diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/61058-0.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/61058-0.txt | 1091 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 1091 deletions
diff --git a/old/61058-0.txt b/old/61058-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 0061486..0000000 --- a/old/61058-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1091 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on Training for Rifle Fire in Trench -Warfare, by Anonymous - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: Notes on Training for Rifle Fire in Trench Warfare - -Author: Anonymous - -Release Date: December 30, 2019 [EBook #61058] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RIFLE TRAINING *** - - - - -Produced by Richard Tonsing, Brian Coe, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - _CONFIDENTIAL! - FOR USE OF OFFICERS ONLY_ - - - - - NOTES - ON - TRAINING FOR RIFLE FIRE IN TRENCH WARFARE - - - COMPILED FROM FOREIGN REPORTS - - - ARMY WAR COLLEGE - APRIL, 1917 - -[Illustration] - - WASHINGTON - GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE - 1917 - - - - - WAR DEPARTMENT, - Document No. 573. - _Office of The Adjutant General._ - - - - - WAR DEPARTMENT, - WASHINGTON, _April 24, 1917_. - -The following Notes on Training for Rifle Fire in Trench Warfare are -published for the information and guidance of all concerned. - -[2582933, A. G. O.] - -BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR: - - H. L. SCOTT, - _Major General, Chief of Staff_. - - OFFICIAL: - H. P. McCAIN, - _The Adjutant General_. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - TRAINING IN THE USE OF THE RIFLE FOR TRENCH WARFARE. - - -1. Training in the use of the rifle includes that of the bayonet. Fire -action is alone treated in this paper, instruction in the use of the -bayonet having already been discussed elsewhere. - -2. The rifleman in the trenches, no less than in the open, requires as -preliminary preparation the courses of individual and combat instruction -prescribed in the Small Arms Firing Manual. The object of this paper is -not to supersede any portion of this manual, but to supplement it by -stressing those features of trench rifle fire that the experience of -actual war has shown to be possessed of an importance that was not fully -appreciated when the manual was prepared. So far as rifle fire -exclusively from trenches is concerned, the importance of _individual -aimed fire_ up to the range of 400 yards is the principal feature that -has been so developed by the peculiar conditions prevailing on the -“western front” during the present European war, and the training that -needs to be stressed naturally comes under the head of “individual -instruction.” There is also a second feature, essential to efficient -_collective_ firing either from trenches or in the open, that has never -received the attention in our authorized manuals that its importance -merits, though that importance has long been recognized and has been -ably treated at the School of Musketry. It is that of the _necessity for -satisfactory working methods of describing targets_. The growth of this -necessity has been coincident with the development of fire discipline, -direction, and control. - -3. The special importance of individual aimed fire in trench warfare has -been developed in Europe during the present war in connection with what -is there termed “sniping,” which has become a specially important and -highly technical service, though it is merely a development of what has -long been known and practiced in the United States under the name of -“sharpshooting.” A consideration of some of the conditions under which -“sniping” is conducted will assist in emphasizing its importance and in -indicating the special qualifications and instruction essential to -efficiency. - -4. In modern trench warfare, as it exists in Europe to-day, each -belligerent occupies a system of trenches, of which the foremost, or -fire trenches, are frequently separated by only a few yards, and rarely -by more than four or five hundred yards. In rear of the fire trenches -there is a labyrinth of cover, approach, support, reserve, and other -trenches. Each system is strengthened by obstacles, the most formidable -and also the most common of these are the barbed-wire entanglements. -These trenches and obstacles are being continually damaged by the -opposing artillery fire, and every opportunity is seized for raiding -enemy trenches through the openings so made. One of the important -functions of the sniper is that of protecting his own trenches from -enemy raids and his comrades from fire of snipers and the prevention of -repair of enemy trenches and obstacles in order to keep the road open to -raids from his own side. To these ends he endeavors to meet with a -bullet every exposure of even a few square inches of the head or limb of -an enemy and at the same time to conserve his own life. To attain the -first object, that of hitting the enemy, requires the best possible -facilities for observation and fire, coupled with special qualities and -technical skill on the part of the sniper. The attainment of the second -object, that of conserving one’s own life, will depend largely upon the -judgment and skill displayed in selecting and concealing the position of -the firer. Each of these requirements calls for special training and for -special qualities inherent in the sniper. To the training and skill of -the expert game shot must be added the craftiness of the poacher. - -5. From the preceding paragraphs it is evident that the service of -sniping can not be conducted in a haphazard way, but, on the contrary, -requires for its efficient conduct a carefully selected, organized, -equipped, and trained personnel. - -(_a_) _Organization._—Based upon the best available information from -Europe, there should be organized in each battalion of Infantry a -“sniping” group composed of 1 noncommissioned officer and 24 privates. - -(_b_) _Qualifications governing selections._—Each member of the sniping -group should be a well-trained, intelligent, disciplined soldier; a dead -shot at short and mid ranges; brave, yet cautious; cool, observant, -patient, resourceful, and prompt. In addition to the above, the -noncommissioned officer in command of the group should be a competent -instructor in all that is included in the training of the sniper and -should possess good judgment in the selection and preparation of -snipers’ posts. - -(_c_) _Training._—In addition to the preliminary training contemplated -in (_b_), the following features should be specially developed: - -_Rifle practice._—The sniper must become expert in a broader sense than -is implied by the word as employed in ordinary marksmanship -classification. Ordinarily his target will be a small and fleeting one, -and his training should be such as to enable him to quickly and -accurately deliver a single shot at objects varying from a 4–inch -loophole at 100 yards to those the size of a man’s body at 800 yards. -The small object at short range will be the most frequent target and -indicates the most important rifle training. The character of the target -emphasizes the importance of extreme accuracy of fire, and accuracy of -fire implies, in addition to correctness of aim, correct knowledge of -range, a correct knowledge of external influences, such as light, heat, -moisture, wind, and the personal equation of the firer and the rifle. -The sniper must continually practice both with the military sights and -with the adjuncts supplied him and under conditions closely resembling -those that will obtain in actual trench work. The importance of -concealment will usually result in fire being delivered from rest, and -the handling of the rifle must not be accompanied by exposure of his -position. The soldier who has been thoroughly trained in the courses -prescribed in the Small Arms Firing Manual will have no difficulty in -improvising firing exercises with small bobbing or disappearing targets -that will develop skill along the lines indicated above. In every -exercise the judgment of the firer should be expressed as to the -influence of a cold piece, a hot piece; clouds, heat, moisture, wind; a -worn rifle; fouling; recent cleaning and oiling, or whatever existing -condition may exert an influence on the path of the bullet. The -estimation of ranges and their determination by use of range finders -should form an important part of the training of a sniper. - -_Reconnaissance_ and _scouting_.—Under this head is included all manner -of observation with a view to obtaining information. The sniper’s field -of action will be limited, but within its sphere it will be governed by -the same principles that are prescribed for reconnaissance parties and -scouts, and will include the intelligible rendering of reports. - -To this end the sniper must be trained in the reading of maps, the -making of sketches, the use of the prismatic compass, the simpler and -more common conventional signs, and the rendering of both verbal and -written reports. That the subject may not seem too large and formidable -to him, his instruction should be progressive and as simple as possible, -with due care to impress him with the necessity for everything he is -required to do. The American soldier will rarely fail to respond if he -can see the reasonableness of the demand made upon him. Let him see that -his own life and that of his comrades may depend upon the accuracy of -his knowledge of the following: - -1. The location of our own front line and that of the enemy, so far as -they are within his visual range. - -2. The location of any known or suspected enemy sniper’s posts, -machine-gun emplacements, observation posts, listening posts, command -stations, or probable routes of advance. - -3. The location and importance of dominating points in either line. - -4. The importance of being able to pick out on the ground any points of -special importance or danger indicated on sketches or maps turned over -to him, and to determine from maps drawn to scale the ranges to such -points. - -5. How to find his way by the aid of a map or sketch from his post to -any specified point in our own trenches, and back again. - -6. The importance of being able to intelligibly record and graphically -represent matters of importance to his commanding officer or to the -sniper who is to relieve him. In this connection the special importance -of exact truth in statements of fact, and of the careful separation of -matters of fact from those of mere report or conjecture, should be duly -stressed. Hearsay and conjecture are often of great importance, but -should be transmitted as such, and in the case of conjecture the reasons -therefor should be stated. - -The above are simply a few instances to suggest to the instructor how to -go about the matter of instruction. Many men will be already familiar -with the subject, and the method may be abridged, but in the case of an -entirely uninstructed man a step-by-step method of instruction must be -followed. The training should be such that it will be an entirely -natural matter for the sniper to observe and report as to: - -1. The attitude of the enemy (whether aggressive, alert, active, etc.). - -2. Description of enemy seen, uniform, arms, etc. - -3. Any new work evident; such as trenches and obstacles strengthened, -new emplacements, etc. - -4. Position of machine guns, observation posts, sniper posts, etc., -discovered. - -5. Points in our own lines found to be specially dangerous, and points -of enemy line that menace them. - -6. Routes known to be used by the enemy. - -7. Routes of patrols. - -8. Points where ammunition or supplies are believed to be dumped. - -9. Ranges to prominent or important points. This information will be -less likely to mislead if the following rules are observed: - -Carefully indicate the point from which each range is taken. - -Use prominent, easily identified landmarks as reference points. - -Indicate by whom and how ranges were determined. - -10. Report any repairs needed in trenches or obstacles. - -11. Position of suspected mines. - -6. _Equipment._—Telescopes, rather low power, are preferable to field -glasses for observation and reconnaissance. Care must be taken to render -them as inconspicuous as possible and prevent their location by the -enemy through reflection of light from the object glass. - -Telescopic periscope. - -Rifle rest.—Various sorts have been devised, usually not merely to serve -the purpose of a rest, but to expedite resumption of aim and change in -direction or elevation. - -Telescopic sights. - -Sniperscope.—(A device for aiming with the head below the line of sight. -Reports indicate that with this device the tendency is to shoot high, -and that they are only reasonably accurate up to ranges of 200 yards. -They are usually used over parapets, between sandbags. Proper adjustment -is essential and great care necessary to prevent derangement.) - -Steel helmet and mask. - -Maps, sketches, note-book, message blanks, pencils, pocket knife. - -Each post should have a range chart for use of all reliefs. - -The above is additional to the normal equipment of the soldier. - -7. _Duties of commander of sniping group_: - -(_a_) Training of snipers and maintenance of efficiency. - -(_b_) To supervise the work of his unit. - -(_c_) Responsibility for care of equipment. - -(_d_) To receive and transmit to the proper authority all information -turned over by the posts he relieves and by his own posts. - -(_e_) To select the positions for sniper’s posts and supervise the -construction of loopholes and other special arrangements when not -already provided. - -[Illustration: - - A SNIPERSCOPE. -] - -8. _Location of sniper’s posts._—Though engaged in trench warfare -snipers are not invariably located in trenches. When not so located the -sniper will avail himself of such cover as best suits his purpose. If -practicable he will so dress himself as to blend with his surroundings, -giving particular attention to his face and hands. Masks of -inconspicuous color are sometimes worn. He must study the maps and the -ground and endeavor to determine in advance good localities for -observation and good lines of approach. His line of retreat must also be -decided on as early as possible. The arts of the deerstalker and -poacher, or those practiced in our early Indian troubles will be of -great use under these circumstances, as his success will depend largely -upon his patience and cunning. Houses and other buildings should be -viewed with distrust, as they may be closely observed by the enemy. -Trees will also receive this scrutiny. The best cover will be that which -is least likely to be suspected of affording concealment for a man. - -[Illustration: - - THE SNIPER WITH TELESCOPIC SIGHT. HIS OBSERVER WITH PERISCOPE. -] - -[Illustration: - - A PREPARED SNIPER POSITION. A SNIPER USING A SNIPERSCOPE. -] - -Sniper’s positions in trenches may, according to circumstances, be -located in (_a_) the front line, (_b_) parados, (_c_) approach trenches, -(_d_) connecting trench, (_e_) dummy trench, (_f_) support trenches, or -any others affording the desired facilities. The commander must study -the terrain, the enemy’s trenches, the advantages and disadvantages of -each position considered, both with reference to facilities for -observation, fire, and concealment, and with reference to danger from -the enemy, and select that which will best serve the purpose. He must -then decide as to measures for promoting observation and concealment, -and supervise their execution and the construction of the necessary -loopholes. Loopholes may be arranged of sandbags, iron pipes, boxes, -etc. It is better to have them run obliquely rather than perpendicularly -with respect to the trench line, and a curtain should be provided to -prevent their being discovered by light showing through the hole. -Loopholes near the ground are not as readily seen as those higher up, -and those located among débris and loose earth, leaves, branches, -tumbled sods, etc., are less easily detected than those located in a -smooth slope. When constructing loopholes care should be taken to -disturb previously existing conditions as little as possible lest the -enemy observe the change and profit by the hint. Several loopholes -should be provided for each post as the discovery of one by the enemy -renders it worthless for future use, and continued use of one loophole -will sooner or later result in detection. - -The best positions are usually in rear of the first line, so placed as -to command a view of the enemy’s trenches up to at least 400 yards. This -is not always possible and the best possible must be selected. In any -case alternative positions must be arranged. Support trenches may afford -better locations than the fire trenches, but they have the objection of -increasing the range. If the post is detached an important consideration -is whether or not it can be entered or left unobserved during daylight. - -9. _Conduct of the sniper._—Snipers should work in pairs, exchanging -duties of observer every 15 or 20 minutes. They should be relieved every -two hours or oftener. It may be advantageous to relieve one every hour. - -They will never fire merely to annoy, as this will lead to disclosure of -the position, with no adequate result. They will closely examine their -shelter and see that the fire opening is so constructed as not to be -affected by the blast of the rifle. If shooting through a small aperture -in brickwork, the opening should be kept wet to prevent dust being blown -out by the discharge. Newly constructed loopholes should be left unused -for a time, so as to see if the enemy has detected it. The curtain will -always be kept in such position as to prevent light showing through. -Snipers must not be led by ruses to fire fruitlessly and disclose their -positions. Fire to kill. If a large target is discovered, do not fire if -it is possible to inform the machine guns or the artillery. Search -constantly for machine guns and snipers; smash his periscopes. - -Attacks will afford great opportunities for the sniper, as the enemy -will then not be so alert for them, being busy with other matters. Less -caution will therefore be necessary. From a position on a flank or -anywhere that he can fire without interference with our own men, he -selects the most useful targets, such as machine-gun men, officers and -noncommissioned officers, snipers, artillery observers, etc. He closely -observes the flanks, which are favorite places from which to break up an -attack, and endeavors to forestall the enemy’s fire. If the attack -succeeds, he covers the working parties during the organization of the -captured trench and watches for evidences of an intended counterattack. -If this is made, he fires on the enemy as he shows himself in the -approach trenches, picking off leaders when possible. - -Much night work for snipers will rarely be advantageous. The targets are -then practically limited to patrols and sentries, and there is great -danger of firing into our own men or being fired on by them. The flash -of the rifle will disclose the position if care is not taken to conceal -it. Avoid the enemy’s listening posts. Learn the hours at which the -enemy repairs the gaps in his obstacles or parapets and watch for him. - -10. _Description of targets._—In paragraph 2 reference was made to the -necessity for a satisfactory working system for designating or -describing targets. One of our present embarrassments lies in the -multiplicity of methods and the incident confusion in the mind of the -soldier. Another source of error lies in the tendency of men to fancy -that the _ears_ of listening soldiers take in and digest a description -as rapidly as the _eye_ can travel from point to point. The ear, as -compared with the eye, is very slow. The immediate deduction from this -is that descriptions must be shorn of all unnecessary words, and that -they must be as simple and clear as possible. It also emphasizes the -advantage of following so far as practicable fixed methods of -expression. Recruits should be taught the general plan followed in -describing targets in order that they may waste no time from lack of -comprehension of the relation of the different elements of the -description or the terms employed. - -The use of a single form will not suffice, since in some cases the -target is so evident that no mistake can be made, and the simple -designation such as “That troop of white-horse cavalry, range 1,000 -yards,” will identify it beyond all question; while in other cases the -particular target may be so obscure and liable to confusion with other -targets that a reference point and some system of coordinates must be -employed. - -In general, targets with reference to their designation will fall under -the following heads: - -(_a_) Those that stand out so plainly that there can be no possibility -of doubt as the target meant. - -(_b_) Those that are plainly visible, but are liable to be confused with -other targets of a similar nature and range. - -(_c_) Those less distinctly visible and more difficult to pick up on -account of peculiar background, confusion with other objects, etc. - -(_d_) Targets visible only through field glasses, and that may or may -not present the additional difficulties of danger of confusion with -other objects. - -Case (_a_) has already been referred to. The system consists in the -simple announcement of: 1. The objective. 2. The range. - -Ingenious people sometimes combine horizontal and vertical clock systems -in designating a target whenever possible to do so, but this is a -violation of the rule of simplicity and should never be done unless -evidently necessary. The mere fact that it is necessary or desirable to -use a reference point does not in all cases require use of both systems, -as the reference point may be so evident that no clock coordination is -necessary. When such designation _is_ necessary, the horizontal clock -face is used in coordinating the reference point and the vertical clock -face for locating the subsequent points. - -11. Instruction in target description is simple but must be thoroughly -understood. An illustration by means of case (d) will cover the entire -subject so far as necessary. - -(_a_) Explain to the recruits the use of the horizontal clock system as -a means of indicating directions. Inform them that they are, in this -system, _always_ at the center of the dial. Call out various hours and -require each recruit to extend his arm in the direction he understands -is indicated. Explain and correct errors. - -Explain the use of the vertical clock system, impressing the recruits -with the fact that in this system the _reference point_ is always at the -center of dial. Call out an hour and require the recruit to name some -object that is located on the hand of the clock at the designated hour. -A diagram on paper may be of assistance. Explain and correct errors. - -Explain to the recruit that the angle subtended by the width of one -finger at arm’s length from the eye and that subtended by the leaf of -the rear sight to his rifle at 14 inches from the eye has a chord 50 -yards long at 1,000 yards distance. The finger width and the sight leaf -thus become known as units, and either may be used in indicating -distances laterally. - -Having selected a reference point, name some object near it and require -the recruit to tell you how many units (_fingers_ or _sight leafs_) -apart they are. - -[Illustration: - - SKETCH SHOWING GERMAN FIXED RIFLE REST FOR FIRING THROUGH LOOP HOLES. - - (Captured at the Bluff.) - - NOTE.—Both lateral and horizontal movement is given and the rifle can - be very firmly clamped when the required aim is found. -] - - - CASE (B). - -[Illustration: - - HORIZONTAL CLOCK FACE SYSTEM (USED WHEN TARGETS ARE VISIBLE). -] - - ┌─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┐ - │ SYSTEM. │ EXAMPLE. │ EXAMPLE. │ - ├─────────────────────┼─────────────────────┼─────────────────────┤ - │1. Announce direction│Target 2 o’clock │Target 11 o’clock. │ - │2. Announce objective│A hostile patrol │A hostile patrol. │ - │3. Announce range │Range 1,000 │Range 900. │ - └─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┘ - - - PROCEDURE. - - 1. All look along the line pointing toward the indicated o’clock of - a horizontal clock face whose center is at the firing point and - whose 12 o’clock mark is directly perpendicular to the firing line. - - 2. Look for the objective at— - - 3. A point on this line at a distance equal to the designated range. - - NOTE.—The clock here represented must be considered as horizontal, - not vertical as shown. For the purpose of illustration perspective - was not considered. The observer occupies the center of clock. - - - CASE (C). - -[Illustration: - - VERTICAL CLOCK FACE SYSTEM (USED WHEN TARGETS ARE SMALL OR - INDISTINCT). -] - - ┌──────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┐ - │ SYSTEM. │ EXAMPLE A. │ EXAMPLE B. │ EXAMPLE C. │ - ├──────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤ - │1. Announce the │Reference point │Reference point │Reference point │ - │ general │ at 12 o’clock │ to our right │ to our right │ - │ direction of the│ │ front │ front. │ - │ reference point │ │ │ │ - │2. Announce the │Single house │High peak │High peak. │ - │ reference point │ with 2 │ │ │ - │ (the most │ chimneys │ │ │ - │ prominent object│ │ │ │ - │ in the zone │ │ │ │ - │ indicated) │ │ │ │ - │3. Announce │Target at 8 │Target at 5 │Target at 4 │ - │ position of │ o’clock │ o’clock │ o’clock. │ - │ target with │ │ │ │ - │ respect to │ │ │ │ - │ reference point │ │ │ │ - │4. Announce the │Machine-gun │A hostile patrol│A hostile │ - │ objective │ │ │ patrol. │ - │5. Announce range │Range 1,000 │Range 900 │Range 800. │ - └──────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┘ - - - PROCEDURE. - - 1. All men look in direction indicated by 1. - - 2. Reference point is found in the indicated direction. - - 3. A clock face (vertical) is imagined centered on reference point - and look along the line through the indicated o’clock, and - - 4. Find the objective at — - - 5. ...... yards from the firing line. - - - CASE (D). - -[Illustration: - - SIGHT LEAF, FINGER, OR UNIT SYSTEM. - - (When targets are indistinct or invisible, and to define sectors.) -] - - ┌──────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┐ - │ SYSTEM │ EXAMPLE A. │ EXAMPLE B. │ EXAMPLE C. │ - ├──────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤ - │1. Announce │Reference point │Reference point │Reference point │ - │ direction of │ at 12 o’clock │ at 1 o’clock │ at 1 o’clock. │ - │ reference point │ │ │ │ - │ using horizontal│ │ │ │ - │ clock system if │ │ │ │ - │ necessary │ │ │ │ - │2. Announce │House, with │Distant hill │Distant hill. │ - │ reference point │ fence around │ │ │ - │ │ it, on hill │ │ │ - │3. Announce │Target, 8 │Target, 8 │Target, 5.30 │ - │ position of │ o’clock 2 │ o’clock 4 │ o’clock. │ - │ target with │ units │ units │ │ - │ respect to the │ │ │ │ - │ reference point │ │ │ │ - │4. Announce the │Line of │Skirmish line, 2│Skirmish line, 2│ - │ objective │ intrenchments,│ units │ units. │ - │ │ 3 units │ │ │ - │5. Announce the │Range 900 │Range 800 │Range 1,000. │ - │ range │ │ │ │ - └──────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┘ - - NOTE.—“Units” mean 50 mils = finger = sight leaf. It is usual to - indicate in this system the point of the target nearest the reference - point. - -When he is fairly familiar with the use of the horizontal and the -vertical clock system for indicating directions, and with the use of -fingers and sight leaf for measuring lateral distances from a reference -point, work him up from simple to difficult examples of target -designation. - -With case (_d_) as an illustration, call the _direction_ of the -reference point. See that all look in the right direction. _Name_ the -reference point. Require it to be indicated on paper, _at the center of -a clock dial_. Call, “Target 8 o’clock.” Have a line drawn from the -center of the dial in the proper direction. Announce, “Four units.” Have -these estimated by fingers and with the sight leaf in the proper -direction and endeavor to then locate some object that should serve as a -check on the work. Continue similarly with the actual announcement of -the character of the target: “Skirmish line, etc.” - -It may sometimes be advantageous to indicate the range and have the -sights set before describing the target, as men frequently lose the -target while their eyes are off it in sight-setting. - -The training necessary to make a “war shot” does not stop with making -the recruits skillful in shooting. Other qualities must receive -attention and be developed. This is accomplished in his other drills. - -His development into a war shot must be systematic and progressive. In -the diagram this idea is carried out. - - +----------------+ - |Care of arms, | | - |pages 25 |-|--+ - |and 83–84. | | | - +----------------+ | - |Sighting | | | - |drills, |-|--| - |pages 25 to 35. | | | - +----------------+ |--+Gallery Practice. - |Position and | | | | - |aiming drills, |-|--| | - |pages 35 to 47. | | | | - +----------------+ | | - |Deflection | | | | - |and elevation |-|--+ | - |drills, pages | | | - |47 to 50. | | - +----------------+ |--+Known distance - |Effect of wind | | | practice. - |and advice to | | | | - |riflemen, pages |-|-----| | - |50 to 51; | | | | - |78 to 82. | | | - +----------------+ | | - |Self-control. |-|-----+ | - +----------------+ | - |Use of ground | | | | - |and cover, |-+--------+--Combat practice. +-- WAR SHOT. - |Infantry Drill | | | | - |Regulations. | | - +----------------+ | - |Estimating | | | - |distance, |-|--------| - |pages 53 to 57. | | | - +----------------+ | - |Target |-|--------| - |description. | | - +----------------+ | - |Fire | | - |discipline, | | | - |Infantry Drill |-|--------+ - |Regulations, | | - |page 65. | - +----------------+ - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES - - - 1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. - 2. Anachronistic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as - printed. - 3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on Training for Rifle Fire in -Trench Warfare, by Anonymous - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RIFLE TRAINING *** - -***** This file should be named 61058-0.txt or 61058-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/1/0/5/61058/ - -Produced by Richard Tonsing, Brian Coe, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - |