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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/6085-h.zip b/6085-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3cd8615 --- /dev/null +++ b/6085-h.zip diff --git a/6085-h/6085-h.htm b/6085-h/6085-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9efdae6 --- /dev/null +++ b/6085-h/6085-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1451 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii"?> + +<!DOCTYPE html + PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd" > + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en"> + <head> + <title> + The Code of Honor;, by John Lyde Wilson + </title> + <style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve"> + + body { margin:5%; background:#faebd0; text-align:justify} + P { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; } + hr { width: 50%; text-align: center;} + .foot { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 90%; } + blockquote {font-size: 97%; font-style: italic; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + .mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;} + .toc { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;} + .toc2 { margin-left: 20%;} + div.fig { display:block; margin:0 auto; text-align:center; } + div.middle { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; } + .figleft {float: left; margin-left: 0%; margin-right: 1%;} + .figright {float: right; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 1%;} + .pagenum {display:inline; font-size: 70%; font-style:normal; + margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 1%; + text-align: right;} + pre { font-style: italic; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 10%;} + +</style> + </head> + <body> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Code of Honor, by John Lyde Wilson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Code of Honor + +Author: John Lyde Wilson + +Release Date: March 25, 2009 [EBook #6085] +Last Updated: February 7, 2013 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CODE OF HONOR *** + + + + +Produced by Holly Ingraham, and David Widger + + + + + + +</pre> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h1> + THE CODE OF HONOR; + </h1> + <h3> + or + </h3> + <h2> + RULES FOR THE GOVERNMENT + </h2> + <h4> + of + </h4> + <h2> + PRINCIPALS AND SECONDS + </h2> + <h3> + in + </h3> + <h1> + DUELLING + </h1> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h2> + by John Lyde Wilson + </h2> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <h2> + Contents + </h2> + <h4> + <a href="#link2H_4_0002"> TO THE PUBLIC </a><br /><br /> <a + href="#link2H_4_0003"> <b>RULES FOR PRINCIPALS AND SECONDS IN DUELLING.</b> + </a><br /> + </h4> + <table summary="" style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto"> + <tr> + <td> + <a href="#link2HCH0001"> CHAPTER I. </a> + </td> + <td> + The Person Insulted, Before Challenge Sent + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <a href="#link2HCH0002"> CHAPTER II. </a> + </td> + <td> + The Party Receiving a Note Before Challenge + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <a href="#link2HCH0003"> CHAPTER III. </a> + </td> + <td> + Duty of Challenger and His Second Before Fighting + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <a href="#link2HCH0004"> CHAPTER IV. </a> + </td> + <td> + Duty of Challengee and Second After Challenge Sent + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <a href="#link2HCH0005"> CHAPTER V. </a> + </td> + <td> + Duty of Principals and Seconds on the Ground + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <a href="#link2HCH0006"> CHAPTER VI. </a> + </td> + <td> + Who Should Be on the Ground + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <a href="#link2HCH0007"> CHAPTER VII. </a> + </td> + <td> + Arms, and Manner of Loading and Presenting Them + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <a href="#link2HCH0008"> CHAPTER VIII. </a> + </td> + <td> + The Degrees of Insult, and How Compromised + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + <p> + <a href="#link2H_APPE"> APPENDIX. </a><br /><br /> <a href="#link2H_4_0013"> + ADDITIONAL GALWAY ARTICLES </a><br /><br /> <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_SUMM" id="link2H_SUMM"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <h2> + Summary: + </h2> + <p> + Originally this was published by the author (1784-1849), a former governor + of South Carolina, as a 22-page booklet, in 1838. Before his death he + added an appendix of the 1777 Irish duelling code, but this second edition + was not printed until 1858, as a 46-page small book, still sized to fit in + the case with one's duelling pistols. This code is far less blood-thirsty + than many might suppose, but built on a closed social caste and standards + of behavior quite alien to today. + </p> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <div class="mynote"> + <p> + <b>Transcriber's Note</b>: In the appendix the term "rencontre" is used. + In British law (then covering Ireland) this refers to an immediate fight + in the heat of offense. A duel would be undertaken in "cold blood" if + not cool temper. Killing a man in a rencontre counted as manslaughter; + in a duel, as murder. + </p> + <p> + On more than one occasion, the author refers to "posting" an offender. + This refers to posting to the public a notice as to his behavior in some + central club or business spot frequented by all men of that level of + society; exactly where varied from town to town. It was the ultimate + sanction, making the challengee's refusal to either apologize or fight a + public stain upon his character. + </p> + <br /> + </div> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_4_0002" id="link2H_4_0002"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + TO THE PUBLIC + </h2> + <p> + The man who adds in any way to the sum of human happiness is strictly in + the discharge of a moral duty. When Howard visited the victims of crime + and licentiousness, to reform their habits and ameliorate their condition, + the question was never asked whether he had been guilty of like excesses + or not? The only question the philanthropist would propound, should be, + has the deed been done in the true spirit of Christian benevolence? Those + who know me, can well attest the motive which has caused the publication + of the following sheets, to which they for a long time urged me in vain. + Those who do not know me, have no right to impute a wrong motive; and if + they do, I had rather be the object, than the authors of condemnation. To + publish a CODE OF HONOR, to govern in cases of individual combat, might + seem to imply, that the publisher was an advocate of duelling, and wished + to introduce it as the proper mode of deciding all personal difficulties + and misunderstandings. Such implication would do me great injustice. But + if the question be directly put to me, whether there are not cases where + duels are right and proper, I would unhesitatingly answer, there are. If + an oppressed nation has a right to appeal to arms in defence of its + liberty and the happiness of its people, there can be no argument used in + support of such appeal, which will not apply with equal force to + individuals. How many cases are there, that might be enumerated, where + there is no tribunal to do justice to an oppressed and deeply wronged + individual? If he be subjected to a tame submission to insult and + disgrace, where no power can shield him from its effects, then indeed it + would seem, that the first law of nature, self-preservation, points out + the only remedy for his wrongs. The history of all animated nature + exhibits a determined resistance to encroachments upon natural rights,—nay, + I might add, inanimate nature, for it also exhibits a continual warfare + for supremacy. Plants of the same kind, as well as trees, do not stop + their vigorous growth because they overshadow their kind; but, on the + contrary, flourish with greater vigor as the more weak and delicate + decline and die. Those of different species are at perpetual warfare. The + sweetest rose tree will sicken and waste on the near approach of the + noxious bramble, and the most promising fields of wheat yield a miserable + harvest if choked up with tares and thistles. The elements themselves war + together, and the angels of heaven have met in fierce encounter. The + principle of self-preservation is co-extensive with creation; and when by + education we make character and moral worth a part of ourselves, we guard + these possessions with more watchful zeal than life itself, and would go + farther for their protection. When one finds himself avoided in society, + his friends shunning his approach, his substance wasting, his wife and + children in want around him, and traces all his misfortunes and misery to + the slanderous tongue of the calumniator, who, by secret whisper or artful + innuendo, has sapped and undermined his reputation, he must be more or + less than man to submit in silence. + </p> + <p> + The indiscriminate and frequent appeal to arms, to settle trivial disputes + and misunderstandings, cannot be too severely censured and deprecated. I + am no advocate of such duelling. But in cases where the laws of the + country give no redress for injuries received, where public opinion not + only authorizes, but enjoins resistance, it is needless and a waste of + time to denounce the practice. It will be persisted in as long as a manly + independence, and a lofty personal pride in all that dignifies and + ennobles the human character, shall continue to exist. If a man be smote + on one cheek in public, and he turns the other, which is also smitten, and + he offers no resistance, but blesses him that so despitefully used him, I + am aware that he is in the exercise of great Christian forbearance, highly + recommended and enjoined by many very good men, but utterly repugnant to + those feelings which nature and education have implanted in the human + character. If it was possible to enact laws so severe and impossible to be + evaded, as to enforce such rule of behavior, all that is honorable in the + community would quit the country and inhabit the wilderness with the + Indians. If such a course of conduct was infused by education into the + minds of our youth, and it became praiseworthy and honorable to a man to + submit to insult and indignity, then indeed the forbearance might be borne + without disgrace. Those, therefore, who condemn all who do not denounce + duelling in every case, should establish schools where a passive + submission to force would be the exercise of a commendable virtue. I have + not the least doubt, that if I had been educated in such a school, and + lived in such a society, I would have proved a very good member of it. But + I much doubt, if a seminary of learning was established, where this + Christian forbearance was inculcated and enforced, whether there would be + many scholars. + </p> + <p> + I would not wish to be understood to say, that I do not desire to see + duelling to cease to exist entirely, in society. But my plan for doing it + away, is essentially different from the one which teaches a passive + forbearance to insult and indignity. I would inculcate in the rising + generation a spirit of lofty independence; I would have them taught that + nothing was more derogatory to the honor of a gentleman, than to wound the + feelings of any one, however humble. That if wrong be done to another, it + was more an act of heroism and bravery to repair the injury, than to + persist in error, and enter into mortal combat with the injured party. + This would be an aggravation of that which was already odious, and would + put him without the pale of all decent society and honorable men. I would + strongly inculcate the propriety of being tender of the feelings, as well + as the failings, of those around him. I would teach immutable integrity, + and uniform urbanity of manners. Scrupulously to guard individual honor, + by a high personal self respect, and the practice of every commendable + virtue. Once let such a system of education be universal, and we should + seldom hear, if ever, of any more duelling. + </p> + <p> + The severest penal enactments cannot restrain the practice of duelling, + and their extreme severity in this State, the more effectually shields the + offenders. The teaching and preaching of our eloquent Clergy, may do some + service, but is wholly inadequate to suppress it. Under these + circumstances, the following rules are given to the public, and if I can + save the life of one useful member of society, I will be compensated. I + have restored to the bosoms of many, their sons, by my timely + interference, who are ignorant of the misery I have averted from them. I + believe that nine duels out of ten, if not ninety-nine out of a hundred, + originate in the want of experience in the seconds. A book of authority, + to which they can refer in matters where they are uninformed, will + therefore be a desideratum. How far this code will be that book, the + public will decide. + </p> + <p> + THE AUTHOR <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_4_0003" id="link2H_4_0003"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h1> + RULES FOR PRINCIPALS AND SECONDS <br /> IN DUELLING. + </h1> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0001" id="link2HCH0001"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER I. The Person Insulted, Before Challenge Sent + </h2> + <p> + 1. Whenever you believe that you are insulted, if the insult be in public + and by words or behavior, never resent it there, if you have self-command + enough to avoid noticing it. If resented there, you offer an indignity to + the company, which you should not. + </p> + <p> + 2. If the insult be by blows or any personal indignity, it may be resented + at the moment, for the insult to the company did not originate with you. + But although resented at the moment, you are bound still to have + satisfaction, and must therefore make the demand. + </p> + <p> + 3. When you believe yourself aggrieved, be silent on the subject, speak to + no one about the matter, and see your friend, who is to act for you, as + soon as possible. + </p> + <p> + 4. Never send a challenge in the first instance, for that precludes all + negotiation. Let your note be in the language of a gentleman, and let the + subject matter of complaint be truly and fairly set forth, cautiously + avoiding attributing to the adverse party any improper motive. + </p> + <p> + 5. When your second is in full possession of the facts, leave the whole + matter to his judgment, and avoid any consultation with him unless he + seeks it. He has the custody of your honor, and by obeying him you cannot + be compromitted. + </p> + <p> + 6. Let the time of demand upon your adversary after the insult, be as + short as possible, for he has the right to double that time in replying to + you, unless you give him some good reason for your delay. Each party is + entitled to reasonable time, to make the necessary domestic arrangements, + by will or otherwise, before fighting. + </p> + <p> + 7. To a written communication you are entitled to a written reply, and it + is the business of your friend to require it. + </p> + <p> + SECOND'S DUTY BEFORE CHALLENGE SENT. + </p> + <p> + 1. Whenever you are applied to by a friend to act as his second, before + you agree to do so, state distinctly to your principal that you will be + governed only by your own judgment,—that he will not be consulted + after you are in full possession of the facts, unless it becomes necessary + to make or accept the amende honorable, or send a challenge. You are + supposed to be cool and collected, and your friend's feelings are more or + less irritated. + </p> + <p> + 2. Use every effort to soothe and tranquilize your principal; do not see + things in the same aggravated light in which he views them; extenuate the + conduct of his adversary whenever you see clearly an opportunity to do so, + without doing violence to your friend's irritated mind. Endeavor to + persuade him that there must have been some misunderstanding in the + matter. Check him if he uses opprobrious epithet towards his adversary, + and never permit improper or insulting words in the note you carry. + </p> + <p> + 3. To the note you carry in writing to the party complained of, you are + entitled to a written answer, which will be directed to your principal and + will be delivered to you by his adversary's friend. If this be not written + in the style of a gentleman, refuse to receive it, and assign your reason + for such refusal. If there be a question made as to the character of the + note, require the second presenting it to you, who considers it + respectful, to endorse upon it these words: "I consider the note of my + friend respectful, and would not have been the bearer of it, if I believed + otherwise." + </p> + <p> + 4. If the party called on, refuses to receive the note you bear, you are + entitled to demand a reason for such refusal. If he refuses to give you + any reason, and persists in such refusal, he treats, not only your friend, + but yourself, with indignity, and you must then make yourself the actor, + by sending a respectful note, requiring a proper explanation of the course + he has pursued towards you and your friend; and if he still adheres to his + determination, you are to challenge or post him. + </p> + <p> + 5. If the person to whom you deliver the note of your friend, declines + meeting him on the ground of inequality, you are bound to tender yourself + in his stead, by a note directed to him from yourself; and if he refuses + to meet you, you are to post him. + </p> + <p> + 6. In all cases of the substitution of the second for the principal, the + seconds should interpose and adjust the matter, if the party substituting + avows he does not make the quarrel of his principal his own. The true + reason for substitution, is the supposed insult of imputing to you the + like inequality which if charged upon your friend, and when the contrary + is declared, there should be no fight, for individuals may well differ in + their estimate of an individual's character and standing in society. In + case of substitution and a satisfactory arrangement, you are then to + inform your friend of all the facts, whose duty it will be to post in + person. + </p> + <p> + 7. If the party, to whom you present a note, employ a son, father or + brother, as a second, you may decline acting with either on the ground of + consanguinity. + </p> + <p> + 8. If a minor wishes you to take a note to an adult, decline doing so, on + the ground of his minority. But if the adult complained of, had made a + companion of the minor in society, you may bear the note. + </p> + <p> + 9. When an accommodation is tendered, never require too much; and if the + party offering the amende honorable, wishes to give a reason for his + conduct in the matter, do not, unless offensive to your friend, refuse to + receive it; by so doing you may heal the breach more effectually. + </p> + <p> + 10. If a stranger wishes you to bear a note for him, be well satisfied + before you do so, that he is on an equality with you; and in presenting + the note state to the party the relationship you stand towards him, and + what you know and believe about him; for strangers are entitled to redress + for wrongs, as well as others, and the rules of honor and hospitality + should protect him. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0002" id="link2HCH0002"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER II. The Party Receiving a Note Before Challenge. + </h2> + <p> + 1. When a note is presented to you by an equal, receive it, and read it, + although you may suppose it to be from one you do not intend to meet, + because its requisites may be of a character which may readily be complied + with. But if the requirements of a note cannot be acceded to, return it, + through the medium of your friend, to the person who handed it to you, + with your reason for returning it. + </p> + <p> + 2. If the note received be in abusive terms, object to its reception, and + return it for that reason; but if it be respectful, return an answer of + the same character, in which respond correctly and openly to all + interrogatories fairly propounded, and hand it to your friend, who, it is + presumed, you have consulted, and who has advised the answer; direct it to + the opposite party, and let it be delivered to his friend. + </p> + <p> + 3. You may refuse to receive a note, from a minor, (if you have not made + an associate of him); one that has been posted; one that has been publicly + disgraced without resenting it; one whose occupation is unlawful; a man in + his dotage and a lunatic. There may be other cases, but the character of + those enumerated will lead to a correct decision upon those omitted. + </p> + <p> + If you receive a note from a stranger, you have a right to a reasonable + time to ascertain his standing in society, unless he is fully vouched for + by his friend. + </p> + <p> + 4. If a party delays calling on you for a week or more, after the supposed + insult, and assigns no cause for the delay, if you require it, you may + double the time before you respond to him; for the wrong cannot be + considered aggravated; if borne patiently for some days, and the time may + have been used in preparation and practice. + </p> + <p> + Second's Duty of the Party Receiving a Note Before Challenge Sent. + </p> + <p> + 1. When consulted by your friend, who has received a note requiring + explanation, inform him distinctly that he must be governed wholly by you + in the progress of the dispute. If he refuses, decline to act on that + ground. + </p> + <p> + 2. Use your utmost efforts to allay all excitement which your principal + may labor under; search diligently into the origin of the + misunderstanding; for gentlemen seldom insult each other, unless they + labor under some misapprehension or mistake; and when you have discovered + the original ground or error, follow each movement to the time of sending + the note, and harmony will be restored. + </p> + <p> + 3. When your principal refuses to do what you require of hi, decline + further acting on that ground, and inform the opposing second of your + withdrawal from the negotiation. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0003" id="link2HCH0003"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER III. Duty of Challenger and His Second Before Fighting. + </h2> + <p> + 1. After all efforts for a reconciliation are over, the party aggrieved + sends a challenge to his adversary, which is delivered to his second. + </p> + <p> + 2. Upon the acceptance of the challenge, the seconds make the necessary + arrangements for the meeting, in which each party is entitled to a perfect + equality. The old notion that the party challenged, was authorized to name + the time, place, distance and weapon, has been long since exploded; nor + would a man of chivalric honor use such a right, if he possessed it. The + time must e as soon as practicable, the place such as had ordinarily been + used where the parties are, the distance usual, and the weapons that which + is most generally used, which, in this State, is the pistol. + </p> + <p> + 3. If the challengee insist upon what is not usual in time, place, + distance and weapon, do not yield the point, and tender in writing what is + usual in each, and if he refuses to give satisfaction, then your friend + may post him. + </p> + <p> + 4. If your friend be determined to fight and not post, you have the right + to withdraw. But if you continue to act, and have the right to tender a + still more deadly distance and weapon, and he must accept. + </p> + <p> + 5. The usual distance is from ten to twenty paces, as may be agreed on; + and the seconds in measuring the ground, usually step three feet. + </p> + <p> + 6. After all the arrangements are made, the seconds determine the giving + of the word and position, by lot; and he who gains has the choice of the + one or the other, selects whether it be the word or the position, but he + cannot have both. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0004" id="link2HCH0004"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER IV. Duty of Challengee and Second After Challenge Sent. + </h2> + <p> + 1. The challengee has no option when negotiation has ceased, but to accept + the challenge. + </p> + <p> + 2. The second makes the necessary arrangements with the second of the + person challenging. The arrangements are detailed in the preceding + chapter. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0005" id="link2HCH0005"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER V. Duty of Principals and Seconds on the Ground. + </h2> + <p> + 1. The principals are to be respectful in meeting, and neither by look or + expression irritate each other. They are to be wholly passive, being + entirely under the guidance of their seconds. + </p> + <p> + 2. When once posted, they are not to quit their positions under any + circumstances, without leave or direction of their seconds. + </p> + <p> + 3. When the principals are posted, the second giving the word, must tell + them to stand firm until he repeats the giving of the word, in the manner + it will be given when the parties are at liberty to fire. + </p> + <p> + 4. Each second has a loaded pistol, in order to enforce a fair combat + according to the rules agreed on; and if a principal fires before the word + or time agreed on, he is at liberty to fire at him, and if such second's + principal fall, it is his duty to do so. + </p> + <p> + 5. If after a fire, either party be touched, the duel is to end; and no + second is excusable who permits a wounded friend to fight; and no second + who knows his duty, will permit his friend to fight a man already hit. I + am aware there have been many instances where a contest has continued, not + only after slight, but severe wounds, had been received. In all such + cases, I think the seconds are blamable. + </p> + <p> + 6. If after an exchange of shots, neither party be hit, it is the duty of + the second of the challengee, to approach the second of the challenger and + say: "Our friends have exchanged shots, are you satisfied, or is there any + cause why the contest should be continued?" If the meeting be of no + serious cause of complaint, where the party complaining had in no way been + deeply injured, or grossly insulted, the second of the party challenging + should reply: "The point of honor being settled, there can, I conceive, be + no objection to a reconciliation, and I propose that our principals meet + on middle ground, shake hands, and be friends." If this be acceded to by + the second of the challengee, the second of the party challenging, says: + "We have agreed that the present duel shall cease, the honor of each of + you is preserved, and you will meet on middle ground, shake hands and be + reconciled." + </p> + <p> + 7. If the insult be of a serious character, it will be the duty of the + second of the challenger, to say, in reply to the second of the + challengee: "We have been deeply wronged, and if you are not disposed to + repair the injury, the contest must continue." And if the challengee + offers nothing by way of reparation, the fight continues until one or the + other of the principals is hit. + </p> + <p> + 8. If in cases where the contest is ended by the seconds, as mentioned in + the sixth rule of this chapter, the parties refuse to meet and be + reconciled, it is the duty of the seconds to withdraw from the field, + informing their principals, that the contest must be continued under the + superintendence of other friends. But if one agrees to this arrangement of + the seconds, and the other does not, the second of the disagreeing + principal only withdraws. + </p> + <p> + 9. If either principal on the ground refuses to fight or continue the + fight when required, it is the duty of his second to say to the other + second: "I have come upon the ground with a coward, and do tender you my + apology for an ignorance of his character; you are at liberty to post + him." The second, by such conduct, stands excused to the opposite party. + </p> + <p> + 10. When the duel is ended by a party being hit, it is the duty of the + second to the party so hit, to announce the fact to the second of the + party hitting, who will forthwith tender any assistance he can command to + the disabled principal. If the party challenging, hit the challengee, it + is his duty to say he is satisfied, and will leave the ground. If the + challenger be hit, upon the challengee being informed of it, he should ask + through his second, whether he is at liberty to leave the ground which + should be assented to. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0006" id="link2HCH0006"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER VI. Who Should Be on the Ground. + </h2> + <p> + 1. The principals, seconds, one surgeon and one assistant surgeon to each + principal; but the assistant surgeon may be dispensed with. + </p> + <p> + 2. Any number of friends that the seconds agree on, may be present, + provided they do not come within the degrees of consanguinity mentioned in + the seventh rule of Chapter I. 3. Persons admitted on the ground, are + carefully to abstain by word or behavior, from any act that might be the + least exceptionable; nor should they stand near the principals or seconds, + or hold conversations with them. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0007" id="link2HCH0007"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER VII. Arms, and Manner of Loading and Presenting Them. + </h2> + <p> + 1. The arms used should be smooth-bore pistols, not exceeding nine inches + in length, with flint and steel. Percussion pistols may be mutually used + if agreed on, but to object on that account is lawful. + </p> + <p> + 2. Each second informs the other when he is about to load, and invites his + presence, but the seconds rarely attend on such invitation, as gentlemen + may be safely trusted in the matter. + </p> + <p> + 3. The second, in presenting the pistol to his friend, should never put it + in his pistol hand, but should place it in the other, which is grasped + midway the barrel, with muzzle pointing in the contrary way to that which + he is to fire, informing him that his pistol is loaded and ready for use. + Before the word is given, the principal grasps the butt firmly in his + pistol hand, and brings it round, with the muzzle downward, to the + fighting position. + </p> + <p> + 4. The fighting position, is with the muzzle down and the barrel from you; + for although it may be agreed that you may hold your pistol with the + muzzle up, it may be objected to, as you can fire sooner from that + position, and consequently have a decided advantage, which ought not to be + claimed, and should not be granted. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0008" id="link2HCH0008"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER VIII. The Degrees of Insult, and How Compromised + </h2> + <p> + 1. The prevailing rule is, that words used in retort, although more + violent and disrespectful than those first used, will not satisfy,—words + being no satisfaction for words. + </p> + <p> + 2. When words are used, and a blow given in return, the insult is avenged; + and if redress be sought, it must be from the person receiving the blow. + </p> + <p> + 3. When blows are given in the first instance and not returned, and the + person first striking, be badly beaten or otherwise, the party first + struck is to make the demand, for blows do not satisfy a blow. + </p> + <p> + 4. Insults at a wine table, when the company are over-excited, must be + answered for; and if the party insulting have no recollection of the + insult, it is his duty to say so in writing, and negative the insult. For + instance, if the man say: "you are a liar and no gentleman," he must, in + addition to the plea of the want of recollection, say: "I believe the + party insulted to be a man of the strictest veracity and a gentleman." + </p> + <p> + 5. Intoxication is not a full excuse for insult, but it will greatly + palliate. If it was a full excuse, it might be well counterfeited to wound + feelings, or destroy character. + </p> + <p> + 6. In all cases of intoxication, the seconds must use a sound discretion + under the above general rules. + </p> + <p> + 7. Can every insult be compromised? is a mooted and vexed question. On + this subject, no rules can be given that will be satisfactory. The old + opinion, that a blow must require blood, is not of force. Blows may be + compromised in many cases. What those are, much depend on the seconds. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_APPE" id="link2H_APPE"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + APPENDIX. + </h2> + <p> + Since the above Code was in press, a friend has favored me with the IRISH + CODE OF HONOR, which I had never seen; and it is published as an Appendix + to it. One thing must be apparent to every reader, viz., the marked + amelioration of the rules that govern in duelling at the present time. I + am unable to say what code exists now in Ireland, but I very much doubt + whether it be of the same character which it bore in 1777. The American + Quarterly Review for September, 1824, in a notice of Sir Jonah + Barrington's history of his own times, has published this code; and + followed it up with some remarks, which I have thought proper to insert + also. The grave reviewer has spoken of certain States in terms so unlike a + gentleman, that I would advise him to look at home, and say whether he + does not think that the manners of his own countrymen, do not require + great amendment? I am very sure, that the citizens of the States so + disrespectfully spoken of, would feel a deep humiliation, to be compelled + to exchange their urbanity of deportment, for the uncouth incivility of + the people of Massachusetts. Look at their public journals, and you will + find them, very generally, teeming with abuse of private character, which + would not be countenanced here. The idea of New England becoming a school + for manners, is about as fanciful as Bolinbroke's "idea of a patriot + king." I like their fortiter in re, but utterly eschew their suaviter in + modo. + </p> + <p> + "The practice of duelling and points of honor settled at Clonmell summer + assizes, 1777, by the gentleman delegates of Tipperary, Galway, Mayo, + Sligo and Roscommon, and prescribed for general adoption throughout + Ireland. + </p> + <p> + "Rule 1.—The first offence requires the apology, although the retort + may have been more offensive than the insult.—Example: A. tells B. + he is impertinent, &C.; B. retorts, that he lies; yet A. must make the + first apology, because he gave the first offence, and then, (after one + fire,) B. may explain away the retort by subsequent apology. + </p> + <p> + "Rule 2.—But if the parties would rather fight on: then, after two + shots each, (but in no case before,) B. may explain first, and A. + apologize afterward. + </p> + <p> + "Rule 3.—If a doubt exist who gave the first offence, the decision + rests with the seconds; if they won't decide or can't agree, the matter + must proceed to two shots, or a hit, if the challenger requires it. + </p> + <p> + "Rule 4.—When the lie direct is the first offence, the aggressor + must either beg pardon in express terms; exchange tow shots previous to + apology; or three shots followed up by explanation; or fire on till a + severe hit be received by one party or the other. + </p> + <p> + "Rule 5.—As a blow is strictly prohibited under any circumstances + among gentlemen, no verbal apology can be received for such an insult; the + alternatives therefore are: the offender handing a can to the injured + party, to be used on his own back, at the same time begging pardon; firing + on until one or both is disabled; or exchanging three shots, and then + asking pardon without the proffer of the cane. + </p> + <p> + "If swords are used, the parties engage till one is well-blooded, disabled + or disarmed; or until, after receiving a wound, and blood being drawn, the + aggressor begs pardon. + </p> + <p> + "N.B. A disarm is considered the same as a disable; the disarmer may + (strictly) break his adversary's sword; but if it be the challenger who is + disarmed, it is considered ungenerous to do so. + </p> + <p> + "In case the challenged be disarmed and refuses to ask pardon or atone, he + must not be killed as formerly; but the challenger may lay his sword on + the aggressor's shoulder, than break the aggressor's sword, and say, 'I + spare your life!' The challenged can never revive the quarrel, the + challenger may. + </p> + <p> + "Rule 6.—If A. give B. the lie, and B. retorts by a blow, (being the + two greatest offences,) no reconciliation can take place till after two + discharges each, or a severe hit; after which, B. may beg A.'s pardon for + the blow, and then A. may explain simply for the lie; because a blow is + never allowable, and the offence of the lie therefore merges in it. (See + preceding rule.) + </p> + <p> + "N.B. Challenges for individual causes, may be reconciled on the ground, + after one shot. An explanation, or the slightest hit should be sufficient + in such cases, because no personal offence transpired. + </p> + <p> + "Rule 7.—But no apology can be received, in any case, after the + parties have actually taken their ground, without exchange of fires. + </p> + <p> + "Rule 8.—In the above case, no challenger is obliged to divulge the + cause of his challenge, (if private,) unless required by the challenged to + do so before their meeting. + </p> + <p> + "Rule 9.—All imputations of cheating at play, races, &c, to be + considered equivalent to a blow; but may be reconciled after one shot, on + admitting their falsehood, and begging pardon publicly. + </p> + <p> + "Rule 10.—Any insult to a lady under a gentleman's care or + protection, to be considered as, by one degree, a greater offence than if + given to the gentleman personally, and to be regulated accordingly. + </p> + <p> + "Rule 11.—Offences originating or accruing from the support of a + lady's reputation, to be considered as less unjustifiable than any other + of the same class, and as admitting of lighter apologies by the aggressor; + this to be determined by the circumstances of the case, but always + favorably to the lady. + </p> + <p> + "Rule 12.—In simple unpremeditated rencontres with the small sword + or couteau-de-chasse, the rule is, first draw, first sheathe; unless blood + be drawn: then both sheathe, and proceed to investigation. + </p> + <p> + "Rule 13.—No dumb-shooting, or firing in the air, admissible in any + case. The challenger ought not to have challenged without receiving + offence; and the challenged ought, if he gave offence, to have made an + apology before he came on the ground: therefore, children's play must be + dishonorable on one side or the other, and is accordingly prohibited. + </p> + <p> + "Rule 14.—Seconds to be of equal rank in society with the principals + they attend, inasmuch as a second may choose or chance to become a + principal, and equality is indispensable. + </p> + <p> + "Rule 15.—Challenges are never to be delivered at night, unless the + party to be challenged intend leaving the place of offence before morning; + for it is desirable to avoid all hot-headed proceedings. + </p> + <p> + "Rule 16.—The challenged has the right to choose his own weapon, + unless the challenger gives his honor he is no swordsman; after which, + however, he cannot decline any second species of weapon proposed by the + challenged. + </p> + <p> + "Rule 17.—The challenged chooses his ground; the challenger chooses + his distance; the seconds fix the time and terms of firing. + </p> + <p> + "Rule 18.—The seconds load in presence of each other, unless they + give their mutual honors that they have charged smooth and single, which + should be held sufficient. + </p> + <p> + "Rule 19.—Firing may be regulated, first by signal; secondly, by + word of command; or, thirdly, at pleasure, as may be agreeable to the + parties. In the latter case, the parties may fire at their reasonable + leisure, but second presents and rests are strictly prohibited. + </p> + <p> + "Rule 20.—In all cases a miss-fire is equivalent to a shot, and a + snap or a non-cock is to be considered as a miss-fire. + </p> + <p> + "Rule 21.—Seconds are bound to attempt a reconciliation before the + meeting takes place, or after sufficient firing or hits, as specified. + </p> + <p> + "Rule 22.—Any wound sufficient to agitate the nerves and necessarily + make the hands shake, must end the business for that day. + </p> + <p> + "Rule 23.—If the cause of meeting be of such a nature that no + apology or explanation can or will be received, the challenged takes his + ground, and calls on the challenger to proceed as he chooses: in such + cases firing at pleasure is the usual practice, but may be varied by + agreement. + </p> + <p> + "Rule 24.—In slight cases, the second hands his principal but one + pistol; but in gross cases, two, holding another case ready charged in + reserve. + </p> + <p> + "Rule 25.—When seconds disagree, and resolve to exchange shots + themselves, it must be at the same time and at right angles with their + principals. + </p> + <p> + "If with swords, side by side, at five paces interval. + </p> + <p> + "N.B. All matters and doubts not herein mentioned, will be explained and + cleared up by application to the committee, who meet alternately at + Clonmell and Galway, at their quarter sessions, for the purpose. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "CROW RYAN, President." + + "JAMES KEOG, + "AMBY BODKIN, Secretaries." +</pre> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0013" id="link2H_4_0013"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + ADDITIONAL GALWAY ARTICLES + </h2> + <p> + "Rule 1.—No party can be allowed to bend his knee or cover his side + with his left hand; but may present at any level from the hip to the eye. + </p> + <p> + "Rule 2.—One can neither advance nor retreat, if the ground be + measured. If the ground be unmeasured, either party may advance at + pleasure, even to touch muzzle; but neither can advance on his adversary + after the fire, unless his adversary step forward on him. + </p> + <p> + "The seconds stand responsible for this last rule being strictly observed; + bad cases have accrued from neglecting it." + </p> + <p> + This precise and enlightened digest was rendered necessary by the + multitude of quarrels that arouse without "sufficient dignified + provocation:" the point of honor men required a uniform government; and + the code thus formed was disseminated throughout the island, with + directions that it should be strictly observed by all gentlemen, and kept + in their pistol cases. The rules, with some others, were commonly styled + "the thirty-six commandments," and, according to the author, have been + much acted upon down to the present day. Tipperary and Galway were the + chief schools of duelling. We remember to have heard, in travelling to the + town of the former name in a stage coach, a dispute between two Irish + companions, on the point, which was the most gentlemanly country in all + Ireland—Tipperary or Galway? and both laid great stress upon the + relative duelling merits of those counties. By the same criterion, + Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia and South Carolina, would bear away the palm + of gentility among the States of the Union. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Code of Honor, by John Lyde Wilson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CODE OF HONOR *** + +***** This file should be named 6085-h.htm or 6085-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/6/0/8/6085/ + +Produced by Holly Ingraham, and David Widger + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Code of Honor + +Author: John Lyde Wilson + +Release Date: July, 2004 [EBook #6085] +Posting Date: March 25, 2009 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CODE OF HONOR *** + + + + +Produced by Holly Ingraham + + + + + + + +THE CODE OF HONOR; + +or + +RULES FOR THE GOVERNMENT + +of + +PRINCIPALS AND SECONDS + +in + +DUELLING + + +by John Lyde Wilson + + + +Summary: + +Originally this was published by the author (1784-1849), a +former governor of South Carolina, as a 22-page booklet, in 1838. Before +his death he added an appendix of the 1777 Irish duelling code, but +this second edition was not printed until 1858, as a 46-page small book, +still sized to fit in the case with one's duelling pistols. This code +is far less blood-thirsty than many might suppose, but built on a closed +social caste and standards of behavior quite alien to today. + +Transcriber's Note: In the appendix the term "rencontre" is used. In +British law (then covering Ireland) this refers to an immediate fight in +the heat of offense. A duel would be undertaken in "cold blood" if not +cool temper. Killing a man in a rencontre counted as manslaughter; in a +duel, as murder. + +On more than one occasion, the author refers to "posting" an offender. +This refers to posting to the public a notice as to his behavior in some +central club or business spot frequented by all men of that level of +society; exactly where varied from town to town. It was the ultimate +sanction, making the challengee's refusal to either apologize or fight a +public stain upon his character. + + + + +TO THE PUBLIC + +The man who adds in any way to the sum of human happiness is strictly in +the discharge of a moral duty. When Howard visited the victims of +crime and licentiousness, to reform their habits and ameliorate their +condition, the question was never asked whether he had been guilty +of like excesses or not? The only question the philanthropist would +propound, should be, has the deed been done in the true spirit of +Christian benevolence? Those who know me, can well attest the motive +which has caused the publication of the following sheets, to which they +for a long time urged me in vain. Those who do not know me, have no +right to impute a wrong motive; and if they do, I had rather be the +object, than the authors of condemnation. To publish a CODE OF HONOR, +to govern in cases of individual combat, might seem to imply, that the +publisher was an advocate of duelling, and wished to introduce it as the +proper mode of deciding all personal difficulties and misunderstandings. +Such implication would do me great injustice. But if the question be +directly put to me, whether there are not cases where duels are right +and proper, I would unhesitatingly answer, there are. If an oppressed +nation has a right to appeal to arms in defence of its liberty and the +happiness of its people, there can be no argument used in support of +such appeal, which will not apply with equal force to individuals. +How many cases are there, that might be enumerated, where there is no +tribunal to do justice to an oppressed and deeply wronged individual? +If he be subjected to a tame submission to insult and disgrace, where no +power can shield him from its effects, then indeed it would seem, that +the first law of nature, self-preservation, points out the only remedy +for his wrongs. The history of all animated nature exhibits a determined +resistance to encroachments upon natural rights,--nay, I might +add, inanimate nature, for it also exhibits a continual warfare for +supremacy. Plants of the same kind, as well as trees, do not stop +their vigorous growth because they overshadow their kind; but, on the +contrary, flourish with greater vigor as the more weak and delicate +decline and die. Those of different species are at perpetual warfare. +The sweetest rose tree will sicken and waste on the near approach of +the noxious bramble, and the most promising fields of wheat yield a +miserable harvest if choked up with tares and thistles. The elements +themselves war together, and the angels of heaven have met in fierce +encounter. The principle of self-preservation is co-extensive with +creation; and when by education we make character and moral worth a part +of ourselves, we guard these possessions with more watchful zeal than +life itself, and would go farther for their protection. When one finds +himself avoided in society, his friends shunning his approach, his +substance wasting, his wife and children in want around him, and +traces all his misfortunes and misery to the slanderous tongue of the +calumniator, who, by secret whisper or artful innuendo, has sapped and +undermined his reputation, he must be more or less than man to submit in +silence. + +The indiscriminate and frequent appeal to arms, to settle trivial +disputes and misunderstandings, cannot be too severely censured and +deprecated. I am no advocate of such duelling. But in cases where the +laws of the country give no redress for injuries received, where public +opinion not only authorizes, but enjoins resistance, it is needless and +a waste of time to denounce the practice. It will be persisted in as +long as a manly independence, and a lofty personal pride in all that +dignifies and ennobles the human character, shall continue to exist. If +a man be smote on one cheek in public, and he turns the other, which +is also smitten, and he offers no resistance, but blesses him that so +despitefully used him, I am aware that he is in the exercise of great +Christian forbearance, highly recommended and enjoined by many very good +men, but utterly repugnant to those feelings which nature and education +have implanted in the human character. If it was possible to enact +laws so severe and impossible to be evaded, as to enforce such rule of +behavior, all that is honorable in the community would quit the country +and inhabit the wilderness with the Indians. If such a course of conduct +was infused by education into the minds of our youth, and it became +praiseworthy and honorable to a man to submit to insult and indignity, +then indeed the forbearance might be borne without disgrace. Those, +therefore, who condemn all who do not denounce duelling in every case, +should establish schools where a passive submission to force would be +the exercise of a commendable virtue. I have not the least doubt, that +if I had been educated in such a school, and lived in such a society, +I would have proved a very good member of it. But I much doubt, if a +seminary of learning was established, where this Christian forbearance +was inculcated and enforced, whether there would be many scholars. + +I would not wish to be understood to say, that I do not desire to see +duelling to cease to exist entirely, in society. But my plan for doing +it away, is essentially different from the one which teaches a passive +forbearance to insult and indignity. I would inculcate in the rising +generation a spirit of lofty independence; I would have them taught that +nothing was more derogatory to the honor of a gentleman, than to wound +the feelings of any one, however humble. That if wrong be done to +another, it was more an act of heroism and bravery to repair the injury, +than to persist in error, and enter into mortal combat with the injured +party. This would be an aggravation of that which was already odious, +and would put him without the pale of all decent society and honorable +men. I would strongly inculcate the propriety of being tender of the +feelings, as well as the failings, of those around him. I would teach +immutable integrity, and uniform urbanity of manners. Scrupulously +to guard individual honor, by a high personal self respect, and +the practice of every commendable virtue. Once let such a system of +education be universal, and we should seldom hear, if ever, of any more +duelling. + +The severest penal enactments cannot restrain the practice of duelling, +and their extreme severity in this State, the more effectually shields +the offenders. The teaching and preaching of our eloquent Clergy, may +do some service, but is wholly inadequate to suppress it. Under these +circumstances, the following rules are given to the public, and if I can +save the life of one useful member of society, I will be compensated. +I have restored to the bosoms of many, their sons, by my timely +interference, who are ignorant of the misery I have averted from them. I +believe that nine duels out of ten, if not ninety-nine out of a hundred, +originate in the want of experience in the seconds. A book of authority, +to which they can refer in matters where they are uninformed, will +therefore be a desideratum. How far this code will be that book, the +public will decide. + +THE AUTHOR + + + + +RULES FOR PRINCIPALS AND SECONDS IN DUELLING. + + + + +CHAPTER I. The Person Insulted, Before Challenge Sent + +1. Whenever you believe that you are insulted, if the insult be in +public and by words or behavior, never resent it there, if you have +self-command enough to avoid noticing it. If resented there, you offer +an indignity to the company, which you should not. + +2. If the insult be by blows or any personal indignity, it may be +resented at the moment, for the insult to the company did not originate +with you. But although resented at the moment, you are bound still to +have satisfaction, and must therefore make the demand. + +3. When you believe yourself aggrieved, be silent on the subject, speak +to no one about the matter, and see your friend, who is to act for you, +as soon as possible. + +4. Never send a challenge in the first instance, for that precludes all +negotiation. Let your note be in the language of a gentleman, and +let the subject matter of complaint be truly and fairly set forth, +cautiously avoiding attributing to the adverse party any improper +motive. + +5. When your second is in full possession of the facts, leave the whole +matter to his judgment, and avoid any consultation with him unless +he seeks it. He has the custody of your honor, and by obeying him you +cannot be compromitted. + +6. Let the time of demand upon your adversary after the insult, be as +short as possible, for he has the right to double that time in replying +to you, unless you give him some good reason for your delay. Each +party is entitled to reasonable time, to make the necessary domestic +arrangements, by will or otherwise, before fighting. + +7. To a written communication you are entitled to a written reply, and +it is the business of your friend to require it. + + +SECOND'S DUTY BEFORE CHALLENGE SENT. + +1. Whenever you are applied to by a friend to act as his second, before +you agree to do so, state distinctly to your principal that you will be +governed only by your own judgment,--that he will not be consulted after +you are in full possession of the facts, unless it becomes necessary +to make or accept the amende honorable, or send a challenge. You are +supposed to be cool and collected, and your friend's feelings are more +or less irritated. + +2. Use every effort to soothe and tranquilize your principal; do not see +things in the same aggravated light in which he views them; extenuate +the conduct of his adversary whenever you see clearly an opportunity to +do so, without doing violence to your friend's irritated mind. Endeavor +to persuade him that there must have been some misunderstanding in the +matter. Check him if he uses opprobrious epithet towards his adversary, +and never permit improper or insulting words in the note you carry. + +3. To the note you carry in writing to the party complained of, you are +entitled to a written answer, which will be directed to your principal +and will be delivered to you by his adversary's friend. If this be not +written in the style of a gentleman, refuse to receive it, and assign +your reason for such refusal. If there be a question made as to the +character of the note, require the second presenting it to you, who +considers it respectful, to endorse upon it these words: "I consider the +note of my friend respectful, and would not have been the bearer of it, +if I believed otherwise." + +4. If the party called on, refuses to receive the note you bear, you are +entitled to demand a reason for such refusal. If he refuses to give +you any reason, and persists in such refusal, he treats, not only your +friend, but yourself, with indignity, and you must then make yourself +the actor, by sending a respectful note, requiring a proper explanation +of the course he has pursued towards you and your friend; and if he +still adheres to his determination, you are to challenge or post him. + +5. If the person to whom you deliver the note of your friend, declines +meeting him on the ground of inequality, you are bound to tender +yourself in his stead, by a note directed to him from yourself; and if +he refuses to meet you, you are to post him. + +6. In all cases of the substitution of the second for the principal, +the seconds should interpose and adjust the matter, if the party +substituting avows he does not make the quarrel of his principal +his own. The true reason for substitution, is the supposed insult of +imputing to you the like inequality which if charged upon your friend, +and when the contrary is declared, there should be no fight, for +individuals may well differ in their estimate of an individual's +character and standing in society. In case of substitution and a +satisfactory arrangement, you are then to inform your friend of all the +facts, whose duty it will be to post in person. + +7. If the party, to whom you present a note, employ a son, father or +brother, as a second, you may decline acting with either on the ground +of consanguinity. + +8. If a minor wishes you to take a note to an adult, decline doing so, +on the ground of his minority. But if the adult complained of, had made +a companion of the minor in society, you may bear the note. + +9. When an accommodation is tendered, never require too much; and if +the party offering the amende honorable, wishes to give a reason for his +conduct in the matter, do not, unless offensive to your friend, refuse +to receive it; by so doing you may heal the breach more effectually. + +10. If a stranger wishes you to bear a note for him, be well satisfied +before you do so, that he is on an equality with you; and in presenting +the note state to the party the relationship you stand towards him, +and what you know and believe about him; for strangers are entitled +to redress for wrongs, as well as others, and the rules of honor and +hospitality should protect him. + + + + +CHAPTER II. The Party Receiving a Note Before Challenge. + +1. When a note is presented to you by an equal, receive it, and read it, +although you may suppose it to be from one you do not intend to meet, +because its requisites may be of a character which may readily be +complied with. But if the requirements of a note cannot be acceded to, +return it, through the medium of your friend, to the person who handed +it to you, with your reason for returning it. + +2. If the note received be in abusive terms, object to its reception, +and return it for that reason; but if it be respectful, return an answer +of the same character, in which respond correctly and openly to all +interrogatories fairly propounded, and hand it to your friend, who, it +is presumed, you have consulted, and who has advised the answer; direct +it to the opposite party, and let it be delivered to his friend. + +3. You may refuse to receive a note, from a minor, (if you have not +made an associate of him); one that has been posted; one that has +been publicly disgraced without resenting it; one whose occupation is +unlawful; a man in his dotage and a lunatic. There may be other cases, +but the character of those enumerated will lead to a correct decision +upon those omitted. + +If you receive a note from a stranger, you have a right to a reasonable +time to ascertain his standing in society, unless he is fully vouched +for by his friend. + +4. If a party delays calling on you for a week or more, after the +supposed insult, and assigns no cause for the delay, if you require it, +you may double the time before you respond to him; for the wrong cannot +be considered aggravated; if borne patiently for some days, and the time +may have been used in preparation and practice. + +Second's Duty of the Party Receiving a Note Before Challenge Sent. + +1. When consulted by your friend, who has received a note requiring +explanation, inform him distinctly that he must be governed wholly by +you in the progress of the dispute. If he refuses, decline to act on +that ground. + +2. Use your utmost efforts to allay all excitement which your +principal may labor under; search diligently into the origin of the +misunderstanding; for gentlemen seldom insult each other, unless +they labor under some misapprehension or mistake; and when you have +discovered the original ground or error, follow each movement to the +time of sending the note, and harmony will be restored. + +3. When your principal refuses to do what you require of hi, decline +further acting on that ground, and inform the opposing second of your +withdrawal from the negotiation. + + + + +CHAPTER III. Duty of Challenger and His Second Before Fighting. + +1. After all efforts for a reconciliation are over, the party aggrieved +sends a challenge to his adversary, which is delivered to his second. + +2. Upon the acceptance of the challenge, the seconds make the necessary +arrangements for the meeting, in which each party is entitled to +a perfect equality. The old notion that the party challenged, was +authorized to name the time, place, distance and weapon, has been long +since exploded; nor would a man of chivalric honor use such a right, if +he possessed it. The time must e as soon as practicable, the place such +as had ordinarily been used where the parties are, the distance usual, +and the weapons that which is most generally used, which, in this State, +is the pistol. + +3. If the challengee insist upon what is not usual in time, place, +distance and weapon, do not yield the point, and tender in writing what +is usual in each, and if he refuses to give satisfaction, then your +friend may post him. + +4. If your friend be determined to fight and not post, you have the +right to withdraw. But if you continue to act, and have the right to +tender a still more deadly distance and weapon, and he must accept. + +5. The usual distance is from ten to twenty paces, as may be agreed on; +and the seconds in measuring the ground, usually step three feet. + +6. After all the arrangements are made, the seconds determine the giving +of the word and position, by lot; and he who gains has the choice of the +one or the other, selects whether it be the word or the position, but he +cannot have both. + + + + +CHAPTER IV. Duty of Challengee and Second After Challenge Sent. + +1. The challengee has no option when negotiation has ceased, but to +accept the challenge. + +2. The second makes the necessary arrangements with the second of the +person challenging. The arrangements are detailed in the preceding +chapter. + + + + +CHAPTER V. Duty of Principals and Seconds on the Ground. + +1. The principals are to be respectful in meeting, and neither by look +or expression irritate each other. They are to be wholly passive, being +entirely under the guidance of their seconds. + +2. When once posted, they are not to quit their positions under any +circumstances, without leave or direction of their seconds. + +3. When the principals are posted, the second giving the word, must +tell them to stand firm until he repeats the giving of the word, in the +manner it will be given when the parties are at liberty to fire. + +4. Each second has a loaded pistol, in order to enforce a fair combat +according to the rules agreed on; and if a principal fires before the +word or time agreed on, he is at liberty to fire at him, and if such +second's principal fall, it is his duty to do so. + +5. If after a fire, either party be touched, the duel is to end; and no +second is excusable who permits a wounded friend to fight; and no second +who knows his duty, will permit his friend to fight a man already hit. +I am aware there have been many instances where a contest has continued, +not only after slight, but severe wounds, had been received. In all such +cases, I think the seconds are blamable. + +6. If after an exchange of shots, neither party be hit, it is the +duty of the second of the challengee, to approach the second of +the challenger and say: "Our friends have exchanged shots, are you +satisfied, or is there any cause why the contest should be continued?" +If the meeting be of no serious cause of complaint, where the party +complaining had in no way been deeply injured, or grossly insulted, the +second of the party challenging should reply: "The point of honor being +settled, there can, I conceive, be no objection to a reconciliation, and +I propose that our principals meet on middle ground, shake hands, and +be friends." If this be acceded to by the second of the challengee, the +second of the party challenging, says: "We have agreed that the present +duel shall cease, the honor of each of you is preserved, and you will +meet on middle ground, shake hands and be reconciled." + +7. If the insult be of a serious character, it will be the duty of +the second of the challenger, to say, in reply to the second of the +challengee: "We have been deeply wronged, and if you are not disposed +to repair the injury, the contest must continue." And if the challengee +offers nothing by way of reparation, the fight continues until one or +the other of the principals is hit. + +8. If in cases where the contest is ended by the seconds, as mentioned +in the sixth rule of this chapter, the parties refuse to meet and be +reconciled, it is the duty of the seconds to withdraw from the field, +informing their principals, that the contest must be continued under the +superintendence of other friends. But if one agrees to this arrangement +of the seconds, and the other does not, the second of the disagreeing +principal only withdraws. + +9. If either principal on the ground refuses to fight or continue the +fight when required, it is the duty of his second to say to the other +second: "I have come upon the ground with a coward, and do tender you +my apology for an ignorance of his character; you are at liberty to post +him." The second, by such conduct, stands excused to the opposite party. + +10. When the duel is ended by a party being hit, it is the duty of the +second to the party so hit, to announce the fact to the second of the +party hitting, who will forthwith tender any assistance he can command +to the disabled principal. If the party challenging, hit the challengee, +it is his duty to say he is satisfied, and will leave the ground. If the +challenger be hit, upon the challengee being informed of it, he should +ask through his second, whether he is at liberty to leave the ground +which should be assented to. + + + + +CHAPTER VI. Who Should Be on the Ground. + +1. The principals, seconds, one surgeon and one assistant surgeon to +each principal; but the assistant surgeon may be dispensed with. + +2. Any number of friends that the seconds agree on, may be present, +provided they do not come within the degrees of consanguinity mentioned +in the seventh rule of Chapter I. 3. Persons admitted on the ground, are +carefully to abstain by word or behavior, from any act that might be +the least exceptionable; nor should they stand near the principals or +seconds, or hold conversations with them. + + + + +CHAPTER VII. Arms, and Manner of Loading and Presenting Them. + +1. The arms used should be smooth-bore pistols, not exceeding nine +inches in length, with flint and steel. Percussion pistols may be +mutually used if agreed on, but to object on that account is lawful. + +2. Each second informs the other when he is about to load, and invites +his presence, but the seconds rarely attend on such invitation, as +gentlemen may be safely trusted in the matter. + +3. The second, in presenting the pistol to his friend, should never +put it in his pistol hand, but should place it in the other, which is +grasped midway the barrel, with muzzle pointing in the contrary way to +that which he is to fire, informing him that his pistol is loaded and +ready for use. Before the word is given, the principal grasps the +butt firmly in his pistol hand, and brings it round, with the muzzle +downward, to the fighting position. + +4. The fighting position, is with the muzzle down and the barrel from +you; for although it may be agreed that you may hold your pistol with +the muzzle up, it may be objected to, as you can fire sooner from that +position, and consequently have a decided advantage, which ought not to +be claimed, and should not be granted. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII. The Degrees of Insult, and How Compromised + +1. The prevailing rule is, that words used in retort, although +more violent and disrespectful than those first used, will not +satisfy,--words being no satisfaction for words. + +2. When words are used, and a blow given in return, the insult is +avenged; and if redress be sought, it must be from the person receiving +the blow. + +3. When blows are given in the first instance and not returned, and the +person first striking, be badly beaten or otherwise, the party first +struck is to make the demand, for blows do not satisfy a blow. + +4. Insults at a wine table, when the company are over-excited, must be +answered for; and if the party insulting have no recollection of the +insult, it is his duty to say so in writing, and negative the insult. +For instance, if the man say: "you are a liar and no gentleman," he +must, in addition to the plea of the want of recollection, say: "I +believe the party insulted to be a man of the strictest veracity and a +gentleman." + +5. Intoxication is not a full excuse for insult, but it will greatly +palliate. If it was a full excuse, it might be well counterfeited to +wound feelings, or destroy character. + +6. In all cases of intoxication, the seconds must use a sound discretion +under the above general rules. + +7. Can every insult be compromised? is a mooted and vexed question. On +this subject, no rules can be given that will be satisfactory. The old +opinion, that a blow must require blood, is not of force. Blows may be +compromised in many cases. What those are, much depend on the seconds. + + + + +APPENDIX. + +Since the above Code was in press, a friend has favored +me with the IRISH CODE OF HONOR, which I had never seen; and it is +published as an Appendix to it. One thing must be apparent to every +reader, viz., the marked amelioration of the rules that govern in +duelling at the present time. I am unable to say what code exists now in +Ireland, but I very much doubt whether it be of the same character which +it bore in 1777. The American Quarterly Review for September, 1824, in a +notice of Sir Jonah Barrington's history of his own times, has published +this code; and followed it up with some remarks, which I have thought +proper to insert also. The grave reviewer has spoken of certain States +in terms so unlike a gentleman, that I would advise him to look at +home, and say whether he does not think that the manners of his own +countrymen, do not require great amendment? I am very sure, that the +citizens of the States so disrespectfully spoken of, would feel a deep +humiliation, to be compelled to exchange their urbanity of deportment, +for the uncouth incivility of the people of Massachusetts. Look at their +public journals, and you will find them, very generally, teeming with +abuse of private character, which would not be countenanced here. The +idea of New England becoming a school for manners, is about as fanciful +as Bolinbroke's "idea of a patriot king." I like their fortiter in re, +but utterly eschew their suaviter in modo. + +"The practice of duelling and points of honor settled at Clonmell summer +assizes, 1777, by the gentleman delegates of Tipperary, Galway, Mayo, +Sligo and Roscommon, and prescribed for general adoption throughout +Ireland. + +"Rule 1.--The first offence requires the apology, although the retort +may have been more offensive than the insult.--Example: A. tells B. +he is impertinent, &C.; B. retorts, that he lies; yet A. must make the +first apology, because he gave the first offence, and then, (after one +fire,) B. may explain away the retort by subsequent apology. + +"Rule 2.--But if the parties would rather fight on: then, after two +shots each, (but in no case before,) B. may explain first, and A. +apologize afterward. + +"Rule 3.--If a doubt exist who gave the first offence, the decision +rests with the seconds; if they won't decide or can't agree, the matter +must proceed to two shots, or a hit, if the challenger requires it. + +"Rule 4.--When the lie direct is the first offence, the aggressor must +either beg pardon in express terms; exchange tow shots previous to +apology; or three shots followed up by explanation; or fire on till a +severe hit be received by one party or the other. + +"Rule 5.--As a blow is strictly prohibited under any circumstances among +gentlemen, no verbal apology can be received for such an insult; the +alternatives therefore are: the offender handing a can to the injured +party, to be used on his own back, at the same time begging pardon; +firing on until one or both is disabled; or exchanging three shots, and +then asking pardon without the proffer of the cane. + +"If swords are used, the parties engage till one is well-blooded, +disabled or disarmed; or until, after receiving a wound, and blood being +drawn, the aggressor begs pardon. + +"N.B. A disarm is considered the same as a disable; the disarmer may +(strictly) break his adversary's sword; but if it be the challenger who +is disarmed, it is considered ungenerous to do so. + +"In case the challenged be disarmed and refuses to ask pardon or atone, +he must not be killed as formerly; but the challenger may lay his sword +on the aggressor's shoulder, than break the aggressor's sword, and say, +'I spare your life!' The challenged can never revive the quarrel, the +challenger may. + +"Rule 6.--If A. give B. the lie, and B. retorts by a blow, (being the +two greatest offences,) no reconciliation can take place till after two +discharges each, or a severe hit; after which, B. may beg A.'s pardon +for the blow, and then A. may explain simply for the lie; because a blow +is never allowable, and the offence of the lie therefore merges in it. +(See preceding rule.) + +"N.B. Challenges for individual causes, may be reconciled on the +ground, after one shot. An explanation, or the slightest hit should be +sufficient in such cases, because no personal offence transpired. + +"Rule 7.--But no apology can be received, in any case, after the parties +have actually taken their ground, without exchange of fires. + +"Rule 8.--In the above case, no challenger is obliged to divulge the +cause of his challenge, (if private,) unless required by the challenged +to do so before their meeting. + +"Rule 9.--All imputations of cheating at play, races, &c, to be +considered equivalent to a blow; but may be reconciled after one shot, +on admitting their falsehood, and begging pardon publicly. + +"Rule 10.--Any insult to a lady under a gentleman's care or protection, +to be considered as, by one degree, a greater offence than if given to +the gentleman personally, and to be regulated accordingly. + +"Rule 11.--Offences originating or accruing from the support of a lady's +reputation, to be considered as less unjustifiable than any other of the +same class, and as admitting of lighter apologies by the aggressor; this +to be determined by the circumstances of the case, but always favorably +to the lady. + +"Rule 12.--In simple unpremeditated rencontres with the small sword or +couteau-de-chasse, the rule is, first draw, first sheathe; unless blood +be drawn: then both sheathe, and proceed to investigation. + +"Rule 13.--No dumb-shooting, or firing in the air, admissible in any +case. The challenger ought not to have challenged without receiving +offence; and the challenged ought, if he gave offence, to have made an +apology before he came on the ground: therefore, children's play must be +dishonorable on one side or the other, and is accordingly prohibited. + +"Rule 14.--Seconds to be of equal rank in society with the principals +they attend, inasmuch as a second may choose or chance to become a +principal, and equality is indispensable. + +"Rule 15.--Challenges are never to be delivered at night, unless the +party to be challenged intend leaving the place of offence before +morning; for it is desirable to avoid all hot-headed proceedings. + +"Rule 16.--The challenged has the right to choose his own weapon, unless +the challenger gives his honor he is no swordsman; after which, +however, he cannot decline any second species of weapon proposed by the +challenged. + +"Rule 17.--The challenged chooses his ground; the challenger chooses his +distance; the seconds fix the time and terms of firing. + +"Rule 18.--The seconds load in presence of each other, unless they give +their mutual honors that they have charged smooth and single, which +should be held sufficient. + +"Rule 19.--Firing may be regulated, first by signal; secondly, by +word of command; or, thirdly, at pleasure, as may be agreeable to the +parties. In the latter case, the parties may fire at their reasonable +leisure, but second presents and rests are strictly prohibited. + +"Rule 20.--In all cases a miss-fire is equivalent to a shot, and a snap +or a non-cock is to be considered as a miss-fire. + +"Rule 21.--Seconds are bound to attempt a reconciliation before the +meeting takes place, or after sufficient firing or hits, as specified. + +"Rule 22.--Any wound sufficient to agitate the nerves and necessarily +make the hands shake, must end the business for that day. + +"Rule 23.--If the cause of meeting be of such a nature that no apology +or explanation can or will be received, the challenged takes his ground, +and calls on the challenger to proceed as he chooses: in such cases +firing at pleasure is the usual practice, but may be varied by +agreement. + +"Rule 24.--In slight cases, the second hands his principal but one +pistol; but in gross cases, two, holding another case ready charged in +reserve. + +"Rule 25.--When seconds disagree, and resolve to exchange shots +themselves, it must be at the same time and at right angles with their +principals. + +"If with swords, side by side, at five paces interval. + +"N.B. All matters and doubts not herein mentioned, will be explained +and cleared up by application to the committee, who meet alternately at +Clonmell and Galway, at their quarter sessions, for the purpose. + + "CROW RYAN, President." + + "JAMES KEOG, + "AMBY BODKIN, Secretaries." + + + + +ADDITIONAL GALWAY ARTICLES + +"Rule 1.--No party can be allowed to bend his knee or cover his side +with his left hand; but may present at any level from the hip to the +eye. + +"Rule 2.--One can neither advance nor retreat, if the ground be +measured. If the ground be unmeasured, either party may advance at +pleasure, even to touch muzzle; but neither can advance on his adversary +after the fire, unless his adversary step forward on him. + +"The seconds stand responsible for this last rule being strictly +observed; bad cases have accrued from neglecting it." + +This precise and enlightened digest was rendered necessary by the +multitude of quarrels that arouse without "sufficient dignified +provocation:" the point of honor men required a uniform government; +and the code thus formed was disseminated throughout the island, with +directions that it should be strictly observed by all gentlemen, and +kept in their pistol cases. The rules, with some others, were commonly +styled "the thirty-six commandments," and, according to the author, have +been much acted upon down to the present day. Tipperary and Galway were +the chief schools of duelling. We remember to have heard, in travelling +to the town of the former name in a stage coach, a dispute between two +Irish companions, on the point, which was the most gentlemanly country +in all Ireland--Tipperary or Galway? and both laid great stress upon +the relative duelling merits of those counties. By the same criterion, +Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia and South Carolina, would bear away the +palm of gentility among the States of the Union. + + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Code of Honor, by John Lyde Wilson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CODE OF HONOR *** + +***** This file should be named 6085.txt or 6085.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/6/0/8/6085/ + +Produced by Holly Ingraham + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: The Code of Honor + +Author: John Lyde Wilson + +Release Date: July, 2004 [EBook #6085] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on November 3, 2002] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, THE CODE OF HONOR *** + + + + +This eBook was created by Holly Ingraham + +Summary: Originally this was published by the author (1784-1849), a +former governor of South Carolina, as a 22-page booklet, in 1838. +Before his death he added an appendix of the 1777 Irish duelling code, +but this second edition was not printed until 1858, as a 46-page small +book, still sized to fit in the case with one's duelling pistols. This +code is far less blood-thirsty than many might suppose, but built on a +closed social caste and standards of behavior quite alien to today. + +Transcriber's Note: In the appendix the term "rencontre" is used. In +British law (then covering Ireland) this refers to an immediate fight +in the heat of offense. A duel would be undertaken in "cold blood" if +not cool temper. Killing a man in a rencontre counted as manslaughter; +in a duel, as murder. + +On more than one occasion, the author refers to "posting" an offender. +This refers to posting to the public a notice as to his behavior in +some central club or business spot frequented by all men of that level +of society; exactly where varied from town to town. It was the +ultimate sanction, making the challengee's refusal to either apologize +or fight a public stain upon his character. + +THE CODE OF HONOR; +or +RULES FOR THE GOVERNMENT +of +PRINCIPALS AND SECONDS +in +DUELLING + +by John Lyde Wilson + +TO THE PUBLIC + +The man who adds in any way to the sum of human happiness is strictly +in the discharge of a moral duty. When Howard visited the victims of +crime and licentiousness, to reform their habits and ameliorate their +condition, the question was never asked whether he had been guilty of +like excesses or not? The only question the philanthropist would +propound, should be, has the deed been done in the true spirit of +Christian benevolence? Those who know me, can well attest the motive +which has caused the publication of the following sheets, to which +they for a long time urged me in vain. Those who do not know me, have +no right to impute a wrong motive; and if they do, I had rather be the +object, than the authors of condemnation. To publish a CODE OF HONOR, +to govern in cases of individual combat, might seem to imply, that the +publisher was an advocate of duelling, and wished to introduce it as +the proper mode of deciding all personal difficulties and +misunderstandings. Such implication would do me great injustice. But +if the question be directly put to me, whether there are not cases +where duels are right and proper, I would unhesitatingly answer, there +are. If an oppressed nation has a right to appeal to arms in defence +of its liberty and the happiness of its people, there can be no +argument used in support of such appeal, which will not apply with +equal force to individuals. How many cases are there, that might be +enumerated, where there is no tribunal to do justice to an oppressed +and deeply wronged individual? If he be subjected to a tame submission +to insult and disgrace, where no power can shield him from its +effects, then indeed it would seem, that the first law of nature, +self-preservation, points out the only remedy for his wrongs. The +history of all animated nature exhibits a determined resistance to +encroachments upon natural rights,--nay, I might add, inanimate +nature, for it also exhibits a continual warfare for supremacy. Plants +of the same kind, as well as trees, do not stop their vigorous growth +because they overshadow their kind; but, on the contrary, flourish +with greater vigor as the more weak and delicate decline and die. +Those of different species are at perpetual warfare. The sweetest rose +tree will sicken and waste on the near approach of the noxious +bramble, and the most promising fields of wheat yield a miserable +harvest if choked up with tares and thistles. The elements themselves +war together, and the angels of heaven have met in fierce encounter. +The principle of self-preservation is co-extensive with creation; and +when by education we make character and moral worth a part of +ourselves, we guard these possessions with more watchful zeal than +life itself, and would go farther for their protection. When one finds +himself avoided in society, his friends shunning his approach, his +substance wasting, his wife and children in want around him, and +traces all his misfortunes and misery to the slanderous tongue of the +calumniator, who, by secret whisper or artful innuendo, has sapped and +undermined his reputation, he must be more or less than man to submit +in silence. + +The indiscriminate and frequent appeal to arms, to settle trivial +disputes and misunderstandings, cannot be too severely censured and +deprecated. I am no advocate of such duelling. But in cases where the +laws of the country give no redress for injuries received, where +public opinion not only authorizes, but enjoins resistance, it is +needless and a waste of time to denounce the practice. It will be +persisted in as long as a manly independence, and a lofty personal +pride in all that dignifies and ennobles the human character, shall +continue to exist. If a man be smote on one cheek in public, and he +turns the other, which is also smitten, and he offers no resistance, +but blesses him that so despitefully used him, I am aware that he is +in the exercise of great Christian forbearance, highly recommended and +enjoined by many very good men, but utterly repugnant to those +feelings which nature and education have implanted in the human +character. If it was possible to enact laws so severe and impossible +to be evaded, as to enforce such rule of behavior, all that is +honorable in the community would quit the country and inhabit the +wilderness with the Indians. If such a course of conduct was infused +by education into the minds of our youth, and it became praiseworthy +and honorable to a man to submit to insult and indignity, then indeed +the forbearance might be borne without disgrace. Those, therefore, who +condemn all who do not denounce duelling in every case, should +establish schools where a passive submission to force would be the +exercise of a commendable virtue. I have not the least doubt, that if +I had been educated in such a school, and lived in such a society, I +would have proved a very good member of it. But I much doubt, if a +seminary of learning was established, where this Christian forbearance +was inculcated and enforced, whether there would be many scholars. + +I would not wish to be understood to say, that I do not desire to see +duelling to cease to exist entirely, in society. But my plan for doing +it away, is essentially different from the one which teaches a passive +forbearance to insult and indignity. I would inculcate in the rising +generation a spirit of lofty independence; I would have them taught +that nothing was more derogatory to the honor of a gentleman, than to +wound the feelings of any one, however humble. That if wrong be done +to another, it was more an act of heroism and bravery to repair the +injury, than to persist in error, and enter into mortal combat with +the injured party. This would be an aggravation of that which was +already odious, and would put him without the pale of all decent +society and honorable men. I would strongly inculcate the propriety of +being tender of the feelings, as well as the failings, of those around +him. I would teach immutable integrity, and uniform urbanity of +manners. Scrupulously to guard individual honor, by a high personal +self respect, and the practice of every commendable virtue. Once let +such a system of education be universal, and we should seldom hear, if +ever, of any more duelling. + +The severest penal enactments cannot restrain the practice of +duelling, and their extreme severity in this State, the more +effectually shields the offenders. The teaching and preaching of our +eloquent Clergy, may do some service, but is wholly inadequate to +suppress it. Under these circumstances, the following rules are given +to the public, and if I can save the life of one useful member of +society, I will be compensated. I have restored to the bosoms of many, +their sons, by my timely interference, who are ignorant of the misery +I have averted from them. I believe that nine duels out of ten, if not +ninety-nine out of a hundred, originate in the want of experience in +the seconds. A book of authority, to which they can refer in matters +where they are uninformed, will therefore be a desideratum. How far +this code will be that book, the public will decide. + +THE AUTHOR + +_____________________ + +RULES for Principals and Seconds in Duelling. +_____________________ + +CHAPTER I. +The Person Insulted, Before Challenge Sent + +1. Whenever you believe that you are insulted, if the insult be in +public and by words or behavior, never resent it there, if you have +self-command enough to avoid noticing it. If resented there, you offer +an indignity to the company, which you should not. + +2. If the insult be by blows or any personal indignity, it may be +resented at the moment, for the insult to the company did not +originate with you. But although resented at the moment, you are bound +still to have satisfaction, and must therefore make the demand. + +3. When you believe yourself aggrieved, be silent on the subject, +speak to no one about the matter, and see your friend, who is to act +for you, as soon as possible. + +4. Never send a challenge in the first instance, for that precludes +all negotiation. Let your note be in the language of a gentleman, and +let the subject matter of complaint be truly and fairly set forth, +cautiously avoiding attributing to the adverse party any improper +motive. + +5. When your second is in full possession of the facts, leave the +whole matter to his judgment, and avoid any consultation with him +unless he seeks it. He has the custody of your honor, and by obeying +him you cannot be compromitted. + +6. Let the time of demand upon your adversary after the insult, be as +short as possible, for he has the right to double that time in +replying to you, unless you give him some good reason for your delay. +Each party is entitled to reasonable time, to make the necessary +domestic arrangements, by will or otherwise, before fighting. + +7. To a written communication you are entitled to a written reply, and +it is the business of your friend to require it. + +Second's Duty Before Challenge Sent. + +1. Whenever you are applied to by a friend to act as his second, +before you agree to do so, state distinctly to your principal that you +will be governed only by your own judgment,--that he will not be +consulted after you are in full possession of the facts, unless it +becomes necessary to make or accept the amende honorable, or send a +challenge. You are supposed to be cool and collected, and your +friend's feelings are more or less irritated. + +2. Use every effort to soothe and tranquilize your principal; do not +see things in the same aggravated light in which he views them; +extenuate the conduct of his adversary whenever you see clearly an +opportunity to do so, without doing violence to your friend's +irritated mind. Endeavor to persuade him that there must have been +some misunderstanding in the matter. Check him if he uses opprobious +epithet towards his adversary, and never permit improper or insulting +words in the note you carry. + +3. To the note you carry in writing to the party complained of, you +are entitled to a written answer, which will be directed to your +principal and will be delivered to you by his adversary's friend. If +this be not written in the style of a gentleman, refuse to receive it, +and assign your reason for such refusal. If there be a question made +as to the character of the note, require the second presenting it to +you, who considers it respectful, to endorse upon it these words: "I +consider the note of my friend respectful, and would not have been the +bearer of it, if I believed otherwise." + +4. If the party called on, refuses to receive the note you bear, you +are entitled to demand a reason for such refusal. If he refuses to +give you any reason, and persists in such refusal, he treats, not only +your friend, but yourself, with indignity, and you must then make +yourself the actor, by sending a respectful note, requiring a proper +explanation of the course he has pursued towards you and your friend; +and if he still adheres to his determination, you are to challenge or +post him. + +5. If the person to whom you deliver the note of your friend, declines +meeting him on the ground of inequality, you are bound to tender +yourself in his stead, by a note directed to him from yourself; and if +he refuses to meet you, you are to post him. + +6. In all cases of the substitution of the second for the principal, +the seconds should interpose and adjust the matter, if the party +substituting avows he does not make the quarrel of his principal his +own. The true reason for substitution, is the supposed insult of +imputing to you the like inequality which if charged upon your friend, +and when the contrary is declared, there should be no fight, for +individuals may well differ in their estimate of an individual's +character and standing in society. In case of substitution and a +satisfactory arrangement, you are then to inform your friend of all +the facts, whose duty it will be to post in person. + +7. If the party, to whom you present a note, employ a son, father or +brother, as a second, you may decline acting with either on the ground +of consanguinity. + +8. If a minor wishes you to take a note to an adult, decline doing so, +on the ground of his minority. But if the adult complained of, had +made a companion of the minor in society, you may bear the note. + +9. When an accommodation is tendered, never require too much; and if +the party offering the amende honorable, wishes to give a reason for +his conduct in the matter, do not, unless offensive to your friend, +refuse to receive it; by so doing you may heal the breach more +effectually. + +10. If a stranger wishes you to bear a note for him, be well satisfied +before you do so, that he is on an equality with you; and in +presenting the note state to the party the relationship you stand +towards him, and what you know and believe about him; for strangers +are entitled to redress for wrongs, as well as others, and the rules +of honor and hospitality should protect him. + +CHAPTER II. +The Party Receiving a Note Before Challenge. + +1. When a note is presented to you by an equal, receive it, and read +it, although you may suppose it to be from one you do not intend to +meet, because its requisites may be of a character which may readily +be complied with. But if the requirements of a note cannot be acceded +to, return it, through the medium of your friend, to the person who +handed it to you, with your reason for returning it. + +2. If the note received be in abusive terms, object to its reception, +and return it for that reason; but if it be respectful, return an +answer of the same character, in which respond correctly and openly to +all interrogatories fairly propounded, and hand it to your friend, +who, it is presumed, you have consulted, and who has advised the +answer; direct it to the opposite party, and let it be delivered to +his friend. + +3. You may refuse to receive a note, from a minor, (if you have not +made an associate of him); one that has been posted; one that has been +publicly disgraced without resenting it; one whose occupation is +unlawful; a man in his dotage and a lunatic. There may be other cases, +but the character of those enumerated will lead to a correct decision +upon those omitted. + +If you receive a note from a stranger, you have a right to a +reasonable time to ascertain his standing in society, unless he is +fully vouched for by his friend. + +4. If a party delays calling on you for a week or more, after the +supposed insult, and assigns no cause for the delay, if you require +it, you may double the time before you respond to him; for the wrong +cannot be considered aggravated; if borne patiently for some days, and +the time may have been used in preparation and practice. + +Second's Duty of the Party Receiving a Note Before Challenge Sent. + +1. When consulted by your friend, who has received a note requiring +explanation, inform him distinctly that he must be governed wholly by +you in the progress of the dispute. If he refuses, decline to act on +that ground. + +2. Use your utmost efforts to allay all excitement which your +principal may labor under; search diligently into the origin of the +misunderstanding; for gentlemen seldom insult each other, unless they +labor under some misapprehension or mistake; and when you have +discovered the original ground or error, follow each movement to the +time of sending the note, and harmony will be restored. + +3. When your principal refuses to do what you require of hi, decline +further acting on that ground, and inform the opposing second of your +withdrawal from the negotiation. + +CHAPTER III. +Duty of Challenger and His Second Before Fighting. + +1. After all efforts for a reconciliation are over, the party +aggrieved sends a challenge to his adversary, which is delivered to +his second. + +2. Upon the acceptance of the challenge, the seconds make the +necessary arrangements for the meeting, in which each party is +entitled to a perfect equality. The old notion that the party +challenged, was authorized to name the time, place, distance and +weapon, has been long since exploded; nor would a man of chivalric +honor use such a right, if he possessed it. The time must e as soon as +practicable, the place such as had ordinarily been used where the +parties are, the distance usual, and the weapons that which is most +generally used, which, in this State, is the pistol. + +3. If the challengee insist upon what is not usual in time, place, +distance and weapon, do not yield the point, and tender in writing +what is usual in each, and if he refuses to give satisfaction, then +your friend may post him. + +4. If your friend be determined to fight and not post, you have the +right to withdraw. But if you continue to act, and have the right to +tender a still more deadly distance and weapon, and he must accept. + +5. The usual distance is from ten to twenty paces, as may be agreed +on; and the seconds in measuring the ground, usually step three feet. + +6. After all the arrangements are made, the seconds determine the +giving of the word and position, by lot; and he who gains has the +choice of the one or the other, selects whether it be the word or the +position, but he cannot have both. + +CHAPTER IV. +Duty of Challengee and Second After Challenge Sent. + +1. The challengee has no option when negotiation has ceased, but to +accept the challenge. + +2. The second makes the necessary arrangements with the second of the +person challenging. The arrangements are detailed in the preceding +chapter. + +CHAPTER V. +Duty of Principals and Seconds on the Ground. + +1. The principals are to be respectful in meeting, and neither by look +or expression irritate each other. They are to be wholly passive, +being entirely under the guidance of their seconds. + +2. When once posted, they are not to quit their positions under any +circumstances, without leave or direction of their seconds. + +3. When the principals are posted, the second giving the word, must +tell them to stand firm until he repeats the giving of the word, in +the manner it will be given when the parties are at liberty to fire. + +4. Each second has a loaded pistol, in order to enforce a fair combat +according to the rules agreed on; and if a principal fires before the +word or time agreed on, he is at liberty to fire at him, and if such +second's principal fall, it is his duty to do so. + +5. If after a fire, either party be touched, the duel is to end; and +no second is excusable who permits a wounded friend to fight; and no +second who knows his duty, will permit his friend to fight a man +already hit. I am aware there have been many instances where a contest +has continued, not only after slight, but severe wounds, had been +received. In all such cases, I think the seconds are blamable. + +6. If after an exchange of shots, neither party be hit, it is the duty +of the second of the challengee, to approach the second of the +challenger and say: "Our friends have exchanged shots, are you +satisfied, or is there any cause why the contest should be continued?" +If the meeting be of no serious cause of complaint, where the party +complaining had in no way been deeply injured, or grossly insulted, +the second of the party challenging should reply: "The point of honor +being settled, there can, I conceive, be no objection to a +reconciliation, and I propose that our principals meet on middle +ground, shake hands, and be friends." If this be acceded to by the +second of the challengee, the second of the party challenging, says: +"We have agreed that the present duel shall cease, the honor of each +of you is preserved, and you will meet on middle ground, shake hands +and be reconciled." + +7. If the insult be of a serious character, it will be the duty of the +second of the challenger, to say, in reply to the second of the +challengee: "We have been deeply wronged, and if you are not disposed +to repair the injury, the contest must continue." And if the +challengee offers nothing by way of reparation, the fight continues +until one or the other of the principals is hit. + +8. If in cases where the contest is ended by the seconds, as mentioned +in the sixth rule of this chapter, the parties refuse to meet and be +reconciled, it is the duty of the seconds to withdraw from the field, +informing their principals, that the contest must be continued under +the superintendence of other friends. But if one agrees to this +arrangement of the seconds, and the other does not, the second of the +disagreeing principal only withdraws. + +9. If either principal on the ground refuses to fight or continue the +fight when required, it is the duty of his second to say to the other +second: "I have come upon the ground with a coward, and do tender you +my apology for an ignorance of his character; you are at liberty to +post him." The second, by such conduct, stands excused to the opposite +party. + +10. When the duel is ended by a party being hit, it is the duty of the +second to the party so hit, to announce the fact to the second of the +party hitting, who will forthwith tender any assistance he can command +to the disabled principal. If the party challenging, hit the +challengee, it is his duty to say he is satisfied, and will leave the +ground. If the challenger be hit, upon the challengee being informed +of it, he should ask through his second, whether he is at liberty to +leave the ground which should be assented to. + +CHAPTER VI. +Who Should Be on the Ground. + +1. The principals, seconds, one surgeon and one assistant surgeon to +each principal; but the assistant surgeon may be dispensed with. + +2. Any number of friends that the seconds agree on, may be present, +provided they do not come within the degrees of consanguinity +mentioned in the seventh rule of Chapter I. + +3. Persons admitted on the ground, are carefully to abstain by word or +behavior, from any act that might be the least exceptionable; nor +should they stand near the principals or seconds, or hold +conversations with them. + +CHAPTER VII. +Arms, and Manner of Loading and Presenting Them. + +1. The arms used should be smooth-bore pistols, not exceeding nine +inches in length, with flint and steel. Percussion pistols may be +mutually used if agreed on, but to object on that account is lawful. + +2. Each second informs the other when he is about to load, and invites +his presence, but the seconds rarely attend on such invitation, as +gentlemen may be safely trusted in the matter. + +3. The second, in presenting the pistol to his friend, should never +put it in his pistol hand, but should place it in the other, which is +grasped midway the barrel, with muzzle pointing in the contrary way to +that which he is to fire, informing him that his pistol is loaded and +ready for use. Before the word is given, the principal grasps the butt +firmly in his pistol hand, and brings it round, with the muzzle +downward, to the fighting position. + +4. The fighting position, is with the muzzle down and the barrel from +you; for although it may be agreed that you may hold your pistol with +the muzzle up, it may be objected to, as you can fire sooner from that +position, and consequently have a decided advantage, which ought not +to be claimed, and should not be granted. + +CHAPTER VIII. +The Degrees of Insult, and How Compromised + +1. The prevailing rule is, that words used in retort, although more +violent and disrespectful than those first used, will not +satisfy,--words being no satisfaction for words. + +2. When words are used, and a blow given in return, the insult is +avenged; and if redress be sought, it must be from the person +receiving the blow. + +3. When blows are given in the first instance and not returned, and +the person first striking, be badly beaten or otherwise, the party +first struck is to make the demand, for blows do not satisfy a blow. + +4. Insults at a wine table, when the company are over-excited, must be +answered for; and if the party insulting have no recollection of the +insult, it is his duty to say so in writing, and negative the insult. +For instance, if the man say: "you are a liar and no gentleman," he +must, in addition to the plea of the want of recollection, say: "I +believe the party insulted to be a man of the strictest veracity and a +gentleman." + +5. Intoxication is not a full excuse for insult, but it will greatly +palliate. If it was a full excuse, it might be well counterfeited to +wound feelings, or destroy character. + +6. In all cases of intoxication, the seconds must use a sound +discretion under the above general rules. + +7. Can every insult be compromised? is a mooted and vexed question. On +this subject, no rules can be given that will be satisfactory. The old +opinion, that a blow must require blood, is not of force. Blows may be +compromised in many cases. What those are, much depend on the seconds. + +APPENDIX. + +Since the above Code was in press, a friend has favored me with the +IRISH CODE OF HONOR, which I had never seen; and it is published as an +Appendix to it. One thing must be apparent to every reader, viz., the +marked amelioration of the rules that govern in duelling at the +present time. I am unable to say what code exists now in Ireland, but +I very much doubt whether it be of the same character which it bore in +1777. The American Quarterly Review for September, 1824, in a notice +of Sir Jonah Barrington's history of his own times, has published this +code; and followed it up with some remarks, which I have thought +proper to insert also. The grave reviewer has spoken of certain States +in terms so unlike a gentleman, that I would advise him to look at +home, and say whether he does not think that the manners of his own +countrymen, do not require great amendment? I am very sure, that the +citizens of the States so disrespectfully spoken of, would feel a deep +humiliation, to be compelled to exchange their urbanity of deportment, +for the uncouth incivility of the people of Massachusetts. Look at +their public journals, and you will find them, very generally, teeming +with abuse of private character, which would not be countenanced here. +The idea of New England becoming a school for manners, is about as +fanciful as Bolinbroke's "idea of a patriot king." I like their +fortiter in re, but utterly eschew their suaviter in modo. + +"The practice of duelling and points of honor settled at Clonmell +summer assizes, 1777, by the gentleman delegates of Tipperary, Galway, +Mayo, Sligo and Roscommon, and prescribed for general adoption +throughout Ireland. + +"Rule 1.--The first offence requires the apology, although the retort +may have been more offensive than the insult.--Example: A. tells B. he +is impertinent, &C.; B. retorts, that he lies; yet A. must make the +first apology, because he gave the first offence, and then, (after one +fire,) B. may explain away the retort by subsequent apology. + +"Rule 2.--But if the parties would rather fight on: then, after two +shots each, (but in no case before,) B. may explain first, and A. +apologize afterward. + +"Rule 3.--If a doubt exist who gave the first offence, the decision +rests with the seconds; if they won't decide or can't agree, the +matter must proceed to two shots, or a hit, if the challenger requires +it. + +"Rule 4.--When the lie direct is the first offence, the aggressor must +either beg pardon in express terms; exchange tow shots previous to +apology; or three shots followed up by explanation; or fire on till a +severe hit be received by one party or the other. + +"Rule 5.--As a blow is strictly prohibited under any circumstances +among gentlemen, no verbal apology can be received for such an insult; +the alternatives therefore are: the offender handing a can to the +injured party, to be used on his own back, at the same time begging +pardon; firing on until one or both is disabled; or exchanging three +shots, and then asking pardon without the proffer of the cane. + +"If swords are used, the parties engage till one is well-blooded, +disabled or disarmed; or until, after receiving a wound, and blood +being drawn, the aggressor begs pardon. + +"N.B. A disarm is considered the same as a disable; the disarmer may +(strictly) break his adversary's sword; but if it be the challenger +who is disarmed, it is considered ungenerous to do so. + +"In case the challenged be disarmed and refuses to ask pardon or +atone, he must not be killed as formerly; but the challenger may lay +his sword on the aggressor's shoulder, than break the aggressor's +sword, and say, 'I spare your life!' The challenged can never revive +the quarrel, the challenger may. + +"Rule 6.--If A. give B. the lie, and B. retorts by a blow, (being the +two greatest offences,) no reconciliation can take place till after +two discharges each, or a severe hit; after which, B. may beg A.'s +pardon for the blow, and then A. may explain simply for the lie; +because a blow is never allowable, and the offence of the lie +therefore merges in it. (See preceding rule.) + +"N.B. Challenges for individual causes, may be reconciled on the +ground, after one shot. An explanation, or the slightest hit should be +sufficient in such cases, because no personal offence transpired. + +"Rule 7.--But no apology can be received, in any case, after the +parties have actually taken their ground, without exchange of fires. + +"Rule 8.--In the above case, no challenger is obliged to divulge the +cause of his challenge, (if private,) unless required by the +challenged to do so before their meeting. + +"Rule 0.--All imputations of cheating at play, races, &c, to be +considered equivalent to a blow; but may be reconciled after one shot, +on admitting their falsehood, and begging pardon publicly. + +"Rule 10.--Any insult to a lady under a gentleman's care or +protection, to be considered as, by one degree, a greater offence than +if given to the gentleman personally, and to be regulated accordingly. + +"Rule 11.--Offences originating or accruing from the support of a +lady's reputation, to be considered as less unjustifiable than any +other of the same class, and as admitting of lighter apologies by the +aggressor; this to be determined by the circumstances of the case, but +always favorably to the lady. + +"Rule 12.--In simple unpremeditated rencontres with the small sword or +couteau-de-chasse, the rule is, first draw, first sheathe; unless +blood be drawn: then both sheathe, and proceed to investigation. + +"Rule 13.--No dumb-shooting, or firing in the air, admissible in any +case. The challenger ought not to have challenged without receiving +offence; and the challenged ought, if he gave offence, to have made an +apology before he came on the ground: therefore, children's play must +be dishonorable on one side or the other, and is accordingly +prohibited. + +"Rule 14.--Seconds to be of equal rank in society with the principals +they attend, inasmuch as a second may choose or chance to become a +principal, and equality is indispensable. + +"Rule 15.--Challenges are never to be delivered at night, unless the +party to be challenged intend leaving the place of offence before +morning; for it is desirable to avoid all hot-headed proceedings. + +"Rule 16.--The challenged has the right to choose his own weapon, +unless the challenger gives his honor he is no swordsman; after which, +however, he cannot decline any second species of weapon proposed by +the challenged. + +"Rule 17.--The challenged chooses his ground; the challenger chooses +his distance; the seconds fix the time and terms of firing. + +"Rule 18.--The seconds load in presence of each other, unless they +give their mutual honors that they have charged smooth and single, +which should be held sufficient. + +"Rule 19.--Firing may be regulated, first by signal; secondly, by word +of command; or, thirdly, at pleasure, as may be agreeable to the +parties. In the latter case, the parties may fire at their reasonable +leisure, but second presents and rests are strictly prohibited. + +"Rule 20.--In all cases a miss-fire is equivalent to a shot, and a +snap or a non-cock is to be considered as a miss-fire. + +"Rule 21.--Seconds are bound to attempt a reconciliation before the +meeting takes place, or after sufficient firing or hits, as specified. + +"Rule 22.--Any wound sufficient to agitate the nerves and necessarily +make the hands shake, must end the business for that day. + +"Rule 23.--If the cause of meeting be of such a nature that no apology +or explanation can or will be received, the challenged takes his +ground, and calls on the challenger to proceed as he chooses: in such +cases firing at pleasure is the usual practice, but may be varied by +agreement. + +"Rule 24.--In slight cases, the second hands his principal but one +pistol; but in gross cases, two, holding another case ready charged in +reserve. + +"Rule 25.--When seconds disagree, and resolve to exchange shots +themselves, it must be at the same time and at right angles with their +principals. + +"If with swords, side by side, at five paces interval. + +"N.B. All matters and doubts not herein mentioned, will be explained +and cleared up by application to the committee, who meet alternately +at Clonmell and Galway, at their quarter sessions, for the purpose. + +"CROW RYAN, President." +"JAMES KEOG, +"AMBY BODKIN, Secretaries + +ADDITIONAL GALWAY ARTICLES + +"Rule 1.--No party can be allowed to bend his knee or cover his side +with his left hand; but may present at any level from the hip to the +eye. + +"Rule 2.--One can neither advance nor retreat, if the ground be +measured. If the ground be unmeasured, either party may advance at +pleasure, even to touch muzzle; but neither can advance on his +adversary after the fire, unless his adversary step forward on him. + +"The seconds stand responsible for this last rule being strictly +observed; bad cases have accrued from neglecting it." + +This precise and enlightened digest was rendered necessary by the +multitude of quarrels that arouse without "sufficient dignified +provocation:" the point of honor men required a uniform government; +and the code thus formed was disseminated throughout the island, with +directions that it should b strictly observed by all gentlemen, and +kept in their pistol cases. The rules, with some others, were commonly +styled "the thirty-six commandments," and, according to the author, +have been much acted upon down to the present day. Tipperary and +Galway were the chief schools of duelling. We remember to have heard, +in travelling to the town of the former name in a stage coach, a +dispute between two Irish companions, on the point, which was the most +gentlemanly country in all Ireland--Tipperary or Galway? and both laid +great stress upon the relative duelling merits of those counties. By +the same criterion, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia and South Carolina, +would bear away the palm of gentility among the States of the Union.- + + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, THE CODE OF HONOR *** + +This file should be named cduel10.txt or cduel10.zip +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, cduel11.txt +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, cduel10a.txt + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: The Code of Honor + +Author: John Lyde Wilson + +Release Date: July, 2004 [EBook #6085] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on November 3, 2002] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, THE CODE OF HONOR *** + +</pre> +<p>This eBook was created by Holly Ingraham</p> + +<p>Summary: Originally this was published by the author (1784-1849), +a former governor of South Carolina, as a 22-page booklet, in +1838. Before his death he added an appendix of the 1777 Irish +duelling code, but this second edition was not printed until 1858, +as a 46-page small book, still sized to fit in the case with one's +duelling pistols. This code is far less blood-thirsty than many +might suppose, but built on a closed social caste and standards of +behavior quite alien to today.</P> + +<p> +Transcriber's Note: +In the appendix the term "rencontre" is used. In British law (then +covering Ireland) this refers to an immediate fight in the heat of +offense. A duel would be undertaken in "cold blood" if not cool +temper. Killing a man in a rencontre counted as manslaughter; in a +duel, as murder.</P> + +<p>On more than one occasion, the author refers to "posting" an +offender. This refers to posting to the public a notice as to his +behavior in some central club or business spot frequented by all +men of that level of society; exactly where varied from town to +town. It was the ultimate sanction, making the challengee's +refusal to either apologize or fight a public stain upon his +character.<P> + + +THE CODE OF HONOR;<BR> +or<BR> +RULES FOR THE GOVERNMENT<BR> +of<BR> +PRINCIPALS AND SECONDS<BR> +in<BR> +DUELLING<P> +by John Lyde Wilson<P> +<BR> +TO THE PUBLIC<P> +The man who adds in any way to the sum of human happiness is +strictly in the discharge of a moral duty. When Howard visited the +victims of crime and licentiousness, to reform their habits and +ameliorate their condition, the question was never asked whether +he had been guilty of like excesses or not? The only question the +philanthropist would propound, should be, has the deed been done +in the true spirit of Christian benevolence? Those who know me, +can well attest the motive which has caused the publication of the +following sheets, to which they for a long time urged me in vain. +Those who do not know me, have no right to impute a wrong motive; +and if they do, I had rather be the object, than the authors of +condemnation. To publish a CODE OF HONOR, to govern in cases of +individual combat, might seem to imply, that the publisher was an +advocate of duelling, and wished to introduce it as the proper +mode of deciding all personal difficulties and misunderstandings. +Such implication would do me great injustice. But if the question +be directly put to me, whether there are not cases where duels are +right and proper, I would unhesitatingly answer, there are. If an +oppressed nation has a right to appeal to arms in defence of its +liberty and the happiness of its people, there can be no argument +used in support of such appeal, which will not apply with equal +force to individuals. How many cases are there, that might be +enumerated, where there is no tribunal to do justice to an +oppressed and deeply wronged individual? If he be subjected to a +tame submission to insult and disgrace, where no power can shield +him from its effects, then indeed it would seem, that the first +law of nature, self-preservation, points out the only remedy for +his wrongs. The history of all animated nature exhibits a +determined resistance to encroachments upon natural rights,--nay, +I might add, inanimate nature, for it also exhibits a continual +warfare for supremacy. Plants of the same kind, as well as trees, +do not stop their vigorous growth because they overshadow their +kind; but, on the contrary, flourish with greater vigor as the +more weak and delicate decline and die. Those of different species +are at perpetual warfare. The sweetest rose tree will sicken and +waste on the near approach of the noxious bramble, and the most +promising fields of wheat yield a miserable harvest if choked up +with tares and thistles. The elements themselves war together, and +the angels of heaven have met in fierce encounter. The principle +of self-preservation is co-extensive with creation; and when by +education we make character and moral worth a part of ourselves, +we guard these possessions with more watchful zeal than life +itself, and would go farther for their protection. When one finds +himself avoided in society, his friends shunning his approach, his +substance wasting, his wife and children in want around him, and +traces all his misfortunes and misery to the slanderous tongue of +the calumniator, who, by secret whisper or artful innuendo, has +sapped and undermined his reputation, he must be more or less than +man to submit in silence.<P> +<BR> +The indiscriminate and frequent appeal to arms, to settle trivial +disputes and misunderstandings, cannot be too severely censured +and deprecated. I am no advocate of such duelling. But in cases +where the laws of the country give no redress for injuries +received, where public opinion not only authorizes, but enjoins +resistance, it is needless and a waste of time to denounce the +practice. It will be persisted in as long as a manly independence, +and a lofty personal pride in all that dignifies and ennobles the +human character, shall continue to exist. If a man be smote on one +cheek in public, and he turns the other, which is also smitten, +and he offers no resistance, but blesses him that so despitefully +used him, I am aware that he is in the exercise of great Christian +forbearance, highly recommended and enjoined by many very good +men, but utterly repugnant to those feelings which nature and +education have implanted in the human character. If it was +possible to enact laws so severe and impossible to be evaded, as +to enforce such rule of behavior, all that is honorable in the +community would quit the country and inhabit the wilderness with +the Indians. If such a course of conduct was infused by education +into the minds of our youth, and it became praiseworthy and +honorable to a man to submit to insult and indignity, then indeed +the forbearance might be borne without disgrace. Those, therefore, +who condemn all who do not denounce duelling in every case, should +establish schools where a passive submission to force would be the +exercise of a commendable virtue. I have not the least doubt, that +if I had been educated in such a school, and lived in such a +society, I would have proved a very good member of it. But I much +doubt, if a seminary of learning was established, where this +Christian forbearance was inculcated and enforced, whether there +would be many scholars.<P> +I would not wish to be understood to say, that I do not desire to +see duelling to cease to exist entirely, in society. But my plan +for doing it away, is essentially different from the one which +teaches a passive forbearance to insult and indignity. I would +inculcate in the rising generation a spirit of lofty independence; +I would have them taught that nothing was more derogatory to the +honor of a gentleman, than to wound the feelings of any one, +however humble. That if wrong be done to another, it was more an +act of heroism and bravery to repair the injury, than to persist +in error, and enter into mortal combat with the injured party. +This would be an aggravation of that which was already odious, and +would put him without the pale of all decent society and honorable +men. I would strongly inculcate the propriety of being tender of +the feelings, as well as the failings, of those around him. I +would teach immutable integrity, and uniform urbanity of manners. +Scrupulously to guard individual honor, by a high personal self +respect, and the practice of every commendable virtue. Once let +such a system of education be universal, and we should seldom +hear, if ever, of any more duelling.<P> +The severest penal enactments cannot restrain the practice of +duelling, and their extreme severity in this State, the more +effectually shields the offenders. The teaching and preaching of +our eloquent Clergy, may do some service, but is wholly inadequate +to suppress it. Under these circumstances, the following rules are +given to the public, and if I can save the life of one useful +member of society, I will be compensated. I have restored to the +bosoms of many, their sons, by my timely interference, who are +ignorant of the misery I have averted from them. I believe that +nine duels out of ten, if not ninety-nine out of a hundred, +originate in the want of experience in the seconds. A book of +authority, to which they can refer in matters where they are +uninformed, will therefore be a desideratum. How far this code +will be that book, the public will decide.<P> +THE AUTHOR<P> +_____________________<P> +RULES for Principals and Seconds in Duelling.<BR> +_____________________<P> +CHAPTER I.<BR> +The Person Insulted, Before Challenge Sent<P> +1. Whenever you believe that you are insulted, if the insult be in +public and by words or behavior, never resent it there, if you +have self-command enough to avoid noticing it. If resented there, +you offer an indignity to the company, which you should not.<P> +2. If the insult be by blows or any personal indignity, it may be +resented at the moment, for the insult to the company did not +originate with you. But although resented at the moment, you are +bound still to have satisfaction, and must therefore make the +demand.<P> +3. When you believe yourself aggrieved, be silent on the subject, +speak to no one about the matter, and see your friend, who is to +act for you, as soon as possible.<P> +4. Never send a challenge in the first instance, for that +precludes all negotiation. Let your note be in the language of a +gentleman, and let the subject matter of complaint be truly and +fairly set forth, cautiously avoiding attributing to the adverse +party any improper motive.<P> +5. When your second is in full possession of the facts, leave the +whole matter to his judgment, and avoid any consultation with him +unless he seeks it. He has the custody of your honor, and by +obeying him you cannot be compromitted.<P> +6. Let the time of demand upon your adversary after the insult, be +as short as possible, for he has the right to double that time in +replying to you, unless you give him some good reason for your +delay. Each party is entitled to reasonable time, to make the +necessary domestic arrangements, by will or otherwise, before +fighting.<P> +7. To a written communication you are entitled to a written reply, +and it is the business of your friend to require it.<P> +Second's Duty Before Challenge Sent.<P> +1. Whenever you are applied to by a friend to act as his second, +before you agree to do so, state distinctly to your principal that +you will be governed only by your own judgment,--that he will not +be consulted after you are in full possession of the facts, unless +it becomes necessary to make or accept the amende honorable, or +send a challenge. You are supposed to be cool and collected, and +your friend's feelings are more or less irritated.<P> +2. Use every effort to soothe and tranquilize your principal; do +not see things in the same aggravated light in which he views +them; extenuate the conduct of his adversary whenever you see +clearly an opportunity to do so, without doing violence to your +friend's irritated mind. Endeavor to persuade him that there must +have been some misunderstanding in the matter. Check him if he +uses opprobious epithet towards his adversary, and never permit +improper or insulting words in the note you carry.<P> +3. To the note you carry in writing to the party complained of, +you are entitled to a written answer, which will be directed to +your principal and will be delivered to you by his adversary's +friend. If this be not written in the style of a gentleman, refuse +to receive it, and assign your reason for such refusal. If there +be a question made as to the character of the note, require the +second presenting it to you, who considers it respectful, to +endorse upon it these words: "I consider the note of my friend +respectful, and would not have been the bearer of it, if I +believed otherwise."<P> +4. If the party called on, refuses to receive the note you bear, +you are entitled to demand a reason for such refusal. If he +refuses to give you any reason, and persists in such refusal, he +treats, not only your friend, but yourself, with indignity, and +you must then make yourself the actor, by sending a respectful +note, requiring a proper explanation of the course he has pursued +towards you and your friend; and if he still adheres to his +determination, you are to challenge or post him.<P> +5. If the person to whom you deliver the note of your friend, +declines meeting him on the ground of inequality, you are bound to +tender yourself in his stead, by a note directed to him from +yourself; and if he refuses to meet you, you are to post him.<P> +6. In all cases of the substitution of the second for the +principal, the seconds should interpose and adjust the matter, if +the party substituting avows he does not make the quarrel of his +principal his own. The true reason for substitution, is the +supposed insult of imputing to you the like inequality which if +charged upon your friend, and when the contrary is declared, there +should be no fight, for individuals may well differ in their +estimate of an individual's character and standing in society. In +case of substitution and a satisfactory arrangement, you are then +to inform your friend of all the facts, whose duty it will be to +post in person.<P> +7. If the party, to whom you present a note, employ a son, father +or brother, as a second, you may decline acting with either on the +ground of consanguinity.<P> +8. If a minor wishes you to take a note to an adult, decline doing +so, on the ground of his minority. But if the adult complained of, +had made a companion of the minor in society, you may bear the +note.<P> +9. When an accommodation is tendered, never require too much; and +if the party offering the amende honorable, wishes to give a +reason for his conduct in the matter, do not, unless offensive to +your friend, refuse to receive it; by so doing you may heal the +breach more effectually.<P> +10. If a stranger wishes you to bear a note for him, be well +satisfied before you do so, that he is on an equality with you; +and in presenting the note state to the party the relationship you +stand towards him, and what you know and believe about him; for +strangers are entitled to redress for wrongs, as well as others, +and the rules of honor and hospitality should protect him.<P> +CHAPTER II.<BR> +The Party Receiving a Note Before Challenge.<P> +1. When a note is presented to you by an equal, receive it, and +read it, although you may suppose it to be from one you do not +intend to meet, because its requisites may be of a character which +may readily be complied with. But if the requirements of a note +cannot be acceded to, return it, through the medium of your +friend, to the person who handed it to you, with your reason for +returning it.<P> +2. If the note received be in abusive terms, object to its +reception, and return it for that reason; but if it be respectful, +return an answer of the same character, in which respond correctly +and openly to all interrogatories fairly propounded, and hand it +to your friend, who, it is presumed, you have consulted, and who +has advised the answer; direct it to the opposite party, and let +it be delivered to his friend.<P> +3. You may refuse to receive a note, from a minor, (if you have +not made an associate of him); one that has been posted; one that +has been publicly disgraced without resenting it; one whose +occupation is unlawful; a man in his dotage and a lunatic. There +may be other cases, but the character of those enumerated will +lead to a correct decision upon those omitted.<P> +If you receive a note from a stranger, you have a right to a +reasonable time to ascertain his standing in society, unless he is +fully vouched for by his friend.<P> +4. If a party delays calling on you for a week or more, after the +supposed insult, and assigns no cause for the delay, if you +require it, you may double the time before you respond to him; for +the wrong cannot be considered aggravated; if borne patiently for +some days, and the time may have been used in preparation and +practice.<P> +Second's Duty of the Party Receiving a Note Before Challenge Sent.<P> +1. When consulted by your friend, who has received a note +requiring explanation, inform him distinctly that he must be +governed wholly by you in the progress of the dispute. If he +refuses, decline to act on that ground.<P> +2. Use your utmost efforts to allay all excitement which your +principal may labor under; search diligently into the origin of +the misunderstanding; for gentlemen seldom insult each other, +unless they labor under some misapprehension or mistake; and when +you have discovered the original ground or error, follow each +movement to the time of sending the note, and harmony will be +restored.<P> +3. When your principal refuses to do what you require of hi, +decline further acting on that ground, and inform the opposing +second of your withdrawal from the negotiation.<P> +CHAPTER III.<BR> +Duty of Challenger and His Second Before Fighting.<P> +1. After all efforts for a reconciliation are over, the party +aggrieved sends a challenge to his adversary, which is delivered +to his second.<P> +2. Upon the acceptance of the challenge, the seconds make the +necessary arrangements for the meeting, in which each party is +entitled to a perfect equality. The old notion that the party +challenged, was authorized to name the time, place, distance and +weapon, has been long since exploded; nor would a man of chivalric +honor use such a right, if he possessed it. The time must e as +soon as practicable, the place such as had ordinarily been used +where the parties are, the distance usual, and the weapons that +which is most generally used, which, in this State, is the pistol.<P> +3. If the challengee insist upon what is not usual in time, place, +distance and weapon, do not yield the point, and tender in writing +what is usual in each, and if he refuses to give satisfaction, +then your friend may post him.<P> +4. If your friend be determined to fight and not post, you have +the right to withdraw. But if you continue to act, and have the +right to tender a still more deadly distance and weapon, and he +must accept.<P> +5. The usual distance is from ten to twenty paces, as may be +agreed on; and the seconds in measuring the ground, usually step +three feet.<P> +6. After all the arrangements are made, the seconds determine the +giving of the word and position, by lot; and he who gains has the +choice of the one or the other, selects whether it be the word or +the position, but he cannot have both.<P> +CHAPTER IV.<BR> +Duty of Challengee and Second After Challenge Sent.<P> +1. The challengee has no option when negotiation has ceased, but +to accept the challenge.<P> +2. The second makes the necessary arrangements with the second of +the person challenging. The arrangements are detailed in the +preceding chapter.<P> +CHAPTER V.<BR> +Duty of Principals and Seconds on the Ground.<P> +1. The principals are to be respectful in meeting, and neither by +look or expression irritate each other. They are to be wholly +passive, being entirely under the guidance of their seconds.<P> +2. When once posted, they are not to quit their positions under +any circumstances, without leave or direction of their seconds.<P> +3. When the principals are posted, the second giving the word, +must tell them to stand firm until he repeats the giving of the +word, in the manner it will be given when the parties are at +liberty to fire.<P> +4. Each second has a loaded pistol, in order to enforce a fair +combat according to the rules agreed on; and if a principal fires +before the word or time agreed on, he is at liberty to fire at +him, and if such second's principal fall, it is his duty to do so.<P> +5. If after a fire, either party be touched, the duel is to end; +and no second is excusable who permits a wounded friend to fight; +and no second who knows his duty, will permit his friend to fight +a man already hit. I am aware there have been many instances where +a contest has continued, not only after slight, but severe wounds, +had been received. In all such cases, I think the seconds are +blamable.<P> +6. If after an exchange of shots, neither party be hit, it is the +duty of the second of the challengee, to approach the second of +the challenger and say: "Our friends have exchanged shots, are you +satisfied, or is there any cause why the contest should be +continued?" If the meeting be of no serious cause of complaint, +where the party complaining had in no way been deeply injured, or +grossly insulted, the second of the party challenging should +reply: "The point of honor being settled, there can, I conceive, +be no objection to a reconciliation, and I propose that our +principals meet on middle ground, shake hands, and be friends." If +this be acceded to by the second of the challengee, the second of +the party challenging, says: "We have agreed that the present duel +shall cease, the honor of each of you is preserved, and you will +meet on middle ground, shake hands and be reconciled."<P> +7. If the insult be of a serious character, it will be the duty of +the second of the challenger, to say, in reply to the second of +the challengee: "We have been deeply wronged, and if you are not +disposed to repair the injury, the contest must continue." And if +the challengee offers nothing by way of reparation, the fight +continues until one or the other of the principals is hit.<P> +8. If in cases where the contest is ended by the seconds, as +mentioned in the sixth rule of this chapter, the parties refuse to +meet and be reconciled, it is the duty of the seconds to withdraw +from the field, informing their principals, that the contest must +be continued under the superintendence of other friends. But if +one agrees to this arrangement of the seconds, and the other does +not, the second of the disagreeing principal only withdraws.<P> +9. If either principal on the ground refuses to fight or continue +the fight when required, it is the duty of his second to say to +the other second: "I have come upon the ground with a coward, and +do tender you my apology for an ignorance of his character; you +are at liberty to post him." The second, by such conduct, stands +excused to the opposite party.<P> +10. When the duel is ended by a party being hit, it is the duty of +the second to the party so hit, to announce the fact to the second +of the party hitting, who will forthwith tender any assistance he +can command to the disabled principal. If the party challenging, +hit the challengee, it is his duty to say he is satisfied, and +will leave the ground. If the challenger be hit, upon the +challengee being informed of it, he should ask through his second, +whether he is at liberty to leave the ground which should be +assented to.<P> +CHAPTER VI.<BR> +Who Should Be on the Ground.<P> +1. The principals, seconds, one surgeon and one assistant surgeon +to each principal; but the assistant surgeon may be dispensed +with.<P> +2. Any number of friends that the seconds agree on, may be +present, provided they do not come within the degrees of +consanguinity mentioned in the seventh rule of Chapter I.<P> +3. Persons admitted on the ground, are carefully to abstain by +word or behavior, from any act that might be the least +exceptionable; nor should they stand near the principals or +seconds, or hold conversations with them.<P> +CHAPTER VII.<BR> +Arms, and Manner of Loading and Presenting Them.<P> +1. The arms used should be smooth-bore pistols, not exceeding nine +inches in length, with flint and steel. Percussion pistols may be +mutually used if agreed on, but to object on that account is +lawful.<P> +2. Each second informs the other when he is about to load, and +invites his presence, but the seconds rarely attend on such +invitation, as gentlemen may be safely trusted in the matter.<P> +3. The second, in presenting the pistol to his friend, should +never put it in his pistol hand, but should place it in the other, +which is grasped midway the barrel, with muzzle pointing in the +contrary way to that which he is to fire, informing him that his +pistol is loaded and ready for use. Before the word is given, the +principal grasps the butt firmly in his pistol hand, and brings it +round, with the muzzle downward, to the fighting position.<P> +4. The fighting position, is with the muzzle down and the barrel +from you; for although it may be agreed that you may hold your +pistol with the muzzle up, it may be objected to, as you can fire +sooner from that position, and consequently have a decided +advantage, which ought not to be claimed, and should not be +granted.<P> +CHAPTER VIII.<BR> +The Degrees of Insult, and How Compromised<P> +1. The prevailing rule is, that words used in retort, although +more violent and disrespectful than those first used, will not +satisfy,--words being no satisfaction for words.<P> +2. When words are used, and a blow given in return, the insult is +avenged; and if redress be sought, it must be from the person +receiving the blow.<P> +3. When blows are given in the first instance and not returned, +and the person first striking, be badly beaten or otherwise, the +party first struck is to make the demand, for blows do not satisfy +a blow.<P> +4. Insults at a wine table, when the company are over-excited, +must be answered for; and if the party insulting have no +recollection of the insult, it is his duty to say so in writing, +and negative the insult. For instance, if the man say: "you are a +liar and no gentleman," he must, in addition to the plea of the +want of recollection, say: "I believe the party insulted to be a +man of the strictest veracity and a gentleman."<P> +5. Intoxication is not a full excuse for insult, but it will +greatly palliate. If it was a full excuse, it might be well +counterfeited to wound feelings, or destroy character.<P> +6. In all cases of intoxication, the seconds must use a sound +discretion under the above general rules.<P> +7. Can every insult be compromised? is a mooted and vexed +question. On this subject, no rules can be given that will be +satisfactory. The old opinion, that a blow must require blood, is +not of force. Blows may be compromised in many cases. What those +are, much depend on the seconds.<P> +APPENDIX.<P> +Since the above Code was in press, a friend has favored me with +the IRISH CODE OF HONOR, which I had never seen; and it is +published as an Appendix to it. One thing must be apparent to +every reader, viz., the marked amelioration of the rules that +govern in duelling at the present time. I am unable to say what +code exists now in Ireland, but I very much doubt whether it be of +the same character which it bore in 1777. The American Quarterly +Review for September, 1824, in a notice of Sir Jonah Barrington's +history of his own times, has published this code; and followed it +up with some remarks, which I have thought proper to insert also. +The grave reviewer has spoken of certain States in terms so unlike +a gentleman, that I would advise him to look at home, and say +whether he does not think that the manners of his own countrymen, +do not require great amendment? I am very sure, that the citizens +of the States so disrespectfully spoken of, would feel a deep +humiliation, to be compelled to exchange their urbanity of +deportment, for the uncouth incivility of the people of +Massachusetts. Look at their public journals, and you will find +them, very generally, teeming with abuse of private character, +which would not be countenanced here. The idea of New England +becoming a school for manners, is about as fanciful as +Bolinbroke's "idea of a patriot king." I like their fortiter in +re, but utterly eschew their suaviter in modo.<P> +"The practice of duelling and points of honor settled at Clonmell +summer assizes, 1777, by the gentleman delegates of Tipperary, +Galway, Mayo, Sligo and Roscommon, and prescribed for general +adoption throughout Ireland.<P> +"Rule 1.--The first offence requires the apology, although the +retort may have been more offensive than the insult.--Example: A. +tells B. he is impertinent, &C.; B. retorts, that he lies; yet A. +must make the first apology, because he gave the first offence, +and then, (after one fire,) B. may explain away the retort by +subsequent apology.<P> +"Rule 2.--But if the parties would rather fight on: then, after +two shots each, (but in no case before,) B. may explain first, and +A. apologize afterward.<P> +"Rule 3.--If a doubt exist who gave the first offence, the +decision rests with the seconds; if they won't decide or can't +agree, the matter must proceed to two shots, or a hit, if the +challenger requires it.<P> +"Rule 4.--When the lie direct is the first offence, the aggressor +must either beg pardon in express terms; exchange tow shots +previous to apology; or three shots followed up by explanation; or +fire on till a severe hit be received by one party or the other.<P> +"Rule 5.--As a blow is strictly prohibited under any circumstances +among gentlemen, no verbal apology can be received for such an +insult; the alternatives therefore are: the offender handing a can +to the injured party, to be used on his own back, at the same time +begging pardon; firing on until one or both is disabled; or +exchanging three shots, and then asking pardon without the proffer +of the cane.<P> +"If swords are used, the parties engage till one is well-blooded, +disabled or disarmed; or until, after receiving a wound, and blood +being drawn, the aggressor begs pardon.<P> +"N.B. A disarm is considered the same as a disable; the disarmer +may (strictly) break his adversary's sword; but if it be the +challenger who is disarmed, it is considered ungenerous to do so.<P> +"In case the challenged be disarmed and refuses to ask pardon or +atone, he must not be killed as formerly; but the challenger may +lay his sword on the aggressor's shoulder, than break the +aggressor's sword, and say, 'I spare your life!' The challenged +can never revive the quarrel, the challenger may.<P> +"Rule 6.--If A. give B. the lie, and B. retorts by a blow, (being +the two greatest offences,) no reconciliation can take place till +after two discharges each, or a severe hit; after which, B. may +beg A.'s pardon for the blow, and then A. may explain simply for +the lie; because a blow is never allowable, and the offence of the +lie therefore merges in it. (See preceding rule.)<P> +"N.B. Challenges for individual causes, may be reconciled on the +ground, after one shot. An explanation, or the slightest hit +should be sufficient in such cases, because no personal offence +transpired.<P> +"Rule 7.--But no apology can be received, in any case, after the +parties have actually taken their ground, without exchange of +fires.<P> +"Rule 8.--In the above case, no challenger is obliged to divulge +the cause of his challenge, (if private,) unless required by the +challenged to do so before their meeting.<P> +"Rule 0.--All imputations of cheating at play, races, &c, to be +considered equivalent to a blow; but may be reconciled after one +shot, on admitting their falsehood, and begging pardon publicly.<P> +"Rule 10.--Any insult to a lady under a gentleman's care or +protection, to be considered as, by one degree, a greater offence +than if given to the gentleman personally, and to be regulated +accordingly.<P> +"Rule 11.--Offences originating or accruing from the support of a +lady's reputation, to be considered as less unjustifiable than any +other of the same class, and as admitting of lighter apologies by +the aggressor; this to be determined by the circumstances of the +case, but always favorably to the lady.<P> +"Rule 12.--In simple unpremeditated rencontres with the small +sword or couteau-de-chasse, the rule is, first draw, first +sheathe; unless blood be drawn: then both sheathe, and proceed to +investigation.<P> +"Rule 13.--No dumb-shooting, or firing in the air, admissible in +any case. The challenger ought not to have challenged without +receiving offence; and the challenged ought, if he gave offence, +to have made an apology before he came on the ground: therefore, +children's play must be dishonorable on one side or the other, and +is accordingly prohibited.<P> +"Rule 14.--Seconds to be of equal rank in society with the +principals they attend, inasmuch as a second may choose or chance +to become a principal, and equality is indispensable.<P> +"Rule 15.--Challenges are never to be delivered at night, unless +the party to be challenged intend leaving the place of offence +before morning; for it is desirable to avoid all hot-headed +proceedings.<P> +"Rule 16.--The challenged has the right to choose his own weapon, +unless the challenger gives his honor he is no swordsman; after +which, however, he cannot decline any second species of weapon +proposed by the challenged.<P> +"Rule 17.--The challenged chooses his ground; the challenger +chooses his distance; the seconds fix the time and terms of +firing.<P> +"Rule 18.--The seconds load in presence of each other, unless they +give their mutual honors that they have charged smooth and single, +which should be held sufficient.<P> +"Rule 19.--Firing may be regulated, first by signal; secondly, by +word of command; or, thirdly, at pleasure, as may be agreeable to +the parties. In the latter case, the parties may fire at their +reasonable leisure, but second presents and rests are strictly +prohibited.<P> +"Rule 20.--In all cases a miss-fire is equivalent to a shot, and a +snap or a non-cock is to be considered as a miss-fire.<P> +"Rule 21.--Seconds are bound to attempt a reconciliation before +the meeting takes place, or after sufficient firing or hits, as +specified.<P> +"Rule 22.--Any wound sufficient to agitate the nerves and +necessarily make the hands shake, must end the business for that +day.<P> +"Rule 23.--If the cause of meeting be of such a nature that no +apology or explanation can or will be received, the challenged +takes his ground, and calls on the challenger to proceed as he +chooses: in such cases firing at pleasure is the usual practice, +but may be varied by agreement.<P> +"Rule 24.--In slight cases, the second hands his principal but one +pistol; but in gross cases, two, holding another case ready +charged in reserve.<P> +"Rule 25.--When seconds disagree, and resolve to exchange shots +themselves, it must be at the same time and at right angles with +their principals.<P> +"If with swords, side by side, at five paces interval.<P> +"N.B. All matters and doubts not herein mentioned, will be +explained and cleared up by application to the committee, who meet +alternately at Clonmell and Galway, at their quarter sessions, for +the purpose.<P> +"CROW RYAN, President."<BR> +"JAMES KEOG,<BR> +"AMBY BODKIN, Secretaries<P> +ADDITIONAL GALWAY ARTICLES<P> +"Rule 1.--No party can be allowed to bend his knee or cover his +side with his left hand; but may present at any level from the hip +to the eye.<P> +"Rule 2.--One can neither advance nor retreat, if the ground be +measured. If the ground be unmeasured, either party may advance +at pleasure, even to touch muzzle; but neither can advance on his +adversary after the fire, unless his adversary step forward on +him.<P> +"The seconds stand responsible for this last rule being strictly +observed; bad cases have accrued from neglecting it."<P> +This precise and enlightened digest was rendered necessary by the +multitude of quarrels that arouse without "sufficient dignified +provocation:" the point of honor men required a uniform +government; and the code thus formed was disseminated throughout +the island, with directions that it should b strictly observed by +all gentlemen, and kept in their pistol cases. The rules, with +some others, were commonly styled "the thirty-six commandments," +and, according to the author, have been much acted upon down to +the present day. Tipperary and Galway were the chief schools of +duelling. We remember to have heard, in travelling to the town of +the former name in a stage coach, a dispute between two Irish +companions, on the point, which was the most gentlemanly country +in all Ireland--Tipperary or Galway? and both laid great stress +upon the relative duelling merits of those counties. By the same +criterion, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia and South Carolina, would +bear away the palm of gentility among the States of the Union.-<P> +end- + +<pre> +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, THE CODE OF HONOR *** + +This file should be named cduel10h.htm or cduel10h.zip +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, cduel11h.htm +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, cduel10ah.htm + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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