron 21.7 - -Hypersthene occurs in dark-brown, green, grayish-black, greenish-black, -and jet-black colors, and is found in the isle of Skye, the Hartz -Mountains, Saxony, Labrador, Greenland, Norway, Sweden, Bohemia, -Thuringia, and the United States. - - -QUARTZ. - -The quartz group is the largest and most diversified among precious -stones. Quartz occurs _massive_, in concretions, and in confused -crystalline masses. - -On account of the abundance of the massive kinds, such as jasper, -agates, onyx, etc., some writers place the quartz group under the -head of semi-precious stones, and lately the United States customs -authorities have gone further in that direction, and have ruled that -“because of the abundance and comparative cheapness of agates, onyxes, -etc., they were no longer precious stones.” This position, however, the -custom-house speedily abandoned, and, for dutiable purposes at least, -the quartz family, in all its ramifications, is recognized as belonging -to the precious stones. - -Harder than the tourmaline, turquois, or opal, as hard as the -chrysolite, and nearly as hard as the garnet or emerald, there is no -reason why the crystallized varieties, such as amethyst, cairngorm, -false topaz, chrysoprase, and even the cat’s-eye and finer onyxes, -should not be classed among the precious stones. - -Some more plentiful and less beautiful varieties of quartz are not -valuable, and they take the same position in the quartz family that the -huge imperfect crystals do in the beryl group. Whenever the specimen is -sufficiently beautiful to be cut and polished for setting in jewelry, -it should be included under the precious stones. - -Quartz crystallizes in the rhombohedral system, and many varieties are -found massive and compact. The cleavage is indistinct but can sometimes -be found by plunging a heated crystal into cold water. The hardness of -quartz is 7; specific gravity 2.5 to 2.8, the purest kinds being 2.65; -the lustre is vitreous to resinous, and fracture conchoidal. - -Quartz is tough, brittle, and feels cold; it becomes positively -electric by rubbing, shows phosphorescence in the dark, and gives -sparks if struck with another piece of quartz or with steel. - -Quartz is transparent to translucent, semi-translucent to opaque, -doubly refractive, and does not melt before the ordinary blow-pipe, but -may be melted with the oxyhydrogen blow-pipe. It also melts with soda -to a clear glass, and is soluble in fluohydric acid. - -Quartz is composed of pure silica - - Oxygen 53 - Silicon 47 - -Some of the impure varieties contain oxide of iron, carbonate of lime, -clay, and other minerals. - - -CRYSTALLIZED QUARTZ. - -Colorless quartz or pure rock-crystal is found in many parts of the -world, notably in Switzerland, Dauphiny, Piedmont, the Carrara quarries -in Italy, Canada; in Herkimer County, New York, and on the shores of -Lake George, in the same place; at Hot Springs, Arkansas; and along the -beach of Long Branch, Cape May, and many other places. - -Rock-crystal, commercially known as Bohemian diamond, occidental -diamond, Lake George diamond, rhinestone, pebble, etc., etc., is -colorless and transparent. This stone is largely used for optical -purposes, and is also sometimes cut into brilliants to imitate the -diamond. - -While rock-crystal is considerably harder than strass or paste, it -lacks, however, the brilliancy of the fine-composition imitation -diamond. - -Besides being much softer, the paste is often heavier than the crystal, -because of the quantity of lead and other minerals used in its -composition. - - -AMETHYST. - -Amethystine quartz or amethyst varies in color from light to clear-dark -purple, sometimes nearly black, and from light to dark bluish-violet. -The coloring of the stone is supposed to be due to manganese. - -The best amethysts come from Brazil and Ceylon, but good specimens are -found in India, Persia, Botany Bay, Transylvania, near Cork and the -island of May in Ireland, at Oberstein, in Saxony, in Hungary, Siberia, -Nova Scotia, Sweden, Bohemia, Canada, and in the States of Maine, -Pennsylvania, Colorado, Georgia, Virginia, and Michigan. - -Under heat, the amethyst turns first yellow, then green, and finally -becomes colorless. The value of an amethyst depends upon the fashion, -and the time has been when these stones ranked among the most valuable -of precious stones. At present, a fine amethyst can be bought for very -little money, but should the stone become fashionable again, the best -specimens will command good prices. - - -YELLOW QUARTZ. - -Yellow quartz, known as false topaz, Bohemian, occidental, Indian, -or Spanish topaz, resembles the real topaz in color, but is softer, -lighter, different in crystallization and cleavage, and in electrical -properties. - -In color, this stone varies from the lightest yellow to orange-red and -brown. - -Most of the yellow quartz comes from Brazil, and much of it is changed -to yellow by burning amethyst and smoky quartz. - - -CAIRNGORM, ETC. - -Smoky yellow to smoky brown, often gray and black, are the tints of the -cairngorm. This species of transparent quartz takes its name from -Cairngorm in Invernessshire, in Scotland, a locality where some of the -best specimens have been found. Pike’s Peak, Arkansas, and certain -districts in North Carolina have also produced some very fine smoky -topazes. - -The cairngorm is used for seals, beads, and some of the cheaper jewels, -and is largely sold at watering-places in Switzerland, and in the -Western United States. - -The stone is very popular in Scotland. Hair or needle stones is the -name given to these varieties of crystallized quartz when they contain -foreign substances, such as rutile, manganese, chlorite, etc., in hair -or needle formation. - -These stones are cut to represent the needle enclosures in an upright -position, and are called sagenite or Venus hair stones or love arrows. - -Iridescent or rainbow quartz is the variety of rock-crystal containing -cracks and fissures which reflect all the colors of the rainbow. Quartz -can also be artificially colored by rapidly cooling a heated specimen -and then dipping the piece into a coloring preparation; the minute -cracks in the quartz absorb the coloring matter, and the result is a -red-, blue-, or green-tinted stone. - -The massive varieties of quartz embrace the rose quartz, avanturine, -cat’s-eye, crocidolite, heliotrope, chrysoprase, prase, plasma, -chalcedony, agates, onyx, carnelian, jasper, hornstone, and flint. - - -ROSE QUARTZ. - -Rose quartz occurs in a massive form, usually very imperfect and -cracked, and varying in color from rose-red to pink. The color is -supposed to be due to titanic acid, and often becomes paler on exposure. - -This stone is nearly opaque and semi-transparent on the edges, has a -greasy lustre, and specific gravity of 2.65 to 2.75. Rabenstein near -Zwiesel in Bavaria, the United States, Brazil, France, Ceylon, Finland, -and Siberia are places where rose quartz has been found. - - -AVANTURINE. - -Avanturine is an opaque, yellow, brown, or red quartz, spangled with -minute scales of mica or some other mineral, and found principally near -Madrid, in Spain. It is also found in France, Scotland, Bavaria, the -Urals, and Styria. - -A beautiful imitation of avanturine, called goldstone, is manufactured -of glass into which metal filings are introduced. This goldstone -is superior to avanturine in every point except that of hardness. -Avanturine and its imitation, but largely the latter, are used for the -cheaper kinds of jewelry, and were very popular in the United States -some years ago. - - -CAT’S-EYE. - -The Hungarian, occidental, or quartz cat’s-eye is found on the coast of -Malabar, Ceylon, Hartz Mountains, and Bavaria. - -This stone is translucent to opaque, gray, green, brown, red, and the -shadings of these colors, but usually a greenish-gray, with a mass of -fine white lines in the centre, which give to the stone a chatoyant -appearance. - -The cat’s-eye is usually cut cabochon or carbuncle-shaped, and the -lines (which are due to the fibres of asbestos) are kept in the centre -of the stone, and play like the eye of a cat when the stone is moved. - -The quartz cat’s-eye is easily distinguished from the oriental of -chrysoberyl cat’s-eye, as it is softer and much lighter. - - -CROCIDOLITE. - -Crocidolite or tiger-eye is a light-brown, brownish-yellow to -dark-green, and greenish-blue quartz, which has the same chatoyant -qualities as the cat’s-eye. When cut cabochon, the crocidolite is -called tiger-eye. - -This beautiful mineral was very rare some years ago, and good specimens -were sold by the carat. - -Great quantities, however, have lately been found in South Africa, and -although the finest pieces are still used for cameos and intaglios, -many objects, such as paperweights, umbrella handles, match-safes, -etc., are now cut from this stone. - -Crocidolite is often artificially colored to very closely imitate some -of the finest shades of the oriental cat’s-eye. - - -HELIOTROPE. - -Heliotrope or blood-stone, as this variety is commonly called, is a -dark-green quartz, translucent to opaque, and covered with small red -spots or blood-colored blotches, from which the stone derives the name -of blood-stone. - -This stone has long been used for seal and signet purposes, and many -fine intaglios and cameos carved in blood-stone are in existence. - -Bucharia, Tartary, Siberia, East India, China, the island of Rum in the -Hebrides, the United States, and Canada are some of the places where -the heliotrope is found. - - -CHRYSOPRASE. - -The chrysoprase is an apple-green chalcedony, sometimes olive- or -whitish-green. It is translucent, scratches glass, and has the specific -gravity of 2.56. - -The color is due to the presence of oxide of nickel. This stone is -found principally in Silesia, but also in Siberia and the United States. - -Large pieces of chrysoprase are rare, and even the best specimens lose -their color in course of time. - - -PRASE. - -A translucent, spotted leek-green, green quartz, which loses its polish -on exposure to the air, is known as prase. - -This stone is found principally in the iron mines of Brietenbaum, -Saxony, and also in Brittany, the Tyrol, Scotland, Salzburg, Finland, -and the United States. - -Prase is sometimes known commercially as “mother of emerald,” and a -greenish crystalline quartz is also often called prase. - - -PLASMA. - -Plasma is a dark grass-green quartz, feebly translucent, and is -sometimes covered with white or yellow spots. Plasma is somewhat -lighter in weight than the heliotrope and does not take as fine a -polish. - -This stone is found in India, China, and in the Black Forest, Germany. - - -CHALCEDONY. - -Chalcedony is cloudy or translucent, white, yellowish-gray, -blackish-brown, light to dark-blue, milky-white, and black. - -This quartz is sometimes nearly transparent, waxy in lustre, and in -some varieties has a light gray and transparent base with dark cloudy -spots. This last variety is called “cloudy chalcedony”. Another kind, -with gray and white stripes alternating, is known as chalcedonyx. - -Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Hüttenberg, Loben, Saxony, Hungary, -Nubia, Nova Scotia, Oberstein, Ceylon, India, Siberia, Carinthia, the -Hebrides, the United States, and Canada are places where chalcedony is -found. - - -AGATES. - -Agate is an improved variety of chalcedony and comprises the following -kinds. - -Banded or ribbon agate, running in delicate parallel layers. - -Eye agate, forming concentric rings with a dark centre, giving the -appearance of a human eye. - -Fortification agate, running in circular parallel zigzag lines like the -walls of a fortress. - -Rainbow agate is a thin or concentric structure which when cut across -and held towards the light shows an iridescence. - -Moss agate, light-gray to white and translucent to opaque agates, -display black tracings like fine moss or trees. Mocha or tree agates -are covered with black, brown, or red figures, as of trees and plants. - -Beckite or silicified coral shells, silicified wood, wood agate, wood -opal, cloudy agate, and agate jasper are some of the many varieties of -this class. - -The common carnelians, blood-stones, and onyxes are usually counted -among the agates. - -Uruguay, Brazil, Oberstein, Silesia, Surinam, India, Arabia, Saxony, -Scotland, the United States, and Canada are the principal places where -agates are found. - - -ONYX OR AGATE ONYX. - -Onyx is a variety of chalcedony in bands or strata of white, gray, and -black, translucent to opaque, and generally found where agates abound. - -The layers or bands are in even planes, and the colors, white and -black, white and brown, or brown, white, and black, alternate. This -stone is largely used for cameos, the base being usually of black or -brown, and the engraved or upper part white- or cream-colored. - -When one or more layers are of carnelian or sard, the stone is called -sard-onyx. Sard is a rich brown color inclining to red, and when held -against the light shows a red hue. - -Onyx and sard-onyx are often artificially improved by boiling the -stones in honey, oil, or sugar water, and then in sulphuric acid. The -acid carbonizes the sugar or oil which the stone has absorbed and gives -it a deeper color. - -For red, protosulphate of iron is added, and for a blue color to -imitate lapis lazuli, yellow prussiate of potash is added to the -protosulphate of iron. - -Only the porous parts of the stones, usually the dark parts, absorb the -sugar or oil, and so aid the contrast of the colored with the white -layers. - - -CARNELIAN. - -Carnelian is a clear red translucent chalcedony, and is usually of a -gray or grayish-red color. Several weeks of exposure to the sun’s rays -and subsequent heating in earthen pots enhances and deepens the color. - -The brownish-red or dark-brown carnelian is called sardoine or sard; -the blood-red to pink varieties, with an upper layer of white onyx, are -called carnelian onyx, and the stones with a brown or sard base and a -white top are called sard-onyx. - -Carnelians are sometimes of a yellowish-brown or yellow color, but red -to brown are the principal colors. - -The secret of coloring agates was discovered in the early part of this -century, and about the same time agates became scarce in Oberstein, -while large finds were made in Brazil and Uruguay, especially of agates -with red layers. This variety comes chiefly from Brazil. - -Besides Uruguay and Brazil, carnelian is found in Arabia and India. The -most beautiful specimens of intaglios are engraved on sardoine, and -some of the finest cameos extant are of sard and carnelian onyx. - - -JASPER. - -Jasper is an impure opaque quartz, usually containing more iron than -agate, and lacking the quality of translucency. Jasper occurs in red, -brown, ochre-yellow, dark green, brownish-green, grayish-black, and -grayish-blue; sometimes containing bands or spots or quartz formations, -and often found with regular zones or bands of various colors. - -Egyptian jasper or Egyptian pebbles are names given to varieties that -are usually brown with inner bands of lighter hue, approaching cream in -color, and sometimes having dark bands with spots or markings. - -Egyptian jasper is found near Grand Cairo, and other varieties are -found in the Urals, Saxony, Devonshire, Nova Scotia, Canada, and the -United States. - -The specific gravity of jasper varies from 2.31 to 2.67; it scratches -glass, but yields to rock-crystal. - - -FALSE LAPIS. - -False lapis is jasper or agate artificially colored blue to imitate the -true lapis. Lapis lazuli is softer than false lapis, being only 5 to -5.5 in hardness. - -Sappharine or siderite is a sapphire or sky-blue chalcedony occurring -in Salzburg. - -Nicolo is a variety of onyx with a black or brown base and a band or -layer of bluish-white on top. The upper layer is not flat, but convex, -and is always thicker than the lower one. - - -HEMATITE. - -Hematite was once largely used to engrave upon, many of the ancient -intaglios being on this mineral. It is now cut to simulate black -pearls, and is also used in the cheaper jewelry, both engraved and cut -cabochon. - -Hematite has the hardness of 5.5 to 6.5, and specific gravity, 4.2 -to 5.3; it is opaque, and shows a red streak when scratched. It is -composed of: - - Iron 70 - Oxygen 30 - -The colors of hematite are dark-steel gray to iron-black, and sometimes -brownish- to blood-red. The lustre is highly metallic, with slight -iridescence. - -The island of Elba, France, Switzerland, Italy, Norway, Sweden, -Bohemia, England, Brazil, Chili, Canada, Spain, and the United States -are places where hematite is found. The Germans call this mineral -“blood-stone,” and it is also known as specular iron ore and iron -glance. - - -OBSIDIAN. - -Obsidian, or volcanic glass, does not occupy a high position as a gem -or as an ornamental stone, but its antiquity and occasional use among -the agates and semi-precious stones will justify its mention. - -This mineral is a melted lava, and consists of silex, alumina, -and a little potassa, soda, and oxide of iron. Obsidian is 6 to 7 -in hardness, has a specific gravity of 2.25 to 2.8, is sometimes -transparent but mostly translucent to opaque, and is vitreous to -metallic in lustre. It is brittle and not easily attacked by acids. It -melts before the blow-pipe and takes a high polish. - -Obsidian comes from volcanoes, and is found in Iceland, Teneriffe, -Lepare islands, Peru, Mexico, Sicily, and on all volcanoes. The -color is velvety-black to gray, brown, greenish-black, yellow, blue, -bottle-green, and white, seldom red, and often with black or yellow -spots or veinings. - -Iceland agate lava, volcanic lava, and royal agate are all obsidian. - - -MALACHITE. - -Malachite although sometimes used for jewelry, is now more largely -employed for mosaic work and ornamental vases, and is sufficiently -costly and rare to be classed amongst the precious stones. - -Malachite is 3.5 to 4 in hardness; has a specific gravity of 3.6 to 4; -is translucent to opaque; the lustre is vitreous to adamantine. It is -attacked by acids, and melts before the blow-pipe. It is composed of: - - Carbonic acid 20. - Protoxide of copper 71.8 - Water 8. - -Malachite occurs in emerald or verdigris green color, sometimes in -alternating stripes of different shades of green, and occasionally in -leek- to blackish-green. - -Malachite is found in Russia, France, the Tyrol, England, Scotland, -Ireland, Germany, Africa, Chili, Australia, and the United States. - -The finest specimens are found in the Urals—a block three and a half -feet square, being valued at 525,000 roubles. - - -JET. - -The making of jet or mourning jewelry was once a very large industry in -France and England, and even now Whitby jet is well known in commerce. - -Jet is a species of bituminous coal (cannel coal) which can be cut with -a knife. The hardness is 1 to 2.5; specific gravity, 1.35; its lustre -is not very high, and color pitch-black. - -It is found in England, France, Hesse, Spain, Italy, and Prussia. - - -AMBER. - -Amber is a fossil, and is not to be classed amongst minerals, but this -material has always been used as an ornament, and a few notes will not -be out of place here. - -This vegetable fossil, which has been known to the world for ages, the -Greeks called electron. - -It is very light, having a specific gravity of 1.065 to 1.08, and is 2 -to 2.5 in hardness. - -The principal color is yellow, in various shades, sometimes running -into white or reddish-brown and black. - -Amber is transparent to translucent, possesses single refraction, a -resinous lustre to a high degree, becomes electric by rubbing, and -burns readily before the blow-pipe. - -Amber when heated becomes soft and pliable. - -Amber is composed of: - - Carbon 79. - Hydrogen 10.5 - Oxygen 10.5 - -Amber is imitated by gum copal, and even the insect enclosures which -occur in real amber are copied. - -These imitations can be detected by placing the specimen in water or -alcohol. This is also a good test for pieces of real amber that have -been melted or glued together. - -Amber is thrown up by the sea, in rivers near the sea, or on the -sea-shore, and has been found in nearly all parts of the world. - -The Russian, Baltic, and Sicilian coasts have yielded the larger -portion of the production, but supplies come also from Galizia, the -Urals, Poland, China, and the United States. - -For ornamental purposes the faceted amber beads are largely used, but -of late years these have been closely imitated in glass. - - -CORAL. - -Coral, although not a precious stone, has been largely used in jewelry, -and as some of this beautiful substance is very valuable, a few words -will not come amiss. - -Red or precious coral is the work of a family of zoöphytes which live -mostly in cavities of rock in the sea. - -These polyps build their homes at a depth of two to seven hundred feet -under the surface of the sea, and although the single groups of coral -are sometimes several feet long, the usual size is about twelve inches -high, and about one inch at the thickest part of any single branch. - -Coral is usually red, and rarely white or black, while the pale -rose-pink is the most esteemed color. - -Coral is mostly found at Calle, off the coast of Africa, but also on -the coasts of Tunis, Algiers, Corsica, Barbary, Majorca, and Minorca. - -Coral fishing-vessels leave Italy the beginning of March and return -from the African coast in October; at one time as many as four hundred -vessels were engaged in this industry. - - - - -TABLE OF HARDNESS AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY. - - - ────────────────────┬───────────┬────────────── - │ HARDNESS. │ SPECIFIC - │ │ GRAVITY. - ────────────────────┼───────────┼────────────── - Achroite │ 7. — 7.5 │ 3. — 3.1 - Alexandrite │ 8.5 │ 3.65 — 3.8 - Almandine │ 7.5 │ 4. — 4.2 - Almandite │ 7.5 │ 4. — 4.2 - Amber │ 2. — 2.5 │ 1.065 — 1.08 - Apatite │ 4.5 — 5. │ 2.95 — 3.25 - Axinite │ 6.5 — 7. │ 3. — 3.3 - Beryl │ 7.5 — 8. │ 2.67 — 2.73 - Bobrowska garnet │ 6. │ 3.85 - Bohemian " │ 7.5 │ 3.69 — 3.78 - Brazilian emerald │ 7. — 7.5 │ 3. — 3.1 - " sapphire │ 7. — 7.5 │ 3. — 3.1 - Cachelong │ 5.5 — 6. │ 2. — 2.1 - Cat’s-eye │ 8.5 │ 3. — 3.8 - Ceylon chrysolite │ 7. — 7.5 │ 3. — 3.1 - " peridot │ 7. — 7.5 │ 3. — 3.1 - Chrysoberyl │ 8.5 │ 3.65 — 3.8 - Chrysolite │ 6.5 — 7. │ 3.3 — 3.5 - Chrysoprase │ 7. │ 2.56 - Cinnamon stone │ 6.5 │ 3.5 — 3.56 - Cyanite │ 5. — 7. │ 3.45 — 3.7 - Cymophane │ 8.5 │ 3.65 — 3.8 - Demantoide │ 6. │ 3.85 - Diamond │10. │ 3.5 — 3.6 - Dichroite │ 7. — 7.5 │ 2.56 — 2.67 - Diopside │ 5. — 6. │ 2.9 — 3.5 - Emerald │ 7.5 — 8. │ 2.67 — 2.73 - Epidote │ 6. — 7. │ 3.32 — 3.50 - Essonite │ 6.5 │ 3.5 — 3.56 - Euclase │ 7.5 │ 3.1 - Fluor spar │ 4. │ 3.1 — 3.2 - Garnet │ 5. — 8. │ 3.15 — 4.3 - Grossularite │ 6.5 │ 3.5 — 3.56 - Hematite │ 5.6 — 6.5 │ 4.2 — 5.3 - Hiddenite │ 6.5 — 7. │ 3.13 — 3.19 - Hyacinth │ 7.5 │ 4.4 — 4.7 - Hydrophane │ 5.5 — 6. │ 2. — 2.1 - Hypersthene │ 6. │ 3.3 — 3.4 - Idocrase │ 6.5 │ 3.35 — 3.45 - Indicolite │ 7. — 7.5 │ 3. — 3.1 - Jacinth │ 7.5 │ 4.4 — 4.7 - Jargoon │ 7.5 │ 4.4 — 4.7 - Jasper │ 7. │ 2.31 — 2.67 - Jet │ 2.5 │ 1.35 - Labrador │ 6. │ 2.62 — 2.76 - " hornblende │ 6. │ 3.3 — 3.4 - Lapis lazuli │ 5. — 5.5 │ 2.38 — 2.42 - Malachite │ 3.5 — 4. │ 3.6 — 4. - Moonstone │ 6. — 6.5 │ 2.4 — 2.6 - Obsidian │ 6. — 7. │ 2.25 — 2.8 - Olivine │ 6.5 — 7. │ 3.3 — 3.5 - Opal │ 5.5 — 6. │ 2. — 2.1 - Oriental amethyst │ 9. │ 3.9 — 4.1 - " aquamarine │ 9. │ 3.9 — 4.1 - " chrysolite │ 9. │ 3.9 — 4.1 - " emerald │ 9. │ 3.9 — 4.1 - " hyacinth │ 9. │ 3.9 — 4.1 - " topaz │ 9. │ 3.9 — 4.1 - Pearl │ │ 2.5 — 2.7 - Peridot │ 6.5 — 7. │ 3.3 — 3.5 - Phenacite │ 7.5 — 8. │ 2.96 — 3. - Pyrope │ 7.5 │ 3.69 — 3.78 - Quartz │ 7. │ 2.5 — 2.8 - " cat’s-eye │ 6. — 6.5 │ 2.65 - Rose quartz │ 7. │ 2.65 — 2.75 - Rubellite │ 7. — 7.5 │ 3. — 3.1 - Ruby │ 9. │ 3.9 — 4.1 - " cat’s-eye │ 9. │ 3.9 — 4.1 - Sapphire │ 9. │ 3.9 — 4.1 - " cat’s-eye │ 9. │ 3.9 — 4.1 - Siberite │ 7. — 7.5 │ 3. — 3.1 - Sphene │ 5. — 5.5 │ 3.4 — 3.56 - Spinel │ 8. │ 3.5 — 3.6 - Spodumene │ 6.5 — 7. │ 3.13 — 3.19 - Star ruby │ 9. │ 3.9 — 4.1 - " sapphire │ 9. │ 3.9 — 4.1 - " topaz │ 9. │ 3.9 — 4.1 - Sunstone │ 6. — 7. │ 2.56 — 2.72 - Syrian garnet │ 7.5 │ 4. — 4.42 - Titanite │ 5. — 5.5 │ 3.4 — 3.56 - Topaz │ 8. │ 3.4 — 3.6 - Tourmaline │ 7. — 7.5 │ 3. — 3.1 - Turquois │ 6. │ 2.6 — 2.8 - Uwarowite │ 7.5 │ 3.41 — 3.52 - Vesuvianite │ 6.5 │ 3.35 — 3.45 - Water sapphire │ 7. — 7.5 │ 2.56 — 2.67 - ────────────────────┴───────────┴────────────── - - - - -GENERAL INDEX. - - - Achroite, 64 - Actinolite, 29 - Adularia, see moonstone - Agate jasper, 120 - Agate onyx, see onyx - Agate, see quartz, 106, 119, 122, 123, 124, 126 - Alexandrite, 8, 54, 56 - Almandine, 9, 30, 80 - Almandite, 29, 80 - Amazon stone, 17, 88, 91 - Amber, 17, 128 - American ruby, 80, 83 - Amethyst, 8, 9, 16, 17, 44, 49, 107, 110, 111 - Amethystine quartz, see amethyst - Antimony, 29 - Apatite, 19, 87 - Aquamarine, 8, 16, 53 - Aquamarine chrysolite, 53 - Arizona ruby, 80, 83 - Asterias, see star sapphires - Aurora red sapphire, see Oriental hyacinth - Avanturine, 113, 114 - Avanturine felspar, see sunstone - Axinite, 17, 102 - - Balas ruby, 48 - Banded agate, 119 - Beckite, 120 - Beryl, 14, 16, 17, 44, 50, 52, 53, 87 - Blood-stone, see heliotrope - " see hematite - Bobrowska garnet, 80, 83 - Bohemian garnet, 80 82 - " diamond, see rock-crystal - " topaz, see yellow quartz - Bone turquois, 62 - Bort, 38 - Brazilian aquamarine, 85 - " emerald, 64, 67 - " ruby, 85 - " sapphire, 85 - " topaz, see topaz - Bronzite, 30 - - Cachelong, 69, 70 - Cairngorm, 107, 111 - Calcite, 19 - Cameo, 8 - Cannel coal, see jet - Cape garnet, 80, 83 - Cape ruby, 80, 83 - Carbon, 37 - Carbonate, see carbon - Carbuncle, 80 83 - Carnelian, 17, 113, 123, 124 - " onyx, 122 - Cat’s-eye, corundum, 8, 54, 57, 115, 116 - " quartz, 18, 58, 107, 113, 114, 115 - Ceylon cat’s-eye, see corundum cat’s-eye - " chrysolite, 64, 79 - " opal, see moonstone - " peridot, 64 - Ceylonite, 47 - Chalcedonyx, see chalcedony - Chalcedony, 8, 9, 16, 17, 113, 118, 119, 120, 122, 124 - Chrysoberyl, 16, 17, 45, 54, 56, 57, 79 - Chrysolite, 17, 30, 53, 58, 78, 87, 99, 107 - Chrysoprase, 17, 107, 113, 117 - Cinnamon stone, see grossularite - Cleavage, 10 - Cloudy agate, 120 - " chalcedony, see chalcedony - Colors, 16 - Coral, 130 - Cordierite, see dichroite - Corundum, 9, 17, 39, 45, 47, 48, 49 - Crocidolite, 5, 18, 113, 115 - Crystallization, 10 - Cutting, 32 - Cyanite, 17, 92 - Cymophane, 54, 56, 57 - - Decimal system, 28 - Demantoide, see Bobrowska garnet - Diamond, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 31, 32, 33, 35, - 40, 41, 49, 51, 52, 60, 75, 101, 109 - Dichroiscope, 14 - Dichroite, 97 - Diopside, 103 - - Egyptian jasper, 123 - " pebbles, see Egyptian jasper - Electricity, 31 - Emerald, 8, 9, 16, 17, 18, 31, 44, 51, 87, 95, 107 - Epidote, 17, 101 - Essonite, see grossularite - Euclase, 99 - Eye agate, 119 - - False emerald, see fluor spar - " lapis, 124 - " ruby, see fluor spar - " topaz, see fluor spar and yellow quartz - Fancy sapphires, 44 - Felspar, 20, 88, 91 - Fish-eye, see moonstone - Flint, 113 - Fluor spar, 17, 19, 31, 104 - Fortification agate, 119 - Fossil turquois, 63 - Fracture, 11 - Fusibility, 28 - - Garnet, 12, 14, 15, 17, 21, 32, 42, 53, 64, 80, 107 - Girasol, 46 - Glass, 15 - Golden beryl, 54 - Goldstone, see avanturine - Goutte d’eau, 85 - Green felspar, see Amazon stone - " garnet, 80, 99 - " sapphire, see Oriental emerald - Greenish-yellow sapphire, see Oriental chrysolite - Grossularite, 30, 80, 82 - - Hair-stone, see cairngorm - Heliotrope, 113, 116, 118, 120 - Hematite, 18, 124 - Hiddenite, 95 - Hornstone, 113 - Hungarian cat’s-eye, see quartz cat’s-eye - Hyacinth, 42, 58, 59 - Hydrophane, 69, 70 - Hypersthene, 105 - - Iceland lava, see obsidian - " spar, 14 - Idocrase, 17, 98 - Indian topaz, see yellow quartz - Indicolite, 64, 67 - Intaglio, 8 - Iolite, see dichroite - Iridescent quartz, see rose quartz - - Jacinth, 58, 59, 82 - Jargoon, 58, 59 - Jasper, 17, 106, 113, 123, 124 - Jet, 16, 128 - - Labrador, 16, 88, 91 - " hornblende, see hypersthene - Labradorite, see Labrador - Labrador spar, see Labrador - Lake George diamond, see rock-crystal - Lapis lazuli, 17, 93, 124 - Lava, see obsidian - Light-green sapphire, see Oriental aquamarine - Love arrows, see cairngorm - Lustre, 17 - - Magnetism, 30 - Malachite, 17, 127 - Mica, 11 - Mineral turquois, 61, 62 - Mocha agate, 120 - Moonstone, 17, 38, 89, 91, 109, 112 - Moss agate, 120 - Mother of emerald, see prase - - Natrolite, 29 - Needle-stone, see cairngorm - Nicolo, 124 - - Obsidian, 10, 16, 125 - Occidental cat’s-eye, see quartz cat’s-eye - " diamond, see rock-crystal - " topaz, see yellow quartz - " turquois, 62 - Odontolite, 17, 62 - Œil de bœuf, see Labrador - Oligoclase, see sunstone - Olivine, 17, 18, 53, 78, 84 - Onyx, 8, 106, 107, 113, 120, 124 - Opal, 8, 9, 10, 16, 17, 18, 30, 69, 100, 102, 107 - " common, see opal - " fire, " " - " noble, " " - Opaline felspar, see Labrador - Oriental amethyst, 39, 44 - " aquamarine, 39, 44 - " chrysolite, 39, 44; see also chrysoberyl - " emerald, 39, 44, 51 - " hyacinth, 39, 44 - " opal, see opal - " topaz, 39, 44, 87 - " turquois, 61 - Orthoclase, 29, 87 - Orthose, see moonstone - Ox-eye, see Labrador - - Pearl, 71 - " baroque, 74 - " black, 73, 124 - " bouton, 74 - " pink, 77 - Pebble diamond, see rock-crystal - Peridot, 16, 78 - Persian turquois, 62 - Phenacite, 101 - Phosphorescence, 31 - Plasma, 113, 118 - Pleiochroism, 14 - Pleonast, 47 - Polarization of light, 13 - Polishing, 32 - Prase, 17, 113, 117, 118 - Precious schorl, see tourmaline - Purple sapphire, see Oriental amethyst - Pyrope, 30, 80, 82 - - Quartz, 9, 16, 20, 22, 42, 50, 106, 123 - " cat’s-eye, see cat’s-eye quartz - - Rainbow agate, 119 - " quartz, 112 - Reconstructed rubies, 43 - " turquois, 64 - Red quartz, see quartz - " sapphire, see ruby - Refraction, 12 - Rhinestone, see rock-crystal - Ribbon agate, 119 - Rock-crystal, 17, 38, 91, 109, 112 - " salt, 11, 19 - Rose quartz, 17, 113 - Rose topaz, see topaz - Royal agate, see obsidian - Rubellite, 64, 65 - Rubicelle, 48 - Ruby, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 26, 32, 37, 39, 40, 53, 64, 107 - Ruby, cat’s-eye, 39, 46 - " spinel, see spinel - - Saganite, see cairngorm - Saphir d’eau, see dichroite - Sappare, see cyanite - Sapphire, 16, 17, 20, 21, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 51, 52, 93, 98 - Sapphire, cat’s-eye, 39, 46 - Sapphirine, 48, see false lapis - Sard, 121, 122 - Sardoine, see sard - Sardonyx, 121, 122 - Saxony topaz, 85 - Siberian aquamarine, 53 - " topaz, 85 - Siberite, 64 - Siderite, see false lapis - Silicified coral shells, see beckite - " wood, 120 - Slave’s diamond, see topaz - Smoky-quartz, see cairngorm - " topaz, 16, 17 - Spanish topaz, see yellow quartz - Specific gravity, 21 - Sphene, 100 - Spinel, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21, 42, 46 - Spodumene, 95, 96 - Star ruby, 39, 45 - Star sapphire, 39, 45 - " topaz, 39, 45 - Streak, 18 - Sunstone, 46, 88, 89, 90 - Syrian garnet, 80 - - Talc, 19 - Titanite, see sphene - Tiger-eye, see crocidolite - Topaz, 8, 9, 16, 17, 20, 31, 32, 38, - 42, 49, 50, 58, 84, 107, 111 - Tourmaline, 13, 16, 17, 21, 32, 42, 53, 64, 107 - Transparency, 30 - Tree agate, see Mocha agate - Turquois, 9, 10, 17, 18, 30, 60, 107 - - Uwarowite, 80, 83 - - Venus hair-stone, see cairngorm - Vermeille, 80, 83 - Vesuvianite, see idocrase - Volcanic glass, see obsidian - " lava, " " - - Water opal, see moonstone - " sapphire, see dichroite - Weight, 27 - White spinel, see spinel - Wood agate, 120 - " opal, 120 - - Yellow quartz, 111 - " sapphire, see Oriental topaz - - Zircon, 9, 16, 17, 18, 38, 49, 58 - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Hand-book of Precious Stones, by -Meyer D. 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