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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #61058 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/61058)
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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on Training for Rifle Fire in Trench
-Warfare, by Anonymous
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll
-have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using
-this ebook.
-
-
-
-Title: Notes on Training for Rifle Fire in Trench Warfare
-
-Author: Anonymous
-
-Release Date: December 30, 2019 [EBook #61058]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RIFLE TRAINING ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Richard Tonsing, Brian Coe, and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
-file was produced from images generously made available
-by The Internet Archive)
-
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-                             _CONFIDENTIAL!
-                       FOR USE OF OFFICERS ONLY_
-
-
-
-
-                                 NOTES
-                                   ON
-               TRAINING FOR RIFLE FIRE IN TRENCH WARFARE
-
-
-                     COMPILED FROM FOREIGN REPORTS
-
-
-                            ARMY WAR COLLEGE
-                              APRIL, 1917
-
-[Illustration]
-
-                               WASHINGTON
-                       GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
-                                  1917
-
-
-
-
-                            WAR DEPARTMENT,
-                           Document No. 573.
-                   _Office of The Adjutant General._
-
-
-
-
-                                         WAR DEPARTMENT,
-                                           WASHINGTON, _April 24, 1917_.
-
-The following Notes on Training for Rifle Fire in Trench Warfare are
-published for the information and guidance of all concerned.
-
-[2582933, A. G. O.]
-
-BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR:
-
-                                                  H. L. SCOTT,
-                                        _Major General, Chief of Staff_.
-
- OFFICIAL:
-     H. P. McCAIN,
-         _The Adjutant General_.
-
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-
-
-          TRAINING IN THE USE OF THE RIFLE FOR TRENCH WARFARE.
-
-
-1. Training in the use of the rifle includes that of the bayonet. Fire
-action is alone treated in this paper, instruction in the use of the
-bayonet having already been discussed elsewhere.
-
-2. The rifleman in the trenches, no less than in the open, requires as
-preliminary preparation the courses of individual and combat instruction
-prescribed in the Small Arms Firing Manual. The object of this paper is
-not to supersede any portion of this manual, but to supplement it by
-stressing those features of trench rifle fire that the experience of
-actual war has shown to be possessed of an importance that was not fully
-appreciated when the manual was prepared. So far as rifle fire
-exclusively from trenches is concerned, the importance of _individual
-aimed fire_ up to the range of 400 yards is the principal feature that
-has been so developed by the peculiar conditions prevailing on the
-“western front” during the present European war, and the training that
-needs to be stressed naturally comes under the head of “individual
-instruction.” There is also a second feature, essential to efficient
-_collective_ firing either from trenches or in the open, that has never
-received the attention in our authorized manuals that its importance
-merits, though that importance has long been recognized and has been
-ably treated at the School of Musketry. It is that of the _necessity for
-satisfactory working methods of describing targets_. The growth of this
-necessity has been coincident with the development of fire discipline,
-direction, and control.
-
-3. The special importance of individual aimed fire in trench warfare has
-been developed in Europe during the present war in connection with what
-is there termed “sniping,” which has become a specially important and
-highly technical service, though it is merely a development of what has
-long been known and practiced in the United States under the name of
-“sharpshooting.” A consideration of some of the conditions under which
-“sniping” is conducted will assist in emphasizing its importance and in
-indicating the special qualifications and instruction essential to
-efficiency.
-
-4. In modern trench warfare, as it exists in Europe to-day, each
-belligerent occupies a system of trenches, of which the foremost, or
-fire trenches, are frequently separated by only a few yards, and rarely
-by more than four or five hundred yards. In rear of the fire trenches
-there is a labyrinth of cover, approach, support, reserve, and other
-trenches. Each system is strengthened by obstacles, the most formidable
-and also the most common of these are the barbed-wire entanglements.
-These trenches and obstacles are being continually damaged by the
-opposing artillery fire, and every opportunity is seized for raiding
-enemy trenches through the openings so made. One of the important
-functions of the sniper is that of protecting his own trenches from
-enemy raids and his comrades from fire of snipers and the prevention of
-repair of enemy trenches and obstacles in order to keep the road open to
-raids from his own side. To these ends he endeavors to meet with a
-bullet every exposure of even a few square inches of the head or limb of
-an enemy and at the same time to conserve his own life. To attain the
-first object, that of hitting the enemy, requires the best possible
-facilities for observation and fire, coupled with special qualities and
-technical skill on the part of the sniper. The attainment of the second
-object, that of conserving one’s own life, will depend largely upon the
-judgment and skill displayed in selecting and concealing the position of
-the firer. Each of these requirements calls for special training and for
-special qualities inherent in the sniper. To the training and skill of
-the expert game shot must be added the craftiness of the poacher.
-
-5. From the preceding paragraphs it is evident that the service of
-sniping can not be conducted in a haphazard way, but, on the contrary,
-requires for its efficient conduct a carefully selected, organized,
-equipped, and trained personnel.
-
-(_a_) _Organization._—Based upon the best available information from
-Europe, there should be organized in each battalion of Infantry a
-“sniping” group composed of 1 noncommissioned officer and 24 privates.
-
-(_b_) _Qualifications governing selections._—Each member of the sniping
-group should be a well-trained, intelligent, disciplined soldier; a dead
-shot at short and mid ranges; brave, yet cautious; cool, observant,
-patient, resourceful, and prompt. In addition to the above, the
-noncommissioned officer in command of the group should be a competent
-instructor in all that is included in the training of the sniper and
-should possess good judgment in the selection and preparation of
-snipers’ posts.
-
-(_c_) _Training._—In addition to the preliminary training contemplated
-in (_b_), the following features should be specially developed:
-
-_Rifle practice._—The sniper must become expert in a broader sense than
-is implied by the word as employed in ordinary marksmanship
-classification. Ordinarily his target will be a small and fleeting one,
-and his training should be such as to enable him to quickly and
-accurately deliver a single shot at objects varying from a 4–inch
-loophole at 100 yards to those the size of a man’s body at 800 yards.
-The small object at short range will be the most frequent target and
-indicates the most important rifle training. The character of the target
-emphasizes the importance of extreme accuracy of fire, and accuracy of
-fire implies, in addition to correctness of aim, correct knowledge of
-range, a correct knowledge of external influences, such as light, heat,
-moisture, wind, and the personal equation of the firer and the rifle.
-The sniper must continually practice both with the military sights and
-with the adjuncts supplied him and under conditions closely resembling
-those that will obtain in actual trench work. The importance of
-concealment will usually result in fire being delivered from rest, and
-the handling of the rifle must not be accompanied by exposure of his
-position. The soldier who has been thoroughly trained in the courses
-prescribed in the Small Arms Firing Manual will have no difficulty in
-improvising firing exercises with small bobbing or disappearing targets
-that will develop skill along the lines indicated above. In every
-exercise the judgment of the firer should be expressed as to the
-influence of a cold piece, a hot piece; clouds, heat, moisture, wind; a
-worn rifle; fouling; recent cleaning and oiling, or whatever existing
-condition may exert an influence on the path of the bullet. The
-estimation of ranges and their determination by use of range finders
-should form an important part of the training of a sniper.
-
-_Reconnaissance_ and _scouting_.—Under this head is included all manner
-of observation with a view to obtaining information. The sniper’s field
-of action will be limited, but within its sphere it will be governed by
-the same principles that are prescribed for reconnaissance parties and
-scouts, and will include the intelligible rendering of reports.
-
-To this end the sniper must be trained in the reading of maps, the
-making of sketches, the use of the prismatic compass, the simpler and
-more common conventional signs, and the rendering of both verbal and
-written reports. That the subject may not seem too large and formidable
-to him, his instruction should be progressive and as simple as possible,
-with due care to impress him with the necessity for everything he is
-required to do. The American soldier will rarely fail to respond if he
-can see the reasonableness of the demand made upon him. Let him see that
-his own life and that of his comrades may depend upon the accuracy of
-his knowledge of the following:
-
-1. The location of our own front line and that of the enemy, so far as
-they are within his visual range.
-
-2. The location of any known or suspected enemy sniper’s posts,
-machine-gun emplacements, observation posts, listening posts, command
-stations, or probable routes of advance.
-
-3. The location and importance of dominating points in either line.
-
-4. The importance of being able to pick out on the ground any points of
-special importance or danger indicated on sketches or maps turned over
-to him, and to determine from maps drawn to scale the ranges to such
-points.
-
-5. How to find his way by the aid of a map or sketch from his post to
-any specified point in our own trenches, and back again.
-
-6. The importance of being able to intelligibly record and graphically
-represent matters of importance to his commanding officer or to the
-sniper who is to relieve him. In this connection the special importance
-of exact truth in statements of fact, and of the careful separation of
-matters of fact from those of mere report or conjecture, should be duly
-stressed. Hearsay and conjecture are often of great importance, but
-should be transmitted as such, and in the case of conjecture the reasons
-therefor should be stated.
-
-The above are simply a few instances to suggest to the instructor how to
-go about the matter of instruction. Many men will be already familiar
-with the subject, and the method may be abridged, but in the case of an
-entirely uninstructed man a step-by-step method of instruction must be
-followed. The training should be such that it will be an entirely
-natural matter for the sniper to observe and report as to:
-
-1. The attitude of the enemy (whether aggressive, alert, active, etc.).
-
-2. Description of enemy seen, uniform, arms, etc.
-
-3. Any new work evident; such as trenches and obstacles strengthened,
-new emplacements, etc.
-
-4. Position of machine guns, observation posts, sniper posts, etc.,
-discovered.
-
-5. Points in our own lines found to be specially dangerous, and points
-of enemy line that menace them.
-
-6. Routes known to be used by the enemy.
-
-7. Routes of patrols.
-
-8. Points where ammunition or supplies are believed to be dumped.
-
-9. Ranges to prominent or important points. This information will be
-less likely to mislead if the following rules are observed:
-
-Carefully indicate the point from which each range is taken.
-
-Use prominent, easily identified landmarks as reference points.
-
-Indicate by whom and how ranges were determined.
-
-10. Report any repairs needed in trenches or obstacles.
-
-11. Position of suspected mines.
-
-6. _Equipment._—Telescopes, rather low power, are preferable to field
-glasses for observation and reconnaissance. Care must be taken to render
-them as inconspicuous as possible and prevent their location by the
-enemy through reflection of light from the object glass.
-
-Telescopic periscope.
-
-Rifle rest.—Various sorts have been devised, usually not merely to serve
-the purpose of a rest, but to expedite resumption of aim and change in
-direction or elevation.
-
-Telescopic sights.
-
-Sniperscope.—(A device for aiming with the head below the line of sight.
-Reports indicate that with this device the tendency is to shoot high,
-and that they are only reasonably accurate up to ranges of 200 yards.
-They are usually used over parapets, between sandbags. Proper adjustment
-is essential and great care necessary to prevent derangement.)
-
-Steel helmet and mask.
-
-Maps, sketches, note-book, message blanks, pencils, pocket knife.
-
-Each post should have a range chart for use of all reliefs.
-
-The above is additional to the normal equipment of the soldier.
-
-7. _Duties of commander of sniping group_:
-
-(_a_) Training of snipers and maintenance of efficiency.
-
-(_b_) To supervise the work of his unit.
-
-(_c_) Responsibility for care of equipment.
-
-(_d_) To receive and transmit to the proper authority all information
-turned over by the posts he relieves and by his own posts.
-
-(_e_) To select the positions for sniper’s posts and supervise the
-construction of loopholes and other special arrangements when not
-already provided.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  A SNIPERSCOPE.
-]
-
-8. _Location of sniper’s posts._—Though engaged in trench warfare
-snipers are not invariably located in trenches. When not so located the
-sniper will avail himself of such cover as best suits his purpose. If
-practicable he will so dress himself as to blend with his surroundings,
-giving particular attention to his face and hands. Masks of
-inconspicuous color are sometimes worn. He must study the maps and the
-ground and endeavor to determine in advance good localities for
-observation and good lines of approach. His line of retreat must also be
-decided on as early as possible. The arts of the deerstalker and
-poacher, or those practiced in our early Indian troubles will be of
-great use under these circumstances, as his success will depend largely
-upon his patience and cunning. Houses and other buildings should be
-viewed with distrust, as they may be closely observed by the enemy.
-Trees will also receive this scrutiny. The best cover will be that which
-is least likely to be suspected of affording concealment for a man.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  THE SNIPER WITH TELESCOPIC SIGHT. HIS OBSERVER WITH PERISCOPE.
-]
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  A PREPARED SNIPER POSITION. A SNIPER USING A SNIPERSCOPE.
-]
-
-Sniper’s positions in trenches may, according to circumstances, be
-located in (_a_) the front line, (_b_) parados, (_c_) approach trenches,
-(_d_) connecting trench, (_e_) dummy trench, (_f_) support trenches, or
-any others affording the desired facilities. The commander must study
-the terrain, the enemy’s trenches, the advantages and disadvantages of
-each position considered, both with reference to facilities for
-observation, fire, and concealment, and with reference to danger from
-the enemy, and select that which will best serve the purpose. He must
-then decide as to measures for promoting observation and concealment,
-and supervise their execution and the construction of the necessary
-loopholes. Loopholes may be arranged of sandbags, iron pipes, boxes,
-etc. It is better to have them run obliquely rather than perpendicularly
-with respect to the trench line, and a curtain should be provided to
-prevent their being discovered by light showing through the hole.
-Loopholes near the ground are not as readily seen as those higher up,
-and those located among débris and loose earth, leaves, branches,
-tumbled sods, etc., are less easily detected than those located in a
-smooth slope. When constructing loopholes care should be taken to
-disturb previously existing conditions as little as possible lest the
-enemy observe the change and profit by the hint. Several loopholes
-should be provided for each post as the discovery of one by the enemy
-renders it worthless for future use, and continued use of one loophole
-will sooner or later result in detection.
-
-The best positions are usually in rear of the first line, so placed as
-to command a view of the enemy’s trenches up to at least 400 yards. This
-is not always possible and the best possible must be selected. In any
-case alternative positions must be arranged. Support trenches may afford
-better locations than the fire trenches, but they have the objection of
-increasing the range. If the post is detached an important consideration
-is whether or not it can be entered or left unobserved during daylight.
-
-9. _Conduct of the sniper._—Snipers should work in pairs, exchanging
-duties of observer every 15 or 20 minutes. They should be relieved every
-two hours or oftener. It may be advantageous to relieve one every hour.
-
-They will never fire merely to annoy, as this will lead to disclosure of
-the position, with no adequate result. They will closely examine their
-shelter and see that the fire opening is so constructed as not to be
-affected by the blast of the rifle. If shooting through a small aperture
-in brickwork, the opening should be kept wet to prevent dust being blown
-out by the discharge. Newly constructed loopholes should be left unused
-for a time, so as to see if the enemy has detected it. The curtain will
-always be kept in such position as to prevent light showing through.
-Snipers must not be led by ruses to fire fruitlessly and disclose their
-positions. Fire to kill. If a large target is discovered, do not fire if
-it is possible to inform the machine guns or the artillery. Search
-constantly for machine guns and snipers; smash his periscopes.
-
-Attacks will afford great opportunities for the sniper, as the enemy
-will then not be so alert for them, being busy with other matters. Less
-caution will therefore be necessary. From a position on a flank or
-anywhere that he can fire without interference with our own men, he
-selects the most useful targets, such as machine-gun men, officers and
-noncommissioned officers, snipers, artillery observers, etc. He closely
-observes the flanks, which are favorite places from which to break up an
-attack, and endeavors to forestall the enemy’s fire. If the attack
-succeeds, he covers the working parties during the organization of the
-captured trench and watches for evidences of an intended counterattack.
-If this is made, he fires on the enemy as he shows himself in the
-approach trenches, picking off leaders when possible.
-
-Much night work for snipers will rarely be advantageous. The targets are
-then practically limited to patrols and sentries, and there is great
-danger of firing into our own men or being fired on by them. The flash
-of the rifle will disclose the position if care is not taken to conceal
-it. Avoid the enemy’s listening posts. Learn the hours at which the
-enemy repairs the gaps in his obstacles or parapets and watch for him.
-
-10. _Description of targets._—In paragraph 2 reference was made to the
-necessity for a satisfactory working system for designating or
-describing targets. One of our present embarrassments lies in the
-multiplicity of methods and the incident confusion in the mind of the
-soldier. Another source of error lies in the tendency of men to fancy
-that the _ears_ of listening soldiers take in and digest a description
-as rapidly as the _eye_ can travel from point to point. The ear, as
-compared with the eye, is very slow. The immediate deduction from this
-is that descriptions must be shorn of all unnecessary words, and that
-they must be as simple and clear as possible. It also emphasizes the
-advantage of following so far as practicable fixed methods of
-expression. Recruits should be taught the general plan followed in
-describing targets in order that they may waste no time from lack of
-comprehension of the relation of the different elements of the
-description or the terms employed.
-
-The use of a single form will not suffice, since in some cases the
-target is so evident that no mistake can be made, and the simple
-designation such as “That troop of white-horse cavalry, range 1,000
-yards,” will identify it beyond all question; while in other cases the
-particular target may be so obscure and liable to confusion with other
-targets that a reference point and some system of coordinates must be
-employed.
-
-In general, targets with reference to their designation will fall under
-the following heads:
-
-(_a_) Those that stand out so plainly that there can be no possibility
-of doubt as the target meant.
-
-(_b_) Those that are plainly visible, but are liable to be confused with
-other targets of a similar nature and range.
-
-(_c_) Those less distinctly visible and more difficult to pick up on
-account of peculiar background, confusion with other objects, etc.
-
-(_d_) Targets visible only through field glasses, and that may or may
-not present the additional difficulties of danger of confusion with
-other objects.
-
-Case (_a_) has already been referred to. The system consists in the
-simple announcement of: 1. The objective. 2. The range.
-
-Ingenious people sometimes combine horizontal and vertical clock systems
-in designating a target whenever possible to do so, but this is a
-violation of the rule of simplicity and should never be done unless
-evidently necessary. The mere fact that it is necessary or desirable to
-use a reference point does not in all cases require use of both systems,
-as the reference point may be so evident that no clock coordination is
-necessary. When such designation _is_ necessary, the horizontal clock
-face is used in coordinating the reference point and the vertical clock
-face for locating the subsequent points.
-
-11. Instruction in target description is simple but must be thoroughly
-understood. An illustration by means of case (d) will cover the entire
-subject so far as necessary.
-
-(_a_) Explain to the recruits the use of the horizontal clock system as
-a means of indicating directions. Inform them that they are, in this
-system, _always_ at the center of the dial. Call out various hours and
-require each recruit to extend his arm in the direction he understands
-is indicated. Explain and correct errors.
-
-Explain the use of the vertical clock system, impressing the recruits
-with the fact that in this system the _reference point_ is always at the
-center of dial. Call out an hour and require the recruit to name some
-object that is located on the hand of the clock at the designated hour.
-A diagram on paper may be of assistance. Explain and correct errors.
-
-Explain to the recruit that the angle subtended by the width of one
-finger at arm’s length from the eye and that subtended by the leaf of
-the rear sight to his rifle at 14 inches from the eye has a chord 50
-yards long at 1,000 yards distance. The finger width and the sight leaf
-thus become known as units, and either may be used in indicating
-distances laterally.
-
-Having selected a reference point, name some object near it and require
-the recruit to tell you how many units (_fingers_ or _sight leafs_)
-apart they are.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  SKETCH SHOWING GERMAN FIXED RIFLE REST FOR FIRING THROUGH LOOP HOLES.
-
-  (Captured at the Bluff.)
-
-  NOTE.—Both lateral and horizontal movement is given and the rifle can
-    be very firmly clamped when the required aim is found.
-]
-
-
-                               CASE (B).
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  HORIZONTAL CLOCK FACE SYSTEM (USED WHEN TARGETS ARE VISIBLE).
-]
-
-  ┌─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┐
-  │       SYSTEM.       │      EXAMPLE.       │      EXAMPLE.       │
-  ├─────────────────────┼─────────────────────┼─────────────────────┤
-  │1. Announce direction│Target 2 o’clock     │Target 11 o’clock.   │
-  │2. Announce objective│A hostile patrol     │A hostile patrol.    │
-  │3. Announce range    │Range 1,000          │Range 900.           │
-  └─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┘
-
-
-                               PROCEDURE.
-
-  1. All look along the line pointing toward the indicated o’clock of
-  a horizontal clock face whose center is at the firing point and
-  whose 12 o’clock mark is directly perpendicular to the firing line.
-
-  2. Look for the objective at—
-
-  3. A point on this line at a distance equal to the designated range.
-
-  NOTE.—The clock here represented must be considered as horizontal,
-  not vertical as shown. For the purpose of illustration perspective
-  was not considered. The observer occupies the center of clock.
-
-
-                               CASE (C).
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  VERTICAL CLOCK FACE SYSTEM (USED WHEN TARGETS ARE SMALL OR
-    INDISTINCT).
-]
-
- ┌──────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┐
- │     SYSTEM.      │   EXAMPLE A.   │   EXAMPLE B.   │   EXAMPLE C.   │
- ├──────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤
- │1. Announce the   │Reference point │Reference point │Reference point │
- │  general         │  at 12 o’clock │  to our right  │  to our right  │
- │  direction of the│                │  front         │  front.        │
- │  reference point │                │                │                │
- │2. Announce the   │Single house    │High peak       │High peak.      │
- │  reference point │  with 2        │                │                │
- │  (the most       │  chimneys      │                │                │
- │  prominent object│                │                │                │
- │  in the zone     │                │                │                │
- │  indicated)      │                │                │                │
- │3. Announce       │Target at 8     │Target at 5     │Target at 4     │
- │  position of     │  o’clock       │  o’clock       │  o’clock.      │
- │  target with     │                │                │                │
- │  respect to      │                │                │                │
- │  reference point │                │                │                │
- │4. Announce the   │Machine-gun     │A hostile patrol│A hostile       │
- │  objective       │                │                │  patrol.       │
- │5. Announce range │Range 1,000     │Range 900       │Range 800.      │
- └──────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┘
-
-
-                               PROCEDURE.
-
-  1. All men look in direction indicated by 1.
-
-  2. Reference point is found in the indicated direction.
-
-  3. A clock face (vertical) is imagined centered on reference point
-  and look along the line through the indicated o’clock, and
-
-  4. Find the objective at —
-
-  5. ...... yards from the firing line.
-
-
-                               CASE (D).
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  SIGHT LEAF, FINGER, OR UNIT SYSTEM.
-
-  (When targets are indistinct or invisible, and to define sectors.)
-]
-
- ┌──────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┐
- │      SYSTEM      │   EXAMPLE A.   │   EXAMPLE B.   │   EXAMPLE C.   │
- ├──────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤
- │1. Announce       │Reference point │Reference point │Reference point │
- │  direction of    │  at 12 o’clock │  at 1 o’clock  │  at 1 o’clock. │
- │  reference point │                │                │                │
- │  using horizontal│                │                │                │
- │  clock system if │                │                │                │
- │  necessary       │                │                │                │
- │2. Announce       │House, with     │Distant hill    │Distant hill.   │
- │  reference point │  fence around  │                │                │
- │                  │  it, on hill   │                │                │
- │3. Announce       │Target, 8       │Target, 8       │Target, 5.30    │
- │  position of     │  o’clock 2     │  o’clock 4     │  o’clock.      │
- │  target with     │  units         │  units         │                │
- │  respect to the  │                │                │                │
- │  reference point │                │                │                │
- │4. Announce the   │Line of         │Skirmish line, 2│Skirmish line, 2│
- │  objective       │  intrenchments,│  units         │  units.        │
- │                  │  3 units       │                │                │
- │5. Announce the   │Range 900       │Range 800       │Range 1,000.    │
- │  range           │                │                │                │
- └──────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┘
-
-    NOTE.—“Units” mean 50 mils = finger = sight leaf. It is usual to
- indicate in this system the point of the target nearest the reference
-                                 point.
-
-When he is fairly familiar with the use of the horizontal and the
-vertical clock system for indicating directions, and with the use of
-fingers and sight leaf for measuring lateral distances from a reference
-point, work him up from simple to difficult examples of target
-designation.
-
-With case (_d_) as an illustration, call the _direction_ of the
-reference point. See that all look in the right direction. _Name_ the
-reference point. Require it to be indicated on paper, _at the center of
-a clock dial_. Call, “Target 8 o’clock.” Have a line drawn from the
-center of the dial in the proper direction. Announce, “Four units.” Have
-these estimated by fingers and with the sight leaf in the proper
-direction and endeavor to then locate some object that should serve as a
-check on the work. Continue similarly with the actual announcement of
-the character of the target: “Skirmish line, etc.”
-
-It may sometimes be advantageous to indicate the range and have the
-sights set before describing the target, as men frequently lose the
-target while their eyes are off it in sight-setting.
-
-The training necessary to make a “war shot” does not stop with making
-the recruits skillful in shooting. Other qualities must receive
-attention and be developed. This is accomplished in his other drills.
-
-His development into a war shot must be systematic and progressive. In
-the diagram this idea is carried out.
-
-  +----------------+
-  |Care of arms,   | |
-  |pages 25        |-|--+
-  |and 83–84.      | |  |
-  +----------------+    |
-  |Sighting        | |  |
-  |drills,         |-|--|
-  |pages 25 to 35. | |  |
-  +----------------+    |--+Gallery Practice.
-  |Position and    | |  |  |
-  |aiming drills,  |-|--|  |
-  |pages 35 to 47. | |  |  |
-  +----------------+    |  |
-  |Deflection      | |  |  |
-  |and elevation   |-|--+  |
-  |drills, pages   | |     |
-  |47 to 50.       |       |
-  +----------------+       |--+Known distance
-  |Effect of wind  |       |  | practice.
-  |and advice to   | |     |  |
-  |riflemen, pages |-|-----|  |
-  |50 to 51;       | |     |  |
-  |78 to 82.       |       |  |
-  +----------------+       |  |
-  |Self-control.   |-|-----+  |
-  +----------------+          |
-  |Use of ground   | |        |                   |
-  |and cover,      |-+--------+--Combat practice. +-- WAR SHOT.
-  |Infantry Drill  | |        |                   |
-  |Regulations.    |          |
-  +----------------+          |
-  |Estimating      | |        |
-  |distance,       |-|--------|
-  |pages 53 to 57. | |        |
-  +----------------+          |
-  |Target          |-|--------|
-  |description.    |          |
-  +----------------+          |
-  |Fire            |          |
-  |discipline,     | |        |
-  |Infantry Drill  |-|--------+
-  |Regulations,    | |
-  |page 65.        |
-  +----------------+
-
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-
-
-                          TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
-
-
- 1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling.
- 2. Anachronistic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as
-      printed.
- 3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.
-
-
-
-
-
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-Trench Warfare, by Anonymous
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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on Training for Rifle Fire in Trench
-Warfare, by Anonymous
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-Title: Notes on Training for Rifle Fire in Trench Warfare
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-
-
-<div class='tnotes covernote'>
-
-<p class='c000'><b>Transcriber’s Note:</b></p>
-
-<p class='c000'>The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='box'>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c001'>
-    <div><i><span class='xlarge'>CONFIDENTIAL!</span></i></div>
-    <div><i>FOR USE OF OFFICERS ONLY</i></div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-<div class='box titlepage'>
-
-<div>
-  <h1 class='c002'><span class='xlarge'>NOTES</span><br /> <span class='small'>ON</span><br /> TRAINING FOR RIFLE FIRE IN TRENCH WARFARE</h1>
-</div>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c003'>
-    <div>COMPILED FROM FOREIGN REPORTS</div>
-    <div class='c003'>ARMY WAR COLLEGE</div>
-    <div>APRIL, 1917</div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id001'>
-<img src='images/title_page.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-</div>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-  <div class='nf-center'>
-    <div><span class='small'>WASHINGTON</span></div>
-    <div><span class='small'>GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE</span></div>
-    <div><span class='small'>1917</span></div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c001'>
-    <div><span class='sc'>War Department</span>,</div>
-    <div>Document No. 573.</div>
-    <div><i>Office of The Adjutant General.</i></div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<div class='lg-container-r c001'>
-  <div class='linegroup'>
-    <div class='group'>
-      <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span>WAR DEPARTMENT,</div>
-      <div class='line in2'><span class='sc'>Washington</span>, <i>April 24, 1917</i>.</div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c004'>The following Notes on Training for Rifle Fire in Trench
-Warfare are published for the information and guidance of
-all concerned.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>[2582933, A. G. O.]</p>
-
-<p class='c004'><span class='sc'>By Order of the Secretary of War</span>:</p>
-
-<div class='lg-container-r'>
-  <div class='linegroup'>
-    <div class='group'>
-      <div class='line in10'>H. L. SCOTT,</div>
-      <div class='line'><i>Major General, Chief of Staff</i>.</div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<div class='lg-container-l'>
-  <div class='linegroup'>
-    <div class='group'>
-      <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Official</span>:</div>
-      <div class='line in4'>H. P. McCAIN,</div>
-      <div class='line in8'><i>The Adjutant General</i>.</div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<div class='pbb'>
- <hr class='pb c005' />
-</div>
-
-<div class='chapter'>
-  <span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span>
-  <h2 class='c006'>TRAINING IN THE USE OF THE RIFLE FOR TRENCH WARFARE.</h2>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c007'>1.  Training in the use of the rifle includes that of the bayonet.
-Fire action is alone treated in this paper, instruction in the use
-of the bayonet having already been discussed elsewhere.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>2.  The rifleman in the trenches, no less than in the open, requires
-as preliminary preparation the courses of individual and
-combat instruction prescribed in the Small Arms Firing Manual.
-The object of this paper is not to supersede any portion of
-this manual, but to supplement it by stressing those features of
-trench rifle fire that the experience of actual war has shown to
-be possessed of an importance that was not fully appreciated
-when the manual was prepared. So far as rifle fire exclusively
-from trenches is concerned, the importance of <i>individual aimed
-fire</i> up to the range of 400 yards is the principal feature that
-has been so developed by the peculiar conditions prevailing on
-the “western front” during the present European war, and
-the training that needs to be stressed naturally comes under
-the head of “individual instruction.” There is also a second
-feature, essential to efficient <i>collective</i> firing either from
-trenches or in the open, that has never received the attention
-in our authorized manuals that its importance merits, though
-that importance has long been recognized and has been ably
-treated at the School of Musketry. It is that of the <i>necessity
-for satisfactory working methods of describing targets</i>. The
-growth of this necessity has been coincident with the development
-of fire discipline, direction, and control.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>3.  The special importance of individual aimed fire in trench
-warfare has been developed in Europe during the present war
-in connection with what is there termed “sniping,” which has
-become a specially important and highly technical service,
-though it is merely a development of what has long been known
-and practiced in the United States under the name of “sharpshooting.”
-A consideration of some of the conditions under
-which “sniping” is conducted will assist in emphasizing its
-importance and in indicating the special qualifications and instruction
-essential to efficiency.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span>4. In modern trench warfare, as it exists in Europe to-day,
-each belligerent occupies a system of trenches, of which the foremost,
-or fire trenches, are frequently separated by only a few
-yards, and rarely by more than four or five hundred yards. In
-rear of the fire trenches there is a labyrinth of cover, approach,
-support, reserve, and other trenches. Each system is strengthened
-by obstacles, the most formidable and also the most common
-of these are the barbed-wire entanglements. These trenches
-and obstacles are being continually damaged by the opposing
-artillery fire, and every opportunity is seized for raiding
-enemy trenches through the openings so made. One of the
-important functions of the sniper is that of protecting his own
-trenches from enemy raids and his comrades from fire of snipers
-and the prevention of repair of enemy trenches and obstacles in
-order to keep the road open to raids from his own side. To
-these ends he endeavors to meet with a bullet every exposure of
-even a few square inches of the head or limb of an enemy and
-at the same time to conserve his own life. To attain the first
-object, that of hitting the enemy, requires the best possible
-facilities for observation and fire, coupled with special qualities
-and technical skill on the part of the sniper. The attainment
-of the second object, that of conserving one’s own life, will depend
-largely upon the judgment and skill displayed in selecting
-and concealing the position of the firer. Each of these requirements
-calls for special training and for special qualities inherent
-in the sniper. To the training and skill of the expert game shot
-must be added the craftiness of the poacher.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>5. From the preceding paragraphs it is evident that the service
-of sniping can not be conducted in a haphazard way, but, on the
-contrary, requires for its efficient conduct a carefully selected,
-organized, equipped, and trained personnel.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>(<i>a</i>) <i>Organization.</i>—Based upon the best available information
-from Europe, there should be organized in each battalion of
-Infantry a “sniping” group composed of 1 noncommissioned
-officer and 24 privates.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>(<i>b</i>) <i>Qualifications governing selections.</i>—Each member of the
-sniping group should be a well-trained, intelligent, disciplined
-soldier; a dead shot at short and mid ranges; brave, yet cautious;
-cool, observant, patient, resourceful, and prompt. In
-addition to the above, the noncommissioned officer in command
-of the group should be a competent instructor in all that is
-included in the training of the sniper and should possess good
-judgment in the selection and preparation of snipers’ posts.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>(<i>c</i>) <i>Training.</i>—In addition to the preliminary training contemplated
-in (<i>b</i>), the following features should be specially
-developed:</p>
-
-<p class='c004'><i>Rifle practice.</i>—The sniper must become expert in a broader
-sense than is implied by the word as employed in ordinary
-marksmanship classification. Ordinarily his target will be a
-small and fleeting one, and his training should be such as to
-enable him to quickly and accurately deliver a single shot at
-objects varying from a 4–inch loophole at 100 yards to those the
-size of a man’s body at 800 yards. The small object at short
-range will be the most frequent target and indicates the most
-important rifle training. The character of the target emphasizes
-the importance of extreme accuracy of fire, and accuracy
-of fire implies, in addition to correctness of aim, correct
-knowledge of range, a correct knowledge of external influences,
-such as light, heat, moisture, wind, and the personal equation
-of the firer and the rifle. The sniper must continually practice
-both with the military sights and with the adjuncts supplied him
-and under conditions closely resembling those that will obtain
-in actual trench work. The importance of concealment will
-usually result in fire being delivered from rest, and the handling
-of the rifle must not be accompanied by exposure of his position.
-The soldier who has been thoroughly trained in the courses prescribed
-in the Small Arms Firing Manual will have no difficulty
-in improvising firing exercises with small bobbing or disappearing
-targets that will develop skill along the lines indicated
-above. In every exercise the judgment of the firer should be
-expressed as to the influence of a cold piece, a hot piece; clouds,
-heat, moisture, wind; a worn rifle; fouling; recent cleaning and
-oiling, or whatever existing condition may exert an influence on
-the path of the bullet. The estimation of ranges and their
-determination by use of range finders should form an important
-part of the training of a sniper.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'><i>Reconnaissance</i> and <i>scouting</i>.—Under this head is included all
-manner of observation with a view to obtaining information.
-The sniper’s field of action will be limited, but within its sphere
-it will be governed by the same principles that are prescribed
-for reconnaissance parties and scouts, and will include the intelligible
-rendering of reports.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>To this end the sniper must be trained in the reading of maps,
-the making of sketches, the use of the prismatic compass,
-the simpler and more common conventional signs, and the
-rendering of both verbal and written reports. That the subject
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>may not seem too large and formidable to him, his instruction
-should be progressive and as simple as possible, with due care
-to impress him with the necessity for everything he is required
-to do. The American soldier will rarely fail to respond if he
-can see the reasonableness of the demand made upon him.
-Let him see that his own life and that of his comrades may
-depend upon the accuracy of his knowledge of the following:</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>1. The location of our own front line and that of the enemy,
-so far as they are within his visual range.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>2. The location of any known or suspected enemy sniper’s
-posts, machine-gun emplacements, observation posts, listening
-posts, command stations, or probable routes of advance.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>3. The location and importance of dominating points in either
-line.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>4. The importance of being able to pick out on the ground any
-points of special importance or danger indicated on sketches or
-maps turned over to him, and to determine from maps drawn
-to scale the ranges to such points.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>5. How to find his way by the aid of a map or sketch from
-his post to any specified point in our own trenches, and back
-again.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>6. The importance of being able to intelligibly record and
-graphically represent matters of importance to his commanding
-officer or to the sniper who is to relieve him. In this connection
-the special importance of exact truth in statements of fact,
-and of the careful separation of matters of fact from those of
-mere report or conjecture, should be duly stressed. Hearsay and
-conjecture are often of great importance, but should be transmitted
-as such, and in the case of conjecture the reasons therefor
-should be stated.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>The above are simply a few instances to suggest to the instructor
-how to go about the matter of instruction. Many men
-will be already familiar with the subject, and the method may
-be abridged, but in the case of an entirely uninstructed man a
-step-by-step method of instruction must be followed. The training
-should be such that it will be an entirely natural matter
-for the sniper to observe and report as to:</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>1. The attitude of the enemy (whether aggressive, alert,
-active, etc.).</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>2. Description of enemy seen, uniform, arms, etc.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>3. Any new work evident; such as trenches and obstacles
-strengthened, new emplacements, etc.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>4. Position of machine guns, observation posts, sniper posts,
-etc., discovered.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>5. Points in our own lines found to be specially dangerous,
-and points of enemy line that menace them.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>6. Routes known to be used by the enemy.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>7. Routes of patrols.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>8. Points where ammunition or supplies are believed to be
-dumped.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>9. Ranges to prominent or important points. This information
-will be less likely to mislead if the following rules are
-observed:</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>Carefully indicate the point from which each range is taken.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>Use prominent, easily identified landmarks as reference
-points.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>Indicate by whom and how ranges were determined.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>10. Report any repairs needed in trenches or obstacles.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>11. Position of suspected mines.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>6. <i>Equipment.</i>—Telescopes, rather low power, are preferable
-to field glasses for observation and reconnaissance. Care must
-be taken to render them as inconspicuous as possible and prevent
-their location by the enemy through reflection of light
-from the object glass.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>Telescopic periscope.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>Rifle rest.—Various sorts have been devised, usually not
-merely to serve the purpose of a rest, but to expedite resumption
-of aim and change in direction or elevation.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>Telescopic sights.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>Sniperscope.—(A device for aiming with the head below
-the line of sight. Reports indicate that with this device the
-tendency is to shoot high, and that they are only reasonably
-accurate up to ranges of 200 yards. They are usually used
-over parapets, between sandbags. Proper adjustment is essential
-and great care necessary to prevent derangement.)</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>Steel helmet and mask.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>Maps, sketches, note-book, message blanks, pencils, pocket
-knife.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>Each post should have a range chart for use of all reliefs.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>The above is additional to the normal equipment of the
-soldier.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>7. <i>Duties of commander of sniping group</i>:</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>(<i>a</i>) Training of snipers and maintenance of efficiency.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>(<i>b</i>) To supervise the work of his unit.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>(<i>c</i>)  Responsibility for care of equipment.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>(<i>d</i>)  To receive and transmit to the proper authority all information
-turned over by the posts he relieves and by his own
-posts.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>(<i>e</i>)  To select the positions for sniper’s posts and supervise
-the construction of loopholes and other special arrangements
-when not already provided.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id002'>
-<img src='images/i_b_010.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>A SNIPERSCOPE.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c004'>8. <i>Location of sniper’s posts.</i>—Though engaged in trench warfare
-snipers are not invariably located in trenches. When not
-so located the sniper will avail himself of such cover as best
-suits his purpose. If practicable he will so dress himself as to
-blend with his surroundings, giving particular attention to his
-face and hands. Masks of inconspicuous color are sometimes
-worn. He must study the maps and the ground and endeavor
-to determine in advance good localities for observation and
-good lines of approach. His line of retreat must also be decided
-on as early as possible. The arts of the deerstalker and
-poacher, or those practiced in our early Indian troubles will be
-of great use under these circumstances, as his success will
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>depend largely upon his patience and cunning. Houses and
-other buildings should be viewed with distrust, as they may
-be closely observed by the enemy. Trees will also receive this
-scrutiny. The best cover will be that which is least likely to
-be suspected of affording concealment for a man.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id002'>
-<img src='images/i_b_011.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>THE SNIPER WITH TELESCOPIC SIGHT. HIS OBSERVER WITH PERISCOPE.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id003'>
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span>
-<img src='images/i_b_012.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>A PREPARED SNIPER POSITION. A SNIPER USING A SNIPERSCOPE.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c004'>Sniper’s positions in trenches may, according to circumstances,
-be located in (<i>a</i>) the front line, (<i>b</i>) parados, (<i>c</i>) approach
-trenches, (<i>d</i>) connecting trench, (<i>e</i>) dummy trench, (<i>f</i>) support
-trenches, or any others affording the desired facilities. The
-commander must study the terrain, the enemy’s trenches, the
-advantages and disadvantages of each position considered, both
-with reference to facilities for observation, fire, and concealment,
-and with reference to danger from the enemy, and select
-that which will best serve the purpose. He must then decide
-as to measures for promoting observation and concealment, and
-supervise their execution and the construction of the necessary
-loopholes. Loopholes may be arranged of sandbags, iron pipes,
-boxes, etc. It is better to have them run obliquely rather than
-perpendicularly with respect to the trench line, and a curtain
-should be provided to prevent their being discovered by light
-showing through the hole. Loopholes near the ground are not
-as readily seen as those higher up, and those located among
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>débris and loose earth, leaves, branches, tumbled sods, etc., are
-less easily detected than those located in a smooth slope. When
-constructing loopholes care should be taken to disturb previously
-existing conditions as little as possible lest the enemy observe
-the change and profit by the hint. Several loopholes should be
-provided for each post as the discovery of one by the enemy
-renders it worthless for future use, and continued use of one
-loophole will sooner or later result in detection.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>The best positions are usually in rear of the first line, so
-placed as to command a view of the enemy’s trenches up to at
-least 400 yards. This is not always possible and the best possible
-must be selected. In any case alternative positions must
-be arranged. Support trenches may afford better locations
-than the fire trenches, but they have the objection of increasing
-the range. If the post is detached an important consideration
-is whether or not it can be entered or left unobserved during
-daylight.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>9. <i>Conduct of the sniper.</i>—Snipers should work in pairs, exchanging
-duties of observer every 15 or 20 minutes. They
-should be relieved every two hours or oftener. It may be advantageous
-to relieve one every hour.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>They will never fire merely to annoy, as this will lead to
-disclosure of the position, with no adequate result. They will
-closely examine their shelter and see that the fire opening is
-so constructed as not to be affected by the blast of the rifle.
-If shooting through a small aperture in brickwork, the opening
-should be kept wet to prevent dust being blown out by
-the discharge. Newly constructed loopholes should be left
-unused for a time, so as to see if the enemy has detected it.
-The curtain will always be kept in such position as to prevent
-light showing through. Snipers must not be led by ruses to
-fire fruitlessly and disclose their positions. Fire to kill. If
-a large target is discovered, do not fire if it is possible to inform
-the machine guns or the artillery. Search constantly for
-machine guns and snipers; smash his periscopes.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>Attacks will afford great opportunities for the sniper, as the
-enemy will then not be so alert for them, being busy with
-other matters. Less caution will therefore be necessary. From
-a position on a flank or anywhere that he can fire without interference
-with our own men, he selects the most useful targets,
-such as machine-gun men, officers and noncommissioned officers,
-snipers, artillery observers, etc. He closely observes the flanks,
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>which are favorite places from which to break up an attack,
-and endeavors to forestall the enemy’s fire. If the attack succeeds,
-he covers the working parties during the organization of
-the captured trench and watches for evidences of an intended
-counterattack. If this is made, he fires on the enemy as he
-shows himself in the approach trenches, picking off leaders
-when possible.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>Much night work for snipers will rarely be advantageous.
-The targets are then practically limited to patrols and sentries,
-and there is great danger of firing into our own men or being
-fired on by them. The flash of the rifle will disclose the position
-if care is not taken to conceal it. Avoid the enemy’s listening
-posts. Learn the hours at which the enemy repairs the gaps
-in his obstacles or parapets and watch for him.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>10. <i>Description of targets.</i>—In paragraph 2 reference was
-made to the necessity for a satisfactory working system for
-designating or describing targets. One of our present embarrassments
-lies in the multiplicity of methods and the incident
-confusion in the mind of the soldier. Another source of
-error lies in the tendency of men to fancy that the <i>ears</i> of
-listening soldiers take in and digest a description as rapidly as
-the <i>eye</i> can travel from point to point. The ear, as compared
-with the eye, is very slow. The immediate deduction from this
-is that descriptions must be shorn of all unnecessary words, and
-that they must be as simple and clear as possible. It also emphasizes
-the advantage of following so far as practicable fixed
-methods of expression. Recruits should be taught the general
-plan followed in describing targets in order that they may waste
-no time from lack of comprehension of the relation of the
-different elements of the description or the terms employed.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>The use of a single form will not suffice, since in some cases
-the target is so evident that no mistake can be made, and the
-simple designation such as “That troop of white-horse cavalry,
-range 1,000 yards,” will identify it beyond all question; while
-in other cases the particular target may be so obscure and liable
-to confusion with other targets that a reference point and some
-system of coordinates must be employed.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>In general, targets with reference to their designation will
-fall under the following heads:</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>(<i>a</i>) Those that stand out so plainly that there can be no possibility
-of doubt as the target meant.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>(<i>b</i>) Those that are plainly visible, but are liable to be confused
-with other targets of a similar nature and range.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span>(<i>c</i>) Those less distinctly visible and more difficult to pick up
-on account of peculiar background, confusion with other objects,
-etc.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>(<i>d</i>) Targets visible only through field glasses, and that may
-or may not present the additional difficulties of danger of confusion
-with other objects.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>Case (<i>a</i>) has already been referred to. The system consists
-in the simple announcement of: 1. The objective. 2. The range.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>Ingenious people sometimes combine horizontal and vertical
-clock systems in designating a target whenever possible to do
-so, but this is a violation of the rule of simplicity and should
-never be done unless evidently necessary. The mere fact that
-it is necessary or desirable to use a reference point does not
-in all cases require use of both systems, as the reference point
-may be so evident that no clock coordination is necessary. When
-such designation <i>is</i> necessary, the horizontal clock face is used
-in coordinating the reference point and the vertical clock face
-for locating the subsequent points.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>11. Instruction in target description is simple but must be
-thoroughly understood. An illustration by means of case (d)
-will cover the entire subject so far as necessary.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>(<i>a</i>) Explain to the recruits the use of the horizontal clock
-system as a means of indicating directions. Inform them that
-they are, in this system, <i>always</i> at the center of the dial. Call
-out various hours and require each recruit to extend his arm
-in the direction he understands is indicated. Explain and correct
-errors.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>Explain the use of the vertical clock system, impressing the
-recruits with the fact that in this system the <i>reference point</i>
-is always at the center of dial. Call out an hour and require
-the recruit to name some object that is located on the hand of
-the clock at the designated hour. A diagram on paper may be
-of assistance. Explain and correct errors.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>Explain to the recruit that the angle subtended by the width
-of one finger at arm’s length from the eye and that subtended
-by the leaf of the rear sight to his rifle at 14 inches from the
-eye has a chord 50 yards long at 1,000 yards distance. The
-finger width and the sight leaf thus become known as units,
-and either may be used in indicating distances laterally.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>Having selected a reference point, name some object near it
-and require the recruit to tell you how many units (<i>fingers</i> or
-<i>sight leafs</i>) apart they are.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id004'>
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>
-<img src='images/i_b_016.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>SKETCH SHOWING GERMAN FIXED RIFLE REST FOR FIRING THROUGH LOOP HOLES.<br /><br />(Captured at the Bluff.)<br /><br /><span class='sc'>Note.</span>—Both lateral and horizontal movement is given and the rifle can be very firmly clamped when the required aim is found.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c003'>
-    <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span><span class='sc'>Case (B).</span></div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id002'>
-<img src='images/i_b_017.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>HORIZONTAL CLOCK FACE SYSTEM (USED WHEN TARGETS ARE VISIBLE).</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<table class='table0' summary=''>
-  <tr>
- <th class='btt bbt blt brt c008'>SYSTEM.</th>
- <th class='btt bbt brt c008'>EXAMPLE.</th>
- <th class='btt bbt brt c008'>EXAMPLE.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
- <td class='blt brt c009'>1. Announce direction</td>
- <td class='brt c009'>Target 2 o’clock</td>
- <td class='brt c009'>Target 11 o’clock.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
- <td class='blt brt c009'>2. Announce objective</td>
- <td class='brt c009'>A hostile patrol</td>
- <td class='brt c009'>A hostile patrol.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
- <td class='bbt blt brt c009'>3. Announce range</td>
- <td class='bbt brt c009'>Range 1,000</td>
- <td class='bbt brt c009'>Range 900.</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c003'>
-    <div><span class='sc'>Procedure.</span></div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c010'>1. All look along the line pointing toward the indicated o’clock of a horizontal clock face whose center is at the firing point and whose 12 o’clock mark is directly
-perpendicular to the firing line.</p>
-
-<p class='c010'>2. Look for the objective at—</p>
-
-<p class='c010'>3. A point on this line at a distance equal to the designated range.</p>
-
-<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>Note.</span>—The clock here represented must be considered as horizontal, not vertical as shown. For the purpose of illustration perspective was not considered.
-The observer occupies the center of clock.</p>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c003'>
-    <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span><span class='sc'>Case (C).</span></div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id002'>
-<img src='images/i_b_018.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>VERTICAL CLOCK FACE SYSTEM (USED WHEN TARGETS ARE SMALL OR INDISTINCT).</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<table class='table0' summary=''>
-  <tr>
- <th class='btt bbt blt brt c008'>SYSTEM.</th>
- <th class='btt bbt brt c008'>EXAMPLE A.</th>
- <th class='btt bbt brt c008'>EXAMPLE B.</th>
- <th class='btt bbt brt c008'>EXAMPLE C.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
- <td class='blt brt c011'>1. Announce the general direction of the reference point</td>
- <td class='brt c011'>Reference point at 12 o’clock</td>
- <td class='brt c011'>Reference point to our right front</td>
- <td class='brt c011'>Reference point to our right front.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
- <td class='blt brt c011'>2. Announce the reference point (the most prominent object in the zone indicated)</td>
- <td class='brt c011'>Single house with 2 chimneys</td>
- <td class='brt c011'>High peak</td>
- <td class='brt c011'>High peak.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
- <td class='blt brt c011'>3. Announce position of target with respect to reference point</td>
- <td class='brt c011'>Target at 8 o’clock</td>
- <td class='brt c011'>Target at 5 o’clock</td>
- <td class='brt c011'>Target at 4 o’clock.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
- <td class='blt brt c011'>4. Announce the objective</td>
- <td class='brt c011'>Machine-gun</td>
- <td class='brt c011'>A hostile patrol</td>
- <td class='brt c011'>A hostile patrol.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
- <td class='bbt blt brt c011'>5. Announce range</td>
- <td class='bbt brt c011'>Range 1,000</td>
- <td class='bbt brt c011'>Range 900</td>
- <td class='bbt brt c011'>Range 800.</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c003'>
-    <div><span class='sc'>Procedure.</span></div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c010'>1. All men look in direction indicated by 1.</p>
-
-<p class='c010'>2. Reference point is found in the indicated direction.</p>
-
-<p class='c010'>3. A clock face (vertical) is imagined centered on reference point and look along the line through the indicated o’clock, and</p>
-
-<p class='c010'>4. Find the objective at —</p>
-
-<p class='c010'>5. ...... yards from the firing line.</p>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c003'>
-    <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span><span class='sc'>Case (D).</span></div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id002'>
-<img src='images/i_b_019.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-<div class='ic002'>
-<p>SIGHT LEAF, FINGER, OR UNIT SYSTEM.<br /><br />(When targets are indistinct or invisible, and to define sectors.)</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<table class='table0' summary=''>
-  <tr>
- <th class='btt bbt blt brt c008'>SYSTEM</th>
- <th class='btt bbt brt c008'>EXAMPLE A.</th>
- <th class='btt bbt brt c008'>EXAMPLE B.</th>
- <th class='btt bbt brt c008'>EXAMPLE C.</th>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
- <td class='blt brt c011'>1. Announce direction of reference point using horizontal clock system if necessary</td>
- <td class='brt c011'>Reference point at 12 o’clock</td>
- <td class='brt c011'>Reference point at 1 o’clock</td>
- <td class='brt c011'>Reference point at 1 o’clock.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
- <td class='blt brt c011'>2. Announce reference point</td>
- <td class='brt c011'>House, with fence around it, on hill</td>
- <td class='brt c011'>Distant hill</td>
- <td class='brt c011'>Distant hill.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
- <td class='blt brt c011'>3. Announce position of target with respect to the reference point</td>
- <td class='brt c011'>Target, 8 o’clock 2 units</td>
- <td class='brt c011'>Target, 8 o’clock 4 units</td>
- <td class='brt c011'>Target, 5.30 o’clock.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
- <td class='blt brt c011'>4. Announce the objective</td>
- <td class='brt c011'>Line of intrenchments, 3 units</td>
- <td class='brt c011'>Skirmish line, 2 units</td>
- <td class='brt c011'>Skirmish line, 2 units.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
- <td class='bbt blt brt c011'>5. Announce the range</td>
- <td class='bbt brt c011'>Range 900</td>
- <td class='bbt brt c011'>Range 800</td>
- <td class='bbt brt c011'>Range 1,000.</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-  <div class='nf-center'>
-    <div><span class='sc'>Note.</span>—“Units” mean 50 mils = finger = sight leaf. It is usual to indicate in this system the point of the target nearest the reference point.</div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p class='c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>When he is fairly familiar with the use of the horizontal
-and the vertical clock system for indicating directions, and
-with the use of fingers and sight leaf for measuring lateral
-distances from a reference point, work him up from simple to
-difficult examples of target designation.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>With case (<i>d</i>) as an illustration, call the <i>direction</i> of the reference
-point. See that all look in the right direction. <i>Name</i>
-the reference point. Require it to be indicated on paper, <i>at the
-center of a clock dial</i>. Call, “Target 8 o’clock.” Have a line
-drawn from the center of the dial in the proper direction. Announce,
-“Four units.” Have these estimated by fingers and
-with the sight leaf in the proper direction and endeavor to
-then locate some object that should serve as a check on the
-work. Continue similarly with the actual announcement of
-the character of the target: “Skirmish line, etc.”</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>It may sometimes be advantageous to indicate the range and
-have the sights set before describing the target, as men frequently
-lose the target while their eyes are off it in sight-setting.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>The training necessary to make a “war shot” does not stop
-with making the recruits skillful in shooting. Other qualities
-must receive attention and be developed. This is accomplished
-in his other drills.</p>
-
-<p class='c004'>His development into a war shot must be systematic and
-progressive. In the diagram this idea is carried out.</p>
-
-<div  class='figcenter id002'>
-<span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>
-<img src='images/i_b_021.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' />
-</div>
-
-<div class='pbb'>
- <hr class='pb c005' />
-</div>
-<div class='tnotes'>
-
-<div class='section ph2'>
-
-<div class='nf-center-c0'>
-<div class='nf-center c001'>
-    <div>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES</div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
- <ol class='ol_1 c003'>
-    <li>Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling.
-
-    </li>
-    <li>Anachronistic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed.
-    </li>
-  </ol>
-
-</div>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-
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